Post on 19-Mar-2023
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' ~. MICROWAVE RADIATION: AN EPIDP.110LOGIC ASSESS~tENT
R.M. Albrecht
Bureau of RaJi0h}gical /hdlth, Food and Drug A.dministra1io11 Rochille, MD 2085 7
E. Landau
American Public Health Association Hi.Jshi11gto11, DC 20036
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SL~1\1ARY
Microwave rJtb!i1in is corning into incrc.i~ing use in 111;rny l·uuntrics;
it is in u,L' in ,:(,,111i1:.i:1kations, in i1:dustry, for o\·::i1S in the home' and in
co11,m,~r.:i:il l'~::irbh,i1·:nts :ind fur di:!thcrmy. The p0wer outrut is in·
crea,ir:g ~k~~•iily ;rnd cumi;1un.ity exposure is already a fact. F:1~1 Euro
pean ..:c .. ~ntrics daim that ad\ChC cffc:cts can rc~ult fsuiTI o.po,lJrC sub•
stant.;:illy lower than k,c'h permitted in Western couHlrics. Also some
of the' <:ffo:cts claimed are frequent and disabling. Prolonged and cumu•
lativc c~.posurc is t'Sp('..:i.illy su1pcct. \\11ile studies in ar,::-:ials arc neces
sary, stucics in m:m i::Jnnol b.: dispensed with. Extrapolation from one
species of ar.imal to ai1othcr, and e...-cn more, to man, is h:iz:irdous.
Morc()('ver, epid.:-:11:ok,gic studies are needed to uncover the potrntially
wide variety of subtle effects, cspedally mental. Fortunately, th.:re are
· indices of cxpo5urc which can be used in field studies and dosimetry is
reaching the polnt where it can be applied to fkld studies.
l~TRODUCTION
In t11js paper, we plan to des,:ribe very brkfly what nli..:row:i\·es are.
how they are used. what adverse effects on man are claimed, and how
to determine \\hether they cause harm. If TPkrowave radiation \.·an in•
deed be shown to be:- r,:,s;ionsiblc for hJrmful effrcts, then we will n\·ed
tu design :-.Jditional s!udil'S to a~artain the kvds at whi ... h lhl·se effrcts
are found. We Jo not iuti.'nd to make a list of studies by 1.:ountry; r;;t her,
we will critk;illy review existing knowledge of the effrcts of rninov,avc
r;, .. liation. 1l1c re,ent excclknt summary by G!Jsl'T and Dodge docs not
ohiate the need for this re,iew /I/. Nor does the highly rccommendl·d
and current-monograph by Rar:mski and Czerski /2/.
\\1IA T ARE MICROWAVES?
Microwaves are that segment of the electromagnetic spectrum bet
ween conventional radio and infrared waves (Fig. 1 ). The ddin.itions
of microwave radiation vary greatly. The most comm6nly used dcfin.i-
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tion and one accepted by the lntern:ttional Electrical Commi\sion is be !Yo een 300 mcg;ihcrtz and 300,000 nu:gahl'rlL • /2/. United States standards as reflected by the Arneril:an ~atiunal StanJard lmtitute (ASS[) as well as the Occupatiunal Safrty and Health Adriuni5tration (OSIIA) ddine radiofrequency r.idiation and microwaves as fal!ing between IO ~!llz and I 00,000 Milz. Since the energy contept of microwave radiJtion j5 not high enough to produce ionization, it is cals~ified as a foim of noniuni1.:ing radiation I in contrast to ionizing radiation such as X-rays /2/. TI1l're i~ littk agree-ment on the potentially most harmful part of the microwave radiation band.
SOURCE OF MICROWAVES
· 111-•re are many sources of. mio.:rowave radi:ition. In 1972 Donald M. Jamky of the Office of Tckcor.ununications Policy, (OTP), Exe,:uti\'e Office of the Prcsident, reported on the dimensions of radio wave use, including microwa\'e radiation /3/. Rad.iofrequency (RF) and microwave radiation uses in communication cover radar, TV, radio relay of telephone and telegraph messages, as well as communications within manufa.;turing ·plants. (RF is generalJy considered as the band ranging from very low frequencies up to 300 MHz) /2/. However, microwaves are not used solely for commun.iCJtions. They are bdng used increasingly in industry, medicine. and in homes. for example, mi..:rowaves are used in industry to dry wood and pJper, to process potato chips. to weld plastics, to solder metals and to an Mal glas~. 111ey are used for diathem1y in medicine and in microwave ovens in the home and els.:-where. The llnited States is as dependent upon the availability of radiofrequcncies (including microwaves) as upon energy resources /3/. Along with the increased use of microwave radiation, the power output has increased steadily and greatly /4/. Its use in communkations is increas.ing and the general public is subject to more and more exposure. In the. second report of OTP the Agency added, "unless adequate moni-• A megahertz (MHz) is I million cycles per second.
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luring prug,r:ims and mdhods of control :ire instituted in the ni:-ar fu. ture, m::n rmy soon a,1cran era 1>f cr;<.'rgy p,Jllution of the emi11_11imcnt comparat>lc to the d1nni.::al pollution of today." /5/
REPORTED EFFECTS A;\D ST A~PARDS
Stan1.'hrds for use of mkrov.ave equipment differ among Eastern EuropcJn ::!ld Western countries. \\'estern ~t:;;idards arc basd un physiological con•-idcrations which indicate that radiation levels of lc~s than 10 mW/cm 2 do not cause significant temperature elevations in the human body. The EJstern European stand::rds, which are 1,000 times lower than the Western, are largely based on behavioral experiments and subj_ective observations of subtle effects /6/. _ Glaser and J:?odge state that the Soviet and East European \.iew, from their earliest publications, has been that mi0rowave and radiofrcquency , • ,(RF) fie!ds can functionally - even morpholot;kally at times - alter the organism exposed at field flux or power densities below those which cause measurable heating /1 /. Reversible changes in beha,ior, function and microstructures are frequently reported at power densities well below the Western world's "safe" exposure level of 10 milliwatts per square centimeter {l O mW/cm 2). In contrast, the prevailing Western ,iew. particularly in the United States, is that the effects of microw;!ve and RF fields arc attributable qnJy to the heating mechanism of those fields which arc generally met in power densities in excess of 10 mW/cm 2
. One serious effect of exposure to microwaves may be cataracts, but · the documentation is still controversial. Since the lens of the eye is avascular, it cannot dissipate heat rapidly. A large body of scientific literature exists on the production of cataracts experimentally as well as a substantial number of papers on surveys of occupational exposure to microwaves. Minor lens lesions arc associated with microwave exposure, but further Tl'Scarch is need~d to detemtlne whether these lesions are in fact clinically significant in cataractogcnesis /7/. Most American cpidemiologfr studies of humans use minor lens lcs.ion rather that ca tar acts as the endpoint because a prospective study of the risk ofcatarncts per se would require a much larger study. Appleton /8/ believes that it is
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diffi.:ult to g,~, :.igrcrn1e11t on the definition of a catar:ict for the purpose of a ~tudy.
A study of cat:iracts in all of the Veterans Adminiqr:ition ho~pitals fo•Jnd ~.946 \'.hite mJlc Anny and Air Force vcter;.ins born after 1910 who had been treated for cat:irads in the years I 9~0-62 inclusive. A control s:imple of ~.164 was obtained from the same source by men v.ith adjacent ho~pital re.sister numbers. The study did not f;i;d any associatiun between exposure to radar and c:itaracts /9/.
Case reports of microwave cataracts are difficult to subst:i.ntiate. The number of m.h:1owave cataracts reported in the United States to date ranges from two to over fifty /10/ depending on the opinion of the investigJtor. f n our opinion, only two of these cases are documented well enough to be probably as ascribable to microwaves.
In the United States the only g,:ncrally acapted reported effects in man to our knowledge are minor Jens defects and skin damage /11/. Possible injury to the testes also has been of concern /12-14/.
Jnwstig:itors of nonthem1al microwave raJiation effects report that pro!ongt'd industrial exp0sure to lower intensities than the A!\S[ standard (less than 10 mW/cm2
) of microwaves may cause a variety of adverse health effo:ts. Some of the symptoms and signs conm1only described include: headache, fatigue, irritability, dizziness, loss of appetite, sleepiness, rnl'Jting. difficulties in concentration, poor memory. depression. emotional instability, drm10grnphi~m, thyroid gland enlargement, and tremor of 1he extended fingers. These are regarded as typical microwave-indu.:ed functional disturbances of the central nervous sysiem and arc~ called the neur:isthcnic syndrome /11/. Another syndrome consists 9f labile pulse and blood pressure, with EC'G changes. A th.ird is the diencephalic syndrome whkh indudes insomnia and halludnations;
Drscriptions of clink:il syndrom.:s and pathogenesis in the USSR and in East Europe:in countries can be difficult to interpret partly because of diffrrences in concepts of patl10genesis /15/. Another major consideration in evaluating tl1e studies has been to detennine whether the effects reported arc important. The significance of some of the chang.: in pulse rate. blood pressure, electrocardiogram 3nd electroencephalogram to the hcallh of the individual and to the populace in general i, not cle:ir. However, in this context, it must be remembered that some
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im•:)t::::at0rs bdic·,c that functi(1nal rc~pon~cs may rcprc~cnt precursors vf vvcrt Ji)~Jsc Jr:d as \u(h arc unJc:\ir;ible.
EVALUATIO~ OF STUDIES
Critkal assc:s~n;wt of l'Urrc:nl studies c:.in help to pr~vidc a basis for pbr111ing f uturc: \!udics. Clink al studies in the l'.SSR Jlld L1~tcrn Eurupe \\ere rc\·kwed by Sj]vc1,nan in 1975 /11/. She found that controls were u~c-d infn:quently, and cc,mi~ttntly were fewer than the ~tud;' suhje(ts. Req1Jirements for their sclci:tion were not stated; when d.:~(ribcd, they often diffacd from the exposed in age and occupation. TI1e 1:ontro!s often \,ere g]vcn less 2~siduous follow-up and examination. Thc~e and other shortrnmings, including the familiar one of dosimetry, made it irnpossible to cktcnnine from tlwse studies whether or not microwave radiJUon produced neural or behavioral changes in man. Clink:<l and cpidmJologic studic~ in the United States have been quite limited.in their aim and scope. They are ,·irtually silent on ner-• vbus and beha,ioral cff,cts. Defkiences in the design ,i!ld conduct of human ttudii.'s were desnihcd by one of us in 1974 /13/. Rt'£:trding psychological adverse effects, the ordinary physical examination in the USA, at least in the past, was not designed to uncover · them. These effects could exist without being recognized bec:i;.ise they arc lost in the large but indistinct "nonual'' burden of mental dysfunction in the population. In fact, any survey in the United States that found no mental or emotion:<l disorders in a largt; population exposed to microwave radiation would be suspect, because norn1ally such aberrations are present in general populations and should be found even in the absence of microwave exposure. The thcnnal school literature docs not give us the right to reject reports of neurasthenic effects as implausible / 13/. However, we recognize the great difficulty in studying the .etiology of abnormal mental and emotional symptonu of a large urban population today. The survey~ of minor lens lesions, and the case reports of cataracts, arc of uncert;un signilkancc. TI1e one straightforward Arncrh:an study of cataracts that '11.C know of was mentioned earlier /9/. Glaser and ' Dodge, in their 1975 review, noted increased imphasis in the USSR and
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faslcm Fu rope on "more rig,.,w11s ~lati<.tical pr0.:essir,g of da1a" in dirtlcal studies of wnrkt·rs e:-.po,cd to micro\\ aves. and on rhc r11~•ihle role of otl,cr cn,ir,-'n,ncntal fa..:tors al \~ork. t->ut !Ljl pH•hkms of :11..!equate a:1J reliable d(lsimctry ,md of ~<·kctir.g adeq(1a1c l'Ontrols re• mained /1/. An intnnational symposium, held in Poland in 1973. addrem:d,. among others, the problem of the unre:.ohed diff erl'nces in reported bioL·ffo.:ts and in the exposure and safety standards derived from them. and the need for international coopl·ration in research / I 6/. Particip:rnls in the symposium agn:ed that, in ~..:ii.:ntific reports, the pbn of the study and the interpretation of findings be reported in detail so that the methods of study are clear to all workers. It is encour:-iging to learn that "there appears to be a slight convergence of Eastern and Western findings with regard to low-level mkrowave and radiofrequency field effects." /1 /.
Turning to reports of studies fror11 Eastern Europe and the USSR. Czerski and co-workers /17-19/ studied 841 persons o..:rnpationally exposed to microwave radiation, ;workers who were hospitalized for exa.m.ination b{'cause of doubts as to their fitness for further work in microwave exposure conditions. They were dhidcd into two groups. Group I, (507 persons) was exposed to mean power dcmitie5 above 2 \\'/m2, (O.~ mW/cm 2
). Group II, (334 persons), was exposed to mean power densities bdow that figure, an exposure which the authors considered "relatively insignificant". The physical examination included neurological, visual and psychological examination when indicated. Although the distributjon of certain functional disorders, including neurotic and cardiovascular. was not signifi..:antly different between the two groups, functions disorders were ~ommon in both groups and further exposure to mkrowaves was judged to be contraindicated for 47% of Group I and SW of Group ll / 17 /. Some of the disqualified workers probably would not have been allowed to work in a microwave environment had current criteria been in effect. Czerski. et al. pointed out some of the difficulties in carrying out epidemiologic studies for surveillance of the health of workers and called for further studies in other countries. We believe tl1at it is difficult to gel an answer to the question raised'
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by f zcr'. ti and l'O·\l. nrkt:-rs in the ah~cnce of ;111 l-piJc111iol. igi1:al study with uniform (1ill'ri:i for <ll'fining cases. Furthermore. a l<,r,gitttdinal study \l.ould tic dnirablc in order to pkk up cases who droj,pl'd out of microwave rmployment precisely because microwave radiation may have made them ill. However, the 1973 symposium produced reports of epide,:iiological studies; for example, Sadcikova /20/ and Zydecld /21/. Sad.:ikova of the l.iSSR studied workers "engaged in the tuning and testing of diverse radio equipment and radiation in the microwave range." TI1e first group (1000 workers) was exposed to a power density of up to a few mW/cm 2
• The second group {180 subjects) was exposed to lower intensities "whkh, as a rule, did not exceed several hundredths of a mW/cm2 ." A control group said to be matched by age, sex and character of work, was picked. Controls numbered only 200. The author claimed that microwave disorders were found in both exposed groups. We cannot hold up this study as a model; for example, there were only two hundred controls and the influence of age could not be examined. Nevertheless \he genrral design was epidemiologic.
Dr Zyde.:ld of Poland /21/ proposed to establish criteria for evaluation of.lens translucency. To this end he examined two groups, 1,000 subjects, exposed to different levels of microwave radiation, about 0.1 mW/cm2 or more and 0.01 mW/cm2 or less, 1,000 unexposed controls matched by age, and 1,000 minors aged 5-17 years. He found tbe frequency of lens defects to be inborn as well as to change with age. Lem defects were more common in the higher exposure group, in spite of the fact that persons with the most severe lens disorders were not ac-cepted for employment involving exposure to that in controls. ,,,.1 , ·: .• ,: , · · ,.-"}.
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THE NEED FOR FURTHER EPIDEMlOLOGlC STUDIES
Further epidemiologic studies should be conducted because it is possible t11at micrmvave radiation can be ham1f ul to man and large numbers of people are currently being exposed. While the amount of information 3\'aibblc on the health cff ects of microwave radiatil>n on humans has been iI1,rl·asi11g during the last few decades, there is still need for definitive studies of man in his everyday environment. Epide-
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miu!ogic ~tuclics, ""hen prup..:rly dl'~ignt'd and conducted. analy,e the effeds of nucruwavc C\pmurc on groups of people living or working in a cc,mmunity. Su,h quJics l::ive the aJvanLt,;c of cxanuning illness in man as it occu~ in his actual cnvirl!r1ment rather than among experimental aninials in the laboratory. lluwcver, th(·re is the di,Jd\·antage that it may not be po~~ible to control all of the important factors /22/. Jn determining whether or not an q~sociation found in an epiJc:-miologic study is ..::iusal, consideration mu~t be given to the association's strength, consistency, spe.::ifi..:ity, temporJ!ity, biological gradient, plausibility, coherence and analogy /"23/. By analogy, Hill means. for example, that kno\\ing the eff e..:ts of thalidonude and rubella on the fetus, one would be more ready to accept similar evidence with another drug or another viral disease in pregnancy. Judgment of the value of epidemiologic studies requires an understanding of these aspects of association.
Future epidemiologk studies in the U.S. should investigate primarily, but not solely, neural and belm"ioral disorders. We need to study people of all ages, and in varying degrees of health and also in the presence of whatever identifiable interacting variables may exist. In addition to using available direct measures of exposure, we may need to use surrogates, such as the type and duration of occupation and geographical location of residence and work. If the studies arc well designed and controlled we \\ill have a sounder, although far from perfect. basis for detemlining the efforts required for reducing exposure.
We need to study effects of cumulative exposure as well as delayed effects of single intense irradiation. One such study, now in progress. was initiated as a three-year eJ:Jdeavor by the Medical Follow-Up Agency of tJ1e National A v.lrdemy of Sciences under contract with the Bureau of Radiological Health of the Food and Drug Administration. The main purpose of the study is to assess the effects of previous contrasting occupational exposure to microwave radiation (radar) on the health of U.S. Naval personnel. As a first assessment, the study uses data from existing records of hospitalization. disability, and death. In the future, it may be possible to include additional measures of health and disease.
ANIMAL STUDIES
AnotJ1er major reason for the need to conduct further epidenuologic
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studies in hum;rns is the iriherent limitation of animal studies and the fact that anirnal studil'S arl' often taken with little 51.:rutiny as prcdic.tive of adwrse effc,ts in man. We should be especially concerned with the effects of long-continued, intmnittcnt exposure tomicrowJve rJJiation. It is quite diffi .. :ult to mount a large-scale study of prolonged low expos sure in the laboratory. The-chief adverse health effects found in laboratory animals which have been exposed to thcm1al doses of microwaves are cataracts, thcm1al burns, and damage to the testes. \\'hole body exposure to high levels of microwave radiation can produce irreversible hypertherrnia and death /24/. Teratogenic effects can be produced /25/. At lesser intensities, what Milroy and Michaelson call a "stress syndrome" is observed /26/.
Care must also be taken when extrapolating results of studies performed with different radiation frequencies. There is, in addition, a problem in extrapolating from one animal species to another and finally to man. On this same point, Michaelson has stated that one of the prob-
• lems in studying microwave effects is the selection of the most appropriate an.iJnal species for study /24/. He noted that an.iJnals quite often are selected only on the basis of convenience, economy or familiarity rather than for appropriateness. As a result, mJny studies have no inherent value ,vith respect to extrapolation to man, he said. Nonetheless. both animal and human studies arc needed; since each has its advan.tages and limitJtion. one can complemrnt the other.
DOSIMETRY
In 1973, the Diri:-..:tor of the Bureau oi R.,~;c1!,.•gii.::il lk:,!th, FDA. 5tated at the lntern.Jliun:11 S) lllj.'11sium in Pol.rnd that the d..::\ i:-!.->pnrnt of new and in:;1fl1\rd ndiofrl'qt1en1.·y and mi,rO\\a,·e crdtting Je,kes has far ex,l-elkd the dew! ... )pmcnt of de,i,es desig:1,~d to 11wa~ure thl'ir output as ,,di as l·,j._,f,.,~i..:al rcse;nch effort to Ji:-ti.'rrnine the sumJtic anJ g.:n<"tk 1i•·ks from t!,..,•ir use /27/.
\\11ik J,)~:metry still pr.·,t'nts JH1.1l,kms. pr,)li1.·~s is bl'ir.r; m:i,le in its use in J;1l>or;itury and fir:IJ studies. IJ.:-:1lly, ~tudks should measure absorbed dose as well :is n.p,,surc.
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Power density is readily measun:d to wi1hin ± ~ decibeb hy several broadband rnnm1erdal i11strunwnts. In addition, the Division of Ekctronic Products. Bureau of Radiolog.ical Health, FDA. has developed accurate miniature probes for mapping microwave fields. both externally and internaliy. in conjunction with laboratory studies v..i th phantoms. Preliminary imfro measurements have been m:ide as \I.ell /~8/. I
In 1976, Hankin, et al. of the U.S. Emironmental Protection Agency (EPA), stated that "A program concerning the application of non.ionizing radiation exposure standards to the environment requires an understanding of environmental non.ionizing radiation (NIR) in terms of the intensities of existing electromagnetic fields as a function of frequency, identification of the sources and source categories which are important in producing these fields, and a determination of the quantitative relationships between sources and their contribution to environmental nonionizing radiation levels." /29/. To. take examples of recent work, Conover has compared the performance characteristics of commercial and NatiQnal B_ureau of Standards radiofrequency ( I 0-300 MHz) field strength monitors and has reported the results of industrial RF personnel exposure measurements /30/. Janes, et al. have reported on the progress of the program to measure levels of RF-microwave radiation in urban areas /31 /.
RECOMME~DED EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES
Specifically, the plan of action we recommend consists of the selection of a sizable population • v..i1etJ1er occupational, military or community · whkh has had a relatively high exposure to microwaves over a long period of time. Implicitly, one or more. control or comparison groups should be included in the study design. The major elements to he studied are the synd,omes attributed to very low level microwave radiation (for example. neurasthenic symptoms) and certain other possible effects of microwaYe irr::icliation such as cataracts, abnormal or low sptm1 ~·ounts I I~!, confenil :ii anomalies and genetic defocts. Cleary has suuested a 1how~it-h 1-"J'iJ,•rnioltigic ~tuJy of o.,upJtionally expu~e\i works /I~/. TI11s Im laler h,-cn reaffirmed by Sihennan /11/.
TI1c indices of neurasthenic malfun.-tion that might be considen·d
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for study should be determined in consultation "'ith psychologists and psychiatrists. Job pL'rformance, records of alcoholism and drug ahuse. arrests and marital instability, in addition to avaibble standard psyc,hiatric and psychological tests can be included in the indices. Genetic studies could examine variation in sex ratio of newborns, fetal wastage rates and the frequency of chromosomal aberrations.
CONCLUSION
At this time, there is no facet of the problem where knowledge regarding the health effects of microwave radiation on man is adequate. A large number of well-designed epidemiologic studies concerning different and specific approaches are needed in different geographic areas. Our concern must be v.i!h long-tenn effects as well as with the acute effects. Further, qur concern is not only v.ith the normal popul::ition, but also with these segments of the population which may be highly susceptible
' to microwave radiation. Obtaining the necessary information w:ill likely require w~ll-<;Jesigned appropriate epidcmiologic studies conducted over a considerJble period of time. There is a great need for international cooperation to belier assess the damage, if any, which may be attributed to low kvd~ of nul·rov.ave r:idiation.
ACK!\'O\VLEDG~!ENT
Grateful acknowkdgment is made to Dr. (hJrlottc Silv,mnan, Dr. Hab. med Pr1t-myshw Czcrski and Mr. S:.!muel r. ~,Lrcus for their cont,H,utions to this p..iper. The p:iper aho IOJS h,nditi'd greJtly fr,,m a number of reviewers \\ithin and outside of th~ Bureau of Radio1'1gkal Hc,alth.
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REHRENCES
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York Times, 21 May, 1974. 6. SCHWAN, H.P. Non-ionizing R,ui:ltion Haz.uds. Journal of the Franklin
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in !>!icrowave Workers. A Statistical Study. Archfres of Enriro12111c11tal lit :;!rh. 12: 23, 1966.
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10. ZAR~T. \I \I. S,·b·k.1 C~s::s ,·O!krowJ,'< Cat,ll'act in '-br. .-\s<t•djkJ "ith rl.,jh.(l.i\i~.,nt A·-~·-'•:i~:!\.·.J i'~:L.-t .. 1:;ks. Si(,!,·,gi, J:fftcfS~!:J il~,:t:I; !lu:-·r~f~ of .\i/(lr_"";\\::rc R-.,':·.::ft"ill, r. ~~..$. Pr,·•.l'\.·~int=(. pf J.n ]ntt:rnJti-:-nJI s~ !l:}'•:~itnn.
Wa'.,aw 15-19 O,i<-bn 1973. P,·.!:s!i ~.l.-di,JI Pub!:-h,·rs, WJr~J\\ 1974.
11. SII.\TR\!.\:\', C. :--;,,f\,;OJ, :,r.d fU:.;1i,_•;al [ffrn; of ~lkrp-.1·J,·c RJ:foii0n in IL1•1.,n, .. -1 r•,, ',ii·,.m J,j1,ni.:l of f';,;'./,:mfr,!ugy 97: 219, 1973.
12. n L\ f{ y. S.1-. f!j.,1.,),:.!l I ;·:·,·.i~ lli' Mi, i-•11 ~\,: and RJJil-'f,l·qt;l'llt')" Radiatit•n. ('ritic.:l R,'licws in [",:,irv•i1.·;, ,:r..:I Co,:trol \'ol.{!, h,u,· 2,257, 1970.
13. Al.liKI Clll. R.M. lm·i11·d di,,. :i,,i,,n of \kRt:e, D,)nald I. Bi,,lu?i.:'al Uf,·cts Clf ~l1,.-,,1·Jw R;1tfoti0n . .lv;mwl of the Air Pollution Control .-lssoci.:tio11
21: l~f:. 1974. 14. L.-\SCRASJ,\N, I., MAICASLSCU, M., RAFAILA, E., Kl.rl'SCII, I. and
rorrSCll, )l.l, C,11u.li, Fun,til'n in w,,rkmen ,iith lon!'•Tl•rm Exrosur~ to
Mi,r1,1,.,1l'). /1, ... ftl, f'l:.1,i,·s 29: 3!-:1, 1975. 15. l)JS.\I.\S. 11.IJ. D, 1 ch,pm,·nt uf \\\111.p!J,·.: Em-ironmrnt S1:111Jards i1
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1 rorl'i,:n (\,untrks. Pl. 2. • C,,n,q,ts "f lli!·hc-r Nnvous 1-'untion in thl' l'SSR. Joum,11 of 0,.-r,p.;tim;.;l McJ1d12c 18: 4 77, 1970.
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16. Biolo!'.ic Effrct~ and llrJlth HJzarJs of\licrowave R~,1i.,!i,.,n. P; .. "·.-Jir.i=~ of an fn:,:rnJti,,.ul Siml''''ium. WJr\JW, 15-18 Ol'toh.:r 197:i. \'.,fj,!J \ktli,al rut,fi~lt~r~. \\'Jr~aw 1974.
17. (/1 kSJ,;l, P. ~II Jdl !{ZY'.\Sld. \f. ;,nd 1~11)'1 \'iKI. A. lk.,!\li ~unr;lbncc of r,·r,•.;nr;d O .. e,·,.:.i..,n.,!;y r'.f'("-<:d·to \li,;l•\\J\·,·s. I. The,,• !i,;.,I (\ ::~idi:-r:; ti,.;n, ..auJ f': _g· ~ i, ;:J ., ·.; ·,·, "' . ! .. , . .,~p.:.·u . . \f, }i,.·i1"i.t· 45: I 13 7. J !J 74. 18. SIi id :<z.1 \' t-;I, \f. 1 1 I i<~I\I, P .. \Ill Cl t RIK. !J., t,;11)\'KI. A .. Cl,\k\l Chi, C, D,:ILK, E. ;,mi H.ui(lUC ZAK, W. II. Fun, ::,r,;,:1 Di,t.ir· l•.,:i,,·~. lrl,·rn r. I :43. 19. ~ff i.;ll lUY\';.;I. l.f.. CZIRSKl, P.,C!DY\SKI.A., lYDICJ\l,S .. (l·\R· !\I.( Kl, C .• DLICK. E. and JLPRlEJCZ,\K, W. !IL L,ns T1~n,h1,.:ncy. fd•:;-;i p. l !46. 20. SAl'>ClKGVA, !-1.N. Cllnical \L,;,:f-:,:.,ti(,ns ,,f R.:Jl'lion< 10 \li:;l•Y.avc Ir· radi.itiun in \'Jr;(,llS o,·_.,,,.,ti..:,nal c,,.,,:ps. p. ~6 I. Bi, ,!,•gk Efh·ts and lk .. Jth l!:!1,1•ds of \li,·r•.''' J\'C R.ji.!k•n. r· "<.<'l'<~:,:,:s .. ,f .,;; l". :., : ;1J :h,nal Syrr•:'•J'.ium. \':.,r~aw 15-18 0. '.,;.lier 1973. p.·,!i,h \!·:di,:;,I P .. 1: :i-ll.:,s. \\'drsaw 1974. 2t'. •zYDLCKI. S. A,,e~,ment of Lens Tr:111slu.:~m·)' in Juveniks. Mic1owave Worker~ and Ai;,>~·\f.it.:h,·d Gr.:,ups. p. 306. Bi.,ll•£k Effcd, .,,,j llcJlth H.izards of \!i.-~•-'11.ave R:idi .. ti(ln. Prr_,('~•·dings of an lnkrncti,,nJI Sy;i;po• ~iu;",. ',\',j'.\:J\I 15-16 0-,(,b,r I 9i ~. P,1bi; \kJi.·JJ J>L1!· 1i-hn~. w~:·,Jw 1974. 22 .. \!~-~!\IIOS. R. Jnd l'l'GH. T.F. r;,i,.Lmi,:,!•'f~: Piind1b .,nd \1<:!l·.ods. Littl•: Fl:,,,..n ,nJ C,,1'.•j'.,nY, 1971\ n.·,,1-.,n. ~l.:".,,hu,,·tts. 23. HII.L, AR TI·,.: [m·i:,·il1::,·nt c:,d Di,,':i,~: ,\,.<ud.::i,,n or (\,u,:1!il,n, l'ro,..-,,J;1;g[ vf Iii, Rc•_:·d S, ,cit'/_1· o/ .\f, .!i<'f,;,· 58: 295. 1965. ~4. \!ICH:\I LSO\', ~.!-1. !>., .: .. ,,·k~I [:'.·,,b of \!i.·1v\•.;,,, [-.p,,,c1!c. Bi .. !,fi,·al lfl'c,t~ .ind lk.,,i!. lmrli,·;;::l•f1\ ui ~li,rr:W-"' I ,pv,url'. p. 35. Sy11:;'•:1i,11n Pm:,·,·dings. Ri,li:11,,nd. Viq;inia, 17-19 S,pkr:1l1,·r 19t>9. C.S [kp;i:tm.:nt ofll,·Jlth. fdu,;.tkn Jrtd \\'dfar,, i:lRll. [JBL ~,:,~. \\'J<hi11i:t,1n. D.C. 25. Rl'G!I. !{~. Gl~'-S. E.l, HO, H.S. and LL\CH. W.!.f. R,·,r,•n"'' of the ~l,,1,,:· 'to "i,·rl,Y.JW R:,,!i.,tiun Ot.ring E,trou, (y.:lc ar,d P:q·;1.mcy. RaJ:ctivn R,·sn:rch 62; 225, 1975. 26. !-IJLROY. W.C'. Jnd ~IICIL\I LS0:--1, S.M. Di,,f,,r.ic;il Effrcts of Mi,·rowave R~<!iJtion. /lcu/rh l'ltysics 20: 567, 1971. 27. \'11.Lf'OHlll. J.C. l'.S. P~Mi-: 11~.lih S~ni.~ C\,n,<':n and .·\cti\'itin Rda· led tu llcalth lrnplkati,,m ,,i \{inl•wa,·c Radiati0n. p. XJII. fii,·l,•i:k Effrds and lkalth IJJ;'Jrds of Mi,·H,wa\'t: RJdiatk,n. Pron'('din~~ of an lnkrnati,,na.1 Sympo•ium, \\'ars:iw 15-1S Ol'!oh..-r J973. P,,lish M~dic;1l rubfoh(rS, Wanaw 1974.
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31. JA'.\lS,D E., HU .. RA, .-\THEY, T.W. ~nc! HASKJ:'-J, 'l.N. R~,!il,fi,:•qt,~ncy RJ·1i.,:h,n l.,h·h ir: l.\t:,n A•,·a~. Pr,::-•:nkd at th.: 19,76 \:cr.::.J '.L·.-:ini: of th, l;i,,·,n~:iL,n.,1 l'i:1:.-:·, vf R.,J;1, c;_;, :1,,:, I 1-1~ O,,,.t..-r 19i6. A;;,:,.•r,t. ~f-L,~,h t1U~1,:tts.
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