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' ~. MICROWAVE RADIATION: AN EPIDP.110LOGIC ASSESS~tENT

R.M. Albrecht

Bureau of RaJi0h}gical /hdlth, Food and Drug A.dministra1io11 Rochille, MD 2085 7

E. Landau

American Public Health Association Hi.Jshi11gto11, DC 20036

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SL~1\1ARY

Microwave rJtb!i1in is corning into incrc.i~ing use in 111;rny l·uuntrics;

it is in u,L' in ,:(,,111i1:.i:1kations, in i1:dustry, for o\·::i1S in the home' and in

co11,m,~r.:i:il l'~::irbh,i1·:nts :ind fur di:!thcrmy. The p0wer outrut is in·

crea,ir:g ~k~~•iily ;rnd cumi;1un.ity exposure is already a fact. F:1~1 Euro­

pean ..:c .. ~ntrics daim that ad\ChC cffc:cts can rc~ult fsuiTI o.po,lJrC sub•

stant.;:illy lower than k,c'h permitted in Western couHlrics. Also some

of the' <:ffo:cts claimed are frequent and disabling. Prolonged and cumu•

lativc c~.posurc is t'Sp('..:i.illy su1pcct. \\11ile studies in ar,::-:ials arc neces­

sary, stucics in m:m i::Jnnol b.: dispensed with. Extrapolation from one

species of ar.imal to ai1othcr, and e...-cn more, to man, is h:iz:irdous.

Morc()('ver, epid.:-:11:ok,gic studies are needed to uncover the potrntially

wide variety of subtle effects, cspedally mental. Fortunately, th.:re are

· indices of cxpo5urc which can be used in field studies and dosimetry is

reaching the polnt where it can be applied to fkld studies.

l~TRODUCTION

In t11js paper, we plan to des,:ribe very brkfly what nli..:row:i\·es are.

how they are used. what adverse effects on man are claimed, and how

to determine \\hether they cause harm. If TPkrowave radiation \.·an in•

deed be shown to be:- r,:,s;ionsiblc for hJrmful effrcts, then we will n\·ed

tu design :-.Jditional s!udil'S to a~artain the kvds at whi ... h lhl·se effrcts

are found. We Jo not iuti.'nd to make a list of studies by 1.:ountry; r;;t her,

we will critk;illy review existing knowledge of the effrcts of rninov,avc

r;, .. liation. 1l1c re,ent excclknt summary by G!Jsl'T and Dodge docs not

ohiate the need for this re,iew /I/. Nor does the highly rccommendl·d

and current-monograph by Rar:mski and Czerski /2/.

\\1IA T ARE MICROWAVES?

Microwaves are that segment of the electromagnetic spectrum bet­

ween conventional radio and infrared waves (Fig. 1 ). The ddin.itions

of microwave radiation vary greatly. The most comm6nly used dcfin.i-

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tion and one accepted by the lntern:ttional Electrical Commi\sion is be !Yo een 300 mcg;ihcrtz and 300,000 nu:gahl'rlL • /2/. United States standards as reflected by the Arneril:an ~atiunal StanJard lmtitute (ASS[) as well as the Occupatiunal Safrty and Health Adriuni5tration (OSIIA) ddine radiofrequency r.idiation and microwaves as fal!ing between IO ~!llz and I 00,000 Milz. Since the energy contept of microwave radiJtion j5 not high enough to produce ionization, it is cals~ified as a foim of noniuni1.:ing radiation I in contrast to ionizing radiation such as X-rays /2/. TI1l're i~ littk agree-ment on the potentially most harmful part of the microwave radiation band.

SOURCE OF MICROWAVES

· 111-•re are many sources of. mio.:rowave radi:ition. In 1972 Donald M. Jamky of the Office of Tckcor.ununications Policy, (OTP), Exe,:uti\'e Office of the Prcsident, reported on the dimensions of radio wave use, including microwa\'e radiation /3/. Rad.iofrequency (RF) and micro­wave radiation uses in communication cover radar, TV, radio relay of telephone and telegraph messages, as well as communications within manufa.;turing ·plants. (RF is generalJy considered as the band ranging from very low frequencies up to 300 MHz) /2/. However, microwaves are not used solely for commun.iCJtions. They are bdng used increasingly in industry, medicine. and in homes. for ex­ample, mi..:rowaves are used in industry to dry wood and pJper, to pro­cess potato chips. to weld plastics, to solder metals and to an Mal glas~. 111ey are used for diathem1y in medicine and in microwave ovens in the home and els.:-where. The llnited States is as dependent upon the availa­bility of radiofrequcncies (including microwaves) as upon energy re­sources /3/. Along with the increased use of microwave radiation, the power out­put has increased steadily and greatly /4/. Its use in communkations is increas.ing and the general public is subject to more and more exposure. In the. second report of OTP the Agency added, "unless adequate moni-• A megahertz (MHz) is I million cycles per second.

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luring prug,r:ims and mdhods of control :ire instituted in the ni:-ar fu. ture, m::n rmy soon a,1cran era 1>f cr;<.'rgy p,Jllution of the emi11_11imcnt comparat>lc to the d1nni.::al pollution of today." /5/

REPORTED EFFECTS A;\D ST A~PARDS

Stan1.'hrds for use of mkrov.ave equipment differ among Eastern EuropcJn ::!ld Western countries. \\'estern ~t:;;idards arc basd un physio­logical con•-idcrations which indicate that radiation levels of lc~s than 10 mW/cm 2 do not cause significant temperature elevations in the hu­man body. The EJstern European stand::rds, which are 1,000 times lower than the Western, are largely based on behavioral experiments and subj_ective observations of subtle effects /6/. _ Glaser and J:?odge state that the Soviet and East European \.iew, from their earliest publications, has been that mi0rowave and radiofrcquency , • ,(RF) fie!ds can functionally - even morpholot;kally at times - alter the organism exposed at field flux or power densities below those which cause measurable heating /1 /. Reversible changes in beha,ior, function and microstructures are frequently reported at power densities well be­low the Western world's "safe" exposure level of 10 milliwatts per square centimeter {l O mW/cm 2). In contrast, the prevailing Western ,iew. particularly in the United States, is that the effects of microw;!ve and RF fields arc attributable qnJy to the heating mechanism of those fields which arc generally met in power densities in excess of 10 mW/cm 2

. One serious effect of exposure to microwaves may be cataracts, but · the documentation is still controversial. Since the lens of the eye is avascular, it cannot dissipate heat rapidly. A large body of scientific literature exists on the production of cataracts experimentally as well as a substantial number of papers on surveys of occupational exposure to microwaves. Minor lens lesions arc associated with microwave exposure, but further Tl'Scarch is need~d to detemtlne whether these lesions are in fact clinically significant in cataractogcnesis /7/. Most American cpide­miologfr studies of humans use minor lens lcs.ion rather that ca tar acts as the endpoint because a prospective study of the risk ofcatarncts per se would require a much larger study. Appleton /8/ believes that it is

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diffi.:ult to g,~, :.igrcrn1e11t on the definition of a catar:ict for the pur­pose of a ~tudy.

A study of cat:iracts in all of the Veterans Adminiqr:ition ho~pitals fo•Jnd ~.946 \'.hite mJlc Anny and Air Force vcter;.ins born after 1910 who had been treated for cat:irads in the years I 9~0-62 inclusive. A control s:imple of ~.164 was obtained from the same source by men v.ith adjacent ho~pital re.sister numbers. The study did not f;i;d any as­sociatiun between exposure to radar and c:itaracts /9/.

Case reports of microwave cataracts are difficult to subst:i.ntiate. The number of m.h:1owave cataracts reported in the United States to date ranges from two to over fifty /10/ depending on the opinion of the in­vestigJtor. f n our opinion, only two of these cases are documented well enough to be probably as ascribable to microwaves.

In the United States the only g,:ncrally acapted reported effects in man to our knowledge are minor Jens defects and skin damage /11/. Possible injury to the testes also has been of concern /12-14/.

Jnwstig:itors of nonthem1al microwave raJiation effects report that pro!ongt'd industrial exp0sure to lower intensities than the A!\S[ stan­dard (less than 10 mW/cm2

) of microwaves may cause a variety of ad­verse health effo:ts. Some of the symptoms and signs conm1only des­cribed include: headache, fatigue, irritability, dizziness, loss of appetite, sleepiness, rnl'Jting. difficulties in concentration, poor memory. depres­sion. emotional instability, drm10grnphi~m, thyroid gland enlargement, and tremor of 1he extended fingers. These are regarded as typical micro­wave-indu.:ed functional disturbances of the central nervous sysiem and arc~ called the neur:isthcnic syndrome /11/. Another syndrome consists 9f labile pulse and blood pressure, with EC'G changes. A th.ird is the di­encephalic syndrome whkh indudes insomnia and halludnations;

Drscriptions of clink:il syndrom.:s and pathogenesis in the USSR and in East Europe:in countries can be difficult to interpret partly be­cause of diffrrences in concepts of patl10genesis /15/. Another major consideration in evaluating tl1e studies has been to detennine whether the effects reported arc important. The significance of some of the chang.: in pulse rate. blood pressure, electrocardiogram 3nd electroence­phalogram to the hcallh of the individual and to the populace in general i, not cle:ir. However, in this context, it must be remembered that some

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im•:)t::::at0rs bdic·,c that functi(1nal rc~pon~cs may rcprc~cnt precursors vf vvcrt Ji)~Jsc Jr:d as \u(h arc unJc:\ir;ible.

EVALUATIO~ OF STUDIES

Critkal assc:s~n;wt of l'Urrc:nl studies c:.in help to pr~vidc a basis for pbr111ing f uturc: \!udics. Clink al studies in the l'.SSR Jlld L1~tcrn Eurupe \\ere rc\·kwed by Sj]vc1,nan in 1975 /11/. She found that controls were u~c-d infn:quently, and cc,mi~ttntly were fewer than the ~tud;' suhje(ts. Req1Jirements for their sclci:tion were not stated; when d.:~(ribcd, they often diffacd from the exposed in age and occupation. TI1e 1:ontro!s often \,ere g]vcn less 2~siduous follow-up and examination. Thc~e and other shortrnmings, including the familiar one of dosimetry, made it irnpossible to cktcnnine from tlwse studies whether or not microwave radiJUon produced neural or behavioral changes in man. Clink:<l and cpidmJologic studic~ in the United States have been quite limited.in their aim and scope. They are ,·irtually silent on ner-• vbus and beha,ioral cff,cts. Defkiences in the design ,i!ld conduct of human ttudii.'s were desnihcd by one of us in 1974 /13/. Rt'£:trding psychological adverse effects, the ordinary physical exa­mination in the USA, at least in the past, was not designed to uncover · them. These effects could exist without being recognized bec:i;.ise they arc lost in the large but indistinct "nonual'' burden of mental dysfunc­tion in the population. In fact, any survey in the United States that found no mental or emotion:<l disorders in a largt; population exposed to microwave radiation would be suspect, because norn1ally such aber­rations are present in general populations and should be found even in the absence of microwave exposure. The thcnnal school literature docs not give us the right to reject reports of neurasthenic effects as implau­sible / 13/. However, we recognize the great difficulty in studying the .etiology of abnormal mental and emotional symptonu of a large urban population today. The survey~ of minor lens lesions, and the case reports of cataracts, arc of uncert;un signilkancc. TI1e one straightforward Arncrh:an study of cataracts that '11.C know of was mentioned earlier /9/. Glaser and ' Dodge, in their 1975 review, noted increased imphasis in the USSR and

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faslcm Fu rope on "more rig,.,w11s ~lati<.tical pr0.:essir,g of da1a" in di­rtlcal studies of wnrkt·rs e:-.po,cd to micro\\ aves. and on rhc r11~•ihle role of otl,cr cn,ir,-'n,ncntal fa..:tors al \~ork. t->ut !Ljl pH•hkms of :11..!e­quate a:1J reliable d(lsimctry ,md of ~<·kctir.g adeq(1a1c l'Ontrols re• mained /1/. An intnnational symposium, held in Poland in 1973. addrem:d,. among others, the problem of the unre:.ohed diff erl'nces in reported bioL·ffo.:ts and in the exposure and safety standards derived from them. and the need for international coopl·ration in research / I 6/. Particip:rnls in the symposium agn:ed that, in ~..:ii.:ntific reports, the pbn of the study and the interpretation of findings be reported in detail so that the me­thods of study are clear to all workers. It is encour:-iging to learn that "there appears to be a slight convergence of Eastern and Western find­ings with regard to low-level mkrowave and radiofrequency field ef­fects." /1 /.

Turning to reports of studies fror11 Eastern Europe and the USSR. Czerski and co-workers /17-19/ studied 841 persons o..:rnpationally exposed to microwave radiation, ;workers who were hospitalized for exa.m.ination b{'cause of doubts as to their fitness for further work in microwave exposure conditions. They were dhidcd into two groups. Group I, (507 persons) was exposed to mean power dcmitie5 above 2 \\'/m2, (O.~ mW/cm 2

). Group II, (334 persons), was exposed to mean power densities bdow that figure, an exposure which the authors con­sidered "relatively insignificant". The physical examination included neurological, visual and psychological examination when indicated. Although the distributjon of certain functional disorders, including neurotic and cardiovascular. was not signifi..:antly different between the two groups, functions disorders were ~ommon in both groups and fur­ther exposure to mkrowaves was judged to be contraindicated for 47% of Group I and SW of Group ll / 17 /. Some of the disqualified workers probably would not have been allowed to work in a microwave environ­ment had current criteria been in effect. Czerski. et al. pointed out some of the difficulties in carrying out epidemiologic studies for sur­veillance of the health of workers and called for further studies in other countries. We believe tl1at it is difficult to gel an answer to the question raised'

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by f zcr'. ti and l'O·\l. nrkt:-rs in the ah~cnce of ;111 l-piJc111iol. igi1:al study with uniform (1ill'ri:i for <ll'fining cases. Furthermore. a l<,r,gitttdinal study \l.ould tic dnirablc in order to pkk up cases who droj,pl'd out of microwave rmployment precisely because microwave radiation may have made them ill. However, the 1973 symposium produced reports of epide,:iiological studies; for example, Sadcikova /20/ and Zydecld /21/. Sad.:ikova of the l.iSSR studied workers "engaged in the tuning and testing of diverse radio equipment and radiation in the microwave range." TI1e first group (1000 workers) was exposed to a power density of up to a few mW/cm 2

• The second group {180 subjects) was exposed to lower intensities "whkh, as a rule, did not exceed several hundredths of a mW/cm2 ." A control group said to be matched by age, sex and character of work, was picked. Controls numbered only 200. The author claimed that mi­crowave disorders were found in both exposed groups. We cannot hold up this study as a model; for example, there were only two hundred controls and the influence of age could not be examined. Nevertheless \he genrral design was epidemiologic.

Dr Zyde.:ld of Poland /21/ proposed to establish criteria for evalua­tion of.lens translucency. To this end he examined two groups, 1,000 subjects, exposed to different levels of microwave radiation, about 0.1 mW/cm2 or more and 0.01 mW/cm2 or less, 1,000 unexposed controls matched by age, and 1,000 minors aged 5-17 years. He found tbe fre­quency of lens defects to be inborn as well as to change with age. Lem defects were more common in the higher exposure group, in spite of the fact that persons with the most severe lens disorders were not ac-cepted for employment involving exposure to that in controls. ,,,.1 , ·: .• ,: , · · ,.-"}.

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THE NEED FOR FURTHER EPIDEMlOLOGlC STUDIES

Further epidemiologic studies should be conducted because it is possible t11at micrmvave radiation can be ham1f ul to man and large numbers of people are currently being exposed. While the amount of information 3\'aibblc on the health cff ects of microwave radiatil>n on humans has been iI1,rl·asi11g during the last few decades, there is still need for definitive studies of man in his everyday environment. Epide-

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miu!ogic ~tuclics, ""hen prup..:rly dl'~ignt'd and conducted. analy,e the effeds of nucruwavc C\pmurc on groups of people living or working in a cc,mmunity. Su,h quJics l::ive the aJvanLt,;c of cxanuning illness in man as it occu~ in his actual cnvirl!r1ment rather than among experi­mental aninials in the laboratory. lluwcver, th(·re is the di,Jd\·antage that it may not be po~~ible to control all of the important factors /22/. Jn determining whether or not an q~sociation found in an epiJc:-miologic study is ..::iusal, consideration mu~t be given to the association's strength, consistency, spe.::ifi..:ity, temporJ!ity, biological gradient, plausibility, coherence and analogy /"23/. By analogy, Hill means. for example, that kno\\ing the eff e..:ts of thalidonude and rubella on the fetus, one would be more ready to accept similar evidence with another drug or another viral disease in pregnancy. Judgment of the value of epidemiologic stu­dies requires an understanding of these aspects of association.

Future epidemiologk studies in the U.S. should investigate primarily, but not solely, neural and belm"ioral disorders. We need to study peo­ple of all ages, and in varying degrees of health and also in the presence of whatever identifiable interacting variables may exist. In addition to using available direct measures of exposure, we may need to use surro­gates, such as the type and duration of occupation and geographical location of residence and work. If the studies arc well designed and con­trolled we \\ill have a sounder, although far from perfect. basis for de­temlining the efforts required for reducing exposure.

We need to study effects of cumulative exposure as well as delayed effects of single intense irradiation. One such study, now in progress. was initiated as a three-year eJ:Jdeavor by the Medical Follow-Up Agency of tJ1e National A v.lrdemy of Sciences under contract with the Bureau of Radiological Health of the Food and Drug Administration. The main purpose of the study is to assess the effects of previous contrasting oc­cupational exposure to microwave radiation (radar) on the health of U.S. Naval personnel. As a first assessment, the study uses data from existing records of hospitalization. disability, and death. In the future, it may be possible to include additional measures of health and disease.

ANIMAL STUDIES

AnotJ1er major reason for the need to conduct further epidenuologic

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studies in hum;rns is the iriherent limitation of animal studies and the fact that anirnal studil'S arl' often taken with little 51.:rutiny as prcdic.tive of adwrse effc,ts in man. We should be especially concerned with the effects of long-continued, intmnittcnt exposure tomicrowJve rJJiation. It is quite diffi .. :ult to mount a large-scale study of prolonged low expos sure in the laboratory. The-chief adverse health effects found in labora­tory animals which have been exposed to thcm1al doses of microwaves are cataracts, thcm1al burns, and damage to the testes. \\'hole body exposure to high levels of microwave radiation can produce irreversible hypertherrnia and death /24/. Teratogenic effects can be produced /25/. At lesser intensities, what Milroy and Michaelson call a "stress syn­drome" is observed /26/.

Care must also be taken when extrapolating results of studies perfor­med with different radiation frequencies. There is, in addition, a prob­lem in extrapolating from one animal species to another and finally to man. On this same point, Michaelson has stated that one of the prob-

• lems in studying microwave effects is the selection of the most appro­priate an.iJnal species for study /24/. He noted that an.iJnals quite often are selected only on the basis of convenience, economy or familiarity rather than for appropriateness. As a result, mJny studies have no inhe­rent value ,vith respect to extrapolation to man, he said. Nonetheless. both animal and human studies arc needed; since each has its advan­.tages and limitJtion. one can complemrnt the other.

DOSIMETRY

In 1973, the Diri:-..:tor of the Bureau oi R.,~;c1!,.•gii.::il lk:,!th, FDA. 5tated at the lntern.Jliun:11 S) lllj.'11sium in Pol.rnd that the d..::\ i:-!.->pnrnt of new and in:;1fl1\rd ndiofrl'qt1en1.·y and mi,rO\\a,·e crdtting Je,kes has far ex,l-elkd the dew! ... )pmcnt of de,i,es desig:1,~d to 11wa~ure thl'ir output as ,,di as l·,j._,f,.,~i..:al rcse;nch effort to Ji:-ti.'rrnine the sumJtic anJ g.:n<"tk 1i•·ks from t!,..,•ir use /27/.

\\11ik J,)~:metry still pr.·,t'nts JH1.1l,kms. pr,)li1.·~s is bl'ir.r; m:i,le in its use in J;1l>or;itury and fir:IJ studies. IJ.:-:1lly, ~tudks should measure absor­bed dose as well :is n.p,,surc.

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Power density is readily measun:d to wi1hin ± ~ decibeb hy several broadband rnnm1erdal i11strunwnts. In addition, the Division of Ekc­tronic Products. Bureau of Radiolog.ical Health, FDA. has developed accurate miniature probes for mapping microwave fields. both external­ly and internaliy. in conjunction with laboratory studies v..i th phantoms. Preliminary imfro measurements have been m:ide as \I.ell /~8/. I

In 1976, Hankin, et al. of the U.S. Emironmental Protection Agency (EPA), stated that "A program concerning the application of non.ioni­zing radiation exposure standards to the environment requires an under­standing of environmental non.ionizing radiation (NIR) in terms of the intensities of existing electromagnetic fields as a function of frequency, identification of the sources and source categories which are important in producing these fields, and a determination of the quantitative rela­tionships between sources and their contribution to environmental non­ionizing radiation levels." /29/. To. take examples of recent work, Conover has compared the performance characteristics of commercial and NatiQnal B_ureau of Standards radiofrequency ( I 0-300 MHz) field strength monitors and has reported the results of industrial RF person­nel exposure measurements /30/. Janes, et al. have reported on the pro­gress of the program to measure levels of RF-microwave radiation in urban areas /31 /.

RECOMME~DED EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES

Specifically, the plan of action we recommend consists of the selec­tion of a sizable population • v..i1etJ1er occupational, military or com­munity · whkh has had a relatively high exposure to microwaves over a long period of time. Implicitly, one or more. control or comparison groups should be included in the study design. The major elements to he studied are the synd,omes attributed to very low level microwave ra­diation (for example. neurasthenic symptoms) and certain other possi­ble effects of microwaYe irr::icliation such as cataracts, abnormal or low sptm1 ~·ounts I I~!, confenil :ii anomalies and genetic defocts. Cleary has suuested a 1how~it-h 1-"J'iJ,•rnioltigic ~tuJy of o.,upJtionally expu~e\i works /I~/. TI11s Im laler h,-cn reaffirmed by Sihennan /11/.

TI1c indices of neurasthenic malfun.-tion that might be considen·d

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for study should be determined in consultation "'ith psychologists and psychiatrists. Job pL'rformance, records of alcoholism and drug ahuse. arrests and marital instability, in addition to avaibble standard psyc,hia­tric and psychological tests can be included in the indices. Genetic stu­dies could examine variation in sex ratio of newborns, fetal wastage rates and the frequency of chromosomal aberrations.

CONCLUSION

At this time, there is no facet of the problem where knowledge re­garding the health effects of microwave radiation on man is adequate. A large number of well-designed epidemiologic studies concerning differ­ent and specific approaches are needed in different geographic areas. Our concern must be v.i!h long-tenn effects as well as with the acute effects. Further, qur concern is not only v.ith the normal popul::ition, but also with these segments of the population which may be highly susceptible

' to microwave radiation. Obtaining the necessary information w:ill likely require w~ll-<;Jesigned appropriate epidcmiologic studies conducted over a considerJble period of time. There is a great need for international co­operation to belier assess the damage, if any, which may be attributed to low kvd~ of nul·rov.ave r:idiation.

ACK!\'O\VLEDG~!ENT

Grateful acknowkdgment is made to Dr. (hJrlottc Silv,mnan, Dr. Hab. med Pr1t-myshw Czcrski and Mr. S:.!muel r. ~,Lrcus for their con­t,H,utions to this p..iper. The p:iper aho IOJS h,nditi'd greJtly fr,,m a number of reviewers \\ithin and outside of th~ Bureau of Radio1'1gkal Hc,alth.

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REHRENCES

1. GLASER, Z.R. and DODGE, C.H. Biomedical Aspects of Radio Frequency and Mkrowa\·e Radiation: A review of Sckcted Soviet, East- Europl'an, and Western References. In Bioloi-.;ca) Effccts of Elcctromaj!ncti, Waves. Selected Papm of the USAMC/URSI Annual Mcctin!!, Boulder, Colorado, 20-23, .. ,.....

October 1975, Vol. 1, pa~c 2. HEW Publication (FDA) 77-MI0. 2. BARAr-;SKI, S. and CZLRSKI, P. Biological l:.ffects o[Microwai•es. Dowden,

Hutchinson and Ross. Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. 1976.

3. JANS.KY, D.M. The manatemcnt of the Radio Spectrum and its Relationship to the Emironmcnt. Presented at the 100th annual Meeting of the Ameri,an Public Health Association, 14 November, 1972, Atlantic City, New Jersey.

4. TYLER, P.E. Oveniew of EkctromafJ}etic Radiation Research; Past, Present, and Future. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 247: 6, 1975.

S. Tiie V.'hite House Office of TekcommunicJtions Policy, reported in the New

York Times, 21 May, 1974. 6. SCHWAN, H.P. Non-ionizing R,ui:ltion Haz.uds. Journal of the Franklin

Institute. \'ol. '.!96, 7th issue: 485. 1973. 7. CLEARY, S.F., PASTER:\ACK, B.S. ar.d BLEBE, G.W. Lenti.:ular ChJngcs

in !>!icrowave Workers. A Statistical Study. Archfres of Enriro12111c11tal lit :;!rh. 12: 23, 1966.

8. APPLETO~. B. Results of Clinical Surveys for ~ficrowave O,·ubr EffcrK D111.W P,1\--li.:.:.tion no.(1-D.-\) 73-8031 BRH!DBE 73-3. Ro.bilk.'-Lr~!Jnd.

19i3. 9. CLI..\RY. SI., PAS 11 R\.-\0-:. B.S. and BFf.BE, G.W. C°J;:,ra.:-t In,:~,:,,,:

i;; R.;,Lr '.~ ,,1k.rs. Arel.ii d vf l'niw1;.•1.u:,.;I //,-;;:,ti 11: 1 79. I 9t-5.

10. ZAR~T. \I \I. S,·b·k.1 C~s::s ,·O!krowJ,'< Cat,ll'act in '-br. .-\s<t•djkJ "ith rl.,jh.(l.i\i~.,nt A·-~·-'•:i~:!\.·.J i'~:L.-t .. 1:;ks. Si(,!,·,gi, J:fftcfS~!:J il~,:t:I; !lu:-·r~f~ of .\i/(lr_"";\\::rc R-.,':·.::ft"ill, r. ~~..$. Pr,·•.l'\.·~int=(. pf J.n ]ntt:rnJti-:-nJI s~ !l:}'•:~itnn.

Wa'.,aw 15-19 O,i<-bn 1973. P,·.!:s!i ~.l.-di,JI Pub!:-h,·rs, WJr~J\\ 1974.

11. SII.\TR\!.\:\', C. :--;,,f\,;OJ, :,r.d fU:.;1i,_•;al [ffrn; of ~lkrp-.1·J,·c RJ:foii0n in IL1•1.,n, .. -1 r•,, ',ii·,.m J,j1,ni.:l of f';,;'./,:mfr,!ugy 97: 219, 1973.

12. n L\ f{ y. S.1-. f!j.,1.,),:.!l I ;·:·,·.i~ lli' Mi, i-•11 ~\,: and RJJil-'f,l·qt;l'llt')" Radia­tit•n. ('ritic.:l R,'licws in [",:,irv•i1.·;, ,:r..:I Co,:trol \'ol.{!, h,u,· 2,257, 1970.

13. Al.liKI Clll. R.M. lm·i11·d di,,. :i,,i,,n of \kRt:e, D,)nald I. Bi,,lu?i.:'al Uf,·cts Clf ~l1,.-,,1·Jw R;1tfoti0n . .lv;mwl of the Air Pollution Control .-lssoci.:tio11

21: l~f:. 1974. 14. L.-\SCRASJ,\N, I., MAICASLSCU, M., RAFAILA, E., Kl.rl'SCII, I. and

rorrSCll, )l.l, C,11u.li, Fun,til'n in w,,rkmen ,iith lon!'•Tl•rm Exrosur~ to

Mi,r1,1,.,1l'). /1, ... ftl, f'l:.1,i,·s 29: 3!-:1, 1975. 15. l)JS.\I.\S. 11.IJ. D, 1 ch,pm,·nt uf \\\111.p!J,·.: Em-ironmrnt S1:111Jards i1

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1 ro­rl'i,:n (\,untrks. Pl. 2. • C,,n,q,ts "f lli!·hc-r Nnvous 1-'untion in thl' l'SSR. Joum,11 of 0,.-r,p.;tim;.;l McJ1d12c 18: 4 77, 1970.

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16. Biolo!'.ic Effrct~ and llrJlth HJzarJs of\licrowave R~,1i.,!i,.,n. P; .. "·.-Jir.i=~ of an fn:,:rnJti,,.ul Siml''''ium. WJr\JW, 15-18 Ol'toh.:r 197:i. \'.,fj,!J \ktli,al rut,fi~lt~r~. \\'Jr~aw 1974.

17. (/1 kSJ,;l, P. ~II Jdl !{ZY'.\Sld. \f. ;,nd 1~11)'1 \'iKI. A. lk.,!\li ~unr;lbncc of r,·r,•.;nr;d O .. e,·,.:.i..,n.,!;y r'.f'("-<:d·to \li,;l•\\J\·,·s. I. The,,• !i,;.,I (\ ::~i­di:-r:; ti,.;n, ..auJ f': _g· ~ i, ;:J ., ·.; ·,·, "' . ! .. , . .,~p.:.·u . . \f, }i,.·i1"i.t· 45: I 13 7. J !J 74. 18. SIi id :<z.1 \' t-;I, \f. 1 1 I i<~I\I, P .. \Ill Cl t RIK. !J., t,;11)\'KI. A .. Cl,\k\l Chi, C, D,:ILK, E. ;,mi H.ui(lUC ZAK, W. II. Fun, ::,r,;,:1 Di,t.ir· l•.,:i,,·~. lrl,·rn r. I :43. 19. ~ff i.;ll lUY\';.;I. l.f.. CZIRSKl, P.,C!DY\SKI.A., lYDICJ\l,S .. (l·\R· !\I.( Kl, C .• DLICK. E. and JLPRlEJCZ,\K, W. !IL L,ns T1~n,h1,.:ncy. fd•:;-;i p. l !46. 20. SAl'>ClKGVA, !-1.N. Cllnical \L,;,:f-:,:.,ti(,ns ,,f R.:Jl'lion< 10 \li:;l•Y.avc Ir· radi.itiun in \'Jr;(,llS o,·_.,,,.,ti..:,nal c,,.,,:ps. p. ~6 I. Bi, ,!,•gk Efh·ts and lk .. Jth l!:!1,1•ds of \li,·r•.''' J\'C R.ji.!k•n. r· "<.<'l'<~:,:,:s .. ,f .,;; l". :., : ;1J :h,nal Syrr•:'•J'.ium. \':.,r~aw 15-18 0. '.,;.lier 1973. p.·,!i,h \!·:di,:;,I P .. 1: :i-ll.:,s. \\'drsaw 1974. 2t'. •zYDLCKI. S. A,,e~,ment of Lens Tr:111slu.:~m·)' in Juveniks. Mic1owave Worker~ and Ai;,>~·\f.it.:h,·d Gr.:,ups. p. 306. Bi.,ll•£k Effcd, .,,,j llcJlth H.izards of \!i.-~•-'11.ave R:idi .. ti(ln. Prr_,('~•·dings of an lnkrncti,,nJI Sy;i;po• ~iu;",. ',\',j'.\:J\I 15-16 0-,(,b,r I 9i ~. P,1bi; \kJi.·JJ J>L1!· 1i-hn~. w~:·,Jw 1974. 22 .. \!~-~!\IIOS. R. Jnd l'l'GH. T.F. r;,i,.Lmi,:,!•'f~: Piind1b .,nd \1<:!l·.ods. Littl•: Fl:,,,..n ,nJ C,,1'.•j'.,nY, 1971\ n.·,,1-.,n. ~l.:".,,hu,,·tts. 23. HII.L, AR TI·,.: [m·i:,·il1::,·nt c:,d Di,,':i,~: ,\,.<ud.::i,,n or (\,u,:1!il,n, l'ro­,..-,,J;1;g[ vf Iii, Rc•_:·d S, ,cit'/_1· o/ .\f, .!i<'f,;,· 58: 295. 1965. ~4. \!ICH:\I LSO\', ~.!-1. !>., .: .. ,,·k~I [:'.·,,b of \!i.·1v\•.;,,, [-.p,,,c1!c. Bi .. !,fi,·al lfl'c,t~ .ind lk.,,i!. lmrli,·;;::l•f1\ ui ~li,rr:W-"' I ,pv,url'. p. 35. Sy11:;'•:1i,11n Pm:,·,·dings. Ri,li:11,,nd. Viq;inia, 17-19 S,pkr:1l1,·r 19t>9. C.S [kp;i:tm.:nt ofll,·Jlth. fdu,;.tkn Jrtd \\'dfar,, i:lRll. [JBL ~,:,~. \\'J<hi11i:t,1n. D.C. 25. Rl'G!I. !{~. Gl~'-S. E.l, HO, H.S. and LL\CH. W.!.f. R,·,r,•n"'' of the ~l,,1,,:· 'to "i,·rl,Y.JW R:,,!i.,tiun Ot.ring E,trou, (y.:lc ar,d P:q·;1.mcy. RaJ:ctivn R,·sn:rch 62; 225, 1975. 26. !-IJLROY. W.C'. Jnd ~IICIL\I LS0:--1, S.M. Di,,f,,r.ic;il Effrcts of Mi,·rowave R~<!iJtion. /lcu/rh l'ltysics 20: 567, 1971. 27. \'11.Lf'OHlll. J.C. l'.S. P~Mi-: 11~.lih S~ni.~ C\,n,<':n and .·\cti\'itin Rda· led tu llcalth lrnplkati,,m ,,i \{inl•wa,·c Radiati0n. p. XJII. fii,·l,•i:k Effrds and lkalth IJJ;'Jrds of Mi,·H,wa\'t: RJdiatk,n. Pron'('din~~ of an lnkrnati,,na.1 Sympo•ium, \\'ars:iw 15-1S Ol'!oh..-r J973. P,,lish M~dic;1l rubfoh(rS, Wanaw 1974.

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kd i'Jj··.~~ ,,f ti-"· I. ':\t. l. i,SI ,\: ... ~.,! V,.•.:i:1~ H·.•uid~r. (',,1.-r.,·l<•. 2·:,.23 0.1 . .,t-.r i'.1'5. [!!!!.',\ I'.' Ii' .·;.,;1 I IH i-,-~~,r I \'ol. fl. 11):,·.:,,1',·11 i'.'76. fl,-. h-i!k, \!.,:.,l.:r,J :!.1°'.'~7.

:9. 11.\\i,I\'. '\ 1'., Tl 11.. H .\., \T11I.Y. 1.W .. ,nd .l.\\'I S. D.I. Jr .. !!: :h Pc•·.1-r P..,.fo:r;,'.j,,•.·n,·y ;,r.•J ~li;:,.,;,,,, R.,.::,:: .. n S,,i;r,,·;· .-\ S,,,dy ,_.; R.·lJ•

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30. co:-;c•\TR. D L l!,~Jd;j;,f kf- {C,-!ro,6;; !-:!CJ r-:r~,-1,n,:I r~ .•. , .. ~.rr~ Prd>­

. kms · l:iiti;,,I Ob.,,n·:,ti,~n~. ·p. 65. r: :,,-nkd Jt the 1976 :\:,:•.:cl '-kc·tii~t'. of the tr.·,·rn,:i .. 11:,I 1.':.: .. -;i ,,J° ::".:~io $,.kn,·l'. I 1-15 Oc·:0b,·1 J'.176. ,\,;t,n~t. ~! .. ~~-" ~' ~ ,,· tts.

31. JA'.\lS,D E., HU .. RA, .-\THEY, T.W. ~nc! HASKJ:'-J, 'l.N. R~,!il,fi,:•qt,~n­cy RJ·1i.,:h,n l.,h·h ir: l.\t:,n A•,·a~. Pr,::-•:nkd at th.: 19,76 \:cr.::.J '.L·.-:ini: of th, l;i,,·,n~:iL,n.,1 l'i:1:.-:·, vf R.,J;1, c;_;, :1,,:, I 1-1~ O,,,.t..-r 19i6. A;;,:,.•r,t. ~f-L,~,h t1U~1,:tts.

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