Post on 23-Jan-2023
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‚‡· ÌȯȈ˜˙˙ÈÏVII
[I]
Abstracts
Alei Sefer 23, August 2013
STUDIES IN BIBLIOGRAPHY AND IN THE HISTORY OF THE PRINTED
AND THE DIGITAL HEBREW BOOK
23
EDITED BY
DOV SCHWARTZ £ GILA PREBOR
BAR-ILAN UNIVERSITY PRESS, RAMAT GAN
[II]
Abstracts
Alei Sefer 23, August 2013
STUDIES IN BIBLIOGRAPHY AND IN THE HISTORY OF THE PRINTED
AND THE DIGITAL HEBREW BOOK
PUBLISHED BY THE
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SCIENCE
Editors: Dov Schwartz, Gila Prebor
Editorial Board: Shifra Baruchson-Arbib, Zeev Gries,
Colette Sirat, Yaakov Shmuel Spiegel
Advisory Board: Malachi Beit-Arié, Mordechai Glatzer, Moshe Hallamish,
Shlomo Zalman Havlin, Y. Tzvi Langermann, Gad Freudenthal,
Binyamin Richler, Menahem Schmelzer, Daniel Sperber,
Joseph Tabory
Address of Editorial Board:
Department of Information Science
Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, ISRAEL, 5290002
Published with the assistance of:
The Yehoshua and Bracha Barzilai Foundation, Bar-Ilan University
The Office of the Rector, Bar-Ilan University
Vice-President for Research, Bar-Ilan University
ISSN 0334-4754
© 2013
Copyright Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan
All rights reserved, including those of translation.
No part of this journal may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and
recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publisher.
Printed in Israel 2013
Lavi Ltd., Tel-Aviv
[III]
Abstracts
Alei Sefer 23, August 2013
‘Alei Sefer’ is dedicated to the memory of Yehoshua Barzilai z"l,
bibliographer and bibliophile
[V]
Abstracts
Alei Sefer 23, August 2013
CONTENTS
RABIN SHUSHTRI: The Unique Place of Codex Munich 95 in the Version
Tradition of Tractate Sukka 5
AVISHAI BAR-ASHER: ‘This Fourth Part has been neither Copied nor
Printed’: On the Identification of the Last Part of Sha’are Qedusha 37
SHAUL REGEV: R. Isaac Aderbi’s Divrei Shalom: Between Venice
and Warsaw Editions 51
GILA PREBOR: Sefer HaZiquq as a Source for Hebrew Bibliography 63
SHLOMO E. GLICKSBERG: The Scandiano Synagogue Customs
According to R. Joshua Segre 81
MEIR BAR-ILAN: The Genizah: Antonin’s and Wertheimer’s Collections 121
ARIEL ROTH: The Habad Literary Corpus 139
In the Paths of the Hebrew Book: Comments and New Studies
ARLETTE LIPSZYC-ATTALI: The Commentary on Proverbs by
Joseph Caspi, its Edition by Isaac Last and Manuscript Paris,
Bibliothèque Nationale, Hébreu 184 165
GAVRIEL YITSHAK RAVENNA: A Review of the New Edition of the
Book Tanya Rabbati 179
English Abstracts VII
[VII]
Abstracts
Alei Sefer 23, August 2013
ENGLISH ABSTRACTS
The Unique Place of Codex Munich 95 in the Version Tradition of
Tractate Sukka
Rabin Shushtri
No manuscript of the Babylonian Talmud is better known than the Munich
Codex (Cod. Heb. 95). This manuscript is the only one containing the complete
Talmud and Mishna. In addition, this manuscript had most of its tractates
copied by R. Rabinowitz in his book Dikdukei Sofrim.
This article deals with the tradition of version of the Munich Codex for
Tractate Sukka in the Babylonian Talmud. A methodical analysis of the
manuscript’s version for the tractate and its comparison to the other text
witnesses of the tractate – both direct and indirect – reveals a complex yet
interesting pattern regarding this manuscript. Although the chief version of
this manuscript follows the Ashkenazi tradition, there were many versions
found within that can be traced back to the early Eastern tradition. In many of
the cases one can conclude with sufficient certainty that the specific version
is the original and was revised already in the East. Another finding is of the
many fused versions that exist in the manuscript.
These data teach us that the author of the Munich Codex (or one of his
predecessors) had before him various codices of different origins and traditions.
These conclusions are critical for the evaluation of the versions presented in
the Munich Codex for Tractate Sukka. Much weight should be given to the
versions of this manuscript and to the option that that they may reflect an
early, original Eastern tradition.
[VIII]
Abstracts
Alei Sefer 23, August 2013
‘This Fourth Part has been neither Copied nor Printed’:
On the Identification of the Last Part of Sha’are Qedusha
Avishai Bar-Asher
Sefer Sha’are Qedusha, traditionally attributed to R. Hayyim Vital, has been
transmitted, since its first edition, with a great deal of uncertainty as to the
origination of its fourth and final section. Unlike the broad circulation of the
central part of the composition, textual evidence of the final section was largely
lost. It is generally assumed that this was due to a decision on the part of the
editors of the composition: either that of the first editor, or even earlier by
Vital’s manuscript copyist in Egypt.
Previous attempts to identify the lost fragment have involved copying and
ascribing chapters from other minor texts as the fourth chapter of this significant
work. In light of the contentious nature of this section, a critical analysis of
this crucial fragment has to date not been attempted.
Through a close study of those remaining manuscripts, and the attention
they have been afforded by other scholars, I reconstruct the textual and
intellectual history of this mysterious abstract. I suggest that only the first
chapter (Hebrew: Sha’ar) of the missing section has somehow survived.
However, the remainder, if any of the attributions were authentic, has been
lost. Furthermore, the other texts in the manuscripts attributed to Sha’are
Qedusha were altogether unconnected to the original composition.
This study thus contributes to the publishing activity of Kabbalistic texts
in this generation in general and to the investigation of this cryptic text in
particular. Through a thorough study of the various editions of this text
published in the last decades, I present what I term ‘the invention’ of a new
composition, in which misattributions of the codex of manuscripts abound. In
light of this I seek to reconfigure the fourth section through a study of the lost
fragments of the fourth section.
[IX]
Abstracts
Alei Sefer 23, August 2013
R. Isaac Aderbi’s Divrei Shalom: Between Venice and Warsaw Editions
Shaul Regev
R. Isaac Aderbi (Salonika, 16th century), a disciple of R. Joseph Taitazak,
was known for two books that he wrote: Divrei Rivot, which was responsa,
and Divrei Shalom, a book of sermons. Divrei Shalom was printed in three
editions during the 16th century, the first edition in Salonika and the other
two in Venice. In the 19th century, it was printed again in Warsaw. A comparison
between the Warsaw edition and the other three show some significant changes
made by the publisher in form and content, as a result of an arbitrary decision.
The major changes are: (1) Interchanging between the first and second part of
the book; (2) Transferring sermons or parts of sermons from the first part to
the second part; (3) Omitting the third sermon of the first part for no obvious
reason. As a result of this, there were corrections to be made in the cross
references which the publisher ignored. (4) Disregarding information and notes
written by the author or the proofreader of the previous editions. The publishers
of the Warsaw edition did not leave any documentation to explain or justify
their actions, or even to mention the changes that were made.
Sefer HaZiquq as a Source for Hebrew Bibliography
Gila Prebor
One of the challenges of the field of Hebrew bibliography is the attempt to
“reconstruct” Hebrew books that were printed but have become lost for various
reasons. One of the sources from which we can learn about these lost books is
Sefer HaZiquq by Domenico Yerushalmi. This article discusses the
bibliographic structure of Sefer HaZiquq in comparison with the extant works
known from the period and from lists of books. It also presents and analyzes
the bibliographic details that come to light in Sefer HaZiquq.
[X]
Abstracts
Alei Sefer 23, August 2013
The Scandiano Synagogue Customs According to R. Joshua Segre
Shlomo E. Glicksberg
The manuscript of prayer customs that this article presents was written by R.
Joshua Segre in the 18th century (1740). It reflects the practices of prayer and
Torah reading in the synagogue of the Almansi brothers in the city of Scandiano
of those days. In his introduction, Segre emphasizes that he documents earlier
practices and that he used earlier, similar compositions in his possession. In
further writings of his, Segre presents a list of modifications to those original
practices that he established during the years he spent serving the Scandiano
community.
At first glance, this community seems to follow Italian customs. However,
a deeper reading leads us to believe that this is a subset of Italian customs,
including many differences to the standard practice as seen in the Italian prayer
book. Many of these differences originate from the sefardic or ashkenazic
customs. Others seem to be influenced by kabalistic writings. This research
also compares the practices of the Scandiano congregation with those of Venice,
Milan and Viadana, which was Segre’s previous location. In addition, unique
customs are pointed out.
The Genizah: Antonin’s and Wertheimer’s Collections
Meir Bar-Ilan
This article aims to shed light on the early years of the Genizah manuscripts’
publications by looking at the source of the manuscripts, some known to be
from the Genizah while others came from an unknown source.
First, Archimandrite Antonin’s (1817-1894) collection is discussed and
later Rabbi S. Wertheimer’s collection, showing similarities and differences
between these collections. Their sources, as well as their middlemen, are
discussed.
It is already known that R. Wertheimer published manuscripts from the
Genizah before S. Schechter (1846-1915) did, but which was the first Ms.
[XI]
Abstracts
Alei Sefer 23, August 2013
from the Genizah to be published is not clear. It is suggested that the first
scholar who published Mss. from the Genizah, without telling his source, was
S. Pinsker (1801-1864), whose Mss. were given by his friend: A. Firkowiz
(1787-1874). Pinsker books were published in 1860 and 1864 and it is assumed
that his books are based on Mss. that came to Firkowiz from the Genizah.
The Habad Literary Corpus
Ariel Roth
During the years of existence of Habad hassidism, extensive literature was
created by scholars following the philosophy of RaSHaZ. The collective Habad
literature has expanded so that today, the number of primary sources that can
be associated to Habad hassidism exceeds three thousand titles. Furthermore,
in our time, we address not only written literature but also information stored
in other media.
The purpose of this research is to try and sift the extensive information. To
examine criteria pursuant to which it will be possible to establish what is the
Habad literary corpus, i.e., what is the literature that should be considered
Habad literature, and who is the person whose products shall be identified as
Habad philosophy. Within the framework of this question we shall try and
offer several criteria which will allow identification of a written product or an
oral statement as part of the Habad literary corpus. We shall suggest that this
corpus alone serves as a source for Habad knowledge. This question is
fundamental to the base of bibliographic, historic, contemplative or social
research focusing upon the Habad hassidism.
[XII]
Abstracts
Alei Sefer 23, August 2013
The Commentary on Proverbs by Joseph Caspi, its Edition by Isaac
Last and Manuscript Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Hébreu 184
Arlette Lipszyc-Attali
Isaac ben Joseph Last is known as the editor of a great number of works
authored by the 14th century provincial philosopher Joseph Ibn Caspi. At the
beginning of the 20th century, Last copied in European libraries and, almost
single-handedly, published many of his commentaries. In consequence, Caspi
became one of the few philosophers of his time known to students of Jewish
studies.
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, Hébreu 184 is the only known copy of a
commentary on Proverbs by Caspi and it was published by Last in Presbourg,
1903, pp. 7-80. In his introduction, the editor affirms that “he copied the
manuscript as it is”.
When I described the manuscript for the New Catalogue, I compared the
text with the edition and discovered that the two texts were not identical: the
edition introduced divisions, the end of biblical verses and many other small
differences.
There are other intriguing differences. The pagination, as well as the
description of the manuscript, written about 1860 (thus well before the copy
by Last), by Salomon Munk fit the manuscript as it is now. I discovered that
two folios are lacking between ff. 142 and 143, corresponding to a lacuna
extending from Prov. 13, 1 to 14, 3. The loss cannot have occurred after Last
copied the manuscript. However, the edition gives, on pp. 46 to 48, a text
which does not exist in the manuscript. No explanation is given by Last. Did
Isaac Last forge these pages?
[XIII]
Abstracts
Alei Sefer 23, August 2013
A Review of the New Edition of the Book: Tanya Rabbati
Gavriel Yitshak Ravenna
A new edition of the book of Halakhah known as Tanya Rabbati was recently
published by Mosad ha-Rav Kook. Although this edition includes an
introduction, it does not provide all the relevant information, offers some
inaccurate details, has incomplete bibliographic references and requires
language editing. Facts are missing in regard to the various manuscripts and
there is no discussion of the connections between them. Despite the preferential
treatment given to one particular manuscript, this edition carries an eclectic
signature. Certain erroneous ‘corrections’ were made to this version of the
text, while, on several occasions, other relevant, attested versions are ignored;
valuable source editions are not properly taken into account, negatively
influencing the quality of the work. Many of the accompanying footnotes are
too brief and lack the necessary information. Though this new edition is
valuable as a useful edition, a better, corrected edition is still needed.
[5]
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Ù¯ÙÏ Ì‚ ‰Â˙ È˙„Â˙ Æ‰Ê ¯Ó‡ÓÏ’Æ̉È˙ˆÚ ̉È˙¯ډ ÏÚ ÏËʯ ·‡ÂÈ ¯¢„Ï Șҷ˜ÈÏÈÓ ÌÈÈÁ ± ÔÈÓ‡‰ ‡ ΢‰ ÍÂ¯Ú „ÂÓÏ˙ Ôӄȯ٠Ȣ˘ ‰‡¯ Ò¢˘‰ ÏÎ ·È˙ÎÏ ÏÚÙÓÎ πµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î Ï˘ „ÂÁÈÈ ÏÚ—
Ú ¨Ê¢˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ˜¯ÂÈ ÂÈ ¨ÁÒÂ‰Ó’Ú È˘¢ ¨Ôӄȯ٠Ȣ˘ ‰‡¯Â Æ¥≥ ¨¥≤ ˙¯ډ·Â ∑∑ ÔÂÈÏÂÎÒ· ‰ÎÂÁ ÈÈÈ
‚Ó Ï˘Ú˙ ˙ÏÈÚ ¨®Â¢Ò˘˙© ‡ ¨‡Ú ¨ÔÂȈ ¨¢˙ÈӒƱ∞∞ ‰¯Ú‰ ≥∞ ≤Ú ¨˙Âί· ¨Á¢Î¯˙ ÔÎÈÓ ¨ÌȯÙÂÒ È˜Â„˜„ ¨ıÈ·ÂÈ·¯ ¢¯Ó’Æ≥µ≠≤∑ ≥‚ÈÙ˘ ˘¢È ‰‡¯ ıÈ·ÂÈ·¯ ¢¯ Ï˘ ÂÏÚÙÓ ÏÚÚ ¨ÏÚ ¨Â¢˘˙ Ô‚ ˙Ó¯ ¨È¯·Ú‰ ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙„ÏÂ˙· ÌÈ„ÂÓÓ’¥≥∂
ÆÍÏȇ¥„ Ï˘ Â˙ÓÈ˘¯ ‰‡¯’ ‚ÂÏÔȘÈ˙„Â·Ú ¨¢˘Â¯ÈÙ ÌÚ ˙ÈÚ„Ó ‰¯Â„‰Ó ∫ÈÏ··· ‰˘‰ ˘‡¯ Ï˘ ·ÂË ÌÂÈ ˜¯Ù¢ ¨
Ú ¨Á¢Ó˘˙ ¨‰˜È¯Ó‡· ÌÈ·¯Ï ˘¯„Ó‰ ˙È· ¨¯ÂË˜Â„Ó’Ú ¨Ì˘ ¯‡È˙ ÏÚ ÍÓ˙ÒÓ ÔÏ‰Ï ¯Â‡È˙‰ ÆÊÓ≠‰Ó Æ≠ÁÓ ßÓµÚ‰ ˙ÂÎȇ ÏÚ‚ ‰‡¯ Â˙˜˙Ú ¨®¥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÔȘÈÏÂÓ’‚„‰ ¯·Î ÆÆƘ¯Ë˘ ¨ıÈ·ÂÈ·¯¢ ∫ ‡ÏÓ Ó¢È΢ ¢È
˙¯ÂÒÓ¢ ¨È¯Ë˘Â˘ ߯ ‰‡¯ ¨ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈ˘Â·È˘ · ˘È˘ ‰˙ÏÚ‰ ‰ÎÂÒ ˙ÎÒÓÏ È˙˜È„· Ì‚ Æ¢ÔÂÓȯΠÌÈ˘Â·È˘·Ú ¨Ú¢˘˙ ¨ÔÏȇ ¯· ˙ËÈÒ¯·È‡ ¨¯Â˘„ ˙„Â·Ú ¨¢ÈÏ··· ‰ÎÂÒ ˙ÎÒÓ Ï˘ ÁÒ‰ӒÏÈÚÏ© Ôӄȯ٠‰‡¯Â Ƶ≠≥
Ú ¨®± ‰¯Ú‰‚ ÏÏ΢ ∫±¥∑ ßӉȇ˘ ‰„ÈÓ· ®Â˘·Â˘ ‡© ¯ˆ˜˙ ·˘ ÌÈÓÎÁ‰ ˙ÂÓ˘˘ ¨Ó¢ÈÎ È·‚Ï ‡Â‰ Ï„‚¯Ú˘ ˘Ù‡ Ƅȉ È·˙Î ‡˘· ‰ÏȨ¯˘Ù‡‰ ÏÎÎ ·È˙Ή ‡ ˆ˜Ï Ó¢ÈÎ ÙÂÒ Ï˘ ÈÏÏΉ ‰Ó‚ÓÏ ÍÈÈ˘ ‰Ê ÔÈ
Æ¢ÆÆÆ˙ÂÏ·Á˙ ÂËÈ˘ ‰ÓÎ ıÓȇ ‰Ó˘Ï˘ Á‡ ‰„ÈÁÈÎ Ò¢˘‰ ÏÎ ‡ ·Â˙ÎÏ ‰·Á¯‰ Â˙ÈÎÂ˙Ó ÏÁ ‡È‰ Û‡Â∂Ú ¨®≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© Ò¢˜„ ‰‡¯Ó’¯Ï ÍÈÈ˘ ‰È‰ „ȉ ·˙΢ ÁÈÎÂÓ˘ ≥± ’‡ÏÓÓ ‰È‰ ‡Ï ÔÎ ‡Ï ̇˘ ¨‰ÈÙÒ‰È
‚ Â˙‡¯Ó Â˙‡ ‰˜˘ ˙¯˘Ù‡‰ ˙‡ Ì˘ ‰Á„ ÔΠÂÏ˘·Î · ‰˘ÂÚ ˙ÂÂÈÏÈ’ÌȯÁ‡ ÌÈÏÚ· Âȉ˘ ‡ ‰È˙˙Ó ÆÌ˘ ÔÈÈÚ ¨ÂÈÙÏ
[6]
È¯Ë˘Â˘ ÔÈ·¯
¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡
Ï ¯˘‡· ˜ÙÒ ˘ÈÆÊ΢‡· ·˙Î „ȉ ·˙Î ÈÎ ¯Â·Ò ıÈ·ÂÈ·¯ Ƅȉ ·˙Î Ï˘ ‰·È˙Ή ̘Ó
‚¨ÛϘ‰ È„„ˆ È˘ ÔÈ· ÔÈÁ·‰Ï ¯˘Ù‡˘ ÔÂÂÈÎÓ ˙Ù¯ˆ· ·˙Î „ȉ ·˙΢ ˙¯˘Ù‡ ‰ÏÚÓ ¯ˆÏ
Æ„¢È‰ ‰‡Ó· Ê΢‡Ï ÈÈÈÙ‡ Âȇ˘ ˯Ù∑
¨„ȉ ·˙Î Ï˘ Â˙ÂÈÊ΢‡ ˙‡ ‰ÁÈΉ Ìȯ˜ÂÁ ¯ÙÒÓ È„È ÏÚ ÔÎÈÓ „È ·˙Î ÁÒ ˙˜È„·∏
Æ‰Ê „È ·˙Î Ï˘ ÂÓÊ ‡ˆÂÓ ¯Â‡Ï ¯Ú˘Ï ‰È‰ Ô˙È˘ ÈÙÎπ˙ÎÒÓÏ ÔÎÈÓ „È ·˙Î ÁÒ ˙˜È„·
È˙˘ ˙‚ˆ‰ ˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· ˙‡Ê ˙·ίÂÓ ¯‡˙Ï ˘˜·Ó ȇ ‰Ê ¯Ó‡Ó· Æ˙·Î¯ÂÓ ‰ÂÓ˙ ‰ÏÚÓ ‰ÎÂÒ
˙¯ÂÒÓ ÏÚ ÈÏÏÎ ‰¯È˜Ò ‰ÏÈÁ˙ ÌÈ„˜‡ ƉÎÂÒ ÎÒÓÏ ÔÎÈÓ „È ·˙Î ÁÒ· ÂȈӉ ÂÚÙÂ˙
Æ˙ÎÒÓ· ÁÒ‰
Æ˙¢ ˙ˆÂÙ˙Ó ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈ¯È˘È ÁÒÂ È„Ú ÈÏ··· ‰ÎÂÒ ˙ÎÒÓϱ∞˙Â‡Ó Ì˘È ÌÈ„Ú‰ ÔÈ·
‚ ÈÙÂÏÈÁ¯ÒÓ Í‡ ‰‰Ê ÂÎÂ˙˘ ËÒ˜Ë ÂÈȉ„ ¨ÁÂÒÈ ÈÈÂÈ˘· ÌÈ„˜Ó˙Ó ÌÈÙÂÏÈÁ‰ ·Â¯ Ɖү
‰ ÌÈÙÒ ÌÈÙÂÏÈÁ Ɖ¯‰·‰Â ˘Â¯ÈÙ ˙ÂÂ˘Ï ˙ÙÒ‰· ÔΠ‰Â˘ ÁÂÒÈ·œ˙‰‚‰ Ï˘ ‰‡ˆÂ˙ Ì
Æ˙¯„‰ ˆÂ¯Ó· ÌÈ„ÈÓÏ˙‰Â ÌÈÓÎÁ‰ È„È ÏÚ ÌȯÙÒ‰±±„ÓÏÓ ‰ÎÂÒ ÎÒÓ· ÌÈÙÂÏÈÁ‰ ÁÂ˙È
˙Âȯ˜ÈÚ ÁÒ ˙¯ÂÒÓ È˙˘ Ï˘ ÔÓÂȘ ÏÚ±≤˙‡ ÏÏΠͯ„· ˙ÏÏÂΉ Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ Æ‡ ∫
© ÌÈÈÊ΢‡‰Â ÌÈÈ„¯ÙÒ‰ ÌÈ„Ú‰„‡ÒÏÂÓ„‡ÒÏÂÓ„‡ÒÏÂÓ„‡ÒÏÂÓ„‡ÒÏÂÓÈÚ˘· ¯˜ÈÚ·© Á¯ÊÓ· ˙¯ÂÒÓ‰ Ï˘ ‰˘¯Â˘ ͇ ®
ÚÏ ‰ÊÈ‚ Æ®Á¢¯·Â Ìȇ‚· Û‡ ÌÈ˙˙‡ˆÓ ‰È‡˘ ˙È·È˯Ëχ‰ ˙ÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ÁÒ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ Æ·
© ÈÓÈ˙‰ ÁÒ· ·Â¯Ï ‡ˆÓ Á¯‰ ÁÒ··˙·˙·˙·˙·˙¨Ìȇ‚© ÌÈÙÈ˜Ú ÌÈÈÁ¯ÊÓ ÌÈ„Ú· ÌÈ·¯ Ìȯ˜Ó·Â ®
Æ®Á¢¯
∑‚ ‰‡¯Ú ¨®¥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÔȘÈÏÂÓ’Æ ∏‡ ‰‡¯’‚Ò ‚Ó ÈÏ·· Ï˘ ÁÒ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ¢ ¨Ï¨·¢Ó˘˙ ¨ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ˙ȯ·Ú‰ ‰ËÈÒ¯·È‡‰ ¨¯Â˘„ ˙„Â·Ú ¨¢‰ÏÈ
ÚÓ’‚ ‰‡¯ ÔΠƢÈÊ΢‡ ‰È‰ ¯ÙÂÒ‰˘ „ÈÚÓ Â·ÈË ÏÎ Ï·‡¢ ∫±∞π Ú ¨®¥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÔȘÈχ‰ Ó¢È΢ ∫ ßÓÌÈÂÈÚ ∫‰ˆÈ· ˙ÎÒÓ ÈÏ·· „ÂÓÏ˙¢ ¨ÏË ß‡ ‰‡¯Â Æ¢ÆÆÆ¢ÈΠ‡¢ÈÎÏ Ú·˜ ÔÙ‡· ·¯Â˜Ó‰ ˜‰·ÂÓ ÈÊ΢‡ È¢Î
Ú ¨Ê¢Ò˘˙ ¨ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ˙ȯ·Ú‰ ‰ËÈÒ¯·È‡‰ ¨¯Â˘„ ˙„Â·Ú ¨¢‰ÎÈ¯Ú ˙Âχ˘·Â ÁÒ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ·Ó’¢ ∫≤∂∏ ÓÓÓÓÓ
¯˙ÂÈ· ßÈÊ΢‡ßÎ ÂÓÂ˜Ó ÏÚ ¯Ó¢ ‡Â‰ ÂÊ ‰ÈÁ·Ó ¨ÌÈÙȈ¯‰ ÌÈ„Ú‰ ·Â¯ ˙ˆÂ·˜ Ï˘ ÈÏ‡Ó˘‰ ȈȘ‰ ¯‡˘Æ¢Ì‰ÈÈ·Ó
π‚‰˘ ˙¯ÙÒÓ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ ÏÚ‚ÈÙ˘ ‰‡¯ È˘‡ ·¯ Ï˘ ‡Ó˜ ‰¯Â„‰Ó ‡Â‰˘ ÂÈÏÚ ¯Ó‡Â ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î ˙‡ ‰‡¯ ‡¢¯ÏÚ ¨®≥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ©Ó’Ú ¨®Ê¢Ó˘˙© ‰ ¨ÌÈÚÂË ¨¢ÈÂÏÒ¯·Ó ÈÂÏ Ï‡¯˘È ߯¢ ¨ÔÈÏ·‰ Ê¢˘ ÔΠ¥±∏ Ó’Æ≥∑ ‰¯Ú‰ π∏
±∞˙ˆÂÙ˙Ó ‡Â‰ ÌÈ„Ú‰ Ï˘ ̇ˆÂÓ Æ‰ÎȯΠÈÚ˘ ‰ÊÈ‚ ÈÚ˘ ÔΠÌÈÒÂÙ„ ÌÈÓÏ˘ „È È·˙Î ‰ÂÓ˘ ÂÈ„È· ¯˙ÂÚÏ Ìȯ˘Ù‡Ó ÌÈ„Ú‰ Ï˘ ‰·Á¯‰ Ì˙ˆÂÙ˙ ‰Ê È˙ÂÓÎ ˘ÂÚ ÆÁ¯ÊÓ‰Ó ÔÓÈ˙ „¯ÙÒ Ê΢‡ ∫˙¢‰¯Âˆ· „ÂÓ
‰ÎȯΉ ‰ÊÈ‚‰ ÈÚ˘© ÌÂÓÈÒ ÌÈ¯È˘È‰ ÁÒ‰ È„Ú ˙ÓÈ˘¯ ÔÏ‰Ï Æ˙ÎÒÓ‰ Ï˘ ÁÒ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ ÏÚ ‰·ÂË ∫®˙‡ӂ„‰ ÍÂ˙· ÂȈÈÓÓÓÓÓ ªπµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î Ω Â ª±≥¥ Ô˜ÈËÂ È¢Î Ω ÏÏÏÏÏ ∫Ô„ÂÏ „È≠·˙Î Ω British Library
(Harl. 5508)‚¯Ó ‚ÂÏ˘ Ω ÒÓ ÂÈÏ’ ª¥∞∞ ÒÒÒÒÒ ∫¯ÈÓÒ „È≠·˙Î Ω JTS RAB. 1608 ª∏µ∞ Ï„‡ Ω ‡‡‡‡‡≠·˙Î Ω ∫„¯ÂÙҘ‡ „ÈOxford Bodleian (Opp. Add. Fol. 23) ª≥∂∂Ø≥ Èχ˜≠¯Â‡·È ‚ÂÏ˘ Ω ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î Ω
ª±¥∞˙ ≤∂∂∑ Èτ· „¯ÂÙҘ‡ È¢Î Ω Heb. E-51 ª····· ϢӉȷ ˜¯ÂÈ ÂÈ È¢Î Ω 270 EMC ¨Rab. 218 ª„„„„„Ω ª‰¢Ú¯ ¯ÊÈÙ ÒÂÙ„˙
≤ ϢӉȷ ˜¯ÂÈ ÂÈ È¢Î Ω 319 EMC ¨Rab. 108¨Ò˜ÂÙ ˆ¢Ó ‰‡¯ „ȉ È·˙Î ¯Â‡È˙Ï Æ
¨ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ˙ȯ·Ú‰ ‰ËÈÒ¯·È‡‰ ¨¯Â˘„ ˙„Â·Ú ¨¢˙¯ډ ‡·Ó ÌÚ ‰ÎÂÒ ˙ÂÈ˘Ó Ï˘ ˙È˙¯Â˜È· ‰¯Â„‰Ó¢Ú ¨Ë¢Ï˘˙‚ ªÁÒ≠‡Ò ßÓÚ ¨®¥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÔȘÈÏÂÆ≠‡Î ßÓ
±±‚ˆÈÈÓ Ìȇ ̉ ͇ ¯ÙÂÒ ˙ÂÚË· Ì¯Â˜Ó˘ ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈÙÂÏÈÁ ¨Ô·ÂÓÎ ¨Ì˘ÈÒÁÈÈ˙‡ ‡Ï ÔÎÏ ÁÒ ˙¯ÂÒÓ ÌÈÆ‰Ê ¯Ó‡Ó· ̉Èχ
±≤Ú ¨®µ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© È¯Ë˘Â˘ ‰‡¯Ó’Æ≥∂∂≠≥∂µ
[7]
‰ÎÂÒ ÈÏ·· Ï˘ ÁÒ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ· πµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î Ï˘ È„ÂÁÈȉ ÂÓ˜ÈÓ
¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡
ÆÁ¯ÊÓ· „ÂÚ Ú¯È‡ ‰ÎÂÒ ˙ÎÒÓ Ï˘ ÁÒ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ Ï˘ ȯ˜ÈÚ‰ ‚ÂÏÈÙ‰˘ ¨‡ˆÓ±≥¨Ì¯·
Ú ˙¯ÂÒÓ ÍÂ˙·ÌÈ„Ú· ˙‡ˆÓ ‰È‡˘ ÌÈÙÂÏÈÁ Ï˘ ˙ÙÒ ‰·Î˘ ÌȇˆÂÓ Â‡ Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰ Û
„ȉ È·˙η ¯˜ÈÚ· ˙‚ˆÂÈÓ ÌÈÈÁ¯ÊÓ‡ÏÂÓ‡ÏÂÓ‡ÏÂÓ‡ÏÂÓ‡ÏÂÓƱ¥‚‰Ó ˜ÏÁ ‰‡¯‰ ÏÎÎ ‡Â‰ ˙‡Ê ‰·Î˘· ˙‡ү
Æ®„ÂÚ Ȣ˘¯ ˙‰‚‰© ˙ÎÒÓ‰ ÁÒ· ˙¯ÁÂ‡Ó ˙ÈÙ¯ȇ ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ Ï˘ ‰‡ˆÂ˙
͇ ÆÁ¯‰ ÁÒ‰ ¯ÂÒÓÏ ÍÈÈ˘ ‡Â‰˘ ÚÈ˙ÙÓ ‰Ê Ôȇ ÔÎÈÓ „È ·˙Î Ï˘ ÂÓÊ ‡ˆÂÓ Â‡Ï
Ï˘ ÌÈÙȘډ ÌÈ¯È˘È‰ ÁÒ‰ È„ÚÏ Â˙‡Â¢‰Â ‰ÎÂÒ ˙ÎÒÓÏ Ó¢ÈÎ ÁÒÂ Ï˘ ˙È˙ËÈ˘ ‰˜È„·
˙ÎÈÈ˘ Ô· Ó¢ÈÎ Ï˘ ÁÒ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ ‰ÒÈÒ·· Æ‰Ê „È ·˙Î È·‚Ï ˙·Î¯ÂÓ ‰ÂÓ˙ ‰ÏÚÓ ˙ÎÒÓ‰
‚ ‰· ˙‡ˆÓ ͇ ¨Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓÏ‚ Ƈ ∫ÌÈÙÒ ˙Â¯Â˜Ó È˘Ó ˙‡үª˙ÂÈÙ¯ȇ ˙‡ү
‚ Æ·Á¯‰ ÁÒ· Ôȇ˘ ˙ÎÒÓ‰ Ï˘ ˙È·È˯Ëχ‰ ˙ÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ‰Ó ˙‡ү±µÂ¯Ó˙˘Â
ÆÌÈÈÓÈ˙‰ „ȉ È·˙η ÌÈ·¯ Ìȯ˜Ó·±∂
‚‰ ˙ËÈϘ ˙‡ ¯‡˙‡ ‰Ê ¯Ó‡Ó·∫Ï¢‰ ˙¯˜Ӊ È˘Ó Ó¢Èη ˙‡ү±∑‚ ˙ËÈϘ Ƈ ˙‡ү
‚ ‡ˆÓ ̉·˘ ÂÓÂ˜Ó ÔΠ‡ӂ„ ÙÒÓ ‡˙‡ ÆÓ¢Èη ÂÈÙ¯ȇ̂ ÏÏÂ΢ ÌÈȇÏÎ Ò¯
‚‰ ‡ Æ˙ÈÙ¯ȇ‰ ‰Ò¯‚ Æ·˙ÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ¯ÂÒÓ· ԯ˜Ó Á¯‰ ÁÒ· ‡ˆÓ Ôȇ˘ Ó¢Èη ‡ү
˙‡ˆÓ ˙È·È˯Ëχ‰ ˙ÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ‰ ̉·˘ ˙ÂÓ˜ÓÏ ˜ÏÁ˙È ‰Ê ˯ÈÙ Æ˙È·È˯Ëχ‰
‚ ˙‡ˆÓ ̉·˘ ˙ÂÓ˜ÓÏ ‰„ÈÁȉ ˙¯ÂÒÓÎÆ˙¯ÂÒÓ‰ È˙˘Ó ˙·Î¯ÂÓ˘ ÌÈȇÏÎ ˙Ò¯
±Æ ‚¯Ò‡Â˙ ‡È¯ÂÙÈÂ˙
‚ Ï˘ ·¯ ‡ӂ„ Ô˘È˙‡ӂ„‰ È˙˘·© ÔÎÂ˙Ó ˘ ˯ه ÆÓ¢Èη ÂËϘ˘ ÂÈÙ¯ȇ ‡ү
‚· ¯·Â„Ó ˙¯Á‡‰Æ®ÌÈȇÏÎ ˙Ò¯±∏ÌÈÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ÌÈ„Ú· ¯·Á Ó¢ÈÎ ÁÒÂÏ Ôȇ ‰Ï‡ ˙ÂÓ˜ӷ
Æ®ÌÈÈ„¯ÙÒ‰ ¯˜ÈÚ·© ÌȯÁ‡‰ ÌÈ„Ú‰Ó ˜ÏÁ· ‡Ï Û‡Â
±≥Ú ¨®Á¢Ó˘˙© Ê ¨ıÈ·¯˙ ¨¢ÈÏ··‰ „ÂÓÏ˙‰ ¯˜Á· ‰ÎÈ¯Ú ˙ÂÈÚ·Â ÁÒ‰ ˙„ÏÂ˙¢ ¨ÏËʯ ˘¢‡ ‰‡¯Ó’¨±∞ ÚÏ ÏˆÈÙ‰˘ ˜ÈÒÓ˘‡Ï‡ ¨·¯ÚÓÏ Á¯ÊÓ ÔÈ· ‡ ÌÈ„¯ÙÒÏ ÌÈÈÊ΢‡ ȢΠÔÈ· ψÈÙ Âȇ ÌÈÁÒÙ ˙ÎÒÓ· ÌÈÙ
‚ˆÂÈÓ ‰ÊÈ‚· ¯·Î˘ ÍÎÓ ‡È‰ ÂÏ˘ ˙Âȇ¯‰ ˙Á‡ ÆÂÓˆÚ Á¯ÊÓ· ¯·Î ‰Â‰˙Ú‰ È˘ ÌÈÓ Ì‚ ÆÌÈÙ’·˙Î ¨Â˙·Ò Ú Á¢˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ÁÒ‰ ¯ÂÒÓ· ÂÓ˜Ó ®ÈÏ··© Ôȯ„‰Ò ÎÒÓÏ ÈÓÈ˙ „ÈÓ’‚ÏÙ˙‰‰˘ ÈÒÓ ≥≥∑≠≥≥≥ ˙Â
Ú‰ ÔÈ·˘ ˙È„ÂÒȉÚÏ Á¯‰ Û‰‰Ê Á¢¯ ÁÒ ÌÈËÂËȈ‰ ·Â¯·˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ˙‡Ê ¨Á¯ÊÓ· ¯·Î ‰Ú¯È‡ ÈÓÈ˙‰ Û ‰‡¯Â ÆÈÓÈ˙‰ ÁÒÂÏ ‰‰Ê ÂÁÒ Ìȯ˜Ó ËÂÚÈÓ· ˜¯Â ¨˙Á¯‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ‰ ÁÒÂÏ’˙ÂÓ„˜ ÁÒ ˙¯ÂÒÓ¢ ¨ÌÚ
Ú ¨®·¢Ò˘˙≠‡¢Ò˘˙© ÊÈ ¨‡¯„ÈÒ ¨¢„ÂÓÏ˙Ï È¢˘¯ ˙‰‚‰·Ó’‚ÂÏÈ٠‡ˆÓ˘ Ìȯ˜ÁÓ‰ ˙‡ ˙ÓÎÒÓ˘ ¨±±±≠±±∞ ÆÁ¯ÊÓ· ¯·Î ˘Á¯˙‰˘ ˙¯ÂÒÓ È˙˘ ÔÈ·
±¥Ú ¨®µ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© È¯Ë˘Â˘ ‰‡¯Ó’Æπ≤≠∏µ ±µ ȢηÏÏÏÏÏ‚ ‡ˆÓ Ȣη Ì‚ Æۘȉ Â˙‡· ‡Ï ͇ ˙‡Ê ˙¯ÂÒÓÓ ˙‡ү‡‡‡‡‡‚ ˘È ‰˜È„· ͇ ˙‡Ê ˙¯ÂÒÓÓ ˙‡ү
Ú‰ Ô‰ ‰‡¯‰ ÈÙ΢ ‰ÏÚÓ ˙˜„˜Â„ÓƯÁ‡ ̘ӷ ·ÈÁ¯‡ ÍÎ ÏÚ ۢȯ‰Ó Á¢¯Ó ˜˙±∂Ú ¨®±≥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© Â˙·Ò ‰‡¯Ó’‚Ï ˙ÓÈÂÒÓ ‰Ó‡˙‰ ‰‡ˆÓ Ôȯ„‰Ò ˙ÎÒÓÏ Ó¢Èη˘ ¨π ÁÒ‰ ˙‡ү
‚· Ô‰ ÈÓÈ˙‰Ú·Â ˙‰‚‰· ԉ ËҘˉ ÛÂÓ’Ï˘ ‰‚‰· È˙‡ˆÓ ÈÊ΢‡‰ ¯ÂÒÓ· ËÏ· ‚ȯÁ¢ ∫ÌÎÒÓ ≥≥∏ ‚Ó ÈÙÏ ÈÎ ¯·˙ÒÓ ÆÆÆÔÎÈÓ È¢Î¯ ¨ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î Ï˘ Â‰È’Ú ¨ÔÈÓÈ· ‰ÈÙÒÂ‰È ˙¯ÂÒÓ Â‡ ˙ Ï˘ ÁÒ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ ‰„Ó
‚· ‡ˆÓ ‡Ê ¯ÂÒÓ ‰ÎÂÒ ÎÒÓ· Æ¢‰Ï ‰·Â¯˜Ú ®∏ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÏË ‰‡¯Â Æ˙‰‚‰· ‡Ï ËҘˉ ÛÂÓ’≠±∞∞ ‚ ˙·Î¯‰ ÔÈ· ‰Á·‰ Âȯ·„· Ôȇ ͇ ÆÓ¢Èη ‰ÈˆÏÙÂ˜Ï ˙‡ӂ„ ‰ˆÈ· ˙ÎÒÓ· ‡ˆÓ˘ ¨±∞≤˙¯ÂÒÓÓ ˙‡ү
‚ ˙·Î¯‰Ï ˙ÂÓ„˜ ÁÒÂÆ˙¯ÁÂ‡Ó ˙ÂÈÊ΢‡ ˙‡ү±∑‚ÂÒ Ïη ÌȇˆÓ ̉˘ ÔÂÂÈÎÓ ¨Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓÏ Â˙ÂÎÈÈ˙˘‰ ÏÚ ÌÈ„ÈÚÓ‰ ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó È˙˯ÈÙ ‡Ï‚ÂÒ ‰È‰È
ƉÁÎÂ‰Ï ÌÈÎȯˆ Ìȇ±∏ÚÙ˘‰Ï ‡ӂ„ È˙‡·‰ ‡ÏÚ ®µ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© È¯Ë˘Â˘ ‰‡¯ Âχ Â‡Ó‚Â„Ï ÆÓ¢ÈÎ ÏÚ È¢˘¯ ‰‚‰ Ó’Æ≥µ∏
[8]
È¯Ë˘Â˘ ÔÈ·¯
¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡
±±±±±ÆÆÆÆƱ±±±± ÈÈÈÈÈ····· ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡
ÂË© ÔÏ‰Ï ‰˘Ó·Â Æ¢Ô‰· ÔÈÎÎÒÓ Ôȇ ÔÈ„¯Ê ÈÏÈ·Á ÌÈˆÚ ÈÏÈ·Á ˘˜ ÈÏÈ·Á¢ ∫˙¯Ó‡ ‰˘Ó‰
‚· ËËÂÁ‰¢ ∫®‡¢Ú¯ Æ¢‰ÎÂÒ ‰È‡ ‰ÎÂÒ ÂÏ ˙¢ÚÏ ˘È„’Ï˘ ÏÂÒÙ‰ ÌÚË ˙‡ ¯‡·Ó ÔÁÂÈ
‚ ÌÂ˘Ó ‰Ï‡ ˙ÂÈ˘Ó‰˘Ó ÂÊȇ ÏÚ ·˜ÚÈ ß¯ ˜Ù˙҉ ¨È¢ډ ÔÓ ‡Ï ‰˘Ú˙ Ì¢Ó ¯ˆÂ‡ ˙¯Ê
‚ÂÒ‰ ÆÌÚË ÏÎ ·ÒÂÓ‚ ÌÂ˘Ó ˘˜ ÈÏÈ·Á ˙˘Ó˘ ‰˜ÈÒÓ ‰ÈËËÂÁ‰ ˙˘Ó ÂÏȇ ¯ˆÂ‡ ˙¯Ê
‚·‚ÂÒ‰ ÆÈ¢ډ ÔÓ ‡Ï ‰˘Ú˙ ÌÂ˘Ó È„Æ˙ÂÈ˘Ó‰ È˙˘· ‰Â˘‰ ÏÂÒÙ‰ Ô¢ÏÓ ‡Ê ‰ÁÈÎÂÓ ‰È
¢Ô‰· ÔÈÎÎÒÓ Ôȇ¢ ÔÂ˘Ï‰ ÂÏȇ ¨‰ÎÂÒ ‰È‡ ‡˙Èȯ‡„Ó ÂÏÈÙ‡˘ ‰¯ÂÓ ¢‰ÎÂÒ ‰È‡¢ ÔÂ˘Ï‰
‚ ÌÂ˘Ó ˜¯ ‰ÏÂÒÙ ‰ÎÂÒ‰˘ ‰¯ÂÓ‚ ÛÂÏÈÁ ˘È ‰Ê ÈÂ˘Ï ˜ÂÈ„· Ɖ¯Ê‚‰ Á¯‰ ÁÒ· Ɖү‰Ò¯
Ô‰· ÔÈÎÎÒÓ Ôȇ È˙˜„ ‡Î‰¢ ∫‡È‰ÏÎ˙ÁÈω‚ ÌÂ˘Ó ≠·© ¢¯ˆÂ‡ ˙¯ÈÊ„‡„‡„‡„‡„‡‡˙Èȯ‡„Ó ‡‰¢
≠· Æ¢ÈÓ„ ¯ÈÙ˘·˙Ï·˙Ï·˙Ï·˙Ï·˙Ï≠· Æ®‡˙ÈÏ ÒÓÒÓÒÓÒÓÒÓ‚‰ ‚ ÌÂ˘Ó Ô‰· ÔÈÎÎÒÓ Ôȇ È˙˜„ ‡Î‰¢ ∫‡È‰ ‰Ò¯˙¯ÈÊ
Æ¢ÈÓ„ ¯ÈÙ˘ ‡˙Èȯ‡„Ó ‡‰ ¯ˆÂ‡
‚ Á¢¯‚„Ó Û‡Â ¢‰ÏÈÁ˙ÎÏ¢ ˙·È˙ ˙‡ Ò¯Â͇ ˘˜ ÈÏÈ·Á· ÍÎÒÏ Ôȇ ‰ÏÈÁ˙ÎÏ ˜¯˘ ˘È
Ɖ¯˘Î ‰ÎÂÒ‰ „·ÚÈ„·±π
‚ ÏÚ ÌÈ·˙ÂÎ ®·¢Ú ·È© Ôȇ ‰¢„ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙‚ ‡Ï¢ ∫˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯‡Ï ÈÓ „·ÚÈ„„ ‰ÏÈÁ˙ÎÏ ÔÈÒ¯
Æ¢ÈÓ„ ¯ÈÙ˘ ‡˙Èȯ‡„Ó ‡‰ ¯Ó‡˜„Ó Ô·¯„Ó È‰Ó≤∞‚ ˙Ò¯ÒÓÒÓÒÓÒÓÒÓ‚Î ‡È‰ ‡È‰ ÔΠ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙‰ ˙Ò¯
‚≠˘ ÔÈÈˆÏ ˘È Ɖ¢‡¯‰ ˙Ò¯·˙Ï·˙Ï·˙Ï·˙Ï·˙Ï‚ Ìȇ ÂÁÈΉ Ì˘Ó˘ ¢ÈÓ„ ¯ÈÙ˘ ‡˙ȯ‡„Ó ‡‰¢ ÌÈÒ¯Â
‚ Á¢¯© Ô·¯„Ó ÏÂÒÙ „·ÚÈ„· Û‡˘ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙Æ®‰¯˘Î „·ÚÈ„·˘ ¯·ÂÒ˘ Û‡ ÏÚ ˙‡Ê Ò¯Â
‚‰ ˙‡ ¯‡·Ó Ô¢¯‰Ú„Ï ¨¢‰ÏÈÁ˙ÎÏ¢ ‰Ò¯‚ÂÒ· ¢‰ÏÈÁ˙ÎÏ¢ ÁÂÓ‰ Â˙˙‡ ÔÈÈˆÓ Âȇ Â˙ÈÈ
ƉÎÂÒ Ì˘Ï ‰ÏÈÁ˙ÎÏ ÍÎÈÒ˘ ‰¯˜Ó‰ ¯Â‡È˙ ˙‡ ‡Ï‡ È˙Îω‰ Û˜Â˙‰≤±
‚‰‚‰ Û‡ ‡È‰Â Á¢¯·Â ÌÈ„Ú‰ ·Â¯· ˙‡ˆÓ ¢‰ÏÈÁ˙ÎÏ¢ ‰Ò¯‰‡¯‰ ÈÙΠ˙È˘˜ÂÓ‰ ‰Ò¯
‚ Æ˙ȯ˜Ӊ ˙Ò¯ÓÓÓÓÓÚÙ˘‰· ‰¯ˆÂ ‰‡¯‰ ÈÙΠ˙È˘Ó Æ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙ ˙
±Æ≤ ±Æ≤ ±Æ≤ ±Æ≤ ±Æ≤ÏÏÏÏÏ····· ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢·····
‚ÂÒ‰Ú¢ ˜ÂÒÙÏ ‰‡È·Ó ‰ÈÂ˙ÂÂ΢ ‰Ê ˜ÂÒÙÓ ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ „ˆÈÎ ˙¯‡·Ó˘ ˙¢¯„ ¢˙Â·Ú ıÚ Û
¯ Ï˘ Â˙˘¯„· ÆÒ„‰Ï’‚ ˘ÂÏ˘ Ô˘È ·˜ÚÈ Ô· ¯ÊÚÈχ ∫˙Âȯ˜ÈÚ ˙‡ү
Ƈ˙¨·˙‡˙¨·˙‡˙¨·˙‡˙¨·˙‡˙¨·˙‡≤
¨Ù¢‰ ¨≤≤ÚÂ ÂˆÚ ÌÚˢ ıÚ ∫ۢȯ Æ‰Â˘ ÂÈÙ
±π‡ ¯Â„‰Ó χÁ ÂÈ·¯ È˘Â¯ÈÙ’‚ˆÓ ߄ ȈȷÂÏÂÒ Ú „¢˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¯Ó’Ú· ˜ÂÏÁÓ Æ„Î ‰ÎÂÒ ˘Î‰ ÔÈÈÆÌ˘ ‰˘Ó Èί„·Â Ëί˙ ßÈÒ ÛÒÂÈ ˙È· ‰‡¯ „·ÚÈ„· ˙‡Ê
≤∞‚ Âȇ˘ ‰‡¯Â ¨‰ÏÈÁ˙ÎÏ ÚÓ˘Ó ÔÈÎÎÒÓ Ôȇ ÔÂ˘Ï‰Ó˘ ¯ÈÎÊÓ Âȇ ı¯È˙Ï Â¯Â‡È·· È¢˘¯ Ì‚Æ˙‡Ê Ò¯Â≤±ÌÈÓ ÔÎÂ˙Ï ÏÈËÈ ‰ÓÎ ¯¢˙¢ ∫·¢Ú ‰Î ˙Âί·· ÆÈÏ··· ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó È˘· ‡ˆÓ ‰¯˜Ó ¯Â‡È˙Î ¢‰ÏÈÁ˙ÎÏ¢ ÁÂÓ‰
¯ ‡Â‰˘ ÏÎ’Êȯ٠Ȣη ÁÒ‰ ÍΠƢԉ˘ ÏÎ ‰ÏÈÁ˙· Ï·‡ ÛÂÒ·Ï ˙˜ÂÏÁÓ ÔÓÁ ·¯ ¯Ó‡ ˙ÈÚÈ·¯ ¯Ó‡ ȇÎÊ ‚‰ ≥∂∂ „¯ÂÙҘ‡ πµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î· ͇ ÆÒÂÙ„·Â‰Ó· ‰„Â‰È ·¯ ¯Ó‡¢ ∫‡¢Ú ·˜ ÌÈÁÒÙ· Æ¢‰ÏÈÁ˙ÎÏ¢ ‡È‰ ‰Ò¯
‰Î¯· ÔÈÂÚË ÔȇˆÂÈ Ô‰˘Î Ìȯ·Á ˙ˆ˜Ó Ì˘ ÂÁȉ ‡Ï Ï·‡ Ìȯ·Á ˙ˆ˜Ó Ì˘ ÂÁȉ˘ ÔÓÊ· ÌȯÂÓ‡ Ìȯ·„≤∑± ϢӉȷ „·ÏÓ ÌÈÁÒÙÏ „ȉ È·˙Î Ïη ÁÒ‰ ÍΠƢ‰ÏÈÁ˙ÎÏ ‰Î¯· ÔÈÂÚË ÔȯÊÂÁ Ô‰˘Î گÙÓÏ
‚‰ Ì˘ ¨‰È·ÓÂϘ¨‰˘Ó‰ ÁÒÂÏ ‡Â·Ó ¨ÔÈÈË˘Ù‡ ¢È ‰‡¯ ‰ÏÈÁ˙ÎÏ؉ÏÈÁ˙Î ÈÙÂÏÈÁ ÏÚ Æ¢‰ÏÁ˙΢ ‰Ò¯Ú ¨Á¢˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯ÈӒƱ≤∂±≠±≤∂∞
≤≤Ò ¯Â„‰Ó ˙˜ÂÒÙ ÂÎω’Ú ‡¢È˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È Ô¢˘ Ó’‚ ÂÎω· ‡Â‰ ÔΠ·Ï ¨¯ÓÈȉ҄Ïȉ ßÚ ¯Â„‰Ó ˙ÂÏÂ„Ú ¨‡ ¨·¢Ï˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯ÈÓ’Æ®¢‰Â˘ ÂȯÙÂ ÂˆÚ ÌÚˢ¢ ‚¢‰ Ï˘ ‰˘¯Â ÒÂÙ„·© ≥¥π
[9]
‰ÎÂÒ ÈÏ·· Ï˘ ÁÒ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ· πµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î Ï˘ È„ÂÁÈȉ ÂÓ˜ÈÓ
¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡
·Æ„„„„„ÂÆ‰Â˘ ÂȯÙÂ ÂˆÚ ÌÚˢ ıÚ ∫˘¢‡¯ ¨Ë˜Ï‰ ÈÏ·˘ ¨¯ÂËÈÚ‰ ¨Á¢¯ ¨
‚ÆÏÓÏÓÏÓÏÓÏÓÚ˘ ıÚ ∫‡¢·Ëȯ ¨‰¢‡¯ ¨ÆÂˆÚ ˙‡ ÔÈÙÂÁ ÂÈÙ
∫·˙ÂÎ ‡¢·Ëȯ‰
Ú˘ ıÚÚÓ ‡‰„ ‰Â˘ ÂȯÙÂ ÂˆÚ ÌÚˢ ıÚ ‚¢ÏÂ ÂˆÚ ˙‡ ÔÈÙÂÁ ÂÈÙ‡ÎÈÏ ˙Â·Ú ıÚ Û
ÆÈΉ ÔÈ˘¯„„ ‡Â‰ ‚¯˙‡ È·‚ ȯ٠¯ÎÊ ·Â˙η Ôȇ ȯ‰˘ ¨ÈΉ ˘¯„ÓÏ≤≥
‚‰˘ ‰‡¯ÚÂ ÂˆÚ ÌÚˢ ıÚ¢ ‡È‰ ˙ȯ˜Ӊ ‰Ò¯Æ¢‰Â˘ ÂÈÙ≤¥Ïˆ‡ ¯Ó‡Ï ÔÂÈÓ„‰ ˙·˜Ú·
‚˘Â‰ ‚¯˙‡‚‰ Ô‡ÎÏ ‰¯È˘Â˜‰ ·˜Ú Ƃ¯˙‡ ψ‡ ˙˘¯„˘ ¢‰Â˘ ÂȯÙÂ ÂˆÚ ÌÚˢ ıÚ¢ ‰Ò¯
‚·‚‰ ÂÊ ‰Ò¯Ú˘ ıÚ¢Ï Â‰ÈÆ¢ÂˆÚ ˙‡ ÔÈÙÂÁ ÂÈÙ
±Æ≥ ±Æ≥ ±Æ≥ ±Æ≥ ±Æ≥ÏÏÏÏÏ„„„„„ ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢·····
¯ Ï˘ ̉È˙ÂÚ„ ˙‡·ÂÓ ‡˙Èȯ··’¯Â ÔÂÙ¯Ë ß¯ ¨Ï‡ÚÓ˘È ’˙Á˜Ï Íȯˆ ‰ÓÎ ‰Ï‡˘· ‡·È˜Ú
Ú·¯‡Ó ÔÈÓ ÏÎÓ„Á‡ Ò„‰ ÍÎ „Á‡ ‚¯˙‡Â „Á‡ ·ÏÂÏ˘ Ì˘Î¢ ∫¯Ó‡ ‡·È˜Ú ߯ ÆÌÈÈÓ‰ ˙
¯ Ï˘ Âȯ·„ Ìȇ·ÂÓ Í˘Ó‰· Æ¢˙Á‡ ‰·¯ÚÂ’Ú ‚¯˙‡ ‡‰È ÏÂÎÈ¢ ∫¯ÊÚÈχ ‚‡· Ô‰Ó˙Á‡ ‰„Â
‚ ÛÂÏÈÁ Â˘È Æ¢˙ÙÎ ‡Ï‡ ¯Ó‡ ‡Ï ‡Ï‰Â ÌȯÓ˙ ˙ÙΠ¯„‰ ıÚ È¯Ù ¯Ó‡ ÈΠ˙¯Ó‡‰Ò¯
∫¯ÊÚÈχ ߯ ȯ·„ ˙ÁÈ˙Ù·
‡Æ≠·˙¨·˙‡ÒÏ˙¨·˙‡ÒÏ˙¨·˙‡ÒÏ˙¨·˙‡ÒÏ˙¨·˙‡ÒÏ≤
∫‰ÊÈ‚ Ú˘·Â ≤µ¯ ’ÆßÓ‡ ¯ÊÚÈχ ≤∂
Æ·„ÂÓ„ÂÓ„ÂÓ„ÂÓ„ÂÓÓ‡ ∫’ƯÊÚÈχ ߯ ÂÏ ≤∑
‚Ï Ò¯„ÂÓ„ÂÓ„ÂÓ„ÂÓ„ÂÓ¯ ’‚Ï Í‡ ÆÌÈÈÓ ‡˘Ï ‚¯˙‡ ÔÈ· È˜Ó˘ ‡·È˜Ú ß¯Ï ‰˘˜Ó ÊÚÈχ Ò¯˙·˙‡ÒÏ˙·˙‡ÒÏ˙·˙‡ÒÏ˙·˙‡ÒÏ˙·˙‡ÒÏ≤
¯ ‰ÊÈ‚‰ ÚË˜Â’Æ‰ÓˆÚ ÈÙ· ‰¯ÓÈÓ ‡Ê ‡Ï‡ ‡·È˜Ú ß¯Ï ‰˘˜Ó Âȇ ÊÚÈχ ≤∏‚‰˘ ‰‡¯ ‰Ò¯
¨ÌÈÈ„¯ÙÒ‰ ÌÈ„Ú‰Ó ˜ÏÁ·Â ÌÈÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ÌÈ„Ú· ‡ˆÓ˘ ÈÙÎ ¢¯Ó‡ ¯ÊÚÈχ ߯¢ ‡È‰ ˙ȯ˜Ӊ
Ƈ˙Èȯ·‰ ‡˘ÂÏ ‡¢¯ ȯ·„ ˙‡ ¯˘˜Ï È„Î ‰‰‚‰Â
±Æ¥ ±Æ¥ ±Æ¥ ±Æ¥ ±Æ¥ÓÓÓÓÓ ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡
‚ÂÒ‰‚ÂÒ‰ ƉÎÂ҉ ·ÏÂω ˙Âί· Ï˘ ÔÓÊ· ˙˜ÒÂÚ ‰ÈÏÈÚÏ ¯ÎÊÂÓ‰ ÔÂÈ„‰ ˙‡ ˙¯˘˜Ó ‰È
ͯ·Ó ÔÁÈÓ˘ ÔÓÊ ÏÎ ÔÈÏÈÙ˙¢ ∫ÔÈÏÈÙ˙‰ ˙Âί·· ˙˜ÒÂÚ˘ ‡˙Èȯ·Ï ‰ÎÂ҉ ·ÏÂω ˙Âί··
‰‚ÈˆÓ ˙‡Ê ˙˜ÂÏÁÓÏ ÒÁÈ· Æ¢„·Ï· ˙ȯÁ˘ ‡Ï‡ ͯ·Ó Âȇ ÌȯÓ‡ ÌÈÓÎÁ ȷ¯ ȯ·„ Ô‰ÈÏÚ
‚ÂÒ‰·¯ ¯Ó‡ Ô·¯Î ‡˙Îω ¯Ó‡ ‡·¯Â È·¯Î ‡˙Îω ¯Ó‡ ÈÈ·‡ ¯Ó˙ȇ¢ ∫Ìȇ¯ÂÓ‡ ˙˜ÂÏÁÓ ‰È
ÚӢΠ„È·Ú ‡Ï„ ‡·¯Ï ‰ÈÏ ‡ÈÊÁ χÂÓ˘ ·„ ‰¯· ȯÓÛÂÏÈÁ È È¯Ó ·¯ ȯ·„ ͢Ӊ· Æ¢‰È˙
‚∫‰Ò¯
≤≥‡ ˙¯Â„‰Ó ¨Ò¢˘‰ ÏÚ ‡¢·Ëȯ‰ È˘Â„ÈÁ’Ú ¨‰¢˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨ÔÈÈˢËÎÈÏ Ó’Æ¢ ≤¥‚ ¯Â‡È·Ú Ò¢˜„ ‰‡¯ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯Ó’ÆÈ ˙‡ ππ ≤µ„¯ÂÙҘ‡Heb. d.54/11-16 (2671.3) ‰‡¯© ’¨„¢Ï˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨˘¯„Ó „ÂÓÏ˙ Ï˘ ‰ÊÈ‚ ÈÚ˘ ¨ÈÂχ
ÚÓ’Ú ¨˛±∞ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚϸ Ò˜ÂÙ ÔΠËÓ≠ÁÓ Æ®Â≠‰ ßÓ≤∂Ú ®≤≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ˜ÂÒÙ ÂÎω· ‡Â‰ ÔÎÂÓ’‚ ÂÎω Æ‚Ï Ú ®≤≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÂÏ„Ɖ¢‡¯‰Â ۢȯ Æ≥µ≤ ßÓ≤∑Ú ¨·¢Î¯˙ ¯ÈÓ‡ËÈÊ ¨ÚÂ¯Ê ¯Â‡· ÔÎÂӒƱ≥µ ≤∏‚ ‡˙Èȯ·‰Ó ‡¢¯ ȯ·„ ˙‡ ÌȘ˙Ó ˘¢‡¯‰Â „¢È¯‰È·¯¢ ∫Ê Ê¢Ë ¨·È ‡¯ÙÒ· Æ¢¯ÊÚÈχ ߯ ¯Ó‡ ‡È˙¢ ∫ÌÈÒ¯Â
‚‰ ˙‰‚‰·Â Æ¢¯Ó‡ ¯ÊÚχÆÚ¢¯ ȯ·„Ó ÏΉ Âχ ˙·È˙ ˜ÁÓ ‡¯ÙÒ‰ ÏÚ ‡¢¯
[10]
È¯Ë˘Â˘ ÔÈ·¯
¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡
‡Æ·˙·˙·˙·˙·˙ —Ƈ˙ÈÏ
·ÆÏÏÏÏωÎȯΠÚ˘ ≤π —Ƣͯ·Ó ÈÁÓ„ ˙Óȇ ÏÎ ‡Ï‡¢ ≥∞
Æ‚„‡ÂÓ„‡ÂÓ„‡ÂÓ„‡ÂÓ„‡ÂÓ —Ƣͯ·Ó ÔÈÏÈÙ˙ ÁÓ ‰È„È È˘Ó ˜ÈÙ ‡ÒΉ ˙È·Ï ÏÈÈÚ ÌÈ„˜Ó¢
‚ ˙Ò¯„‡ÂÓ„‡ÂÓ„‡ÂÓ„‡ÂÓ„‡ÂÓ‚ÂÒÏ ‰ÁΉ Ôȇ ÌÈ΢ӢΠ‡·¯ Ï˘ ÂÈ˘ÚÓ ¯Â‡È˙Ó È¯‰˘ ¨˙·ÂÓ ‰È‡ Â˙ÈÈ
≠· ÆÔÁÈÓ˘ ÌÚÙ ÏÎ ÔÈÏÈÙ˙ ÏÚ ÌÈί·Ó ̇‰ ‰„˘„„„„„˙È·Ï ÏÈÈÚ ‡ÓÈÊ Íȯˈȇ È΢ ÛÒÂ
ÚÙ ‰ÓÎ ÌÈί·Ó˘ ÁÎÂÓ Ô· ‡Ê ÙÒÂ˙Ó ¢Í¯·Ó ÔÈÏÈÙ˙ ÁÓ ‰È„È Á˘Ó ÈÙ ‡ÒΉÌÈÓ
ÆÌÂÈ·≥±‚Ï Ôȇ˘ ÌÈÓÈÎÒÓ ÌÈÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ÌÈ„Ú‰ ÔÙ‡ Ïη Æ˙¯ÁÂ‡Ó ÙÒÂ˙ ‡Ê˘ ‰‡¯Â ‡Ê Ò¯≥≤
‚ Ó¢Èη ˘È‚ÈˆÓ˘ ÌÈȇÏÎ ˙‡ү‚‰ ˙‡ Ì‚ ˙Â∫˙ÂÈÙ¯ȇ‰ ˙‡ү
±Æµ ±Æµ ±Æµ ±Æµ ±ÆµÎÎÎÎÎÊÊÊÊÊ ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢·····
¯’‚¯· Ô‰È˙·Ó ÔȇˆÂÈ Ôȇ˘ ÔÈψډ ˙‡ Á·˘Ó ¯ÊÚÈχ ‚‰ ˜ÏÁ ÆÏ‡È·Ó˘ ¯Â˜Ó· ˙‡ү
∫Âȯ·„Ï
≠··˙‡ÒÏ·˙‡ÒÏ·˙‡ÒÏ·˙‡ÒÏ·˙‡ÒÏ‚¯‰ ˙ÁÓ˘Ó ˜ÂÒÙ‰ ‡·ÂÓ Æ¢Í‚Á· ˙ÁÓ˘Â¢ Ï≥≥≠· ÂÏȇ „„„„„¯˘ÚÓÓ ˜ÂÒÙ‰ ‡·ÂÓ
Æ®ÌÈϘ ÌÈÈÂÈ˘·© ¢Í˙È·Â ‰˙‡ ˙ÁÓ˘Â¢ È˘≥¥≠· ÓÓÓÓÓ‚‰ È˙˘ ˙‡ ·Èί‰ ÁÒ‰ ¯ˆÂ ÍΠ˙‡ү
Æ¢ÍÈ˙È·Â ‰˙‡ Í‚Á· ˙ÁÓ˘Â¢ ∫¯ÓÂÓ‰≥µ
≤πFr. ebr. 1,3,5 Città di Castello, Archivio Storico Comunale
≥∞‚‚ ˙ÂÎω ¨®ÊÓ ‡˙Ïȇ˘ ¨˙ÂÓ˘© ȇÁ‡ ·¯„ ˙Â˙Ïȇ˘· ˙‡ˆÓ ‰Ó„ ‰Ò¯Ú ¨≤≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ˙ÂÏ„Ӓ¨®¥∏∂ Ú ¨· ¨·¢¯˙≠Á¢Ï¯˙ ‰È ¨Ë‰‡˜ È¢Á ˙¯Â„‰Ó© ÌÏ˘‰ ÍÂ¯Ú ¨Á¢¯Ó’∫˘¯ÙÓ È¢˘¯ Æۢȯ ¨®¢Í¯·¢ Í¯Ú ¨±π±
ÚӢΠ„·Ú ‡Ï„¢‚ ‡Ï˘ ‰‡¯ È¢˘¯Ó Ƣͯ·Ó ÔÈÏÈÙ˙ ÁÓ„ ÔÓÊ ÏÎ ‡Ï‡ ‰È˙Â‰Ê ‡Ï‡ ¢ÆÆÆÔÓÊ ÏÎ ‡Ï‡¢ Ò¯ÂÆ˘Â¯ÈÙ ÔÂ˘Ï ˙‡Ê ÏÈÚÏ È˙ÈÓ˘ ÌÈ„Ú· Ì‚˘ ¯˘Ù‡Â ¨Â˘Â¯ÈÙ
≥±Ú Ò¢˜„‰Ó’Ú· ÂÈ˘ÚÓ ˙‡ ÌÈÈÈˆÓ ÚÂ„Ó ‰˘˜ ÔÈÈ„Ú ÒÂÙ„‰ ÁÒÂÏ Ì‚˘ ¯ÈÚÓ Â ˙‡ ±¥≤ Ú˘ ˙¨Â˙ËÈÓÓ „Ó‚ ˙‡ ÛÈ„ÚÓ Ò¢˜„‰ ÔÎÏÂƢ„ÂÓÏ˙Ó „ÓÂÚ ‰È‰˘ ÂÈȉ ҢΉ·Ï ÏÈÈÚ ȇ˜ ‡Ï‡¢ ∫„¢È¯‰ ˙Ò¯
≥≤χ˘ÓÏ ÔÁÂÈ ß¯„ ‰È„‰· ‡ÏÈʇ ‰Â‰ ‰Á ¯· ¯· ‰·¯ ¯Ó‡¢ ∫‡·‰ ‰˘ÚÓ‰ ‡ˆÓ ‡¢Ú ÊÈ ‡Ó˜ ‡·· ÈÏ···ÚÓ˘Æ¢Í¯·Ó ÔÈÏÈÙ˙ ÁÓ ‰È„È È˘Ó„ „Ú ÔÏ ËÈ˘Ù ‡Ï ‡˙ÏÓ ‰ÈÈÓ ‡ÈÚ· ‰Â‰Â ‡ÒΉ È·Ï ÏÈÈÚ ‰Â‰ ÈÎ ‡˙
‚ÂÒÏ Ì˘Ó ¯·Ú‰˘ ¯˘Ù‡Â ÔÁÈÓ˘ ÌÚÙ ÏÎ ÔÈÏÈÙ˙‰ ÏÚ Í¯·Ï ˘È˘ ÁÎÂÓ Ô· ‰Ê ‰˘ÚÓÓ¯˘Ù‡Â ÆÂ˙ÈÈ‚˘‡ ¢ÌÈ„˜‡¢ ·È˙˘‚Ò ÔÈÓÊ È˘‡ · ‡ÈÈÁ ·¯ Ó‡‰¢ ∫‡¢Ú „È Âί· ÈÏ··Ó ‰¯·¯„ ‰ÈÓ˜ ‡Óȇ˜ ‰Â‰ ÔȇÈ
Æ¢ÚÓ˘ ˙‡È¯˜ ȯ˜ ¯„‰Â ÔÈÏÈÙ˙ ÁÓ ÔȘ¯Ù ÔÏ È˙Ó ͯ·Ó ‰È„È È˘Ó ÌÈ„˜ÓÂ≥≥≠·Â Æ®„È ¨ÂË Ìȯ·„© ¢Í˙Ӈ ̈́·Ú Í˙·Â Í·Â ‰˙‡ Í‚Á· ˙ÁÓ˘Â¢·˙·˙·˙·˙·˙‡˙ÈÏ ¢Í˙·Â Í·Â ‰˙‡ ˙ÁÓ˘Â¢
Ƣ͂Á·¢≥¥≠· Æ®ÂÎ ¨„È Ìȯ·„© ¢Í˙È·Â ‰˙‡ ˙ÁÓ˘Â¢‚¯‰ ˙ÁÓ˘ È·‚Ï ˜ÂÒÙ‰ ˙‡ ÔÈËÈ˘‰ ÔÈ· ÛÈÒ‰ Í‚Á·¸ ˙ÁÓ˘Â¢ Ï
Ú Ò¢˜„ ‰‡¯Â ¢Í˙È·Â ‰˙‡ ˛˙ÁӢ ßÈ˙ΠÍ˙·Â Í·Â ‰˙‡Ó’¯Ó‡˘ ‰¢„ ‡¢Ú ˘ ÌÈÁÒÙ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙ Ɖ ˙‡ ∑π ÛÂÏÈÁ ‡ˆÓ ‡¢‰ ·¢Ù ‰ÎÂÒ ®ÔÓ¯·ÈÏ© ‡˙ÙÒÂ˙· Ì‚ ƇȄ‰· ¢Â˙È·¢ · ·Â˙΢ ¯˘ÚÓÓ ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ˘ Ìȯ‡·Ó
‚‚Ω ¢Í˙È·Â ‰˙‡¢ ÛÒ Ô„ÂÏ ˯ÂÙ¯Ú È¢Î· ͇ ¢Í‚Á· ÁÓ˘Â¢ ‰È Ȣη ƘÂÒÙ· ‰Ò¯Æ®ÈÏ··· Ó¢ÈÎ Ò¯‡ ‰‡¯Â’¯· ˙ËÈÒ¯·È‡ ¨¯Â˘„ ˙„Â·Ú ¨¢‰˘Ó· Ô‰È˙ÂÏÈ·˜Ó ‰ÎÂÒ ‡˙ÙÒÂ˙· ˙ÂÎω ÔÈ· ÒÁȉ¢ ¨ÛÈ˘
Ú ¨‡¢Ò˘˙ ¨ÔÏȇӒ‚¯‰ ˙ÁÓ˘·˘ ˜ÂÒÙÎ ÚȯÎÓ˘ ¨±±¥ ¯Ó‡Ó· ¢˙È·¢ ‰ÏÈÓ‰ ÌÂ˘Ó ˘Â·È˘‰ ˙‡ ¯‡·Ó ÏÆ¢Â˙È· ˙‡ ÁÈÓ ˙ÂÈ‰Ï ˛ÆÆƸ ÂÁ·˘ Ôȇ¢ ‡¢¯
≥µ‚‰ Ï˘ ‰Ó„ ‰·Î¯‰Ï„ ‰‡¯ ˙‡ү’‚¯‰ ˙ÁÓ˘ ¨‰˜˘‰ Ú ¨Ê¢Ò˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨Ìȇ˙ Ï˘ Ì„ÂÓÏ˙· ÏÓ’≥± Æ≥∑ ‰¯Ú‰
[11]
‰ÎÂÒ ÈÏ·· Ï˘ ÁÒ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ· πµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î Ï˘ È„ÂÁÈȉ ÂÓ˜ÈÓ
¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡
±Æ∂ ±Æ∂ ±Æ∂ ±Æ∂ ±Æ∂ÓÓÓÓÓ‡‡‡‡‡ ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢·····
‚ÂÒ‰ ÆÊÂÊ Ûχ· ‚¢¯ ‰˜˘ ·ÏÂÏ ˜¯ Ì‰Ï ‰È‰˘ ‰ÈÙÒ· ÌÈÓÎÁ ÏÚ ˙¯ÙÒÓ ‡˙Èȯ·‰‰„ ‰È
‡˙Èȯ·· ¯ÎÊÂÓ˘ ‰Ê ˯ٷ≥∂∫‰Úˆ‰‰ ÁÂÓ· ÌÈ„Ú‰ ˜ÏÁÂ
„‡Ï„‡Ï„‡Ï„‡Ï„‡Ï‚¢˜ ¨Ò‚¢˜ ¨Ò‚¢˜ ¨Ò‚¢˜ ¨Ò‚¢˜ ¨Ò≥∑πµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Îπµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Îπµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Îπµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Îπµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î
ÊÂÊ Ûχ· ÂÁ˜Ï˘ ¯Ó ßÓ‡ÊÂÊ Ûχ· ÂÁ˜Ï˘ ¯Ó ßÓ‡
ÂÁ˜Ï˘ ¯ÓÈÓÏ ÈÏ ‰ÓϯÓÈÓÏ ÈÏ ‰ÓÏ
ÊÂÊ Ûχ·≥∏
‚‰ÌÈÈ„¯ÙÒ‰ ÌÈ„Ú‰Ó ˜ÏÁ· ‡Ï ۇ ÌÈÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ÌÈ„Ú· ˙‡ˆÓ ‰È‡ ¢¯ÓÈÓÏ ÈÏ ‰ÓÏ¢ ‰Ò¯
ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î· Ɖ˜ÒÓÏ Ïȷ‰˘ È˘Â˜‰ ˙‡ ¯‡·Ï „Ú¢ ÁÒ‰ Ï˘ ¯ÁÂ‡Ó ¯ÂÙÈ˘ ‡È‰˘ ¯˘Ù‡Â
‚‰ È˙˘ ˙‡ ·Èί‰ πµÆ¯ÓÂÓ ÁÒ ‡ˆÈ ÍΠ˙‡ү
≤Æ ÓÒ¯˙ ‰ÂÒÁ ‰ÓʯÁÈ˙ ‰‡Ï˯ËÈ·È˙
‚ ̉·˘ ˙ÂÓ˜Ӊ ˙‡ ¯Â˜Ò‡ ‰Ê ÛÈÚÒ·Æ˙È·È˯Ëχ‰ ˙ÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓÏ ‰Óȇ˙Ó Ó¢ÈÎ ˙Ò¯
‚ÆÁ¯‰ ÁÒ· ˙‡ˆÓ Ôȇ ͇ ¨ÈÓÈ˙‰ ÁÒ· Է¯·Â ÌÈÈÁ¯ÊÓ ÌÈ„Ú· ˙‡ˆÓ ‰Ï‡ ˙‡ү
≤Ʊ ≤Ʊ ≤Ʊ ≤Ʊ ≤Ʊ····· ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡
‚ÂÒ‰ÚË· ‰„ ‰ÈÌÈÓÎÁ˘ ¯‡·Ó ‡·¯ ƉӇ Ìȯ˘ÚÓ ‰ÏÚÓÏ ‰ÎÂÒ ÌÈÏÒÂÙ˘ ÌÈÓÎÁ Ï˘ ÌÓ
˙ÎÂÒ ‡È‰˘ ‰Ó‡ Ìȯ˘ÚÓ ‰ÏÚÓÏ ÌÈÏÒÂÙ ÔÎÏ ȇ¯Ú ˙ÎÂÒ ˙ÂÈ‰Ï ‰Îȯˆ ‰ÎÂÒ‰˘ Ìȯ·ÂÒ
ÆÚ·˜≥π∫ı¯˙Ó ‡·¯ ÆÏʯ·Ó ‰È˙ˆÈÁÓ ‡ ‰˘Ú˘ ‰ÎÂÒ ÏÂÒÙÏ È ÍΠ̇ ∫‡·¯ ÏÚ ‰˘˜Ó ÈÈ·‡
ȯ˘Ú „Ú’ÈÏ „È·Ú ÈΠȇ¯Ú ¯È„ Â˙¯È„ ‰˘ÂÚ Ì„‡„ ßÓ‡ ’‰ÏÚÓÏ ÈÙ ÈÓ Ú·˜ ¯È„
Ó‡ ßȯ˘ÚӒƘÈÙ ‡Ï ÈÓ È‡¯Ú ˙¯È„ ßÈÏ „È·Ú ÈΠȇ¯Ú ˙¯È„ Â˙¯È„ ‰˘ÂÚ Ì„‡ Ôȇ„
‚ ÛÂÏÈÁ ˘È ‡·¯ Ï˘ ˆ¯È˙· Ɖү‚‰ Á¯‰ ÁÒ·˙¯È„ Â˙¯È„ ‰˘ÂÚ Ì„‡ Ôȇ„¢ ∫‡È‰ ‰Ò¯
ȇ¯ÚÎÈ Ú·È„ Ïȉ „ȯ˙ Ú¯‡ÈÆ¢
≥∂Ú ¨®µ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© È¯Ë˘Â˘ ‰‡¯ ¨Û¢È¯·Â Á¢¯· ‡˙ÈÏ ÔΠÌÈÈÓÈ˙‰ È¢‰Î· ‡ˆÓ ‡Ï ‰Ê Ú˘ӒÆ≤µ∞ ≥∑‚„ȯ·ÓÈȘ’ T-S NS 329.506Ú ˛±∞ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚϸ Ò˜ÂÙ ‰‡¯© Ó’‚‰ ÔΠƮÁ ‚ ÂÎÏ‰Ω© Â˙Ïȇ˘· ‰Ò¯˙ÂÏ„
Ú ¨˛≤≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚϸ¨Á¢Ó˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨· ¨˙ÂÈÓ˘ ˙ÂÂ˘Ï·Â „ÂÓÏ˙‰ ˙¯ÙÒ· Ìȯ˜ÁÓ ¨ÔÈÈË˘Ù‡ ¢È ª≥¥≤ ßÓÚÓ’Ú ¨®≤≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ˙˜ÂÒÙ ˙ÂÎω· ÔΠ¨®¥∏∂ ÆÂÏ ßÓ
≥∏‰ÓÎ Ì˘È Æ¢Ì‰ÈÏÚ ˙·ȷÁ ˙ÂˆÓ ‰ÓÎ ÍÚÈ„Â‰Ï ÊÂÊ Ûχ· ÂÁ˜Ï˘ ¯ÓÈÓÏ ‰ÈÏ ‰ÓÏ ‚¢‰¢ ∫·˙ÂΠȢ˘¯‚ Ìȇ˘ È ‰Ê ËÙ˘Ó· ÌÈÙÂÏÈÁ‡ ·˘ ÛÂÏÈÁÏ ÒÁÈÈ˙Ó Â˙‰‚‰· È¢˘¯˘ ȇ„ ‰Ê Ôȇ ÔÎÏ ÏÏÎ Â˙‡ ÌÈÒ¯Â
Ú ¨®±≥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÌÚ ‰‡¯Â ÌȘÒÂÚÓ’Æ≥∞∏ ‰¯Ú‰ ±¥¥ ≥π‚˘‰ Ï˘ Ô˙ÂÁ˙Ù˙‰ ÏÚ ∫‰‡¯ ¢È‡¯Ú ÎÂҢ ¢Ú·˜ ÎÂÒ¢ ÂȯÂJ. Rubenstein, “The Sukka as Temporary
or Permanent Dwelling: A Study in the Development of Talmudic Thought”, HUCA 64 (1993),
pp.137-166Ï ‰‡¯ ÔÎÂ Æ’Ó ¨ÈÚ¯„‡ ߇ ¨¢‰ÈÏ ‡¯È·Ò ‰ÏÂ΢ ¨ıȷ˜ÒÂÓ ’·Â ÔÂÒÈÂÏ ßÈ ¨¯˘‡ ¯· ’ıÈ˘ÙÈÏ Ú ¨‰¢Ò˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨ıÈ˘ÙÈÏ ‰ˆ¯˙Ï Ô¯ÎÈÊ ¯ÙÒ ¨˘¯„Ó·Â „ÂÓÏ˙· Ìȯ˜ÁÓ ¨®ÌÈίÂÚ©Ó’Æ≥¥∑≠≥∞π
[12]
È¯Ë˘Â˘ ÔÈ·¯
¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡
‚χȉ ͯ„‰ ‰Ó‡ Ìȯ˘ÚÓ ‰ËÓÏ Æı¯È˙‰ Ï˘ ˙ÂÚψ‰ È˙˘ ÔÈ· ‰Ï·˜‰ ˘È ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯
‰˙¢ÚÏ Í¯„ Ôȇ ‰Ó‡ Ìȯ˘ÚÓ ‰ÏÚÓÏ ‰ÎÂÒ ÆÚ·˜ ‰˘ÚÈ Ì‡ Û‡ ‰¯˘Î ÔÎÏ ȇ¯Ú ˙¢ÚÏ
˙¯È„ ‰ÎÂÒ ¯Ó‡„ Ô‡ÓÏ˘ ÔÚÂË ‡·¯˘ ¨Ô‡ÎÓ ‰ÏÂÚ‰ ƉÏÂÒ٠ȇ¯Ú ‰˘ÚÈ Ì‡ Û‡ ÔÎÏ ¨È‡¯Ú
≠· ÆÏÚÂÙ· ȇ¯Ú ‡Ï ȇ¯Ú Â˙¢ÚÏ Í¯„‰˘ ‰·Ó ¢ÚÏ Íȯˆ ȇ¯Ú·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó‰ÈÈ˘‰ Úψ· ‡˙ÈÏ
Ƣȇ¯Ú ˙¯È„ ‰ÈÏ „È·Ú È΢¥∞‚Ï ˙Ò¯·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó‰˙¢ÚÏ ¯˘Ù‡ ȇ ‰Ó‡ Ìȯ˘ÚÓ ‰ÏÚÓÏ˘ ¯˘Ù‡
Ú„Ï ¨È‡¯ÚÆȇ¯Ú ‰˙¢ÚÏ ¯˘Ù‡˘ ‰ÎÂÒ· È„ ‡·¯ ˙¥±∫·˙ÂÎ Á¢¯
Ï·‡ ƉÏÂÒÙ ÍÎÈÙÏ È‡¯Ú ˙¯È„ ‰È‡Â ‡È‰ Ú·˜ ˙¯È„ ȇ„ ‰Ó‡ Ìȯ˘ÚÓ ‰ÏÚÓÏÂ
ÎÓ ‰ËÓÏ’˙¯È„ ÔÈÚÓ ‰Ï „È·Ú„ ‚¢Ú‡ ȇ¯Ú ˙¯È„ ˘Èȇ „È·Ú„ ‰Ï ˙Á΢ӄ ‰Ó‡
Ɖ¯˘Î Ú·˜
‚˘ ‰ÎÂÒ ¨Á¢¯ ȯ·„ÏÌÈ·˘ ÌÈ˘‡ ˘È˘ ÔÂÂÈÎÓ Ú·˜ ˙¯È„ ‰È‡ ‰Ó‡ Ìȯ˘ÚÓ ‰ËÓÏ ‰‰·Â
‚ Âȇ ÍΠ̇ ȇ¯Ú ‰˙¢ÚÏ ˘Ù‡ ȇ ‰Ó‡ Ìȯ˘ÚÓ ‰ÏÚÓÏ˘ ÚÓ˘Ó Á¢¯Ó Æȇ¯Ú ‰˙‡үÂ
Æȇ¯Ú ‰˙¢ÚÏ ¯˘Ù‡ ȇ ‰Ó‡ Ìȯ˘ÚÓ ‰ÏÚÓÏ ¢È‡¯Ú ˙¯È„ ‰Ï „È·Ú È΢¥≤
‚‰≠Ó „·Ï „ȉ È·˙Î ·Â¯· ˙‡ˆÓ ¢È‡¯Ú ˙¯È„ ‰Ï „È·Ú È΢ ‰Ò¯·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó˘Â¯ÈÙ ÍÂ˙Ó Æ‚¢˜Â
‚ Ìȇ˘ ‰‡¯ ÌÈ¢‡¯ ¯‡˘Â Á¢¯Æ˙‡Ê ÌÈÒ¯Â
≤Æ≤ ≤Æ≤ ≤Æ≤ ≤Æ≤ ≤Æ≤ÁÁÁÁÁ ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢·····
‚ÂÒ·˙Â˙Èȯ·‰ Æ˘¢·˜¯ ˙ÎÂÒ· ‰ÈÈ˘‰Â Í¢·‚ ˙ÎÂÒ· ˙˜ÒÂÚ ˙Á‡ ¨˙Â˙Èȯ· È˙˘ ˙‡·ÂÓ ‰È
‚ ÛÂÏÈÁ ˘È ͢Ӊ· Ɖ˙ÎωΠ˙ÎÎÂÒÓ ‡‰˙˘ „·Ï·Â ˙¯˘Î ‰Ï‡ ˙ÂÎÂÒ˘ ˙ÂÓÈÈÒÓƉү
≠·„‡ÒÏ„‡ÒÏ„‡ÒÏ„‡ÒÏ„‡ÒÏ‚·Â ¢ ÔÂÈÏÈÓ‡È Î‰ÏÎ˙‰ ‡Ó¯ ¯· ÁÒ„‡ ‰‡ ˘Ú˘‡‰ ψÏÆ¢¥≥‚Ï ‰Ò¯
Ƈ˙Èȯ·‰ ȯ·„ ˙‡ ¯‡·Ó ‡„ÒÁ ·¯ ˙‡Ê
¥∞≠·ÓÓÓÓÓ≠· ͇ Æ˙ÂÓ„‰ ÓÁÓ ‚ÏÈ„˘ ˘Ù‡ ·˙·˙·˙·˙·˙‚˘ ÔÂÂÈÎ ÍÎ ÓÂÏ ˘Ù‡ ȇ ˙¯È„ Â˙¯È„ ‰˘ÂÚ Ì„‡ Ôȇ„¢ ÌÈү‚˘ ÔÂÂÈÎÓ Æ¢Ú·˜ ˙¯È„ ‡Ï‡ ȇ¯Ú‚ ‡È·Ó ‡¢·Ëȯ‰© ÁÒ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ· ˙‡ˆÓ ‡˙ÈÏ ˙Ò¯‰ÏÂÚ ÔΠ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯
≠˘ ÁÈ‰Ï ‰·ÈÒ Ôȇ ®¥≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÔÏ‰Ï ‰‡¯ ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈ¢‡¯ÓÓÓÓÓÓÆ˙ÂÓ„‰ ˙ÓÁÓ ‚ÏÈ„ ¥±‡‡‡‡‡‚„ȯ·ÓÈȘ© ‚¢˜Â ’ T-S F 2[1].201‚ ®ÏÂÎÈ Ì„‡ Ôȇ„ ÆÆÆȇ¯Ú ˙¯È„ Â˙¯È„ ˙¢ÚÏ ÏÂÎÈ Ì„‡„¢ ∫ÌÈÒ¯Â
‚Ï Æ¢È‡¯Ú ˙¯È„ Â˙¯È„ ˙¢ÚÏ ˙Ò¯‡‡‡‡‡ ͇ Æȇ¯Ú ‰˙¢ÚÏ ÏÂÎÈ Âȇ ‰Ó‡ Ìȯ˘ÚÓ ‰ÏÚÓÏ ‚¢˜Â ‡‡‡‡‡‚ Úψ· ү‚ ÔΠ̇ ȇ¯Ú ‰˙¢ÚÏ ÏÂÎÈ˘ ÚÓ˘Ó ¢È‡¯Ú ˙¯È„ ‰ÈÏ „È·Ú È΢ ‰Ó‡ Ìȯ˘ÚÓ ‰ÏÚÓÏ È·‚Ï ‰ÈÈ˘‰Â˙Ò¯
‚ ‡È‰‚ ‚¢˜· ÆÌÈȇÏÎ ˙Ò¯‚Ó ¨¢Ú·˜ ˙¯È„ ‰Ï „È·Ú È΢ Ò¯Âȇ¯Ú ‰˙¢ÚÏ ¯˘Ù‡ ȇ˘ ÚÓ˘Ó ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯‚ ‰¢‡¯‰ ƉӇ Ìȯ˘ÚÓ ‰ÏÚÓÏ‚ ÔÈÚΠү ˙Ò¯‡‡‡‡‡˙¯È„ Â˙¯È„ ˙¢ÚÏ ÏÂÎÈ Ì„‡„ ‰Ó‡ Ìȯ˘Ú „Ú¢ ∫‚¢˜Â
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¥≤‚· ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ÍÏ ˙˙Ï ¯ÂÚÈ˘ Ì˘Ï ‡Ï‡ ÆÆÆ¢ ∫·˙ÂÎ „Ú ‰¢„ È¢˘¯ ÆÌÈÙÒ ÌÈ¢‡¯Ó ÚÓ˘Ó Í·‰˙˘ ‰‰·ÂÚÏ ‰ÏÂÎÈ‚‰ ˙‡ ‰ÏÂ˙ È¢˘¯ Ƣȇ¯Ú ˙„È˙È È¢Ú „ÂÓ͇ Æͯ„· ‡Ï ȇ¯Ú ‰˙¢ÚÏ ˙ÏÂÎÈ· ȇ¯Ú ˙ÎÂÒ ˙¯„
‚ È¢˘¯˘ ·˙ÂÎ ‡¢·Ëȯ‰Ú ¨®≥µ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ‰˜˘‰ ‰‡¯Â ¨¢È‡¯Ú ˙¯È„ ‰ÈÏ „È·Ú È΢ Ò¯ÂÓ’µπ ‰¯Ú‰ ±∑µ ∫·˙ÂÎ ‰¢‡¯‰ Ƣȇ¯Ú ¢ÚÏ ˘Ù‡˘ ‰ÎÂÒ·¢ ∫ÈÎ ‰¢„ ÂÙÒÂ˙·Â ƉÎÂÒ ÎÒÓÏ ‡¢·Ëȯ·˘ È¢˘¯ ÈËÂËȈ ÏÚ˙È·Ó ‰ÎÂÒ ÌÈÁÒÙ ˙ÎÒÓ È˘Â¯ÈÙ© È¢˘¯ Ï˘ ¢¯„Ó ˙È·Ó ˘Â¯ÈÙ· ÔΠ¢ÔÈÚ· ȇ¯Ú ˙¯È„Ï ‰È‡¯ ‰ÎÂÒ„¢
Ú ¨®„¢Ó˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨¯ÙÙ˜ Ìȯه È¢Ú ˙¯ډ ‡Â·Ó Û¯Ȉ· È¢˘¯ Ï˘ ¢¯„ÓÓ’∫˘¢‡¯ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙·Â Ʊ≥≥ ‚‰ È˙˘ ˙‡ ‡È·Ó ‡¢·Ëȯ‰ Æ¢Ú·˜ ˙¯È„ ‰‡˘Ú ̇ ‰ÏÒÂÙÏ ‡Ï ȇ¯Ú ‰˙¢ÚÏ ¯˘Ù‡˘ ‰ÎÂÒ·¢˙‡ү
‚‰˘ „ÈÚÓÂÚ ÈÁÒ· ˙‡ˆÓ ¢È‡¯Ú ˙¯È„ ‰ÈÏ „È·Ú È΢ ‰Ò¯‚ ÛÈ„ÚÓ ‡¢·Ëȯ‰ ÆȘÈ˙˙‡ ‰Á„ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯
‚Æ˘¢ÈÚ ‡˙ÈÏ ˙Ò¯¥≥‚„ȯ·ÓÈȘ· ƉÊÈ‚ ÈÚ˘ ‰˘ÂÏ˘· ‡Â‰ ÔÎÂ’ T-S F2(2).49‚„ȯ·ÓÈȘ· Æ¢‡„ÒÁ ºÆÆÆæ ȇӢ ∫’ T-S F2(1).28∫
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‰ÎÂÒ ÈÏ·· Ï˘ ÁÒ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ· πµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î Ï˘ È„ÂÁÈȉ ÂÓ˜ÈÓ
¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡
≠··˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙ÓÙ¢‰· ¥¥‚‰ „¢È¯·Â Û¢¯· Æ¢ÏˆÏ ‰È¢ڢ ‡Â‰Â ‡„ÒÁ ·¯ ßÓ‡¢ ∫‡È‰ ‰Ò¯¥µ‚Ï ‰Ò¯
‚ Ƈ˙Èȯ·‰ ȯ·„ ÏÚ ÛÈÒÂÓ ‡„ÒÁ ·¯ ˙‡ÊÈ˘ ˙‡ ÔÈÈˆÓ˘ Á¢¯ ˘Â¯ÈÙÓ Ì‚ ‰ÏÂÚ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯
∫̯„Ò ˙‡ ÍÙ‰ ۇ Ìȇ˙‰
‚ ˙ÎÂÒ Ô·¯ Â˙‰¯È˘Î ÌÂ˜Ó ÏÎÓ ‰ÎÂÒ ÌÈ˙ÂÎ ˙ÎÂÒ ‰Ó‰· ˙ÎÂÒ ÌÈ˘ ˙ÎÂÒ ÌÈÂ
Ƈ˙ÎωΠ˙ÎÎÂÒÓÂ ÏˆÏ ‰ÈÂ˘Ú ‡‰˙˘ „·Ï·Â¥∂
Ƈ˙Èȯ·· ˙‡Ê ‰¯ÈÓ‡· ͯˆ‰ Է‰ ‡Ï˘ ÔÂÂÈÎÓ ‰ÙÒ ¢‰˙ÎωΠȇӢ ‰Ï‡˘‰˘ ¯˘Ù‡¥∑
‚ ¨ÌÂ˜Ó ÏÎÓ‚ ‰È‡Â ‰ÊÈ‚‰ ÈÚ˘· ¯·Î ˙‡ˆÓ Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰ ˙Ò¯Æ˙ÈÙ¯ȇ ‰Ò¯
≤Æ≥ ≤Æ≥ ≤Æ≥ ≤Æ≥ ≤Æ≥ËËËËË ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡
‚ÂÒ‰ Æ¢ÔÈ¯È˘ÎÓ Ïω ˙È·Â ÔÈÏÒÂÙ È‡Ó˘ ˙È· ‰˘È ‰ÎÂÒ¢ ∫˙¯Ó‡ ‰˘Ó‰ÚË· ‰„ ‰È̉ÈÓ
‚ÂÒ· ÌÈ˘¯„˘ ÌȘÂÒÙ È˘ Ì˘È ÆÈ‡Ó˘ È·Â Ïω È· Ï˘‡¯˜È© È‡Ó˘ È·Ï Ïω È·Ï ‰È
Ú·˘ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢ „Ï ¨‚ÎÚ·˘ ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ‚È ¨ÊË Ìȯ·„ ¨¢ß‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ ˙Æ®¢ÌÈÓÈ ˙
‚ÂÒ‰ Íωӷ‚ È˙˘ ˘È ‰È∫˙Âȯ˜ÈÚ ˙‡ү
Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó
‚ È¢ÙÚ© ¢‡„ÒÁ ·¯ Ó‡ ºÆÆÆ ÆÆæ˙ÎÏȉΠ˙ÎÎÂÒÓ¢‰Ï‡˘‰˘ ‰‰Â·‚ ˙¯ȷҷ Ú·˜Ï Ô˙È ¯ÒÁ‰ ̘Ӊ Ï„ÂÌÈ·¯Ï ¯„Ó‰ È· ¯ÂÈ ÂÈ· Æ®Ì˘ ‡ˆÓENA 2074.1 ‚ ÔÎÂ Æ¢ÏˆÏ ‰‡˘Ú˘ ºÆÆÆ ÆÆæΠȇӢ ∫¨È¢˘¯ ÌÈÒ¯Â
È ˙¯Â„‰Ó ¨‰ÁÓ˘ È¯Ú˘© ‚¢ˆÈ¯’‚¯·Ó· Ú ¨®‡¢Î¯˙ ‰Ë¯ÈÙ ¨¯Ó’ÆȯȇӉ ‰¢‡¯‰ ¨‰Ù ¥¥Ú ¨®≤≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ˙˜ÂÒÙ ˙ÂÎωӒ‚ ˙ÂÎω· ‡Â‰ ÔΠÂÎ Ú ¨®≤≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ˙ÂÏ„Æ≥≤π ßÓ¥µ‚‰ ˘¯„Ó· ‡Â‰ Ô΢ ˙¯Â„‰Ó ¨Ï„’Ú ¨Ìȯ·„ ¨‰¢Ï˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨˘ÈÙ Ó’Æ≤∞ ‰¯Â˘ ‡Ò˘ ¥∂Ú ¨®¥≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© È¢˘¯ Ï˘ ¢¯„Ó ˙È·Ó ˘Â¯ÈÙ·Ó’‚ ‡Ï¢ ∫·˙ÂÎ ±∂±≠±∂∞ ‰Â‰ ‡Ï È΄ ‡˙Îω È‡Ó ÔÈÒ¯
‚ ‡Ï¢ ∫·˙ÂÎ ˘¢·˜¯ ˙˙Èȯ· ¯Á‡Ï ÔΠƢ‰ÎÂÒ ˙ÂÎω È‡Ó Ú„Èω Ì¢·Ó¯‰ Æ¢‡˙ÎÏȉ È‡Ó ‡Î‰ ÈÓ ÔÈÒ¯’‰È‰˙˘ ‡Â‰Â ‰ÂˆÓ Ì˘Ï ˙È˘Ú ‡Ï˘ ÈÙ ÏÚ Û‡ ‰¯˘Î ÌÂ˜Ó ÏÎÓ ‰˙ÎωΠ˙˘Ú˘ ‰ÎÂÒ¢ ∫·˙ÂÎ Ë ¨‰ ‰ÎÂÒ
‚· Ì‚ ÍΠ̇ ®ÏˆÏ ‰È¢Ú ‰˙ÎωΩ Ìȇ˙‰ È˘· ˘ ̢·Ó¯‰ Æ¢ÏˆÏ ‰È¢ÚÆ¢‰˙ÎωΠȇӢ ‡˙ÈÏ Â˙Ò¯¥∑„ ‰‡¯’‚Á „Ú ‡ÓÂÈÓ „ÚÂÓ „ÒÏ „ÂÓÏ˙· Ìȯ‡ȷ ∫˙¯ÂÒÓÂ Â¯Â˜Ó È·Ï‰ Ú ‰¢Ï˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ‰‚ÈÓ’≠ÂÒ˜
‚‰˘ ÊÒ˜‚ ÍΩ ˘Â¯ÈÙ ˙χ˘ ¯Á‡ ‰‡· ‰È‡ ¢‡Â‰Â¢ ‰ÏÈÓ‰˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ‰˘˜ ¢‰˙ÎωΠȇӢ ‰Ò¯ÏÎ ÌÈÒ¯Â≠Ó „·Ï ‡„ÒÁ ·¯ ψ‡ ÌÈ„Ú‰‚˘ ¢‰˙ÎωΠ˙ÎÎÂÒÓ ‡‰˙˘¢ ȇ˙‰ ˙‡ ˘¯ÙÏ ‰˘˜ ¨ÔÎ ÂÓÎ Æ®¢„·Ï·Â¢ Ò¯Â
‚ ˙‡ ƉÏÂÎ ‰ÎÂÒ‰ ÏÚ ·ÒÂÓ‰ ÏˆÏ ‰‡˘Ú˘ Ô·ÂÓ· ÍÎÒ‰ ÏÚ ·ÒÂÓ‰ÌÈÏÈÓ‰˘ ȷω ¯‡·Ó Ìȇ‚‰ ˙Ò¯‰È‡¯ ˙ˆ˜ ‡È·Ó Ô˙ÎÏ‰Î Â˘Ú Ì˙Ò‰ ÔÓ˘ ÍÂÓÒÈ ‡Ï˘ ‰·ÂË ‰ˆÚ Ô‰ ¢‰˙ÎωΠ˙ÎÎÂÒÓ ‡‰˙˘ „·Ï·Â¢
‰‡¯Â ¨ÈÓÏ˘Â¯È‰Ó ‰Ê ˘Â¯ÈÙÏJ. Rubenstein, The History of Sukkot in the Second Temple and
Rabbinic Periods, Atlanta 1995, p. 220, n. 146Æ
ÚË È‡ÓÈ‡Ó˘ ˙È·„ ‡ÓÓ‡Ó‡Ó‡Ó‡Ó‡’’’’’‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ ßÚ·˘ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á ‡¯˜ ‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ ßÚ·˘ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á ‡¯˜ ‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ ßÚ·˘ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á ‡¯˜ ‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ ßÚ·˘ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á ‡¯˜ ‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ ßÚ·˘ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á ‡¯˜ ’’’’’
ÔÈÚ· ‚Á ÌÂ˘Ï ‰È¢ډ ‰ÎÂÒÔÈÚ· ‚Á ÌÂ˘Ï ‰È¢ډ ‰ÎÂÒÔÈÚ· ‚Á ÌÂ˘Ï ‰È¢ډ ‰ÎÂÒÔÈÚ· ‚Á ÌÂ˘Ï ‰È¢ډ ‰ÎÂÒÔÈÚ· ‚Á ÌÂ˘Ï ‰È¢ډ ‰ÎÂÒ˙˘˘ ·¯„ÎÏ ‰ÈÏ ÈÚ·ÈÓ ‡Â‰‰ Ïω ˙È·Â
¯ ÌÂ˘Ó ˙˘˘ ·¯ ¯Ó‡„’‡·È˜Ú ‰Ú·˘ ÏÎ ‰‡‰· ÔȯÂÒ‡˘ ‰ÎÂÒ ÈˆÚÏ ÔÈÓ
ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á Ï¢˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á Ï¢˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á Ï¢˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á Ï¢˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á Ï¢˙’’’’’ß‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ ˙Ú·˘ ß‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ ˙Ú·˘ ß‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ ˙Ú·˘ ß‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ ˙Ú·˘ ß‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ ˙Ú·˘ Ó‡ ‰¯È˙· Ô· ‰„Â‰È È·¯ ‡È˙Â’
‚Á‰ ÏÚ ÌÈÓ˘ Ì˘ ÏÁ˘ Ì˘ÎÍÎ ‰‚È
ÚË È‡ÓÓ’È‡Ó˘ ˙È·„ Ó‡Ó‡Ó‡Ó‡Ó‡’’’’’ÈÓÈ ßÚ·˘ ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á ‡¯˜ ÈÓÈ ßÚ·˘ ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á ‡¯˜ ÈÓÈ ßÚ·˘ ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á ‡¯˜ ÈÓÈ ßÚ·˘ ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á ‡¯˜ ÈÓÈ ßÚ·˘ ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á ‡¯˜ ’’’’’
‚Á Ì˘Ï ‰ÎÂÒ ‰˘Ú‚Á Ì˘Ï ‰ÎÂÒ ‰˘Ú‚Á Ì˘Ï ‰ÎÂÒ ‰˘Ú‚Á Ì˘Ï ‰ÎÂÒ ‰˘Ú‚Á Ì˘Ï ‰ÎÂÒ ‰˘Ú˙˘˘ ·¯„ È·Ï ‰ÈÏ È·ÈÓ Ïω ˙È·Â
Ó‡„’‰·È˜Ú ߯ ÌÂ˘Ó ˙˘˘ ·¯ Ó’‰Ú·˘ ÏÎ ÔȯÂÒ‡˘ ‰ÎÂÒ ÈˆÚÏ
ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á Ï¢˙ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á Ï¢˙ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á Ï¢˙ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á Ï¢˙ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á Ï¢˙Ó‡ ‰¯È˙Ù Ô· ‰„Â‰È È·¯ ‡È˙Â’
‚Á‰ ÏÚ ÌÈÓ˘ Ì˘ ÏÁ˘ Ì˘Î˘ ÔÈÈÓÍÎ ‰‚È
[14]
È¯Ë˘Â˘ ÔÈ·¯
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‚ÂÒ‰˜ÂÒÙÓ „ÂÓÈÏÏ Ïω ˙È· ˙·Â˘˙ ˙‡Â È‡Ó˘ ˙È· „ÓÏ ÂÓÓ˘ ˜ÂÒÙ ˙‡·‰· ˙Á˙ÂÙ ‰È
‚ ÈÙÂÏÈÁ Ì˘È Æ‰Ê≠· ÆÂÓÓ ˙„Óω ‰˘¯„‰ ÁÂÒÈ·Â ‡·ÂÓ‰ ˜ÂÒÙ· ‰Ò¯„‡ÒÏ„‡ÒÏ„‡ÒÏ„‡ÒÏ„‡ÒÏÂÈÚ˘ È˘·Â
‰ÊÈ‚¥∏¨‡¯˜ÈÂÓ ˜ÂÒÙ‰ ˙‡ ÌÈ‡È·Ó ¥π≠· ÂÏȇ ·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Óµ∞≠·© Ìȯ·„Ó ˜ÂÒÙ‰ ˙‡ ÌÈ‡È·Ó ‚ ˙Ò¯
Ú·˘ ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ÌÈȇÏ΂ È˙˘· ‡·ÂÓ ‰˘¯„‰ ÁÂÒÈ Æ®¢ÈÈÈÏ ÌÈÓÈ ∫˙Âȯ˜ÈÚ Â‡Ò¯
≠·„‡ÒÂÓ„‡ÒÂÓ„‡ÒÂÓ„‡ÒÂÓ„‡ÒÂÓ‰ÊÈ‚ ÈÚ˘ ‰˘ÂÏ˘·Â µ±‚‰ ÌÈÈÂÈ˘·© ¢ÔÈÚ· ‚Á ÌÂ˘Ï ‰È¢ډ ‰ÎÂÒ¢ ∫‡È‰ ‰Ò¯
Æ®ÌÈϘµ≤≠· ·˙·˙·˙·˙·˙‚‰ ¢‡¯‰Â ‰¢‡¯ ≠· Æ¢‚Á Ì˘Ï ‰ÎÂÒ ‰˘Ú¢ ∫‡È‰ ‰Ò¯ÏÏÏÏÏ‚ ‰˘Ú¢ ∫ÌÈȇÏÎ Ò¯
Ú· ‚Á ÌÂ˘Ï ‰ÎÂÒÆ¢Ô
¯ ÌÂ˘Ó ˙˘˘ ·¯ ˙˘¯„·’‚ ÛÂÏÈÁ Â˘È ‡·È˜Ú ≠· Ɖү‡ÒχÒχÒχÒχÒωÊÈ‚ ÈÚ˘ È˘·Â µ≥‡·ÂÓ
Ƈ¯˜ÈÂÓ ˜ÂÒÙ‰µ¥≠· ·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙ÓÆÌȯ·„Ó ˜ÂÒÙ‰ ‡·ÂÓ µµ≠· ‡‡‡‡‡˙‡ ˙˘˘ ·¯ ȯ·„· ÂÙÈÒ‰ ‰¢‡¯·Â
‚ ‰È‡¯‰ ¯Â‡È·¯ ˙˘¯„· Æ¢ÆÆƉÎÂÒ Û‡ ÈÈÈÏ ‚Á ‰Ó¢ ÂÒ¯’‚ ÌÈ„Ú‰ ÏÎ ‡¯È˙· Ô· ‰„Â‰È ÌÈÒ¯Â
Ú·˘ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ˜ÂÒÙ‰ ˙‡‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ ˙’Æ¢µ∂
‚ÂÒ· ˙¢¯„‰ ˙‡ ‰ÏÈÁ˙ ¯¯·‡‚‰Ó ˙Á‡ ÏÎ ÈÙÏ ‰ÈÆ˙‡ү
‚‰Ú·˘ ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ‰Ò¯ÚËÎ ‰‡·Â‰˘ ¢ß‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ „ˆÈÎ Ô·ÂÓ ‡Ï ‰˘˜ È‡Ó˘ È· Ï˘ ÌÓ
Æ¢ÔÈÚ· ‚Á ÌÂ˘Ï ‰È¢ډ ‰ÎÂÒ¢˘ ‰Ê ˜ÂÒÙÓ Â˘¯„µ∑‚‰ ¨˙‡Ê ˙ÓÂÚÏ ¢‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ‰Ò¯
ÌȘÂÒ٠‡ȷ‰˘ ÌÂ˘Ó Æ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á Ì˘Ï ‰ÎÂÒ ˙¢ÚÏ Íȯˆ˘ ÚÓ˘Ó Ô· ‰Ê ˜ÂÒÙÓ ‰ÁÂ
≠· Æ‰Â˘ ‰¯Âˆ· „ÂÓÈω ˙‡ ÂÁÒÈ ÌÈ¢·˙·˙·˙·˙·˙‡Â‰˘ ÈÙÎ ®‰ÎÂÒ ‰˘Ú© Ì„‡‰ ‡Â‰ ‡˘Â‰
˜ÂÒÙ· ‡Â‰˘ ÈÙÎ ®‰È¢ډ ‰ÎÂÒ© ‰ÎÂÒ‰ ‡Â‰ ‡˘Â‰ ÌÈ„Ú‰ ¯‡˘· ÂÏȇ ¨Ìȯ·„· ˜ÂÒÙ·
‰ÎÂÒ‰ ÏÚ ÌÈÓ˘ Ì˘ ÏÁÓ‡˘’Ú·˘ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á ß‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ ˙
‰Ï ‚Á ‰Ó’ß‰Ï ‰ÎÂÒ Û‡ ÈÎ‰Ï ‰ÈÏ ÈÚ·ÈÓ ÈÓ È‡Ó˘ ˙È·Â
ÚË È‡Ó ‡Ï‡ ÈÓ ÈΉ ÔÈ‡È‡Ó˘ ˙È·„ ‰ÈÈÓÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á ‡È¯Á‡ ‡¯˜ ·È˙Î
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‰ÎÂÒ‰ ÏÚ ÌÈÓ˘ Ì˘ ÏÁÚ·˘ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á Ï¢˙ÈÈÈ ÌÈÓÈ ˙
ÈÈÈÏ ‰ÎÂÒ ÈÈÈÏ ‚ÁÈÎ‰Ï ÈÏ È·ÈÓ ÈÓ È‡Ó˘ ˙È·Â
ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á ‡È¯Á‡ ‡¯˜ ·È˙Îȇ‚Á Ì˘Ï ‰ÎÂÒ ‰˘Ú
¥∏‚„ȯ·ÓÈȘ’ T-S F2(2).49 ÌÈ·¯Ï ˘¯„Ó‰ ˙È· ˜¯ÂÈ ÂÈ ªENA 2074.1Æ¥π‚ Ì‚ ÍÎƉ¢‡¯‰Â „¢È¯ ¨ÚÂ¯Ê ¯Â‡ ¨È¢˘¯ ÌÈүµ∞‚‰ Á¢·‰ ˙‰‚‰·© ˘¢‡¯· ‡Â‰ ÔÎÂÚ·˘¢ ˘¢‡¯· ‰ÈÆ®∂≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÔÏ‰Ï ‰‡¯Â ¢‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ ˙µ±‚„ȯ·ÓÈȘ ¥∏ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ ‰‡¯’ T-S F2(1).28Ƶ≤Æ„¢È¯·Â ÚÂ¯Ê ¯Â‡ ¨Á¢¯· ‡Â‰ Ôε≥‚„ȯ·ÓÈȘ’ T-S F2(1).28 ÌÈ·¯Ï ˘¯„Ó‰ ˙È· ˜¯ÂÈ ÂÈ ªENA 2074.1Ƶ¥‚‰ ˘¯„Ó·Â ‰¢‡¯‰ ¨„¢È¯ ¨ÚÂ¯Ê ¯Â‡ ¨Ô¢·‡¯ ¨‚¢ˆÈ¯· ‡Â‰ ÔÎÂÚ ¨‚ ¨Ï„ӒƱ± ‰¯Â˘ ·¯˙ µµÚ ¨®≤≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ˙˜ÂÒÙ ˙ÂÎω· ‡Â‰ ÔÎÂÓ’‚ ˙ÂÎω·Â ÁÎ Ú ¨®≤≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ˙ÂÏ„Æȯȇӷ ≥≥¥ ßÓ
‚ È¢‰Î ÏÎ Ì˘Â ˙˘˘ ·¯ ˙˘¯„ ˙‡·ÂÓ ·¢Ú Ï ‰ˆÈ· ÈÏ···Ú·˘ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ÌÈү±≥¥ Ô˜ÈËÂÂÓ „·Ï ¨¢ÆÆÆ˙‚˘‚ Ò¯ÂÚ·˘ ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ÌÈȇÏÎ ˙Ò¯© ‰ÊÈ‚ Ú˘· ͇ Æ¢ÈÈÏ ÌÈÓÈ ˙Oxf. Bodl. heb.e.52‚Á¢ ®
Ú·˘ ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÒ‰Ú·˘ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ∫®‰ˆÈ·© Á¢¯· Æ¢ÌÈÓÈ ˙¨„ÓÏÓ ˆ¢Ú ·˙΢ ÈÙÎ ‡Ï ¢ß‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ ˙ÈÒ ¨‚¢˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨ÈÏ··‰ „ÂÓÏ˙· Ìȇ˙‰ Ï˘ ‰Îω È˘¯„Ó’Ú ¨·Ú˙˙ Æ≥∞¥ ßÓ
µ∂≠·ÓÓÓÓÓ‚‰ Ú·˘ ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ßÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ‰Ò¯’‚˘‡ Ô‰ ¢ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙¢ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰˘ ‰‡¯Â Æ¢ÈÈÏ ÌÈÓÈ Æ‰¯µ∑Æ¢ÍÏÓ‰ ˙ÂˆÓ Ì˘Ï ß‰Ï ˙ÂÎÂÒ ·È˙΄¢ ˘¯ÙÏ ˜Á„ È¢˘¯
[15]
‰ÎÂÒ ÈÏ·· Ï˘ ÁÒ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ· πµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î Ï˘ È„ÂÁÈȉ ÂÓ˜ÈÓ
¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡
≠·© ‡¯˜È·ÏÏÏÏÏ‚ Æ®ÌÈȇÏÎ ˙Ò¯µ∏‚‰ ¨ÔÎ ÂÓÎ Ú·˘ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ˙˘˘ ·¯ ȯ·„· ‰Ò¯‰˘˜ ¢ÆÆÆ˙
ÔÎÏ˘ ‰‡¯ Ɖڷ˘ ÏÎ ÔȯÂÒ‡ ‰ÎÂÒ ÈˆÚ˘ ‰Ê ˜ÂÒÙÓ ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ „ˆÈÎ ¯Â‡È· ÍȯˆÂ ˙·ÂÓ ‰È‡Â
‡‡‡‡‡¯ ÂÈȉ ˙˘˘ ·¯ ÔΠ̇ ȯ‰˘ ¨‰˘˜ ˙‡Ê ˙ÙÒÂ˙ ͇ ¨¢ÆÆÆß‰Ï ‚Á ‰Ó¢ ¯Â‡È· ÂÙÈÒ‰ ’‰„‰È
‚‰ Ƈ¯È˙· Ô·Ú·˘ ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ˙˘˘ ·¯ ȯ·„· ‰Ò¯È¯‰˘ ¨˙·ÂÓ ‰Á ¢ÌÈÓÈ ˙
Ìȇ˙Ó ¢ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ˜ÂÒÙ‰˘ ¨¯Ó‡Â ÌÎÒ Æ‰Ú·˘Ï ‡È‰ ‰ÎÂÒ‰ ˙ÈÈ˘Ú˘ ¯‡Â·Ó
‚ÂÒ· ˙‡·ÂÓ‰ ˙¢¯„Ï ¯˙ÂÈƉÈ
‚‰ ͇‚ÂÒ‰ ÍωÓÓ ‰˘˜ ¢ÆÆƉ˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ‰Ò¯‚ÂÒ‰ ƉȘÂÒÙÓ „ÂÓÏÏ ‰ÒÓ ‰È
˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ˜ÂÒÙ‰Ó ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ È‡Ó˘ ˙È·˘ ‰˜ÈÒÓ ÔÎÏ ˙˘˘ ·¯Ï ͯˆ ‰Ê ˜ÂÒÙ˘ ‰Á„Â
¨¢ÆÆƉ˘Ú˙µπÆ¢ÆÆÆÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢ Âȇ „ÂÓÏÏ ÂÒÈ ÂÓÓ˘ ˜ÂÒÙ‰˘ Ô‡ÎÓ
‚ ¨‰‰Â ˙Ò¯ÏÏÏÏÏ‚ÂÒ‰ ˙˜ÒÓ· Ú·˘ ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á ‡È¯Á‡ ‡¯˜ ß˙΢ ∫‡È‰ ‰ÈÌÈÓÈ ˙
‚ ˙ÂÁ„Ï ‰˘˜ Æ¢ÈÈÏ ‰ÎÂÒ Û‡ ÈÈÏ ‚Á ‰Ó‚È ¯ÙÂÒ‰ ‰ÚËÈ ÚÂ„Ó È¯‰˘ ¨˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯‚Á ‰Ó¢ Ò¯
‰Ï’‚ ̇ ¨Ì¯· Æ¢ÆÆÆ≠Î Ò¯·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó‚‰˘ ¯˘Ù‡ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á ‡È¯Á‡ ‡¯˜ ·È˙΢ ‡È‰ ˙ȯ˜Ӊ ‰Ò¯
Ú·˘Æ¢ÆÆÆ‚Á ‰Ó ∂∞‚Ï ˙˘¯„Ï Í¯ˆ Âȇ ¢‰˘Ú˙ ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ÂÒÙ‰˘ ‰Á„ ‡¯Ó‚‰ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯
Ú·˘ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢Ó ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ ÔȯÂÒ‡ ‰ÎÂÒ ÈˆÚ˘ ‰Îω‰ ˙‡Â ˙˘˘ ·¯Ô· ‰„Â‰È ß¯Î ¢ÆÆÆ˙
Ƈ¯È˙·∂±¯Á‡ ¯Â˜Ó ‡È·‰Ï ‰˙ÂÂÎ ¢‡È¯Á‡ ‡¯˜ ·È˙΢ ‰¯Ó‡· ‡¯Ó‚‰˘ ÂÈ·‰ ÌȯÒÓ‰
‚‰ ÔÎÏ ¨‰˘È ‰ÎÂÒ· È‡Ó˘ ˙È· ȯ·„ÏÈÙÏ˘ ˙¢¯„‰ ˙‡Â ¢ÆÆƉ˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢Ï ˙‡Ê ‰È
‚‰ ÔÎÚ·˘ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢Ï ‰ÈÆ¢ÆÆÆ˙∂≤
µ∏‚ ÚÂ¯Ê ¯Â‡‰‚ÂÒ‰ ˙ÏÈÁ˙· ¢ÔÈÚ· ‚Á Ì˘Ï ‰ÎÂÒ¢ Ò¯ÂÚ·˘ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á¢Ó ˘¢·Ï ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ˘ ˙¯·ÂÒ˘ ‰È¨¢ÆÆÆ˙‚ÂÒ‰ ˙˜ÒÓÏ Í‡‚ ¢ÆÆƉ˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á¢Ó ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ˘ ‰ÈÆ¢‚Á Ì˘Ï ‰ÎÂÒ ‰˘Ú¢ Ò¯Â
µπÚ Ò¢˜„‰Ó’‚Ï˘ ¯‡·Ó  ˙‡ ≤∞ ‚ÂÒ‰ ˙ÏÈÁ˙· ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ Ó¢ÈÎ ˙Ò¯ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ ‰˜ÒÓÏ ¢‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á¢Ó ‰È‡¯˜ ·È˙΢ ı¯È˙·© Ó¢Èη ¢‰˘Ú˙¢ ‰ÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ ˜ÂÁÓÏ ˘È˘ Ò¢˜„‰ ·˙ÂÎ ÔÎÏ ¨¢ß‰Ï ÆÆÆ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á¢Ó
È ‰‡¯Â Æ‚Á· ‰ÎÂÒ ÔÈ˘ÂÚ˘ ‰Ê ˜ÂÒÙÓ ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ ‰¢· „ˆÈÎ ÔΠ̇˘ ‰˘˜ ‰Ê ¯Â‡È· ͇ Æ®¢‡È¯Á‡’¨È˜Ò‚¯Â· ¨Ë¢Ï˘˙ ¨ÔÏȇ ¯· ˙ËÈÒ¯·È‡ ¨¯Â˘„ ˙„Â·Ú ¨¢‰˙ÎÈ¯Ú Èί„ ‰È˙Â¯Â˜Ó ÈÏ·· „ÂÓÏ˙ Ï˘ ‰ÎÂÒ ˙ÎÒÓ¢
ÚӒƱ∞≤≠±∞∞ ∂∞Ù ÈÂÚÓ˘ ˘ÏÈ·’‚‰ ‰˜˙˙ ÊÓ¯ ‰‡¯ ÚË È‡Ó¢ ∫‡È‰ ‰Ò¯Ó’‰ÎÂÒ ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á ‡¯˜ ßÓ‡ È‡Ó˘ È·„
Ú· ‚Á Ì˘Ï ‰È¢ډ·È˜Ú ¯¢˘Ó ˙˘˘ ·¯„ÎÏ ‰ÈÏ ÈÚ·ÈÓ ‡Â‰‰ ÏÏȉ ˙È·Â Ô’ÔȯÂÒ‡˘ ‰ÎÂÒ ÈˆÚÏ ÔÈÓ Ú·˘ ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á ߢ ‰Ú·˘ ÏÎ ‰‡‰·È˙ ÌÈÓÈ ˙’„Â‰È ß¯ ’‡ ߯È˙· Ô· ’Ì˘ ÏÁ˘ Ì˘Î˘ ÔÈÓ
‚Á ÏÚ ÌÈÓ˘‚Á ‰Ó ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á Ï¢˙ ‰ÎÂÒ‰ ÏÚ ÌÈÓ˘ Ì˘ ÏÁ ÍÎ ‰‚ÈÈÈÏ ‰‚È’ÈÓ È‡Ó˘ ˙È·Â ßÈÈÏ ‰ÎÂÒ Û‡
ÚË È‡Ó ‡Ï‡ ÈÓ ÈΉ Ôȇ ÈÎ‰Ï ‰ÈÏ ÈÚ·ÈÓÓ’Ú·˘ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á ‡È¯Á‡ ‡¯˜ ß˙Î È‡Ó˘ ˙È·„ ‰ÎÂÒ ÌÈÓÈ ˙Ú· ‚Á Ì˘Ï ‰È¢ډ‚‰ ˘ÏÈ· Ì‚ Æ¢Ô‰ÏÂÚ Ë˜ÏÈ‰Ó Í‡ ¢‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ‡È‰ ˙˘˘ ·¯ ȯ·„· ‰Ò¯
Ú·˘ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢Ó ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ ˘¢· ‰˜ÒÓÏ˘‚ Æ¢˙‰Ó ÈÙÏ Æ˙ӄ˜‰ ‰¯Ú‰· È˙·˙΢ ÈÙÎ ‰˘˜ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯ı¯È˙·˘ ‰·‰‰ ˙·˜Ú· ‡È‰ ˙‡Ê ˙ÙÒÂ˙ ¢ÆÆƉÈ¢ډ ‰ÎÂÒ¢ „ÂÓÈω ÚÈÙ‰ ‡Ï ¯Â˜Ó·˘ ‰‡¯ È˙¯‡È·˘
Ú„Ï Â˜Ó ÌȇȷӉ‡¯Â ÆÔȯÂÒ‡ ‰ÎÂÒ ÈˆÚ˘ ÍÎÏ „ÂÓÈÏ ‡È·‰Ï ‡È‰ ȯ˜Ӊ ‰ÂÂΉ ͇ ‰˘È ‰ÎÂÒ· ¢· È ¯È„‰Ó‰© ÈÂÚÓ˘ ˘ÏÈ ÏÚ ¯È„‰Ó·’͇ ƯÁ‡Ӊ ‡¯˜ÓÓ ‡˘È¯· ˘È¯„ ‰ÓÏ ‰˘˜Ó˘ ®≥≤ ‰¯Ú‰· ÈÂÏÈ˘
‚ È˙˘¯ÈÙ˘ ÈÙÎÚËÎ ‰˜ÒÓÏ Û‡ ¯‡˘ ‰˘¯„‰ ‡Ê ‰Ò¯˙˘¯„˘ Ì˘ ‰˘˜Ó „ÂÚ Æ˙ÈÁ„ ‰È‡Â ¢· Ï˘ ÌÓÚ·˘„ ‡¯˜Ó‰ ÏÚ ˙ÂÈ ·˘ÂÈÓ ·¢·È¯‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ ’·¯ ˘¯„Ó ˙¢˜‰Ï ßÓ‚‰ ˙ÂÂΠȯ‰˘ È˘Â˜ Íη Ôȇ ͇ Æ
Æ˙˘˘∂±‚ Á¯‰ ÁÒ·ÚË È‡Ó ‡Ï‡ ÈÓ ÈΉ Ôȇ¢ ‰·Â˘˙‰ ˙ÏÈÁ˙· ÌÈÒ¯Â‚Ï Æ¢˘¢·„ ‰ÈÓ·È˙΢ ı¯È˙‰ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯
Ú„Ï ÌÚËÎ ˘Ó˘Ó ¢‡È¯Á‡ ‡¯˜≠· ͇ Æ˘¢· ˙·˙·˙·˙·˙·˙‡¯˜ ·È˙΢ ‰·Â˘˙‰˘ ¯˘Ù‡ ÍΠ̇ ‰Ê ËÙ˘ÓÏ ‡˙ÈÏ Æ‰ÎÂÒ‰ Ȉڷ ˘ÂÓÈ˘ ¯ÂÒÈ‡Ï ˙ÒÁÈÈ˙Ó ¢‡È¯Á‡
∂≤‚ÂÒ ÏÚ ·˙ÂΠۢȯ‰ÚË È‡Ó¢ ∫ÍÎ Â˙ÈÈÓ‡„ È‡Ó˘ ˙È·„ ßÓ’Ú·˘ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á ‡¯˜ ‚Á ÌÂ˘Ï ‰ÎÂÒ ‰˘Ú ÌÈÓÈ ˙
[16]
È¯Ë˘Â˘ ÔÈ·¯
¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡
‚ ˙Ò¯ ·˙Ó ·˙Ó ·˙Ó ·˙Ó ·˙Ó‚ ‡È‰ ‰‡¯‰ ÈÙΠ¨ÈÂÚÓ˘ ˘ÏÈ·Â ‚¢‰ ¨Ù¢‰· ˙‡ˆÓ‚ Æۢȯ‰ ˙Ò¯˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯
‚ÂÒ· ‰Óȇ˙Ó ‰È‡Úˆ‰Â Â˙ÈÈ‚ÂÒÏ ¯ÂÊÁ˘ È˙‚Ï ‰È‚ Æ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯¯·Î ˙‡ˆÓ Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰ ˙Ò¯
ƉÊÈ‚‰ ÈÚ˘·
≤Æ¥ ≤Æ¥ ≤Æ¥ ≤Æ¥ ≤Æ¥ËËËËË ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡
‚ÂÒ‰˙Â·Ï Íȯˆ˘ Ìȯ·ÂÒ È‡Ó˘ È· Ɖ˘È ‰ÎÂÒ· Ïω È·Â È‡Ó˘ È· ˜ÂÏÁÓ· ˜ÒÂÚ ‰È
Ú·˘ ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ˜ÂÒÙ‰Ó ˙‡Ê ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ ‚Á Ì˘Ï ‰ÎÂÒÌȯ·ÂÒ Ïω ˙È· Æ¢ÌÈÓÈ ˙
˙È· ÏÚ ‰˘˜Ó ‡¯Ó‚‰ Æ‰Â˘ ÔÙ‡· ˜ÂÒÙ‰ ˙‡ ÌÈ˘¯Â„ ‚Á Ì˘Ï ‰ÎÂÒ ˙¢ÚÏ Í¯Âˆ Ôȇ˘
∫‰Ó˘Ï ‰˙¢ÚÏ Íȯˆ˘ ˙ÈˆÈˆÓ ‚Á Ì˘Ï ‰ÈÂ˘Ú ‡Ï˘ Û‡ ÏÚ ‰ÎÂÒ ÌÈ¯È˘ÎÓ˘ Ïω
Ó‡ ‰„Â‰È ·¯„ Â‰Ï ˙ÈÏ Ïω ˙È·Â’ÔÓ ÔȈ˜‰ ÔÓ ‰‡˘Ú ·¯ ¯Ó‡ ‰„Â‰È ·¯ ¯Ó‡„ ·¯
ÔÓ Û‡ ÈÏ ¯Ó‡ χÂÓ˘„ ‰ÈÓ˜ ‰˙ȯӇ ÈÎ ‰¯˘Î ÔÈÒÈÒ‰ ÔÓ ‰ÏÂÒÙ ÔÈ„¯‰ ÔÓ ÔÈÓȉ
Æ‰Ó˘Ï ‰ÈÈ˘Ú ÔÈÚ· ÈÓ ‡Î‰ ‰Ó˘Ï ‰ÈÈÂË ÔÈÚ· ‡Óχ ‰ÏÂÒÙ ÈÓ ÔÈÒÈÒ‰
‚ ÏÚ ¯ÈÚÓ È¢˘¯‚ÂÒ‰ ˙Ò¯∫‰È
‚ ‡Ï ‡Óχ‚„ Ô‡Ó„ ‰Ó˘Ï ‰ÈÂË ÔÈÚ·„ ‰ÏÂÒÙ ÔÈÒÈÒ‰ ÔÓ Û‡ ‚¢‰ ‡Ï‡ ÔÈÒ¯‡Óχ Ò¯
‡È‰ ‡˙ÏÈÓ Â‡Ï χÂÓ˘„Ó ‡Ï‡ ·È˙ÂÓ ‡Ï ÔΠ̇ ‰Ï ¯Ó‡˜ ·È˙ÂÓ„ ȇ‰„ ÚÓ˘Ó
ÆÈÚ· ‰Ó˘Ï ‰È˘Ú ÈÓ ·¯„
Ú„Ó Û‡ ‡È‰ ‰Ï‡˘‰˘ ·ÂÒ È¢˘¯ÚË ÔȈ˜‰ ÔÓ ÏÒÂÙ˘ ·¯ Æ‰Ó˘Ï ‰ÈÈ˘Ú Íȯˆ˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ÂÓ
Ú„Ó ˜¯ ‡È‰ ‰Ï‡˘‰˘ Ìȯ·ÂÒ Ȣ˘¯ ÏÚ ÌȘÏÂÁ ÌÈ¢‡¯‰ ·Â¯ ͇ÆχÂÓ˘ ˙∂≥
¯ ÌÂ˘Ó ˙˘˘ ·¯ ßÓ‡„ ˙˘˘ ·¯„ÎÏ ‰ÈÏ ÈÚ·Ó ‡Â‰‰ Ïω ˙È·Â’‰Ú·˘ ÏÎ ÔȯÂÒ‡˘ ‰ÎÂÒ ÈˆÚÏ ÔÈÓ ‡·È˜Ú Ú·˘ ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á Ï¢˙¯ ‡È˙ ÈÈÏ ÌÈÓÈ ’‚Á‰ ÏÚ ÌÈÓ˘ Ì˘ ÏÁ˘ Ì˘Î˘ ÔÈÓ ßÓ‡ ‡¯È˙· Ô· ‰„Â‰È ÏÁ ÍÎ ‰‚È
‚Á ‰Ó ÈÈÏ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á Ï¢˙ ‰ÎÒ‰ ÏÚ ÌÈÓ˘ Ì˘Úˢ ۢȯ‰Ó ‰ÏÂÚ‰ Æ¢ÈÈÏ ‰ÎÂÒ Û‡ ÈÈÏ ‰‚ȇ‰ ˘¢· Ï˘ ÌÓÚ·˘ ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ÂÒÙ‰Ó‚È· ‰Ê ͇ ßÈÈÏ ÌÈÓÈ ‚ÂÒ ˜ÒÓÏ „ÂÓ ‡Â‰ „ÂÓÈω˘ Â˙ÈÈ’Æ¢ÆÆƉ˘Ú˙ ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á
¯˘Ù‡ ÔΠ̇ ¢ÈÈÏ¢ ÚÈÙÂÓ ‡Ï ۢȯ· ͇ Ɖڷ˘ ÏÎ ÔȯÂÒ‡ ‰ÎÂÒ ÈˆÚ˘ ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ ˘¢· ÔÈÓ ‰˘˜ ¨ÔÎ ÂÓΘÂÒÙÏ ‰Óȇ˙Ó˘ ¢‚Á ÌÂ˘Ï ‰ÎÂÒ ‰˘Ú¢ ‡È‰ ‰˘¯„‰ ¨ÔÎ ÂÓΠƢÆÆƉ˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ‡Â‰ ˜ÂÒÙ‰ ¯Â˜Ó·˘
‚‰ Í΢ ÈÏ ¯ÒÓ Ë·˘ ‡¯ÊÚ ¯¢„ Ô· ÆÌȯ·„·Âȯ·„Ï ®¢ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙¢© ۢȯ‰ Ï˘ µµ∞ „¯ÂÙҘ‡ Ȣη ‰Ò¯‚ Ì‚ ÍΩ ۢȯ‰ Ï˘ ¯˙ÂÈ· ·Âˉ „ȉ ·˙Î ‡Â‰‚ÂÒ· ‡È·Ó˘ ˘¢‡¯‰ Ò¯ÂÏÈÚÏ ‰‡¯Â ۢȯ‰ ȯ·„ ˙‡ Â˙ÈÈ
‚Ï Æ®µ∞ ‰¯Ú‰ÏÚ ÌÈ·È˘Ó ‰¢·Â ¢ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙¢Ó ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ ˘¢· ȯ‰˘ ¨ÌÈ·ÂÓ Ìȇ ÏÏΠۢȯ‰ ȯ·„ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯Ú ۢȯ‰ ÈÙÏ Ì‡ Æ¢ß‰Ï ‚Á¢ ˜ÂÒÙ‰‚‰ ‰„Ó·¯ ȯ·„Ï ¯Â˜ÓÎ ¢ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙¢ ˜ÂÒÙ‰© ‰˙‡ È˙¯ÊÁ˘˘ ÈÙÎ ‰Ò¯
ÈˆÚ˘ ‰Ê ˜ÂÒÙÓ ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ ‰¢· ¨¢ÆÆÆÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ˜ÂÒÙ‰Ó ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ ˘¢· ÆÌÈ·ÂÓ Ìȯ·„‰ Èʇ ®˙˘˘‚È· Æ¢ß‰Ï ‚Á¢ ÂÒÙ‰Ó ‡Ê ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ ¢·Â ÌȯÂÒ‡ ‰ÎÂÒ‚ÂÒÏ „Âۢȯ‰ ‚Á· ‰ÎÂÒ ‰˘Ú ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ ‰¢·Ï˘ Â˙ÈÈ
Ɖڷ˘Ï ‰ÎÂÒ Íȯˆ˘ ÌÈ˘¯Â„ ‡Ï ÏÏΠȯ‰˘ ‚Á· ‰ÎÂÒ ÌÈ˘ÂÚ˘ ÍÎÏ „ÂÓÈÏ Íȯˆ Ôȇ˘ ¯·ÂÒ∂≥Ú„ÏÚË È¢˘¯ ˙Ú„Ï˘ ·˙ÂÎ ¯Â‡Ó‰ ÏÚ· Æ‰Ó˘Ï ‰ÈÈ˘Ú Íȯˆ˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ‡Â‰ ·¯ Ï˘ ÂӇ‰ ÌÚˉ Ìȇ‚‰ ˙
‚ Ôȇ˘’‚· Ô‰Ó ˙¢ÚÏ ÔÈȇ¯ ÂÏω ÌÈÈÓ ‚· Ôȇ ¯Óˆ‰ ˙ÏÂÒ٠̉˘ „ψ‡ ‡ˆÓ ‰Ê ÌÚË ÆÔ˙ÂÓÎÓ ‰˘Ú „‚ ßÏÚ ¨Ë¢Ò¯˙ ˜¯ÂÈ ÂÈ ¨‰˜È‡‚ ¨‚¯Â·ˆÈÓ’Ú ¨‰ÎÂÒ ¨„¢Ó˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨Ìȇ‚‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ ¨ÔÈÂÏ Ó¢·Ω© ≥≥± Ó’
Ú ¨·¢˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨ÛÒ‡ ߢ ˙¯Â„‰Ó ¨Ìȇ‚‰ ˙·¢˙· ÔΠƮ±¥Ó’Ú ¨Ìȇ‚‰ ¯ˆÂ‡Ω© ±∂∂ ˙·¢˙ ª±¥ ßÓÈ ˙¯Â„‰Ó ¨È‡Â¯Ë ·¯’Ú ¨„¢˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨È„¯· Ó’Ú„Ï Æ®∂≥µ χÂÓ˘ ȯ·„Ó ‡È‰ ßÓ‚‰ ˙χ˘ Ìȇ‚‰ ˙
ȯ·„ ˙‡ Ì‚ ‡ȷ‰Â ‡ÙÈÒ ÌÂ˘Ó ‡˘È¯ ˘ χÂÓ˘ ȯ·„Ó ‰Ï‡˘‰˘ Ù¢Ú‡˘ ¯‡·Ó Ó¢‰Ú· Æ·¯ ȯ·„Ó ‡Ï‰ ˙ÂÓÁÏÓ· Ô¢·Ó¯‰ Æ·¯’È˘¯ÙÓ ¯ˆÂ‡ ‰‡¯Â Æ˘¢ÈÚ ¨˜ÏÂÁ „¢·‡¯‰ ͇ ‰Ó˘Ï Íȯˆ Ôȇ ·¯Ï˘ ‰È‡¯ ‡È·Ó
Ú ¨‡ ‰ÎÂÒ ¨‡¢Ó˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨„ÂÓÏ˙‰Ó’Ʒϯ
[17]
‰ÎÂÒ ÈÏ·· Ï˘ ÁÒ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ· πµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î Ï˘ È„ÂÁÈȉ ÂÓ˜ÈÓ
¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡
Ú„Ó Û‡ ‡È‰ ‰Ï‡˘‰˘ ·¯ ‡ ‰Ï‡˘· ÂÈȈ˘ ÍÎÓ ÁÈÎÂÓ È¯È‡Ó‰‚Ï Ôȇ ·¯ Æ¢‡Óχ¢ Ò¯
‚ Ìȇ˘ ˘È˘ ·˙ÂÎ ‡¢·Ëȯ‰∫·˙ÂÎ Á¢¯ Ô· ÆχÂÓ˘ ȯ·„Ó ‡È‰ ‰Ï‡˘‰˘ ÔÂÂÈÎÓ ·¯ ÌÈÒ¯Â
‚‰ ÌÈ„Ú‰ Ïη Æ¢ÆÆƉ‡˘Ú Ó‡„ ‰„Â‰È ·¯„ ‡‰ Â‰Ï ÈÏ ‰¢·Â¢¢·¯ Ó‡ ‰„Â‰È ·¯„¢ ‡È‰ ‰Ò¯
≠ Á¢¯· „·ÏÓÓÓÓÓÓ‚ Æ¢·¯ ¯Ó‡¢ ‡˙ÈÏ˘ ‚„Ó Ó¢ÈÎ ˙Ò¯‚ Æ·¯ ȯ·„Ó ‰È‡ ‰Ï‡˘‰˘ ‰˘È‰Ò¯
ÆÁ¯‰ ÁÒ· ‰È‡Â Á¢¯ ψ‡ ¯·Î ˙‡ˆÓ ˙‡Ê
≤Ƶ ≤Ƶ ≤Ƶ ≤Ƶ ≤ƵÎÎÎÎÎ ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢·····
‚ ÛÂÏÈÁ· Ô„‡ ÆÌ„‡ È„È· ‰˘Ú ‡Ï˘ ω‡ Ï˘ Ìȯ˜Ó· ‰„ ˙Âω‡· ‰˘Ó‰„Á‡· ‰Ò¯
∫ÌÈËȯى
Í·¯Ó— ÓÓÓÓÓ¨Ô‡‚ ¨∂¥ Í·„Ó — „ÒÏ„ÒÏ„ÒÏ„ÒÏ„ÒÏ ͷ„ ªÈ¢˘¯ ¨— ·˙‡·˙‡·˙‡·˙‡·˙‡¨È¯È‡Ó ¨¯‰‰ ÔÓ Ì‰¯·‡ ÂÈ·¯ ¨
ª‡¢·Ëȯ∂µ ‚·„Ó —ªÁ¢¯ ∂∂ ÍÈ·¯Ó —ÆÔ¢Á ·¯ ∂∑
ÈÏÂÙ ÒÂÙ„·Â ¥π∑ ‰Ó¯Ù ¨±≥∏ ‰Ó¯Ù ¨ÂÏ ¨ÔÓÙ˜ ∫ÔωτΠ‡Â‰ ‰˘Ó‰ Ï˘ ÌÈ„Ú‰ ·ˆÓ
¨¢‚·¯Ó¢ ‡Â‰ ÁÒ‰ ·¢¯∂∏‚‰ ÔΠ¨˙¯‰ËÏ Ìȇ‚‰ ˘Â¯ÈÙ· ‰Ò¯∂π‚ ‡È‰ ÔΠÆͯډ ˙Ò¯∑∞
‚Ï ¯ÎÊ ¯‡˘ ‡Ï ÈÏ··‰ Ï˘ ÁÒ‰ È„Ú·Æ˙ȯ˜Ӊ ‡È‰ ‰‡¯‰ ÈÙ΢ ¨¢‚·¯Ó¢ ‰Ò¯∑±‚ ˙Ò¯
‡¯˜Ó· ¯Â˘ ‰Ï È˘ ¢Í·¯Ó¢Ï ÂÈ˘ ÁÂ‡Ó ·Ï˘· Ư˜ÓÏ ˙ÂÈ· ‰·Â¯˜‰ ‡È‰ ¢‚·„Ó¢ Á¢¯∑≤
Ƣͷ„¢Â ¢Í·„Ó¢Ï ÂÈ˘˘ ˘ÈÂ
∂¥˘ ˙¯Â„‰Ó ¨Ìȇ‚‰ ˙·¢˙’Ú ¨·¢˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨ÛÒ‡ Ó’¯ÈÚ‰Ï ˘È Ɖ˘Ó‰ Ï˘ Êȯ٠Ȣη ÁÒ‰ ÔΠƱ≥π ‚ ˙Âω‡ ˙˘Ó·˘ Ò¯ÂÓÓÓÓÓƢͷ„Ó¢
∂µÚ Ò¢˜„‰Ó’‚˘ ·˙ÂÎ µπ ˙Ò¯ÓÓÓÓÓ‚Â ÔÂÎ ‰Ê Ôȇ ¢Í·„Ó¢ ‡È‰ Ƣͷ¯Ó¢ ‡È‰ Â˙Ò¯∂∂‰È ¨Ë‰‡˜ È¢Á ˙¯Â„‰Ó ¨ÌÏ˘‰ ͯڷ Ƈ¯Ó‚· ÒÂÙ„‰ È¢ÙÚ ‰‚‰˘ ‰‡¯Â ¨Í·„Ó ∫‡ÏÈ ÒÂÙ„ Á¢¯·
Ú ¨Ê ¨·¢¯˙≠Á¢Ï¯˙Ó’Ù„ ‚¢¯·Â ˙ÂÏȉ‡· ‚¢Ù·¢ ∫·˙ÂÎ ®‚·¯ ͯک ≤¥≤ ’¯ÂÂÒ ÔΠÌÈ·‡ Ï˘ ‚·¯Ó ÔÎÂ Ô˘È‰ ÈÙ Í·¯Ó ‡¢Ò ÆÆÆ˙¯˜ Ï˘’Æ¢‰Ê ‚¢Ú ‰Ê ÌÈ·‡ Ï˘ ÔÈ· ÂÓÎ ‚·¯Ó
∂∑Ú ¨®∂≥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© Ìȇ‚‰ ¯ˆÂ‡Ó’‚ ‡È·Ó ͯډ Æπ≥ Æ®˙ӄ˜‰ ‰¯Ú‰ ‰‡¯© ‡¢Ò Ì˘· ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯∂∏‡ ˙¯Â„‰Ó ¨‡Â·Ó ˘Â¯ÈÙ ÌÚ ˙ÈÚ„Ó ‰¯Â„‰Ó ˙Âω‡ ˙ÎÒÓ ‰‡¯’‚ Ú ¨Â¢Ë˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨‚¯·„ÏÂÓ’˜¢Èη Æ≥≤
ÆÈ¢‰Î· ˙ÂÈ¯Â˜Ó Ôȇ ¢‚·¢ ˙ÂÈ˙‡‰∂πÚ ·¢Ó˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ÔÈÈË˘Ù‡ ¢È ‡Ó ¯ډ ‡Â·Ó ÌÚ Â¯‰Ë „ÒÏ Ìȇ‚‰ ¯ÈÙÓ’Ìȇ‚‰ ˆÂ‡Ω© ∏≥
Ú ¨˛∂≥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚϸƮπ≥ ßÓ∑∞Ú Â ®∂∂ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ͯڷ ‰‡¯ ͇ Æ∂∂ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ ‰‡¯Ó’‚˘ ®¢¯ÂÂÒ¢ ͯک ≤π ¯ÈÚ‰ ÔΠ¢Í·„¢ ‡È‰ Â˙Ò¯
Ú ¨®„¢Ï˘˙© ÁÏ ¨ÂÂ˘Ï ¨¢Í¯ډ ¯˜ÁÏ¢ ¨ÔÂÒÓ¯·‡ ߢ ‰‡¯Â ƉÓÏ˘ ˙·ÏÓ·Ó’¢‚·¯¢ ͯډ˘ ≤∂±≠≤∂∞ ÚÂÓÍ·„˘ ÛÒ ¯Â‡È· ÚÈˆÓ ÔÂÒÓ¯·‡ ƯÁ‡ ¯Â˜ÓÓ ‡Â‰ ¢¯ÂÂÒ¢ ͯډ ÂÏȇ ˙¯‰ËÏ Ìȇ‚‰ ˘Â¯ÈÙÓ ˜˙
‚˘‡ ‡Ï‡ Âȇ ¢¯ÂÂÒ¢ ͯڷ ÚÈÙÂÓ˘Æ˙Âω‡ ˙˘ÓÓ Í¯ډ ‡È·‰ ‡Ï ¢Í·„¢ ͯڷ˘ ‰È‡¯Ï ÌȯÙÂÒ ˙¯∑±˘ ‰‡¯’Ú ¨· ¨„¢Ú¯˙ ‰Ò„‡ ¨„ÂÓÏ˙‰ ˙ÂÈÂÓ„˜ ¨Òȯ˜ Ó’˘¯Â˘‰Â ÌÈ·‡ Ï˘ ÛÒ‡Π¢‚·¯Ó¢ ˘¯ÙÓ˘ ≤∑∏
‰‡ˆÂÓ ˙‡Ê ‰ÏÈÓ˘ ¢‚·¯Ó¢ ͯڷ ¯‡·Ó ˉ‡˜ Ƣͷ¯¢ ˘¯Â˘Ó ˘¯ÙÓ Ì¢·Ó¯‰ Æ‚·¯ΩÚ·¯Ωı·¯ ∫ÍÎ ¯ˆÂ
Ú ȷ¯Ú ÏÚÂÙÓƯ·Á ˜·„ È·¯Ú Ô¢ÏÓ ·˙ÂÎ ¢‚·¯¢ Í¯Ú·Â Æ‰Ê ÍÂ˙· ‰Ê ‰ÎÈ·Ò ‰ÈÈ∑≤‚ Ì˙ˆ˜ ÏÚ Ì˙ˆ˜ ˙¯·ˆ ̉˘ ÌÈ·‡‰ ˘¯ÈÙ¢ ∫˘¯ÙÓ Ô¢Á ·¯ÚÓ ‡Â‰˘¸ ßÂΠ‰‡È·˙ ˙η¯ÓÓ ¯ÊÔÈ
‚‰ ÔÈ· ¯ÈÙ· Ï„·‰‰ ‡ ‡·Ó˘ ‰ÓÏ˘ ·ÏÓ· ‰‡¯Â Æ¢˛¯Â„Ò‰˙η¯ÂÓ¢ Ô¢ÏÓ ‡Â‰ Í·¯Ó Æ˙¢‰ ‡ү‚Ï Ìȇ˙Ó Â˘Â¯ÈÙ ‰¯Â˘ ¯ÙÓ ¢‡¯‰ Æ˙ÂÈ˘Ó‰ ¯ÈÙ· Ì¢·Ó¯‰ ¯ÈÙ ÍΠƯ„ÈÒ ÂÚÓ˘Ó˘ ¢‰‡È·˙‰Ò¯
‚ ͯډ ͷ„ÓÏÚ ·˙΢ „È ¨Â ‡¯˜ÈÂÏ ‡¯ÊÚ Ô·‡· ‰‡¯Â ÆÂÊ È·‚ ÏÚ ÂÊ ÌÈ·‡ ÔÈÈ· Â˘Â¯ÈÙ˘ ¨‚·¯Ó Ò¯Â˙ÂÎω Ì¢·Ó¯‰Ó ‰‡¯ ÔΠ¨‰¯È·ˆ Ô¢ÏÓ Ì‚¯˙ ÁÙ‡˜ ·¯‰ Ï˘ ˙ÂÈ˘Ó‰ ˘Â¯ÈÙ·Â ÆÁ‡ ÂÏ Ôȇ˘ ¢˙η¯Ӣ
‰‡¯ ͇ Æ¢˙¯˜ ‡ ÌÈ·‡ ·ˆ˘¢ ·˙Â΢ ‡ ‚È Ó ‡ÓÂËM. Jastrow, A Dictionary of the Targumim,
the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature, New York 1967, p. 835˘¯ÙÓ˘ ∫¢Í·¯Ó¢“an irregular pile”Æ
[18]
È¯Ë˘Â˘ ÔÈ·¯
¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡
‚ Ò¯ÓÓÓÓÓÆÌȇ‚‰ ψ‡ ·Î ·Á ÂÏ È˘ ÁÒ· Ì„˜ ·Ï˘ ‚ˆÈÈÓ Í‡ ˙È¯Â˜Ó ‰È‡ ÌÓ‡
‚ÆÈÓÈ˙‰ ÁÒ· ‡Ï ۇ Á¯‰ ÁÒ· ˙‡ˆÓ ‡Ï ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯
≤Æ∂ ≤Æ∂ ≤Æ∂ ≤Æ∂ ≤Æ∂ÎÎÎÎÎÁÁÁÁÁ ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡
ڷ˜ ‰˘Ó‰Â˘Â¯ÈÙ ˜ÂÒÙ·˘ ¢Á¯Ê‡¢˘ ÍÎÓ ˙‡Ê ˙„ÓÂÏ ‡˙Èȯ·‰ ƉÎÂÒÓ ˙¯ÂËÙ ÌÈ˘˘ ˙
‰˘˜Ó ÍÎ ÏÚ Æ‰ÎÂÒÓ ÌÈ˘ ÌÈËÚÓÓ ¢Á¯Ê‡‰¢ ‰ÏÈÓ·˘ ‡¢‰‰ ˙ÙÒÂ˙Ó ÌÈ˘ ÔÈ·Â Ìȯ·‚ ÔÈ·
‚ÂÒ‰¢Á¯Ê‡‰¢ ‰ÏÈÓ·˘ ‡¢‰‰ ÙÒÂ˙Ó Ìȯ·‚ Â˘Â¯ÈÙ ¢Á¯Ê‡¢˘ Ìȯ·ÂÒ Ì˘ ÌȯÂÙÈΉ ÌÂÈÓ ‰È
‡¯˜ ȉ¢ ÌÈÏ‡Â˘ ÍÎ ÏÚ ¨È‡¯˜‡ Ô·¯ ‰ÈÎÓÒ‡Â Â‰È ‡˙ÎÏȉ˘ ı¯˙Ó ‡·¯ ÆÌÈ˘ ÌÈ·¯Ó
Æ¢‡˙Îω ȉÂ
‚ ÈÙÂÏÈÁ È ÂÈÏÚ˘ ‰Ï‡˘·Â ‡·¯ Ï˘ ˆ¯È˙· ∫‰Ò¯‚‰Ïη ‰ÚÈÙÂÓ˘ ÈÙÎ ‡·¯ ȯ·„· ‰Ò¯
‚Ï Æ®ÌÈϘ ÌÈÈÂÈ˘·© ¢Â‰È ‡˙ÎÏȉ¢ ‡È‰ ÌÈÒÂÙ„·Â ÌÈÓÏ˘‰ È¢‰ÎÌÈÈ„‰Ó „Á‡ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯
ÔÈ„‰ ‰Ó ˜ÂÒÙÓ „ÓÏ˘ ÔÈ„‰ Â‰Ó ‰˘˜Ó ‡¯Ó‚‰ ÔÎÏ ¨Â‰Ó ˘¯ÈÙ ‡Ï ‡˙ÎÏÈ‰Ó „ÓÏ
Ƈ˙ÎÏÈ‰Ó „ÓÏ˘
΢˜·∑≥‚‰ ‚ Æ¢‡¯˜ ‡„Á ß˙ÎÏȉ ‡„Á¢ ∫‡È‰ ‰Ò¯„Á‡ ˜¯ ‰ÈÙÏ ÁÂÒÈ· ˙˜ÈÈ„Ó ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯
Ƈ˙ÎÏȉ ‡Â‰ ÌÈÈ„‰Ó
‚Ï ÌÈÒÁÈÈ˙Ó ‡˙Îω ‰¢„ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙∫ÍÎ ÌÈ·˙ÂΠ‡·¯ ȯ·„· ‰Ò¯
‚ ‡È‰ ‡˙Îωȷ‚ ÌÈ˙ÂÎ ˙· ˘È¯·Â ¨‡Ï Â˙ ‡˙Îω ‰ÈÈÈÓ ‡„Á„ „ÈÁÈ ÔÂ˘Ï ÔÈÒ¯
‡˙Îω ‰ÈÈÈÓ È‰ Ì‰È˘ ÏÚ ˜ÙÂÒÓ˘ ÈÙÏ ÌÈ·¯ ÔÂ˘Ï Ë˜ ‰˘‡ ‡Ï‡ ÈÏ Ôȇ
ÚÂË ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙‚‰˘ ÌÈ‚ÂÒ·˘ ÔÂÂÈÎÓ ¨¢‡È‰ ‡˙Îω¢ ‡È‰ ‰Ò¯˙„ÓÏ ‰Îω ÂÊȇ ˜ÙÒ Ôȇ Â˙ÈÈ
‚ÂÒ· ÔÎ Ôȇ˘ ‰Ó ¨‡˙ÎÏÈ‰Ó‚Ï Æ‰„ ˙ÈÈƇ˙ÎÏȉ ‡È‰ ‰ÎÂÒ˘ ·È˘Ó ‡·¯ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯
‚Ư·„· ˜ÙÂÒÓ˘ Ô‡ÎÓ ¢‡˙Îω ȉ ‡¯˜ ȉ¢ Ï‡Â˘ ‡¯Ó‚‰ ȯ‰˘ ‰˘˜ ÂÙÒÂ˙‰ Ò¯∑¥
‚˘ „Ú Ôȇ ÌÈ¯È˘È‰ ÌÈ„Ú·Æ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙Î Ò¯Â∑µ
‚˘ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙ ˙‡ ¯‡·Ï ‰‡¯≠Î ‡¯Ó‚‰ ˙χ˘· ÂÒ¯ÓÓÓÓÓÆ¢‡˙ÎÏȉ ‡‰Â ‡¯˜ ‡‰¢ ∑∂‚Ï ‰Ò¯
Â˘Â¯ÈÙ˘ ¢Á¯Ê‡¢ ¯Ó‡ ˜ÂÒÙ· ȯ‰˘ ¨ÌÈ‰Ê ‡˙ÎÏȉ‰ ÔÎÂ˙ ˜ÂÒÙ‰ ÔÎÂ˙˘ ‰˘˜Ó ‡¯Ó‚‰ ˙‡Ê
Ƈ˙ÎÏȉ· ͯˆ Ôȇ ÍΠ̇ ¨Ìȯ·‚∑∑Â‰Ó ‰¯¯È· ‡Ï ‡¯Ó‚‰ Èʇ ¨‰Ï‡˘‰ ˙‡ ÍÎ ¯‡· ̇
∑≥Fr. Ebr. 338.1 Bologna, Archivio di Stato
∑¥¨Ô·ÂÓ Âȇ Ì¢¯‰Ó‰ ¯Â‡È· Ì‚ ͇ ÆÂ˘Â¯ÈÙ ˙‡ Ì¢¯‰Ó‰ ‰Á„ ¯·Î ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙‰ ȯ·„ ˙‡ ˘¯ÙÏ ˜Á„ Ï¢˘¯‰Ó‰Æ˘¢ÈÚ
∑µ‚ Á¢¯‚ ¯‡·Ó ͇ ¢‡È‰ ‡˙Îω¢ Ò¯Â‚Ï Â¯Â‡È· Æ¢‡˙Îω ‡„Á ‡¯˜ ‡„Á ¯ÓÂÏ΢ ∫˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯Âȇ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯‚ ¯‡·Ó ı¯Ù ÂÈ·¯ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙· Ì‚ Ƈ˙ÎÏ‰Ó ˙„ÓÏ ‰Îω ÂÊȇ ‡·¯ ȯ·„· ‰Ú¯Î‰ Ôȇ Âȯ·„Ï ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙Ήү
ÆÁ¢¯Î ˙‡Ê∑∂‚‰ „ˆÈÎ ‰ÂÓ˙Ï Ôȇ‰‡¯ ÔÎ ÂÓÎ ÆÓ¢Èη Û‡ ‡ˆÓ˘ ‡¯‰ ÂÈÈÚ È¯‰˘ ÂÙÒÂ˙‰ ÈÏÚ·Ï ‰Ê È„ÂÁÈÈ ÁÒ ÚÈ
Ú ¨®± ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÔӄȯÙÓ’‚ˆÈÈÓ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙‰ ÈÏÚ·˘ ÔÈÓ‡‰ ˙‡ ¯Î¢‰ ˜¯Ù· ‡ˆÓ˘ ¨¥∏ ÁÒ ˙‡ ·Â¯Ï ÌÈ
ÓÙÓÙÓÙÓÙÓÙÆÌȇ‚‰ ˙Ù˜˙ ¯Á‡Ï ‡ˆÓ˘ ¯Â·ÈÁ Ì¢Π‡Ï˘ ∑∑‚‰ ‡¢Ú ·Ï ‰„ ÈÏ···≠· ‰Ò¯ÓÓÓÓÓ‚‰˘ ÍÎÏ ÚÂÈÒ Ô‡ÎÓ ¨¢‡˙Îω ȉ ‡¯˜ ȉ¢ ‡È‰ ‚ÂÒ·˘ ¢‡‰¢ ‰Ò¯Â˙ÈÈ
‚ÂÒ‰ ͢Ӊ ¯Â‡È· Æ‰Â˘ ‰˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó‚Ï ‰ÈÚ ¨®µ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© È¯Ë˘Â˘ ‰‡¯ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯Ó’Ʊ≤∑ ‰¯Ú‰·Â ≥≤¥
[19]
‰ÎÂÒ ÈÏ·· Ï˘ ÁÒ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ· πµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î Ï˘ È„ÂÁÈȉ ÂÓ˜ÈÓ
¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡
Æ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙‰ ȯ·„ ÌÈ·ÂÓ ‰Ê· ˙˜ÙÂÒÓ ‰È‡ ÍÎÈÙÏ ‡˙ÎÏÈ‰Ó ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ˘ ÔÈ„‰∑∏‰Ê ˘Â¯ÈÙ
‚Ó Ì‚ ‰‡¯ ‡¯Ó‚‰ ˙χ˘Ï ˙Ò¯·˙·˙·˙·˙·˙Æ¢‡˙Îω ‡È‰Â ‡¯˜ ‡È‰¢ ∑π‚˘ ¯·˙ÒÓ ‡È‰ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯
‚ÂÒ‰ ÈÙ ÏÚ Á¯‰ ÁÒ· ‰‰‚‰ ˙ȯ˜ӉƢ‡¯˜ ȉ ‡˙Îω ȉ¢ ˙Ï‡Â˘˘ ‡¢Ú ·Ï ‰„· ‰È∏∞
≤Æ∑ ≤Æ∑ ≤Æ∑ ≤Æ∑ ≤Æ∑ÎÎÎÎÎËËËËË ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡
‚ „¯È ‰ÎÂÒ‰ ˙Á˙ Ô˘È ‰È‰¢ ∫˙¯Ó‡ ‡˙Èȯ·‰Æ¢¯Â‡È˘ „Ú ˙ÂÏÚÏ Â˙‡ ÔÈÁȯËÓ Ôȇ ÌÈÓ˘
‚ÂÒ‰‚ÂÒ‰ ƯÂÚÈ˘ ‡ ¯Â‡È˘ „Ú ‡Â‰ ¯ÂÚÈ˘‰ ̇‰ ˙˜Ù˙ÒÓ ‰ÈÔ˘È ‡˙Èȯ·Ó ˙‡Ê ˙ˢÂÙ ‰È
‚ ˘ÂÏ˘∫‰Ê Ú˘· ˙Âȯ˜ÈÚ ˙‡ү
∑∏¨¯‰‰ ÔÓ ‡¢¯ ¯ÈÙ ÛÂÒ· ÒÙ„ ‰Ê ¯ÈÙ© ÔÂÓ„˜ ¯ÈÙÓ Ú˘· ‰‡¯ ‰Ê ¯ÈÙ ÁÒÂÏ ‰Ó„˜ ÈÁ¯ÊÓ Â„ÚÚ ¨‰¢Ï˘˙ ˜¯ÂÈ ÂÈ ¨ÈÂÏ· ˙¯Â„‰ÓÓ’È È¢Ú ÒÙ„ ÔΠƢÔÂÓ„˜ ˘Â¯ÈÙÓ Ú˘¢ Ì˘· Êˢ ’Ì„˜ ˘Â¯ÈÙ¢ ¨Ô‰Î
Ú ˛Ô¢˘˙¸ ±∑ ‰È¯ÂÓ ¢‰ÎÂÒ ÎÒÓÏÓ’Ú· ‰‡¯Â ÆÊÎ≠ÂÎ ¨Á¢¯ Ï˘ Â˙Ù˜˙· ·˙Î ‰Ê ¯ÈÙ˘ ·ÂÒ Ô‰Î˘ ‡Î ßÓ„„· ˜˙ÂÚ ‡Â‰ ‰Ê Ú˘ Æԇ¯Ș Ô·Î ˘Â¯ÈÙ‰ ·˙ÂÎ ˙‡ ‰‰ÊÓ ‡Â‰ ÆÂ˙ÂÓÈ„˜ ÏÚ ÌÈÚÈ·ˆÓ‰ ÌÈÓÈÒ Û‡ Ì˘ÈÂ
‚ ÏÚ ˙ȯȉ˜‰ ‰ÊÈ‚· ¯Ó˙˘˘‚ÏÚ ¨Ô‰Î ‰‡¯ ÂÈÏÂÓ’ˆÈ·ÂÏÂÒ ß‡ ‰‡¯ ‰Ê ˘Â¯ÈÙ Ï˘ ·ÈËÏ Æ·Î≠‡Î ’ÏÚ¢ ¨˜ÈÚ ¨˛‚¢˘˙¸ ÁÈ ¨˙ÂÂÙˆ ¨¢‰ÎÂÒ ˙ÎÒÓÏ ÔÂÓ„˜ ˘Â¯ÈÙÓ’Ó‡¢ ∫®„È≠Ë ’Á¯Ê‡‰ ÔȯӇ„ ȇ‰„ Ú„ÂÈ È‰ ‡·¯ ÍÏ
̇ ÔÈ˘˜‡Â Æ‡È˘Â˜ ȇ‰Ó ‡ÎÈÏ ‡¯˜‡ ‡˙ÎÏȉ ÂÎÈÓ҇ Á¯Ê‡ ÔÂ˘Ï ¯ÎÊ˘ ‡¯˜ Ô·¯ ÈÁ΢‡Â ¨‡È‰ ‡˙ÎÏȉ˙χ˘ ‡ ¯ÙÓ ‰Ê ÌÎÁ Æ¢‡¯˜‡ Ô·¯ ‰ÂÎÓÒ ‰ÓÏ ‡¯˜Ó ‡ ß˙ÎÏÈ‰Ó Â‰ÈÈÈÓ ‡„ÁÓ ÛÏÈÓÏ ÔÈÏÂÎÈ Â‡Â ÔÎ
‚Ï Ìȇ˙Ó Âȇ ‰Ê ˘Â¯È٠ƘÂÒÙ‰ ÏÚ ‡˙ÎÏȉ‰ ˙‡ ÂÎÈÓÒ‰ ÚÂ„Ó ¨ßÓ‚‰˙¯¯·Ó˘ ¢‡˙ÎÏȉ ȉ ‡¯˜ ȉ¢ ‰Ò¯‚Ï Ìȇ˙Ó Â˘Â¯ÈÙ ÆÔÈ„ ÏÎ ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ ÔÎÈ‰Ó ˙Ò¯ÓÓÓÓÓÌÈÏÂÎÈ Â‡˘ ˙Âȉ˘ ‡È‰ ‰Ï‡˘‰Â ¨¢‡˙ÎÏȉ ‡‰Â ‡¯˜ ‡‰¢
‚‰ ‰Ê ˘Â¯ÈÙ· ƘÂÒÙ‰ ÏÚ ˙‡Ê ÂÎÈÓÒ‰ ˜¯Â ‡˙ÎÏÈ‰Ó ˙‡Ê „ÓÏ ÚÂ„Ó ˜ÂÒÙ‰Ó ‰Ê ÔÈ„ „ÂÓÏχȉ ‰Ò¯‚Ï ˘È˘ ¯ÈÚÓ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙˘ ÈÙÎ ¢‡È‰ ‡˙ÎÏȉ¢‚ÂÒ· Ò¯ÆÂ˙ÈÈ
∑π‚ÂÒ ÏÚ ·˙ÂΠȢ˘¯‡· È¢˘¯˘ ‰‡¯ Æ¢‡˙Îω ÈÏ ‰ÓÏ ‡¯˜ ÈÏ ‰ÓÏ Â˙ ‡˙Îω ȉ ‡¯˜ ȉ ‚¢‰¢ ∫˙‡Ê ‰È‚ ‡ ÂÁ„Ï Ò¯·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó‚Â ÏÈÚÏ© ÌÚ ‰‡¯Â Ƈ˙Îω· ͯˆ‰ ÏÚ ‡Ï ‡˙ÎÏ‰Ó „ÓÏ ÈÓ ‡È‰ ‰Ï‡˘‰Â ¢È‰¢ Ò¯ÂÚ ®±≥ ‰¯Ú‰Ó’‰Â˘‡¯‰ ‰Ï‡˘Ï ÒÁÈÈ˙Ó ‡Ï ‰ÈÈ˘‰ ‰Ï‡˘Ï ¯ È¢˘¯ ‰‚‰· ÒÁÈÈ˙Ó˘ ≤∏µ ‰¯Ú‰ ±¥≤
‚ÂÒ· ¯ÂÓ‡‰ ÏÎ ¯Â‡Ï Æ‚¢‰· ‰˙‡ ¯ÈÎÊÓ È¢˘¯˘ Û‡ ÏÚ‚ ˙‡ ˙ÂÁ„Ï ‡· È¢˘¯˘ ‰‡¯ ¨‰È ˙Ò¯·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ӊχ˘Ï Æ‰Â˘‡¯‰
∏∞·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó‚ ‚ Æ¢ÆÆÆÂ‰È ‡˙Îω ‡·¯ ¯Ó‡¢ ÌÈү¨¯·„· ˜ÙÂÒÓ ‡·¯ ȯ‰˘ ¨˙ÂÙÒÂ˙ ÌȯÈÚÓ˘ ÈÙÎ ¨‰˘˜ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯‚Ï Æ˜ÙÒ‰ ˙‡ ¯¯·Ï ‰˙Èȉ ‰Îȯˆ ‡¯Ó‚‰ ΢‡Â‚ÂÒ· Ì¯Â˜Ó Ôȇ ‡·¯ ȯ·„˘ Ï¢ˆ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯Â¯·Ú‰ ‡Ï‡ ¨Â˙ÈÈ
‰‡¯Â Ƈ¢Ú ·Ï ‰„© ‰„ ˙ÎÒÓÓ Í¯ÂÚ‰ È¢Ú’Ú ·È·‡ Ï˙ ¨ÈÏ··‰ „ÂÓÏ˙· ÔÈ˘Â„È˜ ˙ÎÒÓ ˙ÎÈ¯Ú ¨ÁÈÓÚ ¨Ê¢Ï˘˙Ó’‚ÂÒ· ‡·¯ ȯ·„˘ ÔÚÂˢ ¨≥±≥≠≥±≤ ‡·¯ ȯ·„ ˙‡ ͯÂÚ‰ ˙¯·Ú‰˘ ‰‡¯ Æ®‰„Ó Â¯·Ú‰ Â˙ÈÈ
‚‚‰ ÈÈÂÈ˘Ï ‰Ó¯‚ÂÒ· ‰Ò¯‚‰ Á¯‰ ÁÒ· ƉȂ‰ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙ ÂÏȇ ¨‰Ï‡˘‰ ˙‡ ‰È߇ ‰‡¯Â Ƈ·¯ ȯ·„ ˙‡ ‰ÈÚ ¨‰¢Ï˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨„ÂÓÏ˙· Ìȯ˜ÁÓ ¨ÒÈÈÂÓ’‚ÂÒ ˙‡ ‚ÂÂÒÓ˘ ¨±≥≤ ‚ÂÒÎ Â˙ÈÈ˙ȯÂËÒȉ ˙ÂÁ˙Ù˙‰ ˙ÏÚ· ‰È
‚ ÏÚ ÍÓ˙ÒÓ ÒÈÈ Æ˙ÈÏӯ‚ÂÒÏ Â¯·Ú‰ ¢‡·¯¢ ȯ·„ Âχ˘ ‰‡¯ ͇ ¢‰·¯¢ ÌÈÒÂÙ„‰ ˙Ò¯ÔÈÈÚ ¨Â˙ÈÈ‚·ÌȯÁ‡Ӊ ÌÈÒÂÙ„‰ ÁÒ ‰È‰ ÂÈÙÏ© ¢‡·¯¢ Ï¢ˆ˘ ˘Ù‡˘ ‰„·Â ÔÈ˘Â„È˜· ‡¯Ó‚‰ È¢ÙÚ ÈÚÓ˘ Ò¢˘‰ ÈÂÈÏ
ÈÁ· ‰‡¯Â ¨®¢‰·¯¢’Ú ¨®µπ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© Ș҂¯Â· ‰‡¯Â Æ„¢ˆÈ¯‰ Ó’‚ÂÒÏ Â¯Â‡È· È¢ÙÚ˘ ¥∞∏ ˘È˘ ÔÚÂË ‰È‚Ï‚ÂÒÏ Â¯Â‡È· ͇ ¨‰·¯ Ò¯ÆÏ¢ÓÎ‡Â Ë˘Ù‰ ÔÓ ˜ÂÁ¯ ‰È
Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰
Ú ‰ÏÚÈÂ Â‡È˘ „Ú ÚÓ˘ ‡˙„ÂÓ¯Á˘‰
¯ÂÚÈ˘ „Ú ‡Óȇ ‡Ï‡ È˙¯˙Ú ‰ÏÚȯÁ˘‰ „ÂÓ
Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó
Ú ‰ÏÚ˛È¸Â ¯Â‡È˘ „Ú ˘¢˙„ÂÓ¯Á˘‰
χ È˙¯˙’¯Â‡È˘ „Ú ßÓȇ Ú ‰ÏÚÈ˘Ó È˙Ó‡Ó¯Á˘‰ „ÂÓ
·˙ ·˙ ·˙ ·˙ ·˙
Ú ‰ÏÚÈ ‡ÈÈ˘ „Ú ÚÓ˘ ‡˙„ÂÓ¯Á˘‰
[20]
È¯Ë˘Â˘ ÔÈ·¯
¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡
Ú ‰ÏÚÈ˘Ó ¯ÂÚÈ˘ „Ú¢ ‡È‰ ‰˜ÒÓ‰ Á¯‰ ÁÒ·‚‰ ÌÈÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ÌÈ„Ú‰ Ïη Æ¢¯Á˘‰ „ÂÓ‰Ò¯
‚Ï Û¯ËˆÓ Ó¢ÈΠ¢¯Â‡È˘ „Ú¢ ‡È‰Æ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯∏±
≤Æ∏ ≤Æ∏ ≤Æ∏ ≤Æ∏ ≤Æ∏ÏÏÏÏÏ ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡∏≤
‚‰ ·ÏÂÏ˘ ˙˜ÒÂÙ ‚¢Ù ˘È¯ ‰˘Ó‰‚ÂÒ‰ ÆÏÂÒÙ ÏÂÊ·ÏÂÏ˘ ‰˘Ó‰ ÔÂ˘Ï ˙ÓÈ˙ÒÓ ‰˜ÈÒÓ ‰È
‚‰Ú·˘ Ïη ÏÂÒÙ ÏÂÊ·ÂË ÌÂÈ· ˜¯ ‡Â‰ ¢ÌÎÏ¢ ÔÈ„ ȯ‰˘ ÍÎ ÏÚ ‰˘˜Ó ‡¯Ó‚‰ Æ˙ÂÎÂÒ ÈÓÈ ˙
¯ ·È˘Ó Ô¢‡¯’‚‰ ·ÏÂÏ ÌÈÓȉ ‡˘·˘ È¢·˘¯ Ì˘· ÔÁÂÈ ‰‡·‰ ‰ÂÂˆÓ ‡Â‰˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ÏÂÒÙ ÏÂÊ
‰È‡¯ ‡È·Ó ‰¯·Ú·∫‰ÂÂˆÓ ‰È‡ ‰¯·Ú· ‰‡·‰ ‰ÂÂˆÓ˘ ÍÎÏ
‚ Ì˙‡·‰Â ¯Ó‡˘‚ ‰ÏÂÁ‰ ˙‡Â ÁÒÙ‰ ˙‡Â ÏÂʉÈÏ ˙ÈÏ ÁÒÙ ‰Ó ÁÒÙ„ ‡ÈÓ„ ÏÂÊ
‚ Û‡ ‡˙˜˙‡ÓÏ˘· ˘Â‡È ¯Á‡Ï ‡˘ ‡Ï ˘Â‡È ÈÙÏ ‡˘ ‡Ï ‡˙˜˙ ‰ÈÏ ˙ÈÏ ÏÂÊ
˘Â‡È ÈÙχ„Ì ÎÈ È˜¯È· ÓÎÌÓ‡ ’‡‰ ˘Â‡È ¯Á‡Ï ‡Ï‡ ‡Â‰ ‰È„È„ ‡Ï ‡ÓÁ¯
‰¯È·Ú· ‰‡·‰ ‰ÂˆÓ ‰ÈÏ ‰Â‰„ ÌÂ˘Ó Â‡Ï ‡Ï‡ ˘Â‡È· ‰ÈȘ
‚„ÂÓ‰ ËÙ˘Ó·‚ ÛÂÏÈÁ ˘È ¯ÂÊÈÙ· ˘ ∫‰Ò¯≠·‡Ó‡Ó‡Ó‡Ó‡Ó‰ÊÈ‚‰ ÈÚ˘ ‰˘ÂÏ˘·Â ∏≥‡˘ ‡Ï¢ ËÙ˘Ó‰
Æ¢ÌÎÏ¢ ‡Â‰ ‡·ÂÓ˘ ˜ÂÒÙ‰ ÔÎÏ ·ÏÂÏ ÏÚ ·ÒÂÓ ¢˘Â‡È ¯Á‡Ï ‡˘ ‡Ï ˘Â‡È ÈÙÏ∏¥≠· „ÒÏ„ÒÏ„ÒÏ„ÒÏ„ÒÏÂ
ÆÔ·¯˜Ï ÌÈÒÁÈÈ˙Ó‰ ÌȘÂÒÙ ÌÈ‡È·Ó ÔÎÏ Է¯˜ ÏÚ ‰Ê ËÙ˘Ó ·ÒÂÓ
© ÌÈÈÓÈ˙‰ „ȉ È·˙η·˙·˙·˙·˙·˙‚ ˜ÂÒÙ‰ ¯ÎÊÂÓ ‡Ï ®‰È„È„ ‡τ ˘Â‡È ÈÙÏ ‡ÓÏ˘·¢ ÌÈÒ¯Â
Æ¢‡Â‰∏µ‚ ‰‡¯‰ ÈÙΠ͇ ÆÔ·¯˜ ÏÚ Â‡ ·ÏÂÏ ÏÚ ·ÒÂÓ ‰Ê ËÙ˘Ó Ì‡‰ ˙¯‡·Ó ‰È‡ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯
‚ÂÒ· ¯‡Â·Ó ¯·Î˘ ÔÂÂÈÎÓ ˘¯ÙÏ ‰Î¯ˆÂ‰ ‡Ï ÔÎÏ ¨·ÏÂÏÏ ‰˙ÂÂÎÍȯˆ ·ÏÂÏ˘ ÍÎÏ ¯Â˜Ó‰ ‰È
ÆÂÏ˘ ˙ÂȉÏ
‚ ˙ÂÎω·˙ÂÏ„∏∂‚ÂÒ‰ ‰ÚÈÙÂÓ ∫ÍÎ ‰È
˙΄ ˘Â‡ÈÈ ÈÙÏ Æ˘Â‡ÈÈ ¯Á‡Ï ‡˘ ‡Ï ˘Â‡ÈÈ ÈÙÏ ‡˘ ‡ÏÂ’ÌÎÏ ÌÎÏ Ì˙Á˜ÏÂ
‰È„È· ‡‰È ÌÎÏ˘Ó∏∑‚„ ‡Â‰‰Â ÈÓ ˘Â‡È ¯Á‡Ï ÆÏÂÊ∏∏‰‡·‰ ‰ÂˆÓ ‰ÈÏ ‰Â‰„ Ì¢Ó
∏± „Ú ̇ È˙Ï· ÂÈ„ÁÈ ÌÈ˘ ÂÎÏȉ¢ ȯӇӷ ±Æ∏ ‰Ó‚„ ‰‡¯ ‰Ê ÛÂÏÈÁ· ÔÂÈ„Â ‰‡ÏÓ‰ ÌÈ„Ú‰ ˙ÓÈ˘¯ ˙‡— ¨¢Ì¢·Ó¯Ï ÂÒÁÈ ®ÈÏ··© ‰ÎÂÒ ˙ÎÒÓÏ ÈÓÈ˙‰ ÁÒ‰JSIJÚ ¨®≤∞±∞© π ¨Æ∑∞≠∂∑ ßÓ
∏≤‚ÂÒ· ÁÒ‰ ÂÏ˘Ï˙˘‰ ÏÚ¯ ‰‡¯ ‰˙ÎȯÚ ‰È’‚‡Ó¢ È¯Ë˘Â˘ ‚Ï ∫‰ÎÏ‰Ï ‰„‚Ï‚ÂÒ Ï˘ ‰Èω‡·‰ ‰ÂÂˆÓ ÈÈ ¨¢®‡¢Ú Ï≠·¢Ú ËÎ ‰ÎÂÒ© ‰¯È·Ú·HUCAÆ®≤∞±∞© ∏± ¨
∏≥‚„ȯ·ÓÈȘ’ T-S NS 329.427Ú ¨®±∞ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© Ò˜ÂÙ ‰‡¯ ¨Ó’ „¯ÂÙҘ‡ ªÁ Heb. c. 17/59 (2661.21)
‚„ȯ·ÓÈȘ ª®≤µ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ ‰‡¯©’ T-S F1(1).3Æ∏¥‚·‚ ˙‡ ‡È·Ó Ó¢ÈÎ ÔÂÈÏÈÚ ¨Ò¢˜„ ‰‡¯Â ÆÁ¯‰ ÁÒ‰ ˙Ò¯Ó’ÒÁÈÈ˙Ó ‰Ê ËÙ˘Ó˘ Ï·˜Ó Âȇ˘ ¨Á ˙‡ ∏π
‚Ï˘ ¯Ó‡ ÔÎÏ ·ÏÂÏÏ‚ÂÒ¢ ¨Ï¯ÂÓ ß˘ ‰‡¯Â Æ˘È¯„ Ìη¯˜Ó ‡ ·¯˜Ó ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯˙ÂÎω ¯ÙÒ· „ÂÓÏ˙‰ ˙ÂÈ ¢˙˜ÏÂÁ ÂÎȯÚ ¯ÂÒÓ ∫˙˜ÂÒÙHUCAÚ È¯·Ú ÏÁ ®±π∑π© µ∞ Ó’È·‚Ï ·ÂÒ˘ ‰‡¯˘ µ≥ ‰¯Ú‰·Â ·Î
‚‚ ‡È‰˘ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î Ò¯‚ È·‚Ï Âȯ·„ ‡ ÌÈÈÒÓ ‡Â‰ ÈΠ̇ ÆÂÏ˘ ¯ÂÒÓ Ìȇ‚‰ ¯ÂÒÓÓ ÌÈȇÏÎ Ò¯˙үƢ˘Â·È˘ ‡Ï‡ ԇΠÔȇ˘ ¯˙ÂÈ ÔÎ˙ÈÈ Ï·‡¢ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î
∏µ‚‰‡¯ ¨Ìȇ‚‰ ÁÒ· ‰¯˜˘ ÈÙÎ ÌȘÂÒÙ‰ ˙‡ ÂÙÈÒ‰ ÌÈ„Ú‰ ¯‡˘·Â ˙ȯ˜Ӊ ‰‡¯‰ ÈÙÎ ‡È‰ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯Æ∏∑ ‰¯Ú‰ ÔωÏ
∏∂‚ ˙ÂÎÏ‰Ú ¨®≤≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ˙ÂÏ„ӒÆ≥¥∂ ∏∑˙΄¢ ∫ÔÈϯ· ÒÂÙ„·’‚„ ‡Â‰ ‰È„È„ Â‡Ï È‡‰Â ßÓÁ¯ ¯Ó‡ ÌÎÏ˘Ó ÌÎÏ ÌÎÏ Ì˙Á˜Ï ∫‰˘¯Â ÒÂÙ„· Æ¢ÏÂÊ
‚„ ‡Â‰‰Â ÌÎÏ˘Ó ÌÎÏ Ì˙Á˜Ï ÔÈÚ· ‰È„È„¢∫Ù¢‰ Æ¢®„ÂÓÈω ÂÒÙ‰ ‡ÏÏ Í‡ Ô¢·Ó¯‰ ËËˆÓ Ì‚ ÍΩ ‡Â‰ ÏÊ‚„ ‡Â‰‰„ ‰È„È·¢‚ Ï˘ „ȷ¢ ∫‡¯ ˙ÂÎω Æ¢¯ÈÒ‡ ÏÊÈ ‰‡¯Â Æ¢ÏÊÂ’·È·‡ Ï˙ ¨Ìȇ‚‰ ˙¯ÙÒÏ ¯‰Âˆ ¨È„¯·
[21]
‰ÎÂÒ ÈÏ·· Ï˘ ÁÒ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ· πµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î Ï˘ È„ÂÁÈȉ ÂÓ˜ÈÓ
¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡
‚· ÈÙ ‰ÈÏ È‡˜ ‡È¯Á‡ ÈÈ‡Ï ‰È˜‡ Ï·‡ Ɖ¯È·Ú·Ô¢‡¯ ·ÂË ÌÂÈ· ‡˘ ‡Ï ƉÈÂ
ÆÈÈ˘ ·ÂË ÌÂÈ· ‡˘ ‡ÏÂ
Á¢¯ Ì‚ Æ·ÏÂÏ ÏÚ ·ÒÂÓ ¢˘Â‡È ÈÙÏ ‡˘ ‡Ï¢ ËÙ˘Ó‰ ‚¢‰· Û˜˙˘Ó˘ ÈÙÎ Ìȇ‚‰ ÁÒ ÈÙÏ
‚· ¢˘Â‡È ÈÙÏ ‡˘ ‡Ï¢ ËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ‚ȈӇ‰„ ˘Â‡È ÈÙÏ ÈÓ ÌÈÓȉ ¯‡˘·Â¢ ∫·ÏÂÏÏ Ú
Æ¢ÌÎÏ˘ Âȇ
‚ ˙Ò¯ÓÓÓÓӄȉ È·˙Î ˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó ‰ÊÈ‚‰ ÈÚ˘ ¨Á¢¯ ¨Ìȇ‚© ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈÈÁ¯ÊÓ ÌÈ„Ú· ˙‡ˆÓ
Æ®ÌÈÈÓÈ˙‰∏π
≤Æπ ≤Æπ ≤Æπ ≤Æπ ≤ÆπÏÏÏÏÏ····· ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡
≠· Æ¢ÆÆÆ˜Â„Ò ıÂÂÎ ÛÂÙÎ ·ÏÂÏ Ô·¯ Â˙¢ ∫ÌÈÏÂÒÙ ÌÈ·ÏÂÏ ‰ÂÓ ‡˙Èȯ·‰ÒÏÓÒÏÓÒÏÓÒÏÓÒÏÓ‚ ÂÎω ˙ÂÏ„π∞
‰¢È·‡¯Âπ± ÛÂÙ΢ ÛÒ ÏÂÒÙ ÚÈÙÂÓ ÎÙÂ˙≠· ‰˜ÈÁÓÏ ÔÓÂÒ ¢ÏÏÏÏÏ‚ ÆÈÏ·˘· ‰ÚÈÙÂÓ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯
˘ωπ≤Æ¢Ô·‚ ˘È‡Ï ‰Ó„ ˙ÂÙ΢ ∫‰˘¯ÙÓ π≥
‚ÓÏ ‰Ó„ ÌÂ˜Ú ÆÆÆÛÂÙ΢ ·ÏÂω ÂÓȘڷ ÌȘÒÂÚ˘ ÌÈÙÒ ÌÈÏÂÒÙ ÌȯÎÊÂÓ ‡˙Èȯ··Æ¢Ï
ÔÈÁ˘ Ô‰È˘‡¯˘ Ԙʉ Է‚ ˘È‡Ï ˙ÂÓ„ ÔÂÓ‚‡Î ÛÂÙΠ¢‡¯˘¢ ∫‡Â‰ ÛÂÙ΢ ˘¯ÙÓ È¢˘¯
ËÂ˘Ù ‰È‰ ‡Ï ‰Ê ÏÂÒÙ˘ ¯ÎÈ Ì‰ÈÂÈ„Ó ¨ÛÂÙÎ Ï˘ ÏÂÒÙ· „ ÌÈ¢‡¯‰ Æ¢‰ËÓÏ ÔÈÙÂÙÎÂ
Â˙ÏÂÁ˙ ˙‡ ÌˆÓˆÏ ÂÒÈ ÔÎÏÂ𥂠‡Ï˘ ˘È˘ ‡È·Ó Û‡ Ì˙ÎӉ ͯ„˘ ÔÂÂÈÎ ‡˙Èȯ·· ˙‡Ê ÂÒ¯
Ú ±ππ∏‚‰ „È· ÊÂÁ‡ ‡Â‰¢ Ù¢‰‰ ȯ·„ ‡ Ì‚¯˙Ó˘ ±≥± ßÓ‚ ÈÂËÈ·‰˘ Ȅ¯· ·˙ÂÎ ∂≥ ‰¯Ú‰· Æ¢ÏÊÈ˘Â˜Ï Ì¯‚ Ï˘ „ȷ ˘Â‡È ÈÙÏ Ì‚¯˙ ¯ÂÒ‡ ˙‡ ËÈÓ˘‰˘ ‡¯ ˙ÂÎω Ï˘ Ì‚¯˙Ó‰ ψ‡‚ ˙ÂÎω ͯÂÚÏ ÔΠ¨ÏÊÂ˙ÂÏ„
ÚÓÂÚ ¨®∏¥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ϯÂÓ ‰‡¯Â Ư·ÈÁ‰ ȘÈ˙Ó’ÆÆƉÙÒ‰ ‡Ï‡ Âȇ ˯ÈÙ‰ Ï΢ ¯˘Ù‡¢ ∫µ≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ·Î ‚ÂÒ‰˘ ¯˘Ù‡ ¨ÍΠ̇ Æ‚¢‰ ˙¯„‰Ó· ÌÈÈÂÈ˘· ‡· ÂÁÂÒÈÂÌÎÏ ˘¯„Ó· ‰˘Ó˙˘‰ ‡Ï ÏÏÎ ˙ȯ˜Ӊ ‰È
Ì˙Á˜Ï ß˙΄¢ ˙ÂÏÚ·· ͯˆ‰ ˙‡ ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ ÂÓÓ˘ ˜ÂÒÙ‰ ÛÒ ‚¢‰ Ï˘ ÁÒ‰ È„Ú· ¨ÔÙ‡ Ïη Æ¢ÌÎÏ˘ÓƇ¯ ˙ÂÎω·Â ˙˜ÂÒÙ ˙ÂÎω· ˙‡ˆÓ ‰È‡ ˙‡Ê ‰˘¯„ ¨®ÌÈ„Ú‰ ÔÈ· ÌÈϘ ÌÈÈÂÈ˘·© ¢ÌÎÏ˘Ó ÌÎÏ ÌÎÏ
‚ ÛÂÏÈÁÚˆ‰· ˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó ÏÚ· ‡Â‰ ¨‰¯Â‡ÎÏ ¨‰Ê ‰Ò¯‚ÂÒ‰ ˙‚Ï Æ‰ÈÏÚ ·ÒÂÓ ‰Ê ËÙ˘Ó Èʇ ‰˘¯„‰ ˙‡ ÌÈÒ¯Â‚Ï ÂÏȇ ¨·ÏÂÏÏÚ ·ÒÂÓ ‰Ê ËÙ˘Ó˘ ‰‡¯ Âȯ·„ Í˘Ó‰Ó Í‡ ÆÔ·¯˜ ÏÚ ·ÒÂÓ ‰Ê ËÙ˘Ó˘ ¯˘Ù‡ ‡˙ÈÏ ˙Ò¯
·ÂË ÌÂÈ· ‡˘ ‡Ï Ô¢‡¯ ·ÂË ÌÂÈ· ‡˘ ‡Ï ÆÆƇȯÁ‡ ˘ÈÈ‡Ï È˜‡ Ï·‡¢ ∫‡Â‰ ÔÎÓ ¯Á‡Ï˘ ËÙ˘Ó‰ Æ·ÏÂÏÔÎÏ ¨¢˘Â‡È ÈÙÏ ‡˘ ‡Ï¢ ËÙ˘ÓÏ Í˘Ó‰Î ‰‡¯ ‰Ê ËÙ˘Ó Æ·ÏÂÏ ÏÚ ˙·ÒÂÓ È‡„· ˙‡Ê ‰¯ÈÓ‡ ¨¢ÈÈ˘Æ·ÏÂÏ ÏÚ ·ÒÂÓ ‰Ê ËÙ˘Ó Ô· ˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ‰˘Ó ‰È‡ ‡È‰ ˙¯ÁÂ‡Ó ‡È‰ ‚¢‰· ˙ÙÒÂ˙‰ ̇ Û‡˘ ‰‡¯
∏∏Ƈ˙ÈÏ Â‡¯ ˙ÂÎω·Â ˙˜ÂÒÙ ˙ÂÎω ¨‰˘¯Â ÒÂÙ„·∏πÚ Ò¢˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ÌÂÏ˘ ·‰‡ ¯Â„‰Ó© ‰¢‡¯‰ ÈÙÏ Ì‚Ó’Ú ®‚Ò˜ ‚‰ ‰„Ó‚Î ‡È‰˘ ¢ÌÎÏ¢ ‰Ò¯Ìȇ‚‰ Ò¯
Æ˘¢ÈÚ ¨·ÏÂÏ ÏÚ ‰Ê ËÙ˘Ó ˘¯ÙÓ Âȇ ‰¢‡¯‰ ͇ ÆÁ¢¯Âπ∞‚ ˙ÂÎÏ‰Ú ¨®≤≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ˙ÂÏ„ӒÆ˙˜ÂÒÙ ˙ÂÎω·Â ‚¢‰ Ï˘ ‰˘¯Â ÒÂÙ„· ‡˙ÈÏ Í‡ Æ≥¥∏ 𱇠˙¯Â„‰Ó ¨‰¢È·‡¯’Ú ¨· ¨„¢Î˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨¯ˆÈ·ÂËÙ‡ Ó’Æ≥∑¥ π≤˘ ˙¯Â„‰Ó ¨Ë˜Ï‰ ÈÏ·˘’ÈÒ ¨Ê¢Ó¯˙ ‡ÏÈ ¨¯·Â· ’Ú© ‡˘ Æ®≥±∂ ßÓπ≥Ú ¨· ‰ÎÂÒ ¨Ë¢Ó˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨„ÂÓÏ˙‰ È˘¯ÙÓ ¯ˆÂ‡·Ó’‚ ÏÚ Â˘˜‰ ¨≤∂± ‰¯Ú‰ Ș Ì¢·Ó¯‰ ȯ‰˘ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯
‚ÓÏ ‰Ó„ ÌÂ˜Ú ÂÈȉ Ô·‚Ï ‰Ó„„ ¯ÙÓ¯„˘ ȯ‰˘¢ ∫·˙ÂΠ̢·Ó¯‰ ȯ‰˘ ˘ÓÓ Ì˙ÈÈ˘Â˜· Ôȇ˘ ‰‡¯Â ÆÏÂ΢Ӊ·Â ¯˘È Â˙ÏÈÁ˙˘ Â˙ÂÂÎ ˙ÂÙÎ ÂÏȇ Է‚‰ ·‚Î ÌÂ˜Ú ÂÏÂÎ ·ÏÂω˘ ÂÈȉ„ ¨¢ÏÂÒÙ ˙¯ÂËÁ ÈÏÚ· ·‚Î
Ú Ò¢˜„‰Â ÆÔ·‚ ˘È‡Î ̘Ú˙ÓÓ’Æ¢Â˘¯ÙÏ Ú„ÂÈ Èȇ ÆÆÆÌȇ¯È ¯ÙÒ· ‡Â‰ Ô΢ ∫·˙ÂÎ ¯ ˙‡ πµ π¥ÈÒ ¯Âˉ’ÔÈ·ÏÂÏ ‰·¯‰ ˙ÂÈ‰Ï Í¯„˘ ÂÓΠ¢‡¯· ÔÈÙÂÙÎ ÂÈÏÚ Ï·‡ ‰ÙÂÙÎ Â˙¯„˘˘Î ‡˜Â„˘ ˜ÒÂÙ ‰Ó¯˙
ÈÒ „Î ÏÏΩ ‰·Â˘˙· ¢‡¯‰ ȯ·„Ó ‡Â‰ ‰Ê Ò٠Ư˘Î’˙ÓÁÓ ÛÙ΢Π‡˜Â„ ÌÈÏÒÂÙ È˘ ‡È·Ó ȯȇӉ Æ®È
ËÂ˘Ù ‰È‰ ‡Ï ‰Ê ÏÂÒÙ˘ ÌÈ¢‡¯‰ ÈÂÈ„Ó ¯ÎÈ Æ̉ Ìȯ˘Î Ì˙Èȯ· ͯ„Ó ÌÈÙÂÙΠ͇ ‰·ÈÒ ‰Êȇ ‡ ˙˜ÏÆÏÂÒÙ‰ ˙ÏÂÁ˙ ˙‡ ÂÓˆÓˆ ÔÎÏ ¯˜ÈÚ ÏÎ
[22]
È¯Ë˘Â˘ ÔÈ·¯
¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡
‚Ƈ‰ Ô˙ÏÈ„πµ
‚ ͯ„„ ÌÂ˘Ó Ï·˜˙‰ ‡Ï ˙ÂÙΉ ÏÂÒÙ Ì‚˘ ¯˘Ù‡¨ÌÂ˜Ó ÏÎÓ Æ‰˜ÁÓ ÔÎÏ ‡Â‰ Ô˙ÏÈ„
ÆÌ„˜ ‰Ê ÛÂÏÈÁ ‡˙ÈÏ ˙˜ÂÒÙ ˙ÂÎω· ¯·Î
≤Ʊ∞ ≤Ʊ∞ ≤Ʊ∞ ≤Ʊ∞ ≤Ʊ∞ÏÏÏÏÏ····· ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡
‚ÂÒ‰ Ư˘Î ˜„Ò˘ ·ÏÂÏ Í‡ ÏÂÒÙ Ì˘˘ ·ÏÂÏ ‡˜Â„˘ ¯·ÂÒ ‡Â‰ ·¯ÍÎ ÏÚ ‰˘˜Ó ‰È
˘È ƘÓȉΠÈÂ˘Ú ¯˘‡Î ÏÂÒÙ ˜„Ò˘ ı¯˙Ó ‡ÙÙ ·¯ ÆÏÂÒÙ ˜Â„Ò˘ ˙˜ÒÂÙ˘ ‡˙Èȯ·‰Ó
‚ ÛÂÏÈÁ ∫‡ÙÙ ·¯ Ï˘ ˆ¯È˙· ‰Úˆ‰‰ ÁÂÓ· ‰Ò¯ÓÓÓÓÓ¨‚¢˜ ¨π∂‚ ˙ÂÎω ¨˙ÂÏ„π∑∫ͯډ π∏ª‡Â‰Â
‡‡‡‡‡ ª‡Â‰Â ˜„Ò ∫·˙·˙·˙·˙·˙ ª‡È‰‰ ‡È˙ ÈÎ ∫„ÒÏ„ÒÏ„ÒÏ„ÒÏ„ÒÏÂ∫‚¢˜ ª‡˙ÈÏ ∫‰¢‡¯ ¨„¢È¯ ¨ππƇ‰
≠··˙·˙·˙·˙·˙ Ï˘ ÔÈËÈ˘‰ ÔÈ· ÔΠƉχ˘Ï ı¯È˙Î ÌÈÁÒÂÓ ‡ÙÙ ·¯ ȯ·„ ÂÂÂÂÂÈ˙˜„ ‡‰¢ ÂÙÈÒ‰
≠· ˙‡Ê ˙ÓÂÚÏ Æı¯È˙Î ÌÈÁÒÂÓ Âȯ·„˘ ÍÎ ¢ÏÂÒÙ ˜Â„Ò‡Ó‡Ó‡Ó‡Ó‡Óȯ·„ ‚¢‰·Â ‰ÊÈ‚ ÈÚ˘ È˘·
≠· Ƈ¯Ó‚‰ ˙χ˘Ï ÌÈÒÁÈÈ˙Ó ‡Ï ÏÏΠ‡˙Èȯ·‰ ÏÚ ÌÈ·ÒÂÓ ‡ÙÙ ·¯„ÒÏ„ÒÏ„ÒÏ„ÒÏ„ÒÏÂÁÂÓÏ ‡˙ÈÏ
Ɖڈ‰‰
‚· ÌÈÎÓÂ˙ ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈÈÁ¯ÊÓ ÌÈ„Ú‚ ¯‡·Ï ‰‡¯ ÆÓ¢ÈÎ ˙Ò¯ÌÈ·ÒÂÓ ‡ÙÙ ·¯ ȯ·„˘ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯
‚ÂÒ‰ ͯÂÚ Æ‡˙Èȯ·‰ ÏÚ˜ÁÓ Á¯‰ ÁÒ· ÔÎÏ ‰Ï‡˘Ï ı¯È˙Î ‡ÙÙ ·¯ ȯ·„ ˙‡ ‚Ȉ‰ ‰È
ÂÁÒÂÈ ‡ÙÙ ·¯ ȯ·„˘ ÍÎ ‰Úˆ‰ ÁÂÓ ÂÙÈÒ‰ Û‡ ÌÈÈÓÈ˙‰ „ȉ È·˙η ¢‡Â‰Â¢ ‰ÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡
Ɖχ˘Ï ı¯È˙α∞∞
≤Ʊ± ≤Ʊ± ≤Ʊ± ≤Ʊ± ≤Ʊ±ÏÏÏÏÏ····· ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢·····
‡¯Ó‚‰ Ɖڷ¯‡ ·ÏÂÏ ÌÈÁÙË ‰˘ÂÏ˘ ̯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰·¯Ú ҄‰˘ ¯Ó‡ χÂÓ˘ Ì˘· ‰„Â‰È ·¯
‚ ÛÂÏÈÁ Â˘È ‰·Â˘˙‰Â ‰Ï‡˘‰ ÁÒ· Æ˙ˆ¯˙Ó ‰˘Ó‰Ó ÍÎ ÏÚ ‰˘˜ÓƄȉ È·˙Î ÔÈ· ‰Ò¯
Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰Á¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó
ÚÏ È„Î ÌÈÁÙË ‰˘Ï˘ · ˘È˘ ·ÏÂÏ Ô˙ÚÚϸ ÌÈÁÙË ‰˘Ï˘ · ˘È˘ ·ÏÂÏ ÏÎ Ô˙˛Â· Ú¯˘Î ·
ÚÏ È„Î ‡Óȇ¯˘Î · ÚÓȇ ’ÚÏ È„Î˛Â¸ · Ú
πµ‚˘ ·˙ÂΠȯȇӉ‚ ÌȘÒÂÙ‰ ÈÏ„ÂÈ È¢Î Û¢È¯‰˘ ¨ÔÈÈˆÏ ˘È ÆÏÏÎ ÛÂÙÎ Ï˘ ÏÂÒ٠·˙Î ‡Ï Ìȯ·ÁÓ‰ ÈÏ„‚ ÒÂÙ„·Â ˜¯ÂÈÆ˙‡Ê ‡È·Ó Âȇ Ì¢·Ó¯‰ ͇ ˙‡Ê Ò¯Â
π∂‚„ȯ·ÓÈȘ’ T-S NS 329.431Æ®≤µ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ ‰‡¯© π∑‚ ˙ÂÎÏ‰Ú ¨®≤≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ˙ÂÏÂ„Ó’Ú ®≤≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ˙˜ÂÒÙ ˙ÂÎω· Æ®‡˙ÈÏ ‡˘¯Â ÒÂÙ„·© ≥¥∏ ·Ï ßÓ
‰Ê Ú˘ ÏÚ ˙ÂÓ„‰ ˙ÓÁÓ ‚ÏÈ„Â ¢ÏÂÒÙ ˜Â„Ò ¯Ó ¯Ó‡¢ ‰ÁÈ˙Ù‰ ‰˙Èȉ ‡Ï ÂÈÙÏ˘ ÔÎ˙ÈÈÂ Æ‰Ê ÚË˜Ï ‡˙ÈÏ
Æ®¢‡ÙÙ ·¯¢ ‰Ó„‰ ‰ÏÈÓ‰© ¢ÆÆƘÈÏÒ„ ‡·ÈÏÂÏ Èȇ‰ ‡ÙÙ ·¯ ßÓ‡¢Ïπ∏Æ¢˜Ó‰¢ Í¯Ú Í¯Úππ‚„ȯ·ÓÈȘ’ T-S Misc. 26.53/18Ú ˛±∞ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚϸ Ò˜ÂÙ ‰‡¯© Ó’ÌȯÙÂÒ È˜Â„˜„ ÌÚ ÈÏ·· „ÂÓÏ˙ ÔΠÁ
Ú ¨‚¢Ó˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨‡ ¨˙ÂÓ·È ¨ÌÏ˘‰Ó’Æ®∂± ±∞∞Ú Ò¢˜„Î ‡Ï˘ÂÓ’‚ ÒÂÙ„‰ ÁÒÂÎ ÚȯΉ˘ ˘ ˙‡ πµ ÆÓ¢ÈÎ „
[23]
‰ÎÂÒ ÈÏ·· Ï˘ ÁÒ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ· πµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î Ï˘ È„ÂÁÈȉ ÂÓ˜ÈÓ
¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡
‚ ÈÙÏ‚ÂÒ‰ Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰ ˙үȄΠÌÈÁÙË ‰˘Ï˘ · ˘È˘ ·ÏÂÏ¢ ˙¯Ó‡˘ ‰˘Ó‰Ó ‰˘˜Ó ‰È
ÚÏ‚‰Ï ˘È˘ ˙ˆ¯˙Ó ¨¢¯˘Î · ÚÚÏ È„Î¢ ‰˘Ó· ‰È‚Ï Æ¢ÆÆÆÚÈÙÏ˘ ‰˘Ó· ¨˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯
ÚÏ È„Î¢ ËÙ˘Ó‰ ÚÈÙ‰ ÈÏ··‰Æ¢È ˙‡‰ ˙‡ ‰ÙÈÒÂÓ ‡¯Ó‚‰Â ¢Â· Ú
‚ ÈÙÏ Ò¯ÓÓÓÓÓ‚ÂÒ‰ ÛÈÒÂ‰Ï È˘ ˆ¯˙Ó ¢ÌÈÁÙË ‰˘Ï˘ · È˘ ·ÏÂÏ¢ ‰˘Ó‰Ó ‰˘˜Ó ‰È
ÚÏ È„Î¢ ËÙ˘Ó‰ ‡ ‰˘ÓÏ‚ ÈÙÏ Æ¢Â· ÚËÙ˘Ó‰ ÚÈÙ‰ ‡Ï ÈÏ··‰ ÈÙÏ˘ ‰˘Ó· ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯
ÚÏ È„Î¢‚Â҉ ¢Â· ÚÆ‰Ê ËÙ˘Ó ‰ÙÈÒÂÓ ‰˙·Â˘˙· ‰È±∞±
ÚÏ È„Î¢ ËÙ˘Ó‰ Ï˘ Â˘Â¯ÈÙ Á¯‰ ÁÒÂÏÍȯˆ ÌÈÁÙË ‰˘ÂÏ˘‰ „·ÏÓ˘ ‡Â‰ ¢Â· Ú
ÚÓ Â˙‡˘ ÛÒ ÁÙËÚ‰ ¨‰Ê ÈÙÏ ÆÌÈÚÒ„‰‰Ó ‡ˆÂÈ˘ ·ÏÂω Ï˘ ÔÂÈÏÚ‰ ÁÙË· ‰˘Ú ÚÂ
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Æ„ȷ ·ÏÂω ‡ ÊÂÁ‡Ï ÛÒ ÁÙË Íȯˆ ÔÎÏ ·ÏÂω±∞≥Ú‰ ‰Ê ÈÙÏ ÌÈÁÙË ‰˘ÂÏ˘· ‰˘Ú ÚÂ
Æ„È‰Ó ÌȇˆÂÈ˘ ·ÏÂω Ï˘±∞¥
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ÚÏ È„Î ÌÈÁÙË ‰˘Ï˘ · È˘ ·ÏÂÏÓ‡ ˘Î · Ú’Ò„‰ ÂÚÈ˘ χÂÓ˘ ßÓ‡ ‰„Â‰È ·¯
ÆÆÆÌÈÁÙË ‰Ú·¯‡ ·ÏÂÏ ÌÈÁÙË ‰˘Ï˘ ‰·¯ÚÂ
‚ÂÒ ˙ÏÈÁ˙·ÌÈÁÙË ‰˘Ï˘ · ˘È˘ ·ÏÂÏ¢ ‰Â˘ÏÎ Â˙˘Ó ˙‡ Ù¢‰ ËËˆÓ ·ÏÂÏ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ˙ÈÈ
ÚÏ È„Î¢È„Î¢ ÈÏ··‰ ˙‰‚‰ ˙‡ ‡È·‰ ‡Ï ¢¯˘Î · Ú±∞∂‚˘‰ ‡Ï ‰˘Ó‰ ÔÈ·˘ ‰¯È˙Ò· ÁÈ
Ú Ì‡ Ɖڷ¯‡ ·ÏÂÏ ¯ÂÚÈ˘˘ Ìȯ·ÂÒ˘ Ìȇ¯ÂÓ‡‰ ȯ·„Ï ÁÒ ÂÈÙÏ „ÓÓÓÓÓÓȄ΢ ËÙ˘Ó‰ Èʇ
ÚÏÆ̉ȯ·„Ï Ìȇ˙Ó ‡Â‰ ‰·¯„‡Â Ìȇ¯ÂÓ‡‰ ȯ·„Ï ‰˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Ìȇ˙‰Ï È„Î ÛÒ ¢Â· Ú
±∞±Ú Ò¢˜„‰Ó’‚ ÏÚ ·˙ÂÎ ˜ ˙‡ π∏ ˘È ÆÓ¢ÈÎ ˙˘Ó· ˙‡ˆÓ ‡Ï˘ ¢È„΢ ˙·È˙ ÛÈÒÂ‰Ï Â˙ÂÂ΢ Ó¢ÈÎ ˙үƢȄ΢ ‰ÏÈÓ‰ ‰ÚÈÙÂÓ Ó¢Èη ‰˘Ó‰ ÁÒ· Ì‚˘ ¯ÈÚ‰Ï
±∞≤‚ÂÒ ÏÚ© Ô¢¯‰Â ‡¢·Ëȯ‰Ú ˙ÈÈ Ú—ÍÈÏÂ‰Ï ˜ÈÙÒÓ ‡Ï ÔÈÏÚ‰ Û¯ËÏ Íȯˆ˘ Ô‡ÎÓ ÌÈÁÈÎÂÓ ®·¢Ú ÊÏ ‰ÎÂÒ ‚Ï ‰ÂÎ ˙‡Ê ‰ÁΉ Ƈȷ‰ÏÂÚÏ ‡È‰ ÁÙˉ ˙¯ËÓ ‰ÈÙÏ˘ Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰ ˙Ò¯‚Ï Í‡ ¨Â· Ú ˙Ò¯ÓÓÓÓÓԇΠÔȇ
ÚÏ ÛÒ‰ ÁÙˉ ˙¯ËÓ Ôȇ ȯ‰˘ ‰ÁΉ‚Ï ˘¯ÙÓ˘ Ì¢·Ó¯Ï ˙ÂÈ˘Ó‰ ˘Â¯ÈÙ· ‰‡¯ ͇ Æ· ÚÁÒ‰ ˙Ò¯ÆÏ¢Ó· ¨Â„È· ˜ÈÊÁÓ˘ ÁÙˉ ‡Â‰ ÛÒ‰ ÁÙˉ˘ Á¯‰
±∞≥‚Ï ˙Ò¯ÓÓÓÓÓÌ˘Î¢ ∫˘¯ÙÓ ‡‰È˘ ‰¢„ È¢˘¯ ‰‰Â ÆÌÈÁÙË ‰Ú·¯‡ ‰È‰È ·ÏÂω˘ Íȯˆ ÚÂ„Ó Î¢‡ χ˘Ï ˘È ‚ È¢˘¯˘ ÔÈÈˆÏ È Æ¯ÂÚÈ˘‰ ÌÚË ‰Ê˘ ˘Ù‡Â ¢ÔÏÂÎÓ ÂÈÓ· ‰Â·‚ ‡Â‰˘‰˘Ó‰ ÏÚ ¯ÙÓ Á¯‰ ÁÒÂÎ Ò¯Â
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±∞¥‚ÏÚ· ÈÂÏ˙ Âȇ ÌÈÁÙË ‰Ú·¯‡ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯„ÂÓÏ˙‰ È˘¯ÙÓ ¯ˆÂ‡· ‰‡¯Â ÆÂÓˆÚ ÈÙ· ÔÈ„ ‡Â‰ ‡Ï‡ ÚÂÚ ¨®π≥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ©Ó’‚· ‡Â‰ ÁÙË Íȯˆ˘ ÌÚˉ Ï΢ ÔÂÂÈÎÓ˘ ÌÈ˘˜Ó ÌȯÁ‡‰˘ ¨ËΘ Ú‰ ÏÏ΢‡ ÌÈÚÂ
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[24]
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[25]
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ÚÏ È„Î ÌÈÁÙËÚÓ Âȉ ÔÎȉ·Â ˘Î · ÚÂΠÔÈÚ’ÆÆƉÓ˜ӷ ·Î ‰Â‡È·‰ ̉˘ Ù¢Ú‡
‚ ÔÙ‡ Ïη Ï·‡‰ÂÎÈ˘Ó‰ ̉˘ ‡Ï‡ ¢È˙˜ ÈΉ ‡¯ÒÁÓ È¯ÂÒÁ¢ ̉ Û‡ ‚¢‰Â Ù¢‰ ÂÒ¯
ÆË¢Óϱ≤∞
≠· ÚÈÙÂÓ˘ ÈÙÎ ¢‡¯ÒÁÓ È¯ÂÒÁ¢ ‡Â‰ ÁÒ‰ Ìȇ‚‰ Ï˘ Ì„ÂÓÏ˙·˘ ¨ÔΠ̇ ‡ˆÓÓÓÓÓÓ͇ Æ
‚‰Ï ‡¯Ó‚‰ ˙ÂÂÎ Ôȇ ΢‡Â ¨‡¢Ó ÏÚ ‡ÏÂ Ë¢Ó ÏÚ Â‰Â˘¯ÈÙ Ìȇ‚‰Æ‡¢Ó ˙‡ ‰È±≤±
≤Ʊ¥ ≤Ʊ¥ ≤Ʊ¥ ≤Ʊ¥ ≤Ʊ¥ÓÓÓÓÓ„„„„„ ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡
‚ÂÒ‰ÏÎ ÌÈÏË ‡Ï ‰·¯Ú ÂÏȇ ˘„˜ÓÏ ¯ÎÊ ‰Ú·˘ ÏÎ ÌÈÏË ·ÏÂÏ ÚÂ„Ó ‰Ï‡˘· ˙˜ÒÂÚ ‰È
Ɖ·¯Ú· ÔÎ Ôȇ˘ ‰Ó ÔÈÏ·‚· ‰¯Â˙‰ ÔÓ ¯˜ÈÚ ÂÏ ˘È ·ÏÂÏ˘ ÍÎ ÏÚ ·È˘Ó „È·Ê ·¯ Ɖڷ˘
Ɖ·¯Ú È·‚Ï Âȯ·„ ÁÒ· ˜ÏÁ ÌÈ„Ú‰‚‰ Á¯‰ ÁÒ·ÔÓ ¯˜ÈÚ ‰ÈÏ ˙ÈÏ„ ‰·¯Ú¢ ‡È‰ ‰Ò¯
‰¯Â˙‰·‚·ÂÏÈÔ≠· Æ¢·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó‚‰ Æ¢ÔÈÏ·‚·¢ ‡˙ÈÏ ¢‰¯Â˙‰ ÔÓ ˜ÈÚ ‰ÈÏ ÈÏ„ ‰·¯Ú¢ ‡È‰ ‰Ò¯±≤≤
±±∑ÆȯȇӉ·Â ‡¢·Ëȯ· ¨¯ÂËÈÚ· ‡Â‰ ÔΠƢÆÆÆÌÈÁÙË ß‚ · ˘È˘ ·ÏÂÏ ÂÈ˘˘ ÔÂÈ΢ ∫·˙Â΢ Á¢¯· ÚÓ˘Ó Ôα±∏Ú ¨®≤≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ˙˜ÂÒÙ ˙ÂÎωӒ‚ ˙ÂÎω· ‡Â‰ ÔΠ¨‰Ï Ú ¨®≤≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ˙ÂÏ„Æ≥µ¥ ßÓ±±πÚ ¨®≤± ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÔÈÈË˘Ù‡Ó’Æ≤∑≥ ±≤∞Ú ®±∞ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© Ò˜ÂÙ ‰‡¯Ó’˙ÂÏÈÙ΢ ∫Ìȇ‚‰ ÁÒ ȷ‚Ï ÔÈÈË˘Ù‡ Ï˘ Â˙˜ÒÓ ÏÚ ÈÚÓ˘ ≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ∑∏
·¢Ú ·Ï ‰ÎÂÒ ‰Ó˜ӷ Â˙˘Ó ‰‡È·Ó‰ ÂÓˆÚ ÈÏ··· ˙ÂÏÈÙΉ ÔÓ ‰ÓÂ‡Ó ‰Â˘ ‰È‡ Ìȇ‚‰ ˙¯ÙÒ· ÂÊ‚‰Â ‰„ÈÓ· Æ˙ȇ¯ ‰È‡ Ìȇ‚· ˙ÂÏÈÙÎÏ ÈÏ··· ˙ÂÏÈÙΉ ˙‡Â¢‰ Æ¢·¢Ú ÊÏ ‰ÎÂÒ· ˙ËˈÓ·ȉ ‰Ò¯
ÌÈ·¯Ó Ìȇ˘ Ìȇ‚‰˘ ÁÈ‰Ï ‰˘˜ ͇ ÆÈÏ··‰ Ó¢ÂÓ· ȈӉ ¯·„ ¨‡ ‰˘ÓÏ ‰ÈÙ‰· ¯·Â„Ó ¢È‡˜ Ì˙‰¢˙ÙÒ‰ È¢Ú ˜¯ ¯·ÒÂ˙ ˙‡Ê ˙ÂÏÈÙÎ Æ˙‡ÊÎ ‰ÈÙ‰ ‡È·‰Ï ¢¯„È ‰Ê ÔÈÚÓ È˙¯ÙÒ Ó¢ÂÓ ˙‡·‰·Â ÌÈËÂËȈ·
Ƈ¯ÒÁÓ È¯ÂÒÁ ˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· ‰˘ÓÏ ËÙ˘Ó±≤±Ú ¨®≤± ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÔÈÈË˘Ù‡ ‰‡¯Ó’‚Î ÚȯÎÓ˘ ¨≤∑¥ ÔÂ˘Ï˘ ¯ÈÚÓ µ ‰¯Ú‰·Â ¢‡¯ÒÁÓ È¯ÂÒÁ¢ Ó¢ÈÎ ˙Ò¯
‚¯ Ó¢Á¨®≤± ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÔÈÈË˘Ù‡ ‰‡¯ ͇ Æȇ˜ ‡Îȉ ‡˙ Á‡Ï ¢È‡˜ Ì˙‰¢ ԢϠ‰ÈÓ˘ ΄ Ô‡Ó Á‡Ï ÏÈÚÓ’‚ ÏÚ ÈÚÓ˘ ∂±∞ ÚȯÎÓ ÔÈÈË˘Ù‡ ÔÎÏ ¢˙¯Á‡ ‰˘Ó ÏÚ ·ÒÂÓ Ó¢Á˘ ÂÈÓ· „ÈÁÈ ‰¯˜Ó ‰ʢ ∫Ó¢ÈÎ Ò¯
‚΂˘‡· ‡· ‡¯ÒÁÓ È¯ÂÒÁ ԢϠ¢È‡˜ Ì˙‰¢ Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰ ˙Ò¯¯ÈÚÓ ÔÈÈË˘Ù‡ ¨ÔÎ ÂÓΠƉÈÓ˘ ¯Î„ Ô‡Ó ˙¯Ú‰˘‡¢ÓÏ ÒÁÈÈ˙Ó Ó¢Á‰ Ôȇ Ìȇ‚‰ ÈÙÏ˘ ¯ÈÚ‰Ï ˘È ƄÂÁÈÈ· ¯ÎÊÈ‰Ï Íȯˆ ‰È‰ ‡Ï˘ ÚÂ„È ‚‰Ó ‰È‰ ÚÂ
®·¢Ú ·Ï ÏÈÚÏ© ‰˙˘Ú ¯·Î ‡¢Ó· ‰‰‚‰‰ Ó¢ÈÎÏ Ì‚ ȯ‰˘ ¨Ó¢ÈÎ ˙‡ Ì‚ ˘¯ÙÏ ¯˘Ù‡ ÍΠÂ˙˘ÓÏ ‡Ï‡„ÈÓˆ‰Ï Íȯˆ ÔÙ‡ Ïη Èχ ‡¢Ó ÏÚ È‡˜˘ ˆ¯È˙ ‡Ï ӢÁ· ı¯˙Ï Íȯˆ ‰ÓÏ ‰˘˜ ΢‡ ͇ ÆÓ¢Á· ˆ¢È‡Â
Ú‰ ˙·ÂÁ ˙‡ÆÚ¢ˆÂ ·ÏÂÏ ¯ÂÚÈ˘· ˜ÂÒÈÚ‰ ·‚‡ ‰‡·‰· ˜Ù˙Ò‰Ï ‡Ï ˙‡Ê ‰˘ÓÏ Ú±≤≤„ ¯ÈÚ‰ ¯·Î ‰Ê ÛÂÏÈÁ ÏÚ Æ®∏± ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ȯӇӷ ≤Ƶ ÛÈÚÒ· ‰‡¯ ‰Ê ÛÂÏÈÁ ˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó· ÔÂÈ„’¨‰˜˘‰
[27]
‰ÎÂÒ ÈÏ·· Ï˘ ÁÒ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ· πµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î Ï˘ È„ÂÁÈȉ ÂÓ˜ÈÓ
¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡
≥Æ ‚¯Ò‡Â˙ ÎχÈÈÌ
‚ Ó¢Èη ˘È∫˙È·È˯Ëχ‰ ˙ÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ÁÒ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓÓ ÌÈȇÏÎ ˙‡ү
≥Ʊ ≥Ʊ ≥Ʊ ≥Ʊ ≥Ʊ„„„„„ ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡
Ï˙ÂÎÏ ‡·ËˆÈ‡‰ Ù˘Ó Á¯Ó‰ ̇ ‰¯˘Î „ˆ‰Ó ‡·ËˆÈ‡ ‰· È ‰Ó‡ Ìȯ˘ÚÓ ‰‰Â·‚˘ ‰ÎÂÒ
‚ÂÒ‰ ƉÓÂ˜Ú ÔÙ„ ÌȯÓ‡˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ˙ÂÓ‡ È„Ó ˙ÂÁÙ ‡Â‰ÔÙ„ ÔÈ„ ˙‡ ȯ‰˘ ÍÎ ÏÚ ‰˘˜Ó ‰È
‚ ÛÂÏÈÁ ˘È ‡¯Ó‚‰ ı¯È˙· ÆÂÈ·‚ ÏÚ ÍÎÈÒ ˙ÁÙ˘ ˙È· ˙˘ÓÓ „ÂÓÏÏ ¯˘Ù‡ ‰Ó˜Ú∫‰Ò¯
Ú ¨®Ê¢˘˙© Î ¨È¯·Ú‰ ËÙ˘Ó‰ ÔÂ˙˘ ¨¢Ì¢·Ó¯‰ Ï˘ ‰Îω‰ ˙ÒÈÙ˙ È„ÂÒÈÏ¢Ó’¯Â˘ÏÏ ‰„Â˙© ≤≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ±∞π Æ®˙‡Ê ‰ÈÙ‰ ÏÚ ÈÓȇ‰
±≤≥≠·˙‚ Æ‰Ê Ú˘ ÏÚ ˙ÂÓ„‰ ˙ÓÁÓ ‚ÏÈ„ ÔÙ„ ‰È˙΄·„ ÌÂ˘Ó Ì˙‰ ȇ˘ ÔÈÁ„¢ ∫Á¢¯· Ì‚ ˙‡ˆÓ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯ÎÓ ˙ÂÈ ‰Â·‚ ÔÙ„‰ ‰Ê˘ ‡Î‰ Ï·‡ ‡È‰ ßÎÓ ÂÁÙ„ ‡È‰ ‡ÈÏÚÓ’‡Óȇ ‡È‰ ‰ÏÂÒÙ ÔÙ„ ‰ÎÂÒ‰ ÂÊ È·‚Ï ‰Ó‡
ƢϢӘ ‡Ï±≤¥‚ ÔÂÈÓ„ ·˜Ú ‰ÚË Ó¢Èη˘ ‰‡¯‚ ÈÙ¯Ú Ò¢˜„ ‰‡¯Â ¢‰È˙΄·¢ ˙¯ÂÓ˙ ¢‰È˙ÏÈÓ·¢ үӒƈ ˙‡ ∑ ±≤µÆ¢È˙¯˙·¢ ÌȯÁÂ‡Ó ÌÈÒÂÙ„· ͇ ¨Ô¢‡¯ ÒÂÙ„· Íα≤∂‚„ȯ·ÓÈȘ’ T-S F2(2).49Ú ¨®±∞ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© Ò˜ÂÙ ‰‡¯ ÆÓ’ÆÊ
Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰· · · · · ±≤≥
‡˙‡ÈÏÚÓ ÔÙ„ ‰˙΄·„ Ì˙‰‡È‰
ÔÙ„ Â‡Ï ‰˙΄·„ ‡Î‰ Ï·‡‰˙‡ÈÏÚÓ
Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó
È˙ÏÈÓ„ Ì˙‰’‡Â‰ ‡˙ÈÈÏÚÓ ‰ˆÈÁÓ
‰ˆÈºÆÆæÓ ‰È˙ÏÈÓ· Â‡Ï ‡Î‰˙ÈÈÏÚÓ’˛ÆÆƸ ‡È‰
ȯÁ‡ ‡˘ÈÏ’ÔÙÂ„Ï ‡ÈÊÁ„ ‡Îȉ ÈÏÈÓ È‰ÔÙÂ„Ï ‡ÈÊÁ ‡Ï„ ‡Îȉ Ï·‡
‚‰ ÔÈ· ÔÎÂ˙· Ï„·‰ Ôȇ≠· Ɖ‰Ê ÔÎÂ˙ Ï˘ ‰Â˘ ‰‡ˆ¯‰· ¯·Â„Ó ˙‡үÓÓÓÓÓÈ˙˘ ˙‡ ‡È·‰
‚‰Æ¢‡È¯Á‡ ‡˘ÈÏ¢ ÁÂÓ‰ È„È ÏÚ Ô‰ÈÈ· „ȯى Ô˙ÂÓÏ˘· ˙‡ү±≤¥
≥Æ≤ ≥Æ≤ ≥Æ≤ ≥Æ≤ ≥Æ≤„„„„„ ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢·····
¯Â ÌÈÓÎÁ’˜ÏÁ˘ ·ÂÒ ‡Â‰ ·¯ ÆÔ·‚ ÏÚ ÍÎÈÒ ÔÈÒȄ˜ ‰Ú·¯‡ ıÚ˘ ‰¯˜Ó· ÌȘÏÂÁ ·˜ÚÈ
‰ÓÓ˘ ‡˙Èȯ·Ó ‡Â‰ ·¯ ÏÚ ‰˘˜Ó ‡¯Ó‚‰ ƉÏÂÒÙ˘ ÌÈÓÈÎÒÓ ‚‚‰ ÚˆÓ‡· Ï·‡ ‚‚‰ ˙Ù˘·
¯Â ÌÈÓÎÁ˘ ÁÎÂÓ’ÌÈÓÈÎÒÓ˘ ‡Ê ‡˙Èȯ·Ó ÁÈÎÂ‰Ï ‰ÒÓ ‡¯Ó‚‰ Æ‚‚‰ ÚˆÓ‡· Û‡ ÌȘÏÂÁ ·˜ÚÈ
‚ ÛÂÏÈÁ ˘È Ƈ‰ ·¯ ÏÚ ‰˘˜ ÍÎÓ Ì‚Â ‚‚‰ ˙Ù˘·∫‰Ï‡˘‰ ÁÂÒÈ· ‰Ò¯
„‡Â„‡Â„‡Â„‡Â„‡Â±≤µ¨‚¢˜‚¢˜‚¢˜‚¢˜‚¢˜±≤∂·Ï ·Ï ·Ï ·Ï ·Ï Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó
ÓÈÏ’ß˙·ÂÈ˙ ÈÓ ‡‰· ‡˙·ÂÈ˙ ȉ˙ ‡ÓÈÏÓÈÏ’ß˙·ÂÈ˙ ȉ˙ ÈÓ ‡‰· ‡Â‰ ·¯„È˙¯˙· ‡Â‰ ·¯„È˙¯˙· ‡Â‰ ·¯„
‡ÈÊÁ ‡Ï„ ‡Î‰ Ï·‡ÔÙÂ„Ï ‡ÈÊÁ„ ‡Â‰ Ì˙‰
[28]
È¯Ë˘Â˘ ÔÈ·¯
¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡
‚‰ ÔÈ· ÔÎÂ˙· Ï„·‰ ÔȇƉ‰Ê ÔÎÂ˙ Ï˘ ‰Â˘ ‰‡ˆ¯‰· ¯·Â„Ó ˙‡ү±≤∑≠· ÓÓÓÓÓÈ˙˘ ˙‡ ·Èί‰
‚‰Æ¯ÓÂÓ ÁÒ ‡ˆÈ ÍΠ˙‡ү
≥Æ≥ ≥Æ≥ ≥Æ≥ ≥Æ≥ ≥Æ≥ËËËËË ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡
¯ Ɖ·ÈÊÚÓ ‰ÈÏÚ Ôȇ˘ ‰¯˜˙· ‰ÎÂÒ ¯˘Î‰· ˙˜ÒÂÚ ‰˘Ó‰’‰¢· ‰Ê· ÌȘÏÂÁ˘ ¯·ÂÒ ‰„‰È
‚ÂÒ‰ ÆÌÈÈ˙È·Ó Á‡ ÏÂËÈÏ Íȯˆ ‡ÓÏÚ ÈÏÂÎÏ˘ ·ÂÒ Ó¢¯ ÂÏȇ ¢·ÂχÂÓ˘Ï ÍÎÓ ‰˘˜Ó ‰È
¯ ·ÂÒ „ˆÈÎ ÔΠ̇ ÌÈÏÂÒÙ ÌÈÁÙË ‰Ú·¯‡ ̉· È˘ ÌÈ¯Ò˘ ·ÂÒ˘’ÆÌÈ¯È˘ÎÓ ‰¢·˘ ‰„‰È
‚‰ ˜ÏÁ∫ı¯È˙‰ ÁÂÒÈ· ˙‡ү
±≤∑≠·ÒÒÒÒÒ‚ ˙‡Ê˘ ÔÎ˙ÈÈ Æ¢‡˙·ÂÈ˙ ȉÈÏ ‡ÓÈÏ¢ ÆÌÈ¢ ÌÈÁÂÒÈ· ‰¯‰·‰ ÂÙÈÒ‰ ‰ÈÏÚ „ÂÒȉ ˙Ò¯±≤∏ ıȷ˜¯ÈÙ ‚¯Â·¯ËÙ ËÒYevr. II A 293.1Ú ¨®±∞ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© Ò˜ÂÙ ‰‡¯ ÆÓ’ÆÒ ±≤π‚„ ˙ȇ¢ ∫‡¢·Ëȯ· ‰‡¯Â ÌÈÈÓÈ˙‰ È¢‰Î· ˙‡ˆÓ ¢È˜È˙¢ ÔÂ˘Ï‰‚ÏÙÈÓ ‡˜ ‰¯˜˙ Ș˙· ÈÒ¯‡„Á ‰ÏΠÈ
ÚÆ¢‡Â‰ ‡ÈÈ
‚¢˜ ¨„‡Â‚¢˜ ¨„‡Â‚¢˜ ¨„‡Â‚¢˜ ¨„‡Â‚¢˜ ¨„‡Â±≤∏
ÈΉ· ‰ÏË· ¯·Ò ¯Ó‰ÏË· ‡Ï ¯·Ò ¯ÓÂ
ÈΉ·
·˙ÒÏ ·˙ÒÏ ·˙ÒÏ ·˙ÒÏ ·˙ÒÏ
¯’Ș˙ ¯·Ò ‰„Â‰È ±≤π‰¯˜˙ „Á‡ ÏË· È‡Ó˘ ˙È·Ï
ÌÈÈ˙·Ó
Ó‡Â’È‡Ó˘ È· ÔÈ· È‡Ó ß¯ ‰ÈÏ „Á‡ ÏË Ïω ˙È· ÔÈ·Â
‡Ï ‡Ïȇ Ôȇ ÌÈÈ˙·Ó
Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó
¯·Ò ¯ÓÈΉ· ‰¯˜˙ ÈÏÂË·
‰ÏË· ‡Ï ÈΉ· ¯·Ò ¯ÓÂ
‡È¯Á‡ ‡˘Èϯ’ÈΉ· ‰¯˜˙ ÈÏÂË· ¯·Ò ‰„‰È
˙Á‡ ÏË ˜Ù˜ÙÈÓ ˘¢·Ï ¯·Ò ¯ÓÂÈÈ˙È·Ó’˙Á‡ ÏË ‡ Ù˜ÙÓ Â‡ ‰¢·Ï ÌÈ˙È·Ó
ÏË ȇ ‰¢· ÔÈ·Â ˘¢· ÔÈ· ˛¯È‡Ó¸ ¯¢‡Â‡Ï ‡Ï ȇ ÌÈÈ˙È·Ó ˙Á‡
‚‰ ÔÈ· ÔÎÂ˙· Ï„·‰ Ôȇ≠· ͇ Ɖ‰Ê ÔÎÂ˙ Ï˘ ‰Â˘ ‰‡ˆ¯‰· ¯·Â„Ó ˙‡үÓÓÓÓÓÈ˙˘ ˙‡·ÂÓ
‚‰Æ¢‡È¯Á‡ ‡˘ÈÏ¢ ÁÂÓ· Ô‰ÈÈ· „ȯى Ô˙ÂÓÏ˘· ˙‡ү
≥Æ¥ ≥Æ¥ ≥Æ¥ ≥Æ¥ ≥Æ¥ÎÎÎ燇‡‡ ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡
¯’‚ÂÒ‰ Æω‡ Âȇ Ì„‡ È„È· ÈÂ˘Ú Âȇ˘ ω‡˘ ¯·ÂÒ ‰„Â‰È ß¯ ȯ·„Ó ÍÎ ÏÚ ‰˘˜Ó ‰È
‚Ó Âȉ˘ ˜ÂÈ˙ È·‚Ï ‰„‰ÈÌȈˆÂÁ ω‡ΠÌÈ˘Ó˘Ó Ìȯ¢˘ ÁÎÂÓ Ì˘Ó ‰Ó„‡ ‰¯ÙÏ ÌÈÏ„
¯˘ ı¯˙Ó ÈÓÈ„ ·¯ ÆÌ„‡ È„È· ÌÈÈÂ˘Ú Ìȇ˘ Û‡ ÏÚ ‰‡ÓÂˉ ÈÙӒω‡· ‰„ÂÓ ‰„‰È
‚˘‚‡ ‡ÏÓ Âτ‚ÂÒ‰ Æω‡ ‡Â‰ ȯ‰ Ì„‡ È„È· ÈÂ˘Ú Âȇ˘ ÈÙ ÏÚ Û‡˘ Û¯ÍÎÏ ‰‡È·Ó ‰È
¯ ȯ·„Ó ‰È‡¯’‚ ÈÙÂÏÈÁ Ì˘È ˙‡Ê ‰È‡¯·Â ÂÓˆÚ ‰„Â‰È ∫‰Ò¯
[29]
‰ÎÂÒ ÈÏ·· Ï˘ ÁÒ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ· πµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î Ï˘ È„ÂÁÈȉ ÂÓ˜ÈÓ
¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡
‚‰ ÛÂÏÈÁ‚‰ ÔÈ· ‡Â‰ ‰Ê Ú˘· ȯ˜ÈÚ‰ ‰Ò¯¨‡˙Èȯ·Ó ‡È‰ ‰È‡¯‰ ̉ÈÙÏ ¢ÈΉ ÈÓ ‡È˙¢ ÌÈÒ¯Â
‚ÏƉ˘Ó‰Ó ‡È‰ ‰È‡¯‰ ̉ÈÙÏ ¢È˙˜„ ÈÓ ‡˜È„¢ ÌÈү±≥∞
‚· È˘Â˜‰ ÏÚ ÌȯÈÚÓ ÈΉ ÈÓ ‡È˙ ‰¢„ ÂÙÒÂ˙¯ ȯ·„ ȯ‰˘ ¢ÈΉ ÈÓ ‡È˙¢ ‰Ò¯’‰„‰È
Ƈ˙Èȯ·‰Ó ÌÈÚÈÈÒÓ Ú„Ó ‰˘Ó· ÌȇˆÓ
‚‡ ‡ÂÏÓÎ ‰„Â‰È ß¯ ‰„ÂÓ¢ ∫·˙ÂÎ Á¢¯¯ ˛‰„ÂÓ¸ È˙˜„Ó ÆÆÆÛ¯’ȘȘ·Â ÔÈÙȘ˘· ‰„‰È
‚‰ ÔΠ̇ ¢È˙˜„Ó¢ ÔÂ˘Ï ‰È‡¯‰ ¯Â˜Ó ÔÂÈˆÏ Ë˜Â Á¢¯ Æ¢ÌÈÚÏÒ‰‡˜È„¢ ‡È‰ ÂÈÙÏ˘ ‰Ò¯
Æ¢È˙˜„ ÈÓ±≥±
‚ ˘ ‰¢‡¯‰‚ ÈΉ ÆÆÆÈ˙˜„ ÈÓ ‡˜ÈÈ„¢ ∫¢È˙˜„ ÈÓ ‡˜È„¢ ˙Ò¯ÔΠȇ˜Â„ ÈÁÒ· ßÈÒ¯
Æ¢‡È‰ ÔÈ˙È˙Ó ‡È‰‰„ ‡ÙÈÒ„ ¯˜ÈÚ ÔΠ„¯ÙÒ È¯ÙÒ· ‰È˙‡ˆÓ±≥≤
‚Ï ¯Â‡È·∫Ì¢¯‰Ó‰ Ì˘· ®Ê¢Ó ‚¢Ù ˙Âω‡© ·ÂË ÌÂÈ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙· ‡ˆÓ ¢ÈΉ ÈÓ ‡È˙¢ ˙Ò¯
‚ ÌÈÏÂÏÁ ÌÈÚÏÒ ÔÈÙȘ˘ ÚÓ˘Ó ‰Â‰ ÔÈ˙È˙Ó„ ÌÂ˘Ó¢È˜È˜ Ï·‡ ¨Ì„‡ ˙¯È„Ï ÌÈȇ¯ ÌÈÏ„
Æ¢ÌÈ˘ ÌȯÂÁ ̉ ÌÈÚÏÒ±≥≥‚ Ìȯ‡·Ó‰ ˘È ‡Â‰Â ‰˘Ó· È¯Â˜Ó Âȇ ‰Ê ËÙ˘Ó˘ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯
Æ˙¯ÁÂ‡Ó ˙ÙÒÂ˙±≥¥Æ˙¯ÁÂ‡Ó ‰ÓÏ˘‰Î ‰Ê ÛÂÏÈÁ Ìȯ‡·Ó‰ ˘È ±≥µ
Ú· ∫ÌÈ¯È˘È‰ ÌÈ„Ú· ·ˆÓ‰ ‰Ê‚‰ Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰ Û¢ÈΉ ÈÓ ‡È˙¢ ‡È‰ ‰Ò¯±≥∂Ú· ÂÏȇ Û
≠· Æ¢È˙˜„ ÈÓ ‡˜È„¢ ÈÓÈ˙‰ÓÓÓÓÓ‚‰ ‚ ‡È‰ ‰Ò¯ÌÈȇÏÎ ˙Ò¯±≥∑‚‰ È˙˘ ˙‡ ‡È·Ó ˙‡ү
Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰·˙ ·˙ ·˙ ·˙ ·˙
È˙‡˜„ ÈÓ ‡˜È„‰„ÂÓ
ÌÈÚÏÒ·Â ÔÈÙȘ˘·
Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó
È˙˜„ ÈÓ ‡˜È„¯ ‰„ÂӒ߄‰È
ÔÈÚÏÒ ÔÈÙ˜˘·ÈΉ ÈÓ ‡È˙
¯ ‰È‰ ‰„ÂÓ’ß„Â‰È ÔÈÚÏÒ ÔÈÙȘ˘·
ω‡ ÔÈÈÂ˘Ú Âȇ˘È·Â˘Á Ï·‡’ω‡
±≥∞Ú ¨®≤± ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÔÈÈË˘Ù‡ ‰‡¯Ó’Æ∏≤¥ ±≥±‚ÂÒ‰ ˙ÏÈÁ˙· ‰ÏÂÎ ‰˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ËËˆÓ Á¢¯ÆËËȈ˘ ‰˘ÓÏ Â˙ÂÂÎ ¢È˙˜„Ó¢ ¯Ó‡˘Î ÔÎÏ ‰È±≥≤‚ ˙‡ ‰Á„ ‡¢·Ëȯ‰‚‰ ÌÈ˘È ÌȯÙÒ· Âȯ·„Ï ¢ÈΉ ÈÓ ‡È˙¢ ˙Ò¯‰‡¯Â ƇÙÈÒ È˙˜„ ÈÓ ‡˜È„ ‡È‰ ‰Ò¯
„’Ú ¨®‰¢Ò˘˙© · ¨‚ „ÂÓÏ˙ ȯ˜ÁÓ ¨¢ÈÏ··‰ „ÂÓÏ˙‰ ˙Îȯڷ ˜¯Ù ∫Â˙ÓÏ˘‰Â ¯ÂˆÈ˜‰ ÏÚ¢ ¨ÏËʯ Ó’∏≤≥ Ʊ≥≥ ‰¯Ú‰
±≥≥‚ ÏÏÁ ̉ ÌȘȘ ̉·˘ ÌÈ·¯ ÂÓ˜ÓÓ Ì¢¯‰Ó‰ ı¯È˙ ÏÚ ‰˘˜Ó˘ Ï Í¯ڷ ‰‡¯Â¯‡·Ó Ï Í¯ډ Ï„ÔÎ Ôȇ˘ ‰Ó ¨Ì„‡ È„È· ÌÈÈ¢ڢ ÌÂ˘Ó ‰„ÂÓ˘ ˘¯ÙÏ ‰È‰ ¯˘Ù‡ ‰˘Ó‰ ˙‡˘ ÔÂÂÈÎ ‡˙Èȯ·‰Ó ‡ȷ‰˘
ÆÌȘȘ·±≥¥Ú ¨®∂∏ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ˙Âω‡ ˙ÎÒÓ ‰‡¯Ó’Ú„Ï˘ ¨≥≤ ‰È‡¯ Ôȇ ˙‡Ê ‰Á‰Ï Æ˙¯ÁÂ‡Ó ˙ÙÒÂ˙ ˙‡Ê ˜·Ï‡ ˙
Ú ¨®¥∑ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ȷω ‰‡¯Â Æ˙ÈχÂËÒ˜Ëƈ˜ ßÓ±≥µÚ ¨®±≥≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÏËʯ ‰‡¯Ó’ÂÈχ ÊÓ¯˘ ¯Â˜Ó Ï˘ ˙¯ÁÂ‡Ó ‰ÓÏ˘‰Î ‰Ê ÛÂÏÈÁ ¯‡·Ó˘ ¨∏≤≥≠∏≤≤
Ɖ˘Ó‰Ó ÂÓÈÏ˘‰˘ ˘È ‡˙ÙÒÂ˙‰Ó ÂÓÈÏ˘‰˘ ˘È ¯ÂˆÈ˜·±≥∂‚„ȯ·ÓÈȘ ‰ÊÈ‚ Ú˘· ¯·Î ‡ˆÓÂ’ T-S F2(2).70Ú ¨˛±∞ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚϸ Ò˜ÂÙ ‰‡¯© Ó’Æ®Ê ±≥∑Ú ¨·¢˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨ÛÒ‡ Ìȇ‚‰ ˙·¢˙·Ó’‡ÈÓ„¢ ∫®Ìȇ‚‰ ¯ˆÂ‡· ˙‡ˆÓ ‡Ï ‰·Â˘˙‰© ±¥∞≠±≥π
¯ ‰„ÂÓ„ ÈÓ ‡˜È„ Ó‡˜Â¸ ÌÈÚ˛ÏҸ ÌÈÙȘ˘„’ÔÈ·Â˘Á Ï·‡ ω‡ Âȇ˘ ÈÙ ÏÚ Û‡˘ ÌÈÚÏÒ·Â ÔÈÙȘ˘· ‰„Â‰È ÚÙ ËËˆÓ Ô‡‚‰ Æ¢‡Â‰ ˛Ï‰‡ ‡Ï„ ÌÈÚÏÒ·Â ÔÈÙȘ˘·¸ ‰„Â‰È ß¯ ‰„ÂÓ ÔȯӇ˛„ ω¸‡Î߯ ȯ·„ ˙‡ ÌÈÈÓ
ÌÈÚÏÒ‰ ȘȘ·Â ÔÈÙȘ˘·‰„Â‰È È·¯ ‰„ÂÓÂ
ÈΉ ÈÓ ‡È˙
[30]
È¯Ë˘Â˘ ÔÈ·¯
¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡
ÆÔ˙ÂÓÏ˘·±≥∏
≥Ƶ ≥Ƶ ≥Ƶ ≥Ƶ ≥ƵÏÏÏÏÏ„„„„„ ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡
ÛÂÏÈÁ È ‰·¯Ú È·‚Ï Æ˘„˜Ó‰ È· Ô·¯ÂÁ Á‡Ï ‰˙˘‰ ÌÓ˘˘ Ìȯ·„ ‰˘ÂÏ˘ ‰ÂÓ ‡„ÒÁ ·¯
‚∫‰Ò¯
Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰ÌÈÈÓÈ˙‰ È¢‰Î´ÒÌÈÈÓÈ˙‰ È¢‰Î´ÒÌÈÈÓÈ˙‰ È¢‰Î´ÒÌÈÈÓÈ˙‰ È¢‰Î´ÒÌÈÈÓÈ˙‰ È¢‰Î´ÒÓ Ó Ó Ó Ó
ÈÙÏÈÁ ‰·¯Ú‰ÙˆÙˆ ‰·¯Ú‡ÙÏÈÁ ‰ÙˆÙˆ‰·¯Ú ‡ÙÏÈÁ‰·¯Ú ‰ÙˆÙˆ‡˙·¯Ú ‰·¯Ú
Ô‡‚ ·Â˘˙·±≥π‚‰ ‰·¯‡ ‰ÙˆÙˆ ÔȯӇ ‡˜„ È΢ ∫‡È‰ ‰Ò¯±¥∞ Æ¢ÆÆƉوو ‰·¯‡ ˙·˘ ÈÏ···
‚‰ ‡¢Ú ÂÏ‚ÂÒ·˘ ‰‡¯ Æ¢ÆÆƉوو ‰·¯Ú¢ ‡È‰ ‰Ò¯‚‰ ‰ÎÂÒ ˙Èȉ·¯Ú¢Ï Á¯‰ ÁÒ· ‰È
¨¢ÆÆƇÙÏÈÁ±¥±‚ÂÒ‰ ·˜Ú ƇÙÏÈÁ· ‰˜ÒÚ˘ ˙ӄ˜‰ ‰È±¥≤≠· ÓÓÓÓÓ‚‰ È˙˘ ˙‡ ·Èί‰ ÍΠ˙‡ү
ƯÓÂÓ‰ ÁÒ‰ ¯ˆÂ±¥≥
≥Æ∂ ≥Æ∂ ≥Æ∂ ≥Æ∂ ≥Æ∂ÏÏÏÏÏ ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡
‚ÂÒ‰ Æ‰Ù¯Ë ÈÓÈÒ Â· „Ï¢ ‚¯˙‡· ÔÈ„‰ ‰Ó Ï‡Â˘ ‡·¯‡˙Èȯ·Ó ˙‡Ê Ë¢ÙÏ ‰ÒÓ ‰È
‰Á„ ‡¯Ó‚‰ ÆÌÈÙ·Ó Á¯Ò ıÂÁ·Ó ÁÂÙ˙˘ ‡¯Ó‚‰ ˙˘¯ÙÓ ÁÂ¯Ò ÁÂÙ˙ ‚¯˙‡ ˙ÏÒÂÙ˘
‚‰ ˜ÏÁ ‰Ê ˘Â¯ÈÙ∫‰ÈÈÁ„‰ ÁÂÒÈ· ˙‡ү
Âȇ˘ ÈÙ ÏÚ Û‡˘¢ ˙ÙÒÂ˙‰ ȯ‰˘ ¨‡˙ÙÒÂ˙‰Ó ‡˙Èȯ·‰ ˙‡ Ô‡‚‰ ËËˆÓ ‰Â˘‡¯‰ ÌÚÙ·˘ ‰‡¯ Ɖ„‰ȯӇ˜Â¢ ÛÒ‡ Ï˘ ‰ÓÏ˘‰‰ Æ®±≥∏ ‰¯Ú‰ ÔÏ‰Ï ‰‡¯© ‡˙ÙÒÂ˙·˘ ˙ÙÒÂ˙Ï ‰Ó„ ¢˛Ï‰¸‡Î ÔÈ·Â˘Á Ï·‡ ω‡¨®±≥≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÏËʯ ‰‡¯ ¨‡˙Èȯ· ˙‡·‰ ÔÈȈӉ ÁÂÓ ˙ÂÈ‰Ï ÍȯˆÂ ¨‰ÂÎ ‰È‡ ¢ß¯ ‰„ÂÓ„ ÈÓ ‡˜È„
ÚÛÒ‡ Ï˘ Â˙ÓÏ˘‰ ¨ÍÎÏ ÛÒ·© Ô˜È˙ ‰Îȯˆ ÛÒ‡ Ï˘ Â˙ÓÏ˘‰˘ ÔÈȈ ÔÓÒÂÊ ¯·Î˘ ¨±≤π ‰¯Ú‰ ∏≤≥ ßÓ¯Ï È¯‰˘ ‰ÂÎ ‰È‡ ¢Ï‰‡ ‡Ï„ ÌÈÚÏÒ·Â ÔÈÙȘ˘·¢’˙·Â˘˙·˘ ΢‡ ‡ˆÓ Ʈω‡ ̉ ÌÈÚÏÒ ÔÈÙȘ˘ ‰„‰È
‚‰˘ ÔÎ˙ÈÈ Æ‰˘Ó‰ ÔÓ ËÂËȈ‰ ÔÎÓ Á‡Ï ‰ÏÈÁ˙ ‡˙Èȯ·‰ ‡·ÂÓ Ô‡‚‰ÆÆÆÈΉ ÈÓ ‡È˙¢ ∫‡È‰ ÂÈÙÏ˘ ‰Ò¯‚Î ‡Ï ˘Â¯ÈÙÎ ˙¯˜Ӊ „Á‡ ˙‡ ÛÈÒ‰˘ ¯˘Ù‡ ͇ ¨¢È˙˜„ ÈÓ ‡˜È„Ɖү
±≥∏ÔÈ·Â˘Á Ï·‡ ω‡Î Âȇ˘ ÈÙ ÏÚ Û‡ ÔÈÚÏÒ·Â ÔÈÙȘ˘· ‰„Â‰È È·¯ ‰„ÂÓ¢ ∫®Ï„Ó¯˜Âˆ© „ ‰ Âω‡ ‡˙ÙÒÂ˙·
≠· Ƣω‡ÎÓÓÓÓÓ‚·Â ÔÂÈÏÈÂÂÂÂÂÂÓÈÏ˘‰˘ ¯˘Ù‡ Æ¢ÆÆÆÂȇ˘ Ù¢Ú‡¢ ‡˙ÙÒÂ˙· ‰Îω‰ ÛÂÒÏ ‰Ó„ ˙ÙÒÂ˙ ‰ÚÈÙÂÓ ‚·Â ˙È˙Â‰Ó ˙‡Ê ˙ÙÒÂ˙˘ ¯˘Ù‡Â Æ˙ÂÓÏ˘· ‰‡È·‰Ï È„Î ‡˙Èȯ·‰ Ï˘ ËÂËȈ‰ ˙‡‡˙Èȯ·‰ ˙‡ ÂÙÈ„Ú‰ ‰È
Ú Ò¢˜„ Ɖ˘Ó‰ ÈÙ ÏÚÓ’˙ÙÒÂ˙ ÌÂ˘Ó ˜¯ ‡Ï ͇ ¨‡ÙÈÒ‰ ÌÂ˘Ó ‡˙Èȯ·‰ ˙‡ ‡ȷ‰˘ ¯‡·Ó Ó ˙‡ ∂∞ ‡ÙÈÒ· ¯ÂÙÓ ‡˙Èȯ·· ΢‡˘Ó Ì„‡ È„È· ‰˘Ú ÈÎ ‰„ÂÓ˘ ÔÈ·‰Ï ‰È‰ Ô˙È ‰˘Ó‰ ‡˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ‡Ï‡ ‡ȷ‰‡Â‰ ‡˙Èȯ·‰ Ô¯˙È Í‡ ¨®±≥≥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ ‰‡¯© ¯Ï ͯډ ¯Â‡È· ÔÈÚÎ ‡Â‰ ‰Ê ¯·Ò‰ ÆÌ„‡ È„È· ‰˘Ú ‡Ï˘
Ú„Ó ¯Ú˘Ó˘ „„ È„ÒÁ· ‰‡¯Â ƢȘȘ·¢ ‰ÏÈÓ‰Ó ‡Ï ‡ÙÈÒ‰ÓƇ˙Èȯ·‰ ÛÂÒ ¯ÒÁ ÈÏ···˘ Â˙±≥πÚ ¨Ë¢Ò¯˙ ˜¯ÂÈ ÂÈ ¨‰˜È‡‚Ó’Ú ¨„¢˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨È„¯· ßÈ ˙¯Â„‰Ó ¨È‡Â¯Ë ·¯ ˙·¢˙Ω© ≥≤± ӒƵ∑≥
Æ®Ìȇ‚‰ ¯ˆÂ‡· ˙‡ˆÓ ‰È‡±¥∞Æ≥ ‰¯Ú‰ ¨®±≥π ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© Ȅ¯· ‰‡¯ ¢‰·¯‡¢ ‰¯Âˆ‰ ÏÚ±¥± „¯ÂÙҘ‡ ‰ÊÈ‚ Ú˘· ¯·Î ‡ˆÓÂHeb. d.54/11-16 (2671.3)Æ®≤µ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ ‰‡¯© ±¥≤Ú „ ®±∞π ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÔÓ¯·ÈÏ ‰‡¯Ó’‚¢Ò¯ „ÈÒ· ƉÎÂÒ· Ï¢ˆ ÔΠ¢ÆÆƉوو ‰·¯Ú¢ ‡¢Ú ÂÏ ·˘·˘ ∏µπ
ÚÓ’ı¯‡‰ È˘‡ È˙ȇ¯Â Ɖ·¯Ú È˘‰Â ‰ÙˆÙˆ ÌȯˆÓ χ¯˘È ı¯‡· ‡¯˜ Ô¢‡¯‰Â ÆÆƉ·¯Ú‰ ¯Â‡È˙¢ ∫Âϯ ‚‰ Á¢¯· Æ¢ÂÏω ˙ÂÓ˘‰ È˘ ˙‡ ÌÈÙÈÏÁÓ ˙‡Ê‰ÆÚ¢ˆÂ ¢‡ÙÏÈÁ ‡Ò‡ ‡Ò‡ ‡ÙÏÈÁ¢ ‰Ò¯
±¥≥Ú Ò¢˜„Ó’· Ȣη ÂÓΠϢˆÂ ‡Â‰ ˘·Â˘Ó¢ ∫·˙ÂÎ ‡ ˙‡ ±∞µ ’‡ ÂÏ ˙·˘· ‰¢Î ‰·¯Ú ‰ÙˆÙˆ ‰ÙˆÙˆ ‰·¯Ú Æ¢‰ÙˆÙˆ ‡ÙÏÈÁ ‡ÙÏÈÁ ‰ÙˆÙˆ ·Â˙Î ‰È‰˘
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‰ÎÂÒ ÈÏ·· Ï˘ ÁÒ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ· πµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î Ï˘ È„ÂÁÈȉ ÂÓ˜ÈÓ
¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡
Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰‚¢˜ ¨Á¢¯ ‚¢˜ ¨Á¢¯ ‚¢˜ ¨Á¢¯ ‚¢˜ ¨Á¢¯ ‚¢˜ ¨Á¢¯ ±¥¥Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó
Á¯Ò ÍÎ ¯Á‡Â ÁÙ˙ȇ„ ‡‰Á¯Ò ¯„‰Â ÁÙ˙ȇ„ ‡‰ÁÙ˙ȇ ÍÎ ¯Á‡Â Á¯Ò„ ‡‰ÂÁÙ˙ ¯„‰Â Á¯Ò„ ‡‰
Á¯Ò ‡Ï„ ‚¢Ú‡ ÁÙ˙„ ‡‰Á¯Ò ‡Ï„ ‚¢Ú‡Â ÁÙ˙ȇ„ ‡‰ÂÁÙ˙ ‡Ï„ ‚¢Ú‡ Á¯Ò„ ‡‰ÁÙ˙ȇ ‡Ï„ ‚¢Ú‡Â Á¯Ò‡„ ‡‰Â
‚‰ ÔÈ· ÔÎÂ˙· Ï„·‰ ÔȇƉ‰Ê ÔÎÂ˙ Ï˘ ‰Â˘ ‰‡ˆ¯‰· ¯·Â„Ó ˙‡ү±¥µ‡È·‰ πµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î·
‚‰ È˙˘ ˙‡Æ®¢‡È¯Á‡ ‡˘ÈÏ¢ ÔÂȈ È„È ÏÚ ‰„¯Ù‰ ‡ÏÏ Ûˆ¯·© Ô˙ÂÓÏ˘· ˙‡ү±¥∂
≥Æ∑ ≥Æ∑ ≥Æ∑ ≥Æ∑ ≥Æ∑ÓÓÓÓÓ„„„„„ ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡≠≠≠≠≠ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢·····
‚ÂÒ‰¯ Æ˙ÂÎÂÒ· ‰·¯Ú Ï˘ ÔÈ„‰ ¯Â˜Ó· ˙˜ÒÂÚ ‰È’‰·¯Ú ̇‰ ÌȘÏÂÁ ÈÂÏ Ô· Ú˘Â‰È ß¯Â ÔÁÂÈ
¯Â Ìȇȷ „ÂÒÈ Â‡ Ìȇȷ ‚‰Ó ‡È‰’¯ ÆÌȇȷ „ÂÒÈ ‡È‰ ‰·¯Ú˘ ·ÂÒ ÔÁÂÈ ß¯˘ Ó‡ ‰·‡ ’
¯˘ ÍÎÓ Â‰·‡ ß¯Ï ‰˘˜Ó ‡¯Èʒ‰·‡ ߯ ı¯˙Ó ÈÈÒÓ ‰˘ÓÏ ‰Îω ‡È‰ ‰·¯Ú˘ ¯Ó‡ ÔÁÂÈ
¯ ȯ·„Ó ‰˘˜Ó ‡¯Ó‚‰ ͢Ӊ· ÆÌ„ÒÈ ¯ÊÁ ÌÂÁ΢˘’ÛÂÏÈÁ ˘È ‰Ê ı¯È˙· Æ˙ˆ¯˙Ó ÔÁÂÈ
‚∫È˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó ‰Ò¯
Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰±¥∑·˙ ·˙ ·˙ ·˙ ·˙ Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó
ÔÁÂÈ ¯¢‡‰ÂÓ‡ ‡‰Â’ÔÁÂÈ ß¯ ÔÁÂÈ ¯¢‡‰Â‡È‰ Ô‰τ ȯӇ ÔÂÎÏ„Ó‡ ÔÂÎÏÈ„’‡Â‰ Ô‰ÏÈ„ ¯Ó‡ ÔÂÎÏÈ„’‡È‰ Ô‰ÏÈ„
‡È˘®Â©˜ ‡ÏÌ˙‰ÌÈȘ ˘„˜Ó‰ ˙È·˘ ÔÓÊ· ÔÎÌÈȘ ˘„˜Ó‰ ˙È·˘ ÔÓÊ·
ÌÈȘ Âȇ˘ ÔÓÊ· Ô‡ÎÂ‡È˘˜ ‡Ï‡È˘˜ ‡ÏÂ
˘„˜Ó· ԇ΢„˜Ó· ‡‰ÔÈÏ·‚· Ô‡ÎÔÈÏ·‚· ‡‰
‚ÂÒ‰ ‰ÏÚÓ˘ È˘Â˜‰ ˙‡ ‰ÏÈÁ˙ ¯‡·‡Æ‰È
¯ Ï˘ ˙‡Ê ‰¯ÈÓ‡˘ ˘¯ÙÓ È¢˘¯’ÆÌ˙‡ ˙Á·˘Ó Ϸ· È· Ï˘ Ì˙¯Â˙Ï ˙ÒÁÈÈ˙Ó ÔÁÂÈ
˙¯ÊÂÁ ÍÎÈÙÏ ¨Ì„ÒÈÈ ¯ÊÁ ÌÂÁ΢ ı¯È˙‰ ÌÚ ÌÈ·˘ÈÈ˙Ó Ìȇ ÔÁÂÈ ß¯ Ï˘ Âχ Ìȯ·„
¯ ȯ·„· ‰¯È˙Ò‰’ÆÈÈÒÓ ‰˘ÓÏ ‰Îω ‡ Ìȇȷ „ÂÒÈ ‡È‰ ‰·¯Ú ̇‰ ÔÁÂÈ ±¥∏
±¥¥ „¯ÂÙҘ‡Heb. d.54/11-16 (2671.3)Æ®≤µ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ ‰‡¯©
±¥µ‚ÆÚ·˜ Âȇ Ì‰Ï˘ ¯„Ò‰ ͇ ¨ÌÈ¢ ÌÈ·Ï˘· ¯·Â„Ó˘ ˙¯‡·Ó ‚¢˜Â Á¢¯ ˙Ò¯±¥∂Ú ¨¯ÂËÈÚ· ‰‡¯ÂÓ’ÌÈÙ·Ó Á¯Ò ıÂÁ·Ó ÁÂÙ˙ Ï·‡ ÁÙ˙ ΢Á‡Â Á¯Ò„ ‡‰ Á¯Ò ΢Á‡Â ÁÙ˙‡„ ‡‰¢ ∫±∑∂
ÂÈȉ گ Á¯ ‰Ï ‰˘Ú Á¯Ò ΢Á‡Â ÁÙ˙Ó ÁÙÂ˙ ÂÈ‰Ï ˜·Ó˘Î ‰ÊÏ ‰Ê Ôȷ¯˜ ÁÂ¯Ò ÁÂÙ˙ ‰·Â˘˙·ÂÆ¢˙ȯ˜ÈÚ‰ ‡ÁÒ‰ ÂÊ ÁÙ˙ ‡Ï Á¯Ò‡„ ‡‰ Á¯Ò‡ ‡Ï ÁÙ˙„ ‡‰ ˜¢Ï ¯Ó‡˜„
±¥∑‚˘ ‰‡¯ Ô΂‰ ÔΠ¨®¢ºÆÆÆ ÆÆæÓ· Ô΢© ¥∏¥µØ≤µ≠≤∂ ‚¯Â·Ò¯Ë˘ ‰ÊÈ‚ Ú˘ ˙үȄ ‰ËȈ ‰ÎȯΠÚ˘· ‰Ò¯ ÂÏÈËÒ˜Fr. ebr. 1,3,5Æ
±¥∏¯Ï ¯˙Ù ‡‰Î ·¯˘ ˘¯ÙÓ È¢˘¯’‰¢„ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙ ‰‡¯Â ÆÏ·· ˙¯Â˙ ˙‡ ÔÁÂÈ ß¯ Á·È˘ ÔÎÏ ˙˜ÙÒ ‰ÓÎ ÔÁÂÈ ÆÈ¢˘¯ Ï˘ Â˘Â¯ÈÙ ˙‡ ÌÈÁ„˘ ¨‡‰Â
[32]
È¯Ë˘Â˘ ÔÈ·¯
¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡
‚ÂÒ ˙‡ ¯‡·Ó Ô‡‚‰∫‰Â˘ ÔÙ‡· Â˙Èȱ¥π
Ó‡ ÌÎÏ˘ ÌÎÁ ‡‰Î ·¯ ¯ÓÂÏÎ ‡‰Î ·¯ ‡Â‰Â ‡Â‰ ÌÎÁ ‰Ê ÔÂÎÏÈ„ ˘Â¯ÈÙÂ’‰·¯Ú ÈÎ
Ï˘ ˙ÂÚÂÓ˘‰ ÌÈ˙˘ ÈИ¯ÈÙ ÆÆÆÌȯÙÂÒ Ï˘ ̉ȯ·„Ó Ô‰ÏÈ„ ˘Â¯ÈÙ ‡Â‰ Ô‰ÏÈ„
È˘‰ Ó¢‰È· Ô·¯Á ¯Á‡Ó Ï·‡ ¯Ӈ ÌÈȘ ˘„˜Ó‰ ˙È·˘ ÔÓÊ· Ìȇȷ Ï˘Â ‰˘Ó
Ƈȉ Ô·¯„ Ô‰ÏÈ„
¯ Ï˘ ˙‡Ê ‰¯ÈÓ‡˘ ¯‡·Ó Ô‡‚‰’ȯ·„Ó ‡È‰ ‰·¯Ú˘ ¯·ÂÒ ÔÁÂÈ ß¯Â ‰·¯ÚÏ ˙ÒÁÈÈ˙Ó ÔÁÂÈ
ÆÌȇȷ „ÂÒÈ ‡È‰ ‰·¯Ú˘ Â˙¯ÈÓ‡ ÏÚ Ô‡ÎÓ ‰˘˜Â ¨ÌȯÙÂÒ±µ∞
‚ ÛÂÏÈÁ ˘È ‡¯Ó‚‰ ı¯È˙· Ɖү‚‰ Á¯‰ ÁÒ·ƢÔÈÏ·‚· ԇΠ˘„˜Ó· ԇ΢ ∫‡È‰ ‰Ò¯±µ±
≠··˙·˙·˙·˙·˙‚‰ Á¢¯Â Ô‡‚‰ ˙·Â˘˙· Âȇ˘ ÔÓÊ· ԇΠÌÈȘ ˘„˜Ó‰ ˙È·˘ ÔÓÊ· ԇ΢ ∫‡È‰ ‰Ò¯
≠· Æ¢ÌÈȘÓÓÓÓÓ‚‰ Æ¢ÔÈÏ·‚· ‡‰ ˘„˜Ó· ‡‰ ‡È˘˜ ‡Ï ÌÈȘ ˘„˜Ó‰ ˙È·˘ ÔÓÊ· ԇ΢ ∫‡È‰ ‰Ò¯
¯ ȯ·„· ‰¯È˙Ò‰˘ Ìȯ‡·Ó Á¢¯Â Ô‡‚‰’Ìȇȷ „ÂÒÈ ‡È‰ ‰·¯Ú ̇‰ ‰Ï‡˘· ‡È‰ ÔÁÂÈ
¨Ô·¯„Ó Â‡±µ≤ÆÔ·¯„Ó ‡È‰ ‰·¯Ú ‰Ê‰ ÔÓÊ·˘ ‡Â‰ ı¯È˙‰ ÔÎÏÂ
‚‰Ï‡˘‰ È¢˘¯Ï ȯ‰˘ ‰Ï‡˘· È¢˘¯ ¯ÈÙÏ ‰Óȇ˙Ó ‰È‡ ȇ„ ı¯È˙· Á¢¯Â Ô‡‚‰ Ò¯
¯ ȯ·„˘ ‡È‰’‰˘ÓÏ ‰ÎÏ‰Ó ‡È‰ ‰·¯Ú˘ Âȯ·„ ˙‡ Ìȯ˙ÂÒ Ìȇȷ „ÂÒÈ ‡È‰ ‰·¯Ú˘ ÔÁÂÈ
Ɖʉ ÔÓÊ· ¯Ó‡ Ìȇȷ „ÂÒÈ˘ ¯ÓÂÏ ÔÎ˙ÈÈ ‡Ï ¨ÈÈÒÓ±µ≥
‰ÎÏ‰Ó ‡È‰ ‰·¯Ú ˘„˜Ó·Â ¨È¢˘¯ ˘Â¯ÈÙÏ Ìȇ˙Ó ¢ÔÈÏ·‚· ԇΠ˘„˜Ó· ԇ΢ ı¯È˙‰
‚ÂÒ‰ ‰· ‰¯ÊÁ Ìȇȷ „ÂÒÈ ÔÈÏ·‚·Â ÈÈÒÓ ‰˘ÓÏÆÌ„ÒÈÈ ¯ÊÁ ÌÂÁ΢ ı¯È˙‰Ó ‰È
±¥πÚ ¨·¢˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨ÛÒ‡ Ìȇ‚ ˙·¢˙Ó’Ú ¨˛∂≥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚϸ Ìȇ‚‰ ¯ˆÂ‡Ω© π≥≠π≤ Æ®∂≥ ßÓ±µ∞¯ÙÒ· ÔΠƢ‰Îω ‡Ï Ìȇȷ „ÂÒÈ ‡Ï ‰È‡Â Ô·¯„Ó ‰·¯Ú ÈÎ ÈÏ ¯Ó‡ ÌÎÏ˘ ÌÎÁ‰¢ ∫Á¢¯ ¯‡·Ó Ì‚ ÍÎ
˘ ˙¯Â„‰Ó ¨¯˘È‰’‚ÈÊÏ˘ ÈÒ ¨„¢Ï˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨¯’ÂÏ΢ ∫ËÒ˘ ’Æ¢Ìȇȷ „ÂÒÈ ‡Ï ÌÈÓÎÁ ˙˜˙ ßȯ·„Ó Ú„Ï˘ ‰ÏÂÚ ˙‡Ê ‰¯ÈÓ‡Ó˘ Ìȯ‡·Ó ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙ ͇ Ƈ‰ ‰¢„ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙· ÚÈÙÂÓ ‰Ó„ ˘Â¯ÈÙ¯ ˙’‡È‰ ‰·¯Ú ÔÁÂÈ
‚· ‰Ê ˘Â¯ÈÙ ÌÈÏÂ˙ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙ Æ®¢Ô·¯„¢ Á¢¯·Â ¢ÌȯÙÂÒ È¯·„¢ Ô‡‚·© Ìȇȷ ‚‰Ó˘Â¯ÈÙ· ͇ ¨¢¯Ó‡¢ ‰Ò¯‚‰ ÂÈÙÏ˘ Á¢¯‚ Á¢¯˘ ‡È·Ó ˘¢‡¯ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙·© ¢È¯Ó‡¢ ‰Ò¯‚ Á¢¯˘ ÚÓ˘Ó Â¢ÏÓ Í‡ ¨¢È¯Ó‡¢ Ò¯ÂÒ¯Â
‚‰ ‡ÏÈ ÒÂÙ„· ÆÚ¢ˆÂ ˘¢ÈÚ ¨È¢˘¯Ó ˙¯Á‡Á¢¯ ȯ·„ ˙‡ ‡È·Ó ÔÂÎÏ„ Í¯Ú Í¯ڷ Æ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙ È¢ÙÚ Á¢¯· ‰Ȃ‚‰ Ô‡‚‰ ˙·Â˘˙·Â Æ¢¯Ó‡¢ ү‚ÂÒ‰ ˙‡ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙ ÌÈ‡È·Ó Ì‰È¯·„ ͢Ӊ· ¨ÍÎÏ ÛÒ· Æ®¢¯Ó‡¢ ‰Ò¯‰È‚·‚‰ Ì˘Â ‡¢Ú ÁÚ ÔÈËÈ˘¯ÙÓ ‡¢·Ëȯ‰ ÔΩ ¯Ó‡ ‡‰Î ·¯˘ ‡Â‰ ‰˘Â¯ÈÙ˘ Û‡ ÏÚ ¢È¯Ó‡ ÔÂÎÏÈ„¢ ‰Ò¯
Ú ˙‡ ¯ÈÎÊÓ Âȇ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙΂‰ ÔÈÈÚ ¨˛µπ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚϸ Ș҂¯Â· ‰‡¯ ƉүӒ‚Ï ¯˘‡¢ ∫∂±≥ ˙‡·ÂÓ‰ ‡Ò¯ÈÒÂ˙·’˙‡ÁÒ‰ ÈÈÂÈ˘· ÔÈÎÂÓÈÒ ‰Ï Ôȇ ÔΠÂÈÙÏ˘ Á¢¯· ˙‡ˆÓ ‡Ï „ÈÁÈ ÔÂ˘Ï· ¯Ó‡ ÔÂÎÏ„ Á¢¯ Ì˘·
‚‰ ˙‡ ˘¯ÙÏ Á¯Î‰ Ôȇ˘ ΢‡ ‰‡¯ Æ®¢·¢Ú ÊȘ ˜¢··Í‡ ¨˙ÂÙÒÂ˙ Á¢¯Î ‰¯‡·Ï ¯˘Ù‡Â È¢˘¯Î ¢È¯Ó‡¢ ‰Ò¯‚‰ ˙‡ÆÈ¢˘¯Î ‡Ï ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙ Á¢¯Î ‡Ï‡ ˘¯ÙÏ ‡¢‡ ¢¯Ó‡¢ ‰Ò¯
±µ±≠·ÏÏÏÏÏƢԇΠ˘„˜Ó·¢ ÏÚ ˙ÂÓ„‰ ˙ÓÁÓ ‚ÏÈ„ ±µ≤¯Ï ¯Ó‡ ÔÁÂÈ ß¯¢ ∫®·¢Ú „© ‡ ¨„ ‰ÎÂÒ ÈÓÏ˘Â¯È·’‡˙ÂËÈ˘ÙÓ ÔÂÎÈ„È· Ô˜ÏÒ ÈÏÈÓ Ôȯ˙ ‡ÈÈÏ·· ‡· ¯· ‰ÈÈÁ
Ú˙„¯ Ì˘· ‡È·Ó ÈÓÏ˘Â¯È‰ Æ¢‡ÈÈÚÈ·˘ ‡ÓÂÈ„ ‡˙·Â¯Ú ‡˙È’˙·˜Ú· ‰Ë˘Ù˙‰ ÈÚÈ·˘· ‰·¯Ú˘ ÔÁÂÈ È˜Ò‚¯Â· ‰‡¯Â ¨Ô·¯„Ó ‡È‰ ΢‡Â Ï··· ‡Â‰ ‰¯Â˜Ó ‰Ê‰ ÔÓÊ· ‰·¯Ú˘ ¯ÓÂÏ Â˙ÂÂ΢ ÚÓ˘Ó ¨Ï·· ˙‚‰‰
Ú ¨®µπ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ©Ó’Æ˙‡Ê ‰¯ÓÈÓÏ ÈÏ··‰ ÁÂÒȉ Ï˘ Â˙‰˙‰ ÏÚ ¨∂±µ ±µ≥¯ ȯ·„Ó ‰¯È˙Ò‰ ‡ ÌÈ˘¯ÙÓ˘ ÂÙÒÂ˙ ¯ÈÙÏ Ì‚˘ ÛÈÒ‡’‰·¯Ú˘ Âȯ·„Ï Ìȇȷ „ÂÒÈ ‡È‰ ‰·¯Ú˘ ÔÁÂÈ
‚Ï Ô˙È ‡Ï ‰Ê‰ ÔÓÊ· ¯Ó‡ Ìȇȷ ‚‰Ó˘ ı¯˙Ï ‡¢‡ ®±µ∞ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ ‰‡¯© Ìȇȷ ‚‰Ó ‡È‰ı¯È˙· Ò¯ÆÁ¢¯Â Ô‡‚Î
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‰ÎÂÒ ÈÏ·· Ï˘ ÁÒ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ· πµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î Ï˘ È„ÂÁÈȉ ÂÓ˜ÈÓ
¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡
‚ È·‚Ï Ò¯ÓÓÓÓÓƉ˘Â¯ÈÙ·Â ÁÒ‰ ¯ÂÒÓ· ‰Ó˜ӷ Ù˙Ò‰Ï È ±µ¥‰˘ÓÏ ‰Îω¢ ∫·˙ÂÎ Á¢¯
Á¢¯ ‡ ‡·Ï ˘Ù‡ ÆÂ˙ÂÂÎ ‰Ó ‡ȷ ÍȯˆÂ ¢ÔÈÏ·‚·Â ÌÈȘ „˜Ó‰˘Î Ìȇȷ „ÂÒÈ ÈÈÒÓ
∫ÌÈÙ‡ È˘·
‡ÆÆÈÈÒÓ ‰˘ÓÏ ‰ÎÏ‰Ó ‡È‰ ‰·¯Ú ÔÈÏ·‚· Ì‚
·Æ‚ÂÒ‰ ‰· ‰¯ÊÁ Ìȇȷ „ÂÒÈ ÔÈÏ·‚·Â ÈÈÒÓ ‰˘ÓÏ ‰ÎÏ‰Ó ‡È‰ ‰·¯Ú ˘„˜Ó·‰È
‰˘Â¯ÈÙ Â‰Ê˘ ˘Ù‡ Èʇ ‰ÈÈ˘‰ ¯˘Ù‡Î Â·Ò Ì‡ ÆÌ„ÒÈÈ ¯ÊÁ ÌÂÁ΢˘ ‰ˆÂ¯È˙Ó
‚ Ï˘ ˙Ò¯ÓÓÓÓÓƱµµ
‰˘ÓÏ ‰Îω ‡Â‰ ˘„˜Ó·© ‰ÈÈ˘‰ ˙¯˘Ù‡Î ˘¯ÙÏ ¯˘Ù‡ ȇ˘ ÁÈÎÂÓ Á¢¯ ȯ·„· ÔÂÈÚ ¨Ì¯·
‚ÂÒ‰ ͢Ӊ· Æ®Ìȇȷ „ÂÒÈ ÔÈÏ·‚·Â ÈÈÒÓ‚‰Ó˘ ÔÂÂÈÎ Ë·ÈÁ‰ ÏÚ ÌÈί·Ó ‡Ï˘ ·ÂÒ ·¯ ‰È
Ô· Ú˘Â‰È ß¯Î ‡È‰ Ìȇȷ ‚‰Ó ¯·Ò˜„ ·¯Î ‰Î¯· ‰Îȯˆ ‰È‡Â¢ ∫Á¢¯ Ì˘ ·˙ÂΠ‡Â‰ Ìȇȷ
Èʇ ¨Ìȇȷ „ÂÒÈ ÔÈÏ·‚·Â ÈÈÒÓ ‰˘ÓÏ ‰Îω ‡Â‰ ˘„˜Ó·˘ Á¢¯· ˘¯Ù ̇ ‰‰Â Æ¢ÈÂÏ
¯ ˙˜ÂÏÁÓ’‰˘ÓÏ ‰Îω ‡ÓÏÚ ÈÏÂÎÏ ˘„˜Ó· ÂÏȇ ÔÈÏ·‚· ‡È‰ ÈÂÏ Ô· Ú˘Â‰È ß¯Â ÔÁÂÈ
Á¢¯ ·˙ÂÎ Ú„Ó Ìȇȷ ‚‰Ó ÌÂ˘Ó ·ÏÂω Ôȇ „˜ÓÏ ÎÊ ÌÈ˘ÂÚ˘ ‰Ê‰ ÔÓÊ· ÔΠ̇ ÈÈÒÓ
¯Î ‰Îω˘ Ô‡ÎÓ˘’‰˘ÓÏ ‰Îω ‡È‰ ‰·¯Ú˘ ÌÈÓÈÎÒÓ „˜Ó· ̇ ÍÎÓ ‰¯˙È ÆÈÂÏ Ô· ڢ‰È
Æ˘„˜ÓÏ ¯ÎÊ ‡Â‰ ‰Ê‰ ÔÓÊ· ȯ‰ ¨ÌÈί·Ó ‡Ï ÔΠ̇ ÚÂ„Ó ¨ÈÈÒÓ±µ∂˘¯ÙÏ ¯˘Ù‡ ȇ ¨‰Ê ÈÙÏ
≠·ÓÓÓÓÓ¯·˙ÒÓ ÔÎÏ ¨Ô·¯„Ó ‰Ê‰ ÔÓÊ·Â ÈÈÒÓ ‰˘ÓÏ ‰ÎÏ‰Ó ‰·¯Ú ‡ÓÏÚ ÈÏÂÎÏ ˘„˜Ó·˘
‚˘ ˙Ò¯ÓÓÓÓÓ‚‰ È˙˘ ˙·Î¯‰ Ï˘ ‰‡ˆÂ˙ ‡È‰ Æ‰Ê ¯ÓÂÓ ÁÒ ¯ˆÂ ÍΠ˙‡ү
≥Æ∏ ≥Æ∏ ≥Æ∏ ≥Æ∏ ≥Æ∏ ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢·····
¯Â È·¯’˙˜ÂÏÁÓ˘ ÚȈ‰ ÛÒÂÈ ·¯ ÆÌȯ˘Î ıÚÓ Ô‡˘Ú˘ ˙¯˘ ÈÏΠ̇‰ ˜ÏÁ ‰„Â‰È ¯· ÈÒÂÈ
‡ ‰˘Ó Ï˘ ·Â·‡Ó „ÂÓÏÏ ˘Ù‡ ȇ ‰Ù· ‰¯È˘ ˜ÈÚ Ì‡‰ ‰Ï‡˘· ‡È‰ ‰„Â‰È · ÈÒÂÈ ß¯Â È·¯
¯˜ÈÚ ‡ÓÏÚ ÈÏÂÎÏ˘ ¯˘Ù‡˘ ‰Á„ ‡¯Ó‚‰ Ɖ˘Ó Ï˘ ·Â·‡Ó „ÂÓÏÏ ¯˘Ù‡Â ÈÏη ‰¯È˘ ¯˜ÈÚ
˙ÙÒ ‰ÈÈÁ„ ‰ÚÈˆÓ ‡¯Ó‚‰ Ư˘Ù‡ ȇ˘Ó ¯˘Ù‡ „ÂÓÏÏ ¯˘Ù‡ ̇‰ ˜ÏÁ ͇ ÈÏη ‰¯È˘
Ï˘ ·Â·‡Ó „ÂÓÏÏ ¯˘Ù‡ ȇ ‡ÓÏÚ ÈÏÂÎÏ ˙‡Ê ‰Úˆ‰ ÈÙÏ Æ‰¯ÂÓ‰Ó ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ „ˆÈИÏÁ˘
‚ ¯ÙÒÓ Ô˘È Æ‰˘ÓƉ˘Ó Ï˘ ·Â·‡Ó „ÂÓÏÏ ¯˘Ù‡ ȇ ÚÂ„Ó ‰Úˆ‰· ˙‡ү
Æ¢¯˘Ù‡ ȇ˘Ó ¯˘Ù‡ ÔÈ„ Ôȇ ‰Ù· ‰¯È˘ ¯˜ÈÚ ‡Óȇ ˙Èڷȇ ‚¢‰¢ ∫·˙ÂΠȢ˘¯±µ∑Á¢¯
±µ¥Ú Ò¢˜„Ó’ÚËÂÓ ‡ÁÒ¢ ∫·˙ÂÎ ‰ ˙‡ ±≥∂ Æ¢ÏÈÚÏ„ ‡‰Ó ‡·˘ ‡È‰ ˙±µµÚ ¨®±π ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© Á¢¯ ÏÚ ¯È„‰Ó· ÔÈÈÚÓ’‚ ˙‡ ‡È·Ó µ≥ ‰¯Ú‰·Â Ɖʷ ˜Ù˙Ò‰˘ µ± ‰¯Ú‰ ÁÙ Ó¢ÈÎ ˙Ò¯
ÆÌȇȷ „ÂÒÈ ÔÈÏ·‚·Â ÈÈÒÓ ‰˘ÓÏ ‰Îω ˘„˜Ó·˘ ‰ÈÈ˘‰ ˙¯˘Ù‡Î ‰ÈÙÏ ÚȯÎÓÂ
±µ∂‚ÂÒ‰ ˙‡ ¯‡·Ó È¢˘¯ÌÂ˘Ó ‡Ï Ìȇȷ ‚‰Ó ÌÂ˘Ó ‡Â‰ ‰Ê‰ ÔÓÊ· Ì‚Â Ìȇȷ ‚‰Ó ÌÂ˘Ó ‡Â‰ ÔÈÏ·‚·˘ ‰ÈÁ¢¯ ͇ ®¢Ìȇȷ ‚‰Ó ‡Ï‡ ‰È‡ „˜Ó‰ ÔÓÊ· Û‡ ÔÈÏ·‚· ‡ ‰Ê‰ ÔÓÊ· Ï·‡¢ ȯȇӷ ‡Â‰ ÔΩ „˜ÓÏ ÎÊÌÈί·Ó ‡Ï˘ ·˙ÂÎ ÌÁÂ¯È ÂÈ·¯·Â ÆÌȇȷ ‚‰Ó ÌÂ˘Ó ‡Ï ®˘„˜ÓÏ ¯ÎÊ© Ô·¯„Ó ‡Â‰ ‰Ê‰ ÔÓÊ·˘ ¯·ÂÒ
Ú„˘ ‰‡¯© „˜ÓÏ ÎÊ Ì¢ÓÌÂ˘Ó ‰Ê‰ ÔÓÊ·˘ È¢˘¯Î ·ÂÒ ‡Ï ͇ Ӣω ÌÂ˘Ó Ú¢ÂÎÏ „˜Ó·˘ È¢˘¯Î Â˙Ú„Â Æ®Ìȇȷ ‚‰Ó¨®π≥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© „ÂÓÏ˙‰ È˘¯ÙÓ ¯ˆÂ‡ ‰‡¯Â ¨˘„˜ÓÏ ¯ÎÊ ÏÚ ÌÈί·Ó ‡Ï ÚÂ„Ó Ú¢ˆ Â˙
ÚÓ’Æ∑∞ ‰¯Ú‰ ˆ˜˙ ±µ∑‚ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ Ì‡‰ ‰˘Ó ‰Ê Ôȇ ‰˘Ó Ï˘ ·Â·‡Ó „ÂÓÏÏ ‡¢‡ ‰Ù· ‰¯È˘ ¯˜ÈÚ Ìȯ·ÂÒ Ì‡ ȯ‰˘ ¨‰˘˜ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯
È˙˘ Ô˘È Î¢‡Â ¨¢¯˘Ù‡ ȇ˘Ó ¯˘Ù‡ ÔÈ„ Ôȇ„ ÆÆÆÈÏη ¯˜ÈÚ Ï¢˙‡Â¢ ∫˘¯ÙÓ È¢˘¯ Ư˘Ù‡ ȇ˘Ó ¯˘Ù‡Ú„ È‰Ó ˙Âȯ˘Ù‡Æ‰¯È˘ ¯˜ÈÚ ˙χ˘· Ì˙
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È¯Ë˘Â˘ ÔÈ·¯
¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡
ȇ˘Ó ¯˘Ù‡ ÔÈ„ Ôȇ„ ÌÂ˘Ó È‡ ‰˘Ó„ ·Â·‡Ó ÔÈÙÏÈ ‡Ï ‡ÓÏÚ ÈÏÂÎ ‡Óȇ ˙Èڷȇ¢ ∫·˙ÂÎ
‚ Æ¢‰Ù· ‰¯È˘ ˜ÈÚ„ ÌÂ˘Ó È‡ ˘Ù‡˙Âȯ˘Ù‡ È˙˘ ÌÈÚÈˆÓ ‰ÈÙÏ Ȣ˘¯Î ‰˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó ‡Ê ‰Ò¯
Ú„ È·‚Ï‚·Â ¨‰¯È˘ ¯˜ÈÚ ˙χ˘· Ì˙Æ˙Âȯ˘Ù‡ È˙˘ Âχ˘ ¯‡Â·Ó ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯
≠·ÏÂÏÂÏÂÏÂÏ‚ ÚÂ„Ó Â¯‡È· ‡Ï ‰˘Ó Ï˘ ·Â·‡Ó ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ ‡Ï˘ ÂÈȈ Óȇ ߷ȇ¢ ÂÒ¯’ßÓÏÚ ÈÏÂ΄
Æ¢‰˘Ó„ ·Â·‡Ó ÔÈÙÏÈ ‡Ï
≠··˙·˙·˙·˙·˙‚Ï Æ¢¯˘Ùȇ ȇ˘Ó ¯˘Ùȇ ÔÈ„ Ôȇ ‡ÓÏÚ ÈÏÂ΄ ‡Óȇ ˙Èڷȇ¢ ‰ÈÈÁ„ Ì‚ Ì˙Ò¯
Ɖ˘Ó Ï˘ ·Â·‡Ó „ÂÓÏÏ Ôȇ ÔÙ‡ Ïη ÈÏη ‰¯È˘ ¯˜ÈÚ ‡ÓÏÚ ÈÏÂÎÏ˘ ‰ÚÈˆÓ ˙‡Ê±µ∏
≠·„‡„‡„‡„‡„‡‚ ÆÈ¢˘¯Î ÌÈү±µπ≠· ÓÓÓÓÓ‚ ‚ ˙‡ ‡È·‰Â ÌÈȇÏÎ ˙Ò¯‚ ˙‡ ÔÎÓ ¯Á‡Ï Ȣ˘¯ ˙Ò¯˙Ò¯
‚· ÆÁ¢¯‰ÎȯΠÚ˘ ÔÂÈÏȱ∂∞‚ ¢‡Î‰Â ‰˘Ó„¢ ˙·È˙‰ ˜¯ ¯˙ ‰Á¯˜ ˘È ÌÈÙ·© Á¢¯Î Ò¯Â
‚Î ‰‡¯Â ˙Ò¯ÏÂÏÂÏÂÏÂÏÂÆ®
‚‰ ÔÈ· ÔÎÂ˙· Ï„·‰ Ôȇ‡È·‰ πµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î· Ɖ‰Ê ÔÎÂ˙ Ï˘ ‰Â˘ ‰‡ˆ¯‰· ¯·Â„Ó ˙‡ү
‚‰ È˙˘ ˙‡Æ®¢‡È¯Á‡ ‡˘ÈÏ¢ ÔÂȈ È„È ÏÚ ‰„¯Ù‰ ‡ÏÏ Ûˆ¯·© Ô˙ÂÓÏ˘· ˙‡ү
ÒÈÎÂÌ
͇ ÆÁ¯‰ ÁÒ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓÏ ‰ÒÈÒ·· ˙ÎÈÈ˘ ‰ÎÂÒ ˙ÎÒÓÏ πµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î Ï˘ ÁÒ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ
ÆÁÒ‰ ÈÙ‡ Ï˘ ˙·Î¯ÂÓ ‰ÂÓ˙ ‰ÏÚÓ ‰ÎÂÒ ˙ÎÒÓÏ πµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î ÁÒÂ Ï˘ ˙È˙ËÈ˘ ‰˜È„·
‚ ÂËϘ Ó¢Èη‚ Æ˙ÂÈÙ¯ȇ ˙‡үÌÈ„Ú· ۇ ÌÈÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ÌÈ„Ú· ¯·Á Ô‰Ï Ôȇ ‰Ï‡ ˙‡ү
‚Ó ˜ÏÁ Ï˘ ԯ˜Ó ®ÌÈÈ„¯ÙÒ‰ ¯˜ÈÚ·© ÌȯÁ‡Æ˙¯ÁÂ‡Ó ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ· Âχ ˙‡ү
‚ ‡ˆÓ Ó¢ÈÎ Ï˘ ÁÒ· ¨Ì¯·Æ˙È·È˯Ëχ‰ ˙ÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ÁÒ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓÓ ˙·¯ ˙‡ү
‚ ˙‡Ê ˙¯ÂÒÓ·Ôȇ ÈÓÈ˙‰ ÁÒ· Է¯·Â ˙ÎÒÓ‰ Ï˘ ÌÈÈÁ¯ÊÓ ÌÈ„Ú· ˙‡ˆÓ˘ ˙‡ү
ÆÁ¯‰ ÁÒ· ˙‡ˆÓ
‚ ‡Â‰ ÛÒ ‡ˆÓÓÆÓ¢Èη ˙‡ˆÓ˘ ˙·¯‰ ÌÈȇÏΉ ˙‡ү
Ú ÂÈ˙·‡Ó „Á‡ ÈÙÏ Â‡ ÔÎÈÓ „È ·˙Î ¯ÙÂÒ ÈÙÏ˘ ÌÈ„ÓÏÓ ‰Ï‡ ÌȇˆÓÓÌÈÒÙË Â„Ó
Æ˙¢ ÁÒ ¯ÂÒÓÓ±∂±Ú ÔÎ ÂÓÎ ÆÁ¯‰ ÁÒ‰ ¯ÂÒÓÏ ÍÈÈ˘ „ȉ ·˙Î Ï˘ ȯ˜ÈÚ‰ ÂÈ·‡ „Ó
‚‰ ÂÈÙÏ˙‡ ‡˜Â„ ‡È·Ó ‡Â‰ ÌÈ·¯ Ìȯ˜Ó· ͇ Ƅȉ ·˙Î ÁÒ· ÂËϘ˘ ˙ÂÈÙ¯ȇ‰ ˙‡ү
¨ÁÒ‰ ¯ÂÒÓ È˙˘ ‡ ‚Ȉ‰Ï Á· ÙÂÒ‰ ÌȯÁ‡ Ìȯ˜Ó· Æ˙È·È˯Ëχ‰ ÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ¯ÂÒÓ‰
±µ∏Ú Ò¢˜„Ó’‚ ÏÚ ·˙ÂÎ Ï ˙‡ ±µπ ˙Ò¯Ó‚‰ ‰Ï ‰Ó˜ Ê¢ÈÙÏ¢ ∫’˜Á„ ÂÈÙÏ˘ ԢϠÈÏη ‰¯È˘ ¯˜ÈÚ„ ‡Î‰ Ƣ·˘ÈÈÏ È¢˘¯
±µπ≠· ÌÓ‡‡‡‡‡‡‰ÈÙÏ Ȣ˘¯ Ï˘ Â˙‰‚‰ ˜ÈÚ ÏÚ Ú¯ÚÏ ‡Ê ÙÒÂ˙· Ôȇ ͇ ¢‰˘Ó Ï˘ ·Â·‡Ó ÔÈÙÏÈ ‡Ï¢ ÛÒ ڄ È·‚Ï ˙Âȯ˘Ù‡ È˙˘ Ô˘ÈƉ¯È˘ ¯˜ÈÚ ˙χ˘· Ì˙
±∂∞Sopron, Györ-Moson-Sopron Megye Soproni Levéltára‚‰ ‚¯Â·È„‡ ÈÚ‰ ÔÂÈί‡ ‰È¯T2‡ ‰‡¯Â Æ’‚‰· ÈÏ·· „ÂÓÏ˙Ï „È È·˙΢ ¨˙Â¯Ú ¨®Ê¢Ë˘˙© ‡Ï ¨¯ÙÒ ˙ȯ˜ ¨¢‰È¯Ó’Æ¥∏≤≠¥∑≤
±∂±ÆÌÈÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ÌÈ„Ú· ‡ˆÓ˘ ÁÒ ¯ÂÒÓ ÂÈ˙‰‚‰Ó ·¯· ‚ˆÈÈÓ È¢˘¯˘ ‰‡ˆÓ˘ ®±≥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÌÚ ‰‡¯È˙‡ˆÓ Ó¢ÈΠψ‡ ͇ Ʊ≥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ ‰‡¯ ¨Á¯‰ ÁÒ‰ Ï˘ ÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ¢¯Â˘ ˙‡ ˘˘‡Ó ·Â˘Á ‰Ê ‡ˆÓÓ
‚‰‡¯Â ÆÂψ‡ ¯Ó˙˘ ÔÙ‡ Ïη ˙È·È˯Ëχ ˙ÈÁ¯ÊÓ ˙¯ÂÒÓ· ԯ˜Ó Á¯‰ ÁÒ· ˙‡ˆÓ Ôȇ˘ ˙‡үÁ’Ú ¨Á¢Ò˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨Ê΢‡· ‰Îω‰ ˙„ÏÂ˙· ˜¯Ù ∫ÍÒ ÔÈÈ ¨ÌÈÈÈ·‰ ÈÓÈ· ÔÈȉ ¨˜È߈ȷÂÏÂÒ Ó’¨≥¥≥≠≥≤∑
‚‰ ÏÚÚÚÙ˘‰Â ˙Ù¯ˆÂ Ê΢‡Ï Á¯ÊÓ‰Ó „È È·˙Î ˙ÆÂχ ˙ÂÓ˜ӷ ÌȯÙÒ‰ ÁÒ ÏÚ Ì˙
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‰ÎÂÒ ÈÏ·· Ï˘ ÁÒ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ· πµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î Ï˘ È„ÂÁÈȉ ÂÓ˜ÈÓ
¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡
ÚÏÚÏ ÂÊ „ˆÏ ÂÊ ÌÈ˙Ư˘Ù ¯ÒÁ ¯ÓÂÓ ÁÒ ¯ˆÂ ÍΠÂÊ ·‚ ÏÚ ÂÊ ÌÈÁÒ‰ ˙‡ ·ÈÎ¯Ó ÌÈ˙
‚ ·ÈË ˙Î¯Ú‰Ï ˙·¢Á ‰Ï‡ ˙˜ÒÓ·¯ Ϙ˘Ó ˙˙Ï ˘È ƉÎÂÒ ˙ÎÒÓÏ Ó¢ÈÎ Ï˘ ÂÈ˙‡ү
‚Ï‚ ‚ÈˆÓ Ì‡ ۇ ‰Ê „È ·˙Î ˙‡ү‚Î ‰È„ ˙‡ ı¯ÁÏ Ôȇ ˙È„ÂÁÈÈ ‰Ò¯˘È ˙¯ÁÂ‡Ó ‰Ò¯
ƉÓ„˜ ˙ÈÁ¯ÊÓ ˙¯ÂÒÓ· ¯·Â„Ó˘ ‰¯È·Ò ˙¯˘Ù‡
‚ˆÈÈÓ˘ ÌÈÒÙË ¯ÙÂÒ‰ ÈÙÏ Âȉ ‡Ï ˙¯Á‡ ˙Â˙ÎÒÓ·˘ ÔÎ˙ÈÈ ¨Ô·ÂÓÎÁÒ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ ˙‡ ÌÈ
¨‰Ó„˜‰ ˙ÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰±∂≤ƉÎÂÒ ˙ÎÒÓ· Ó¢ÈÎ Ï˘ ÁÒ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ È·‚Ï ˜¯ ˙ÂÙ˜˙ Âχ ˙˜ÒÓÂ
±∂≤‚ ‰ˆÈ· ÈÏ··· ‰ÏÈ·˜Ó·˘ ≤Æ≥ ‰Ó‚„ ‰‡¯‚ÂÒ·˘ ≤Ʊ≤ ‰Ó‚„ ÆÁ¯‰ ÁÒÂÎ Ó¢ÈÎ Ò¯Â˙Âί·· ‰ÏÈ·˜Ó‰ ‰È‚ Ó¢ÈÎ ‡ÓÂȷ‚ Âω‡ ˘Ó·˘ ≤Æ∑ ‰Ó‚„ ‰‡¯ ÔΠƇÓÂÈÏ ÈÓÈ˙‰ ÁÒÂÎ ‡Ï˘Â Á¯‰ ÁÒÂÎ Ò¯ÂÓ¢ÈÎ Ò¯ÂÆÁ¯‰ ÁÒÂÎ