DriverMisclassificationandCleanTruckPrograms:AnIn-depthAnalysisofTwoSouthernCaliforniaPorts

ClaireSears

UrbanandEnvironmentalPolicyOccidentalCollege

MijinChaandBhavnaShamasunderMay4,2018

TABLEOFCONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..........................................................................................................................i

ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................................II

INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................1

BACKGROUND......................................................................................................................................3HISTORYOFLOSANGELESPORT..............................................................................................................................3HISTORYOFTRUCKINGANDPORTTRUCKINGINLOSANGELES......................................................................................4DIRTYTRUCKSANDTHENECESSITYOFCTP...............................................................................................................5BENEFITSOFCTP.................................................................................................................................................8

LITERATUREREVIEW............................................................................................................................9INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................................9DEFININGTHEDRAYAGEINDUSTRY........................................................................................................................10MISCLASSIFICATIONANDPRECARIOUSWORK..........................................................................................................11CURRENTSTATEOFEMPLOYEEMISCLASSIFICATION..................................................................................................14CLEANTRUCKPROGRAMS....................................................................................................................................16GAPSINTHELITERATURE.....................................................................................................................................20

METHODS...........................................................................................................................................20PUBLICCOMMENTS............................................................................................................................................20INTERVIEWS.......................................................................................................................................................21CONCESSIONAGREEMENTANALYSIS......................................................................................................................23LIMITATIONS.....................................................................................................................................................23

FINDINGSANDANALYSIS...................................................................................................................24KEYFINDINGS....................................................................................................................................................25PUBLICCOMMENTANALYSIS................................................................................................................................25

Agencies&AcademicInstitutions.............................................................................................................26IndustryStakeholders................................................................................................................................28EnvironmentalStakeholders.....................................................................................................................30CommunityStakeholders..........................................................................................................................32SummaryofCommentFindings................................................................................................................33

CONCESSIONAGREEMENTS..................................................................................................................................342008Concession........................................................................................................................................362010Concession........................................................................................................................................372013Concession........................................................................................................................................382014Concession........................................................................................................................................39

INTERVIEWS.......................................................................................................................................................40DriverInterviews.......................................................................................................................................40PolicyExpert/AdvocateInterview.............................................................................................................48

RECOMMENDATIONS.........................................................................................................................51

CONCLUSION......................................................................................................................................56

WORKSCITED.....................................................................................................................................57

APPENDICES.......................................................................................................................................61APPENDIXA:INTERVIEWQUESTIONS.....................................................................................................................61APPENDIXB:LISTOFCOMMENTSBYCATEGORY......................................................................................................62

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AcknowledgementsFirstoff,Iwouldliketothankmyfriendsandfamilywhosupported,helped,andguidedmethroughthisprocess.ThankyoutoJodie,Amanda,andMiranda,forlisteningtomediscusstheplightofthesedriversandbouncingideaswithme.ThankyoutomyparentsandgrandmotherforsupportingmeandmyeducationatOccidental.ThankyoutoeveryoneatLAANE,specificallyJeanChoi,whointroducedmetothisissuealittleoverayearago.Withoutyourguidancelastsummer,Iwouldhavenevercometothistopic.IwouldliketothankProfessorShamasunder,ProfessorCha,andProfessorMatsuokaforhelpingmedevelopthisresearch.Yourguidanceandcriticalfeedbackwasgreatlyappreciated.Lastly,Iwouldliketothankeachindividualwhoparticipatedininterviewswithmeandhelpedprovidemewithcriticalinformation.ThankyoutoNickWeinerforprovidingyourpolicyandadvocacyexpertise.ThankyoutoSekoUainaandOwenVaeaforyourwillingnesstodiscussyourexperienceswithme.Icouldnothavedoneanyofthiswithoutyourhelp.

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ABSTRACT

ThisreportanalyzesthemisclassificationofporttruckdriversinthePortsofLosAngelesandLongBeachandexaminestheimpactsthattheCleanTruckProgramhashad.Thegoalistorecommendwaysthatfutureiterationsoftheprogramcanaddressthedrivermisclassificationissue.Theresearchquestionisexploredthroughamixedmethodsapproachofinterviewsanddocumentanalysis.Throughanalysisofpubliccomments,interviewswithdrivers,andacloselookatconcessionagreementsrequiredforportoperation,thisresearchfindsanoverwhelmingconcernwiththecontinuedexploitationofdriversandthecostsassociatedwithupdatingtheCleanTruckProgram.Theresearchrevealsthatasitcurrentlystands,theprogramhasseverelyworsenedconditionsfordrivers,butitispossiblefortheprogramtostopfurtherexploitation.Throughupdatedpolicyandincreasedenforcement,theCleanTruckProgramintheLosAngeles/LongBeachHarborComplexcanimprovethetreatmentofdriversandincentivizecompaniestoturntowardsanemployee-drivermodel.

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INTRODUCTION

Asaresultofaconsumereconomyandglobalization,theshippingandlogisticsindustry

hasgrowndrasticallyinthelastthirtyyears.Thisgrowthhasmadelifeeasierandmore

convenientforconsumersbuthascomeatatolltotheindividualsresponsibleforgettinggoods

ontheshelf.Porttruckdriversexperiencerampantworkermisclassificationandincreased

financialburdenincomparisonwithemployeeandlong-hauldrivers.Portdriversare

overwhelminglyclassifiedasindependentcontractorswheninactualitytheyarehighly

dependentonthecompaniestheyworkfor.Theburdenofthemisclassifieddriverhasbecome

worseinrecentyearsasportsacrossthecountryaimtoreducepollutionandemissionswith

CleanTruckPrograms(CTP).Programsrequiringnew,greenertrucksincreasetheplightof

alreadystrugglingdriversnowfacedwithcompliancefeesorthecostofanewvehicle.Shipping

andlogisticsfirmsareresponsibleforthetrucktrafficinsideportcomplexesandshouldbeheld

accountableforemissionreductionsandassociatedCTPcosts.Instead,theycontinueto

mistreatworkersandavoidadditionalcostsbyclassifyingdriversasindependentcontractors

andindependentowner-operators.

ThenegativeimpactsthatCTPhashadonmisclassifieddrivershaveintensifiedlabor

issueswithintheport.Asmisclassifiedindependentcontractors,driversarediminishedand

pushedtotheside,treatedassecond-classcitizenswhoareunabletounionizeorbargainfor

bettertreatment.Companieshavemadethedriversadispensablepartofthebusinessandare

notheldaccountablefortheirlivelihood.TheCTPrequiresexpensivecompliantequipmentand

companiesaresearchingforwaystocutcosts,andasaresult,theburdenhasfallenonthe

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mistreatedandmisclassifiedworkers.Whiletheprogramaimstoimproveenvironmental

standards,itsacrificesthetreatmentofworkersintheprocess.

Astheworldshiftstowardsanewenvironmentalconsciousnessanddesireforreduced

pollution,portsaroundtheUSareadoptingCleanAirActionPlansandCleanTruckPrograms.

ByexaminingthePortofLosAngeles(POLA)andPortofLongBeach(POLB)harborcomplex,we

canaddresshowCTPsaffectdrivermisclassification.Itispossibleforprogramstoimprove

conditionsfordriversandrequireemployeestatus,anditispossibletoshifttheindustryto

preferanemployeemodelwithoutamandate.Asitcurrentlystands,theCleanTruckProgram

inPOLA/POLBhashaddetrimentaleffectsonmisclassifieddrivers,butthereisanopportunity

toaltertheprogramtoempowerdrivers.ToinvestigatetherolethatCTPhasondriver

misclassification,thisresearchaddressesthefollowingquestion:HowcanaCleanTruck

Programaddressthemisclassificationofthedriver?Throughinterviewsanddocumentanalysis,

thisresearchfindsincreasingconcernwiththeenforceabilityofproposedpolicyupdatesand

theoveralltreatmentofdriversintheports.

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BACKGROUND

HistoryofLosAngelesPort

Currentlysituatedasthelargestportcomplexinthecountry,theportsofLosAngeles

(POLA)andLongBeach(POLB)acceptmorethan40%ofallgoodsenteringthecountry(“The

PortofLosAngeles|History,”2017).In2016,theportsreceivedmorethan15.6million

twenty-footequivalentunits(TEUs),makingthemthelargestinthewesternhemisphere(Los

AngelesCountyEconomicDevelopmentCorporation,2016).OriginallyseparatefromLos

Angeles,SanPedroandWilmington—wheretheportsarelocated—wereannexedtothecityin

1909.Fromthatpointforward,theportshavegrowntobemajoreconomicpowerhousesfor

theregionlargelyinpartduetothewideningofthechannelin1912,andtheopeningofthe

PanamaCanalin1914(“ThePortofLosAngeles|History,”2017).ThePOLA/POLBare

strategicallylocatedtoreceivegoodsfromAsiaandsendthemthroughoutthecountry.Over

thelast30years,theportcomplexhasrapidlyexpandedtoaccommodatemoreshipsatberth

andwentfromaccepting1millionTEUsin1997toover15millionTEUsin2017.Rapidgrowth

hasoccurredduetoimprovedtraderelationsgloballyaswellasstimulationfromconsumeristic

tendenciesasanation.

Whencontainershipsentertheports,thereneedtobesystemsinplacetomovethe

goodsfromtheportstotheirdestinations.Whilerailisanefficientwaytomovegoodslong

distance,therailyardslocatedattheportarenotextensiveenoughtoaccommodatethelarge

capacityofPOLA/POLB.Asaresult,shippingandlogisticsfirmstransportgoodsviatrucksto

railyards,warehouses,andstores.Thisshortdistancetravelingofcontainersisreferredtoas

thedrayageindustry.Drayagetruckingisafast-growingindustryasportsacrossthecountry

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accommodatemoreTEUsneedingtotraveltomorefinaldestinations.InPOLA/POLB,thereare

anestimated15,000porttruckdriversthatenterthevariousterminalseachdayinorderto

transportgoodsacrosssouthernCalifornia(LAANE&CoalitionforCleanandSafePorts,2007).

HistoryofTruckingandPortTruckinginLosAngeles

Inthe1970s,theeffortsofabroadcoalitionofindependenttruckers,consumer

advocacygroups,andderegulatorymindedindividualsintheNixonthroughCarter

administrationssuccessfullyderegulatedthemotorcarrierindustryculminatingwiththeMotor

CarrierActof1980,andCalifornia’sA.B.1232in1979(LAANE&CoalitionforCleanandSafe

Ports,2007).Industryderegulationremovedbarrierstoentry,gaverate-settingbureaus

considerableleveragetoadjustrates,andexposedthetruckingindustrytothecompetitive

pressuresofanunregulatedmarketeconomy.Asaresult,truckersandtruckingfirmsacrossthe

nationhavefaceddownwardpressureonwagesandrates,inasenserestoringthecutthroat

competitiontheindustryfacedintheearly20thcenturypriortotheinitialregulation.

Thenewlawsputbigtruckingcompaniesataseveredisadvantagebecausenewsmall

firmscouldcontractdriversatlowoperatingcosts.Althoughbigfirmshadestablishedfleetsof

trucksanddrivers,theyhadhigherlaborcoststhanasmallfirmcontractingdriversonaloadby

loadbasis.Contracteddriversownandmaintaintheirowntrucksandbuytheirownfuel.Under

thederegulatedsystem,truckingcompanieswouldpaycontractdriversbytheloadandnot

offerfringebenefits,dramaticallydrivingdownemployeecosts(Viscelli,2016).Subsequently,

operatingcostsforthenewcropofmotorcarriersaroundtheharbordropped,andthepriceto

haulaloadofcargofellaccordingly.Byderegulatingtheindustry,smallfirmswereableto

undercutestablishedfirmsandtheindustryshiftedtowardsanowner-operatormodel.

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Astheworkforceshiftedfromcompanydriverstoindependentowner-operators,this

seeminglyminorshiftinemploymentstatusmeantthattruckerswouldnolongerreceivelabor

lawprotectionandcouldnotunionize.Independentcontractorsareprohibitedfromjoining

unions,whileemployeedriversareoftenmembersoftheInternationalBrotherhoodof

Teamsters.Independentcontractorsprovidetheirownrigs,maintenance,fuel,insuranceand

otherincidentalcostslikephoneserviceandretirement(Smith,Marvy,&Zerolnick,2014).Even

thoughtheirgrossincomeiscomparativelyhigherthanacompanydriver,afterexpensesand

deductions,independentdriver’snetincomefloatsaroundminimumwagerates.Firms,rather

thantruckers,takeadvantageofequipmentdepreciationinthetaxcodeandsizablegrants

madeavailablethroughtheports.Thisoccursregardlessofemployeestatuswithincompanies,

soacompanywithcontracteddriverstakesasmanycutsasacompanywithallemployee

drivers.Assuch,independentowner-operatorstendtoleasecompliantrigsfromdrayagefirms

ratherthanpurchasetheirownoutright.

DirtyTrucksandtheNecessityofCTP

Seeingthisproblem,communitygroups,businesses,andnonprofitslikeLosAngeles

AllianceforaNewEconomy(LAANE)soughttodevelopasolution.In2006,theSouthern

CaliforniaarmoftheCoalitionforCleanandSafePorts-anationalallianceofporttruckdrivers

andover100environmental,labor,faith-based,community,transportationandpublic-health

organizationsworkingtopromotesustainabletradeatU.S.Seaportswascreated(Coalitionfor

CleanandSafePorts,n.d.).ThecoalitionfoughttoimplementthefirstCleanAirActionPlan

(CAAP)andCleanTruckProgram(CTP)andin2006thepolicypassedinbothports.TheCTP

addressedissuesincludingphasingoutdirty,oldtrucksandreplacingthemwithcleaner,

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efficientmodels,andbanneddrayagefirmsfromusingowner-operators.Thisemployee

mandatewastakentothe9thCircuitCourtofAppealsagainsttheAmericanTrucking

AssociationandwaseffectivelyblockedafterajourneytotheUSSupremeCourt.

Tobetterunderstandtheenvironmentalandworker’srightsissuesfacingtheportsof

LosAngelesandLongBeach,LosAngelesAllianceforNewEconomy(LAANE)conductedanin-

depthanalysisoftheCleanTrucksProgramandfoundittobeapolicysolutionthatwould

combatmanyoftheissuesassociatedwiththedrayageindustry(LAANE&CoalitionforClean

andSafePorts,2007).Theyfoundthatimplementationwouldhaveconsiderableenvironmental

benefitsaswellasbenefitsfortruckersandtheLosAngeleseconomyasawhole.

Avarietyofseriousissuesexistwithinthedrayageindustry,notlimitedtomassive

amountsofdieselpollutionandrampantmisclassificationofdrivers.Accordingtothe2010Big

Rigreport,“theEPAestimatesthatsome87millionAmericansnowliveandworkinport

regionsthatviolatefederalairqualitystandards”(Smith,Bensman,&Marvy,2010,p.11).The

portsareresponsibleforvariouspointsofpollutionemission,andtrucksaretheprimary

pollutant.Harmfulpollutantsincludedieselparticulatematter(DPM),nitrogenoxides(NOx),

andsulfuroxides(SOx).Thesepollutantsaretoxictoourairquality,butDPMexposurecauses

healthproblemslikecancerandprematuredeath.TheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoardcites

dieselrelatedpollutionasoneofthetopcausesofdeathinthestate.Pollutingtrucksare

responsiblefor62.5%oftheindustry’shealthimpacts(Smithetal.,2010).Thesedirtytrucks

travelthroughurbanareaswithconcentratedpopulationsleavingatrailoftoxicairintheir

wake.Whilecommunitiessufferfromunnecessarypollutionfromoutdatedtrucks,truckdrivers

areexposedtothesechemicalsandpollutantsonadailybasis.

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Employmentmisclassificationpreventsenvironmentalimprovementsbyrequiring

driverstopurchaseandmaintaintheirowntrucks.Sincedriversreceiveaninadequatewage

theyoftenpurchaseoldertruckswhichtypicallyarecheaperandemitlargeramountsofdiesel

pollution.LAANEfoundthat88%oftheover15,000porttruckdriversbasedintheLA/LBport

complexareclassifiedasindependentcontractors,withemployeesaccountingforonly12%of

theporttruckingworkforce(LAANE&CoalitionforCleanandSafePorts,2007).After

deductionsandaccountingformaintenanceandincidentalcosts,independentcontractor

driversmake$10-11anhour,whichaveragesaround$29,000peryear(LAANE&Coalitionfor

CleanandSafePorts,2007).Comparedtoemployeedriverswhoearnaround$40,774ayear,

owner-operatorsfacea40.6%wagedifferential.Additionally,owner-operatorsare1099’sand

shoulderahighertaxburdenasemployersdonotpaytheirportionofincometax.Asaresult,

ontopofthepaydifference,employeessaveanadditional$979intaxeseachyear.Inaddition

tolowwages,themajorityofthesedriverslackhealthcareandmustrelyonpublic,taxpayer-

financedcare.LAANEfoundthatonly10%ofdrivershavehealthinsuranceandonly5%have

pensionbenefits(LAANE&CoalitionforCleanandSafePorts,2007).

Table1.ANNUALSUBSIDIESFORDRIVERSBYEMPLOYMENTSTATUSa

EmploymentStatusAnnualBenefits

IndependentContractor EmployeeAdjustedGrossIncome $29,000 $40,744EarnedIncomeTaxCredit $1,964 $0Section8Housing $15,288 $0Reduced-PriceSchoolMeals $542 $0WIC $439 $0TotalAnti-PovertySubsidies $18,173 $0a(LAANE&CoalitionforCleanandSafePorts,2007,p.13)

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BenefitsofCTP

LAANEfoundthat,overall,with$174millioninwageincreasesaswellastheadditional

$14.5milliondollarsthatwillbesavedbyshiftingthetaxburdenfromdriverstoemployers,the

totalamountofmoneyinjectedintolow-incomecommunitiesinLosAngeleswillbe

$360,887,337(LAANE&CoalitionforCleanandSafePorts,2007).Currently,theaverage

independentcontractordriverqualifiesforover$18,000ofwelfarebenefitseachyear,which

putsanundueburdenontaxpayersforbasicnecessitieslikefoodandhealthcare.Withowner-

operatordriversdependingonwelfarebenefits,anestimated$67millionisspentonmedical

carefordrayagedriversandtheirfamilies(Smithetal.,2010).TheCTPalsohasavarietyof

healthbenefits,LAANEfoundthatthedecreaseinpollutionasaresultoftheprogramwould

leadto87.6fewerprematuredeaths,103fewerhospitaladmissionsand2,449fewercasesof

asthma,andotherrespiratorysymptomseachyearaswellas13,140fewerlostworkdaysand

40,150fewerschoolabsencedaysperyear(LAANE&CoalitionforCleanandSafePorts,2007).

AsuccessfulCTPwouldresultinreduceddriverturnoverandincreaseoverallportefficiency.

Theplan’senvironmentalimpactsarefar-reachingaswell.TheCleanTrucksProgramcombines

“aprogressivebanonoldertruckswithgeneroussubsidiestobusinessesthatpurchasednew,

cleanertrucks”inanattempttoreducedieseltruckemissionsby80%over5years(Boston

ConsultingGroup,2008).Byshiftingtheburdenoftruck-maintenancefromstruggling

employeestocompanies,theprogramensuresthatthesenewtruckshaveabetterchanceof

beingwell-maintainedandstayingclean.

CleanTruckprogramsaddressenvironmentalandworkers’rightsissuesandimprove

thequalityofdrayageserviceandcommunityoutcomes.WhiletheLosAngelesportcomplex

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wasthefirstportintheUStoadoptacleantrucksprogram,manyportshaveadoptedsimilar

programsinrecentyearsinanattempttocombatpollutionandmaximizeefficiencywithin

ports.

LITERATUREREVIEW

Introduction

VerylittleliteratureexistsonhowCleanTruckPrograms(CTP)affectdriver

misclassification.However,researchonCleanTruckProgramsanddrivermisclassificationissues

existseparately.Inordertounderstandhowdeeplytheseissuesareconnectedwithone

another,wemustexaminethedrayageandlogisticindustryasitrelatestoCleanTruck

Programs.Studieshavebeenconductedontheprecarityofporttruckingjobs(D.Bensman,

2008,2009,2014;D.H.Bensman,2017;Jaffee&Bensman,2016;Jaffee&Rowley,2009).

AdditionalresearchhasbeenperformedontheeconomicsofthedrayageindustryinthePort

ofLosAngeles(POLA)andPortofLongBeach(POLB)priortothepassageofCTPwithafollow

upstudytwoyearsafterpassage(Monaco,2010;Monaco&Grobar,2004).AnneGoodchildand

KarthikMohanconductedaninitialevaluationofthepolicyimplicationsofthePOLA/POLB

CleanTrucksProgram,however,thisevaluationdoesnotaccountformorerecentpolicy

updates(BostonConsultingGroup,2008;Goodchild&Mohan,2008).Asmentioned,research

existsontheexpectedoutcomesthataCleanTrucksProgramwillhaveontheenvironmentand

economy,butlittleifanyresearchhasconnectedCTPswithdrivermisclassificationissues.The

literaturesurroundingtheissuesisquitesmallbutitisdeeplyfocused—meaningthatahandful

ofauthorshaveconductedmultiplestudiesonthetopic.Thepurposeofthisliteraturereviewis

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toconcretelydefinethedrayageindustry,misclassification,andcleantruckprograms.

Additionally,Iwillidentifygapsinexistingliteraturearoundwhichmyresearchquestionhas

beenframed.Findingtheintersectionbetweendrivermisclassificationandcleantruck

programsiscompulsoryinunderstandinghowportcomplexescanimproveoperationsandthe

livesofdrivers.

DefiningtheDrayageIndustry

Separatefromlong-haultrucking,porttruckdriversareclassifiedasdrayagedrivers,

meaningthattheyaredrivingshorterdistancesandhaulingintermodalcontainers(Belzer&

Swan,2011).Sincetheadventofincrediblylargecontainershipscarryingupwardsof10,000

twenty-foot-equivalentunits(TEUs),intermodalshippingandrailfacilitieshavebecomemuch

moreprominent.ThePortofLAhasgrownmassivelysincethe1980s,nowreceivingmorethan

15timesthecapacitythanitdidin1980(Ng&Frey,2013;“ThePortofLosAngeles|

Maritime,”n.d.).Thedrayageindustryoperatesasresultofcommoditysupplychainsthata

consumeristAmericahasdemanded.Porttruckingisnecessaryinordertogetgoodsoffof

shipsandintolocalwarehousesandrailyardswheregoodsareshippedfurther.Existing

literatureisinagreementwiththedefiningcharacteristicsofdrayage.Intermodalcompanies

specializeindrayageoperationsinordertofacilitateportoperations.Acrosstheglobe,

drayage/logisticscompaniescompeteforcontractswithshippers.Companiesthencontract

driverstohaulcontainersonchassistrailersfromtheporttoayardorwarehouseandthen

backagain(Bisom-Rapp&Coiquaud,2017).Essentially,thedrayageindustryreliesoncontracts

betweenshippers,logisticscompanies,anddrivers,andanykinksinthechainwouldcause

chaosintheports.Sincelogisticscompaniescompetewithoneanotherforjobs,theyareable

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toprofitfromcontractingdriversandpayinglowerratesthananemployeewouldreceive.

Competingwithotherfirmslowerscostsforshippersandretailcompanies,butitmakes

mattersworsefordriverswhoinevitablygettheshortendofthedeal.Whencompaniesare

unwillingtosacrificeprofits,thelowercostsrolldownthesupplychainandthedriversare

facedwiththeburdenandreceivelowerwages.Withaclearerunderstandingofhowthe

drayageindustryworks,wecandelvedeeperintotheissuesthatdriversface.

MisclassificationandPrecariousWork

Asmentionedinthedefinitionofthedrayageindustry,manydriversintheportsare

hiredasindependentcontractorsinsteadofemployees.Ascontractors,driversareinthelineof

contingentworkandthejobsareconsideredprecarious,meaningthatthereislittletonojob

security.TheUSGeneralAccountingOfficefoundin2005,thataroundone-thirdoftheUS

workforcewascontingentandindependentcontractorsmakeupthemajorityofcontingent

workersacrossthecountry(D.H.Bensman,2017).DavidBensmanhaspublishednumerous

worksdetailingtheimpactsthatindependentcontractinghasonindividualswithaspecialfocus

ontheporttruckingindustry.Allofhisworksfocusonthehazydefinitionsthatgovernmenthas

foremployees.Infact,theFairLaborStandardsActof1938definesemployeebutoffersno

definitionofindependentcontractor(D.Bensman,2014).Inordertodetermineindependent

contracting,stateslookatemployerstoseehowacontractingcompanymeetsthreecriteria:

behavioralcontrol,financialcontrol,andrelationshiptype.Ifacompanydemonstratescontrol

overhowaworkeracts,howtheyarepaid/howmuchtheyarepaid,andtheexclusivityofthe

relationship,thentheindividualismorethanlikelyanemployee,notanindependent

contractor(D.Bensman,2008,2009).Asaresultofthenonexistentdefinitionofindependent

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contractor,agrayzoneexistsinemployeeclassification.Itistoughtoprovethatacompanyis

misclassifyingitsworkersasindependentcontractorswithoutgoingthroughlegalproceedings.

Inhisvariousanalysesofdrivermisclassifications,Bensmandiscussesthenegativeimpactsthat

theissuehasongovernmentrevenuesaswellasdrivers.Bymisclassifyingdrivers,companies

areplacedinlowertaxbracketssincetheyhavefeweremployees.Thegeneralconsensus

withintheliteratureisthatmisclassificationisbadfordrivers,thegovernment,andbasically

everyoneexceptforthecompaniesmisclassifyingdrivers.Companiesbenefitfrom

misclassificationthroughtaxbreaks,whilethedriverssufferfromlowwagesandthe

governmentlosesoutontaxesandhastodoleoutmorewelfarepayments.The

misclassificationissuesoaredtoprominenceinthemid-1980safterthepassageoftheMotor

CarriersActin1980(D.Bensman,2008).Thisfederalactcalledforderegulationoftheindustry

andallowedcompaniestohireindependentcontractors.Withaclearerunderstandingof

employeeclassificationpresentedbyBensman,itiscrucialtolinktheissuewithportcomplexes

andthedecisionsthattheymaketoallowthistohappen.TheMotorCarriersActhas

exacerbatedthemisclassificationissuebyincentivizingcompaniestoturntowardsan

independentcontractormodel.Thisindustrystandardcouldbechangedthroughpolicyupdates

mandatedthroughtheports.

In2004,KristenMonacoandLisaGrobarreleasedastudyofdrayageoperationsin

POLA/POLB(Monaco&Grobar,2004).Theextensiveeconomicanalysisintervieweddriversto

findoutmoreabouttheconditionsunderwhichtheywork(Monaco&Grobar,2004).Like

Bensman,theauthorsdiscussthenatureofporttruckingandfindthattheoverwhelming

majorityofdriversareindependentlycontractedowner-operators,withonly13.1%of

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respondentsclaimingemployeestatus.Thesurveyinstrumenttheyusedsoughttodiscover

howdriversreceivetheirworkfromcompaniesandhowtheyarepaid.Priorliterature

mentionsthatdriversarepaidonaperloadbasis,andthisstudyconfirmsthat.Additionally,

theauthorsfoundoutthatdriverswereunabletonegotiatewhichloadtheytookandhow

muchtheywerepaidfortheloads.Theauthorscreateeconomicmodelsforwagesandwait

timesandfoundthatemployeedriversarepaidmoreandwaitlessthancontracteddrivers,a

findingthatcomplementsotherliteratureonthetopicregardingthetreatmentofemployee

drivers(Monaco&Grobar,2004).Thisstudyismostrelevanttothisresearchbecauseit

specificallyanalyzesworkingconditionsinPOLA/POLB.

Monacoconductedafollow-upsurveythatwaspublishedin2010andaddedadditional

questionstothesurveythatpertainedtotherecentlyadoptedCTP(Monaco,2010).Inthis

follow-up,theauthorfoundthatnetearningsforowner-operatorshadfallenwhileemployee

earningshadrisenslightly.Thedeclineinowner-operatorearningscanbeattributedto

increasesinexpensesthattheyfacedfromtheearlyphasesofCAAPandCTP.Monacoand

Grobar’sanalysesofthewagesandconditionsofportdriversaresignificanttotheproposed

questionsinceitclearlydiscussesdriverclassificationissues.Whiletheauthorshaveupdated

theirinitialanalysis,whichtookplacelongbeforetheCTPwaspassed,theupdatedsurveytook

placejustafterCTPpassedandbeforemanydrivershadtoupdatetheirtrucks.Asaresult,their

analysisdoesnotencapsulatetheeffectsoftheCTPondrivers.Itisimportanttonotethat

whilethisstudydoesnotanalyzethedirecteffectsofCTP,ithighlightsthetrendsoftheport

overtime.ConditionshaveworsenedfurtherasCTPhasgoneintoeffectandnopolicychanges

havealteredthestatusofdriverclassification(Monaco,2010).

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CurrentStateofEmployeeMisclassification

Ina2011publication,RobertFranklinetal.explainthecomplexityofthe

misclassificationissueandthereasonswhyclassactionlawsuitsareboundtohappenin

determiningemployeeclassification(Franklin,Kota,&Milane,2011).Theauthorsgointodetail

aboutthelawsuitbetweenthePOLAandtheAmericanTruckingAssociation(ATA)thatmadeit

totheSupremeCourt.Inthiscase,theATAarguedagainsttheemployeemandateandforthe

continuationoftheindependentcontractormodel.ATAcitedthattheFederalAviation

AdministrationAuthorizationAct("FAAA")preemptedtheconcessionagreementsrequiredfor

operationwithintheports.FAAAprohibitsanystatefromenactingregulationrelatingtoprice,

route,orserviceofmotorcarrierssoitwasarguedthattheconcessionagreementswere

attemptingtoregulatemotorcarrieroperations(Oyez,n.d.).Initially,theNinthCircuitCourtof

Appealssidedwiththeportsstatingthattheirinterestwasasamarketparticipant,nota

regulator.TheSupremeCourtfoundthattheportswereactingwithregulatorypowerand

sidedwiththeATAwhichresultedintheremovaloftheemployeemandatefromCTP,andthe

casebroughtattentiontothedrayageindustryandmisclassificationissues.

TheATA,whorepresentstruckingcompanies,waslookingoutforthedrayage

companiesbestinteresttomakemorerevenue.However,sincethecourtcitedthecommerce

clause,theyshouldhavesidedwiththePOLAsincetheemployeemodelwouldbringinmore

revenueintheformoftaxesandbenefits.SincetheSupremeCourtcase,therehasbeenan

uptickinclassactionsformisclassificationandithastodowiththeweakdefinitions

surroundingemployeeclassification(Franklinetal.,2011).SimilartoBensman’sworks,the

authorsdiscussthegrayareainworkerclassificationandasaresultmoresuitsarebeing

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broughttothecourts.Anunclearboundarybetweenthecontracteddriversandtheir

dependencyoncompaniesbringstolightlargerissueswithportpolicyregardingworkerstatus.

Toconcludetheirdiscussion,theauthorsdescribenecessaryconditionsthatdrayage

companiesshouldmeetinordertoproperlyclassifydriversastrueindependentcontractors.

Whilethisdiscussionisrelevantinestablishingguidelinesforcompanies,italsoappearslikea

how-toguidefordrayagecompaniestogetawaywithmisclassification.Thisstudyilluminates

legalissuessurroundingmisclassificationandwhyitpersistsintheUSandspecificallyexplains

howPOLAhasbeenabletocontinuewiththeindependentcontractormodel.

WiththemajorityofliteraturefocusingonthePOLA/POLBCTP,DavidJaffeeandAdam

RowleyconductedastudyonJaxportinJacksonville,Florida(Jaffee&Rowley,2009).Thestudy

theydesignedemulatedtheworkofMonacoandGrobarbutfocusedonamuchsmallerport

complex.SimilartoMonacoandGrobar,JaffeeandRowleyfoundthatthemajorityofdrivers

wereindependentcontractorsandbelongedtominorityracialgroups.Theoverwhelming

consensusindrayagedrivingisthatindependentcontractorsaretrulydependentcontractors,

withlittlefreedomthatisoftenassociatedwithindependentcontractingjobs.Driversare

dependentuponthesinglecompanythattheycontractwith,unabletodriveforother

companies,negotiatepayrates,ordecidewhentheywork.Ifbroughttocourt,thesedrivers

wouldnotmeetthestandardsestablishedbytheFairLaborStandardsAct.Independently

contracteddriversareindependentinnameonly.Thestudyisquitenarrowandfocusessolely

ondriverdemographicdataandtheproposedeffectsithasondrayageoperations.Itdoesnot

considerspecificportoperationsliketheMonacoandGrobarstudies.Portcomplexeshavethe

abilitytochangedriverconditionsthroughspecificpolicychangesthatmandateemployee

Sears 16

status.Morerecently,in2016,Jaffeeexpandedonhisworkinthelogisticsindustryandfound

thatkinksinthesupplychainarecausedbythemisclassificationofdrivers.Essentially,he

concludesthatstricterregulationsneedtobeenforcedinproperlyclassifyingdriversinorderto

increasedrayageefficiency(Jaffee,2016;Jaffee&Bensman,2016).Whilethesemoreextensive

paperstakemultipleportstructuresintoconsideration,theydonotincludeCTPsintheanalysis

ofmisclassificationissues.Bymentioningstricterregulations,Jaffeehintsatpolicystimulating

change.

CleanTruckPrograms

ThePOLA/POLBpassedCTPasapieceofthe2006CleanAirActionPlan.Whilethe

largerplancalledforemissionreductionsandenvironmentalimprovementsacrosstheport

complex,CTPfocusedspecificallyonthetrucksthatareallowedintotheports.Goodchildand

MohanestablishedaclearanalysisofthePOLA/POLBCleanTrucksprogram.TheoriginalCTP

requiredtrucksenteringtheportstomeet2007EPAStandards,bannedpre-1995model

engines,andrequiredupdatesfor1996andnewerengines.Inadditiontothenewemission

standards,theCTPplanstoreduceterminaltrafficthroughtheimplementationofaPierPass

systemwhichmonitorsportentry(Husing,2007).Atitscore,theCTPwasdesignedtoreduce

emissionsandhelptheportcomplexfunctionmoreefficiently.

ShortlyafterthepassageofCAAPandtheadoptionofCTP,AnneGoodchildandKarthik

MohanpublishedanevaluationofpolicyimpactsonmaritimeoperationsinthePOLA/POLB

(Goodchild&Mohan,2008).Their2008analysislooksatthethreenecessaryconditionsthat

logisticscompaniesarerequiredtomeetinordertobeeligibletooperatewithintheport

complex:employeemandates,concessionagreements,andtruckimpactfees.Inanearly

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evaluationoftheprogram,theauthorsexaminetheemployeemandatethatthePOLA

proposed.ItisimportanttonotethattheemployeedrivermandatewasonlyrequiredforLA

terminalsandnotLBterminals.GoodchildandMohanassessthatwhilesomesuggestthat

employeedriverswillloseproductivity,thelikelyoutcomeisthatdriverswillstayinthe

industrylongerandcompanieswillincentivizeproductivity.Additionalevidencesuggeststhat

employeedriversfaceshorterwaittimessincecompaniesareforcedtomaximizeefficiencyin

tripplanning.Furthermore,theauthorspredictthatanemployeemandatewillcutdownon

waittimesinterminalsevenwithincreasedterminalsecurity.Theimprovementstodrayage

technologywillincreaseterminalcommunication,safetymeasures,anddecreasewaittimes.

Hadthismandategonethrough,itwouldhavegreatlyimprovedworkingconditionsforport

drivers.Inadditiontoimprovingenvironmentaloutcomes,theCTPwouldhavedirectlystopped

themisclassificationissuebyrequiringalldrayagecompaniestooperatewithemployeedrivers.

ThenextportionofGoodchildandMohan’sanalysisfocusesontheconcession

agreementsthattruckingcompaniesmustobtaintooperateintheport.ThisportionoftheCTP

wouldcausesignificantchangestothemarketstructureoftheportbylimitingthecompanies

thatcanenterterminals.Similartoacapandtradesystem,logisticscompanieswouldobtain

concessionsinordertooperatewithintheports,andlargercompaniescouldobtainlarger

agreementswhilesmallercompaniescouldofferportionstolargerfirms.Theauthorsassess

thatexistingcompanieswouldobtainconcessionstooperateandincreasetheirfleetsize.

Concessionsareawayfortheportstoregulatetheindustryandlimitthenumberoffirms

allowedtooperate.Asaresult,thefleetsizeswillincreasetomaximizeefficiencyand

additionally,companieswillturntoanemployeemodelwithoutthemandate.Undera

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concessionagreement,companieswillownequipmentinsteadofcontractingtoowner-

operatorsbecausecompanieswillbeheldresponsibleforcomplyingwithregulations.

Concessionagreementswillincreaseefficiencyoutsideterminalsandimproveconditionsfor

driversaswellsincefirmsarelikelytoturntowardsanemployeemodel.Aconcessionmodel

showsanotherwayinwhichaCTPcanimpactthemisclassificationissuesincefirmswouldalter

operatingstrategyontheirown.

Toconcludetheiranalysisoftheprogram,GoodchildandMohanassessthetruck

impactfeethatnoncomplianttruckswillpayinordertoentertheports.UndertheCTP,trucks

mustmeet2007EPAstandardsora$35entryfeewillbeassessed.Asaresult,companiesand

owner-operatorswillberequiredtoeitherbuynewtrucksorupgradeenginesinordertomeet

thesestandards.Thisfeeisexpectedtoreducetrucktrafficbyincreasingloadsizesothat

drivershavetoentertheportsfewertimesandthereforepayfewerfees.Theydiscussthe

impactsthatnoncompliancewillhaveandconcludethatthefeealoneisnotenoughtochange

terminaloperation.Whiletheenvironmentalimpactsofthispolicyarebeneficial,theydonot

affecttheefficiencyofportoperations.Acompliancefeeplacesahugeburdenonthe

independentcontractordriverbecausetheywillbetheonetopayeachtimetheyenterthe

port,orbeforcedtopurchaseacomplyingvehicle.

TheGoodchildandMohananalysisisnowoutdatedsinceseveralCTPupdateshave

occurredsince2008.Mostsignificantly,theemployeemandatehasbeenrevokedbythe

SupremeCourt,andasaresult,theirreviewisnolongersignificant.Theauthorseffectively

explainthebenefitsofCTPandtheexpectedoutcomesthatthepolicywillhave,however,they

donotrecognizethenegativeimpactsthatithasonowner-operators.

Sears 19

InadditiontoGoodchildandMohan’spolicyanalysisofCTP,ChristopherClottandBruce

Hartmanreviewedtheportpolicyandusedagametheoreticalmodeltobetteranalyzethe

effectsoftheprogram(Clott&Hartman,2013;Hartman&Clott,2012).SinceClottand

Hartmanpublishedthisin2013,theywereawareofthechangesinthepolicythatresulted

fromcourtcases,meaningthattheiranalysiswasnotcompletedundertheimpressionthat

logisticscompaniesfaceanemployeemandate.TheyidentifythePOLA/POLBcaseassignificant

sinceitwasthefirstCTPpolicyofitskindandotherNorthAmericanportsfollowedsuit.The

modelthatClottandHartmanproducesupportstheinitialCTPinitsdecisiontoupgradetrucks

tomeetpollutionstandards.Theauthorsprovideadetailedbackgroundoftheprogramand

associatedcostsbeforetheydiscusstheirmodelwhichexplainswhybothsmallandlarge

logisticscompaniesaredrawntotheindependentcontractormodel.Deeperintothemodel

theyexplainhowfirmsshouldchoosetoupdatetrucksincompliancewithCTPandtheyfind

thattheequilibriumpercentageoftrucksthatshouldbeupgradedisthesameforowner-

operatorsanddrayagefirms.

Whiletheirmodelisempiricallysound,itdoesn’ttakeintoconsiderationtheaddedcost

thatanupgradedtruckhasforanowneroperator.Theirmodelworksasapolicysuggestionfor

POLA/POLBbutitdoesnotaddresstheunderlyingissuesofmisclassification.AsBensmanand

Monacosuggest,thesesupposedowner-operatorsaredependentcontractors,sodrayagefirms

shouldberequiredtofootthecostofupgradedtrucks.TheweaknessinClottandHartman’s

theoreticalmodelisthattheyhavedesigneditforthePort’sconsiderationandnotthedrivers.

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GapsintheLiterature

Fromthepublishedliterature,cleardefinitionsofdrayage,misclassification,andClean

TruckProgramsexist.However,thereisnoresearchthatdemonstrateshowCleanTruck

Programsaddressdrivermisclassificationandassociatedissues.TheinitialCAAPandCTPcalled

foranemployeemandateforportdrivers,however,theSupremeCourthasruledagainstthat

portionoftheprogramcitingthecommerceclause(Clott&Hartman,2013;Norsworthy&

Craft,2013).CAAPandCTPhaveundergoneseveralroundsofupdatesandlittlenewresearch

hasbeenconducted.SeveralportcomplexesacrossNorthAmericaincludingOakland,New

York/NewJerseyandHouston,haveadoptedsimilarCleanTruckProgramsandIaminterested

tolearnifandhowtheseprogramsaddressthemisclassificationissue.Myresearchaimsto

identifytheintersectionbetweenCTPsanddrivermisclassification.

METHODS

TheaimofthisstudyistobetterunderstandtherolethatCleanTruckProgramsplay

withdrivermisclassificationandinpartdeterminehowtheprogramshavehelpedorhindered

driversintheports.InordertodeterminethedirecteffectsthattheLosAngeles/LongBeach

CleanTruckProgramhashadondriversandmisclassification,Iconductedinterviewsand

documentanalysis.Amixedmethodsapproachwasnecessarytodeterminethemeasurable

impactsaswellasperceivedimpactsoftheCAAPandCTPupdate.

1.PublicComments

Icollectedpubliccommentsfromtheyear-longcommentperiodleadinguptothe

November2017CAAPUpdatevote.CommentswererequestedthroughaCaliforniaPublic

Sears 21

RecordsActrequesttothePortofLosAngelesHarborCommissionOffice.Therequeststated,

“AllCAAPcommentlettersfromNovember2016toNovember2,2017(written&emailed).”

Therequestwasreceivedanddocumentswereforwardedtomethatcannowbefoundonthe

CAAPwebsite(“AboutthePlan,”n.d.).Commentswereanalyzedtoseeifthemesandconcerns

broughtupweresimilaracrossstakeholdertypeandtoidentifyifthethemesininterviews

werethesame.Commentswereseparatedintocategoriesbasedoffthestakeholderthat

submittedthecomment.Categoriesincludeagencies&academicinstitutions,industry,

environmental,andcommunitystakeholders.Ofthe552commentsthatwerereceived,I

analyzedcommentsfromeachcategorytoensurethatarepresentative10%ofallcomments

werereviewed.Iskimmedthroughallofthecommentsandfocusedmoreheavilyonthe

commentsthatbroughtupthemesofmisclassificationanddriverexperience.Additionally,I

notedotherthemesthattheintervieweesraised.

2.Interviews

Interviewswereconductedwithfieldexpertsanddrivers.Bycompilingalistof

academics,professionals,andpeopleinvolvedwiththePOLA/POLBCleanTrucksProgram,Iwas

abletocontactindividualsviaemailandphonetosetupinterviews.Theseconversationslasted

between40and75minutes.Iconductedthreeinterviewsoverthephone.Theconversations

wererecordedfornote-takingpurposeswiththesubjects’informedconsent.Iinterviewedtwo

distinctgroupsformyresearch:driversandindustryprofessionals.

ListofInterviewees• NickWeiner,campaigndirectorofJusticeforPortTruckDrivers• DanielAnesekoUaina,driverforIntermodalBridgeTransport• OwenHarveyVaea,driverforIntermodalBridgeTransport

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Thenon-driverthatIinterviewedheldawidearrayofopinionsandapproachestotheissue

ofmisclassificationandCTPs.ByspeakingwithNickWeiner,thedirectorofthejointChangeto

WinandInternationalBrotherhoodoftheTeamstersJusticeforPortTruckDriversCampaign,

myresearchwasbetterinformedandmoreaccuratelyrepresentedthedifferentsidesofthe

topic.WeinerhelpeddrafttheoriginalCleanTruckProgramandnowactsasanadvocatefor

driverssurroundingtheissue.Hewasaskedaseriesofquestionsregardinghisknowledgeof

theprogramandanychangesthathewouldliketosee.Throughthecourseoftheinterview,I

wasabletoidentifywaysinwhichheviewedthemisclassificationissueandhowhebelievesit

shouldbefixed.Theanswerstocommonquestionshelpedilluminatesimilaritiesinopinion

regardingtheissue(fulllistofquestionsavailableinAppendixA).Fromtheanswers,Iwasable

toinformmyanalysisandrecommendationsforfutureversionsoftheCTP.

Inadditiontothepolicyexpert,Iinterviewedtwotruckdriversabouttheirexperiences

withtheCTPandmisclassification.ThesedriverswererecommendedtomethroughAngelo

LoganintheMovingForwardNetwork.Thepurposeofinterviewingdriverswastoobtaina

narrativeperspectiveontheissuethatcouldnotbeportrayedthroughthecompletionofa

survey.Thequestionsaskedofdriversvariedfromthoseaskedoffieldexperts(fulllistof

questionsavailableinAppendixA).Interviewswithdriversfocusedontheirpersonal

experienceandperceivedimpactsoftheCTP.Similartotheexperts,driverswereaskedfor

recommendationstosolvethemisclassificationissue.Byspeakingwithtwodrivers,Iwasable

tounderstandtheirpersonalexperiencesonadeeperlevel.Commonthemeswerediscussed

duringtheinterviewsthathighlightedthenecessityofchangetotheCleanTruckProgram.

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3.ConcessionAgreementAnalysis

Lastly,theprevious4concessionagreementsfromtheCleanTruckProgramwere

analyzedtoidentifyhowthelanguageoftheagreementhaschanged.Theseagreementswere

foundonthePortofLosAngelesCleanTruckProgramwebpagealongwithotherrelatedCTP

documents.Textanalysiswasperformedontheconcessionagreementstoseehowthe

agreementhaschangedovertimeandwhatimplicationsthelanguageoftheagreementhason

drivers.Theoriginalagreementincludedanemployeemandatethatrequiredalldriversbe

classifiedasemployeesby2013.ThisprovisionwasstruckdownbytheUSSupremeCourtin

July2013,sotheconcessionagreementwasaltered.Bycomparingthepastandcurrent

agreementsIwasabletodeterminehowtheagreementcouldalterthewaythatdriversinthe

drayageindustryarehired.

Limitations

Asaresultofcontactingdriversthroughoneanother,Iwasonlyabletospeakwith

driverswhoworkforthesamecompanyandbeganinthedrayageindustryatthesametime.

Therefore,theexperiencesthattheysharedweresomewhatsimilarandnotentirely

representativeofthenearly15,000drayagedriversthatarecurrentlyworkingintheport.

However,Weinerbroughtupsimilarissueswhichsubstantiatedthedriverperspectiveleading

metobelievethattheirexperiencesarequitesimilartoothermisclassifieddrivers.This

researchwouldbestrongerifitincludedmoreinterviewsfromavarietyofdrivers.

Duetotimeconstraints,Iwasonlyabletoanalyzearoundtenpercentofthepublic

comments.Whilethisdidallowmetoidentifypatternsinthecommentsandcorethemesthat

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wereconsistentlybroughtup,theresearchwouldgainstrengthfromamoredetailedlookatall

ofthecommentsthatweresubmittedduringtheperiod.

FINDINGSANDANALYSIS

Aftercompletingthreeexploratoryinterviewswithdriversandapolicy

expert/advocate,reviewingpubliccommentsfromtheyearlongcommentperiod,andanalyzing

theconcessionagreementsfortheportsitbecameabundantlyclearthattheCleanAirAction

PlanandCleanTruckProgramneedtoaddressmisclassificationofthedriver.SinceCAAPand

CTPhaveworsenedthecrisis,itisnecessaryforfutureiterationsoftheprogramstoaddress

theemploymentissue.Allofmyinterviewees—twoporttruckdriversandonepolicy

expert/driveradvocate—emphasizedtheimportanceofcleanairandcleaninguptheportsbut

thatithascomeatanextremecosttoporttruckdriverswhohavefacedthebruntofthecost

burdensassociatedwiththeprogram.

BothdriversandpolicyexpertsdesireaCleanTruckProgramthatplacesthecostburden

onthecompaniesratherthandriversandtheyrecognizethatcompliancewithnewregulations

willbetoughtoenforce.Similarly,publiccommentsaddressissuesregardingthecostof

updatingtheprogramandtheuncertaintyofwhowillpayforthechanges.Stakeholders

rangingfromcommunitymembers,environmentalgroups,academicinstitutions,drayage

drivers,andtruckingcompaniesallweighedinduringthecommentperiod.Throughthe

yearlongperiod,itbecameclearthatthereareseriousconcernswiththefeasibilityand

Sears 25

enforceabilityofupdatingCAAPandtheCTP.Belowaresomecommon/keyfindingsfrommy

research.

KeyFindings

• Driversviewdrayageworkasgenerallydesirablework.Withbetterpayandbenefitsitwouldbethemostdesirableformoftrucking.

• Aconsensusthatindependentcontractordriversaretreatedassecond-classcitizens.• Withoutanemployeemandate,driversdonotseeasolutiontotheproblem.• Enforcementandcompliancewillremainanissuewithanyproposedsolution.• Policyneedstobeintroducedtocontinueimprovingagreenagendawithoutcontinued

exploitationofdrivers.• SeriouspublicconcernregardingthecostsassociatedwithCAAP/CTPupdatesandthe

POLA/POLBemissionreductionplan.

PublicCommentAnalysis

Whiletheexploratoryinterviewsallowedmetoframetheissuearoundboththedriver

andadvocate/expertperspective,thecommentswereusedtodeciphertheperspectiveof

otherstakeholdersintheissue.Thepubliccommentswereanalyzedtoseeiftheareasof

concernwereanalogousamongstakeholdersandinterviewees.Theinterviewsframedissue

areastolookforinthecommentsincludingworkermistreatment,drivermisclassification,and

appreciationforemissionreductionsthatCAAP/CTPhavebrought.

AftersubmittingapublicrecordrequesttotheHarborCommission,Ireceived3

documentscontaining552publiccommentsfromNovember2016toNovember2017.These

commentsweresubmittedelectronicallythroughacommentportalorreceivedinthemail.

Therewereopencommentperiodsheldattwoharborcommissionmeetingstodiscussthe

CAAPupdate,buttranscriptsforthosemeetingshavenotbeenmadeavailable.Withthatin

mind,Isetouttoexaminethecommentsformentionofdrivermisclassification,cleantruck

programsandotheraspectsoftheCAAPupdatethatrelatetothetopic.Table2breaksdown

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thecommentsintocategoriesbasedonstakeholdertype,afulllistofcommentsisavailablein

AppendixB.ThesecategorieswerecreatedbytheCAAPteamwhocompiledthepublic

commentsfordistribution.Theoriginaldocumentsincludedfivecategories:Agencies&

AcademicInstitutions,Industry,Community,Environmental,andOther.Uponreviewingthe

comments,thedistinctionbetweenthecommunityandothercategorieswasnotclearasboth

containcommentsfromcommunitymembersaswellaslargerorganizations.Becauseofthis

uncleardistinction,Icombinedthesecategories.Findingsfromeachstakeholdercategorycan

befoundbelow.

Table2.TOTALCOMMENTBREAKDOWN CommentPeriod Nov16-Jun17 Jul17-Aug17 Sep17-Nov17 Total

Stakeh

olde

rType

Agencies&AcademicInstitutiona

4 4 1 9

Industryb 19 62 8 89Environmentalc 6 10 3 19Communityd 17 349 69 435Total 46 425 81 552

aIncludesacademicinstitutionsandgovernmentagenciesincludingAirQualityManagementDistrictandCaliforniaAirResourcesBoardbIncludesdrayagecompanies,fuelcompanies,relatedunions,surroundingcityagencies,andindividualsworkingintheportscIncludescoalitionsworkingtoimproveenvironmentalconditionsandenvironmentaladvocacygroupsdIncludesindividualsinsurroundingcommunities,communitycoalitions,cityagenciesnotdirectlyinvolvedwiththeports,andneighborhoodcouncils

Agencies&AcademicInstitutions

KeyFindings• Expressedconcernwiththecostoftheprogramandproposesfundingsolutions• Recognitionofworkerexploitation• Concernwithenvironmentalimpacts

AcademicinstitutionsincludingUCLA,UCRiverside,andMountSanAntonioCollege

submittedcommentsduringtheperiod.Commentsfromtheinstitutionsfocusedonthecost

concernsoftheplanandapplaudedthepositiveenvironmentalimpactsthattheplanhashad.

Sears 27

TheUCLACommunityScholarsclasssubmittedacommentonFebruary20,2017,critiquingthe

planandfocusedtheiranalysisonworkersinthesupplychain,communitiesadjacentto

logisticssites,andtheenvironmentalimpactsoftransportation.Theyhighlighttheworkplace

exploitationthathasresultedfromtheplanandsuggestthat:

AnyupdatetotheCleanTrucksProgramneedstoensurethatindependenttruckdriversarenotunfairlyburdenedbyanyfeesorrequirementstopurchasenewtrucks.Instead,thecompaniesthatunfairlyclassifytruckdriversasindependentownersandoperators(IOOs)needtobeheldaccountableforanyraisesinfeesorrequirementstopurchasenewtrucks.ThePortsshouldengageIOOstodevelopaneffectivefinancialassistanceprogram(CAAP,2017b,p.73).

Academicinstitutionsrecognizetheexploitationthatdriversfaceasaresultoftherampant

misclassificationandmistreatment.

Onlythreeagenciessubmittedcommentsandtwoofthem—CaliforniaAirResources

Board(CARB)andSouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict(SCAQMD)—werepartners

heavilyinvolvedinthedraftprocess.Asaresult,thesecommentspraisetheplanandthe

environmentalaccomplishmentsthathavebeenmade.CARBdidnotmentiondriversor

drayageissuesintheircommentandinsteadtalksabouttheir“mutualcommitmenttothis

partnership”withtheport.ItisimportanttonotethatCARBisoneoftheregulatoryagencies

forCAAPandsetsthecleantruckandemissionstandards.Assuch,CARBseemsmore

concernedwithpleasingtheportsandmaintainingapleasantrelationshipthanbeingcriticalof

theworkthattheyaredoing.

InSCAQMD’sSeptember18,2017commenttheydiscussthenecessityforCAAPto

updateemissionreductiongoalstomatchlevelsthattheirassessmentdeemspossible.

Additionally,SCAQMDdiscussedtheCleanTruckProgramandhowimplementationneeds

reducecostsandincreaseequitableaccesstothecleantechnologies.Theyproposepotential

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strategyandfundingmechanismsforCAAPtomeetthesegoalsas“alternativefinancing

mechanisms,truckexchangeprogramswithareasoutsidetheairbasin,[and]partneringwith

enginemanufacturerstoidentifywaystoreducethecostsofcleanertechnologies”(CAAP,

2017a,p.138).SCAQMDshowsinterestinthecostburdenthatdriversfaceandpresentsideas

tohandletheissue.Asanagencyspecificallyfocusedwithairquality,theyarestillableto

recognizethemultidimensionalnatureoftheissue.

IndustryStakeholders

KeyFindings• Expressedconcernwiththecostoftheprogram• Recognitionofworkerexploitation,suggestionofemployeebasedmodel• Settinggoalsisnotenoughtomeetthenecessaryemissionreductions• Issueswithprogramcompliance• Concernwithenvironmentalimpacts

TheindustrycommentshadthemostinputrelatedtotheCleanTruckProgramandthe

themesthatintervieweesexplored.DrayageCompaniescomprised35.9%oftheIndustry

commentsandcleanenergy/fuelcompaniessentin24.7%ofthecomments.Additionally,four

unionsinvolvedwiththelogisticsindustryalsosubmittedcommentsduringtheperiod.The

remainderofthecommentswerefromcompaniesintheindustrynotspecificallyinvolvedwith

truckingandfromvariouschambersofcommerceinsurroundingcities.

ThePacificMerchantShippingAssociation(PMSA)washeavilyinvolvedintheprocess

submitting8commentsthroughouttheperiod.PMSAisanorganizationfocusedonglobal

tradeandrepresentsownersandoperatorsinmaritimeterminalsonthewestcoast.The

organizationraisesquestionsaboutthecostsassociatedwiththeupdatesaying,“wherewill

thefundingcomefromandwhatwilltheportsdotoensurethattheyremaincompetitivewith

othertradegatewayswhileimposingthesecostsontheircustomersandtenants?”(CAAP,

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2017,p.363).Whendiscussingthegreentruckinitiativeintheupdatetheysay,“theports

needtoprovideincentivefundingtomarineterminaloperatorstoprovidethenecessary

benefitstotruckowners.Anyprogramproposedbytheportsimproveservicetotruck

operators”(CAAP,2017a,p.377).

DavidThornburg,arepresentativeofDuncanandSonLinessuggests,“assetbased

companies—truckingcompanyownsthetrucks,[and]theemployeemodel—employerhires

drivers,donotemployowneroperators”(CAAP,2017a,p.92).DuncanandSonLinesoperates

withemployeedriversandreliesonlyonindependentcontractorsforpeaktimes—buttheydo

notrestrictcontracteddriverstoonlyworkforthem.

CleanEnergyFuels—acompanyfocusedonnaturalgastransportation—andits

employeessentineightcommentsthatexpressedconcernwiththetimelineforemission

reductions.WarrenMitchellsaid,“wecannotmakeupforlosttimewhenwedon’tcapitalize

onawinningopportunitythatsolvessignificantandsometimesfatalhealthproblems”(CAAP,

2017c,p.93).RonThompsonatwo-timecancersurvivorstated,“pleaseconsiderinstituting

cleanpowertrucksandyardequipmentassoonasyoucan,ifwecanprevent1personevery

week,thefightofsurvivalorthecosttooureconomy,itisworththeinvestment”(CAAP,

2017c,p.94).Thecompanyitselfcommented,“despitethetremendousgainsthathavebeen

madetodate,moreneedstobedonetoreduceharmfulairemissionsfromships,locomotives,

on-andoff-roadheavy-dutytrucksthatoperateatourports”(CAAP,2017b,p.81).Inaletter

signedbyCleanEnergyandfuelsolutioncompaniestheysaid,“theactualamountoffunding

requiredismodestcomparedtothebenefitstoourcommunitiesandthePorts’abilitytogrow

andemploySouthernCalifornians”(CAAP,2017b,p.4).CleanFuelcompaniesare

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understandablyproponentsoftheCTPrequirementstomovetowardsnear-zeroemission

trucksinthecomingyears,buttheystillrecognizethatsettingthesegoalsisnotenoughto

ensurecomplianceandemissionreductions.

TheInternationalBrotherhoodoftheTeamstersPortDivisionandLocal848submitteda

seven-pageletterandapetitionwith2,299signaturestodemandthat“thetruckingcompanies

andtheirbigretailcustomerspayforthesenewzero-emissiontrucks.Andyoumustkickout

anytruckingcompanythatbreaksthelawandmakesuspayfortheirequipment”(CAAP,

2017a,p.231).TheTeamstersPortDivisionhasbeenresponsiblefororganizingindependently

contracteddriverstounionizeandfightmisclassification.Assuch,theircommentsonthe

proposedupdatewerehighlyvaluableinregardstothisresearch.Theyhighlightissuesofcost

burdenandcompliancethatintervieweestouchedonsaying,

Thesecostsincludeexpensiveleasepaymentsandmaintenancecosts,whichhasgottenpassedontodriversafterthetruckingindustry’slegalchallengesweakenedtheoriginalCTPpolicy.Second,theincrediblyfragmentednatureoftheindustrymakesitimperativethatthePortnotsimplyenact,butvigorouslyenforcetheCAAP(CAAP,2017a,p.225).

TheTeamstersmentionpoorworkplacetreatmentandtheexploitationofdriversstating:

Truckingcompanies–manyofwhichreceivedthousandsinpublicsubsidiestopurchasenewtrucks–requireddriverstosignpredatorysubleasesundertheguiseofan“independentcontractor”arrangementiftheywantedtokeeptheirjobs.Throughthissamesystem,truckingcompanieswerealsofoundtocoercedriverstodrivefarlongerhoursthanislegallypermitted,byholdingthethreatofretaliation,termination,andlosingtheequitypaidintothetrucksovertheheadsofdrivers(CAAP,2017a,p.226).

EnvironmentalStakeholders

KeyFindings• Portsarestillhighriskforsurroundingcommunitiesandenvironment• Expressedconcernwiththecostandfundingoftheprogram• Planisinequitableanddoesnotsupportdriversorensurefairtreatment

Sears 31

The19commentsfromthiscategorycamefromgroupsliketheSierraClub,Earthjustice,

theNaturalResourceDefenseCouncil,andvariouscoalitionscenteredoncleanair.Asexpected

forthecommentsfromthiscategory,theyprimarilyfocusedontheenvironmentalaspectsof

theCAAPandCTPupdate.Earthjusticesubmittedfourcommentsduringtheperiodand

includeddiscussiononemissiontargets,improvedmeasuredescriptions,zero-emissiontrucks,

andneedforrobustcommunityengagement.Regardingemissiontargetstheenvironmental

groupsraisedsimilarconcernsthattheagenciesbroughtupregardingtheneartargetssetby

CAAPstating,“evenwithreductionssince2005,thePortsstillimposehighriskstoneighboring

communitiesandcontributegreatlytoourregion’sfailuretomeetstateandfederalairquality

standards”(CAAP,2017b,p.7).

TheGASP!CoalitionrecommendedthatCAAPincreasenear-termeconomicincentives,

interimmilestones,andbetterdrivertreatment.Inadditiontotheeconomicand

environmentalconcerns,GASP!states:

Thecurrentplandoesnotproposemuchtosatisfythepublicthatdriverswillbetreatedfairlyandwithdignityinthisnewsystem.Infact,theprogramsoundslikealotofthesameoldstrategies.Massiveincentivesfornewtrucks,anditisclearthatthisindustryhasapropensitytopushthesetypesofincreasedfeesontodrivers(CAAP,2017c,p.131).SouthBay350focusesitsworkintheSouthBayandLosAngelesHarborareaswitha

focusonaddressingenvironmentaljusticeissuesinfrontlinecommunities.Theydiscussthe

effectsthatCAAPandCTPhavehadonthecommunityanditengageswiththeissuesthatthe

intervieweesbroughtup.WhileCAAPhasmadesignificantimprovementstotheairqualityin

thesurroundingareas,thereisstillsignificantpollutioninthearea.Additionally,theSouthBay

350commentraisesissuewiththetreatmentofworkersandthehoursthattheyareforcedto

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workinordertomaintaintheirtrucks.Theystate,these“realities[are]inequitable,theyput

thetruckerswhoareoperatingsuchlonghoursandmembersofthegeneralpublicingrave

dangerduetofatigue-relatedaccidents”(CAAP,2017c,p.130).

CommunityStakeholders

KeyFindings• Concernwiththecostandfundingoftheprogram• Recognitionofworkerexploitation• Settinggoalsisnotenoughtomeetthenecessaryemissionreductions—theplan

needsstrictergoalsCommunitystakeholdersincludedneighborhoodgroups,citycouncils,andindividuals.

78.8%ofallofthecommentsreceivedwerefromcommunitystakeholders.Afterexamining

commentsfromthefirstperiod,themajorityofthecommentswerenotsubstantiveorrelated

totheresearch.TheSanPedroNeighborhoodCouncildiscussedtheneedfortheplanto

incentivizedriversandofferrebatesforcleanertruckssaying,“truckersshouldn’tgobrokeor

getpushedoutofthemarket.Themajorityofthefeesneedtobepaidbycorporationsand

businessesthatutilizethetruckstomovetheirgoods,nottruckdrivers”(CAAP,2017b,p.13).

ThisshowsthatthereiscommunityrecognitionoftheunfaircostburdenthatCTPhasindirectly

placedonthedrivers.Othercommentsfromthisperiodechoedconcernsaboutthetimeline

fortheprogramandthecostsassociatedwithallaspectsoftheupdate.

Itbecameclearwhenlookingthroughthiscategorythattherehadbeenanorganized

effortfromACTNowLAtogetcommunitymemberstosubmitcomments.Icloselyexamined

43ofthecommentsinthiscategoryand31ofthecommentswereastandardresponsethat

said:

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Wecan'twait17yearstogettoxicdieselpollutingtrucksoffourroads.Let'sacceleratetheCAAP:incentivizetrucksin2018–insteadofwaitingsixyears.Let'susethemostadvancedtechnologynowtoloweremissionsandcleanourair(CAAP,2017a,p.957).

Thesecommentswerelikelycopiedandpastedfromaproposedcommentfromalocal

communitygroup.Whensortingthroughtheremainderofthecommentsinthe“community”

category,thereweremanymorestandardresponsessimilartothis.Thesestandardresponses

seemmoreconcernedwiththeenvironmentalagendathanwithimprovingworkingconditions

fordrivers.Theyaresomewhatuneducatedinsuggestingthatincentivizingtruckscanbe

accomplishedimmediatelyconsideringtheexorbitantcostsassociatedwithcleantrucks.

Oftheremaining,twelvenon-standardcommentsthatwereexaminedfromthisgroup

broughtupemployeemodelsfortruckinghighlightingthatthecommunityviewsitasarelevant

issue.Additionally,thecostsassociatedwiththeCAAPupdatecameup10times,suggesting

communityconcernwithwhowillfacethecostsassociatedwiththeprogram.Acommentfrom

JohnMcLaurinmentionedthatdriversshouldnotfacetheburdenofcostsassociatedwith

updatedemissiongoals,hestated,“thesestrategieswillplaceanenormousfinancialburdenon

thePortsandthegoodsmovementindustry.”Whilethestandardresponseurgesforan

expeditedgoal,commentswrittenbyotherindividualsurgeCAAPwriterstoconsiderthe

financialburdenthattheupdateprogramwillhaveonthosedirectlyaffectedbytheprogram.

SummaryofCommentFindings

KeyCommentFindings• Allgroupsconcernedwiththecostandfundingoftheprogram• Allgroupsacknowledgedworkerexploitation• 3groupsconcernedaboutenvironmentalimpacts• 2groupsurgeforstrictergoals• 1groupraisedconcernoverprogramcomplianceandenforcement

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Fromtheaboveanalysisofthepubliccommentsreceivedovertheyear-longperiod,itis

clearthatconcernsexistwiththecostsassociatedwiththeplan,thetreatmentofworkers,and

complianceissues.Whilemostcommentsbeganbyapplaudingthegoalsandreductionsthat

CAAP/CTPhavecreated,theyallurgefortheprogramtosetdifferentstandardsinorderto

meettheneedsofthesurroundingcommunities.Commentsquestionthecostsassociated

withtheprogramandareleftwonderingwhowillberesponsibletopay.Themainworryisthat

thisiterationoftheplanwillcontinuetoworsentheexploitationofdriversastheyareleft

facingthebruntofthecosts.Thepublicisconcernedwiththeemissiongoalsnotbeing

stringentenoughandthatcompliancewilllacklikeithasinpastyears.Thecomments

overwhelminglysupportthesameconcernsthattheinterviewsbroughtsuggestingthatthese

findingsarevalidissuesthatneedtobeaddressedthroughfutureplanupdates.

ConcessionAgreements

IexaminedchangesmadetotheCleanTruckProgramconcessionagreementfromits

firstfourdrafts.Thepurposeofthiswastoseehowthelanguageoftheagreementchanged

overtimefromtheoriginalconceptionuntilthecurrentdraft.Analysisoftheconcession

agreementsiscrucialtoansweringtheresearchquestionasitisthemainpieceoftheCTP

policythatcandiscussthetreatmentofworkers.Theconcessionagreementisakeyelementto

theCAAPandCTPanditisthepartofthepolicythatlaysoutCTPregulationandcompliance

timelines.Additionally,companiesmustbecomeconcessionairesinordertooperateintheport

complex.Inotherwords,truckingcompaniesareonlyallowedtosenddriversintotheportif

theyhavesignedtheconcessionagreementandpaidtheconcessionfees.Essentially,the

concessionagreementisthedoctrinethatcompaniesmustfollowinordertooperatedrayage

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services.Theagreementspecifies,“Concessionaire'srightofaccesstoanduseofthePort’s

facilitiesunderthisConcessionshallbesolelyforthepurposeofconductingDrayageService

unlesstheConcessionaireobtainstheExecutiveDirector’spriorwrittenpermissiontoaccess

Port’sproperty”(PortofLosAngeles&PortofLongBeach,2013,p.1).Overtime,thelanguage

andthesectionsincludedintheconcessionagreementhavechangedtoreflectwishesof

variousstakeholdersaswellasthecourts.Analyzingtheagreementshelpstoshowthechange

inworkertreatmentovertime.

Sixmaincomponentsoftheconcessionagreementthatarerelevanttothetreatmentof

driverscanbefoundinTable3.Thesecomponentshaveseenchangeovertimeand

demonstratethewinsandlossesthatdrivershavefacedthroughtheconcessionagreement.

Table3.CONCESSIONAGREEMENTCOMPARISONConcessionYear 2008 2010 2013 2014“EmployeeMandate”a X X Compliancenecessaryforportoperation X X X XAffirmativeActionClause X X XWageandEarningsAssignmentClause X X XComprehensive/DetailedDraftb X X X IncludesproposedTariffNo.4Amendmentsc X

aEmployeemandatereferstoaprovisionoftheconcessionagreementlayingoutarequirementforconcessionairestotransitiontoemployeedrivers.bDraftconsideredcomprehensiveifbrokenintodetailedsectionsexplainingtheconcessionrequirements.The2014agreementisconsiderablyshorterandlessdetailed.cTariffNo.4describestherates,charges,rules,andregulationsofthePortofLosAngeles.

TheemployeemandateisthekeyprovisionoftheCTPthatrequiredconcessionairestomove

towards100%employeedriverswithin5years.Thelossofthisprovisioninlaterdraftssignifies

amajorlossfordriversanddemonstratesthatconditionshavenotimproved.Inclusionofthe

affirmativeactionclauseandthewageclausearebeneficialtodriversbecauseitrequires

companiestoabidebytheserules.Theseclausesdemonstratetheport’sconcernwiththe

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treatmentandhiringpracticesofemployees.Table3demonstrateshowconditionshave

changedovertimeforbetterandworse.Theagreementswithmoreboxesmarkedarebetter

fordrivers,soasthissectionwilldiscuss,the2010versionoftheconcessionagreementwasthe

strongestfordriversand2014istheweakest.

2008Concession

The2008agreementwasthefirstagreementpassedaspartofCAAP/CTPanditincludes

acomprehensivelistof13concessionrequirementsthatdetailthetermsoftheagreement.The

mosthighlycontestedpieceoftheagreementissectionIII(d)titled“driverhiring.”Thisisthe

sectionthatcontainstheemployee-drivermandatethatspecifiesthatinordertooperateinthe

port,concessionairesmust“transitionitsConcessiondriversto100%EmployeeConcession

driversbynolaterthanDecember31,2013”(PortofLosAngeles&PortofLongBeach,2008,p.

2).Theconcessionagreementlaidoutatableforthetransitionperiodwithintermittentgoals

tomovetowardemployeestatus.Thelanguageinthissectionreferencesthatconcessionaires

areallowedtoutilizeindependentcontractorsandowner-operatorsduringthetransition

periodbutmusthaveallemployeedriversbytheendoftheconcessionterm.

Thisinitialagreealsocontainseighteenpagesoffindingstosubstantiatethepurposeof

theconcessionagreementandproposedTariffNo.4amendments.PortofLosAngelesTariff

No.4describestherates,rules,andregulationsoftheportandisconsideredagoverning

document.Thefindingssectionattachedtotheconcessionagreementlegitimizestheemployee

provisionstating:

ManydrayagetruckdrivershavetestifiedattheBoardofHarborCommissionersmeetingsofbothPortsofLosAngelesandLongBeach,statingthattheyareunabletoaffordandmaintainthecleanertrucksneededtoachieveairqualitystandards,even

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withthesubsidiesproposedtobeofferedbythePorts(PortofLosAngeles&PortofLongBeach,2008,p.38).

Thepolicygoesontoexplainthatoneofthe6maingoalsfortheconcessionagreementisto

ensuresufficientsupplyofdrayagedriversthroughwhileimprovingwages,benefits,and

workingconditions.Fromthestart,theconcessionagreementintendedtohelpdriversreceive

betterpayfortheworkthattheydoanditplannedtomitigatethecostsassociatedwiththe

CTP.Thefindingssectionclearlystatesthatthedriversareunabletoaffordthecostsassociated

withtheprogramasitcurrentlystandsandanemployeeprovisionwouldlessenthecost

burdenthatdriversface.Theinclusionofthissectionwiththefirstconcessionagreement

providescriticalbackgroundinformationjustifyingthevarioussectionsintheagreement.

2010Concession

The2010agreementlooksverysimilartothe2008concessionwithafewimportant

sectionsadded.Itisimportanttonotethatthisagreementwaspassedduringthelitigation,so

thedriverhiringsectionisstillincludedintheagreement.Intheconcessionrequirements

sectionasubsectiontitled“FinancialCapability”wasaddedtoensurethatconcessionairesare

financiallycapableofperformingtheobligationsthatarelaidoutintheagreement.

Additionally,thisdraftincludestwonewmainsections.Onesectionisastandardaffirmative

actionclausestatingthattheportandconcessionairesshallnotdiscriminateinitsemployment

practices.Thesecondsectionistitled“WageandEarningsAssignmentOrders/Noticesof

Assignments”whichrequiresconcessionairestoobligebystateandfederalemployment

reportingrequirements(PortofLosAngeles&PortofLongBeach,2010).Asidefromthese

additions,thelanguagefrom2008to2010didnotchange.Thisrevisionwasmadeafterthe

August2010courtdecisionwhichupheldtheemployee-driverprovision,buttheAmerican

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TruckingAssociationappealedtoUSCourtofAppealsintheNinthCircuit.Asaresult,theports

decidedtorefrainfromenforcingtheprovisionuntilafinaldecisionhadbeenreachedin

litigation.The2010concessionagreementisstillthestrongestfordriversasitincludesthe

employeeprovisionaswellastheaddedwageandaffirmativeactionclauses.

2013Concession

By2013theSupremeCourthadruledthattheconcessionagreementcouldnotcontain

SectionsIII(f)CompliancewithTruckRoutes,III(l)Placards,andIII(d)Hiring(Kagan,2013).This

leftthe2013ConcessionUpdatewithouttheemployee-driverprovision.Additionally,thePorts

amendedtheagreementtoextendthelengthoftheagreementfromfivetosixyears,which

meantthatagreementswouldnowexpireSeptember30th,2014.Itisunclearwhytheports

chosetoextendtheconcessionterminsteadofpassinganewagreementwiththenecessary

provisionsredacted.Sincetheagreementwassettoexpire,theportcouldhavepassedanew

concession,butinstead,theyextendedthetermanddeletedthreesubsections.Thelanguage

intheagreementhasremainedthesameandthedocumentstillshowsthesubsectionsthat

beenremoved—itsimplysays“(d)Deleted”(PortofLosAngeles&PortofLongBeach,2013,

p.2).Byleavingthesubsectionsinthedocument,theportisrecognizingthatdriverrightsare

stillrelevantandimportant.Thisagreementdoesnotcontainanyproposedamendmentsto

TariffNo.4,eventhoughthelanguageinthisagreementaltersportregulations.Bynot

includingthechangesthatwillbemadetoTariffNo.4alongsidethisagreement,individuals

couldbelefttobelievethattheregulatorydocumentwouldnotbechanged.

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2014Concession

In2014,theoriginalconcessionagreementwassettoexpiresotheportsrevisedand

updatetheagreement.Thiswasanopportunityfortheporttoamendthepreviousagreement

thathadlastedforsixyears.The2014agreementgoesbacktoafive-yeartermandissetto

expireonSeptember30th,2019(PortofLosAngeles&PortofLongBeach,2014).This

agreementissignificantlycondensedwithonly4pagesofterms,comparedtotheprior

agreementsthatcontainaround16pagesoftermsandrequirements.Asaresult,the2014

agreementlacksthedetailedexplanationoftheconcessionrequirementsandmakesno

mentionoftheemploymentstatusofthedrivers.Thisconcessionisformattedtolookmorelike

acontractthananofficialpolicydocument,whichmakesitseemlessimportant.Additionally,

thetermsandconditionsareplacedaftertheapplicationandrequiredsignaturesmakingit

possibleforconcessionairestosigntheagreementwithoutevenlookingattheterms.Past

agreementslistedallofthetermsandrequirementsandthenmadespacefortheharbor

commissioner’sandtheconcessionaire’ssignature.Althoughthisagreementplacesthe

signaturesfirstwhichseeminglyputslessweightonthetermsofthecontract,itdoesrequire

twosignaturesfromdifferentmembersoftheconcessionaire’scompany.Overall,theupdated

concessionagreementappearstobelessconcernedwiththetermsandrequirementsofthe

agreementthanthepreviousagreements.Withnomentionofdriveremploymentstatus,the

portsarelikelyavoidingtheissueafterfacing5yearsoflitigationwiththeinitialagreement.

Whilethiswaslikelyastrategicmovetoavoidfurtherissue,itminimizestheissuethattheport

intendedtotacklebyincludingtheemployee-provisioninthefirstplace.Forhowheavilythe

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2008concessionemphasizedtheimportanceoffairwagesforthedrivers,theportsnowseem

completelyuninterestedinpursuingtheissue.

Interviews

Iconducted3exploratoryinterviewsandtable4breaksdownwhotheinterviewswere

withandthecapacityinwhichtheyareinvolvedwiththeissue.

Table4.PARTICIPANTDEMOGRAPHICSName Sex Category Occupation StartedDanielAnesekoUaina

M Driver PorttruckdriverforIntermodalBridgeTransport

2013

OwenHarveyVaea

M Driver PorttruckdriverforIntermodalBridgeTransport

2013

NickWeiner M Expert/Advocate

CampaignDirector:ChangetoWin/InternationalBrotherhoodoftheTeamsters,JusticeforPortDriversCampaign

2006

DriverInterviews

Inordertounderstandhowthedrivercommunitythathasbeendirectlyaffectedbythe

issue,Ireachedouttoseveraldrivers.Throughoutourconversations,manycommonthemes

cameupincludingtheirtreatmentatwork,theiremploymentstatus,positiveviewofCTPand

CAAP,aswellasapositiveviewoftheindustryandworkthattheydo–seetable5.

Table5.RECURRINGINTERVIEWTHEMESWorkplaceTreatmentEmploymentstatusPositiveviewofCAAPandCTPViewonindustryandworkNecessityofreclassification

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EmploymentStatus

“IwasundertheimpressionthatIwasanemployeebutjustgetpaidbytheload…”—(Vaea,2018).

DanielAnesekoUaina,knowninthedrayagecommunityasSeko,hasbeendrivingwith

IntermodalBridgeTransport(IBT)sincelate2013.Priortothis,hehadbeenworkinginan

attorneyservicedoingcourtfilings.Duetoanindustryfadeout,Uainatransitionedintoanew

industry.HejoinedIBTandwastoldhewasa1099,meaninghewasanindependent

contractor.ButsomethingwasnotquiterightandUainasaid:

Theoddthingwasthatinthebeginningonourcontract,theheadingwas“applicationforemployment.”ThestaffatIntermodalBridgeTransportexplainedtomethat,“yeayouareanemployee,butwejustpayyoudifferent.But,trustmeyouaregoingtobebenefittingalotfromthis”(Uaina,2018).

Thelackofclarityregardinghisemployeestatus,leftUainawithanuneasyfeelingashe

continuedtoworkwiththecompany.Astimewentonitbecamecleartohimthatheandother

driverswerenotemployeesalthoughtheylackedthecontrolthatanindependentcontractor

shouldhave.

OwenHarveyVaea,anIBTdriversince2013,hadanexperiencejustlikeUaina’swhenit

cametohisemploymentstatus.Hesaid,“whenIcametoIBTIwasundertheimpressionthatI

wasanemployeebutjustgetpaidbytheload”(Vaea,2018).Vaeahadsomeexperience

workingintheportspriortoIBTbuthewasneverintheportsfulltimeuntilhestartedwithIBT.

Thisledhimtobelievethatthepayforportworkwasjusthandleddifferentlythanhispast

drivingjobforafooddeliveryservice.

Manydriversfindthemselvesinsituationsnotknowingtherightsthattheyhaveas

independentcontractors,andnotunderstandingthattheyshouldtrulybeclassifiedas

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employees.Asaresult,driverssoondiscoverthatthehighwagesthatacompanypromisesare

notwhattheywillreallyreceive.Uainaexplained,“Iwaspayingthefuel,themaintenance,the

insurance,damages,andtheleaseforatruckthatwouldneverbemine”(Uaina,2018).Uaina

sharesatruckwithanotherdriver,sothecompanyiscollectingtwoleasepaymentsforone

truck.Alloftheseaddedcoststakeawayfromthepaycheckthatdriversreceiveeachmonthin

theformofdeductions,“wheneverIgointoworkandthereisworkandatruckavailable,Iam

toowethecompanyaleasepaymentforthatday”(Uaina,2018).Addedexpensesaretruly

companyoverheadandshouldnotbetheresponsibilityofthedriver.

(Smithetal.,2014).

Vaeafoundthatnewdriverswouldconsistentlyreceivebetterloadsandmoreloadsin

ordertokeepthem,“sinceIwasanewdrivertheygavemegoodloadsandastimegoesonyou

starttogetthecrap”(Vaea,2018).Driversthathavebeenwiththecompanylongerstop

gettingthegoodloadsandinsteadreceiveloadswithlongwaittimesmakingitsothattheydo

notgetthroughasmanyloadsinaday.Evenwithfewerloads,theystillreceivethesame

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deductionsfromtheirpay.Thisinturn,leadstosmallerpaychecksthatsometimesreach

negativenumbers.

WhenrumorsspreadthatdriversatShippersTransportExpresswereearningback

deductedwagesthathadbeenstolen,driversatIBTbegantowonderiftheywereunderthe

samecondition.Vaeaexpressedthat,“astimewentonIrealizedthatalotofthedriversinthe

portwerenothappy”(Vaea,2018).SoonafteralawyermetwithdriversatIBTtoexplainhow

thedeductionstrulybelongtothedrivers.“Thatwassomethingthatreallymotivatedmeto

findoutthewholeandabsolutetruth,andtoreallyjustfightagainstthecompanyonwhatwe

shouldhavehadinthebeginning”(Uaina,2018).Vaeacametotheportsfromajobwherehe

waspaidhourly,receivedworkman’scomp,andbenefits,soheunderstoodhowemployee

driversshouldbetreated.Theknowledgethatsomethingwasnotrightandhearingthatother

driverswerefightingagainstthemisclassificationissue,activatedUainaandVaeatodo

somethingforthemselvesandotherdrivers.

WorkplaceTreatment

Table6.UNEQUALWORKPLACETREATMENTFORCONTRACTEDDRIVERS“wearen’tallowedinsidethebuildingintheyard…”“thereisaglasswindowthatweapproachfornewloads,butwecan’tgoinside”“theportswerea‘no-no’forotherdrivers,theyknewhowbaditwas”

Bothdriverscontinuallymentionedthepoortreatmentthattheyreceiveatworkand

theincreasedhostilityintheworkplacethathasstemmedfromtheemploymentstatus

challenge.Vaeaexpressedthat“oncetheysawusstartingtomakeachangetheystartdoing

somenegativethingsintermsofthewaytheytreatus”(Vaea,2018).Therearepotholesinthe

yardanddriverswillstepoutoftheirtruckandtwisttheirankles.Bothdriversemphasizedthe

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poorlightingintheyardandthedirtyouthousesthatarenotcleanednearlyasoftenasthey

needtobe.Uainaelaborated,“wehadtofighttogetacleanbreakroomintheyardandwe

can’tevenusethefacilitiesinsidethebuilding”(Uaina,2018).Theyexpressedthatotherdrivers

stayawayfromtheportsbecausetheyknowhowpoorlythedriversaretreatedintheports.

Inadditiontothepoorworkingconditions,driversexpressedconcernsoverthe

competitivenesswithintheworkplace.Vaeahasseendriversfightoverchassisintheportand

intheyard.Heknowsthatdriversrunlightsatnightwhichcausesahugesafetyissue.Drivers

behaveinthiswayinordertomaketheirloadsandgettothenextonesooner,Vaeasaid,

“driverswillgetstuckatoneportforhoursandthenextruntheyaretryingtomakeupforit”

(Vaea,2018).Sincethedriversarepaidbytheloadtheyhavetobeasefficientaspossible,but

whentheyreceivebadloadsitlimitstheirabilitytocompleteasmany.

VaeaandUainabothdescribedthefavoritismthatdispatchershavetowardsdrivers.

Thedispatchersassignloadsintheyardandareresponsiblefordecidingwhogetsthegood

loads.“Ifyou’renotoneoftheirfavorites,you’regoingtostarve”(Vaea,2018).Theyhave

witnessedfavoritedriversstarttheirsixthdayofworkfortheweekbeforesomedriversget

assignedloadsfortheirfifthday.Loadsarenotdistributedequallyandtenloadswillgoto

threefavoritedriversinsteadoftendrivers.“I’vetalkedtodriverswhoworkedatother

companiesandleftbecauseofthewaydispatchran”(Vaea,2018).Whendriverscomplain

abouttheunfairdistribution,theyaregiventhebadloadsandgetstuckattheportforhours.

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CAAP/CTPSupportTable7.DRIVERPERSPECTIVESOFCTP/CAAP

“Ithinktheplanisgreatandit’sdoinggreatthingsfortheairwebreathe”“…youcouldseethegreensmogandthewaitlinesintheportwerelikeoilslicks”“it’sawholelotcleanerandclearernow”

OurconversationsshiftedtowardsdiscussionoftheCleanAirActandCleanTruck

Program.UainaandVaeawerebothnewtothedrayageindustryduringtheimplementationof

theprogramsotheywerenotforcedtobuyanewcomplianttruck,buttheyknowdriversthat

did.Uainaexplained:

IBTpromisedthemthattheyweregoingtogetnewtrucksthatfitalloftheCleanAirrequirements.Thattheyshouldselltheoldtruckandwouldbeabletolease-to-ownthenewertrucks.Theywouldbecomeowner-operatoragain.Butthatnevermaterialized(Uaina,2018).

VaeareiteratedUainasaying,“driversthoughttheyweregoingtopaythecompaniestoown

thetruck,buttheyendedupkeepingitandleasingit”(Vaea,2018).Driverswhoonceowned

theirtruckwerenowforcedtopayleasesonatruckthattheywillneverown.Itisanever-

endingleaseatIBT,“wearejustbasicallyrentingatruckfromthemandrentingallofthe

equipmentinordertodoallofthework”(Uaina,2018).Driversthathavebeenaroundsince

theadoptionofCTPcouldnotaffordnewtrucksortoretrofittheircurrenttruckinorderto

comply.Theywereforcedtobecomemoredependentonthecompanyandthecompanies

havetakenadvantageofthedriversasresult.Withtheknowledgethatdriverswouldnotbe

abletopurchasecomplianttrucks,companiestookadvantageofthatandhavebegunnever-

endinglease-to-ownoptionsforcleantrucks.

WhilethedriversdonotsupporthowtheCTPhasforcedindividualsontoneverending

leasestoownatruck,theydorecognizetheimportanceoftheemissionreductionsthatCAAP

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andCTPhavebroughttotheport.Vaeahadvisitedtheportforworkpriortothe

implementationoftheplanandremembersseeingallofthesmogandtheoilslicksinthewait

lines,“thetruckswouldalwaysbeleakingandtheguyswouldconstantlybefixingthem”(Vaea,

2018).Sincereturningtotheportsfull-timehehasnoticedsignificantimprovementstotheair

qualityandtheconditionsoftrucks.

“Evenonanightwhereyouareintheportforonlyoneortwohours,thefumesandtoxicchemicalssticktoyou”–(Uaina,2018).

RegardlessoftheexploitationthathasresultedfromtheadoptionoftheCTPinthe

ports,Uainathinksthattheenvironmentalimprovementstotheareaarenecessaryand

important.HegrewuprightbythePortsinthecityofCarsonandremembersdayswherehe

couldn’tseethenearbyhills.Theairhasdrasticallyimproved,“everydayIgotoworkandthere

isthissootanditstickstoyou.Evenonanightwhereyouareintheportforonlyoneortwo

hours,thefumesandtoxicchemicalssticktoyou.Itstickstoyoulikethegumatthebottomof

yourshoe”(Uaina,2018).Theyaresittinginthatandbreathingitineverydayalongsidethe

10,000-12,000otherdriversintheport.Theamountofexposuretothesechemicalsandtheair

qualityishuge,andwhiletherehavebeennoticeableimprovementsoverhislifetime,Uaina

acknowledgestheimportanceofthecontinuedeffortsofCAAPandCTP.

ReclassificationIssuesTable8.BENEFITSOFDRIVERRECLASSIFICATION

“ifeveryonewasgettingpaiddecentlyorhourly,Ithinkitwouldbeawholelotsaferandbetterenvironment”“inaway,thecompanieswouldhavemorecontroloverusasemployeesandtheworkproductwouldbebetterasaresult”“companieswhoaremisclassifyingshouldbebannedfromtheports”

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MovingthediscussionmoretowardstheCleanTruckProgramandtheresponsibility

thatithastoaddressthemisclassificationissue,UainaandVaeabelievethatanemployee

mandatewouldbeastepintherightdirection.Themandatewouldhaveaddressedissuesof

wages,benefits,andhealthissuesthatareleftunhandledforindependentcontractordrivers.

EmployeedriversandcompanysponsoredtrucksshouldbeanindustryrequirementinVaea’s

opinion.AccordingtoUaina,theemployeemandatewouldhavemadeahugeimpactonthe

industryandlikelymadeitamoredesirableformoftrucking.Portdriversareabletogohome

eachdayandseetheirfamilies,whichisuncommonforlong-hauldriverswhoareoftenonthe

roadforweeksatatime.Theavailabilitytogohomeandwatchyourchildrengrowupisahuge

drawfortheindustry,andbetterwageswouldmakethepositionevenmoredesirable.

Vaeabelievesthatanemployeemodelwouldmakemoresenseforthecompaniesto

adoptbecauseitwouldallowthemtohavemorecontroloverthedrivers.Ultimately,he

believesthatthecompanieschoosetheindependentcontractormodelbecauseofgreed,“they

don’twanttopaypayrolltaxorbenefits.Theywanttofirewhenevertheywant.Upstairsthey

arelookingforthebigpaychecks”(Vaea,2018).Switchingtoanemployeemodelwouldforce

thedispatcherstobeefficient.Ahardtransitionatfirst,butultimatelyemployeedriverswould

bemoreefficientandmoreaccountable.

Lookingahead,driverslikeUainawanttobringmoreawarenesstotheissueand

navigatechannelstoencouragebusinessestohelpoutemployees.Currently,companiesare

takingadvantageofgovernmentgrantsfortheCleanTruckProgramtofundthepurchaseof

trucksthatarethenbeingleasedtodrivers.This,inturn,isforcingdriverstopayfortrucksthat

theprogramhasalreadyfunded.Uainawantsdriverstohaveafairshareofwhattheydeserve

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fortheworktheyaredoing,“I’mnotaskingforahugepieceofit,justmorethanthetable

scrapsthatwecurrentlyget.Iwantsomethingfairthatgivesusaseatatthetable”(Uaina,

2018).

PolicyExpert/AdvocateInterview

Theinterviewwiththepolicyexpert/advocatefocusedheavilyonhowpolicycanchange

inordertoaddresstheexploitationofdriverswhilesimultaneouslyadvancingenvironmental

goals.

NickWeineristhedirectoroftheChangetoWin/InternationalBrotherhoodofthe

Teamsters’JusticeforPortTruckDriverscampaign.Thiscampaignbeganasastrategic

organizingcampaignforplaceswhereunionizinghadbeendecimated.Sincederegulationofthe

truckingindustryin1980,theunionizationofdrivershasfallensignificantly.Thishasresultedin

poorwages,badbenefits,andmisclassificationofdriversacrossthedrayageindustry.The

campaignhasfoundthatthedrayageindustryhassomeofthemostexploitedworkersinthe

country.Weinerexplained,“SeaportsandAirportsarethepiecesoftheUSsupplychainthat

arepubliclyowned.So,thereisthissocialresponsibilitycomponentandaccountabilityto

electedpoliticiansandtothecommunity”(Weiner,2018).Theportionofthesupplychainthat

ispubliclyownedhasresultedintheworstexploitationofworkers,sothereneedstobealevel

ofaccountabilityforthepublic.Exploitationhaspersistedasaresultofindustryderegulation

andthefactthattheportscannotbemoved.Goodsneedtoenterthecountryandtheportsin

LosAngelesandLongBeacharemicrocosmsoftheentireeconomy.Mostemployersarehiring

truckstobringtheirgoodstothem,atanytime“thereareonlyacoupledegreesofseparation

betweenanystakeholdersandtheport”(Weiner,2018).Theportsareessentialtothe

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economyandthesupplychainwouldnotfunctionwithoutportsanddriverswhoareableto

movethegoods.

“Onlyaboutone-thirdofthewageclaimsevergetrecoveredbyworkers”—(Weiner,2018).

Themisclassificationofdrivershaspersistedlargelyinpartduetoweaklaborlaw

enforcement.Acrossthecountrystateslacktheresourcestoadequatelyinvestigatelabor

issues,somestatesonlyhave1or2investigatorsfortheentirestate.Weinerexplained:

Californiaiskindoftheexception.Theyareatthetopofthestatesthatputsignificantresourcesandpriorityintoenforcinglaborlaw.EveninCalifornia,ifyoulookatthereports,onlyaboutone-thirdofthewageclaimsevergetrecoveredbyworkers.Whatthatsaysisthatthereisaproblemwithenforcementandthelawsofenforcementaren’trobustenoughtobeadeterrent(Weiner,2018).

Drivermisclassificationisaconsequenceofabrokensystem.Thederegulationoftheindustry

startedtheissueanditpersistsasaresultofpoorenforcement.

AsoneofthewritersoftheCleanTruckProgram,Weinerreflectedonthefailed

employeemandatefromtheoriginalplan,“therewasafalsedichotomytohavecleanairor

goodjobs.Wewantedtoestablishthatyoucouldhaveboth”(Weiner,2018).Writers

understoodthateliminatingdirtytruckswouldbecostlyandnotfeasibleformostdrivers,so

theyintendedtoshifttheresponsibilityontotheemployer.Thefailedmandatewouldnothave

fullyaddressedthemisclassificationissue,butitwouldhavepreventedfuturemisclassification.

Poorenforcementoflaborlawswouldpreventthemandatefrombeingfullyeffective.

ThefailedemployeemandateandsuccessfuladoptionoftheCTP,hasmadethe

situationworse,“theexpensesassociatedwiththeprogramrolldownthehillandmakethings

worsefordrivers”(Weiner,2018).Recognitionthatthemisclassificationissuehasworsened

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sincetheadoptionoftheCTPhaspavedthewayfornewdraftstoaddresstheissue.Theneed

forbroad-basedsolutionsandrequirementswithincentivesanddeterrentstoclassifydrivers

appropriately.Weinermentionedlegislationthatwillbeintroducedinthecomingmonthsthat

willaddresstheissue.Withoutgivinganydetails,Weinerexpressedthatthispolicywilladdress

employmentissueswhileworkingaroundthetechnicalitiesthatcausedtheinitialmandateto

bestruckdown.PreliminarypolicyideashavebeenintroducedtothecitycouncilsinLong

BeachandSanPedrosuggestingtheneedfortheportstomovetowardsanemployeemodel.

Thisconversationacknowledgedthatfutureiterationsoftheprogramneedtoaddressthe

misclassificationissuewhilecontinuingtocleanuptheair.

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RECOMMENDATIONS

MyresearchleadstoseveralstrategiesthatcanbeintroducedintotheCTPandthe

POLA/POLBtoimproveconditionsfordriversandtoreducemisclassification.Basedoffof

recurringthemesthatcameupduringinterviewsandinthecomments,itbecameclearthat

futureiterationsofCAAPandCTPneedtoaddressdrivermisclassificationandthecostburdens

associatedwiththeprogram.

Table9.RECOMMENDATIONS1. Requirecompaniestoprovidecleanbreakareasandfairtreatmentofworkers

2. Setstricteremissionstandardsandspecifywhoisresponsibleforthecostofupdates

3. Increasewagesperloadorsethourlyrate

4. UpdatetheconcessionagreementandCTPtomentiondrivers

5. IncreaselaborlawenforcementandcompliancethroughtheCalifornialaborcommissioner

6. Proposeandpasspoliciesthatrequiredrayagefirmstouseemployeedrivers

1.Requirecompaniestoprovidecleanbreakareasandfairtreatmentofworkers

Driverscontinuallymentionedthepoorconditionsthattheyworkunderinthecompany

yards.Theyfeelasthoughtheyaretreatedassecond-classcitizensanddispatchersexemplify

extremefavoritismtowardssomedrivers.Irecommendthatdriversorganizetofightforbetter

workingconditionsandfairworkplacetreatment.Inaddition,aprovisionshouldbeplacedin

theconcessionagreementthatrequireslogisticsfirmstoprovidecleanbreakareasandsanitary

bathroomfacilities.Ifdriversaretreatedmorefairlytheywillproduceabetterworkproduct.

Additionally,ifdispatchersarerequiredtodispatchloadsinanequitableway,thecompanies

willincreaseefficiencybyhavingmoredriverscompleteloadsinsteadofsavingloadsfortheir

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favorites.Eliminatingdispatcherfavoritismwillrunintocomplianceissuesthatalreadyexist

withincompanies,recommendation5willdiscusshowtohandlecompliance.

2.Setstricteremissionstandardsandspecifywhoisresponsibleforthecostofupdates

ThemostcommonconcernthattheCAAPupdatecommentsbroughtupwaswiththe

timelineandgoalsfortheemissionreduction.Environmentalgroups,communitymembers,

industrymembers,andagenciesallexpressedconcernwiththepaceoftheemissiongoals.

FutureiterationsofCAAPneedtoconsiderfeasiblegoalsandpotentiallycreatestricter

emissionreductiongoals.PerSCAQMD’sassessment,thereductionssetinthemostrecent

CAAPdraftarenowherenearthereductiongoalsthatareachievable(CAAP,2017a).Inaddition

tothereductionconcerns,stakeholdersexpressedworriesoverwhoisgoingtoberesponsible

forthecostsassociatedwithupdatingequipmenttomeetthestandards.Theupdateestimates

roughly$7-$14billionincostsfortheupdatedtechnologybutdoesnotmentionwherethis

moneywillcomefrom(PortofLosAngeles&PortofLongBeach,2017).Thefearisthattruck

driversandotherlaborersintheportwillfacethebruntofthesecostsonceagain,whether

directlythroughpurchasingnewequipment,orindirectlythroughreducedwagesasaresultof

increasedcompanycosts.TherecommendationisforthePortstocompleteamoredetailed

costanalysisfortheCAAPandCTPupdatesandspecifywherethemoneyfortheprogramwill

comefrom.Bydoingthis,itwillbecomeclearwhoisresponsibleforthecostsoftheupdate

anditwillresultinalevelofaccountability.

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3.Increasewagesperloadorsethourlyrate

WiththeunderstandingthatanemployeemandateisnotpossiblethroughCTP,the

programshouldinsteadregulatethewagesthatdriversarepaid.Thiscanbedonethrough

changingcontractstobehourlyinsteadofperload,oritcansetaminimumpayperload.If

driversarepaidhourly,theywillbeguaranteedasetrateregardlessofhowmanyloadsthey

complete.Ahugepartofthepayissueisthatdriversgetpaidthesameamountforaloadthat

takes3hoursandaloadthattakes45minutes.Switchingtohourlywillensurethatdriversare

beingadequatelycompensatedfortheworkthattheyarecompleting.Analternateoptionto

hourlypaywouldbetoincreasethewagethatdriversreceiveperload.Theportscurrently

collectstatisticsonwhoisenteringwhatport,sotheycouldaveragethenumberofloadsthat

driverscompleteperdayandsetapayperloadthatresultsinsomethinglivableattheendofa

payperiod.Whiletheportslikelycouldnotrequirethis,asitwouldresultinlitigationlikethe

initialplan,includingastrongrecommendationintheconcessionagreementcouldincentivize

companiestoincreasewages.Alternatively,theportcouldimplementanincentiveprogramfor

companiesthatpaytheirdriversfairly.Bypayingdriversmoreperloadorsettinganhourly

wage,companieswillincreaseefficienciesinordertosavemoney.Companydispatcherswillno

longerbeabletodisplayblatantfavoritisminordertodispatchmoreefficientlyandsavethe

companymoney.

4.UpdatetheconcessionagreementandCTPtomentiondrivers

ThecurrentdraftoftheCTPmentionsdriversonceintwelvepagesofthedocument

(PortofLosAngeles&PortofLongBeach,2017).Inaddition,thecurrentconcessionagreement

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onlymentionsdriversintermsoffollowingsafetyandenvironmentalguidelines.Nomentionis

madeofthecompositionoftheindustry,orthatunderlyingstructuralproblemsexistwithinthe

industry.Byleavingthisout,itleavespeopleundertheimpressionthattheproblemsthatexist

withintheindustrythathavebeencontinuallymentionedsincethefirstdraftin2006have

beenresolved.Thisissimplynotthecase,sothePOLA/POLBneedtoincludesomementionof

theissueeitherintheCTPportionofCAAPorintheconcessionagreement.Again,thisdoesnot

needtocomeintheformofrequirements,butthedocumentsneedtoacknowledgethe

systemicissuesthatexistinthedrayageindustry.Theseissueshavepersistedandgottenworse

inthelast11years,andhavenotbeenresolvedastheupdatecouldleadonetobelieve.

5.IncreaselaborlawenforcementandcompliancethroughtheCalifornialaborcommissioner

Intervieweesbroughtupthatabigissuewiththepersistenceofmisclassificationinthe

industrystemsfrompoorcomplianceandenforcementwiththelaborlaws.WhileCalifornia

hasoneofthemosteffectivelaborboards,theystilllackresourcesnecessarytoenforce

compliance.Driversexpressedconcernthateventhoughmisclassificationandwagetheftcases

arewonandcompaniesaretoldtoreclassifyandpaylostwages,thecompaniesoftendonot

comply.DriversworrythatevenwithstricterregulationsinupdatedCTPstheindustrywillnot

changebecausethereisnoonetoenforcetherules.Inordertoincreasecompliance,the

CaliforniaLaborCommissionershouldsetupataskforcetoensurethatcompaniesare

followingandabidingbytherulesoftheprogramandtherulingsthatthecommissionermakes.

Thecommissionerhasoverwhelminglysidedwithdriversandfoundthattheyaretruly

employees,yetthecompaniescontinuetomisclassifydrivers(CAAP,2017,p.229).Thebest

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recommendationtoresolvethisissueistoincreaselaborcommissionstafftoensurethat

companiesareresolvingissues.Bydedicatingafewstaffmemberstotheports,companieswill

understandthattheywillfaceconsequencesfornoncompliance.

6.Proposeandpasspoliciesthatrequiredrayagefirmstouseemployeedrivers

Thelastrecommendationthatthisresearchleadsto,isfortheportsorsurrounding

citiestopasspolicythatensuresthatcompaniesareusingemployeedriversandthatthe

misclassificationissuedoesnotpersistfurther.Whencitiesfinallyrecognizethatthereisan

exploitationissue,theywillbeabletocreatepolicythatincludesbroad-basedsolutionstothe

problem.ThiswouldlooksimilartotheemployeeprovisionthatwasintheinitialCTP,butit

mustworkaroundthetechnicalitiesthatresultedintheinitialmandatebeingstruckdownby

thecourt.Irecommendthatlocal,state,andfederallegislativegroupsaddlanguagetosupport

legislationthatwillimproveworkingconditionsfordrivers.Currentlegislationisunderworks,

butitneedstobereleasedandpassedassoonaspossiblebeforetheissuepersistseven

further.

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CONCLUSION ThePortofLosAngelesandthePortofLongBeachneedtoupdatetheCTPtoaddress

misclassificationissuesandimproveconditionsfordrivers.Theintervieweesandthe

stakeholdersthatcommentedonthemostrecentCAAP/CTPupdateexpressedconcernover

theexploitationofdrivers,theprogram’semissionreductiontimeline,andthecostsassociated

withtheprogram.POLA/POLBneedtoaddresstheseconcernsandalterthepolicies

accordingly.Thereneednotbeafalsedichotomyofcleanairorgoodjobs,itispossibleforthe

portstocreateaplanthatensuresboth.ThecurrentCTPhasworsenedconditionsfordrivers

andincreasedoperationcostsmakingtheplightofmisclassifieddriversevenworse.Resolving

theissuewilltakeamulti-facetedapproach.Policiesneedtobeputinplacetoincreasedriver

payandshiftdrayagecompaniestowardanemployeeonlymodel.Additionally,theonlyway

thattheprogramwillbetrulysuccessfulisthroughstricterenforcement,itisnotenoughto

simplyaltertheprogramtosafeguarddriversandprovidebetterworkingconditions.Future

concessionagreementsmustincreaselanguagearounddriversandrecognizetheemployment

issuefacingtheports.Ifthenecessarystepsaretaken,itispossibleforfutureCleanTruck

Programstoaddressthemisclassificationandimprovedriverconditions.

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Appendices

AppendixA:InterviewQuestions

Forpolicyexperts:Iwillaskopen-endedquestionsaboutanindividual’sfamiliaritywiththeCleanTrucksProgram.

1. WhathasbeenyourinvolvementwiththeCleanTrucksProgram?2. Howdoyouviewthedrivermisclassificationissue?3. WhatcanyoutellmeaboutthePortofLA/LBCleanTrucksProgram?4. Howtodothinktheemployeemandatewouldhaveaddressedthelaborissuesfacing

drayagedrivers?5. Withthenowvoidmandate,howdoyouthinkfutureCTPrevisionscanaddress

misclassificationissues?6. Whatdoyouthinkcanbedonetoaddresstheseissues?7. WhataresomeoftheimpactsthattheCTPhashadonindependentcontracteddrivers?8. Fromyourexperience,whydoyouthinkcompanieschoosetheindependentcontractor

model?9. Isthereanythingelseyouwanttoshare?

ForDrivers:Myquestionswillfocusontheirexperiencesasmisclassifieddrivers

1. HowdoyoufeelabouttheCleanTrucksProgramandhowithasimpactedPortOperations?

2. Areyoufamiliarwiththeemployeemandateintheinitialplan?Ifso,howdoyouthinkitwouldhaveaddressedthemisclassificationissue?

3. Fromyourexperience,whydoyouthinkcompanieschoosetheindependentcontractormodel?

4. CanyouexplainsomeofthedirectimpactsthattheCTPhashadonyourwork?5. Ifyoucouldsolvethemisclassificationissue,howwouldyoudoso?6. WhatrevisionswouldyouliketoseemadetotheCTP?7. Isthereanythingelseyouwanttoshare?

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AppendixB:ListofCommentsbyCategory

TYPE TITLE PERIOD

ACADEMIC/AGENCY CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard(February17,2017) Nov16-Jun17ACADEMIC/AGENCY SouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict(February17,2017) Nov16-Jun17ACADEMIC/AGENCY UCLACommunityScholarsClass(February20,2017) Nov16-Jun17ACADEMIC/AGENCY UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside(February17,2017) Nov16-Jun17ACADEMIC/AGENCY SouthernCaliforniaGasCompany(October31,2017) Sep17-Nov17ACADEMIC/AGENCY CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17ACADEMIC/AGENCY MountSanAntonioCollege(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17ACADEMIC/AGENCY SouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17

ACADEMIC/AGENCYUniversityofRiverside,CollegeofEngineering–CenterforEnvironmentalResearch&Technology(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17

COMMUNITY KimCarroll(August26,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY BenjaminLopez(September14,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY BrandonMolina(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CaseWong(September6,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AarnoDiocson(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AaronHooker(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AbrahamEstraad(September5,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ACTNowLA Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AdeleSnyder(September5,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AdimirBarahona(September5,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AdinaBrandon(September16,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AdrinaGarcia(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AlbertoDamian(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AlbertoTroncoso(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AlejandraKostuch(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AlejandraRamirez(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AlejandroAguilar(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AlejandroMarquez(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AlejandroPelayo(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY Aleta(September14,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AlexandraRadford(August22,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AliciaCox(September15,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AliciaIsaslazo(September16,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AllenAronson(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AlvaroPerez(September2,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AlvaroPerez(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AmandaPeterson(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AnaVillanueva(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AndreaCampbell(September6,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AndreaHelzer(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AndrewBoven(July25,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AndrewWilliams(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AndyCarrasco(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AngelaBradford(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AngelaBradford(September14,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AngelaManzo(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AngelaMitchell(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AnilDesai(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AnnCantrell(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AnnCavanagh(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AnnaErneholm(September14,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AnneBaham(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AnthonyMontapert(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AntoniettaBarbera(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ArletaRoberts(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AshleyHernandez(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AshleyWhite(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AsianPacificAmericanLeadershipFoundation(August15,2017) Jul17-Sep17

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COMMUNITY Asian-AmericanResourceCenter(August23,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AudriCurtis(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY BarbaraFelburg-Jackson(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY BarbaraMcGinty(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY BarryR.Sedlik(September15,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY BeckyLopez(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY BenOng(September5,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY BenjaminAcosta(September12,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY BillyThompson(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY BrianLawler(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY BrianMcGinnis(September5,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY BrianYanity(September17,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CareyOlmscheid(September12,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CarlA.Olson(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CarlosMarin(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CarlyIuffredo(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CarmelGold-Fanning(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CaroleGrover(August29,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CaroleSchindlerGrover(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CelsoBarcena(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CentralSanPedroNeighborhoodCouncil(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CharlotteCastillo(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ChelseaRuiz(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ChengchengQian(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ChristinaHall(September12,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ChristinaIrving(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ChristopheDupindeSaintCyr(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ChristopherBeeler(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CindyKoch(August31,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CindySchmitz(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CityofCarson(August15,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CityofCarson(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ClaudiaDuenas(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ClaudiaPadilla(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ClaySandidge(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CoastalSanPedroNeighborhoodCouncil(September14,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CoreyDominguez(September16,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CurtisBoyer(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CynthiaMann(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CynthiaMcCoy(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CynthiaStrachan(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DagobertoLarios(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DaisyPacheco(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DaleDixon(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DanMulherin(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DaniaOliva-Pena(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DarinManser(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DarkoBlazic(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DaveCortez(September16,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DaveSchroeder(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DavidGarcia(September10,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DeanKrivicic(September14,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DebreShelton(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DeniseLyn(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DeniseSkeeter(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DennisMunoz(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DevinO’Brien(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DianaMartinez(September14,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DianaMunster(September16,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DianeAponte(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DianeHarper(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17

Sears 64

COMMUNITY DianeSablan(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DinaraCramer(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DonaldTrue(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DrakeTrethaway(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DuaneFord(September14,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY EddieVilla(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY EdgarHernandezBringas(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY EdgarZweiback(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY EduardoQuintero(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY EduardoQuintero(September9,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY EduardoRaya(September12,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY EduardoSerrano(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY EdwardHolguin(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY EdwardRaya(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY EladioEstrada(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY EmilyPitts(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY EnriqueCardiel(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY EnriqueYanez(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY EricaParra(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ErickMoran(September6,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ErickParada(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ErivertoEspinoza(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY EsmeraldaHernandez(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY FaithLeibowitz(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY FelipeGuliman,Jr.(September16,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY FernandoCardenas(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY FranBates(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY FranciscoReyna(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY GabrielleJames(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY GeorgeBioletto(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY GeorgeChalmers(September6,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY GilPatlan(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY GligorGucev(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY GrantHudson(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY Greg&SandraOrtegaTorres(September16,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY HannahJenkins(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY HarryHelman(September14,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY HatimOsman(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY HerendiraRazcon(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY HollyStacey(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY HolyHeng(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY HugoRivera(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY HugoSilva(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY HuyLe(August21,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY IreneMcKenna(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY IsaacWollman(August31,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY IsabellaCentofanti(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JaneWilliams(September17,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JanetGunter(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JaroldHealey(September16,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JasonGutierrez(August23,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JasonTakaki(August26,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JasonTakaki(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JayCheng(September9,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JeanMolina(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JeannetteSumner(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JennyPenny(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JeronimoReyes(September6,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JeronimoReyes(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JeseeMelendez(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JessicaAndrade(August23,2017) Jul17-Sep17

Sears 65

COMMUNITY JessicaAndrade(August24,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JessicaAnnand(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JessicaVee(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JesusCano(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JillianGallery(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JimmieBates(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JoThompson(September16,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JohnBradford(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JohnGraf(September5,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JohnPagan(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JohnSmith(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JohnStevens(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JolieGregory(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JonJensen(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JorgeGarcia(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JoseGaray(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JoseRodriguez(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JoseRuizMijares(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JosephFesili(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JosephHorta(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JosephLandau(August22,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JosephMueller(August23,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JosieBojorquez(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JuanGuerrero(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JuanMartinez(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JudyCaroline(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JulieCoyro(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JulietteCarrillo(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JulioPaiz(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JuneSmith(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY KarenHemperly(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY KarenTipich-Bleiman(September12,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY KarinaAcevedo(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY KathleenLeon(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY Kathy(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY KatieSpahn(September16,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY KatrinaHarding(August24,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY KavinKanjanawijit(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY KennethSocha(September1,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY KirstinWagner(September5,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY KurtisJay(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LauraGuzman(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LauraSanborn(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LeeFukui(August31,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LeeGinter(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LeoB.(September12,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LettyGonzalez(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LidianaPortalesBliar(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LilianChoy(September14,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LillianSantizo(September12,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LillyKrivicic(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LindaBassett(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LindaKlein(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LindaTeach(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LisaBre(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LizReyes(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LorensSalgado(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LouSchumow(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LucilleAtillo(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY M.Apodaca(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MaatiAuset(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17

Sears 66

COMMUNITY MalilaHollow(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MarcelaVazquez(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MarcoValenzuela(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MaribelAlejandre(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MaricellaCardona(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MarioCruz(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MarkFriedman(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MarleneDermer(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MarthaContreras(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MarthaMunoz(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MaryaMazor(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MattSersion(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MatthewPalmer(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MelWalls(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MelissaParra(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MichaelBusman(August25,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MichaelMartinovich(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MichaelT.Wollman(August31,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MicheleSwanson(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MikeCastillo(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MireyaPachecano(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MoffKyle(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MoisesMora(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MoniqueMcCollam(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MosesCarl(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MyrnaMyles(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY NaderGhassemlou(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY NadiaMcCaffrey(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY NataschaRunge(September16,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY NeldaAnnRitchey(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY NicolasGonzalez(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY NoelPark(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY NorthwestSanPedroNeighborhoodCouncil(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY OfeliaMedina(August21,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY OfeliaRomero(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY Osvany-AlejandraCepero(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY PamelaMauricio(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY PamelaSalyer(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY PatriciaClark(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY PatriciaGomez(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY PatriciaKrause(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY PatriciaVeal(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY PattyFriedman(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY PaulAlexander(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY PedroDiaz(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY PedroDiaz(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY PeterAddis(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY PeterSchissler(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY PTGJR(September15,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY R.Hicks(July19,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RafaelRenteria(August22,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RalphPicazzo(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RanaJamil(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RayeMurphy(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RaymundoFrankFuentes(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RebeccaColeman(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RebeccaRosenberg(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ReneeFigueira(September5,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RichardGoodman(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RichardHavenick(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RichardHopkins(August24,2017) Jul17-Sep17

Sears 67

COMMUNITY RichardSmith(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RobertBrennan(August26,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RobertCurtis(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RobertCutts(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RobertDale(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RobertoAnguamea(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RobertoCarneiro(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RochelleSerna(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RogerAngle(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RogerHolman(September14,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RolandMorel(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RonSchweitzerJr.(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RyanCampbell(September12,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY SabinaSimsbury(September16,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY SalvadorNavarro(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY SanPedroPeninsulaHomeowner’sCoalition(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY SandraOsegueda(September16,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY SandraStanton(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY SantosTrani(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY SaraQamar(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY SeanCarroll(August26,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ShakaylaThomas(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY Shelia&JeffBrakefield(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY SherrylBurns(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY StarGalvan(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY StephanieReed(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY StevenBenavides(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY StevenCantu(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY SylverVandeth(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY TallanAcalin(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY TallanAcalin(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY TaylorChristian(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY TessaAlder(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY TheSalvadoranAmericanLeadership&EducationalFund(August21,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY TheoDiaz(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY TheresaBrown(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ThiloKluth(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ThomasO’Brien(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY TiffanyJackson(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY TinaLopez(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY TonyDiCiaccio(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY VeronicaVang(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY VincentChairez(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY VirginiaDickey(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY WaltWenzel(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY WarrenBeaver(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY WendyLemus(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY WilliamBrown(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY WilliamFahey(September1,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY WilliamStapleton(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY WilliamWandner(September16,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY WilliamsReynolds(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY WynettDevencenzi(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY YaoSuxian,姚素嫺(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY YvetteAguirre(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY YvonneDina(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ZobeidaPorter-Castillo(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY BrianYanity(February10,2017) Nov16-Jun17COMMUNITY CentralSanPedroNeighborhoodCouncil(January11,2017) Nov16-Jun17COMMUNITY CityofOntarioetal(February16,2017) Nov16-Jun17COMMUNITY CityofRanchoCucamonga(March21,2017) Nov16-Jun17

Sears 68

COMMUNITY CouncilmanAlAustin(February13,2017) Nov16-Jun17COMMUNITY DuarteChamberofCommerce(February16,2017) Nov16-Jun17COMMUNITY EnriquePonce(April21,2017) Nov16-Jun17COMMUNITY GreaterRiversideChambersofCommerce(February17,2017) Nov16-Jun17COMMUNITY GwendolynHarry(February7,2017) Nov16-Jun17COMMUNITY JoanLevine(May14,2017) Nov16-Jun17COMMUNITY JuanAlvarez(May16,2017) Nov16-Jun17COMMUNITY M.StevenMoore(January27,2017) Nov16-Jun17COMMUNITY NorthwestSanPedroNeighborhoodCouncil(February15,2017) Nov16-Jun17COMMUNITY OntarioChamberofCommerce(February17,2017) Nov16-Jun17COMMUNITY RonLoveridge(April8,2017) Nov16-Jun17COMMUNITY SanPedroNeighborhoodCouncil(January6,2017) Nov16-Jun17COMMUNITY SophiaSong(February14,2017) Nov16-Jun17COMMUNITY CharlesStevens(October26,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY DonMitchell(October6,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY IngridHarris(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY JohnShort(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY AlbertMatinao(September21,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY AlexThomsen(October25,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY AndreasTillmann(September20,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY AnneWehner(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY BrianPowers(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY CamelaKrebs(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY CarltonDing(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY ChristopherDing(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY ChristopherLogan(October27,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY ClaudiaBaker(September20,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY CraigPlank(September20,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY CynthiaSesso(September19,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY DanielWellner(October25,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY DenisDing(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY Dr.JuliusJ.Rim(October30,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY DumpDirtyDieselPetitionwithSignaturePages(October17,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY EddieShepherd(September19,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY ElizabethNagaseu(September19,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY EmeliaTorlai(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY FawnaKritzer(October25,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY GalaMacNeal(September19,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY GaryJordan(October25,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY GaryVazzana(October31,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY GayleRow(October26,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY HadarFeingold(September19,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY HarrisonClay(October25,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY JamesHarger(October28,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY JasonJohnston(October27,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY JeanineChu(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY JeffreyJRicketts(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY JelenaRowe(October25,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY JimTaylor(October25,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY KevinSimpson(September19,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY LilyNguyen(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY LindsayHarrison(October30,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY LouBaglietto–PressTelegram(October31,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY LouiseFernandez(September20,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY MarkDarnell(September19,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY MarkTheissen(October25,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY MichaelEtter(September21,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY MichaelR.Busman(October29,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY MikeMorra(September19,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY MikePlichta(September19,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY MikeTodaro(September27,2017) Sep17-Nov17

Sears 69

COMMUNITY MitchellPratt(October27,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY Mr.&Mrs.W.M.Parsch(October25,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY NeilKhadim(September20,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY PatriciaVazzana(October31,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY Poros2000(September20,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY ReaganClemens(October27,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY RobertMroski(September19,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY RobertSilence(September28,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY RossS.Heckmann(October9,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY Rskillsta(September24,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY SaharKamali(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY ScottVazzana(October30,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY SheldonSchroeder(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY SisiBorj(September19,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY StaciPratt(October25,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY SteveAragon(September20,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY TianaChastain(September20,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY TomBressler(October25,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY TonyKritzer(October25,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY WayneEgner(September19,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY WillFlanagan(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17ENVIRONMENT BreathCaliforniaofLosAngelesCounty(September6,2017) Jul17-Sep17ENVIRONMENT CenterforLatinoCommunityHealth(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17ENVIRONMENT CitizensCoalitionofaSafeCommunity(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17ENVIRONMENT CoalitionforASafeEnvironmentetal.(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17ENVIRONMENT CoalitionforCleanAir(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17ENVIRONMENT LatinoCoalitionforAHealthyCalifornia(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17ENVIRONMENT NaturalResourcesDefenseCounciletal.(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17ENVIRONMENT SierraClubAngelesChapterClimateChange(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17ENVIRONMENT SierraClubAngelesChapterTransportation(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17ENVIRONMENT SouthBayLosAngeles350(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17ENVRIONMENT CleanEnergyetal.(November16,2016) Nov16-Jun17ENVRIONMENT CoalitionforaSafeEnvironment(February17,2017) Nov16-Jun17ENVRIONMENT Earthjusticeetal.(April10,2017) Nov16-Jun17ENVRIONMENT Earthjusticeetal.(January24,2017) Nov16-Jun17ENVRIONMENT Earthjusticeetal.(March13,2017) Nov16-Jun17ENVRIONMENT Earthjusticeetal.(November17,2016) Nov16-Jun17ENVRIONMENT CaliforniaNaturalGasVehicleCoalition(October26,2017) Sep17-Nov17ENVRIONMENT CoalitionforCleanAir(October30,2017) Sep17-Nov17ENVRIONMENT EnergyVision(October26,2017) Sep17-Nov17INDUSTRY AgilityFuelSolutions(September15,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY AgricultureTransportationCoalitionetal.(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY AmericanTruckingAssociationsetal.(September14,2107) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY AmericanWaterwaysOperators(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY ANGTL/ANRTL(August11,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY AzusaChamberofCommerce(August31,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY BankofAmericaMerrillLynch(August2,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY BizFedetal.(September15,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY CaliforniaClass1Railroadsetal.(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY CaliforniaNaturalGasVehicleCoalition(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY CarmichaelInternationalService(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY Carrix–SSAMarine,Inc.(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY CleanEnergyFuels(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY CoalitionforResponsibleTransportationetal.(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY CumminsWestportInc.(September15,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY DaimlerTrucksNorthAmericaLLC(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY DairyFarmersofAmerica(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY Duncan&SonsLines(September14,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY EvergreenShippingAgency(America)Corporation(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY ForeignTradeAssociation(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY FuturePortsetal.(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17

Sears 70

INDUSTRY GreenMarine(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY HarborAssociationofIndustry&Commerce(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY InlandKenworth–Carson&InlandGroup(September15,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY InlandKenworth(US),Inc(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY InternationalBrotherhoodofElectricalWorkers(September15,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY InternationalTransportationService,Inc.(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY InternationalWarehouseLogisticsAssociation(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY JohnMcLaurin–DailyBreezeGuestCommentary(July21,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY LongBeachAreaChamberofCommerce(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY LosAngelesAreaChamberofCommerce(September15,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY LosAngelesGatewayChamberofCommerce(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY MatsonNavigationCompany,Inc.(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY MitsubishiCementCorporation(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY OpterraEnergyServices(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY PacificEnterpriseBank(July28,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY PacificEnterpriseBank(September15,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY PacificMerchantShippingAssociation(PMSA)GHGAnalysis(August21,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY PierPass(September14,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY PMSA(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY PMSAonDraftCAAPWorkshop(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY PMSAWestCoastTradeReport–JockO’Connell(August2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY PMSAWestCoastTradeReport–JohnMcLaurin(August2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY PomonaChamberofCommerce(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY PortsAmerica(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY QuantumFuelSystems(September15,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY RushEnterprises(September15,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY SARecycling(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY ScottM.Jones(August29,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY SEA\LNG(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY ShellNorthAmericaLNGLLC(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY SiemenseHighwayDepartment(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY SoCalGas(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY SouthBayAssociationofChambersofCommerce(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY SouthernCaliforniaEdison(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY TeamstersPortDivision(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY Tesla,Inc.(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY TheCoalitionforRenewableNaturalGas(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY VelocityVehicleGroup(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY WilmingtonChamberofCommerce(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY YangMingGroup(September15,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY YusenTerminalsLLC(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY AmericanPowerGroup(February7,2017) Nov16-Jun17INDUSTRY AtlasMarine(February3,2017) Nov16-Jun17INDUSTRY AgilityFuelSolutions(February17,2017) Nov16-Jun17INDUSTRY CaliforniaNaturalGasVehicleCoalition(February1,2017) Nov16-Jun17INDUSTRY CaliforniaNaturalGasVehicleCoalition(February21,2017) Nov16-Jun17

INDUSTRYCaliforniaNaturalGasVehicleCoalitionandTheCoalitionforRenewableNaturalGas(November18,2016) Nov16-Jun17

INDUSTRY CleanEnergy(February17,2017) Nov16-Jun17INDUSTRY CleanEnergy(May24,2017) Nov16-Jun17INDUSTRY CoalitionforCleanAir(January13,2017) Nov16-Jun17INDUSTRY CoalitionforRenewableNaturalGas(February17,2017) Nov16-Jun17INDUSTRY CumminsWestport(February15,2017) Nov16-Jun17INDUSTRY LosAngelesCountyBusinessFederation(February13,2017) Nov16-Jun17INDUSTRY MichaelMayor(December22,2016) Nov16-Jun17INDUSTRY MichaelMayor,MayorLogistics(March31,2017) Nov16-Jun17INDUSTRY PacificMerchantShippingAssociation(January30,2017) Nov16-Jun17INDUSTRY PacificMerchantShippingAssociation(March3,2017) Nov16-Jun17INDUSTRY ShippersTransportExpress(February17,2017) Nov16-Jun17INDUSTRY SouthernCountiesExpress(February8,2017) Nov16-Jun17INDUSTRY TotalTransportationServices,Inc.(February13,2017) Nov16-Jun17

Sears 71

INDUSTRY BarbaraJohnson,CleanEnergyFuels(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17INDUSTRY DerikTurbideetal.(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17INDUSTRY DyannaPeters,CleanEnergyFuels(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17INDUSTRY JaneTran,CleanEnergyFuels(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17

INDUSTRYJohnMcLaurin,PacificMerchantShippingAssociation–DailyBreeze(October12,2017) Sep17-Nov17

INDUSTRY LanetteMaes,CleanEnergyFuels(October25,2017) Sep17-Nov17INDUSTRY RonThompson,CleanEnergyFuels(October25,2017) Sep17-Nov17INDUSTRY WarrenMitchell,CleanEnergyFuels(October25,2017) Sep17-Nov17