Driver Misclassification and Clean Truck Programs
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Transcript of Driver Misclassification and Clean Truck Programs
DriverMisclassificationandCleanTruckPrograms:AnIn-depthAnalysisofTwoSouthernCaliforniaPorts
ClaireSears
UrbanandEnvironmentalPolicyOccidentalCollege
MijinChaandBhavnaShamasunderMay4,2018
TABLEOFCONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..........................................................................................................................i
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................................II
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................1
BACKGROUND......................................................................................................................................3HISTORYOFLOSANGELESPORT..............................................................................................................................3HISTORYOFTRUCKINGANDPORTTRUCKINGINLOSANGELES......................................................................................4DIRTYTRUCKSANDTHENECESSITYOFCTP...............................................................................................................5BENEFITSOFCTP.................................................................................................................................................8
LITERATUREREVIEW............................................................................................................................9INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................................9DEFININGTHEDRAYAGEINDUSTRY........................................................................................................................10MISCLASSIFICATIONANDPRECARIOUSWORK..........................................................................................................11CURRENTSTATEOFEMPLOYEEMISCLASSIFICATION..................................................................................................14CLEANTRUCKPROGRAMS....................................................................................................................................16GAPSINTHELITERATURE.....................................................................................................................................20
METHODS...........................................................................................................................................20PUBLICCOMMENTS............................................................................................................................................20INTERVIEWS.......................................................................................................................................................21CONCESSIONAGREEMENTANALYSIS......................................................................................................................23LIMITATIONS.....................................................................................................................................................23
FINDINGSANDANALYSIS...................................................................................................................24KEYFINDINGS....................................................................................................................................................25PUBLICCOMMENTANALYSIS................................................................................................................................25
Agencies&AcademicInstitutions.............................................................................................................26IndustryStakeholders................................................................................................................................28EnvironmentalStakeholders.....................................................................................................................30CommunityStakeholders..........................................................................................................................32SummaryofCommentFindings................................................................................................................33
CONCESSIONAGREEMENTS..................................................................................................................................342008Concession........................................................................................................................................362010Concession........................................................................................................................................372013Concession........................................................................................................................................382014Concession........................................................................................................................................39
INTERVIEWS.......................................................................................................................................................40DriverInterviews.......................................................................................................................................40PolicyExpert/AdvocateInterview.............................................................................................................48
RECOMMENDATIONS.........................................................................................................................51
CONCLUSION......................................................................................................................................56
WORKSCITED.....................................................................................................................................57
APPENDICES.......................................................................................................................................61APPENDIXA:INTERVIEWQUESTIONS.....................................................................................................................61APPENDIXB:LISTOFCOMMENTSBYCATEGORY......................................................................................................62
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AcknowledgementsFirstoff,Iwouldliketothankmyfriendsandfamilywhosupported,helped,andguidedmethroughthisprocess.ThankyoutoJodie,Amanda,andMiranda,forlisteningtomediscusstheplightofthesedriversandbouncingideaswithme.ThankyoutomyparentsandgrandmotherforsupportingmeandmyeducationatOccidental.ThankyoutoeveryoneatLAANE,specificallyJeanChoi,whointroducedmetothisissuealittleoverayearago.Withoutyourguidancelastsummer,Iwouldhavenevercometothistopic.IwouldliketothankProfessorShamasunder,ProfessorCha,andProfessorMatsuokaforhelpingmedevelopthisresearch.Yourguidanceandcriticalfeedbackwasgreatlyappreciated.Lastly,Iwouldliketothankeachindividualwhoparticipatedininterviewswithmeandhelpedprovidemewithcriticalinformation.ThankyoutoNickWeinerforprovidingyourpolicyandadvocacyexpertise.ThankyoutoSekoUainaandOwenVaeaforyourwillingnesstodiscussyourexperienceswithme.Icouldnothavedoneanyofthiswithoutyourhelp.
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ABSTRACT
ThisreportanalyzesthemisclassificationofporttruckdriversinthePortsofLosAngelesandLongBeachandexaminestheimpactsthattheCleanTruckProgramhashad.Thegoalistorecommendwaysthatfutureiterationsoftheprogramcanaddressthedrivermisclassificationissue.Theresearchquestionisexploredthroughamixedmethodsapproachofinterviewsanddocumentanalysis.Throughanalysisofpubliccomments,interviewswithdrivers,andacloselookatconcessionagreementsrequiredforportoperation,thisresearchfindsanoverwhelmingconcernwiththecontinuedexploitationofdriversandthecostsassociatedwithupdatingtheCleanTruckProgram.Theresearchrevealsthatasitcurrentlystands,theprogramhasseverelyworsenedconditionsfordrivers,butitispossiblefortheprogramtostopfurtherexploitation.Throughupdatedpolicyandincreasedenforcement,theCleanTruckProgramintheLosAngeles/LongBeachHarborComplexcanimprovethetreatmentofdriversandincentivizecompaniestoturntowardsanemployee-drivermodel.
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INTRODUCTION
Asaresultofaconsumereconomyandglobalization,theshippingandlogisticsindustry
hasgrowndrasticallyinthelastthirtyyears.Thisgrowthhasmadelifeeasierandmore
convenientforconsumersbuthascomeatatolltotheindividualsresponsibleforgettinggoods
ontheshelf.Porttruckdriversexperiencerampantworkermisclassificationandincreased
financialburdenincomparisonwithemployeeandlong-hauldrivers.Portdriversare
overwhelminglyclassifiedasindependentcontractorswheninactualitytheyarehighly
dependentonthecompaniestheyworkfor.Theburdenofthemisclassifieddriverhasbecome
worseinrecentyearsasportsacrossthecountryaimtoreducepollutionandemissionswith
CleanTruckPrograms(CTP).Programsrequiringnew,greenertrucksincreasetheplightof
alreadystrugglingdriversnowfacedwithcompliancefeesorthecostofanewvehicle.Shipping
andlogisticsfirmsareresponsibleforthetrucktrafficinsideportcomplexesandshouldbeheld
accountableforemissionreductionsandassociatedCTPcosts.Instead,theycontinueto
mistreatworkersandavoidadditionalcostsbyclassifyingdriversasindependentcontractors
andindependentowner-operators.
ThenegativeimpactsthatCTPhashadonmisclassifieddrivershaveintensifiedlabor
issueswithintheport.Asmisclassifiedindependentcontractors,driversarediminishedand
pushedtotheside,treatedassecond-classcitizenswhoareunabletounionizeorbargainfor
bettertreatment.Companieshavemadethedriversadispensablepartofthebusinessandare
notheldaccountablefortheirlivelihood.TheCTPrequiresexpensivecompliantequipmentand
companiesaresearchingforwaystocutcosts,andasaresult,theburdenhasfallenonthe
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mistreatedandmisclassifiedworkers.Whiletheprogramaimstoimproveenvironmental
standards,itsacrificesthetreatmentofworkersintheprocess.
Astheworldshiftstowardsanewenvironmentalconsciousnessanddesireforreduced
pollution,portsaroundtheUSareadoptingCleanAirActionPlansandCleanTruckPrograms.
ByexaminingthePortofLosAngeles(POLA)andPortofLongBeach(POLB)harborcomplex,we
canaddresshowCTPsaffectdrivermisclassification.Itispossibleforprogramstoimprove
conditionsfordriversandrequireemployeestatus,anditispossibletoshifttheindustryto
preferanemployeemodelwithoutamandate.Asitcurrentlystands,theCleanTruckProgram
inPOLA/POLBhashaddetrimentaleffectsonmisclassifieddrivers,butthereisanopportunity
toaltertheprogramtoempowerdrivers.ToinvestigatetherolethatCTPhasondriver
misclassification,thisresearchaddressesthefollowingquestion:HowcanaCleanTruck
Programaddressthemisclassificationofthedriver?Throughinterviewsanddocumentanalysis,
thisresearchfindsincreasingconcernwiththeenforceabilityofproposedpolicyupdatesand
theoveralltreatmentofdriversintheports.
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BACKGROUND
HistoryofLosAngelesPort
Currentlysituatedasthelargestportcomplexinthecountry,theportsofLosAngeles
(POLA)andLongBeach(POLB)acceptmorethan40%ofallgoodsenteringthecountry(“The
PortofLosAngeles|History,”2017).In2016,theportsreceivedmorethan15.6million
twenty-footequivalentunits(TEUs),makingthemthelargestinthewesternhemisphere(Los
AngelesCountyEconomicDevelopmentCorporation,2016).OriginallyseparatefromLos
Angeles,SanPedroandWilmington—wheretheportsarelocated—wereannexedtothecityin
1909.Fromthatpointforward,theportshavegrowntobemajoreconomicpowerhousesfor
theregionlargelyinpartduetothewideningofthechannelin1912,andtheopeningofthe
PanamaCanalin1914(“ThePortofLosAngeles|History,”2017).ThePOLA/POLBare
strategicallylocatedtoreceivegoodsfromAsiaandsendthemthroughoutthecountry.Over
thelast30years,theportcomplexhasrapidlyexpandedtoaccommodatemoreshipsatberth
andwentfromaccepting1millionTEUsin1997toover15millionTEUsin2017.Rapidgrowth
hasoccurredduetoimprovedtraderelationsgloballyaswellasstimulationfromconsumeristic
tendenciesasanation.
Whencontainershipsentertheports,thereneedtobesystemsinplacetomovethe
goodsfromtheportstotheirdestinations.Whilerailisanefficientwaytomovegoodslong
distance,therailyardslocatedattheportarenotextensiveenoughtoaccommodatethelarge
capacityofPOLA/POLB.Asaresult,shippingandlogisticsfirmstransportgoodsviatrucksto
railyards,warehouses,andstores.Thisshortdistancetravelingofcontainersisreferredtoas
thedrayageindustry.Drayagetruckingisafast-growingindustryasportsacrossthecountry
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accommodatemoreTEUsneedingtotraveltomorefinaldestinations.InPOLA/POLB,thereare
anestimated15,000porttruckdriversthatenterthevariousterminalseachdayinorderto
transportgoodsacrosssouthernCalifornia(LAANE&CoalitionforCleanandSafePorts,2007).
HistoryofTruckingandPortTruckinginLosAngeles
Inthe1970s,theeffortsofabroadcoalitionofindependenttruckers,consumer
advocacygroups,andderegulatorymindedindividualsintheNixonthroughCarter
administrationssuccessfullyderegulatedthemotorcarrierindustryculminatingwiththeMotor
CarrierActof1980,andCalifornia’sA.B.1232in1979(LAANE&CoalitionforCleanandSafe
Ports,2007).Industryderegulationremovedbarrierstoentry,gaverate-settingbureaus
considerableleveragetoadjustrates,andexposedthetruckingindustrytothecompetitive
pressuresofanunregulatedmarketeconomy.Asaresult,truckersandtruckingfirmsacrossthe
nationhavefaceddownwardpressureonwagesandrates,inasenserestoringthecutthroat
competitiontheindustryfacedintheearly20thcenturypriortotheinitialregulation.
Thenewlawsputbigtruckingcompaniesataseveredisadvantagebecausenewsmall
firmscouldcontractdriversatlowoperatingcosts.Althoughbigfirmshadestablishedfleetsof
trucksanddrivers,theyhadhigherlaborcoststhanasmallfirmcontractingdriversonaloadby
loadbasis.Contracteddriversownandmaintaintheirowntrucksandbuytheirownfuel.Under
thederegulatedsystem,truckingcompanieswouldpaycontractdriversbytheloadandnot
offerfringebenefits,dramaticallydrivingdownemployeecosts(Viscelli,2016).Subsequently,
operatingcostsforthenewcropofmotorcarriersaroundtheharbordropped,andthepriceto
haulaloadofcargofellaccordingly.Byderegulatingtheindustry,smallfirmswereableto
undercutestablishedfirmsandtheindustryshiftedtowardsanowner-operatormodel.
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Astheworkforceshiftedfromcompanydriverstoindependentowner-operators,this
seeminglyminorshiftinemploymentstatusmeantthattruckerswouldnolongerreceivelabor
lawprotectionandcouldnotunionize.Independentcontractorsareprohibitedfromjoining
unions,whileemployeedriversareoftenmembersoftheInternationalBrotherhoodof
Teamsters.Independentcontractorsprovidetheirownrigs,maintenance,fuel,insuranceand
otherincidentalcostslikephoneserviceandretirement(Smith,Marvy,&Zerolnick,2014).Even
thoughtheirgrossincomeiscomparativelyhigherthanacompanydriver,afterexpensesand
deductions,independentdriver’snetincomefloatsaroundminimumwagerates.Firms,rather
thantruckers,takeadvantageofequipmentdepreciationinthetaxcodeandsizablegrants
madeavailablethroughtheports.Thisoccursregardlessofemployeestatuswithincompanies,
soacompanywithcontracteddriverstakesasmanycutsasacompanywithallemployee
drivers.Assuch,independentowner-operatorstendtoleasecompliantrigsfromdrayagefirms
ratherthanpurchasetheirownoutright.
DirtyTrucksandtheNecessityofCTP
Seeingthisproblem,communitygroups,businesses,andnonprofitslikeLosAngeles
AllianceforaNewEconomy(LAANE)soughttodevelopasolution.In2006,theSouthern
CaliforniaarmoftheCoalitionforCleanandSafePorts-anationalallianceofporttruckdrivers
andover100environmental,labor,faith-based,community,transportationandpublic-health
organizationsworkingtopromotesustainabletradeatU.S.Seaportswascreated(Coalitionfor
CleanandSafePorts,n.d.).ThecoalitionfoughttoimplementthefirstCleanAirActionPlan
(CAAP)andCleanTruckProgram(CTP)andin2006thepolicypassedinbothports.TheCTP
addressedissuesincludingphasingoutdirty,oldtrucksandreplacingthemwithcleaner,
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efficientmodels,andbanneddrayagefirmsfromusingowner-operators.Thisemployee
mandatewastakentothe9thCircuitCourtofAppealsagainsttheAmericanTrucking
AssociationandwaseffectivelyblockedafterajourneytotheUSSupremeCourt.
Tobetterunderstandtheenvironmentalandworker’srightsissuesfacingtheportsof
LosAngelesandLongBeach,LosAngelesAllianceforNewEconomy(LAANE)conductedanin-
depthanalysisoftheCleanTrucksProgramandfoundittobeapolicysolutionthatwould
combatmanyoftheissuesassociatedwiththedrayageindustry(LAANE&CoalitionforClean
andSafePorts,2007).Theyfoundthatimplementationwouldhaveconsiderableenvironmental
benefitsaswellasbenefitsfortruckersandtheLosAngeleseconomyasawhole.
Avarietyofseriousissuesexistwithinthedrayageindustry,notlimitedtomassive
amountsofdieselpollutionandrampantmisclassificationofdrivers.Accordingtothe2010Big
Rigreport,“theEPAestimatesthatsome87millionAmericansnowliveandworkinport
regionsthatviolatefederalairqualitystandards”(Smith,Bensman,&Marvy,2010,p.11).The
portsareresponsibleforvariouspointsofpollutionemission,andtrucksaretheprimary
pollutant.Harmfulpollutantsincludedieselparticulatematter(DPM),nitrogenoxides(NOx),
andsulfuroxides(SOx).Thesepollutantsaretoxictoourairquality,butDPMexposurecauses
healthproblemslikecancerandprematuredeath.TheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoardcites
dieselrelatedpollutionasoneofthetopcausesofdeathinthestate.Pollutingtrucksare
responsiblefor62.5%oftheindustry’shealthimpacts(Smithetal.,2010).Thesedirtytrucks
travelthroughurbanareaswithconcentratedpopulationsleavingatrailoftoxicairintheir
wake.Whilecommunitiessufferfromunnecessarypollutionfromoutdatedtrucks,truckdrivers
areexposedtothesechemicalsandpollutantsonadailybasis.
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Employmentmisclassificationpreventsenvironmentalimprovementsbyrequiring
driverstopurchaseandmaintaintheirowntrucks.Sincedriversreceiveaninadequatewage
theyoftenpurchaseoldertruckswhichtypicallyarecheaperandemitlargeramountsofdiesel
pollution.LAANEfoundthat88%oftheover15,000porttruckdriversbasedintheLA/LBport
complexareclassifiedasindependentcontractors,withemployeesaccountingforonly12%of
theporttruckingworkforce(LAANE&CoalitionforCleanandSafePorts,2007).After
deductionsandaccountingformaintenanceandincidentalcosts,independentcontractor
driversmake$10-11anhour,whichaveragesaround$29,000peryear(LAANE&Coalitionfor
CleanandSafePorts,2007).Comparedtoemployeedriverswhoearnaround$40,774ayear,
owner-operatorsfacea40.6%wagedifferential.Additionally,owner-operatorsare1099’sand
shoulderahighertaxburdenasemployersdonotpaytheirportionofincometax.Asaresult,
ontopofthepaydifference,employeessaveanadditional$979intaxeseachyear.Inaddition
tolowwages,themajorityofthesedriverslackhealthcareandmustrelyonpublic,taxpayer-
financedcare.LAANEfoundthatonly10%ofdrivershavehealthinsuranceandonly5%have
pensionbenefits(LAANE&CoalitionforCleanandSafePorts,2007).
Table1.ANNUALSUBSIDIESFORDRIVERSBYEMPLOYMENTSTATUSa
EmploymentStatusAnnualBenefits
IndependentContractor EmployeeAdjustedGrossIncome $29,000 $40,744EarnedIncomeTaxCredit $1,964 $0Section8Housing $15,288 $0Reduced-PriceSchoolMeals $542 $0WIC $439 $0TotalAnti-PovertySubsidies $18,173 $0a(LAANE&CoalitionforCleanandSafePorts,2007,p.13)
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BenefitsofCTP
LAANEfoundthat,overall,with$174millioninwageincreasesaswellastheadditional
$14.5milliondollarsthatwillbesavedbyshiftingthetaxburdenfromdriverstoemployers,the
totalamountofmoneyinjectedintolow-incomecommunitiesinLosAngeleswillbe
$360,887,337(LAANE&CoalitionforCleanandSafePorts,2007).Currently,theaverage
independentcontractordriverqualifiesforover$18,000ofwelfarebenefitseachyear,which
putsanundueburdenontaxpayersforbasicnecessitieslikefoodandhealthcare.Withowner-
operatordriversdependingonwelfarebenefits,anestimated$67millionisspentonmedical
carefordrayagedriversandtheirfamilies(Smithetal.,2010).TheCTPalsohasavarietyof
healthbenefits,LAANEfoundthatthedecreaseinpollutionasaresultoftheprogramwould
leadto87.6fewerprematuredeaths,103fewerhospitaladmissionsand2,449fewercasesof
asthma,andotherrespiratorysymptomseachyearaswellas13,140fewerlostworkdaysand
40,150fewerschoolabsencedaysperyear(LAANE&CoalitionforCleanandSafePorts,2007).
AsuccessfulCTPwouldresultinreduceddriverturnoverandincreaseoverallportefficiency.
Theplan’senvironmentalimpactsarefar-reachingaswell.TheCleanTrucksProgramcombines
“aprogressivebanonoldertruckswithgeneroussubsidiestobusinessesthatpurchasednew,
cleanertrucks”inanattempttoreducedieseltruckemissionsby80%over5years(Boston
ConsultingGroup,2008).Byshiftingtheburdenoftruck-maintenancefromstruggling
employeestocompanies,theprogramensuresthatthesenewtruckshaveabetterchanceof
beingwell-maintainedandstayingclean.
CleanTruckprogramsaddressenvironmentalandworkers’rightsissuesandimprove
thequalityofdrayageserviceandcommunityoutcomes.WhiletheLosAngelesportcomplex
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wasthefirstportintheUStoadoptacleantrucksprogram,manyportshaveadoptedsimilar
programsinrecentyearsinanattempttocombatpollutionandmaximizeefficiencywithin
ports.
LITERATUREREVIEW
Introduction
VerylittleliteratureexistsonhowCleanTruckPrograms(CTP)affectdriver
misclassification.However,researchonCleanTruckProgramsanddrivermisclassificationissues
existseparately.Inordertounderstandhowdeeplytheseissuesareconnectedwithone
another,wemustexaminethedrayageandlogisticindustryasitrelatestoCleanTruck
Programs.Studieshavebeenconductedontheprecarityofporttruckingjobs(D.Bensman,
2008,2009,2014;D.H.Bensman,2017;Jaffee&Bensman,2016;Jaffee&Rowley,2009).
AdditionalresearchhasbeenperformedontheeconomicsofthedrayageindustryinthePort
ofLosAngeles(POLA)andPortofLongBeach(POLB)priortothepassageofCTPwithafollow
upstudytwoyearsafterpassage(Monaco,2010;Monaco&Grobar,2004).AnneGoodchildand
KarthikMohanconductedaninitialevaluationofthepolicyimplicationsofthePOLA/POLB
CleanTrucksProgram,however,thisevaluationdoesnotaccountformorerecentpolicy
updates(BostonConsultingGroup,2008;Goodchild&Mohan,2008).Asmentioned,research
existsontheexpectedoutcomesthataCleanTrucksProgramwillhaveontheenvironmentand
economy,butlittleifanyresearchhasconnectedCTPswithdrivermisclassificationissues.The
literaturesurroundingtheissuesisquitesmallbutitisdeeplyfocused—meaningthatahandful
ofauthorshaveconductedmultiplestudiesonthetopic.Thepurposeofthisliteraturereviewis
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toconcretelydefinethedrayageindustry,misclassification,andcleantruckprograms.
Additionally,Iwillidentifygapsinexistingliteraturearoundwhichmyresearchquestionhas
beenframed.Findingtheintersectionbetweendrivermisclassificationandcleantruck
programsiscompulsoryinunderstandinghowportcomplexescanimproveoperationsandthe
livesofdrivers.
DefiningtheDrayageIndustry
Separatefromlong-haultrucking,porttruckdriversareclassifiedasdrayagedrivers,
meaningthattheyaredrivingshorterdistancesandhaulingintermodalcontainers(Belzer&
Swan,2011).Sincetheadventofincrediblylargecontainershipscarryingupwardsof10,000
twenty-foot-equivalentunits(TEUs),intermodalshippingandrailfacilitieshavebecomemuch
moreprominent.ThePortofLAhasgrownmassivelysincethe1980s,nowreceivingmorethan
15timesthecapacitythanitdidin1980(Ng&Frey,2013;“ThePortofLosAngeles|
Maritime,”n.d.).Thedrayageindustryoperatesasresultofcommoditysupplychainsthata
consumeristAmericahasdemanded.Porttruckingisnecessaryinordertogetgoodsoffof
shipsandintolocalwarehousesandrailyardswheregoodsareshippedfurther.Existing
literatureisinagreementwiththedefiningcharacteristicsofdrayage.Intermodalcompanies
specializeindrayageoperationsinordertofacilitateportoperations.Acrosstheglobe,
drayage/logisticscompaniescompeteforcontractswithshippers.Companiesthencontract
driverstohaulcontainersonchassistrailersfromtheporttoayardorwarehouseandthen
backagain(Bisom-Rapp&Coiquaud,2017).Essentially,thedrayageindustryreliesoncontracts
betweenshippers,logisticscompanies,anddrivers,andanykinksinthechainwouldcause
chaosintheports.Sincelogisticscompaniescompetewithoneanotherforjobs,theyareable
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toprofitfromcontractingdriversandpayinglowerratesthananemployeewouldreceive.
Competingwithotherfirmslowerscostsforshippersandretailcompanies,butitmakes
mattersworsefordriverswhoinevitablygettheshortendofthedeal.Whencompaniesare
unwillingtosacrificeprofits,thelowercostsrolldownthesupplychainandthedriversare
facedwiththeburdenandreceivelowerwages.Withaclearerunderstandingofhowthe
drayageindustryworks,wecandelvedeeperintotheissuesthatdriversface.
MisclassificationandPrecariousWork
Asmentionedinthedefinitionofthedrayageindustry,manydriversintheportsare
hiredasindependentcontractorsinsteadofemployees.Ascontractors,driversareinthelineof
contingentworkandthejobsareconsideredprecarious,meaningthatthereislittletonojob
security.TheUSGeneralAccountingOfficefoundin2005,thataroundone-thirdoftheUS
workforcewascontingentandindependentcontractorsmakeupthemajorityofcontingent
workersacrossthecountry(D.H.Bensman,2017).DavidBensmanhaspublishednumerous
worksdetailingtheimpactsthatindependentcontractinghasonindividualswithaspecialfocus
ontheporttruckingindustry.Allofhisworksfocusonthehazydefinitionsthatgovernmenthas
foremployees.Infact,theFairLaborStandardsActof1938definesemployeebutoffersno
definitionofindependentcontractor(D.Bensman,2014).Inordertodetermineindependent
contracting,stateslookatemployerstoseehowacontractingcompanymeetsthreecriteria:
behavioralcontrol,financialcontrol,andrelationshiptype.Ifacompanydemonstratescontrol
overhowaworkeracts,howtheyarepaid/howmuchtheyarepaid,andtheexclusivityofthe
relationship,thentheindividualismorethanlikelyanemployee,notanindependent
contractor(D.Bensman,2008,2009).Asaresultofthenonexistentdefinitionofindependent
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contractor,agrayzoneexistsinemployeeclassification.Itistoughtoprovethatacompanyis
misclassifyingitsworkersasindependentcontractorswithoutgoingthroughlegalproceedings.
Inhisvariousanalysesofdrivermisclassifications,Bensmandiscussesthenegativeimpactsthat
theissuehasongovernmentrevenuesaswellasdrivers.Bymisclassifyingdrivers,companies
areplacedinlowertaxbracketssincetheyhavefeweremployees.Thegeneralconsensus
withintheliteratureisthatmisclassificationisbadfordrivers,thegovernment,andbasically
everyoneexceptforthecompaniesmisclassifyingdrivers.Companiesbenefitfrom
misclassificationthroughtaxbreaks,whilethedriverssufferfromlowwagesandthe
governmentlosesoutontaxesandhastodoleoutmorewelfarepayments.The
misclassificationissuesoaredtoprominenceinthemid-1980safterthepassageoftheMotor
CarriersActin1980(D.Bensman,2008).Thisfederalactcalledforderegulationoftheindustry
andallowedcompaniestohireindependentcontractors.Withaclearerunderstandingof
employeeclassificationpresentedbyBensman,itiscrucialtolinktheissuewithportcomplexes
andthedecisionsthattheymaketoallowthistohappen.TheMotorCarriersActhas
exacerbatedthemisclassificationissuebyincentivizingcompaniestoturntowardsan
independentcontractormodel.Thisindustrystandardcouldbechangedthroughpolicyupdates
mandatedthroughtheports.
In2004,KristenMonacoandLisaGrobarreleasedastudyofdrayageoperationsin
POLA/POLB(Monaco&Grobar,2004).Theextensiveeconomicanalysisintervieweddriversto
findoutmoreabouttheconditionsunderwhichtheywork(Monaco&Grobar,2004).Like
Bensman,theauthorsdiscussthenatureofporttruckingandfindthattheoverwhelming
majorityofdriversareindependentlycontractedowner-operators,withonly13.1%of
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respondentsclaimingemployeestatus.Thesurveyinstrumenttheyusedsoughttodiscover
howdriversreceivetheirworkfromcompaniesandhowtheyarepaid.Priorliterature
mentionsthatdriversarepaidonaperloadbasis,andthisstudyconfirmsthat.Additionally,
theauthorsfoundoutthatdriverswereunabletonegotiatewhichloadtheytookandhow
muchtheywerepaidfortheloads.Theauthorscreateeconomicmodelsforwagesandwait
timesandfoundthatemployeedriversarepaidmoreandwaitlessthancontracteddrivers,a
findingthatcomplementsotherliteratureonthetopicregardingthetreatmentofemployee
drivers(Monaco&Grobar,2004).Thisstudyismostrelevanttothisresearchbecauseit
specificallyanalyzesworkingconditionsinPOLA/POLB.
Monacoconductedafollow-upsurveythatwaspublishedin2010andaddedadditional
questionstothesurveythatpertainedtotherecentlyadoptedCTP(Monaco,2010).Inthis
follow-up,theauthorfoundthatnetearningsforowner-operatorshadfallenwhileemployee
earningshadrisenslightly.Thedeclineinowner-operatorearningscanbeattributedto
increasesinexpensesthattheyfacedfromtheearlyphasesofCAAPandCTP.Monacoand
Grobar’sanalysesofthewagesandconditionsofportdriversaresignificanttotheproposed
questionsinceitclearlydiscussesdriverclassificationissues.Whiletheauthorshaveupdated
theirinitialanalysis,whichtookplacelongbeforetheCTPwaspassed,theupdatedsurveytook
placejustafterCTPpassedandbeforemanydrivershadtoupdatetheirtrucks.Asaresult,their
analysisdoesnotencapsulatetheeffectsoftheCTPondrivers.Itisimportanttonotethat
whilethisstudydoesnotanalyzethedirecteffectsofCTP,ithighlightsthetrendsoftheport
overtime.ConditionshaveworsenedfurtherasCTPhasgoneintoeffectandnopolicychanges
havealteredthestatusofdriverclassification(Monaco,2010).
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CurrentStateofEmployeeMisclassification
Ina2011publication,RobertFranklinetal.explainthecomplexityofthe
misclassificationissueandthereasonswhyclassactionlawsuitsareboundtohappenin
determiningemployeeclassification(Franklin,Kota,&Milane,2011).Theauthorsgointodetail
aboutthelawsuitbetweenthePOLAandtheAmericanTruckingAssociation(ATA)thatmadeit
totheSupremeCourt.Inthiscase,theATAarguedagainsttheemployeemandateandforthe
continuationoftheindependentcontractormodel.ATAcitedthattheFederalAviation
AdministrationAuthorizationAct("FAAA")preemptedtheconcessionagreementsrequiredfor
operationwithintheports.FAAAprohibitsanystatefromenactingregulationrelatingtoprice,
route,orserviceofmotorcarrierssoitwasarguedthattheconcessionagreementswere
attemptingtoregulatemotorcarrieroperations(Oyez,n.d.).Initially,theNinthCircuitCourtof
Appealssidedwiththeportsstatingthattheirinterestwasasamarketparticipant,nota
regulator.TheSupremeCourtfoundthattheportswereactingwithregulatorypowerand
sidedwiththeATAwhichresultedintheremovaloftheemployeemandatefromCTP,andthe
casebroughtattentiontothedrayageindustryandmisclassificationissues.
TheATA,whorepresentstruckingcompanies,waslookingoutforthedrayage
companiesbestinteresttomakemorerevenue.However,sincethecourtcitedthecommerce
clause,theyshouldhavesidedwiththePOLAsincetheemployeemodelwouldbringinmore
revenueintheformoftaxesandbenefits.SincetheSupremeCourtcase,therehasbeenan
uptickinclassactionsformisclassificationandithastodowiththeweakdefinitions
surroundingemployeeclassification(Franklinetal.,2011).SimilartoBensman’sworks,the
authorsdiscussthegrayareainworkerclassificationandasaresultmoresuitsarebeing
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broughttothecourts.Anunclearboundarybetweenthecontracteddriversandtheir
dependencyoncompaniesbringstolightlargerissueswithportpolicyregardingworkerstatus.
Toconcludetheirdiscussion,theauthorsdescribenecessaryconditionsthatdrayage
companiesshouldmeetinordertoproperlyclassifydriversastrueindependentcontractors.
Whilethisdiscussionisrelevantinestablishingguidelinesforcompanies,italsoappearslikea
how-toguidefordrayagecompaniestogetawaywithmisclassification.Thisstudyilluminates
legalissuessurroundingmisclassificationandwhyitpersistsintheUSandspecificallyexplains
howPOLAhasbeenabletocontinuewiththeindependentcontractormodel.
WiththemajorityofliteraturefocusingonthePOLA/POLBCTP,DavidJaffeeandAdam
RowleyconductedastudyonJaxportinJacksonville,Florida(Jaffee&Rowley,2009).Thestudy
theydesignedemulatedtheworkofMonacoandGrobarbutfocusedonamuchsmallerport
complex.SimilartoMonacoandGrobar,JaffeeandRowleyfoundthatthemajorityofdrivers
wereindependentcontractorsandbelongedtominorityracialgroups.Theoverwhelming
consensusindrayagedrivingisthatindependentcontractorsaretrulydependentcontractors,
withlittlefreedomthatisoftenassociatedwithindependentcontractingjobs.Driversare
dependentuponthesinglecompanythattheycontractwith,unabletodriveforother
companies,negotiatepayrates,ordecidewhentheywork.Ifbroughttocourt,thesedrivers
wouldnotmeetthestandardsestablishedbytheFairLaborStandardsAct.Independently
contracteddriversareindependentinnameonly.Thestudyisquitenarrowandfocusessolely
ondriverdemographicdataandtheproposedeffectsithasondrayageoperations.Itdoesnot
considerspecificportoperationsliketheMonacoandGrobarstudies.Portcomplexeshavethe
abilitytochangedriverconditionsthroughspecificpolicychangesthatmandateemployee
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status.Morerecently,in2016,Jaffeeexpandedonhisworkinthelogisticsindustryandfound
thatkinksinthesupplychainarecausedbythemisclassificationofdrivers.Essentially,he
concludesthatstricterregulationsneedtobeenforcedinproperlyclassifyingdriversinorderto
increasedrayageefficiency(Jaffee,2016;Jaffee&Bensman,2016).Whilethesemoreextensive
paperstakemultipleportstructuresintoconsideration,theydonotincludeCTPsintheanalysis
ofmisclassificationissues.Bymentioningstricterregulations,Jaffeehintsatpolicystimulating
change.
CleanTruckPrograms
ThePOLA/POLBpassedCTPasapieceofthe2006CleanAirActionPlan.Whilethe
largerplancalledforemissionreductionsandenvironmentalimprovementsacrosstheport
complex,CTPfocusedspecificallyonthetrucksthatareallowedintotheports.Goodchildand
MohanestablishedaclearanalysisofthePOLA/POLBCleanTrucksprogram.TheoriginalCTP
requiredtrucksenteringtheportstomeet2007EPAStandards,bannedpre-1995model
engines,andrequiredupdatesfor1996andnewerengines.Inadditiontothenewemission
standards,theCTPplanstoreduceterminaltrafficthroughtheimplementationofaPierPass
systemwhichmonitorsportentry(Husing,2007).Atitscore,theCTPwasdesignedtoreduce
emissionsandhelptheportcomplexfunctionmoreefficiently.
ShortlyafterthepassageofCAAPandtheadoptionofCTP,AnneGoodchildandKarthik
MohanpublishedanevaluationofpolicyimpactsonmaritimeoperationsinthePOLA/POLB
(Goodchild&Mohan,2008).Their2008analysislooksatthethreenecessaryconditionsthat
logisticscompaniesarerequiredtomeetinordertobeeligibletooperatewithintheport
complex:employeemandates,concessionagreements,andtruckimpactfees.Inanearly
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evaluationoftheprogram,theauthorsexaminetheemployeemandatethatthePOLA
proposed.ItisimportanttonotethattheemployeedrivermandatewasonlyrequiredforLA
terminalsandnotLBterminals.GoodchildandMohanassessthatwhilesomesuggestthat
employeedriverswillloseproductivity,thelikelyoutcomeisthatdriverswillstayinthe
industrylongerandcompanieswillincentivizeproductivity.Additionalevidencesuggeststhat
employeedriversfaceshorterwaittimessincecompaniesareforcedtomaximizeefficiencyin
tripplanning.Furthermore,theauthorspredictthatanemployeemandatewillcutdownon
waittimesinterminalsevenwithincreasedterminalsecurity.Theimprovementstodrayage
technologywillincreaseterminalcommunication,safetymeasures,anddecreasewaittimes.
Hadthismandategonethrough,itwouldhavegreatlyimprovedworkingconditionsforport
drivers.Inadditiontoimprovingenvironmentaloutcomes,theCTPwouldhavedirectlystopped
themisclassificationissuebyrequiringalldrayagecompaniestooperatewithemployeedrivers.
ThenextportionofGoodchildandMohan’sanalysisfocusesontheconcession
agreementsthattruckingcompaniesmustobtaintooperateintheport.ThisportionoftheCTP
wouldcausesignificantchangestothemarketstructureoftheportbylimitingthecompanies
thatcanenterterminals.Similartoacapandtradesystem,logisticscompanieswouldobtain
concessionsinordertooperatewithintheports,andlargercompaniescouldobtainlarger
agreementswhilesmallercompaniescouldofferportionstolargerfirms.Theauthorsassess
thatexistingcompanieswouldobtainconcessionstooperateandincreasetheirfleetsize.
Concessionsareawayfortheportstoregulatetheindustryandlimitthenumberoffirms
allowedtooperate.Asaresult,thefleetsizeswillincreasetomaximizeefficiencyand
additionally,companieswillturntoanemployeemodelwithoutthemandate.Undera
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concessionagreement,companieswillownequipmentinsteadofcontractingtoowner-
operatorsbecausecompanieswillbeheldresponsibleforcomplyingwithregulations.
Concessionagreementswillincreaseefficiencyoutsideterminalsandimproveconditionsfor
driversaswellsincefirmsarelikelytoturntowardsanemployeemodel.Aconcessionmodel
showsanotherwayinwhichaCTPcanimpactthemisclassificationissuesincefirmswouldalter
operatingstrategyontheirown.
Toconcludetheiranalysisoftheprogram,GoodchildandMohanassessthetruck
impactfeethatnoncomplianttruckswillpayinordertoentertheports.UndertheCTP,trucks
mustmeet2007EPAstandardsora$35entryfeewillbeassessed.Asaresult,companiesand
owner-operatorswillberequiredtoeitherbuynewtrucksorupgradeenginesinordertomeet
thesestandards.Thisfeeisexpectedtoreducetrucktrafficbyincreasingloadsizesothat
drivershavetoentertheportsfewertimesandthereforepayfewerfees.Theydiscussthe
impactsthatnoncompliancewillhaveandconcludethatthefeealoneisnotenoughtochange
terminaloperation.Whiletheenvironmentalimpactsofthispolicyarebeneficial,theydonot
affecttheefficiencyofportoperations.Acompliancefeeplacesahugeburdenonthe
independentcontractordriverbecausetheywillbetheonetopayeachtimetheyenterthe
port,orbeforcedtopurchaseacomplyingvehicle.
TheGoodchildandMohananalysisisnowoutdatedsinceseveralCTPupdateshave
occurredsince2008.Mostsignificantly,theemployeemandatehasbeenrevokedbythe
SupremeCourt,andasaresult,theirreviewisnolongersignificant.Theauthorseffectively
explainthebenefitsofCTPandtheexpectedoutcomesthatthepolicywillhave,however,they
donotrecognizethenegativeimpactsthatithasonowner-operators.
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InadditiontoGoodchildandMohan’spolicyanalysisofCTP,ChristopherClottandBruce
Hartmanreviewedtheportpolicyandusedagametheoreticalmodeltobetteranalyzethe
effectsoftheprogram(Clott&Hartman,2013;Hartman&Clott,2012).SinceClottand
Hartmanpublishedthisin2013,theywereawareofthechangesinthepolicythatresulted
fromcourtcases,meaningthattheiranalysiswasnotcompletedundertheimpressionthat
logisticscompaniesfaceanemployeemandate.TheyidentifythePOLA/POLBcaseassignificant
sinceitwasthefirstCTPpolicyofitskindandotherNorthAmericanportsfollowedsuit.The
modelthatClottandHartmanproducesupportstheinitialCTPinitsdecisiontoupgradetrucks
tomeetpollutionstandards.Theauthorsprovideadetailedbackgroundoftheprogramand
associatedcostsbeforetheydiscusstheirmodelwhichexplainswhybothsmallandlarge
logisticscompaniesaredrawntotheindependentcontractormodel.Deeperintothemodel
theyexplainhowfirmsshouldchoosetoupdatetrucksincompliancewithCTPandtheyfind
thattheequilibriumpercentageoftrucksthatshouldbeupgradedisthesameforowner-
operatorsanddrayagefirms.
Whiletheirmodelisempiricallysound,itdoesn’ttakeintoconsiderationtheaddedcost
thatanupgradedtruckhasforanowneroperator.Theirmodelworksasapolicysuggestionfor
POLA/POLBbutitdoesnotaddresstheunderlyingissuesofmisclassification.AsBensmanand
Monacosuggest,thesesupposedowner-operatorsaredependentcontractors,sodrayagefirms
shouldberequiredtofootthecostofupgradedtrucks.TheweaknessinClottandHartman’s
theoreticalmodelisthattheyhavedesigneditforthePort’sconsiderationandnotthedrivers.
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GapsintheLiterature
Fromthepublishedliterature,cleardefinitionsofdrayage,misclassification,andClean
TruckProgramsexist.However,thereisnoresearchthatdemonstrateshowCleanTruck
Programsaddressdrivermisclassificationandassociatedissues.TheinitialCAAPandCTPcalled
foranemployeemandateforportdrivers,however,theSupremeCourthasruledagainstthat
portionoftheprogramcitingthecommerceclause(Clott&Hartman,2013;Norsworthy&
Craft,2013).CAAPandCTPhaveundergoneseveralroundsofupdatesandlittlenewresearch
hasbeenconducted.SeveralportcomplexesacrossNorthAmericaincludingOakland,New
York/NewJerseyandHouston,haveadoptedsimilarCleanTruckProgramsandIaminterested
tolearnifandhowtheseprogramsaddressthemisclassificationissue.Myresearchaimsto
identifytheintersectionbetweenCTPsanddrivermisclassification.
METHODS
TheaimofthisstudyistobetterunderstandtherolethatCleanTruckProgramsplay
withdrivermisclassificationandinpartdeterminehowtheprogramshavehelpedorhindered
driversintheports.InordertodeterminethedirecteffectsthattheLosAngeles/LongBeach
CleanTruckProgramhashadondriversandmisclassification,Iconductedinterviewsand
documentanalysis.Amixedmethodsapproachwasnecessarytodeterminethemeasurable
impactsaswellasperceivedimpactsoftheCAAPandCTPupdate.
1.PublicComments
Icollectedpubliccommentsfromtheyear-longcommentperiodleadinguptothe
November2017CAAPUpdatevote.CommentswererequestedthroughaCaliforniaPublic
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RecordsActrequesttothePortofLosAngelesHarborCommissionOffice.Therequeststated,
“AllCAAPcommentlettersfromNovember2016toNovember2,2017(written&emailed).”
Therequestwasreceivedanddocumentswereforwardedtomethatcannowbefoundonthe
CAAPwebsite(“AboutthePlan,”n.d.).Commentswereanalyzedtoseeifthemesandconcerns
broughtupweresimilaracrossstakeholdertypeandtoidentifyifthethemesininterviews
werethesame.Commentswereseparatedintocategoriesbasedoffthestakeholderthat
submittedthecomment.Categoriesincludeagencies&academicinstitutions,industry,
environmental,andcommunitystakeholders.Ofthe552commentsthatwerereceived,I
analyzedcommentsfromeachcategorytoensurethatarepresentative10%ofallcomments
werereviewed.Iskimmedthroughallofthecommentsandfocusedmoreheavilyonthe
commentsthatbroughtupthemesofmisclassificationanddriverexperience.Additionally,I
notedotherthemesthattheintervieweesraised.
2.Interviews
Interviewswereconductedwithfieldexpertsanddrivers.Bycompilingalistof
academics,professionals,andpeopleinvolvedwiththePOLA/POLBCleanTrucksProgram,Iwas
abletocontactindividualsviaemailandphonetosetupinterviews.Theseconversationslasted
between40and75minutes.Iconductedthreeinterviewsoverthephone.Theconversations
wererecordedfornote-takingpurposeswiththesubjects’informedconsent.Iinterviewedtwo
distinctgroupsformyresearch:driversandindustryprofessionals.
ListofInterviewees• NickWeiner,campaigndirectorofJusticeforPortTruckDrivers• DanielAnesekoUaina,driverforIntermodalBridgeTransport• OwenHarveyVaea,driverforIntermodalBridgeTransport
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Thenon-driverthatIinterviewedheldawidearrayofopinionsandapproachestotheissue
ofmisclassificationandCTPs.ByspeakingwithNickWeiner,thedirectorofthejointChangeto
WinandInternationalBrotherhoodoftheTeamstersJusticeforPortTruckDriversCampaign,
myresearchwasbetterinformedandmoreaccuratelyrepresentedthedifferentsidesofthe
topic.WeinerhelpeddrafttheoriginalCleanTruckProgramandnowactsasanadvocatefor
driverssurroundingtheissue.Hewasaskedaseriesofquestionsregardinghisknowledgeof
theprogramandanychangesthathewouldliketosee.Throughthecourseoftheinterview,I
wasabletoidentifywaysinwhichheviewedthemisclassificationissueandhowhebelievesit
shouldbefixed.Theanswerstocommonquestionshelpedilluminatesimilaritiesinopinion
regardingtheissue(fulllistofquestionsavailableinAppendixA).Fromtheanswers,Iwasable
toinformmyanalysisandrecommendationsforfutureversionsoftheCTP.
Inadditiontothepolicyexpert,Iinterviewedtwotruckdriversabouttheirexperiences
withtheCTPandmisclassification.ThesedriverswererecommendedtomethroughAngelo
LoganintheMovingForwardNetwork.Thepurposeofinterviewingdriverswastoobtaina
narrativeperspectiveontheissuethatcouldnotbeportrayedthroughthecompletionofa
survey.Thequestionsaskedofdriversvariedfromthoseaskedoffieldexperts(fulllistof
questionsavailableinAppendixA).Interviewswithdriversfocusedontheirpersonal
experienceandperceivedimpactsoftheCTP.Similartotheexperts,driverswereaskedfor
recommendationstosolvethemisclassificationissue.Byspeakingwithtwodrivers,Iwasable
tounderstandtheirpersonalexperiencesonadeeperlevel.Commonthemeswerediscussed
duringtheinterviewsthathighlightedthenecessityofchangetotheCleanTruckProgram.
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3.ConcessionAgreementAnalysis
Lastly,theprevious4concessionagreementsfromtheCleanTruckProgramwere
analyzedtoidentifyhowthelanguageoftheagreementhaschanged.Theseagreementswere
foundonthePortofLosAngelesCleanTruckProgramwebpagealongwithotherrelatedCTP
documents.Textanalysiswasperformedontheconcessionagreementstoseehowthe
agreementhaschangedovertimeandwhatimplicationsthelanguageoftheagreementhason
drivers.Theoriginalagreementincludedanemployeemandatethatrequiredalldriversbe
classifiedasemployeesby2013.ThisprovisionwasstruckdownbytheUSSupremeCourtin
July2013,sotheconcessionagreementwasaltered.Bycomparingthepastandcurrent
agreementsIwasabletodeterminehowtheagreementcouldalterthewaythatdriversinthe
drayageindustryarehired.
Limitations
Asaresultofcontactingdriversthroughoneanother,Iwasonlyabletospeakwith
driverswhoworkforthesamecompanyandbeganinthedrayageindustryatthesametime.
Therefore,theexperiencesthattheysharedweresomewhatsimilarandnotentirely
representativeofthenearly15,000drayagedriversthatarecurrentlyworkingintheport.
However,Weinerbroughtupsimilarissueswhichsubstantiatedthedriverperspectiveleading
metobelievethattheirexperiencesarequitesimilartoothermisclassifieddrivers.This
researchwouldbestrongerifitincludedmoreinterviewsfromavarietyofdrivers.
Duetotimeconstraints,Iwasonlyabletoanalyzearoundtenpercentofthepublic
comments.Whilethisdidallowmetoidentifypatternsinthecommentsandcorethemesthat
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wereconsistentlybroughtup,theresearchwouldgainstrengthfromamoredetailedlookatall
ofthecommentsthatweresubmittedduringtheperiod.
FINDINGSANDANALYSIS
Aftercompletingthreeexploratoryinterviewswithdriversandapolicy
expert/advocate,reviewingpubliccommentsfromtheyearlongcommentperiod,andanalyzing
theconcessionagreementsfortheportsitbecameabundantlyclearthattheCleanAirAction
PlanandCleanTruckProgramneedtoaddressmisclassificationofthedriver.SinceCAAPand
CTPhaveworsenedthecrisis,itisnecessaryforfutureiterationsoftheprogramstoaddress
theemploymentissue.Allofmyinterviewees—twoporttruckdriversandonepolicy
expert/driveradvocate—emphasizedtheimportanceofcleanairandcleaninguptheportsbut
thatithascomeatanextremecosttoporttruckdriverswhohavefacedthebruntofthecost
burdensassociatedwiththeprogram.
BothdriversandpolicyexpertsdesireaCleanTruckProgramthatplacesthecostburden
onthecompaniesratherthandriversandtheyrecognizethatcompliancewithnewregulations
willbetoughtoenforce.Similarly,publiccommentsaddressissuesregardingthecostof
updatingtheprogramandtheuncertaintyofwhowillpayforthechanges.Stakeholders
rangingfromcommunitymembers,environmentalgroups,academicinstitutions,drayage
drivers,andtruckingcompaniesallweighedinduringthecommentperiod.Throughthe
yearlongperiod,itbecameclearthatthereareseriousconcernswiththefeasibilityand
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enforceabilityofupdatingCAAPandtheCTP.Belowaresomecommon/keyfindingsfrommy
research.
KeyFindings
• Driversviewdrayageworkasgenerallydesirablework.Withbetterpayandbenefitsitwouldbethemostdesirableformoftrucking.
• Aconsensusthatindependentcontractordriversaretreatedassecond-classcitizens.• Withoutanemployeemandate,driversdonotseeasolutiontotheproblem.• Enforcementandcompliancewillremainanissuewithanyproposedsolution.• Policyneedstobeintroducedtocontinueimprovingagreenagendawithoutcontinued
exploitationofdrivers.• SeriouspublicconcernregardingthecostsassociatedwithCAAP/CTPupdatesandthe
POLA/POLBemissionreductionplan.
PublicCommentAnalysis
Whiletheexploratoryinterviewsallowedmetoframetheissuearoundboththedriver
andadvocate/expertperspective,thecommentswereusedtodeciphertheperspectiveof
otherstakeholdersintheissue.Thepubliccommentswereanalyzedtoseeiftheareasof
concernwereanalogousamongstakeholdersandinterviewees.Theinterviewsframedissue
areastolookforinthecommentsincludingworkermistreatment,drivermisclassification,and
appreciationforemissionreductionsthatCAAP/CTPhavebrought.
AftersubmittingapublicrecordrequesttotheHarborCommission,Ireceived3
documentscontaining552publiccommentsfromNovember2016toNovember2017.These
commentsweresubmittedelectronicallythroughacommentportalorreceivedinthemail.
Therewereopencommentperiodsheldattwoharborcommissionmeetingstodiscussthe
CAAPupdate,buttranscriptsforthosemeetingshavenotbeenmadeavailable.Withthatin
mind,Isetouttoexaminethecommentsformentionofdrivermisclassification,cleantruck
programsandotheraspectsoftheCAAPupdatethatrelatetothetopic.Table2breaksdown
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thecommentsintocategoriesbasedonstakeholdertype,afulllistofcommentsisavailablein
AppendixB.ThesecategorieswerecreatedbytheCAAPteamwhocompiledthepublic
commentsfordistribution.Theoriginaldocumentsincludedfivecategories:Agencies&
AcademicInstitutions,Industry,Community,Environmental,andOther.Uponreviewingthe
comments,thedistinctionbetweenthecommunityandothercategorieswasnotclearasboth
containcommentsfromcommunitymembersaswellaslargerorganizations.Becauseofthis
uncleardistinction,Icombinedthesecategories.Findingsfromeachstakeholdercategorycan
befoundbelow.
Table2.TOTALCOMMENTBREAKDOWN CommentPeriod Nov16-Jun17 Jul17-Aug17 Sep17-Nov17 Total
Stakeh
olde
rType
Agencies&AcademicInstitutiona
4 4 1 9
Industryb 19 62 8 89Environmentalc 6 10 3 19Communityd 17 349 69 435Total 46 425 81 552
aIncludesacademicinstitutionsandgovernmentagenciesincludingAirQualityManagementDistrictandCaliforniaAirResourcesBoardbIncludesdrayagecompanies,fuelcompanies,relatedunions,surroundingcityagencies,andindividualsworkingintheportscIncludescoalitionsworkingtoimproveenvironmentalconditionsandenvironmentaladvocacygroupsdIncludesindividualsinsurroundingcommunities,communitycoalitions,cityagenciesnotdirectlyinvolvedwiththeports,andneighborhoodcouncils
Agencies&AcademicInstitutions
KeyFindings• Expressedconcernwiththecostoftheprogramandproposesfundingsolutions• Recognitionofworkerexploitation• Concernwithenvironmentalimpacts
AcademicinstitutionsincludingUCLA,UCRiverside,andMountSanAntonioCollege
submittedcommentsduringtheperiod.Commentsfromtheinstitutionsfocusedonthecost
concernsoftheplanandapplaudedthepositiveenvironmentalimpactsthattheplanhashad.
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TheUCLACommunityScholarsclasssubmittedacommentonFebruary20,2017,critiquingthe
planandfocusedtheiranalysisonworkersinthesupplychain,communitiesadjacentto
logisticssites,andtheenvironmentalimpactsoftransportation.Theyhighlighttheworkplace
exploitationthathasresultedfromtheplanandsuggestthat:
AnyupdatetotheCleanTrucksProgramneedstoensurethatindependenttruckdriversarenotunfairlyburdenedbyanyfeesorrequirementstopurchasenewtrucks.Instead,thecompaniesthatunfairlyclassifytruckdriversasindependentownersandoperators(IOOs)needtobeheldaccountableforanyraisesinfeesorrequirementstopurchasenewtrucks.ThePortsshouldengageIOOstodevelopaneffectivefinancialassistanceprogram(CAAP,2017b,p.73).
Academicinstitutionsrecognizetheexploitationthatdriversfaceasaresultoftherampant
misclassificationandmistreatment.
Onlythreeagenciessubmittedcommentsandtwoofthem—CaliforniaAirResources
Board(CARB)andSouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict(SCAQMD)—werepartners
heavilyinvolvedinthedraftprocess.Asaresult,thesecommentspraisetheplanandthe
environmentalaccomplishmentsthathavebeenmade.CARBdidnotmentiondriversor
drayageissuesintheircommentandinsteadtalksabouttheir“mutualcommitmenttothis
partnership”withtheport.ItisimportanttonotethatCARBisoneoftheregulatoryagencies
forCAAPandsetsthecleantruckandemissionstandards.Assuch,CARBseemsmore
concernedwithpleasingtheportsandmaintainingapleasantrelationshipthanbeingcriticalof
theworkthattheyaredoing.
InSCAQMD’sSeptember18,2017commenttheydiscussthenecessityforCAAPto
updateemissionreductiongoalstomatchlevelsthattheirassessmentdeemspossible.
Additionally,SCAQMDdiscussedtheCleanTruckProgramandhowimplementationneeds
reducecostsandincreaseequitableaccesstothecleantechnologies.Theyproposepotential
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strategyandfundingmechanismsforCAAPtomeetthesegoalsas“alternativefinancing
mechanisms,truckexchangeprogramswithareasoutsidetheairbasin,[and]partneringwith
enginemanufacturerstoidentifywaystoreducethecostsofcleanertechnologies”(CAAP,
2017a,p.138).SCAQMDshowsinterestinthecostburdenthatdriversfaceandpresentsideas
tohandletheissue.Asanagencyspecificallyfocusedwithairquality,theyarestillableto
recognizethemultidimensionalnatureoftheissue.
IndustryStakeholders
KeyFindings• Expressedconcernwiththecostoftheprogram• Recognitionofworkerexploitation,suggestionofemployeebasedmodel• Settinggoalsisnotenoughtomeetthenecessaryemissionreductions• Issueswithprogramcompliance• Concernwithenvironmentalimpacts
TheindustrycommentshadthemostinputrelatedtotheCleanTruckProgramandthe
themesthatintervieweesexplored.DrayageCompaniescomprised35.9%oftheIndustry
commentsandcleanenergy/fuelcompaniessentin24.7%ofthecomments.Additionally,four
unionsinvolvedwiththelogisticsindustryalsosubmittedcommentsduringtheperiod.The
remainderofthecommentswerefromcompaniesintheindustrynotspecificallyinvolvedwith
truckingandfromvariouschambersofcommerceinsurroundingcities.
ThePacificMerchantShippingAssociation(PMSA)washeavilyinvolvedintheprocess
submitting8commentsthroughouttheperiod.PMSAisanorganizationfocusedonglobal
tradeandrepresentsownersandoperatorsinmaritimeterminalsonthewestcoast.The
organizationraisesquestionsaboutthecostsassociatedwiththeupdatesaying,“wherewill
thefundingcomefromandwhatwilltheportsdotoensurethattheyremaincompetitivewith
othertradegatewayswhileimposingthesecostsontheircustomersandtenants?”(CAAP,
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2017,p.363).Whendiscussingthegreentruckinitiativeintheupdatetheysay,“theports
needtoprovideincentivefundingtomarineterminaloperatorstoprovidethenecessary
benefitstotruckowners.Anyprogramproposedbytheportsimproveservicetotruck
operators”(CAAP,2017a,p.377).
DavidThornburg,arepresentativeofDuncanandSonLinessuggests,“assetbased
companies—truckingcompanyownsthetrucks,[and]theemployeemodel—employerhires
drivers,donotemployowneroperators”(CAAP,2017a,p.92).DuncanandSonLinesoperates
withemployeedriversandreliesonlyonindependentcontractorsforpeaktimes—buttheydo
notrestrictcontracteddriverstoonlyworkforthem.
CleanEnergyFuels—acompanyfocusedonnaturalgastransportation—andits
employeessentineightcommentsthatexpressedconcernwiththetimelineforemission
reductions.WarrenMitchellsaid,“wecannotmakeupforlosttimewhenwedon’tcapitalize
onawinningopportunitythatsolvessignificantandsometimesfatalhealthproblems”(CAAP,
2017c,p.93).RonThompsonatwo-timecancersurvivorstated,“pleaseconsiderinstituting
cleanpowertrucksandyardequipmentassoonasyoucan,ifwecanprevent1personevery
week,thefightofsurvivalorthecosttooureconomy,itisworththeinvestment”(CAAP,
2017c,p.94).Thecompanyitselfcommented,“despitethetremendousgainsthathavebeen
madetodate,moreneedstobedonetoreduceharmfulairemissionsfromships,locomotives,
on-andoff-roadheavy-dutytrucksthatoperateatourports”(CAAP,2017b,p.81).Inaletter
signedbyCleanEnergyandfuelsolutioncompaniestheysaid,“theactualamountoffunding
requiredismodestcomparedtothebenefitstoourcommunitiesandthePorts’abilitytogrow
andemploySouthernCalifornians”(CAAP,2017b,p.4).CleanFuelcompaniesare
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understandablyproponentsoftheCTPrequirementstomovetowardsnear-zeroemission
trucksinthecomingyears,buttheystillrecognizethatsettingthesegoalsisnotenoughto
ensurecomplianceandemissionreductions.
TheInternationalBrotherhoodoftheTeamstersPortDivisionandLocal848submitteda
seven-pageletterandapetitionwith2,299signaturestodemandthat“thetruckingcompanies
andtheirbigretailcustomerspayforthesenewzero-emissiontrucks.Andyoumustkickout
anytruckingcompanythatbreaksthelawandmakesuspayfortheirequipment”(CAAP,
2017a,p.231).TheTeamstersPortDivisionhasbeenresponsiblefororganizingindependently
contracteddriverstounionizeandfightmisclassification.Assuch,theircommentsonthe
proposedupdatewerehighlyvaluableinregardstothisresearch.Theyhighlightissuesofcost
burdenandcompliancethatintervieweestouchedonsaying,
Thesecostsincludeexpensiveleasepaymentsandmaintenancecosts,whichhasgottenpassedontodriversafterthetruckingindustry’slegalchallengesweakenedtheoriginalCTPpolicy.Second,theincrediblyfragmentednatureoftheindustrymakesitimperativethatthePortnotsimplyenact,butvigorouslyenforcetheCAAP(CAAP,2017a,p.225).
TheTeamstersmentionpoorworkplacetreatmentandtheexploitationofdriversstating:
Truckingcompanies–manyofwhichreceivedthousandsinpublicsubsidiestopurchasenewtrucks–requireddriverstosignpredatorysubleasesundertheguiseofan“independentcontractor”arrangementiftheywantedtokeeptheirjobs.Throughthissamesystem,truckingcompanieswerealsofoundtocoercedriverstodrivefarlongerhoursthanislegallypermitted,byholdingthethreatofretaliation,termination,andlosingtheequitypaidintothetrucksovertheheadsofdrivers(CAAP,2017a,p.226).
EnvironmentalStakeholders
KeyFindings• Portsarestillhighriskforsurroundingcommunitiesandenvironment• Expressedconcernwiththecostandfundingoftheprogram• Planisinequitableanddoesnotsupportdriversorensurefairtreatment
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The19commentsfromthiscategorycamefromgroupsliketheSierraClub,Earthjustice,
theNaturalResourceDefenseCouncil,andvariouscoalitionscenteredoncleanair.Asexpected
forthecommentsfromthiscategory,theyprimarilyfocusedontheenvironmentalaspectsof
theCAAPandCTPupdate.Earthjusticesubmittedfourcommentsduringtheperiodand
includeddiscussiononemissiontargets,improvedmeasuredescriptions,zero-emissiontrucks,
andneedforrobustcommunityengagement.Regardingemissiontargetstheenvironmental
groupsraisedsimilarconcernsthattheagenciesbroughtupregardingtheneartargetssetby
CAAPstating,“evenwithreductionssince2005,thePortsstillimposehighriskstoneighboring
communitiesandcontributegreatlytoourregion’sfailuretomeetstateandfederalairquality
standards”(CAAP,2017b,p.7).
TheGASP!CoalitionrecommendedthatCAAPincreasenear-termeconomicincentives,
interimmilestones,andbetterdrivertreatment.Inadditiontotheeconomicand
environmentalconcerns,GASP!states:
Thecurrentplandoesnotproposemuchtosatisfythepublicthatdriverswillbetreatedfairlyandwithdignityinthisnewsystem.Infact,theprogramsoundslikealotofthesameoldstrategies.Massiveincentivesfornewtrucks,anditisclearthatthisindustryhasapropensitytopushthesetypesofincreasedfeesontodrivers(CAAP,2017c,p.131).SouthBay350focusesitsworkintheSouthBayandLosAngelesHarborareaswitha
focusonaddressingenvironmentaljusticeissuesinfrontlinecommunities.Theydiscussthe
effectsthatCAAPandCTPhavehadonthecommunityanditengageswiththeissuesthatthe
intervieweesbroughtup.WhileCAAPhasmadesignificantimprovementstotheairqualityin
thesurroundingareas,thereisstillsignificantpollutioninthearea.Additionally,theSouthBay
350commentraisesissuewiththetreatmentofworkersandthehoursthattheyareforcedto
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workinordertomaintaintheirtrucks.Theystate,these“realities[are]inequitable,theyput
thetruckerswhoareoperatingsuchlonghoursandmembersofthegeneralpublicingrave
dangerduetofatigue-relatedaccidents”(CAAP,2017c,p.130).
CommunityStakeholders
KeyFindings• Concernwiththecostandfundingoftheprogram• Recognitionofworkerexploitation• Settinggoalsisnotenoughtomeetthenecessaryemissionreductions—theplan
needsstrictergoalsCommunitystakeholdersincludedneighborhoodgroups,citycouncils,andindividuals.
78.8%ofallofthecommentsreceivedwerefromcommunitystakeholders.Afterexamining
commentsfromthefirstperiod,themajorityofthecommentswerenotsubstantiveorrelated
totheresearch.TheSanPedroNeighborhoodCouncildiscussedtheneedfortheplanto
incentivizedriversandofferrebatesforcleanertruckssaying,“truckersshouldn’tgobrokeor
getpushedoutofthemarket.Themajorityofthefeesneedtobepaidbycorporationsand
businessesthatutilizethetruckstomovetheirgoods,nottruckdrivers”(CAAP,2017b,p.13).
ThisshowsthatthereiscommunityrecognitionoftheunfaircostburdenthatCTPhasindirectly
placedonthedrivers.Othercommentsfromthisperiodechoedconcernsaboutthetimeline
fortheprogramandthecostsassociatedwithallaspectsoftheupdate.
Itbecameclearwhenlookingthroughthiscategorythattherehadbeenanorganized
effortfromACTNowLAtogetcommunitymemberstosubmitcomments.Icloselyexamined
43ofthecommentsinthiscategoryand31ofthecommentswereastandardresponsethat
said:
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Wecan'twait17yearstogettoxicdieselpollutingtrucksoffourroads.Let'sacceleratetheCAAP:incentivizetrucksin2018–insteadofwaitingsixyears.Let'susethemostadvancedtechnologynowtoloweremissionsandcleanourair(CAAP,2017a,p.957).
Thesecommentswerelikelycopiedandpastedfromaproposedcommentfromalocal
communitygroup.Whensortingthroughtheremainderofthecommentsinthe“community”
category,thereweremanymorestandardresponsessimilartothis.Thesestandardresponses
seemmoreconcernedwiththeenvironmentalagendathanwithimprovingworkingconditions
fordrivers.Theyaresomewhatuneducatedinsuggestingthatincentivizingtruckscanbe
accomplishedimmediatelyconsideringtheexorbitantcostsassociatedwithcleantrucks.
Oftheremaining,twelvenon-standardcommentsthatwereexaminedfromthisgroup
broughtupemployeemodelsfortruckinghighlightingthatthecommunityviewsitasarelevant
issue.Additionally,thecostsassociatedwiththeCAAPupdatecameup10times,suggesting
communityconcernwithwhowillfacethecostsassociatedwiththeprogram.Acommentfrom
JohnMcLaurinmentionedthatdriversshouldnotfacetheburdenofcostsassociatedwith
updatedemissiongoals,hestated,“thesestrategieswillplaceanenormousfinancialburdenon
thePortsandthegoodsmovementindustry.”Whilethestandardresponseurgesforan
expeditedgoal,commentswrittenbyotherindividualsurgeCAAPwriterstoconsiderthe
financialburdenthattheupdateprogramwillhaveonthosedirectlyaffectedbytheprogram.
SummaryofCommentFindings
KeyCommentFindings• Allgroupsconcernedwiththecostandfundingoftheprogram• Allgroupsacknowledgedworkerexploitation• 3groupsconcernedaboutenvironmentalimpacts• 2groupsurgeforstrictergoals• 1groupraisedconcernoverprogramcomplianceandenforcement
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Fromtheaboveanalysisofthepubliccommentsreceivedovertheyear-longperiod,itis
clearthatconcernsexistwiththecostsassociatedwiththeplan,thetreatmentofworkers,and
complianceissues.Whilemostcommentsbeganbyapplaudingthegoalsandreductionsthat
CAAP/CTPhavecreated,theyallurgefortheprogramtosetdifferentstandardsinorderto
meettheneedsofthesurroundingcommunities.Commentsquestionthecostsassociated
withtheprogramandareleftwonderingwhowillberesponsibletopay.Themainworryisthat
thisiterationoftheplanwillcontinuetoworsentheexploitationofdriversastheyareleft
facingthebruntofthecosts.Thepublicisconcernedwiththeemissiongoalsnotbeing
stringentenoughandthatcompliancewilllacklikeithasinpastyears.Thecomments
overwhelminglysupportthesameconcernsthattheinterviewsbroughtsuggestingthatthese
findingsarevalidissuesthatneedtobeaddressedthroughfutureplanupdates.
ConcessionAgreements
IexaminedchangesmadetotheCleanTruckProgramconcessionagreementfromits
firstfourdrafts.Thepurposeofthiswastoseehowthelanguageoftheagreementchanged
overtimefromtheoriginalconceptionuntilthecurrentdraft.Analysisoftheconcession
agreementsiscrucialtoansweringtheresearchquestionasitisthemainpieceoftheCTP
policythatcandiscussthetreatmentofworkers.Theconcessionagreementisakeyelementto
theCAAPandCTPanditisthepartofthepolicythatlaysoutCTPregulationandcompliance
timelines.Additionally,companiesmustbecomeconcessionairesinordertooperateintheport
complex.Inotherwords,truckingcompaniesareonlyallowedtosenddriversintotheportif
theyhavesignedtheconcessionagreementandpaidtheconcessionfees.Essentially,the
concessionagreementisthedoctrinethatcompaniesmustfollowinordertooperatedrayage
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services.Theagreementspecifies,“Concessionaire'srightofaccesstoanduseofthePort’s
facilitiesunderthisConcessionshallbesolelyforthepurposeofconductingDrayageService
unlesstheConcessionaireobtainstheExecutiveDirector’spriorwrittenpermissiontoaccess
Port’sproperty”(PortofLosAngeles&PortofLongBeach,2013,p.1).Overtime,thelanguage
andthesectionsincludedintheconcessionagreementhavechangedtoreflectwishesof
variousstakeholdersaswellasthecourts.Analyzingtheagreementshelpstoshowthechange
inworkertreatmentovertime.
Sixmaincomponentsoftheconcessionagreementthatarerelevanttothetreatmentof
driverscanbefoundinTable3.Thesecomponentshaveseenchangeovertimeand
demonstratethewinsandlossesthatdrivershavefacedthroughtheconcessionagreement.
Table3.CONCESSIONAGREEMENTCOMPARISONConcessionYear 2008 2010 2013 2014“EmployeeMandate”a X X Compliancenecessaryforportoperation X X X XAffirmativeActionClause X X XWageandEarningsAssignmentClause X X XComprehensive/DetailedDraftb X X X IncludesproposedTariffNo.4Amendmentsc X
aEmployeemandatereferstoaprovisionoftheconcessionagreementlayingoutarequirementforconcessionairestotransitiontoemployeedrivers.bDraftconsideredcomprehensiveifbrokenintodetailedsectionsexplainingtheconcessionrequirements.The2014agreementisconsiderablyshorterandlessdetailed.cTariffNo.4describestherates,charges,rules,andregulationsofthePortofLosAngeles.
TheemployeemandateisthekeyprovisionoftheCTPthatrequiredconcessionairestomove
towards100%employeedriverswithin5years.Thelossofthisprovisioninlaterdraftssignifies
amajorlossfordriversanddemonstratesthatconditionshavenotimproved.Inclusionofthe
affirmativeactionclauseandthewageclausearebeneficialtodriversbecauseitrequires
companiestoabidebytheserules.Theseclausesdemonstratetheport’sconcernwiththe
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treatmentandhiringpracticesofemployees.Table3demonstrateshowconditionshave
changedovertimeforbetterandworse.Theagreementswithmoreboxesmarkedarebetter
fordrivers,soasthissectionwilldiscuss,the2010versionoftheconcessionagreementwasthe
strongestfordriversand2014istheweakest.
2008Concession
The2008agreementwasthefirstagreementpassedaspartofCAAP/CTPanditincludes
acomprehensivelistof13concessionrequirementsthatdetailthetermsoftheagreement.The
mosthighlycontestedpieceoftheagreementissectionIII(d)titled“driverhiring.”Thisisthe
sectionthatcontainstheemployee-drivermandatethatspecifiesthatinordertooperateinthe
port,concessionairesmust“transitionitsConcessiondriversto100%EmployeeConcession
driversbynolaterthanDecember31,2013”(PortofLosAngeles&PortofLongBeach,2008,p.
2).Theconcessionagreementlaidoutatableforthetransitionperiodwithintermittentgoals
tomovetowardemployeestatus.Thelanguageinthissectionreferencesthatconcessionaires
areallowedtoutilizeindependentcontractorsandowner-operatorsduringthetransition
periodbutmusthaveallemployeedriversbytheendoftheconcessionterm.
Thisinitialagreealsocontainseighteenpagesoffindingstosubstantiatethepurposeof
theconcessionagreementandproposedTariffNo.4amendments.PortofLosAngelesTariff
No.4describestherates,rules,andregulationsoftheportandisconsideredagoverning
document.Thefindingssectionattachedtotheconcessionagreementlegitimizestheemployee
provisionstating:
ManydrayagetruckdrivershavetestifiedattheBoardofHarborCommissionersmeetingsofbothPortsofLosAngelesandLongBeach,statingthattheyareunabletoaffordandmaintainthecleanertrucksneededtoachieveairqualitystandards,even
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withthesubsidiesproposedtobeofferedbythePorts(PortofLosAngeles&PortofLongBeach,2008,p.38).
Thepolicygoesontoexplainthatoneofthe6maingoalsfortheconcessionagreementisto
ensuresufficientsupplyofdrayagedriversthroughwhileimprovingwages,benefits,and
workingconditions.Fromthestart,theconcessionagreementintendedtohelpdriversreceive
betterpayfortheworkthattheydoanditplannedtomitigatethecostsassociatedwiththe
CTP.Thefindingssectionclearlystatesthatthedriversareunabletoaffordthecostsassociated
withtheprogramasitcurrentlystandsandanemployeeprovisionwouldlessenthecost
burdenthatdriversface.Theinclusionofthissectionwiththefirstconcessionagreement
providescriticalbackgroundinformationjustifyingthevarioussectionsintheagreement.
2010Concession
The2010agreementlooksverysimilartothe2008concessionwithafewimportant
sectionsadded.Itisimportanttonotethatthisagreementwaspassedduringthelitigation,so
thedriverhiringsectionisstillincludedintheagreement.Intheconcessionrequirements
sectionasubsectiontitled“FinancialCapability”wasaddedtoensurethatconcessionairesare
financiallycapableofperformingtheobligationsthatarelaidoutintheagreement.
Additionally,thisdraftincludestwonewmainsections.Onesectionisastandardaffirmative
actionclausestatingthattheportandconcessionairesshallnotdiscriminateinitsemployment
practices.Thesecondsectionistitled“WageandEarningsAssignmentOrders/Noticesof
Assignments”whichrequiresconcessionairestoobligebystateandfederalemployment
reportingrequirements(PortofLosAngeles&PortofLongBeach,2010).Asidefromthese
additions,thelanguagefrom2008to2010didnotchange.Thisrevisionwasmadeafterthe
August2010courtdecisionwhichupheldtheemployee-driverprovision,buttheAmerican
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TruckingAssociationappealedtoUSCourtofAppealsintheNinthCircuit.Asaresult,theports
decidedtorefrainfromenforcingtheprovisionuntilafinaldecisionhadbeenreachedin
litigation.The2010concessionagreementisstillthestrongestfordriversasitincludesthe
employeeprovisionaswellastheaddedwageandaffirmativeactionclauses.
2013Concession
By2013theSupremeCourthadruledthattheconcessionagreementcouldnotcontain
SectionsIII(f)CompliancewithTruckRoutes,III(l)Placards,andIII(d)Hiring(Kagan,2013).This
leftthe2013ConcessionUpdatewithouttheemployee-driverprovision.Additionally,thePorts
amendedtheagreementtoextendthelengthoftheagreementfromfivetosixyears,which
meantthatagreementswouldnowexpireSeptember30th,2014.Itisunclearwhytheports
chosetoextendtheconcessionterminsteadofpassinganewagreementwiththenecessary
provisionsredacted.Sincetheagreementwassettoexpire,theportcouldhavepassedanew
concession,butinstead,theyextendedthetermanddeletedthreesubsections.Thelanguage
intheagreementhasremainedthesameandthedocumentstillshowsthesubsectionsthat
beenremoved—itsimplysays“(d)Deleted”(PortofLosAngeles&PortofLongBeach,2013,
p.2).Byleavingthesubsectionsinthedocument,theportisrecognizingthatdriverrightsare
stillrelevantandimportant.Thisagreementdoesnotcontainanyproposedamendmentsto
TariffNo.4,eventhoughthelanguageinthisagreementaltersportregulations.Bynot
includingthechangesthatwillbemadetoTariffNo.4alongsidethisagreement,individuals
couldbelefttobelievethattheregulatorydocumentwouldnotbechanged.
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2014Concession
In2014,theoriginalconcessionagreementwassettoexpiresotheportsrevisedand
updatetheagreement.Thiswasanopportunityfortheporttoamendthepreviousagreement
thathadlastedforsixyears.The2014agreementgoesbacktoafive-yeartermandissetto
expireonSeptember30th,2019(PortofLosAngeles&PortofLongBeach,2014).This
agreementissignificantlycondensedwithonly4pagesofterms,comparedtotheprior
agreementsthatcontainaround16pagesoftermsandrequirements.Asaresult,the2014
agreementlacksthedetailedexplanationoftheconcessionrequirementsandmakesno
mentionoftheemploymentstatusofthedrivers.Thisconcessionisformattedtolookmorelike
acontractthananofficialpolicydocument,whichmakesitseemlessimportant.Additionally,
thetermsandconditionsareplacedaftertheapplicationandrequiredsignaturesmakingit
possibleforconcessionairestosigntheagreementwithoutevenlookingattheterms.Past
agreementslistedallofthetermsandrequirementsandthenmadespacefortheharbor
commissioner’sandtheconcessionaire’ssignature.Althoughthisagreementplacesthe
signaturesfirstwhichseeminglyputslessweightonthetermsofthecontract,itdoesrequire
twosignaturesfromdifferentmembersoftheconcessionaire’scompany.Overall,theupdated
concessionagreementappearstobelessconcernedwiththetermsandrequirementsofthe
agreementthanthepreviousagreements.Withnomentionofdriveremploymentstatus,the
portsarelikelyavoidingtheissueafterfacing5yearsoflitigationwiththeinitialagreement.
Whilethiswaslikelyastrategicmovetoavoidfurtherissue,itminimizestheissuethattheport
intendedtotacklebyincludingtheemployee-provisioninthefirstplace.Forhowheavilythe
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2008concessionemphasizedtheimportanceoffairwagesforthedrivers,theportsnowseem
completelyuninterestedinpursuingtheissue.
Interviews
Iconducted3exploratoryinterviewsandtable4breaksdownwhotheinterviewswere
withandthecapacityinwhichtheyareinvolvedwiththeissue.
Table4.PARTICIPANTDEMOGRAPHICSName Sex Category Occupation StartedDanielAnesekoUaina
M Driver PorttruckdriverforIntermodalBridgeTransport
2013
OwenHarveyVaea
M Driver PorttruckdriverforIntermodalBridgeTransport
2013
NickWeiner M Expert/Advocate
CampaignDirector:ChangetoWin/InternationalBrotherhoodoftheTeamsters,JusticeforPortDriversCampaign
2006
DriverInterviews
Inordertounderstandhowthedrivercommunitythathasbeendirectlyaffectedbythe
issue,Ireachedouttoseveraldrivers.Throughoutourconversations,manycommonthemes
cameupincludingtheirtreatmentatwork,theiremploymentstatus,positiveviewofCTPand
CAAP,aswellasapositiveviewoftheindustryandworkthattheydo–seetable5.
Table5.RECURRINGINTERVIEWTHEMESWorkplaceTreatmentEmploymentstatusPositiveviewofCAAPandCTPViewonindustryandworkNecessityofreclassification
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EmploymentStatus
“IwasundertheimpressionthatIwasanemployeebutjustgetpaidbytheload…”—(Vaea,2018).
DanielAnesekoUaina,knowninthedrayagecommunityasSeko,hasbeendrivingwith
IntermodalBridgeTransport(IBT)sincelate2013.Priortothis,hehadbeenworkinginan
attorneyservicedoingcourtfilings.Duetoanindustryfadeout,Uainatransitionedintoanew
industry.HejoinedIBTandwastoldhewasa1099,meaninghewasanindependent
contractor.ButsomethingwasnotquiterightandUainasaid:
Theoddthingwasthatinthebeginningonourcontract,theheadingwas“applicationforemployment.”ThestaffatIntermodalBridgeTransportexplainedtomethat,“yeayouareanemployee,butwejustpayyoudifferent.But,trustmeyouaregoingtobebenefittingalotfromthis”(Uaina,2018).
Thelackofclarityregardinghisemployeestatus,leftUainawithanuneasyfeelingashe
continuedtoworkwiththecompany.Astimewentonitbecamecleartohimthatheandother
driverswerenotemployeesalthoughtheylackedthecontrolthatanindependentcontractor
shouldhave.
OwenHarveyVaea,anIBTdriversince2013,hadanexperiencejustlikeUaina’swhenit
cametohisemploymentstatus.Hesaid,“whenIcametoIBTIwasundertheimpressionthatI
wasanemployeebutjustgetpaidbytheload”(Vaea,2018).Vaeahadsomeexperience
workingintheportspriortoIBTbuthewasneverintheportsfulltimeuntilhestartedwithIBT.
Thisledhimtobelievethatthepayforportworkwasjusthandleddifferentlythanhispast
drivingjobforafooddeliveryservice.
Manydriversfindthemselvesinsituationsnotknowingtherightsthattheyhaveas
independentcontractors,andnotunderstandingthattheyshouldtrulybeclassifiedas
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employees.Asaresult,driverssoondiscoverthatthehighwagesthatacompanypromisesare
notwhattheywillreallyreceive.Uainaexplained,“Iwaspayingthefuel,themaintenance,the
insurance,damages,andtheleaseforatruckthatwouldneverbemine”(Uaina,2018).Uaina
sharesatruckwithanotherdriver,sothecompanyiscollectingtwoleasepaymentsforone
truck.Alloftheseaddedcoststakeawayfromthepaycheckthatdriversreceiveeachmonthin
theformofdeductions,“wheneverIgointoworkandthereisworkandatruckavailable,Iam
toowethecompanyaleasepaymentforthatday”(Uaina,2018).Addedexpensesaretruly
companyoverheadandshouldnotbetheresponsibilityofthedriver.
(Smithetal.,2014).
Vaeafoundthatnewdriverswouldconsistentlyreceivebetterloadsandmoreloadsin
ordertokeepthem,“sinceIwasanewdrivertheygavemegoodloadsandastimegoesonyou
starttogetthecrap”(Vaea,2018).Driversthathavebeenwiththecompanylongerstop
gettingthegoodloadsandinsteadreceiveloadswithlongwaittimesmakingitsothattheydo
notgetthroughasmanyloadsinaday.Evenwithfewerloads,theystillreceivethesame
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deductionsfromtheirpay.Thisinturn,leadstosmallerpaychecksthatsometimesreach
negativenumbers.
WhenrumorsspreadthatdriversatShippersTransportExpresswereearningback
deductedwagesthathadbeenstolen,driversatIBTbegantowonderiftheywereunderthe
samecondition.Vaeaexpressedthat,“astimewentonIrealizedthatalotofthedriversinthe
portwerenothappy”(Vaea,2018).SoonafteralawyermetwithdriversatIBTtoexplainhow
thedeductionstrulybelongtothedrivers.“Thatwassomethingthatreallymotivatedmeto
findoutthewholeandabsolutetruth,andtoreallyjustfightagainstthecompanyonwhatwe
shouldhavehadinthebeginning”(Uaina,2018).Vaeacametotheportsfromajobwherehe
waspaidhourly,receivedworkman’scomp,andbenefits,soheunderstoodhowemployee
driversshouldbetreated.Theknowledgethatsomethingwasnotrightandhearingthatother
driverswerefightingagainstthemisclassificationissue,activatedUainaandVaeatodo
somethingforthemselvesandotherdrivers.
WorkplaceTreatment
Table6.UNEQUALWORKPLACETREATMENTFORCONTRACTEDDRIVERS“wearen’tallowedinsidethebuildingintheyard…”“thereisaglasswindowthatweapproachfornewloads,butwecan’tgoinside”“theportswerea‘no-no’forotherdrivers,theyknewhowbaditwas”
Bothdriverscontinuallymentionedthepoortreatmentthattheyreceiveatworkand
theincreasedhostilityintheworkplacethathasstemmedfromtheemploymentstatus
challenge.Vaeaexpressedthat“oncetheysawusstartingtomakeachangetheystartdoing
somenegativethingsintermsofthewaytheytreatus”(Vaea,2018).Therearepotholesinthe
yardanddriverswillstepoutoftheirtruckandtwisttheirankles.Bothdriversemphasizedthe
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poorlightingintheyardandthedirtyouthousesthatarenotcleanednearlyasoftenasthey
needtobe.Uainaelaborated,“wehadtofighttogetacleanbreakroomintheyardandwe
can’tevenusethefacilitiesinsidethebuilding”(Uaina,2018).Theyexpressedthatotherdrivers
stayawayfromtheportsbecausetheyknowhowpoorlythedriversaretreatedintheports.
Inadditiontothepoorworkingconditions,driversexpressedconcernsoverthe
competitivenesswithintheworkplace.Vaeahasseendriversfightoverchassisintheportand
intheyard.Heknowsthatdriversrunlightsatnightwhichcausesahugesafetyissue.Drivers
behaveinthiswayinordertomaketheirloadsandgettothenextonesooner,Vaeasaid,
“driverswillgetstuckatoneportforhoursandthenextruntheyaretryingtomakeupforit”
(Vaea,2018).Sincethedriversarepaidbytheloadtheyhavetobeasefficientaspossible,but
whentheyreceivebadloadsitlimitstheirabilitytocompleteasmany.
VaeaandUainabothdescribedthefavoritismthatdispatchershavetowardsdrivers.
Thedispatchersassignloadsintheyardandareresponsiblefordecidingwhogetsthegood
loads.“Ifyou’renotoneoftheirfavorites,you’regoingtostarve”(Vaea,2018).Theyhave
witnessedfavoritedriversstarttheirsixthdayofworkfortheweekbeforesomedriversget
assignedloadsfortheirfifthday.Loadsarenotdistributedequallyandtenloadswillgoto
threefavoritedriversinsteadoftendrivers.“I’vetalkedtodriverswhoworkedatother
companiesandleftbecauseofthewaydispatchran”(Vaea,2018).Whendriverscomplain
abouttheunfairdistribution,theyaregiventhebadloadsandgetstuckattheportforhours.
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CAAP/CTPSupportTable7.DRIVERPERSPECTIVESOFCTP/CAAP
“Ithinktheplanisgreatandit’sdoinggreatthingsfortheairwebreathe”“…youcouldseethegreensmogandthewaitlinesintheportwerelikeoilslicks”“it’sawholelotcleanerandclearernow”
OurconversationsshiftedtowardsdiscussionoftheCleanAirActandCleanTruck
Program.UainaandVaeawerebothnewtothedrayageindustryduringtheimplementationof
theprogramsotheywerenotforcedtobuyanewcomplianttruck,buttheyknowdriversthat
did.Uainaexplained:
IBTpromisedthemthattheyweregoingtogetnewtrucksthatfitalloftheCleanAirrequirements.Thattheyshouldselltheoldtruckandwouldbeabletolease-to-ownthenewertrucks.Theywouldbecomeowner-operatoragain.Butthatnevermaterialized(Uaina,2018).
VaeareiteratedUainasaying,“driversthoughttheyweregoingtopaythecompaniestoown
thetruck,buttheyendedupkeepingitandleasingit”(Vaea,2018).Driverswhoonceowned
theirtruckwerenowforcedtopayleasesonatruckthattheywillneverown.Itisanever-
endingleaseatIBT,“wearejustbasicallyrentingatruckfromthemandrentingallofthe
equipmentinordertodoallofthework”(Uaina,2018).Driversthathavebeenaroundsince
theadoptionofCTPcouldnotaffordnewtrucksortoretrofittheircurrenttruckinorderto
comply.Theywereforcedtobecomemoredependentonthecompanyandthecompanies
havetakenadvantageofthedriversasresult.Withtheknowledgethatdriverswouldnotbe
abletopurchasecomplianttrucks,companiestookadvantageofthatandhavebegunnever-
endinglease-to-ownoptionsforcleantrucks.
WhilethedriversdonotsupporthowtheCTPhasforcedindividualsontoneverending
leasestoownatruck,theydorecognizetheimportanceoftheemissionreductionsthatCAAP
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andCTPhavebroughttotheport.Vaeahadvisitedtheportforworkpriortothe
implementationoftheplanandremembersseeingallofthesmogandtheoilslicksinthewait
lines,“thetruckswouldalwaysbeleakingandtheguyswouldconstantlybefixingthem”(Vaea,
2018).Sincereturningtotheportsfull-timehehasnoticedsignificantimprovementstotheair
qualityandtheconditionsoftrucks.
“Evenonanightwhereyouareintheportforonlyoneortwohours,thefumesandtoxicchemicalssticktoyou”–(Uaina,2018).
RegardlessoftheexploitationthathasresultedfromtheadoptionoftheCTPinthe
ports,Uainathinksthattheenvironmentalimprovementstotheareaarenecessaryand
important.HegrewuprightbythePortsinthecityofCarsonandremembersdayswherehe
couldn’tseethenearbyhills.Theairhasdrasticallyimproved,“everydayIgotoworkandthere
isthissootanditstickstoyou.Evenonanightwhereyouareintheportforonlyoneortwo
hours,thefumesandtoxicchemicalssticktoyou.Itstickstoyoulikethegumatthebottomof
yourshoe”(Uaina,2018).Theyaresittinginthatandbreathingitineverydayalongsidethe
10,000-12,000otherdriversintheport.Theamountofexposuretothesechemicalsandtheair
qualityishuge,andwhiletherehavebeennoticeableimprovementsoverhislifetime,Uaina
acknowledgestheimportanceofthecontinuedeffortsofCAAPandCTP.
ReclassificationIssuesTable8.BENEFITSOFDRIVERRECLASSIFICATION
“ifeveryonewasgettingpaiddecentlyorhourly,Ithinkitwouldbeawholelotsaferandbetterenvironment”“inaway,thecompanieswouldhavemorecontroloverusasemployeesandtheworkproductwouldbebetterasaresult”“companieswhoaremisclassifyingshouldbebannedfromtheports”
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MovingthediscussionmoretowardstheCleanTruckProgramandtheresponsibility
thatithastoaddressthemisclassificationissue,UainaandVaeabelievethatanemployee
mandatewouldbeastepintherightdirection.Themandatewouldhaveaddressedissuesof
wages,benefits,andhealthissuesthatareleftunhandledforindependentcontractordrivers.
EmployeedriversandcompanysponsoredtrucksshouldbeanindustryrequirementinVaea’s
opinion.AccordingtoUaina,theemployeemandatewouldhavemadeahugeimpactonthe
industryandlikelymadeitamoredesirableformoftrucking.Portdriversareabletogohome
eachdayandseetheirfamilies,whichisuncommonforlong-hauldriverswhoareoftenonthe
roadforweeksatatime.Theavailabilitytogohomeandwatchyourchildrengrowupisahuge
drawfortheindustry,andbetterwageswouldmakethepositionevenmoredesirable.
Vaeabelievesthatanemployeemodelwouldmakemoresenseforthecompaniesto
adoptbecauseitwouldallowthemtohavemorecontroloverthedrivers.Ultimately,he
believesthatthecompanieschoosetheindependentcontractormodelbecauseofgreed,“they
don’twanttopaypayrolltaxorbenefits.Theywanttofirewhenevertheywant.Upstairsthey
arelookingforthebigpaychecks”(Vaea,2018).Switchingtoanemployeemodelwouldforce
thedispatcherstobeefficient.Ahardtransitionatfirst,butultimatelyemployeedriverswould
bemoreefficientandmoreaccountable.
Lookingahead,driverslikeUainawanttobringmoreawarenesstotheissueand
navigatechannelstoencouragebusinessestohelpoutemployees.Currently,companiesare
takingadvantageofgovernmentgrantsfortheCleanTruckProgramtofundthepurchaseof
trucksthatarethenbeingleasedtodrivers.This,inturn,isforcingdriverstopayfortrucksthat
theprogramhasalreadyfunded.Uainawantsdriverstohaveafairshareofwhattheydeserve
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fortheworktheyaredoing,“I’mnotaskingforahugepieceofit,justmorethanthetable
scrapsthatwecurrentlyget.Iwantsomethingfairthatgivesusaseatatthetable”(Uaina,
2018).
PolicyExpert/AdvocateInterview
Theinterviewwiththepolicyexpert/advocatefocusedheavilyonhowpolicycanchange
inordertoaddresstheexploitationofdriverswhilesimultaneouslyadvancingenvironmental
goals.
NickWeineristhedirectoroftheChangetoWin/InternationalBrotherhoodofthe
Teamsters’JusticeforPortTruckDriverscampaign.Thiscampaignbeganasastrategic
organizingcampaignforplaceswhereunionizinghadbeendecimated.Sincederegulationofthe
truckingindustryin1980,theunionizationofdrivershasfallensignificantly.Thishasresultedin
poorwages,badbenefits,andmisclassificationofdriversacrossthedrayageindustry.The
campaignhasfoundthatthedrayageindustryhassomeofthemostexploitedworkersinthe
country.Weinerexplained,“SeaportsandAirportsarethepiecesoftheUSsupplychainthat
arepubliclyowned.So,thereisthissocialresponsibilitycomponentandaccountabilityto
electedpoliticiansandtothecommunity”(Weiner,2018).Theportionofthesupplychainthat
ispubliclyownedhasresultedintheworstexploitationofworkers,sothereneedstobealevel
ofaccountabilityforthepublic.Exploitationhaspersistedasaresultofindustryderegulation
andthefactthattheportscannotbemoved.Goodsneedtoenterthecountryandtheportsin
LosAngelesandLongBeacharemicrocosmsoftheentireeconomy.Mostemployersarehiring
truckstobringtheirgoodstothem,atanytime“thereareonlyacoupledegreesofseparation
betweenanystakeholdersandtheport”(Weiner,2018).Theportsareessentialtothe
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economyandthesupplychainwouldnotfunctionwithoutportsanddriverswhoareableto
movethegoods.
“Onlyaboutone-thirdofthewageclaimsevergetrecoveredbyworkers”—(Weiner,2018).
Themisclassificationofdrivershaspersistedlargelyinpartduetoweaklaborlaw
enforcement.Acrossthecountrystateslacktheresourcestoadequatelyinvestigatelabor
issues,somestatesonlyhave1or2investigatorsfortheentirestate.Weinerexplained:
Californiaiskindoftheexception.Theyareatthetopofthestatesthatputsignificantresourcesandpriorityintoenforcinglaborlaw.EveninCalifornia,ifyoulookatthereports,onlyaboutone-thirdofthewageclaimsevergetrecoveredbyworkers.Whatthatsaysisthatthereisaproblemwithenforcementandthelawsofenforcementaren’trobustenoughtobeadeterrent(Weiner,2018).
Drivermisclassificationisaconsequenceofabrokensystem.Thederegulationoftheindustry
startedtheissueanditpersistsasaresultofpoorenforcement.
AsoneofthewritersoftheCleanTruckProgram,Weinerreflectedonthefailed
employeemandatefromtheoriginalplan,“therewasafalsedichotomytohavecleanairor
goodjobs.Wewantedtoestablishthatyoucouldhaveboth”(Weiner,2018).Writers
understoodthateliminatingdirtytruckswouldbecostlyandnotfeasibleformostdrivers,so
theyintendedtoshifttheresponsibilityontotheemployer.Thefailedmandatewouldnothave
fullyaddressedthemisclassificationissue,butitwouldhavepreventedfuturemisclassification.
Poorenforcementoflaborlawswouldpreventthemandatefrombeingfullyeffective.
ThefailedemployeemandateandsuccessfuladoptionoftheCTP,hasmadethe
situationworse,“theexpensesassociatedwiththeprogramrolldownthehillandmakethings
worsefordrivers”(Weiner,2018).Recognitionthatthemisclassificationissuehasworsened
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sincetheadoptionoftheCTPhaspavedthewayfornewdraftstoaddresstheissue.Theneed
forbroad-basedsolutionsandrequirementswithincentivesanddeterrentstoclassifydrivers
appropriately.Weinermentionedlegislationthatwillbeintroducedinthecomingmonthsthat
willaddresstheissue.Withoutgivinganydetails,Weinerexpressedthatthispolicywilladdress
employmentissueswhileworkingaroundthetechnicalitiesthatcausedtheinitialmandateto
bestruckdown.PreliminarypolicyideashavebeenintroducedtothecitycouncilsinLong
BeachandSanPedrosuggestingtheneedfortheportstomovetowardsanemployeemodel.
Thisconversationacknowledgedthatfutureiterationsoftheprogramneedtoaddressthe
misclassificationissuewhilecontinuingtocleanuptheair.
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RECOMMENDATIONS
MyresearchleadstoseveralstrategiesthatcanbeintroducedintotheCTPandthe
POLA/POLBtoimproveconditionsfordriversandtoreducemisclassification.Basedoffof
recurringthemesthatcameupduringinterviewsandinthecomments,itbecameclearthat
futureiterationsofCAAPandCTPneedtoaddressdrivermisclassificationandthecostburdens
associatedwiththeprogram.
Table9.RECOMMENDATIONS1. Requirecompaniestoprovidecleanbreakareasandfairtreatmentofworkers
2. Setstricteremissionstandardsandspecifywhoisresponsibleforthecostofupdates
3. Increasewagesperloadorsethourlyrate
4. UpdatetheconcessionagreementandCTPtomentiondrivers
5. IncreaselaborlawenforcementandcompliancethroughtheCalifornialaborcommissioner
6. Proposeandpasspoliciesthatrequiredrayagefirmstouseemployeedrivers
1.Requirecompaniestoprovidecleanbreakareasandfairtreatmentofworkers
Driverscontinuallymentionedthepoorconditionsthattheyworkunderinthecompany
yards.Theyfeelasthoughtheyaretreatedassecond-classcitizensanddispatchersexemplify
extremefavoritismtowardssomedrivers.Irecommendthatdriversorganizetofightforbetter
workingconditionsandfairworkplacetreatment.Inaddition,aprovisionshouldbeplacedin
theconcessionagreementthatrequireslogisticsfirmstoprovidecleanbreakareasandsanitary
bathroomfacilities.Ifdriversaretreatedmorefairlytheywillproduceabetterworkproduct.
Additionally,ifdispatchersarerequiredtodispatchloadsinanequitableway,thecompanies
willincreaseefficiencybyhavingmoredriverscompleteloadsinsteadofsavingloadsfortheir
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favorites.Eliminatingdispatcherfavoritismwillrunintocomplianceissuesthatalreadyexist
withincompanies,recommendation5willdiscusshowtohandlecompliance.
2.Setstricteremissionstandardsandspecifywhoisresponsibleforthecostofupdates
ThemostcommonconcernthattheCAAPupdatecommentsbroughtupwaswiththe
timelineandgoalsfortheemissionreduction.Environmentalgroups,communitymembers,
industrymembers,andagenciesallexpressedconcernwiththepaceoftheemissiongoals.
FutureiterationsofCAAPneedtoconsiderfeasiblegoalsandpotentiallycreatestricter
emissionreductiongoals.PerSCAQMD’sassessment,thereductionssetinthemostrecent
CAAPdraftarenowherenearthereductiongoalsthatareachievable(CAAP,2017a).Inaddition
tothereductionconcerns,stakeholdersexpressedworriesoverwhoisgoingtoberesponsible
forthecostsassociatedwithupdatingequipmenttomeetthestandards.Theupdateestimates
roughly$7-$14billionincostsfortheupdatedtechnologybutdoesnotmentionwherethis
moneywillcomefrom(PortofLosAngeles&PortofLongBeach,2017).Thefearisthattruck
driversandotherlaborersintheportwillfacethebruntofthesecostsonceagain,whether
directlythroughpurchasingnewequipment,orindirectlythroughreducedwagesasaresultof
increasedcompanycosts.TherecommendationisforthePortstocompleteamoredetailed
costanalysisfortheCAAPandCTPupdatesandspecifywherethemoneyfortheprogramwill
comefrom.Bydoingthis,itwillbecomeclearwhoisresponsibleforthecostsoftheupdate
anditwillresultinalevelofaccountability.
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3.Increasewagesperloadorsethourlyrate
WiththeunderstandingthatanemployeemandateisnotpossiblethroughCTP,the
programshouldinsteadregulatethewagesthatdriversarepaid.Thiscanbedonethrough
changingcontractstobehourlyinsteadofperload,oritcansetaminimumpayperload.If
driversarepaidhourly,theywillbeguaranteedasetrateregardlessofhowmanyloadsthey
complete.Ahugepartofthepayissueisthatdriversgetpaidthesameamountforaloadthat
takes3hoursandaloadthattakes45minutes.Switchingtohourlywillensurethatdriversare
beingadequatelycompensatedfortheworkthattheyarecompleting.Analternateoptionto
hourlypaywouldbetoincreasethewagethatdriversreceiveperload.Theportscurrently
collectstatisticsonwhoisenteringwhatport,sotheycouldaveragethenumberofloadsthat
driverscompleteperdayandsetapayperloadthatresultsinsomethinglivableattheendofa
payperiod.Whiletheportslikelycouldnotrequirethis,asitwouldresultinlitigationlikethe
initialplan,includingastrongrecommendationintheconcessionagreementcouldincentivize
companiestoincreasewages.Alternatively,theportcouldimplementanincentiveprogramfor
companiesthatpaytheirdriversfairly.Bypayingdriversmoreperloadorsettinganhourly
wage,companieswillincreaseefficienciesinordertosavemoney.Companydispatcherswillno
longerbeabletodisplayblatantfavoritisminordertodispatchmoreefficientlyandsavethe
companymoney.
4.UpdatetheconcessionagreementandCTPtomentiondrivers
ThecurrentdraftoftheCTPmentionsdriversonceintwelvepagesofthedocument
(PortofLosAngeles&PortofLongBeach,2017).Inaddition,thecurrentconcessionagreement
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onlymentionsdriversintermsoffollowingsafetyandenvironmentalguidelines.Nomentionis
madeofthecompositionoftheindustry,orthatunderlyingstructuralproblemsexistwithinthe
industry.Byleavingthisout,itleavespeopleundertheimpressionthattheproblemsthatexist
withintheindustrythathavebeencontinuallymentionedsincethefirstdraftin2006have
beenresolved.Thisissimplynotthecase,sothePOLA/POLBneedtoincludesomementionof
theissueeitherintheCTPportionofCAAPorintheconcessionagreement.Again,thisdoesnot
needtocomeintheformofrequirements,butthedocumentsneedtoacknowledgethe
systemicissuesthatexistinthedrayageindustry.Theseissueshavepersistedandgottenworse
inthelast11years,andhavenotbeenresolvedastheupdatecouldleadonetobelieve.
5.IncreaselaborlawenforcementandcompliancethroughtheCalifornialaborcommissioner
Intervieweesbroughtupthatabigissuewiththepersistenceofmisclassificationinthe
industrystemsfrompoorcomplianceandenforcementwiththelaborlaws.WhileCalifornia
hasoneofthemosteffectivelaborboards,theystilllackresourcesnecessarytoenforce
compliance.Driversexpressedconcernthateventhoughmisclassificationandwagetheftcases
arewonandcompaniesaretoldtoreclassifyandpaylostwages,thecompaniesoftendonot
comply.DriversworrythatevenwithstricterregulationsinupdatedCTPstheindustrywillnot
changebecausethereisnoonetoenforcetherules.Inordertoincreasecompliance,the
CaliforniaLaborCommissionershouldsetupataskforcetoensurethatcompaniesare
followingandabidingbytherulesoftheprogramandtherulingsthatthecommissionermakes.
Thecommissionerhasoverwhelminglysidedwithdriversandfoundthattheyaretruly
employees,yetthecompaniescontinuetomisclassifydrivers(CAAP,2017,p.229).Thebest
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recommendationtoresolvethisissueistoincreaselaborcommissionstafftoensurethat
companiesareresolvingissues.Bydedicatingafewstaffmemberstotheports,companieswill
understandthattheywillfaceconsequencesfornoncompliance.
6.Proposeandpasspoliciesthatrequiredrayagefirmstouseemployeedrivers
Thelastrecommendationthatthisresearchleadsto,isfortheportsorsurrounding
citiestopasspolicythatensuresthatcompaniesareusingemployeedriversandthatthe
misclassificationissuedoesnotpersistfurther.Whencitiesfinallyrecognizethatthereisan
exploitationissue,theywillbeabletocreatepolicythatincludesbroad-basedsolutionstothe
problem.ThiswouldlooksimilartotheemployeeprovisionthatwasintheinitialCTP,butit
mustworkaroundthetechnicalitiesthatresultedintheinitialmandatebeingstruckdownby
thecourt.Irecommendthatlocal,state,andfederallegislativegroupsaddlanguagetosupport
legislationthatwillimproveworkingconditionsfordrivers.Currentlegislationisunderworks,
butitneedstobereleasedandpassedassoonaspossiblebeforetheissuepersistseven
further.
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CONCLUSION ThePortofLosAngelesandthePortofLongBeachneedtoupdatetheCTPtoaddress
misclassificationissuesandimproveconditionsfordrivers.Theintervieweesandthe
stakeholdersthatcommentedonthemostrecentCAAP/CTPupdateexpressedconcernover
theexploitationofdrivers,theprogram’semissionreductiontimeline,andthecostsassociated
withtheprogram.POLA/POLBneedtoaddresstheseconcernsandalterthepolicies
accordingly.Thereneednotbeafalsedichotomyofcleanairorgoodjobs,itispossibleforthe
portstocreateaplanthatensuresboth.ThecurrentCTPhasworsenedconditionsfordrivers
andincreasedoperationcostsmakingtheplightofmisclassifieddriversevenworse.Resolving
theissuewilltakeamulti-facetedapproach.Policiesneedtobeputinplacetoincreasedriver
payandshiftdrayagecompaniestowardanemployeeonlymodel.Additionally,theonlyway
thattheprogramwillbetrulysuccessfulisthroughstricterenforcement,itisnotenoughto
simplyaltertheprogramtosafeguarddriversandprovidebetterworkingconditions.Future
concessionagreementsmustincreaselanguagearounddriversandrecognizetheemployment
issuefacingtheports.Ifthenecessarystepsaretaken,itispossibleforfutureCleanTruck
Programstoaddressthemisclassificationandimprovedriverconditions.
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Appendices
AppendixA:InterviewQuestions
Forpolicyexperts:Iwillaskopen-endedquestionsaboutanindividual’sfamiliaritywiththeCleanTrucksProgram.
1. WhathasbeenyourinvolvementwiththeCleanTrucksProgram?2. Howdoyouviewthedrivermisclassificationissue?3. WhatcanyoutellmeaboutthePortofLA/LBCleanTrucksProgram?4. Howtodothinktheemployeemandatewouldhaveaddressedthelaborissuesfacing
drayagedrivers?5. Withthenowvoidmandate,howdoyouthinkfutureCTPrevisionscanaddress
misclassificationissues?6. Whatdoyouthinkcanbedonetoaddresstheseissues?7. WhataresomeoftheimpactsthattheCTPhashadonindependentcontracteddrivers?8. Fromyourexperience,whydoyouthinkcompanieschoosetheindependentcontractor
model?9. Isthereanythingelseyouwanttoshare?
ForDrivers:Myquestionswillfocusontheirexperiencesasmisclassifieddrivers
1. HowdoyoufeelabouttheCleanTrucksProgramandhowithasimpactedPortOperations?
2. Areyoufamiliarwiththeemployeemandateintheinitialplan?Ifso,howdoyouthinkitwouldhaveaddressedthemisclassificationissue?
3. Fromyourexperience,whydoyouthinkcompanieschoosetheindependentcontractormodel?
4. CanyouexplainsomeofthedirectimpactsthattheCTPhashadonyourwork?5. Ifyoucouldsolvethemisclassificationissue,howwouldyoudoso?6. WhatrevisionswouldyouliketoseemadetotheCTP?7. Isthereanythingelseyouwanttoshare?
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AppendixB:ListofCommentsbyCategory
TYPE TITLE PERIOD
ACADEMIC/AGENCY CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard(February17,2017) Nov16-Jun17ACADEMIC/AGENCY SouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict(February17,2017) Nov16-Jun17ACADEMIC/AGENCY UCLACommunityScholarsClass(February20,2017) Nov16-Jun17ACADEMIC/AGENCY UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside(February17,2017) Nov16-Jun17ACADEMIC/AGENCY SouthernCaliforniaGasCompany(October31,2017) Sep17-Nov17ACADEMIC/AGENCY CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17ACADEMIC/AGENCY MountSanAntonioCollege(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17ACADEMIC/AGENCY SouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrict(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17
ACADEMIC/AGENCYUniversityofRiverside,CollegeofEngineering–CenterforEnvironmentalResearch&Technology(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17
COMMUNITY KimCarroll(August26,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY BenjaminLopez(September14,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY BrandonMolina(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CaseWong(September6,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AarnoDiocson(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AaronHooker(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AbrahamEstraad(September5,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ACTNowLA Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AdeleSnyder(September5,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AdimirBarahona(September5,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AdinaBrandon(September16,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AdrinaGarcia(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AlbertoDamian(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AlbertoTroncoso(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AlejandraKostuch(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AlejandraRamirez(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AlejandroAguilar(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AlejandroMarquez(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AlejandroPelayo(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY Aleta(September14,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AlexandraRadford(August22,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AliciaCox(September15,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AliciaIsaslazo(September16,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AllenAronson(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AlvaroPerez(September2,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AlvaroPerez(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AmandaPeterson(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AnaVillanueva(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AndreaCampbell(September6,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AndreaHelzer(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AndrewBoven(July25,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AndrewWilliams(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AndyCarrasco(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AngelaBradford(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AngelaBradford(September14,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AngelaManzo(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AngelaMitchell(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AnilDesai(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AnnCantrell(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AnnCavanagh(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AnnaErneholm(September14,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AnneBaham(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AnthonyMontapert(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AntoniettaBarbera(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ArletaRoberts(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AshleyHernandez(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AshleyWhite(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AsianPacificAmericanLeadershipFoundation(August15,2017) Jul17-Sep17
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COMMUNITY Asian-AmericanResourceCenter(August23,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY AudriCurtis(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY BarbaraFelburg-Jackson(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY BarbaraMcGinty(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY BarryR.Sedlik(September15,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY BeckyLopez(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY BenOng(September5,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY BenjaminAcosta(September12,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY BillyThompson(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY BrianLawler(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY BrianMcGinnis(September5,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY BrianYanity(September17,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CareyOlmscheid(September12,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CarlA.Olson(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CarlosMarin(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CarlyIuffredo(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CarmelGold-Fanning(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CaroleGrover(August29,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CaroleSchindlerGrover(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CelsoBarcena(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CentralSanPedroNeighborhoodCouncil(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CharlotteCastillo(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ChelseaRuiz(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ChengchengQian(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ChristinaHall(September12,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ChristinaIrving(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ChristopheDupindeSaintCyr(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ChristopherBeeler(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CindyKoch(August31,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CindySchmitz(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CityofCarson(August15,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CityofCarson(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ClaudiaDuenas(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ClaudiaPadilla(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ClaySandidge(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CoastalSanPedroNeighborhoodCouncil(September14,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CoreyDominguez(September16,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CurtisBoyer(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CynthiaMann(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CynthiaMcCoy(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY CynthiaStrachan(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DagobertoLarios(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DaisyPacheco(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DaleDixon(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DanMulherin(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DaniaOliva-Pena(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DarinManser(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DarkoBlazic(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DaveCortez(September16,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DaveSchroeder(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DavidGarcia(September10,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DeanKrivicic(September14,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DebreShelton(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DeniseLyn(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DeniseSkeeter(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DennisMunoz(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DevinO’Brien(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DianaMartinez(September14,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DianaMunster(September16,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DianeAponte(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DianeHarper(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17
Sears 64
COMMUNITY DianeSablan(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DinaraCramer(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DonaldTrue(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DrakeTrethaway(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY DuaneFord(September14,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY EddieVilla(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY EdgarHernandezBringas(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY EdgarZweiback(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY EduardoQuintero(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY EduardoQuintero(September9,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY EduardoRaya(September12,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY EduardoSerrano(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY EdwardHolguin(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY EdwardRaya(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY EladioEstrada(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY EmilyPitts(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY EnriqueCardiel(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY EnriqueYanez(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY EricaParra(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ErickMoran(September6,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ErickParada(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ErivertoEspinoza(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY EsmeraldaHernandez(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY FaithLeibowitz(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY FelipeGuliman,Jr.(September16,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY FernandoCardenas(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY FranBates(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY FranciscoReyna(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY GabrielleJames(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY GeorgeBioletto(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY GeorgeChalmers(September6,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY GilPatlan(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY GligorGucev(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY GrantHudson(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY Greg&SandraOrtegaTorres(September16,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY HannahJenkins(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY HarryHelman(September14,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY HatimOsman(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY HerendiraRazcon(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY HollyStacey(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY HolyHeng(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY HugoRivera(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY HugoSilva(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY HuyLe(August21,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY IreneMcKenna(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY IsaacWollman(August31,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY IsabellaCentofanti(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JaneWilliams(September17,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JanetGunter(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JaroldHealey(September16,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JasonGutierrez(August23,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JasonTakaki(August26,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JasonTakaki(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JayCheng(September9,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JeanMolina(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JeannetteSumner(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JennyPenny(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JeronimoReyes(September6,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JeronimoReyes(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JeseeMelendez(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JessicaAndrade(August23,2017) Jul17-Sep17
Sears 65
COMMUNITY JessicaAndrade(August24,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JessicaAnnand(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JessicaVee(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JesusCano(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JillianGallery(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JimmieBates(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JoThompson(September16,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JohnBradford(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JohnGraf(September5,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JohnPagan(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JohnSmith(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JohnStevens(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JolieGregory(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JonJensen(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JorgeGarcia(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JoseGaray(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JoseRodriguez(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JoseRuizMijares(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JosephFesili(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JosephHorta(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JosephLandau(August22,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JosephMueller(August23,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JosieBojorquez(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JuanGuerrero(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JuanMartinez(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JudyCaroline(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JulieCoyro(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JulietteCarrillo(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JulioPaiz(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY JuneSmith(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY KarenHemperly(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY KarenTipich-Bleiman(September12,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY KarinaAcevedo(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY KathleenLeon(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY Kathy(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY KatieSpahn(September16,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY KatrinaHarding(August24,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY KavinKanjanawijit(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY KennethSocha(September1,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY KirstinWagner(September5,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY KurtisJay(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LauraGuzman(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LauraSanborn(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LeeFukui(August31,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LeeGinter(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LeoB.(September12,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LettyGonzalez(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LidianaPortalesBliar(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LilianChoy(September14,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LillianSantizo(September12,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LillyKrivicic(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LindaBassett(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LindaKlein(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LindaTeach(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LisaBre(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LizReyes(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LorensSalgado(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LouSchumow(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY LucilleAtillo(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY M.Apodaca(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MaatiAuset(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17
Sears 66
COMMUNITY MalilaHollow(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MarcelaVazquez(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MarcoValenzuela(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MaribelAlejandre(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MaricellaCardona(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MarioCruz(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MarkFriedman(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MarleneDermer(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MarthaContreras(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MarthaMunoz(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MaryaMazor(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MattSersion(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MatthewPalmer(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MelWalls(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MelissaParra(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MichaelBusman(August25,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MichaelMartinovich(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MichaelT.Wollman(August31,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MicheleSwanson(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MikeCastillo(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MireyaPachecano(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MoffKyle(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MoisesMora(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MoniqueMcCollam(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MosesCarl(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY MyrnaMyles(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY NaderGhassemlou(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY NadiaMcCaffrey(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY NataschaRunge(September16,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY NeldaAnnRitchey(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY NicolasGonzalez(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY NoelPark(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY NorthwestSanPedroNeighborhoodCouncil(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY OfeliaMedina(August21,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY OfeliaRomero(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY Osvany-AlejandraCepero(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY PamelaMauricio(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY PamelaSalyer(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY PatriciaClark(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY PatriciaGomez(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY PatriciaKrause(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY PatriciaVeal(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY PattyFriedman(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY PaulAlexander(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY PedroDiaz(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY PedroDiaz(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY PeterAddis(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY PeterSchissler(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY PTGJR(September15,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY R.Hicks(July19,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RafaelRenteria(August22,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RalphPicazzo(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RanaJamil(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RayeMurphy(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RaymundoFrankFuentes(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RebeccaColeman(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RebeccaRosenberg(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ReneeFigueira(September5,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RichardGoodman(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RichardHavenick(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RichardHopkins(August24,2017) Jul17-Sep17
Sears 67
COMMUNITY RichardSmith(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RobertBrennan(August26,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RobertCurtis(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RobertCutts(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RobertDale(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RobertoAnguamea(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RobertoCarneiro(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RochelleSerna(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RogerAngle(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RogerHolman(September14,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RolandMorel(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RonSchweitzerJr.(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY RyanCampbell(September12,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY SabinaSimsbury(September16,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY SalvadorNavarro(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY SanPedroPeninsulaHomeowner’sCoalition(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY SandraOsegueda(September16,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY SandraStanton(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY SantosTrani(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY SaraQamar(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY SeanCarroll(August26,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ShakaylaThomas(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY Shelia&JeffBrakefield(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY SherrylBurns(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY StarGalvan(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY StephanieReed(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY StevenBenavides(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY StevenCantu(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY SylverVandeth(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY TallanAcalin(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY TallanAcalin(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY TaylorChristian(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY TessaAlder(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY TheSalvadoranAmericanLeadership&EducationalFund(August21,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY TheoDiaz(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY TheresaBrown(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ThiloKluth(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ThomasO’Brien(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY TiffanyJackson(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY TinaLopez(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY TonyDiCiaccio(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY VeronicaVang(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY VincentChairez(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY VirginiaDickey(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY WaltWenzel(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY WarrenBeaver(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY WendyLemus(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY WilliamBrown(August28,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY WilliamFahey(September1,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY WilliamStapleton(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY WilliamWandner(September16,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY WilliamsReynolds(September8,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY WynettDevencenzi(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY YaoSuxian,姚素嫺(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY YvetteAguirre(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY YvonneDina(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY ZobeidaPorter-Castillo(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17COMMUNITY BrianYanity(February10,2017) Nov16-Jun17COMMUNITY CentralSanPedroNeighborhoodCouncil(January11,2017) Nov16-Jun17COMMUNITY CityofOntarioetal(February16,2017) Nov16-Jun17COMMUNITY CityofRanchoCucamonga(March21,2017) Nov16-Jun17
Sears 68
COMMUNITY CouncilmanAlAustin(February13,2017) Nov16-Jun17COMMUNITY DuarteChamberofCommerce(February16,2017) Nov16-Jun17COMMUNITY EnriquePonce(April21,2017) Nov16-Jun17COMMUNITY GreaterRiversideChambersofCommerce(February17,2017) Nov16-Jun17COMMUNITY GwendolynHarry(February7,2017) Nov16-Jun17COMMUNITY JoanLevine(May14,2017) Nov16-Jun17COMMUNITY JuanAlvarez(May16,2017) Nov16-Jun17COMMUNITY M.StevenMoore(January27,2017) Nov16-Jun17COMMUNITY NorthwestSanPedroNeighborhoodCouncil(February15,2017) Nov16-Jun17COMMUNITY OntarioChamberofCommerce(February17,2017) Nov16-Jun17COMMUNITY RonLoveridge(April8,2017) Nov16-Jun17COMMUNITY SanPedroNeighborhoodCouncil(January6,2017) Nov16-Jun17COMMUNITY SophiaSong(February14,2017) Nov16-Jun17COMMUNITY CharlesStevens(October26,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY DonMitchell(October6,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY IngridHarris(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY JohnShort(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY AlbertMatinao(September21,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY AlexThomsen(October25,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY AndreasTillmann(September20,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY AnneWehner(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY BrianPowers(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY CamelaKrebs(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY CarltonDing(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY ChristopherDing(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY ChristopherLogan(October27,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY ClaudiaBaker(September20,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY CraigPlank(September20,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY CynthiaSesso(September19,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY DanielWellner(October25,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY DenisDing(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY Dr.JuliusJ.Rim(October30,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY DumpDirtyDieselPetitionwithSignaturePages(October17,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY EddieShepherd(September19,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY ElizabethNagaseu(September19,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY EmeliaTorlai(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY FawnaKritzer(October25,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY GalaMacNeal(September19,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY GaryJordan(October25,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY GaryVazzana(October31,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY GayleRow(October26,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY HadarFeingold(September19,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY HarrisonClay(October25,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY JamesHarger(October28,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY JasonJohnston(October27,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY JeanineChu(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY JeffreyJRicketts(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY JelenaRowe(October25,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY JimTaylor(October25,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY KevinSimpson(September19,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY LilyNguyen(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY LindsayHarrison(October30,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY LouBaglietto–PressTelegram(October31,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY LouiseFernandez(September20,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY MarkDarnell(September19,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY MarkTheissen(October25,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY MichaelEtter(September21,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY MichaelR.Busman(October29,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY MikeMorra(September19,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY MikePlichta(September19,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY MikeTodaro(September27,2017) Sep17-Nov17
Sears 69
COMMUNITY MitchellPratt(October27,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY Mr.&Mrs.W.M.Parsch(October25,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY NeilKhadim(September20,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY PatriciaVazzana(October31,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY Poros2000(September20,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY ReaganClemens(October27,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY RobertMroski(September19,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY RobertSilence(September28,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY RossS.Heckmann(October9,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY Rskillsta(September24,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY SaharKamali(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY ScottVazzana(October30,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY SheldonSchroeder(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY SisiBorj(September19,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY StaciPratt(October25,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY SteveAragon(September20,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY TianaChastain(September20,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY TomBressler(October25,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY TonyKritzer(October25,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY WayneEgner(September19,2017) Sep17-Nov17COMMUNITY WillFlanagan(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17ENVIRONMENT BreathCaliforniaofLosAngelesCounty(September6,2017) Jul17-Sep17ENVIRONMENT CenterforLatinoCommunityHealth(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17ENVIRONMENT CitizensCoalitionofaSafeCommunity(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17ENVIRONMENT CoalitionforASafeEnvironmentetal.(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17ENVIRONMENT CoalitionforCleanAir(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17ENVIRONMENT LatinoCoalitionforAHealthyCalifornia(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17ENVIRONMENT NaturalResourcesDefenseCounciletal.(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17ENVIRONMENT SierraClubAngelesChapterClimateChange(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17ENVIRONMENT SierraClubAngelesChapterTransportation(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17ENVIRONMENT SouthBayLosAngeles350(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17ENVRIONMENT CleanEnergyetal.(November16,2016) Nov16-Jun17ENVRIONMENT CoalitionforaSafeEnvironment(February17,2017) Nov16-Jun17ENVRIONMENT Earthjusticeetal.(April10,2017) Nov16-Jun17ENVRIONMENT Earthjusticeetal.(January24,2017) Nov16-Jun17ENVRIONMENT Earthjusticeetal.(March13,2017) Nov16-Jun17ENVRIONMENT Earthjusticeetal.(November17,2016) Nov16-Jun17ENVRIONMENT CaliforniaNaturalGasVehicleCoalition(October26,2017) Sep17-Nov17ENVRIONMENT CoalitionforCleanAir(October30,2017) Sep17-Nov17ENVRIONMENT EnergyVision(October26,2017) Sep17-Nov17INDUSTRY AgilityFuelSolutions(September15,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY AgricultureTransportationCoalitionetal.(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY AmericanTruckingAssociationsetal.(September14,2107) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY AmericanWaterwaysOperators(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY ANGTL/ANRTL(August11,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY AzusaChamberofCommerce(August31,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY BankofAmericaMerrillLynch(August2,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY BizFedetal.(September15,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY CaliforniaClass1Railroadsetal.(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY CaliforniaNaturalGasVehicleCoalition(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY CarmichaelInternationalService(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY Carrix–SSAMarine,Inc.(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY CleanEnergyFuels(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY CoalitionforResponsibleTransportationetal.(September7,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY CumminsWestportInc.(September15,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY DaimlerTrucksNorthAmericaLLC(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY DairyFarmersofAmerica(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY Duncan&SonsLines(September14,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY EvergreenShippingAgency(America)Corporation(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY ForeignTradeAssociation(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY FuturePortsetal.(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17
Sears 70
INDUSTRY GreenMarine(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY HarborAssociationofIndustry&Commerce(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY InlandKenworth–Carson&InlandGroup(September15,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY InlandKenworth(US),Inc(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY InternationalBrotherhoodofElectricalWorkers(September15,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY InternationalTransportationService,Inc.(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY InternationalWarehouseLogisticsAssociation(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY JohnMcLaurin–DailyBreezeGuestCommentary(July21,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY LongBeachAreaChamberofCommerce(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY LosAngelesAreaChamberofCommerce(September15,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY LosAngelesGatewayChamberofCommerce(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY MatsonNavigationCompany,Inc.(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY MitsubishiCementCorporation(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY OpterraEnergyServices(September11,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY PacificEnterpriseBank(July28,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY PacificEnterpriseBank(September15,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY PacificMerchantShippingAssociation(PMSA)GHGAnalysis(August21,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY PierPass(September14,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY PMSA(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY PMSAonDraftCAAPWorkshop(August30,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY PMSAWestCoastTradeReport–JockO’Connell(August2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY PMSAWestCoastTradeReport–JohnMcLaurin(August2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY PomonaChamberofCommerce(September13,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY PortsAmerica(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY QuantumFuelSystems(September15,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY RushEnterprises(September15,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY SARecycling(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY ScottM.Jones(August29,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY SEA\LNG(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY ShellNorthAmericaLNGLLC(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY SiemenseHighwayDepartment(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY SoCalGas(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY SouthBayAssociationofChambersofCommerce(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY SouthernCaliforniaEdison(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY TeamstersPortDivision(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY Tesla,Inc.(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY TheCoalitionforRenewableNaturalGas(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY VelocityVehicleGroup(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY WilmingtonChamberofCommerce(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY YangMingGroup(September15,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY YusenTerminalsLLC(September18,2017) Jul17-Sep17INDUSTRY AmericanPowerGroup(February7,2017) Nov16-Jun17INDUSTRY AtlasMarine(February3,2017) Nov16-Jun17INDUSTRY AgilityFuelSolutions(February17,2017) Nov16-Jun17INDUSTRY CaliforniaNaturalGasVehicleCoalition(February1,2017) Nov16-Jun17INDUSTRY CaliforniaNaturalGasVehicleCoalition(February21,2017) Nov16-Jun17
INDUSTRYCaliforniaNaturalGasVehicleCoalitionandTheCoalitionforRenewableNaturalGas(November18,2016) Nov16-Jun17
INDUSTRY CleanEnergy(February17,2017) Nov16-Jun17INDUSTRY CleanEnergy(May24,2017) Nov16-Jun17INDUSTRY CoalitionforCleanAir(January13,2017) Nov16-Jun17INDUSTRY CoalitionforRenewableNaturalGas(February17,2017) Nov16-Jun17INDUSTRY CumminsWestport(February15,2017) Nov16-Jun17INDUSTRY LosAngelesCountyBusinessFederation(February13,2017) Nov16-Jun17INDUSTRY MichaelMayor(December22,2016) Nov16-Jun17INDUSTRY MichaelMayor,MayorLogistics(March31,2017) Nov16-Jun17INDUSTRY PacificMerchantShippingAssociation(January30,2017) Nov16-Jun17INDUSTRY PacificMerchantShippingAssociation(March3,2017) Nov16-Jun17INDUSTRY ShippersTransportExpress(February17,2017) Nov16-Jun17INDUSTRY SouthernCountiesExpress(February8,2017) Nov16-Jun17INDUSTRY TotalTransportationServices,Inc.(February13,2017) Nov16-Jun17
Sears 71
INDUSTRY BarbaraJohnson,CleanEnergyFuels(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17INDUSTRY DerikTurbideetal.(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17INDUSTRY DyannaPeters,CleanEnergyFuels(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17INDUSTRY JaneTran,CleanEnergyFuels(October24,2017) Sep17-Nov17
INDUSTRYJohnMcLaurin,PacificMerchantShippingAssociation–DailyBreeze(October12,2017) Sep17-Nov17
INDUSTRY LanetteMaes,CleanEnergyFuels(October25,2017) Sep17-Nov17INDUSTRY RonThompson,CleanEnergyFuels(October25,2017) Sep17-Nov17INDUSTRY WarrenMitchell,CleanEnergyFuels(October25,2017) Sep17-Nov17