מיקומו הייחודי של כ"י מינכן 95 במסורת הנוסח של בבלי סוכה

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ISSN 0334-4754

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[I]

Abstracts

Alei Sefer 23, August 2013

STUDIES IN BIBLIOGRAPHY AND IN THE HISTORY OF THE PRINTED

AND THE DIGITAL HEBREW BOOK

23

EDITED BY

DOV SCHWARTZ £ GILA PREBOR

BAR-ILAN UNIVERSITY PRESS, RAMAT GAN

[II]

Abstracts


STUDIES IN BIBLIOGRAPHY AND IN THE HISTORY OF THE PRINTED

AND THE DIGITAL HEBREW BOOK

PUBLISHED BY THE

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SCIENCE

Editors: Dov Schwartz, Gila Prebor

Editorial Board: Shifra Baruchson-Arbib, Zeev Gries,

Colette Sirat, Yaakov Shmuel Spiegel

Advisory Board: Malachi Beit-Arié, Mordechai Glatzer, Moshe Hallamish,

Shlomo Zalman Havlin, Y. Tzvi Langermann, Gad Freudenthal,

Binyamin Richler, Menahem Schmelzer, Daniel Sperber,

Joseph Tabory

Address of Editorial Board:

Department of Information Science

Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, ISRAEL, 5290002

Published with the assistance of:

The Yehoshua and Bracha Barzilai Foundation, Bar-Ilan University

The Office of the Rector, Bar-Ilan University

Vice-President for Research, Bar-Ilan University

ISSN 0334-4754

© 2013

Copyright Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan

All rights reserved, including those of translation.

No part of this journal may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by

any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and

recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system,

without permission in writing from the publisher.

Printed in Israel 2013

Lavi Ltd., Tel-Aviv

[III]

Abstracts


‘Alei Sefer’ is dedicated to the memory of Yehoshua Barzilai z"l,

bibliographer and bibliophile

[V]

Abstracts


CONTENTS

RABIN SHUSHTRI: The Unique Place of Codex Munich 95 in the Version

Tradition of Tractate Sukka 5

AVISHAI BAR-ASHER: ‘This Fourth Part has been neither Copied nor

Printed’: On the Identification of the Last Part of Sha’are Qedusha 37

SHAUL REGEV: R. Isaac Aderbi’s Divrei Shalom: Between Venice

and Warsaw Editions 51

GILA PREBOR: Sefer HaZiquq as a Source for Hebrew Bibliography 63

SHLOMO E. GLICKSBERG: The Scandiano Synagogue Customs

According to R. Joshua Segre 81

MEIR BAR-ILAN: The Genizah: Antonin’s and Wertheimer’s Collections 121

ARIEL ROTH: The Habad Literary Corpus 139

In the Paths of the Hebrew Book: Comments and New Studies

ARLETTE LIPSZYC-ATTALI: The Commentary on Proverbs by

Joseph Caspi, its Edition by Isaac Last and Manuscript Paris,

Bibliothèque Nationale, Hébreu 184 165

GAVRIEL YITSHAK RAVENNA: A Review of the New Edition of the

Book Tanya Rabbati 179

English Abstracts VII

[VII]

Abstracts


ENGLISH ABSTRACTS

The Unique Place of Codex Munich 95 in the Version Tradition of

Tractate Sukka

Rabin Shushtri

No manuscript of the Babylonian Talmud is better known than the Munich

Codex (Cod. Heb. 95). This manuscript is the only one containing the complete

Talmud and Mishna. In addition, this manuscript had most of its tractates

copied by R. Rabinowitz in his book Dikdukei Sofrim.

This article deals with the tradition of version of the Munich Codex for

Tractate Sukka in the Babylonian Talmud. A methodical analysis of the

manuscript’s version for the tractate and its comparison to the other text

witnesses of the tractate – both direct and indirect – reveals a complex yet

interesting pattern regarding this manuscript. Although the chief version of

this manuscript follows the Ashkenazi tradition, there were many versions

found within that can be traced back to the early Eastern tradition. In many of

the cases one can conclude with sufficient certainty that the specific version

is the original and was revised already in the East. Another finding is of the

many fused versions that exist in the manuscript.

These data teach us that the author of the Munich Codex (or one of his

predecessors) had before him various codices of different origins and traditions.

These conclusions are critical for the evaluation of the versions presented in

the Munich Codex for Tractate Sukka. Much weight should be given to the

versions of this manuscript and to the option that that they may reflect an

early, original Eastern tradition.

[VIII]

Abstracts


‘This Fourth Part has been neither Copied nor Printed’:

On the Identification of the Last Part of Sha’are Qedusha

Avishai Bar-Asher

Sefer Sha’are Qedusha, traditionally attributed to R. Hayyim Vital, has been

transmitted, since its first edition, with a great deal of uncertainty as to the

origination of its fourth and final section. Unlike the broad circulation of the

central part of the composition, textual evidence of the final section was largely

lost. It is generally assumed that this was due to a decision on the part of the

editors of the composition: either that of the first editor, or even earlier by

Vital’s manuscript copyist in Egypt.

Previous attempts to identify the lost fragment have involved copying and

ascribing chapters from other minor texts as the fourth chapter of this significant

work. In light of the contentious nature of this section, a critical analysis of

this crucial fragment has to date not been attempted.

Through a close study of those remaining manuscripts, and the attention

they have been afforded by other scholars, I reconstruct the textual and

intellectual history of this mysterious abstract. I suggest that only the first

chapter (Hebrew: Sha’ar) of the missing section has somehow survived.

However, the remainder, if any of the attributions were authentic, has been

lost. Furthermore, the other texts in the manuscripts attributed to Sha’are

Qedusha were altogether unconnected to the original composition.

This study thus contributes to the publishing activity of Kabbalistic texts

in this generation in general and to the investigation of this cryptic text in

particular. Through a thorough study of the various editions of this text

published in the last decades, I present what I term ‘the invention’ of a new

composition, in which misattributions of the codex of manuscripts abound. In

light of this I seek to reconfigure the fourth section through a study of the lost

fragments of the fourth section.

[IX]

Abstracts


R. Isaac Aderbi’s Divrei Shalom: Between Venice and Warsaw Editions

Shaul Regev

R. Isaac Aderbi (Salonika, 16th century), a disciple of R. Joseph Taitazak,

was known for two books that he wrote: Divrei Rivot, which was responsa,

and Divrei Shalom, a book of sermons. Divrei Shalom was printed in three

editions during the 16th century, the first edition in Salonika and the other

two in Venice. In the 19th century, it was printed again in Warsaw. A comparison

between the Warsaw edition and the other three show some significant changes

made by the publisher in form and content, as a result of an arbitrary decision.

The major changes are: (1) Interchanging between the first and second part of

the book; (2) Transferring sermons or parts of sermons from the first part to

the second part; (3) Omitting the third sermon of the first part for no obvious

reason. As a result of this, there were corrections to be made in the cross

references which the publisher ignored. (4) Disregarding information and notes

written by the author or the proofreader of the previous editions. The publishers

of the Warsaw edition did not leave any documentation to explain or justify

their actions, or even to mention the changes that were made.

Sefer HaZiquq as a Source for Hebrew Bibliography

Gila Prebor

One of the challenges of the field of Hebrew bibliography is the attempt to

“reconstruct” Hebrew books that were printed but have become lost for various

reasons. One of the sources from which we can learn about these lost books is

Sefer HaZiquq by Domenico Yerushalmi. This article discusses the

bibliographic structure of Sefer HaZiquq in comparison with the extant works

known from the period and from lists of books. It also presents and analyzes

the bibliographic details that come to light in Sefer HaZiquq.

[X]

Abstracts


The Scandiano Synagogue Customs According to R. Joshua Segre

Shlomo E. Glicksberg

The manuscript of prayer customs that this article presents was written by R.

Joshua Segre in the 18th century (1740). It reflects the practices of prayer and

Torah reading in the synagogue of the Almansi brothers in the city of Scandiano

of those days. In his introduction, Segre emphasizes that he documents earlier

practices and that he used earlier, similar compositions in his possession. In

further writings of his, Segre presents a list of modifications to those original

practices that he established during the years he spent serving the Scandiano

community.

At first glance, this community seems to follow Italian customs. However,

a deeper reading leads us to believe that this is a subset of Italian customs,

including many differences to the standard practice as seen in the Italian prayer

book. Many of these differences originate from the sefardic or ashkenazic

customs. Others seem to be influenced by kabalistic writings. This research

also compares the practices of the Scandiano congregation with those of Venice,

Milan and Viadana, which was Segre’s previous location. In addition, unique

customs are pointed out.

The Genizah: Antonin’s and Wertheimer’s Collections

Meir Bar-Ilan

This article aims to shed light on the early years of the Genizah manuscripts’

publications by looking at the source of the manuscripts, some known to be

from the Genizah while others came from an unknown source.

First, Archimandrite Antonin’s (1817-1894) collection is discussed and

later Rabbi S. Wertheimer’s collection, showing similarities and differences

between these collections. Their sources, as well as their middlemen, are

discussed.

It is already known that R. Wertheimer published manuscripts from the

Genizah before S. Schechter (1846-1915) did, but which was the first Ms.

[XI]

Abstracts


from the Genizah to be published is not clear. It is suggested that the first

scholar who published Mss. from the Genizah, without telling his source, was

S. Pinsker (1801-1864), whose Mss. were given by his friend: A. Firkowiz

(1787-1874). Pinsker books were published in 1860 and 1864 and it is assumed

that his books are based on Mss. that came to Firkowiz from the Genizah.

The Habad Literary Corpus

Ariel Roth

During the years of existence of Habad hassidism, extensive literature was

created by scholars following the philosophy of RaSHaZ. The collective Habad

literature has expanded so that today, the number of primary sources that can

be associated to Habad hassidism exceeds three thousand titles. Furthermore,

in our time, we address not only written literature but also information stored

in other media.

The purpose of this research is to try and sift the extensive information. To

examine criteria pursuant to which it will be possible to establish what is the

Habad literary corpus, i.e., what is the literature that should be considered

Habad literature, and who is the person whose products shall be identified as

Habad philosophy. Within the framework of this question we shall try and

offer several criteria which will allow identification of a written product or an

oral statement as part of the Habad literary corpus. We shall suggest that this

corpus alone serves as a source for Habad knowledge. This question is

fundamental to the base of bibliographic, historic, contemplative or social

research focusing upon the Habad hassidism.

[XII]

Abstracts


The Commentary on Proverbs by Joseph Caspi, its Edition by Isaac

Last and Manuscript Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Hébreu 184

Arlette Lipszyc-Attali

Isaac ben Joseph Last is known as the editor of a great number of works

authored by the 14th century provincial philosopher Joseph Ibn Caspi. At the

beginning of the 20th century, Last copied in European libraries and, almost

single-handedly, published many of his commentaries. In consequence, Caspi

became one of the few philosophers of his time known to students of Jewish

studies.

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, Hébreu 184 is the only known copy of a

commentary on Proverbs by Caspi and it was published by Last in Presbourg,

1903, pp. 7-80. In his introduction, the editor affirms that “he copied the

manuscript as it is”.

When I described the manuscript for the New Catalogue, I compared the

text with the edition and discovered that the two texts were not identical: the

edition introduced divisions, the end of biblical verses and many other small

differences.

There are other intriguing differences. The pagination, as well as the

description of the manuscript, written about 1860 (thus well before the copy

by Last), by Salomon Munk fit the manuscript as it is now. I discovered that

two folios are lacking between ff. 142 and 143, corresponding to a lacuna

extending from Prov. 13, 1 to 14, 3. The loss cannot have occurred after Last

copied the manuscript. However, the edition gives, on pp. 46 to 48, a text

which does not exist in the manuscript. No explanation is given by Last. Did

Isaac Last forge these pages?

[XIII]

Abstracts


A Review of the New Edition of the Book: Tanya Rabbati

Gavriel Yitshak Ravenna

A new edition of the book of Halakhah known as Tanya Rabbati was recently

published by Mosad ha-Rav Kook. Although this edition includes an

introduction, it does not provide all the relevant information, offers some

inaccurate details, has incomplete bibliographic references and requires

language editing. Facts are missing in regard to the various manuscripts and

there is no discussion of the connections between them. Despite the preferential

treatment given to one particular manuscript, this edition carries an eclectic

signature. Certain erroneous ‘corrections’ were made to this version of the

text, while, on several occasions, other relevant, attested versions are ignored;

valuable source editions are not properly taken into account, negatively

influencing the quality of the work. Many of the accompanying footnotes are

too brief and lack the necessary information. Though this new edition is

valuable as a useful edition, a better, corrected edition is still needed.

[5]

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ÙÂ¯ÙÏ Ì‚ ‰Â˙ È˙„Â˙ Æ‰Ê ¯Ó‡ÓÏ’ÆÌ‰È˙ÂˆÚÂ Ì‰È˙Â¯Ú‰ ÏÚ ÏËÊÂ¯ ·‡ÂÈ ¯¢„ÏÂ È˜Ò·Â˜ÈÏÈÓ ÌÈÈÁ ± ÔÈÓÂ‡‰ ‡ ÎÂ˘‰ ÍÂ¯Ú „ÂÓÏ˙ ÔÓ„È¯Ù È¢˘ ‰‡¯ Ò¢˘‰ ÏÎ ·È˙ÎÏ ÏÚÙÓÎ πµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î Ï˘ Â„ÂÁÈÈ ÏÚ—

Ú ¨Ê¢˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯ÈÂ ˜¯ÂÈ ÂÈ ¨ÁÒÂ‰Ó’Ú È˘¢ ¨ÔÓ„È¯Ù È¢˘ ‰‡¯Â Æ¥≥ ¨¥≤ ˙Â¯Ú‰·Â ∑∑ ÔÂÈÏÂÎÒ· ‰ÎÂÁ ÈÈÈ

‚Ó Ï˘Ú˙ ˙ÏÈÚ ¨®Â¢Ò˘˙© ‡ ¨‡Ú ¨ÔÂÈˆ ¨¢˙ÈÓ’Æ±∞∞ ‰¯Ú‰ ≥∞ ≤Ú ¨˙ÂÎ¯· ¨Á¢Î¯˙ ÔÎÈÓ ¨ÌÈ¯ÙÂÒ È˜Â„˜„ ¨ıÈ·ÂÈ·¯ ¢¯Ó’Æ≥µ≠≤∑ ≥‚ÈÙ˘ ˘¢È ‰‡¯ ıÈ·ÂÈ·¯ ¢¯ Ï˘ ÂÏÚÙÓ ÏÚÚ ¨ÏÚ ¨Â¢˘˙ Ô‚ ˙Ó¯ ¨È¯·Ú‰ ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙Â„ÏÂ˙· ÌÈ„ÂÓÓ’¥≥∂

ÆÍÏÈ‡Â¥„ Ï˘ Â˙ÓÈ˘¯ ‰‡¯’ ‚ÂÏÔÈ˜È˙„Â·Ú ¨¢˘Â¯ÈÙ ÌÚ ˙ÈÚ„Ó ‰¯Â„‰Ó ∫ÈÏ··· ‰˘‰ ˘‡¯ Ï˘ ·ÂË ÌÂÈ ˜¯Ù¢ ¨

Ú ¨Á¢Ó˘˙ ¨‰˜È¯Ó‡· ÌÈ·¯Ï ˘¯„Ó‰ ˙È· ¨¯ÂË˜Â„Ó’Ú ¨Ì˘ Â¯Â‡È˙ ÏÚ ÍÓ˙ÒÓ ÔÏ‰Ï ¯Â‡È˙‰ ÆÊÓ≠‰Ó Æ≠ÁÓ ßÓµÚ‰ ˙ÂÎÈ‡ ÏÚ‚ ‰‡¯ Â˙˜˙Ú ¨®¥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÔÈ˜ÈÏÂÓ’‚„‰ ¯·Î ÆÆÆ˜¯Ë˘ ¨ıÈ·ÂÈ·¯¢ ∫ ‡ÏÓ Ó¢ÈÎ˘ Â˘È

˙Â¯ÂÒÓ¢ ¨È¯Ë˘Â˘ ß¯ ‰‡¯ ¨ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈ˘Â·È˘ Â· ˘È˘ ‰˙ÏÚ‰ ‰ÎÂÒ ˙ÎÒÓÏ È˙˜È„· Ì‚ Æ¢ÔÂÓÈ¯Î ÌÈ˘Â·È˘·Ú ¨Ú¢˘˙ ¨ÔÏÈ‡ ¯· ˙ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡ ¨¯ÂË˜Â„ ˙„Â·Ú ¨¢ÈÏ··· ‰ÎÂÒ ˙ÎÒÓ Ï˘ ÁÒÂ‰Ó’ÏÈÚÏ© ÔÓ„È¯Ù ‰‡¯Â Æµ≠≥

Ú ¨®± ‰¯Ú‰‚ ÏÏÎ¢ ∫±¥∑ ßÓ‰È‡˘ ‰„ÈÓ· ®Â˘·Â˘ Â‡© Â¯ˆ˜˙ Â·˘ ÌÈÓÎÁ‰ ˙ÂÓ˘˘ ¨Ó¢ÈÎ È·‚Ï ‡Â‰ ÏÂ„‚¯Ú˘ ˘Ù‡ Æ„È‰ È·˙Î ‡˘· ‰ÏÈ¨¯˘Ù‡‰ ÏÎÎ ·È˙Î‰ ‡ ˆ˜Ï Ó¢ÈÎ ÙÂÒ Ï˘ ÈÏÏÎ‰ ‰Ó‚ÓÏ ÍÈÈ˘ ‰Ê ÔÈ

Æ¢ÆÆÆ˙ÂÏÂ·Á˙Â ÂËÈ˘ ‰ÓÎ ıÓÈ‡ ‰Ó˘Ï˘ Á‡ ‰„ÈÁÈÎ Ò¢˘‰ ÏÎ ‡ ·Â˙ÎÏ ‰·Á¯‰ Â˙ÈÎÂ˙Ó ÏÁ ‡È‰ Û‡Â∂Ú ¨®≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© Ò¢˜„ ‰‡¯Ó’¯Ï ÍÈÈ˘ ‰È‰ „È‰ ·˙Î˘ ÁÈÎÂÓ˘ ≥± ’‡ÏÓÓ ‰È‰ ‡Ï ÔÎ ‡Ï Ì‡˘ ¨‰ÈÙÒÂ‰È

‚ Â˙Â‡¯Ó Â˙Â‡ ‰˜˘ ˙Â¯˘Ù‡‰ ˙‡ Ì˘ ‰ÁÂ„ ÔÎÂ ÂÏ˘·Î Â· ‰˘ÂÚÂ ˙ÂÂÈÏÈ’ÌÈ¯Á‡ ÌÈÏÚ· ÂÈ‰˘ Â‡ ‰È˙˙Ó ÆÌ˘ ÔÈÈÚ ¨ÂÈÙÏ

[6]

È¯Ë˘Â˘ ÔÈ·¯

¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡

Ï ¯˘‡· ˜ÙÒ ˘ÈÆÊÎ˘‡· ·˙Î „È‰ ·˙Î ÈÎ ¯Â·Ò ıÈ·ÂÈ·¯ Æ„È‰ ·˙Î Ï˘ ‰·È˙Î‰ ÌÂ˜Ó

‚¨ÛÏ˜‰ È„„ˆ È˘ ÔÈ· ÔÈÁ·‰Ï ¯˘Ù‡˘ ÔÂÂÈÎÓ ˙Ù¯ˆ· ·˙Î „È‰ ·˙Î˘ ˙Â¯˘Ù‡ ‰ÏÚÓ ¯ˆÏ

Æ„¢È‰ ‰‡Ó· ÊÎ˘‡Ï ÈÈÈÙÂ‡ ÂÈ‡˘ Ë¯Ù∑

¨„È‰ ·˙Î Ï˘ Â˙ÂÈÊÎ˘‡ ˙‡ ‰ÁÈÎÂ‰ ÌÈ¯˜ÂÁ ¯ÙÒÓ È„È ÏÚ ÔÎÈÓ „È ·˙Î ÁÒÂ ˙˜È„·∏

Æ‰Ê „È ·˙Î Ï˘ ÂÓÊÂ Â‡ˆÂÓ ¯Â‡Ï ¯Ú˘Ï ‰È‰ Ô˙È˘ ÈÙÎπ˙ÎÒÓÏ ÔÎÈÓ „È ·˙Î ÁÒÂ ˙˜È„·

È˙˘ ˙‚ˆ‰ ˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· ˙‡Ê ˙Â·Î¯ÂÓ ¯‡˙Ï ˘˜·Ó È‡ ‰Ê ¯Ó‡Ó· Æ˙·Î¯ÂÓ ‰ÂÓ˙ ‰ÏÚÓ ‰ÎÂÒ

˙Â¯ÂÒÓ ÏÚ ÈÏÏÎ ‰¯È˜Ò ‰ÏÈÁ˙ ÌÈ„˜‡ Æ‰ÎÂÒ ÎÒÓÏ ÔÎÈÓ „È ·˙Î ÁÒÂ· ÂÈÂˆÓ‰ ÂÚÙÂ˙

Æ˙ÎÒÓ· ÁÒÂ‰

Æ˙ÂÂ˘ ˙ÂˆÂÙ˙Ó ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈ¯È˘È ÁÒÂ È„Ú ÈÏ··· ‰ÎÂÒ ˙ÎÒÓÏ±∞˙Â‡Ó Ì˘È ÌÈ„Ú‰ ÔÈ·

‚ ÈÙÂÏÈÁ¯ÒÓ Í‡ ‰‰Ê ÂÎÂ˙˘ ËÒ˜Ë ÂÈÈ‰„ ¨ÁÂÒÈ ÈÈÂÈ˘· ÌÈ„˜Ó˙Ó ÌÈÙÂÏÈÁ‰ ·Â¯ Æ‰Ò¯

‰ ÌÈÙÒÂ ÌÈÙÂÏÈÁ Æ‰¯‰·‰Â ˘Â¯ÈÙ ˙ÂÂ˘Ï ˙ÙÒÂ‰· ÔÎÂ ‰Â˘ ÁÂÒÈ·œ˙‰‚‰ Ï˘ ‰‡ˆÂ˙ Ì

Æ˙Â¯Â„‰ ˆÂ¯Ó· ÌÈ„ÈÓÏ˙‰Â ÌÈÓÎÁ‰ È„È ÏÚ ÌÈ¯ÙÒ‰±±„ÓÏÓ ‰ÎÂÒ ÎÒÓ· ÌÈÙÂÏÈÁ‰ ÁÂ˙È

˙ÂÈ¯˜ÈÚ ÁÒÂ ˙Â¯ÂÒÓ È˙˘ Ï˘ ÔÓÂÈ˜ ÏÚ±≤˙‡ ÏÏÎ Í¯„· ˙ÏÏÂÎ‰ ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ Æ‡ ∫

© ÌÈÈÊÎ˘‡‰Â ÌÈÈ„¯ÙÒ‰ ÌÈ„Ú‰„‡ÒÏÂÓ„‡ÒÏÂÓ„‡ÒÏÂÓ„‡ÒÏÂÓ„‡ÒÏÂÓÈÚË˜· ¯˜ÈÚ·© Á¯ÊÓ· ˙¯ÂÒÓ‰ Ï˘ ‰˘¯Â˘ Í‡ ®

ÚÏÂ ‰ÊÈ‚ Æ®Á¢¯·Â ÌÈÂ‡‚· Û‡ ÌÈ˙˙‡ˆÓ ‰È‡˘ ˙È·ÈË¯ËÏ‡‰ ˙ÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ÁÒÂ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ Æ·

© ÈÓÈ˙‰ ÁÒÂ· ·Â¯Ï ‡ˆÓÂ ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ··˙·˙·˙·˙·˙¨ÌÈÂ‡‚© ÌÈÙÈ˜Ú ÌÈÈÁ¯ÊÓ ÌÈ„Ú· ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈ¯˜Ó·Â ®

Æ®Á¢¯

∑‚ ‰‡¯Ú ¨®¥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÔÈ˜ÈÏÂÓ’Æ ∏‡ ‰‡¯’‚Ò ‚Ó ÈÏ·· Ï˘ ÁÒÂ‰ ˙Â¯ÂÒÓ¢ ¨Ï¨·¢Ó˘˙ ¨ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ˙È¯·Ú‰ ‰ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡‰ ¨¯ÂË˜Â„ ˙„Â·Ú ¨¢‰ÏÈ

ÚÓ’‚ ‰‡¯ ÔÎÂ Æ¢ÈÊÎ˘‡ ‰È‰ ¯ÙÂÒ‰˘ „ÈÚÓ Â·ÈË ÏÎ Ï·‡¢ ∫±∞π Ú ¨®¥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÔÈ˜ÈÏÂ‡Â‰ Ó¢ÈÎ¢ ∫ ßÓÌÈÂÈÚ ∫‰ˆÈ· ˙ÎÒÓ ÈÏ·· „ÂÓÏ˙¢ ¨ÏË ß‡ ‰‡¯Â Æ¢ÆÆÆÂ¢ÈÎÂ ‡¢ÈÎÏ ÚÂ·˜ ÔÙÂ‡· ·¯Â˜Ó‰ ˜‰·ÂÓ ÈÊÎ˘‡ È¢Î

Ú ¨Ê¢Ò˘˙ ¨ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ˙È¯·Ú‰ ‰ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡‰ ¨¯ÂË˜Â„ ˙„Â·Ú ¨¢‰ÎÈ¯Ú ˙ÂÏ‡˘·Â ÁÒÂ‰ ˙Â¯ÂÒÓ·Ó’¢ ∫≤∂∏ ÓÓÓÓÓ

¯˙ÂÈ· ßÈÊÎ˘‡ßÎ ÂÓÂ˜Ó ÏÚ ¯ÓÂ˘ ‡Â‰ ÂÊ ‰ÈÁ·ÓÂ ¨ÌÈÙÈˆ¯‰ ÌÈ„Ú‰ ·Â¯ ˙ˆÂ·˜ Ï˘ ÈÏ‡Ó˘‰ ÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ¯‡˘Æ¢Ì‰ÈÈ·Ó

π‚‰˘ ˙¯ÙÒÓ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ ÏÚ‚ÈÙ˘ ‰‡¯ È˘‡ ·¯ Ï˘ ‡Ó˜ ‰¯Â„‰Ó ‡Â‰˘ ÂÈÏÚ ¯Ó‡Â ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î ˙‡ ‰‡¯ ‡¢¯ÏÚ ¨®≥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ©Ó’Ú ¨®Ê¢Ó˘˙© ‰ ¨ÌÈÚÂË ¨¢ÈÂÏÒ¯·Ó ÈÂÏ Ï‡¯˘È ß¯¢ ¨ÔÈÏ·‰ Ê¢˘ ÔÎÂ ¥±∏ Ó’Æ≥∑ ‰¯Ú‰ π∏

±∞˙ÂˆÂÙ˙Ó ‡Â‰ ÌÈ„Ú‰ Ï˘ Ì‡ˆÂÓ Æ‰ÎÈ¯Î ÈÚË˜Â ‰ÊÈ‚ ÈÚË˜ ÔÎÂ ÌÈÒÂÙ„ ÌÈÓÏ˘ „È È·˙Î ‰ÂÓ˘ ÂÈ„È· Â¯˙ÂÚÏ ÌÈ¯˘Ù‡Ó ÌÈ„Ú‰ Ï˘ ‰·Á¯‰ Ì˙ˆÂÙ˙Â ‰Ê È˙ÂÓÎ ˘ÂÚ ÆÁ¯ÊÓ‰ÓÂ ÔÓÈ˙ „¯ÙÒ ÊÎ˘‡ ∫˙ÂÂ˘‰¯Âˆ· „ÂÓ

‰ÎÈ¯Î‰Â ‰ÊÈ‚‰ ÈÚË˜© ÌÂÓÈÒÂ ÌÈ¯È˘È‰ ÁÒÂ‰ È„Ú ˙ÓÈ˘¯ ÔÏ‰Ï Æ˙ÎÒÓ‰ Ï˘ ÁÒÂ‰ ˙Â¯ÂÒÓ ÏÚ ‰·ÂË ∫®˙Â‡Ó‚Â„‰ ÍÂ˙· ÂÈÂˆÈÓÓÓÓÓ ªπµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î Ω ÂÂÂÂÂ ª±≥¥ Ô˜ÈËÂ È¢Î Ω ÏÏÏÏÏ ∫ÔÂ„ÂÏ „È≠·˙Î Ω British Library

(Harl. 5508)‚¯Ó ‚ÂÏË˜ Ω ÒÓ ÂÈÏ’ ª¥∞∞ ÒÒÒÒÒ ∫¯ÈÓÒ „È≠·˙Î Ω JTS RAB. 1608 ª∏µ∞ Ï„‡ Ω ‡‡‡‡‡≠·˙Î Ω ∫„¯ÂÙÒ˜Â‡ „ÈOxford Bodleian (Opp. Add. Fol. 23) ª≥∂∂Ø≥ ÈÏÂ‡˜≠¯Â‡·ÈÂ ‚ÂÏË˜ Ω ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î Ω

ª±¥∞˙ ≤∂∂∑ ÈÏ„Â· „¯ÂÙÒ˜Â‡ È¢Î Ω Heb. E-51 ª····· Ï¢Ó‰È· ˜¯ÂÈ ÂÈ È¢Î Ω 270 EMC ¨Rab. 218 ª„„„„„Ω ª‰¢Ú¯ Â¯ÊÈÙ ÒÂÙ„˙

≤ Ï¢Ó‰È· ˜¯ÂÈ ÂÈ È¢Î Ω 319 EMC ¨Rab. 108¨Ò˜ÂÙ ˆ¢Ó ‰‡¯ „È‰ È·˙Î ¯Â‡È˙Ï Æ

¨ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ˙È¯·Ú‰ ‰ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡‰ ¨¯ÂË˜Â„ ˙„Â·Ú ¨¢˙Â¯Ú‰Â ‡·Ó ÌÚ ‰ÎÂÒ ˙ÂÈ˘Ó Ï˘ ˙È˙¯Â˜È· ‰¯Â„‰Ó¢Ú ¨Ë¢Ï˘˙‚ ªÁÒ≠‡Ò ßÓÚ ¨®¥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÔÈ˜ÈÏÂÆ≠‡Î ßÓ

±±‚ˆÈÈÓ ÌÈ‡ Ì‰ Í‡ ¯ÙÂÒ ˙ÂÚË· Ì¯Â˜Ó˘ ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈÙÂÏÈÁ ¨Ô·ÂÓÎ ¨Ì˘ÈÒÁÈÈ˙‡ ‡Ï ÔÎÏÂ ÁÒÂ ˙¯ÂÒÓ ÌÈÆ‰Ê ¯Ó‡Ó· Ì‰ÈÏ‡

±≤Ú ¨®µ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© È¯Ë˘Â˘ ‰‡¯Ó’Æ≥∂∂≠≥∂µ

[7]


¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡

ÆÁ¯ÊÓ· „ÂÚ Ú¯È‡ ‰ÎÂÒ ˙ÎÒÓ Ï˘ ÁÒÂ‰ ˙Â¯ÂÒÓ Ï˘ È¯˜ÈÚ‰ ‚ÂÏÈÙ‰˘ ¨‡ˆÓ±≥¨Ì¯·

Ú ˙¯ÂÒÓ ÍÂ˙·ÌÈ„Ú· ˙‡ˆÓ ‰È‡˘ ÌÈÙÂÏÈÁ Ï˘ ˙ÙÒÂ ‰·Î˘ ÌÈ‡ˆÂÓ Â‡ ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ Û

„È‰ È·˙Î· ¯˜ÈÚ· ˙‚ˆÂÈÓÂ ÌÈÈÁ¯ÊÓ‡ÏÂÓ‡ÏÂÓ‡ÏÂÓ‡ÏÂÓ‡ÏÂÓÆ±¥‚‰Ó ˜ÏÁ ‰‡¯‰ ÏÎÎ ‡Â‰ ˙‡Ê ‰·Î˘· ˙Â‡Ò¯

Æ®„ÂÚÂ È¢˘¯ ˙Â‰‚‰© ˙ÎÒÓ‰ ÁÒÂ· ˙¯ÁÂ‡Ó ˙ÈÙÂ¯È‡ ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ Ï˘ ‰‡ˆÂ˙

Í‡ ÆÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ ¯ÂÒÓÏ ÍÈÈ˘ ‡Â‰˘ ÚÈ˙ÙÓ ‰Ê ÔÈ‡ ÔÎÈÓ „È ·˙Î Ï˘ ÂÓÊÂ Â‡ˆÂÓ Â‡Ï

Ï˘ ÌÈÙÈ˜Ú‰Â ÌÈ¯È˘È‰ ÁÒÂ‰ È„ÚÏ Â˙‡ÂÂ˘‰Â ‰ÎÂÒ ˙ÎÒÓÏ Ó¢ÈÎ ÁÒÂ Ï˘ ˙È˙ËÈ˘ ‰˜È„·

˙ÎÈÈ˘ ÔÎ‡ Ó¢ÈÎ Ï˘ ÁÒÂ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ ‰ÒÈÒ·· Æ‰Ê „È ·˙Î È·‚Ï ˙·Î¯ÂÓ ‰ÂÓ˙ ‰ÏÚÓ ˙ÎÒÓ‰

‚ ‰· ˙Â‡ˆÓ Í‡ ¨ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓÏ‚ Æ‡ ∫ÌÈÙÒÂ ˙Â¯Â˜Ó È˘Ó ˙Â‡Ò¯ª˙ÂÈÙÂ¯È‡ ˙Â‡Ò¯

‚ Æ·ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ· ÔÈ‡˘ ˙ÎÒÓ‰ Ï˘ ˙È·ÈË¯ËÏ‡‰ ˙ÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ‰Ó ˙Â‡Ò¯±µÂ¯Ó˙˘Â

ÆÌÈÈÓÈ˙‰ „È‰ È·˙Î· ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈ¯˜Ó·±∂

‚‰ ˙ËÈÏ˜ ˙‡ ¯‡˙‡ ‰Ê ¯Ó‡Ó·∫Ï¢‰ ˙Â¯Â˜Ó‰ È˘Ó Ó¢ÈÎ· ˙Â‡Ò¯±∑‚ ˙ËÈÏ˜ Æ‡ ˙Â‡Ò¯

‚ ‡ˆÓ Ì‰·˘ ÂÓÂ˜Ó ÔÎÂ Â‡Ó‚Â„ ÙÒÓ ‡˙‡ ÆÓ¢ÈÎ· ÂÈÙÂ¯È‡Ì‚ ÏÏÂÎ˘ ÌÈÈ‡ÏÎ Ò¯

‚‰ ‡ Æ˙ÈÙÂ¯È‡‰ ‰Ò¯‚ Æ·˙ÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ¯ÂÒÓ· Ô¯Â˜ÓÂ ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ· Â‡ˆÓ ÔÈ‡˘ Ó¢ÈÎ· Â‡Ò¯

˙‡ˆÓ ˙È·ÈË¯ËÏ‡‰ ˙ÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ‰ Ì‰·˘ ˙ÂÓÂ˜ÓÏ ˜ÏÁ˙È ‰Ê ËÂ¯ÈÙ Æ˙È·ÈË¯ËÏ‡‰

‚ ˙‡ˆÓ Ì‰·˘ ˙ÂÓÂ˜ÓÏÂ ‰„ÈÁÈ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓÎÆ˙Â¯ÂÒÓ‰ È˙˘Ó ˙·Î¯ÂÓ˘ ÌÈÈ‡ÏÎ ˙Ò¯

±Æ ‚¯Ò‡Â˙ ‡È¯ÂÙÈÂ˙

‚ Ï˘ Â·¯ Â‡Ó‚Â„ Ô˘È˙Â‡Ó‚Â„‰ È˙˘·© ÔÎÂ˙Ó ˘ Ë¯Ù‡ ÆÓ¢ÈÎ· ÂËÏ˜˘ ÂÈÙÂ¯È‡ Â‡Ò¯

‚· ¯·Â„Ó ˙ÂÂ¯Á‡‰Æ®ÌÈÈ‡ÏÎ ˙Ò¯±∏ÌÈÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ÌÈ„Ú· ¯·Á Ó¢ÈÎ ÁÒÂÏ ÔÈ‡ ‰Ï‡ ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó·

Æ®ÌÈÈ„¯ÙÒ‰ ¯˜ÈÚ·© ÌÈ¯Á‡‰ ÌÈ„Ú‰Ó ˜ÏÁ· ‡Ï Û‡Â

±≥Ú ¨®Á¢Ó˘˙© Ê ¨ıÈ·¯˙ ¨¢ÈÏ··‰ „ÂÓÏ˙‰ ¯˜Á· ‰ÎÈ¯Ú ˙ÂÈÚ·Â ÁÒÂ‰ ˙Â„ÏÂ˙¢ ¨ÏËÊÂ¯ ˘¢‡ ‰‡¯Ó’¨±∞ ÚÏ ÏÂˆÈÙ‰˘ ˜ÈÒÓ˘‡Ï‡ ¨·¯ÚÓÏ Á¯ÊÓ ÔÈ· Â‡ ÌÈ„¯ÙÒÏ ÌÈÈÊÎ˘‡ È¢Î ÔÈ· ÏÂˆÈÙ ÂÈ‡ ÌÈÁÒÙ ˙ÎÒÓ· ÌÈÙ

‚ˆÂÈÓ ‰ÊÈ‚· ¯·Î˘ ÍÎÓ ‡È‰ ÂÏ˘ ˙ÂÈ‡¯‰ ˙Á‡ ÆÂÓˆÚ Á¯ÊÓ· ¯·Î ‰ÂÂ‰˙Ú‰ È˘ ÌÈÓ Ì‚ ÆÌÈÙ’·˙Î ¨Â˙·Ò Ú Á¢˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ÁÒÂ‰ ¯ÂÒÓ· ÂÓÂ˜ÓÂ ®ÈÏ··© ÔÈ¯„‰Ò ÎÒÓÏ ÈÓÈ˙ „ÈÓ’‚ÏÙ˙‰‰˘ ÈÒÓ ≥≥∑≠≥≥≥ ˙Â

Ú‰ ÔÈ·˘ ˙È„ÂÒÈ‰ÚÏ ÁÂÂ¯‰ Û‰‰Ê Á¢¯ ÁÒÂ ÌÈËÂËÈˆ‰ ·Â¯·˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ˙‡ÊÂ ¨Á¯ÊÓ· ¯·Î ‰Ú¯È‡ ÈÓÈ˙‰ ÛÂ ‰‡¯Â ÆÈÓÈ˙‰ ÁÒÂÏ ‰‰Ê ÂÁÒÂ ÌÈ¯˜Ó ËÂÚÈÓ· ˜¯Â ¨˙ÁÂÂ¯‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ‰ ÁÒÂÏ’˙ÂÓÂ„˜ ÁÒÂ ˙Â¯ÂÒÓ¢ ¨ÌÚ

Ú ¨®·¢Ò˘˙≠‡¢Ò˘˙© ÊÈ ¨‡¯„ÈÒ ¨¢„ÂÓÏ˙Ï È¢˘¯ ˙Â‰‚‰·Ó’‚ÂÏÈÙ Â‡ˆÓ˘ ÌÈ¯˜ÁÓ‰ ˙‡ ˙ÓÎÒÓ˘ ¨±±±≠±±∞ ÆÁ¯ÊÓ· ¯·Î ˘Á¯˙‰˘ ˙Â¯ÂÒÓ È˙˘ ÔÈ·

±¥Ú ¨®µ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© È¯Ë˘Â˘ ‰‡¯Ó’Æπ≤≠∏µ ±µ È¢Î·ÏÏÏÏÏ‚ Â‡ˆÓ È¢Î· Ì‚ ÆÛ˜È‰ Â˙Â‡· ‡Ï Í‡ ˙‡Ê ˙¯ÂÒÓÓ ˙Â‡Ò¯‡‡‡‡‡‚ ˘È ‰˜È„· Í‡ ˙‡Ê ˙¯ÂÒÓÓ ˙Â‡Ò¯

ÚÂ‰ Ô‰ ‰‡¯‰ ÈÙÎ˘ ‰ÏÚÓ ˙˜„˜Â„ÓÆ¯Á‡ ÌÂ˜Ó· ·ÈÁ¯‡ ÍÎ ÏÚÂ Û¢È¯‰ÓÂ Á¢¯Ó Â˜˙±∂Ú ¨®±≥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© Â˙·Ò ‰‡¯Ó’‚Ï ˙ÓÈÂÒÓ ‰Ó‡˙‰ ‰‡ˆÓ ÔÈ¯„‰Ò ˙ÎÒÓÏ Ó¢ÈÎ·˘ ¨π ÁÒÂ‰ ˙Â‡Ò¯

‚· Ô‰ ÈÓÈ˙‰Ú·Â ˙Â‰‚‰· Ô‰Â ËÒ˜Ë‰ ÛÂÓ’Ï˘ Â‰‚‰· È˙‡ˆÓ ÈÊÎ˘‡‰ ¯ÂÒÓ· ËÏÂ· ‚È¯Á¢ ∫ÌÎÒÓ ≥≥∏ ‚Ó ÈÙÏ ÈÎ ¯·˙ÒÓ ÆÆÆÔÎÈÓ È¢Î¯ ¨ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î Ï˘ Â‰È’Ú ¨ÔÈÓÈ· ‰ÈÙÒÂ‰È ˙¯ÂÒÓ Â‡ ˙ Ï˘ ÁÒÂ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ ‰„Ó

‚· ‡ˆÓ ‡Ê ¯ÂÒÓ ‰ÎÂÒ ÎÒÓ· Æ¢‰Ï ‰·Â¯˜Ú ®∏ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÏË ‰‡¯Â Æ˙Â‰‚‰· ‡ÏÂ ËÒ˜Ë‰ ÛÂÓ’≠±∞∞ ‚ ˙·Î¯‰ ÔÈ· ‰Á·‰ ÂÈ¯·„· ÔÈ‡ Í‡ ÆÓ¢ÈÎ· ‰ÈˆÏÙÂ˜Ï ˙Â‡Ó‚Â„ ‰ˆÈ· ˙ÎÒÓ· ‡ˆÓ˘ ¨±∞≤˙Â¯ÂÒÓÓ ˙Â‡Ò¯

‚ ˙·Î¯‰Ï ˙ÂÓÂ„˜ ÁÒÂÆ˙Â¯ÁÂ‡Ó ˙ÂÈÊÎ˘‡ ˙Â‡Ò¯±∑‚ÂÒ ÏÎ· ÌÈ‡ˆÓ Ì‰˘ ÔÂÂÈÎÓ ¨ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓÏ Â˙ÂÎÈÈ˙˘‰ ÏÚ ÌÈ„ÈÚÓ‰ ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó È˙Ë¯ÈÙ ‡Ï‚ÂÒÂ ‰È‰È

Æ‰ÁÎÂ‰Ï ÌÈÎÈ¯ˆ ÌÈ‡Â±∏ÚÙ˘‰Ï Â‡Ó‚Â„ È˙‡·‰ ‡ÏÚ ®µ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© È¯Ë˘Â˘ ‰‡¯ ÂÏ‡ Â‡Ó‚Â„Ï ÆÓ¢ÈÎ ÏÚ È¢˘¯ Â‰‚‰ Ó’Æ≥µ∏

[8]


¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡

±±±±±ÆÆÆÆÆ±±±±± ÈÈÈÈÈ····· ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡

ÂË© ÔÏ‰Ï ‰˘Ó·Â Æ¢Ô‰· ÔÈÎÎÒÓ ÔÈ‡ ÔÈ„¯Ê ÈÏÈ·ÁÂ ÌÈˆÚ ÈÏÈ·ÁÂ ˘˜ ÈÏÈ·Á¢ ∫˙¯ÓÂ‡ ‰˘Ó‰

‚· ËËÂÁ‰¢ ∫®‡¢Ú¯ Æ¢‰ÎÂÒ ‰È‡ ‰ÎÂÒ ÂÏ ˙Â˘ÚÏ ˘È„’Ï˘ ÏÂÒÙ‰ ÌÚË ˙‡ ¯‡·Ó ÔÁÂÈ

‚ ÌÂ˘Ó ‰Ï‡ ˙ÂÈ˘Ó‰˘Ó ÂÊÈ‡ ÏÚ ·˜ÚÈ ß¯ ˜Ù˙Ò‰Â ¨ÈÂ˘Ú‰ ÔÓ ‡ÏÂ ‰˘Ú˙ ÌÂ˘ÓÂ ¯ˆÂ‡ ˙¯Ê

‚ÂÒ‰ ÆÌÚË ÏÎ ·ÒÂÓ‚ ÌÂ˘Ó ˘˜ ÈÏÈ·Á ˙˘Ó˘ ‰˜ÈÒÓ ‰ÈËËÂÁ‰ ˙˘Ó ÂÏÈ‡Â ¯ˆÂ‡ ˙¯Ê

‚·‚ÂÒ‰ ÆÈÂ˘Ú‰ ÔÓ ‡ÏÂ ‰˘Ú˙ ÌÂ˘Ó È„Æ˙ÂÈ˘Ó‰ È˙˘· ‰Â˘‰ ÏÂÒÙ‰ ÔÂ˘ÏÓ ‡Ê ‰ÁÈÎÂÓ ‰È

¢Ô‰· ÔÈÎÎÒÓ ÔÈ‡¢ ÔÂ˘Ï‰ ÂÏÈ‡Â ¨‰ÎÂÒ ‰È‡ ‡˙ÈÈ¯Â‡„Ó ÂÏÈÙ‡˘ ‰¯ÂÓ ¢‰ÎÂÒ ‰È‡¢ ÔÂ˘Ï‰

‚ ÌÂ˘Ó ˜¯ ‰ÏÂÒÙ ‰ÎÂÒ‰˘ ‰¯ÂÓ‚ ÛÂÏÈÁ ˘È ‰Ê ÈÂ˘Ï ˜ÂÈ„· Æ‰¯Ê‚‰ ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ· Æ‰Ò¯‰Ò¯

Ô‰· ÔÈÎÎÒÓ ÔÈ‡ È˙˜„ ‡Î‰¢ ∫‡È‰ÏÎ˙ÁÈÏ‰‚ ÌÂ˘Ó ≠·© ¢¯ˆÂ‡ ˙¯ÈÊ„‡„‡„‡„‡„‡‡˙ÈÈ¯Â‡„Ó ‡‰¢

≠· Æ¢ÈÓ„ ¯ÈÙ˘·˙Ï·˙Ï·˙Ï·˙Ï·˙Ï≠· Æ®‡˙ÈÏ ÒÓÒÓÒÓÒÓÒÓ‚‰ ‚ ÌÂ˘Ó Ô‰· ÔÈÎÎÒÓ ÔÈ‡ È˙˜„ ‡Î‰¢ ∫‡È‰ ‰Ò¯˙¯ÈÊ

Æ¢ÈÓ„ ¯ÈÙ˘ ‡˙ÈÈ¯Â‡„Ó ‡‰ ¯ˆÂ‡

‚ Á¢¯‚„Ó Û‡Â ¢‰ÏÈÁ˙ÎÏ¢ ˙·È˙ ˙‡ Ò¯ÂÍ‡ ˘˜ ÈÏÈ·Á· ÍÎÒÏ ÔÈ‡ ‰ÏÈÁ˙ÎÏ ˜¯˘ ˘È

Æ‰¯˘Î ‰ÎÂÒ‰ „·ÚÈ„·±π

‚ ÏÚ ÌÈ·˙ÂÎ ®·¢Ú ·È© ÔÈ‡ ‰¢„ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙‚ ‡Ï¢ ∫˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯‡Ï ÈÓ „·ÚÈ„„ ‰ÏÈÁ˙ÎÏ ÔÈÒ¯

Æ¢ÈÓ„ ¯ÈÙ˘ ‡˙ÈÈ¯Â‡„Ó ‡‰ ¯Ó‡˜„Ó Ô·¯„Ó È‰Ó≤∞‚ ˙Ò¯ÒÓÒÓÒÓÒÓÒÓ‚Î ‡È‰ ‡È‰ ÔÎÂ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙‰ ˙Ò¯

‚≠˘ ÔÈÈˆÏ ˘È Æ‰¢‡¯‰ ˙Ò¯·˙Ï·˙Ï·˙Ï·˙Ï·˙Ï‚ ÌÈ‡ ÂÁÈÎÂ‰ Ì˘Ó˘ ¢ÈÓ„ ¯ÈÙ˘ ‡˙È¯Â‡„Ó ‡‰¢ ÌÈÒ¯Â

‚ Á¢¯© Ô·¯„Ó ÏÂÒÙ „·ÚÈ„· Û‡˘ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙Æ®‰¯˘Î „·ÚÈ„·˘ ¯·ÂÒ˘ Û‡ ÏÚ ˙‡Ê Ò¯Â

‚‰ ˙‡ ¯‡·Ó Ô¢¯‰Ú„ÏÂ ¨¢‰ÏÈÁ˙ÎÏ¢ ‰Ò¯‚ÂÒ· ¢‰ÏÈÁ˙ÎÏ¢ ÁÂÓ‰ Â˙˙‡ ÔÈÈˆÓ ÂÈ‡ Â˙ÈÈ

Æ‰ÎÂÒ Ì˘Ï ‰ÏÈÁ˙ÎÏ ÍÎÈÒ˘ ‰¯˜Ó‰ ¯Â‡È˙ ˙‡ ‡Ï‡ È˙ÎÏ‰‰ Û˜Â˙‰≤±

‚‰‚‰ Û‡ ‡È‰Â Á¢¯·Â ÌÈ„Ú‰ ·Â¯· ˙‡ˆÓ ¢‰ÏÈÁ˙ÎÏ¢ ‰Ò¯‰‡¯‰ ÈÙÎÂ ˙È˘˜ÂÓ‰ ‰Ò¯

‚ Æ˙È¯Â˜Ó‰ ˙Ò¯ÓÓÓÓÓÚÙ˘‰· ‰¯ˆÂ ‰‡¯‰ ÈÙÎÂ ˙È˘Ó Æ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙ ˙

±Æ≤ ±Æ≤ ±Æ≤ ±Æ≤ ±Æ≤ÏÏÏÏÏ····· ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢·····

‚ÂÒ‰Ú¢ ˜ÂÒÙÏ ‰‡È·Ó ‰ÈÂ˙ÂÂÎ˘ ‰Ê ˜ÂÒÙÓ ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ „ˆÈÎ ˙Â¯‡·Ó˘ ˙Â˘¯„ ¢˙Â·Ú ıÚ Û

¯ Ï˘ Â˙˘¯„· ÆÒ„‰Ï’‚ ˘ÂÏ˘ Ô˘È ·˜ÚÈ Ô· ¯ÊÚÈÏ‡ ∫˙ÂÈ¯˜ÈÚ ˙Â‡Ò¯

Æ‡˙¨·˙‡˙¨·˙‡˙¨·˙‡˙¨·˙‡˙¨·˙‡≤

¨Ù¢‰ ¨≤≤ÚÂ ÂˆÚ ÌÚË˘ ıÚ ∫Û¢È¯ Æ‰Â˘ ÂÈÙ

±π‡ ¯Â„‰Ó Ï‡Á ÂÈ·¯ È˘Â¯ÈÙ’‚ˆÓ ß„Â ÈˆÈ·ÂÏÂÒ Ú „¢˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¯Ó’Ú· ˜ÂÏÁÓ Æ„Î ‰ÎÂÒ ˘Î‰ ÔÈÈÆÌ˘ ‰˘Ó ÈÎ¯„·Â ËÎ¯˙ ßÈÒ ÛÒÂÈ ˙È· ‰‡¯ „·ÚÈ„· ˙‡Ê

≤∞‚ ÂÈ‡˘ ‰‡¯Â ¨‰ÏÈÁ˙ÎÏ ÚÓ˘Ó ÔÈÎÎÒÓ ÔÈ‡ ÔÂ˘Ï‰Ó˘ ¯ÈÎÊÓ ÂÈ‡ ıÂ¯È˙Ï Â¯Â‡È·· È¢˘¯ Ì‚Æ˙‡Ê Ò¯Â≤±ÌÈÓ ÔÎÂ˙Ï ÏÈËÈ ‰ÓÎ ¯¢˙¢ ∫·¢Ú ‰Î ˙ÂÎ¯·· ÆÈÏ··· ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó È˘· ‡ˆÓ ‰¯˜Ó ¯Â‡È˙Î ¢‰ÏÈÁ˙ÎÏ¢ ÁÂÓ‰

¯ ‡Â‰˘ ÏÎ’ÊÈ¯Ù È¢Î· ÁÒÂ‰ ÍÎ Æ¢Ô‰˘ ÏÎ ‰ÏÈÁ˙· Ï·‡ ÛÂÒ·Ï ˙˜ÂÏÁÓ ÔÓÁ ·¯ ¯Ó‡ ˙ÈÚÈ·¯ ¯ÓÂ‡ È‡ÎÊ ‚‰ ≥∂∂ „¯ÂÙÒ˜Â‡Â πµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î· Í‡ ÆÒÂÙ„·Â‰Ó· ‰„Â‰È ·¯ ¯Ó‡¢ ∫‡¢Ú ·˜ ÌÈÁÒÙ· Æ¢‰ÏÈÁ˙ÎÏ¢ ‡È‰ ‰Ò¯

‰Î¯· ÔÈÂÚË ÔÈ‡ˆÂÈ Ô‰˘Î ÌÈ¯·Á ˙ˆ˜Ó Ì˘ ÂÁÈ‰ ‡Ï Ï·‡ ÌÈ¯·Á ˙ˆ˜Ó Ì˘ ÂÁÈ‰˘ ÔÓÊ· ÌÈ¯ÂÓ‡ ÌÈ¯·„≤∑± Ï¢Ó‰È· „·ÏÓ ÌÈÁÒÙÏ „È‰ È·˙Î ÏÎ· ÁÒÂ‰ ÍÎ Æ¢‰ÏÈÁ˙ÎÏ ‰Î¯· ÔÈÂÚË ÔÈ¯ÊÂÁ Ô‰˘ÎÂ Ú¯ÙÓÏ

‚‰ Ì˘ ¨‰È·ÓÂÏÂ˜Â¨‰˘Ó‰ ÁÒÂÏ ‡Â·Ó ¨ÔÈÈË˘Ù‡ ¢È ‰‡¯ ‰ÏÈÁ˙ÎÏØ‰ÏÈÁ˙Î ÈÙÂÏÈÁ ÏÚ Æ¢‰ÏÁ˙Î¢ ‰Ò¯Ú ¨Á¢˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯ÈÓ’Æ±≤∂±≠±≤∂∞

≤≤Ò ¯Â„‰Ó ˙Â˜ÂÒÙ ÂÎÏ‰’Ú ‡¢È˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ÔÂ˘˘ Ó’‚ ÂÎÏ‰· ‡Â‰ ÔÎÂ ·Ï ¨¯ÓÈÈ‰Ò„ÏÈ‰ ßÚ ¯Â„‰Ó ˙ÂÏÂ„Ú ¨‡ ¨·¢Ï˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯ÈÓ’Æ®¢‰Â˘ ÂÈ¯ÙÂ ÂˆÚ ÌÚË˘¢ ‚¢‰ Ï˘ ‰˘¯Â ÒÂÙ„·© ≥¥π

[9]


¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡

·Æ„Â„Â„Â„Â„ÂÆ‰Â˘ ÂÈ¯ÙÂ ÂˆÚ ÌÚË˘ ıÚ ∫˘¢‡¯ ¨Ë˜Ï‰ ÈÏÂ·˘ ¨¯ÂËÈÚ‰ ¨Á¢¯ ¨

‚ÆÏÓÏÓÏÓÏÓÏÓÚ˘ ıÚ ∫‡¢·ËÈ¯ ¨‰¢‡¯ ¨ÆÂˆÚ ˙‡ ÔÈÙÂÁ ÂÈÙ

∫·˙ÂÎ ‡¢·ËÈ¯‰

Ú˘ ıÚÚÓ ‡‰„ ‰Â˘ ÂÈ¯ÙÂ ÂˆÚ ÌÚË˘ ıÚ ‚¢ÏÂ ÂˆÚ ˙‡ ÔÈÙÂÁ ÂÈÙ‡ÎÈÏ ˙Â·Ú ıÚ Û

ÆÈÎ‰ ÔÈ˘¯„„ ‡Â‰ ‚Â¯˙‡ È·‚Â È¯Ù ¯ÎÊ ·Â˙Î· ÔÈ‡ È¯‰˘ ¨ÈÎ‰ ˘¯„ÓÏ≤≥

‚‰˘ ‰‡¯ÚÂ ÂˆÚ ÌÚË˘ ıÚ¢ ‡È‰ ˙È¯Â˜Ó‰ ‰Ò¯Æ¢‰Â˘ ÂÈÙ≤¥Ïˆ‡ ¯Ó‡Ï ÔÂÈÓ„‰ ˙Â·˜Ú·

‚˘Â‰ ‚Â¯˙‡‚‰ Ô‡ÎÏ ‰¯È˘Â˜‰ ·˜Ú Æ‚Â¯˙‡ Ïˆ‡ ˙˘¯„˘ ¢‰Â˘ ÂÈ¯ÙÂ ÂˆÚ ÌÚË˘ ıÚ¢ ‰Ò¯

‚·‚‰ ÂÊ ‰Ò¯Ú˘ ıÚ¢Ï Â‰ÈÆ¢ÂˆÚ ˙‡ ÔÈÙÂÁ ÂÈÙ

±Æ≥ ±Æ≥ ±Æ≥ ±Æ≥ ±Æ≥ÏÏÏÏÏ„„„„„ ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢·····

¯ Ï˘ Ì‰È˙ÂÚ„ ˙Â‡·ÂÓ ‡˙ÈÈ¯··’¯Â ÔÂÙ¯Ë ß¯ ¨Ï‡ÚÓ˘È ’˙Á˜Ï ÍÈ¯ˆ ‰ÓÎ ‰Ï‡˘· ‡·È˜Ú

Ú·¯‡Ó ÔÈÓ ÏÎÓ„Á‡ Ò„‰ ÍÎ „Á‡ ‚Â¯˙‡Â „Á‡ ·ÏÂÏ˘ Ì˘Î¢ ∫¯ÓÂ‡ ‡·È˜Ú ß¯ ÆÌÈÈÓ‰ ˙

¯ Ï˘ ÂÈ¯·„ ÌÈ‡·ÂÓ Í˘Ó‰· Æ¢˙Á‡ ‰·¯ÚÂ’Ú ‚Â¯˙‡ ‡‰È ÏÂÎÈ¢ ∫¯ÊÚÈÏ‡ ‚‡· Ô‰Ó˙Á‡ ‰„Â

‚ ÛÂÏÈÁ Â˘È Æ¢˙ÙÎ ‡Ï‡ ¯Ó‡ ‡Ï ‡Ï‰Â ÌÈ¯Ó˙ ˙ÙÎÂ ¯„‰ ıÚ È¯Ù ¯Ó‡ ÈÎÂ ˙¯Ó‡‰Ò¯

∫¯ÊÚÈÏ‡ ß¯ È¯·„ ˙ÁÈ˙Ù·

‡Æ≠·˙¨·˙‡ÒÏ˙¨·˙‡ÒÏ˙¨·˙‡ÒÏ˙¨·˙‡ÒÏ˙¨·˙‡ÒÏ≤

∫‰ÊÈ‚ ÚË˜·Â ≤µ¯ ’ÆßÓÂ‡ ¯ÊÚÈÏ‡ ≤∂

Æ·„ÂÓ„ÂÓ„ÂÓ„ÂÓ„ÂÓÓ‡ ∫’Æ¯ÊÚÈÏ‡ ß¯ ÂÏ ≤∑

‚Ï Ò¯„ÂÓ„ÂÓ„ÂÓ„ÂÓ„ÂÓ¯ ’‚Ï Í‡ ÆÌÈÈÓ ‡˘Ï ‚Â¯˙‡ ÔÈ· È˜Ó˘ ‡·È˜Ú ß¯Ï ‰˘˜Ó ÊÚÈÏ‡ Ò¯˙·˙‡ÒÏ˙·˙‡ÒÏ˙·˙‡ÒÏ˙·˙‡ÒÏ˙·˙‡ÒÏ≤

¯ ‰ÊÈ‚‰ ÚË˜Â’Æ‰ÓˆÚ ÈÙ· ‰¯ÓÈÓ ‡Ê ‡Ï‡ ‡·È˜Ú ß¯Ï ‰˘˜Ó ÂÈ‡ ÊÚÈÏ‡ ≤∏‚‰˘ ‰‡¯ ‰Ò¯

¨ÌÈÈ„¯ÙÒ‰ ÌÈ„Ú‰Ó ˜ÏÁ·Â ÌÈÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ÌÈ„Ú· ‡ˆÓ˘ ÈÙÎ ¢¯ÓÂ‡ ¯ÊÚÈÏ‡ ß¯¢ ‡È‰ ˙È¯Â˜Ó‰

Æ‡˙ÈÈ¯·‰ ‡˘ÂÏ ‡¢¯ È¯·„ ˙‡ ¯˘˜Ï È„Î ‰‰‚Â‰Â

±Æ¥ ±Æ¥ ±Æ¥ ±Æ¥ ±Æ¥ÓÓÓÓÓÂÂÂÂÂ ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡

‚ÂÒ‰‚ÂÒ‰ Æ‰ÎÂÒ‰Â ·ÏÂÏ‰ ˙ÂÎ¯· Ï˘ ÔÓÊ· ˙˜ÒÂÚ ‰ÈÏÈÚÏ ¯ÎÊÂÓ‰ ÔÂÈ„‰ ˙‡ ˙¯˘˜Ó ‰È

Í¯·Ó ÔÁÈÓ˘ ÔÓÊ ÏÎ ÔÈÏÈÙ˙¢ ∫ÔÈÏÈÙ˙‰ ˙ÂÎ¯·· ˙˜ÒÂÚ˘ ‡˙ÈÈ¯·Ï ‰ÎÂÒ‰Â ·ÏÂÏ‰ ˙ÂÎ¯··

‰‚ÈˆÓ ˙‡Ê ˙˜ÂÏÁÓÏ ÒÁÈ· Æ¢„·Ï· ˙È¯Á˘ ‡Ï‡ Í¯·Ó ÂÈ‡ ÌÈ¯ÓÂ‡ ÌÈÓÎÁÂ È·¯ È¯·„ Ô‰ÈÏÚ

‚ÂÒ‰·¯ ¯Ó‡ Ô·¯Î ‡˙ÎÏ‰ ¯Ó‡ ‡·¯Â È·¯Î ‡˙ÎÏ‰ ¯Ó‡ ÈÈ·‡ ¯Ó˙È‡¢ ∫ÌÈ‡¯ÂÓ‡ ˙˜ÂÏÁÓ ‰È

ÚÓ˘Î „È·Ú ‡Ï„ ‡·¯Ï ‰ÈÏ ‡ÈÊÁ Ï‡ÂÓ˘ ·„ ‰¯· È¯ÓÛÂÏÈÁ È È¯Ó ·¯ È¯·„ Í˘Ó‰· Æ¢‰È˙

‚∫‰Ò¯

≤≥‡ ˙¯Â„‰Ó ¨Ò¢˘‰ ÏÚ ‡¢·ËÈ¯‰ È˘Â„ÈÁ’Ú ¨‰¢˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨ÔÈÈË˘ËÎÈÏ Ó’ÆÂ˘ ≤¥‚ ¯Â‡È·Ú Ò¢˜„ ‰‡¯ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯Ó’ÆÈ ˙Â‡ ππ ≤µ„¯ÂÙÒ˜Â‡Heb. d.54/11-16 (2671.3) ‰‡¯© ’¨„¢Ï˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨˘¯„ÓÂ „ÂÓÏ˙ Ï˘ ‰ÊÈ‚ ÈÚË˜ ¨ÈÂÏ‡

ÚÓ’Ú ¨˛±∞ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ¸ Ò˜ÂÙ ÔÎÂ ËÓ≠ÁÓ Æ®Â≠‰ ßÓ≤∂Ú ®≤≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© Â˜ÂÒÙ ÂÎÏ‰· ‡Â‰ ÔÎÂÓ’‚ ÂÎÏ‰ Æ‚Ï Ú ®≤≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÂÏÂ„Æ‰¢‡¯‰Â Û¢È¯ Æ≥µ≤ ßÓ≤∑Ú ¨·¢Î¯˙ ¯ÈÓ‡ËÈÊ ¨ÚÂ¯Ê ¯Â‡· ÔÎÂÓ’Æ±≥µ ≤∏‚Â ‡˙ÈÈ¯·‰Ó ‡¢¯ È¯·„ ˙‡ ÌÈ˜˙Ó ˘¢‡¯‰Â „¢È¯‰È·¯¢ ∫Ê Ê¢Ë ¨·È ‡¯ÙÒ· Æ¢¯ÊÚÈÏ‡ ß¯ ¯Ó‡ ‡È˙¢ ∫ÌÈÒ¯Â

‚‰ ˙Â‰‚‰·Â Æ¢¯ÓÂ‡ ¯ÊÚÏ‡ÆÚ¢¯ È¯·„Ó ÏÎ‰Â ÂÏ‡ ˙Â·È˙ ˜ÁÓ ‡¯ÙÒ‰ ÏÚ ‡¢¯

[10]


¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡

‡Æ·˙·˙·˙·˙·˙ —Æ‡˙ÈÏ

·ÆÏÏÏÏÏ‰ÎÈ¯Î ÚË˜Â ≤π —Æ¢Í¯·Ó ÈÁÓ„ ˙ÓÈ‡ ÏÎ ‡Ï‡¢ ≥∞

Æ‚„‡ÂÓ„‡ÂÓ„‡ÂÓ„‡ÂÓ„‡ÂÓ —Æ¢Í¯·ÓÂ ÔÈÏÈÙ˙ ÁÓÂ ‰È„È È˘ÓÂ ˜ÈÙÂ ‡ÒÎ‰ ˙È·Ï ÏÈÈÚÂ ÌÈ„˜Ó¢

‚ ˙Ò¯„‡ÂÓ„‡ÂÓ„‡ÂÓ„‡ÂÓ„‡ÂÓ‚ÂÒÏ ‰ÁÎÂ‰ ÔÈ‡ ÌÈÎ˘Ó˘Î ‡·¯ Ï˘ ÂÈ˘ÚÓ ¯Â‡È˙Ó È¯‰˘ ¨˙·ÂÓ ‰È‡ Â˙ÈÈ

≠· ÆÔÁÈÓ˘ ÌÚÙ ÏÎ ÔÈÏÈÙ˙ ÏÚ ÌÈÎ¯·Ó Ì‡‰ ‰„˘„„„„„˙È·Ï ÏÈÈÚ ‡ÓÈÊ ÍÈ¯ËˆÈ‡ ÈÎÂ¢ ÛÒÂ

ÚÙ ‰ÓÎ ÌÈÎ¯·Ó˘ ÁÎÂÓ ÔÎ‡ ‡Ê ÙÒÂ˙ÓÂ ¢Í¯·ÓÂ ÔÈÏÈÙ˙ ÁÓÂ ‰È„È Á˘ÓÂ ÈÙÂ ‡ÒÎ‰ÌÈÓ

ÆÌÂÈ·≥±‚Ï ÔÈ‡˘ ÌÈÓÈÎÒÓ ÌÈÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ÌÈ„Ú‰ ÔÙÂ‡ ÏÎ· Æ˙¯ÁÂ‡Ó ÙÒÂ˙ ‡Ê˘ ‰‡¯Â ‡Ê ÒÂ¯≥≤

‚ Ó¢ÈÎ· ˘È‚ÈˆÓ˘ ÌÈÈ‡ÏÎ ˙Â‡Ò¯‚‰ ˙‡ Ì‚ ˙Â∫˙ÂÈÙÂ¯È‡‰ ˙Â‡Ò¯

±Æµ ±Æµ ±Æµ ±Æµ ±ÆµÎÎÎÎÎÊÊÊÊÊ ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢·····

¯’‚¯· Ô‰È˙·Ó ÔÈ‡ˆÂÈ ÔÈ‡˘ ÔÈÏˆÚ‰ ˙‡ Á·˘Ó ¯ÊÚÈÏ‡ ‚‰ Â˜ÏÁ ÆÏ‡È·Ó˘ ¯Â˜Ó· ˙Â‡Ò¯

∫ÂÈ¯·„Ï

≠··˙‡ÒÏ·˙‡ÒÏ·˙‡ÒÏ·˙‡ÒÏ·˙‡ÒÏ‚¯‰ ˙ÁÓ˘Ó ˜ÂÒÙ‰ ‡·ÂÓ Æ¢Í‚Á· ˙ÁÓ˘Â¢ Ï≥≥≠· ÂÏÈ‡Â „Â„Â„Â„Â„Â¯˘ÚÓÓ ˜ÂÒÙ‰ ‡·ÂÓ

Æ®ÌÈÏ˜ ÌÈÈÂÈ˘·© ¢Í˙È·Â ‰˙‡ ˙ÁÓ˘Â¢ È˘≥¥≠· ÓÓÓÓÓ‚‰ È˙˘ ˙‡ ·ÈÎ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ ¯ˆÂ ÍÎÂ ˙Â‡Ò¯

Æ¢ÍÈ˙È·Â ‰˙‡ Í‚Á· ˙ÁÓ˘Â¢ ∫¯ÓÂÓ‰≥µ

≤πFr. ebr. 1,3,5 Città di Castello, Archivio Storico Comunale

≥∞‚‚ ˙ÂÎÏ‰ ¨®ÊÓ ‡˙ÏÈ‡˘ ¨˙ÂÓ˘© È‡Á‡ ·¯„ ˙Â˙ÏÈ‡˘· ˙‡ˆÓ ‰ÓÂ„ ‰Ò¯Ú ¨≤≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ˙ÂÏÂ„Ó’¨®¥∏∂ Ú ¨· ¨·¢¯˙≠Á¢Ï¯˙ ‰ÈÂ ¨ËÂ‰‡˜ È¢Á ˙¯Â„‰Ó© ÌÏ˘‰ ÍÂ¯Ú ¨Á¢¯Ó’∫˘¯ÙÓ È¢˘¯ ÆÛ¢È¯ ¨®¢Í¯·¢ Í¯Ú ¨±π±

ÚÓ˘Î „·Ú ‡Ï„¢‚ ‡Ï˘ ‰‡¯ È¢˘¯Ó Æ¢Í¯·Ó ÔÈÏÈÙ˙ ÁÓ„ ÔÓÊ ÏÎ ‡Ï‡ ‰È˙Â‰Ê ‡Ï‡ ¢ÆÆÆÔÓÊ ÏÎ ‡Ï‡¢ Ò¯ÂÆ˘Â¯ÈÙ ÔÂ˘Ï ˙‡Ê ÏÈÚÏ È˙ÈÓ˘ ÌÈ„Ú· Ì‚˘ ¯˘Ù‡Â ¨Â˘Â¯ÈÙ

≥±Ú Ò¢˜„‰Ó’Ú· ÂÈ˘ÚÓ ˙‡ ÌÈÈÈˆÓ ÚÂ„Ó ‰˘˜ ÔÈÈ„Ú ÒÂÙ„‰ ÁÒÂÏ Ì‚˘ ¯ÈÚÓ Â ˙Â‡ ±¥≤ Ú˘ ˙¨Â˙ËÈÓÓ „Ó‚ ˙‡ ÛÈ„ÚÓ Ò¢˜„‰ ÔÎÏÂÆ¢Â„ÂÓÏ˙Ó „ÓÂÚ ‰È‰˘ ÂÈÈ‰ Ò¢Î‰·Ï ÏÈÈÚÂ È‡˜ ‡Ï‡¢ ∫„¢È¯‰ ˙Ò¯

≥≤Ï‡˘ÓÏ ÔÁÂÈ ß¯„ ‰È„‰· ‡ÏÈÊ‡ ‰Â‰ ‰Á ¯· ¯· ‰·¯ ¯Ó‡¢ ∫‡·‰ ‰˘ÚÓ‰ ‡ˆÓ ‡¢Ú ÊÈ ‡Ó˜ ‡·· ÈÏ···ÚÓ˘Æ¢Í¯·ÓÂ ÔÈÏÈÙ˙ ÁÓÂ ‰È„È È˘Ó„ „Ú ÔÏ ËÈ˘Ù ‡Ï ‡˙ÏÓ ‰ÈÈÓ ‡ÈÚ· ‰Â‰Â ‡ÒÎ‰ È·Ï ÏÈÈÚ ‰Â‰ ÈÎ ‡˙

‚ÂÒÏ Ì˘Ó ¯·ÚÂ‰˘ ¯˘Ù‡Â ÔÁÈÓ˘ ÌÚÙ ÏÎ ÔÈÏÈÙ˙‰ ÏÚ Í¯·Ï ˘È˘ ÁÎÂÓ ÔÎ‡ ‰Ê ‰˘ÚÓÓ¯˘Ù‡Â ÆÂ˙ÈÈ‚˘‡ ¢ÌÈ„˜‡¢ ·È˙˘‚Ò ÔÈÓÊ È˘‡ · ‡ÈÈÁ ·¯ Ó‡‰¢ ∫‡¢Ú „È ÂÎ¯· ÈÏ··Ó ‰¯·¯„ ‰ÈÓ˜ ‡ÓÈ‡˜ ‰Â‰ ÔÈ‡È

Æ¢ÚÓ˘ ˙‡È¯˜ È¯˜ ¯„‰Â ÔÈÏÈÙ˙ ÁÓÂ ÔÈ˜¯Ù ÔÏ È˙ÓÂ Í¯·ÓÂ ‰È„È È˘ÓÂ ÌÈ„˜ÓÂ≥≥≠·Â Æ®„È ¨ÂË ÌÈ¯·„© ¢Í˙Ó‡Â Í„·ÚÂ Í˙·Â Í·Â ‰˙‡ Í‚Á· ˙ÁÓ˘Â¢·˙·˙·˙·˙·˙‡˙ÈÏÂ ¢Í˙·Â Í·Â ‰˙‡ ˙ÁÓ˘Â¢

Æ¢Í‚Á·¢≥¥≠· Æ®ÂÎ ¨„È ÌÈ¯·„© ¢Í˙È·Â ‰˙‡ ˙ÁÓ˘Â¢‚¯‰ ˙ÁÓ˘ È·‚Ï ˜ÂÒÙ‰ ˙‡ ÔÈËÈ˘‰ ÔÈ· ÛÈÒÂ‰ Í‚Á·¸ ˙ÁÓ˘Â¢ Ï

Ú Ò¢˜„ ‰‡¯Â ¢Í˙È·Â ‰˙‡ ˛˙ÁÓ˘Â ßÈ˙ÎÂ Í˙·Â Í·Â ‰˙‡Ó’¯Ó‡˘ ‰¢„ ‡¢Ú Ë˜ ÌÈÁÒÙ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙ Æ‰ ˙Â‡ ∑π ÛÂÏÈÁ ‡ˆÓ ‡¢‰ ·¢Ù ‰ÎÂÒ ®ÔÓ¯·ÈÏ© ‡˙ÙÒÂ˙· Ì‚ Æ‡È„‰· ¢Â˙È·¢ Â· ·Â˙Î˘ ¯˘ÚÓÓ ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ˘ ÌÈ¯‡·Ó

‚‚Î© ¢Í˙È·Â ‰˙‡¢ ÛÒÂ ÔÂ„ÂÏÂ Ë¯ÂÙ¯Ú È¢Î· Í‡ ¢Í‚Á· ÁÓ˘Â¢ ‰ÈÂ È¢Î· Æ˜ÂÒÙ· ‰Ò¯Æ®ÈÏ··· Ó¢ÈÎ Ò¯‡ ‰‡¯Â’¯· ˙ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡ ¨¯ÂË˜Â„ ˙„Â·Ú ¨¢‰˘Ó· Ô‰È˙ÂÏÈ·˜ÓÂ ‰ÎÂÒ ‡˙ÙÒÂ˙· ˙ÂÎÏ‰ ÔÈ· ÒÁÈ‰¢ ¨ÛÈ˘

Ú ¨‡¢Ò˘˙ ¨ÔÏÈ‡Ó’‚¯‰ ˙ÁÓ˘·˘ ˜ÂÒÙÎ ÚÈ¯ÎÓ˘ ¨±±¥ ¯Ó‡Ó· ¢˙È·¢ ‰ÏÈÓ‰ ÌÂ˘Ó ˘Â·È˘‰ ˙‡ ¯‡·ÓÂ ÏÆ¢Â˙È· ˙‡ ÁÈÓ ˙ÂÈ‰Ï ˛ÆÆÆ¸ ÂÁ·˘ ÔÈ‡¢ ‡¢¯

≥µ‚‰ Ï˘ ‰ÓÂ„ ‰·Î¯‰Ï„ ‰‡¯ ˙Â‡Ò¯’‚¯‰ ˙ÁÓ˘ ¨‰˜˘‰ Ú ¨Ê¢Ò˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨ÌÈ‡˙ Ï˘ Ì„ÂÓÏ˙· ÏÓ’≥± Æ≥∑ ‰¯Ú‰

[11]


¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡

±Æ∂ ±Æ∂ ±Æ∂ ±Æ∂ ±Æ∂ÓÓÓÓÓ‡‡‡‡‡ ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢·····

‚ÂÒ‰ ÆÊÂÊ ÛÏ‡· ‚¢¯ ‰˜˘ ·ÏÂÏ ˜¯ Ì‰Ï ‰È‰˘ ‰ÈÙÒ· ÌÈÓÎÁ ÏÚ ˙¯ÙÒÓ ‡˙ÈÈ¯·‰‰„ ‰È

‡˙ÈÈ¯·· ¯ÎÊÂÓ˘ ‰Ê Ë¯Ù·≥∂∫‰Úˆ‰‰ ÁÂÓ· ÌÈ„Ú‰ Â˜ÏÁÂ

„‡ÏÂ„‡ÏÂ„‡ÏÂ„‡ÏÂ„‡ÏÂ‚¢˜ ¨Ò‚¢˜ ¨Ò‚¢˜ ¨Ò‚¢˜ ¨Ò‚¢˜ ¨Ò≥∑πµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Îπµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Îπµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Îπµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Îπµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î

ÊÂÊ ÛÏ‡· ÂÁ˜Ï˘ ¯Ó ßÓ‡ÊÂÊ ÛÏ‡· ÂÁ˜Ï˘ ¯Ó ßÓ‡

ÂÁ˜Ï˘ ¯ÓÈÓÏ ÈÏ ‰ÓÏ¯ÓÈÓÏ ÈÏ ‰ÓÏ

ÊÂÊ ÛÏ‡·≥∏

‚‰ÌÈÈ„¯ÙÒ‰ ÌÈ„Ú‰Ó ˜ÏÁ· ‡Ï Û‡Â ÌÈÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ÌÈ„Ú· ˙‡ˆÓ ‰È‡ ¢¯ÓÈÓÏ ÈÏ ‰ÓÏ¢ ‰Ò¯

ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î· Æ‰˜ÒÓÏ ÏÈ·Â‰˘ È˘Â˜‰ ˙‡ ¯‡·Ï „ÚÂ˘ ÁÒÂ‰ Ï˘ ¯ÁÂ‡Ó ¯ÂÙÈ˘ ‡È‰˘ ¯˘Ù‡Â

‚‰ È˙˘ ˙‡ ·ÈÎ¯‰ πµÆ¯ÓÂÓ ÁÒÂ ‡ˆÈ ÍÎÂ ˙Â‡Ò¯

≤Æ ÓÒÂ¯˙ ‰ÂÒÁ ‰ÓÊ¯ÁÈ˙ ‰‡ÏË¯ËÈ·È˙

‚ Ì‰·˘ ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó‰ ˙‡ ¯Â˜Ò‡ ‰Ê ÛÈÚÒ·Æ˙È·ÈË¯ËÏ‡‰ ˙ÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓÏ ‰ÓÈ‡˙Ó Ó¢ÈÎ ˙Ò¯

‚ÆÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ· ˙Â‡ˆÓ ÔÈ‡ Í‡ ¨ÈÓÈ˙‰ ÁÒÂ· Ô·Â¯·Â ÌÈÈÁ¯ÊÓ ÌÈ„Ú· ˙Â‡ˆÓ ‰Ï‡ ˙Â‡Ò¯

≤Æ± ≤Æ± ≤Æ± ≤Æ± ≤Æ±····· ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡

‚ÂÒ‰ÚË· ‰„ ‰ÈÌÈÓÎÁ˘ ¯‡·Ó ‡·¯ Æ‰Ó‡ ÌÈ¯˘ÚÓ ‰ÏÚÓÏ ‰ÎÂÒ ÌÈÏÒÂÙ˘ ÌÈÓÎÁ Ï˘ ÌÓ

˙ÎÂÒ ‡È‰˘ ‰Ó‡ ÌÈ¯˘ÚÓ ‰ÏÚÓÏ ÌÈÏÒÂÙ ÔÎÏÂ È‡¯Ú ˙ÎÂÒ ˙ÂÈ‰Ï ‰ÎÈ¯ˆ ‰ÎÂÒ‰˘ ÌÈ¯·ÂÒ

ÆÚ·˜≥π∫ı¯˙Ó ‡·¯ ÆÏÊ¯·Ó ‰È˙ÂˆÈÁÓ ‡ ‰˘Ú˘ ‰ÎÂÒ ÏÂÒÙÏ È ÍÎ Ì‡ ∫‡·¯ ÏÚ ‰˘˜Ó ÈÈ·‡

È¯˘Ú „Ú’ÈÏ „È·Ú ÈÎ È‡¯Ú ¯È„ Â˙¯È„ ‰˘ÂÚ Ì„‡„ ßÓ‡ ’‰ÏÚÓÏ ÈÙ ÈÓ Ú·˜ ¯È„

Ó‡ ßÈ¯˘ÚÓ’Æ˜ÈÙ ‡Ï ÈÓ È‡¯Ú ˙¯È„ ßÈÏ „È·Ú ÈÎ È‡¯Ú ˙¯È„ Â˙¯È„ ‰˘ÂÚ Ì„‡ ÔÈ‡„

‚ ÛÂÏÈÁ ˘È ‡·¯ Ï˘ ÂˆÂ¯È˙· Æ‰Ò¯‚‰ ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ·˙¯È„ Â˙¯È„ ‰˘ÂÚ Ì„‡ ÔÈ‡„¢ ∫‡È‰ ‰Ò¯

È‡¯ÚÎÈ Ú·È„ ÏÈ‰ „È¯˙ Ú¯‡ÈÆ¢

≥∂Ú ¨®µ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© È¯Ë˘Â˘ ‰‡¯ ¨Û¢È¯·Â Á¢¯· ‡˙ÈÏ ÔÎÂ ÌÈÈÓÈ˙‰ È¢‰Î· ‡ˆÓ ‡Ï ‰Ê ÚË˜Ó’Æ≤µ∞ ≥∑‚„È¯·ÓÈÈ˜’ T-S NS 329.506Ú ˛±∞ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ¸ Ò˜ÂÙ ‰‡¯© Ó’‚‰ ÔÎÂ Æ®Á ‚ ÂÎÏ‰Ω© Â˙ÏÈ‡˘· ‰Ò¯˙ÂÏÂ„

Ú ¨˛≤≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ¸¨Á¢Ó˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨· ¨˙ÂÈÓ˘ ˙ÂÂ˘Ï·Â „ÂÓÏ˙‰ ˙Â¯ÙÒ· ÌÈ¯˜ÁÓ ¨ÔÈÈË˘Ù‡ ¢È ª≥¥≤ ßÓÚÓ’Ú ¨®≤≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ˙Â˜ÂÒÙ ˙ÂÎÏ‰· ÔÎÂ ¨®¥∏∂ ÆÂÏ ßÓ

≥∏‰ÓÎ Ì˘È Æ¢Ì‰ÈÏÚ ˙Â·È·Á ˙ÂˆÓ ‰ÓÎ ÍÚÈ„Â‰Ï ÊÂÊ ÛÏ‡· ÂÁ˜Ï˘ ¯ÓÈÓÏ ‰ÈÏ ‰ÓÏ ‚¢‰¢ ∫·˙ÂÎ È¢˘¯‚ ÌÈ‡˘ ÈÂ ‰Ê ËÙ˘Ó· ÌÈÙÂÏÈÁÂ‡ Â·˘ ÛÂÏÈÁÏ ÒÁÈÈ˙Ó Â˙‰‚‰· È¢˘¯˘ È‡„Â ‰Ê ÔÈ‡ ÔÎÏÂ ÏÏÎ Â˙Â‡ ÌÈÒ¯Â

Ú ¨®±≥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÌÚ ‰‡¯Â ÌÈ˜ÒÂÚÓ’Æ≥∞∏ ‰¯Ú‰ ±¥¥ ≥π‚Ë˜‰ Ï˘ Ô˙ÂÁ˙Ù˙‰ ÏÚ ∫‰‡¯ ¢È‡¯Ú ÎÂÒ¢Â ¢Ú·˜ ÎÂÒ¢ ÂÈ¯ÂJ. Rubenstein, “The Sukka as Temporary

or Permanent Dwelling: A Study in the Development of Talmudic Thought”, HUCA 64 (1993),

pp.137-166Ï ‰‡¯ ÔÎÂ Æ’Ó ¨ÈÚ¯„‡ ß‡ ¨¢‰ÈÏ ‡¯È·Ò Â‰ÏÂÎ¢ ¨ıÈ·Â˜ÒÂÓ ’·Â ÔÂÒÈÂÏ ßÈ ¨¯˘‡ ¯· ’ıÈ˘ÙÈÏ Ú ¨‰¢Ò˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨ıÈ˘ÙÈÏ ‰ˆ¯˙Ï ÔÂ¯ÎÈÊ ¯ÙÒ ¨˘¯„Ó·Â „ÂÓÏ˙· ÌÈ¯˜ÁÓ ¨®ÌÈÎ¯ÂÚ©Ó’Æ≥¥∑≠≥∞π

[12]


¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡

‚Ï‡È‰ Í¯„‰ ‰Ó‡ ÌÈ¯˘ÚÓ ‰ËÓÏ ÆıÂ¯È˙‰ Ï˘ ˙ÂÚÏˆ‰ È˙˘ ÔÈ· ‰Ï·˜‰ ˘È ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯

‰˙Â˘ÚÏ Í¯„ ÔÈ‡ ‰Ó‡ ÌÈ¯˘ÚÓ ‰ÏÚÓÏ ‰ÎÂÒ ÆÚ·˜ ‰˘ÚÈ Ì‡ Û‡ ‰¯˘Î ÔÎÏÂ È‡¯Ú ˙Â˘ÚÏ

˙¯È„ ‰ÎÂÒ ¯Ó‡„ Ô‡ÓÏ˘ ÔÚÂË ‡·¯˘ ¨Ô‡ÎÓ ‰ÏÂÚ‰ Æ‰ÏÂÒÙ È‡¯Ú ‰˘ÚÈ Ì‡ Û‡ ÔÎÏÂ ¨È‡¯Ú

≠· ÆÏÚÂÙ· È‡¯Ú ‡ÏÂ È‡¯Ú Â˙Â˘ÚÏ Í¯„‰˘ ‰·Ó Â˘ÚÏ ÍÈ¯ˆ È‡¯Ú·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó‰ÈÈ˘‰ ÚÏˆ· ‡˙ÈÏ

Æ¢È‡¯Ú ˙¯È„ ‰ÈÏ „È·Ú ÈÎ¢¥∞‚Ï ˙Ò¯·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó‰˙Â˘ÚÏ ¯˘Ù‡ È‡ ‰Ó‡ ÌÈ¯˘ÚÓ ‰ÏÚÓÏ˘ ¯˘Ù‡

Ú„ÏÂ ¨È‡¯ÚÆÈ‡¯Ú ‰˙Â˘ÚÏ ¯˘Ù‡˘ ‰ÎÂÒ· È„ ‡·¯ ˙¥±∫·˙ÂÎ Á¢¯

Ï·‡ Æ‰ÏÂÒÙ ÍÎÈÙÏ È‡¯Ú ˙¯È„ ‰È‡Â ‡È‰ Ú·˜ ˙¯È„ È‡„Â ‰Ó‡ ÌÈ¯˘ÚÓ ‰ÏÚÓÏÂ

ÎÓ ‰ËÓÏ’˙¯È„ ÔÈÚÓ ‰Ï „È·Ú„ ‚¢Ú‡ È‡¯Ú ˙¯È„ ˘ÈÈ‡ „È·Ú„ ‰Ï ˙ÁÎ˘Ó„ ‰Ó‡

Æ‰¯˘Î Ú·˜

‚˘ ‰ÎÂÒ ¨Á¢¯ È¯·„ÏÌÈÂ·˘ ÌÈ˘‡ ˘È˘ ÔÂÂÈÎÓ Ú·˜ ˙¯È„ ‰È‡ ‰Ó‡ ÌÈ¯˘ÚÓ ‰ËÓÏ ‰‰·Â

‚ ÂÈ‡ ÍÎ Ì‡Â È‡¯Ú ‰˙Â˘ÚÏ ˘Ù‡ È‡ ‰Ó‡ ÌÈ¯˘ÚÓ ‰ÏÚÓÏ˘ ÚÓ˘Ó Á¢¯Ó ÆÈ‡¯Ú ‰˙Â‡Ò¯Â

ÆÈ‡¯Ú ‰˙Â˘ÚÏ ¯˘Ù‡ È‡ ‰Ó‡ ÌÈ¯˘ÚÓ ‰ÏÚÓÏÂ ¢È‡¯Ú ˙¯È„ ‰Ï „È·Ú ÈÎ¢¥≤

‚‰≠Ó „·Ï „È‰ È·˙Î ·Â¯· ˙‡ˆÓ ¢È‡¯Ú ˙¯È„ ‰Ï „È·Ú ÈÎ¢ ‰Ò¯·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó˘Â¯ÈÙ ÍÂ˙Ó Æ‚¢˜Â

‚ ÌÈ‡˘ ‰‡¯ ÌÈÂ˘‡¯ ¯‡˘Â Á¢¯Æ˙‡Ê ÌÈÒ¯Â

≤Æ≤ ≤Æ≤ ≤Æ≤ ≤Æ≤ ≤Æ≤ÁÁÁÁÁ ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢·····

‚ÂÒ·˙Â˙ÈÈ¯·‰ Æ˘¢·˜¯ ˙ÎÂÒ· ‰ÈÈ˘‰Â Í¢·‚ ˙ÎÂÒ· ˙˜ÒÂÚ ˙Á‡ ¨˙Â˙ÈÈ¯· È˙˘ ˙Â‡·ÂÓ ‰È

‚ ÛÂÏÈÁ ˘È Í˘Ó‰· Æ‰˙ÎÏ‰Î ˙ÎÎÂÒÓ ‡‰˙˘ „·Ï·Â ˙Â¯˘Î ‰Ï‡ ˙ÂÎÂÒ˘ ˙ÂÓÈÈÒÓÆ‰Ò¯

≠·„‡ÒÏÂ„‡ÒÏÂ„‡ÒÏÂ„‡ÒÏÂ„‡ÒÏÂ‚·Â ¢ ÔÂÈÏÈÓ‡È Î‰ÏÎ˙‰ ‡Ó¯ ¯· ÁÒ„‡ Â‰Â‡ ˘Ú˘‡‰ ÏˆÏÆ¢¥≥‚Ï ‰Ò¯

Æ‡˙ÈÈ¯·‰ È¯·„ ˙‡ ¯‡·Ó ‡„ÒÁ ·¯ ˙‡Ê

¥∞≠·ÓÓÓÓÓ≠· Í‡ Æ˙ÂÓÂ„‰ ÓÁÓ ‚ÏÈ„˘ ˘Ù‡ ·˙·˙·˙·˙·˙‚˘ ÔÂÂÈÎ ÍÎ ÓÂÏ ˘Ù‡ È‡ ˙¯È„ Â˙¯È„ ‰˘ÂÚ Ì„‡ ÔÈ‡„¢ ÌÈÒ¯Â‚˘ ÔÂÂÈÎÓ Æ¢Ú·˜ ˙¯È„ ‡Ï‡ È‡¯Ú‚ ‡È·Ó ‡¢·ËÈ¯‰© ÁÒÂ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ· ˙‡ˆÓ ‡˙ÈÏ ˙Ò¯‰ÏÂÚ ÔÎÂ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯

≠˘ ÁÈ‰Ï ‰·ÈÒ ÔÈ‡ ®¥≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÔÏ‰Ï ‰‡¯ ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈÂ˘‡¯ÓÓÓÓÓÓÆ˙ÂÓÂ„‰ ˙ÓÁÓ ‚ÏÈ„ ¥±‡‡‡‡‡‚„È¯·ÓÈÈ˜© ‚¢˜Â ’ T-S F 2[1].201‚ ®ÏÂÎÈ Ì„‡ ÔÈ‡„ ÆÆÆÈ‡¯Ú ˙¯È„ Â˙¯È„ ˙Â˘ÚÏ ÏÂÎÈ Ì„‡„¢ ∫ÌÈÒ¯Â

‚Ï Æ¢È‡¯Ú ˙¯È„ Â˙¯È„ ˙Â˘ÚÏ ˙Ò¯‡‡‡‡‡ Í‡ ÆÈ‡¯Ú ‰˙Â˘ÚÏ ÏÂÎÈ ÂÈ‡ ‰Ó‡ ÌÈ¯˘ÚÓ ‰ÏÚÓÏ ‚¢˜Â ‡‡‡‡‡‚ ÚÏˆ· Ò¯Â‚ ÔÎ Ì‡Â È‡¯Ú ‰˙Â˘ÚÏ ÏÂÎÈ˘ ÚÓ˘ÓÂ ¢È‡¯Ú ˙¯È„ ‰ÈÏ „È·Ú ÈÎ¢ ‰Ó‡ ÌÈ¯˘ÚÓ ‰ÏÚÓÏ È·‚Ï ‰ÈÈ˘‰Â˙Ò¯

‚ ‡È‰‚ ‚¢˜· ÆÌÈÈ‡ÏÎ ˙Ò¯‚ÓÂ ¨¢Ú·˜ ˙¯È„ ‰Ï „È·Ú ÈÎ¢ Ò¯ÂÈ‡¯Ú ‰˙Â˘ÚÏ ¯˘Ù‡ È‡˘ ÚÓ˘Ó ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯‚ ‰¢‡¯‰ Æ‰Ó‡ ÌÈ¯˘ÚÓ ‰ÏÚÓÏ‚ ÔÈÚÎ Ò¯Â ˙Ò¯‡‡‡‡‡˙¯È„ Â˙¯È„ ˙Â˘ÚÏ ÏÂÎÈ Ì„‡„ ‰Ó‡ ÌÈ¯˘Ú „Ú¢ ∫‚¢˜Â

Ú·˜ ˙¯È„ ‡Ï‡ „·ÚÓÏ ‰ÈÏ ¯˘Ù‡ ‡Ï„ ÌÈ¯˘ÚÓ ‰ÏÚÓÏ Ï·‡ ÔÏ ˙ÙÎÈ‡ ‡Ï Ú·˜ ˙¯È„ ‰Ï „È·Ú ÈÎ ÆÆÆÈ‡¯ÚÆ¢‰ÏÂÒÙ

¥≤‚· ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ÍÏ ˙˙Ï ¯ÂÚÈ˘ Ì˘Ï ‡Ï‡ ÆÆÆ¢ ∫·˙ÂÎ „Ú ‰¢„ È¢˘¯ ÆÌÈÙÒÂ ÌÈÂ˘‡¯Ó ÚÓ˘Ó ÍÎ‡‰˙˘ ‰‰·ÂÚÏ ‰ÏÂÎÈ‚‰ ˙‡ ‰ÏÂ˙ È¢˘¯ Æ¢È‡¯Ú ˙Â„È˙È È¢Ú „ÂÓÍ‡ ÆÍ¯„· ‡ÏÂ È‡¯Ú ‰˙Â˘ÚÏ ˙ÏÂÎÈ· È‡¯Ú ˙ÎÂÒ ˙¯„

‚ È¢˘¯˘ ·˙ÂÎ ‡¢·ËÈ¯‰Ú ¨®≥µ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ‰˜˘‰ ‰‡¯Â ¨¢È‡¯Ú ˙¯È„ ‰ÈÏ „È·Ú ÈÎ¢ Ò¯ÂÓ’µπ ‰¯Ú‰ ±∑µ ∫·˙ÂÎ ‰¢‡¯‰ Æ¢È‡¯Ú Â˘ÚÏ ˘Ù‡˘ ‰ÎÂÒ·¢ ∫ÈÎ ‰¢„ ÂÙÒÂ˙·Â Æ‰ÎÂÒ ÎÒÓÏ ‡¢·ËÈ¯·˘ È¢˘¯ ÈËÂËÈˆ ÏÚ˙È·Ó ‰ÎÂÒÂ ÌÈÁÒÙ ˙ÎÒÓ È˘Â¯ÈÙ© È¢˘¯ Ï˘ Â˘¯„Ó ˙È·Ó ˘Â¯ÈÙ· ÔÎÂ ¢ÔÈÚ· È‡¯Ú ˙¯È„Ï ‰ÈÂ‡¯ ‰ÎÂÒ„¢

Ú ¨®„¢Ó˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨¯ÙÙÂ˜ ÌÈ¯Ù‡ È¢Ú ˙Â¯Ú‰Â ‡Â·Ó ÛÂ¯Èˆ· È¢˘¯ Ï˘ Â˘¯„ÓÓ’∫˘¢‡¯ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙·Â Æ±≥≥ ‚‰ È˙˘ ˙‡ ‡È·Ó ‡¢·ËÈ¯‰ Æ¢Ú·˜ ˙¯È„ ‰‡˘Ú Ì‡ ‰ÏÒÂÙÏ ‡ÏÂ È‡¯Ú ‰˙Â˘ÚÏ ¯˘Ù‡˘ ‰ÎÂÒ·¢˙Â‡Ò¯

‚‰˘ „ÈÚÓÂÚ ÈÁÒÂ· ˙‡ˆÓ ¢È‡¯Ú ˙¯È„ ‰ÈÏ „È·Ú ÈÎ¢ ‰Ò¯‚ ÛÈ„ÚÓ ‡¢·ËÈ¯‰ ÆÈ˜È˙˙‡ ‰ÁÂ„Â ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯

‚Æ˘¢ÈÚ ‡˙ÈÏ ˙Ò¯¥≥‚„È¯·ÓÈÈ˜· Æ‰ÊÈ‚ ÈÚË˜ ‰˘ÂÏ˘· ‡Â‰ ÔÎÂ’ T-S F2(2).49‚„È¯·ÓÈÈ˜· Æ¢‡„ÒÁ ºÆÆÆæ È‡Ó¢ ∫’ T-S F2(1).28∫

[13]


¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡

≠··˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙ÓÙ¢‰· ¥¥‚‰ „¢È¯·Â Û¢¯· Æ¢ÏˆÏ ‰ÈÂ˘Ú˘ ‡Â‰Â ‡„ÒÁ ·¯ ßÓ‡¢ ∫‡È‰ ‰Ò¯¥µ‚Ï ‰Ò¯

‚ Æ‡˙ÈÈ¯·‰ È¯·„ ÏÚ ÛÈÒÂÓ ‡„ÒÁ ·¯ ˙‡ÊÈ˘ ˙‡ ÔÈÈˆÓ˘ Á¢¯ ˘Â¯ÈÙÓ Ì‚ ‰ÏÂÚ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯

∫Ì¯„Ò ˙‡ ÍÙÂ‰ Û‡Â ÌÈ‡˙‰

‚ ˙ÎÂÒ Ô·¯ Â˙‰¯È˘Î ÌÂ˜Ó ÏÎÓ ‰ÎÂÒ ÌÈ˙ÂÎ ˙ÎÂÒ ‰Ó‰· ˙ÎÂÒ ÌÈ˘ ˙ÎÂÒ ÌÈÂ

Æ‡˙ÎÏ‰Î ˙ÎÎÂÒÓÂ ÏˆÏ ‰ÈÂ˘Ú ‡‰˙˘ „·Ï·Â¥∂

Æ‡˙ÈÈ¯·· ˙‡Ê ‰¯ÈÓ‡· Í¯Âˆ‰ Ô·Â‰ ‡Ï˘ ÔÂÂÈÎÓ ‰ÙÒÂ ¢‰˙ÎÏ‰Î È‡Ó¢ ‰Ï‡˘‰˘ ¯˘Ù‡¥∑

‚ ¨ÌÂ˜Ó ÏÎÓ‚ ‰È‡Â ‰ÊÈ‚‰ ÈÚË˜· ¯·Î ˙‡ˆÓ ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ ˙Ò¯Æ˙ÈÙÂ¯È‡ ‰Ò¯

≤Æ≥ ≤Æ≥ ≤Æ≥ ≤Æ≥ ≤Æ≥ËËËËË ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡

‚ÂÒ‰ Æ¢ÔÈ¯È˘ÎÓ ÏÏ‰ ˙È·Â ÔÈÏÒÂÙ È‡Ó˘ ˙È· ‰˘È ‰ÎÂÒ¢ ∫˙¯ÓÂ‡ ‰˘Ó‰ÚË· ‰„ ‰ÈÌ‰ÈÓ

‚ÂÒ· ÌÈ˘¯„˘ ÌÈ˜ÂÒÙ È˘ Ì˘È ÆÈ‡Ó˘ È·Â ÏÏ‰ È· Ï˘‡¯˜ÈÂ© È‡Ó˘ È·ÏÂ ÏÏ‰ È·Ï ‰È

Ú·˘ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢ „Ï ¨‚ÎÚ·˘ ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ‚È ¨ÊË ÌÈ¯·„Â ¨¢ß‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ ˙Æ®¢ÌÈÓÈ ˙

‚ÂÒ‰ ÍÏ‰Ó·‚ È˙˘ ˘È ‰È∫˙ÂÈ¯˜ÈÚ ˙Â‡Ò¯

ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó

‚ È¢ÙÚ© ¢‡„ÒÁ ·¯ Ó‡ ºÆÆÆ ÆÆæ˙ÎÏÈ‰Î ˙ÎÎÂÒÓ¢‰Ï‡˘‰˘ ‰‰Â·‚ ˙Â¯È·Ò· ÚÂ·˜Ï Ô˙È ¯ÒÁ‰ ÌÂ˜Ó‰ Ï„ÂÌÈ·¯Ï ¯„Ó‰ È· ¯ÂÈ ÂÈ· Æ®Ì˘ ‡ˆÓENA 2074.1 ‚ ÔÎÂ Æ¢ÏˆÏ ‰‡˘Ú˘ ºÆÆÆ ÆÆæÎ È‡Ó¢ ∫¨È¢˘¯ ÌÈÒ¯Â

È ˙¯Â„‰Ó ¨‰ÁÓ˘ È¯Ú˘© ‚¢ˆÈ¯’‚¯·Ó· Ú ¨®‡¢Î¯˙ ‰Ë¯ÈÙ ¨¯Ó’ÆÈ¯È‡Ó‰Â ‰¢‡¯‰ ¨‰Ù ¥¥Ú ¨®≤≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ˙Â˜ÂÒÙ ˙ÂÎÏ‰Ó’‚ ˙ÂÎÏ‰· ‡Â‰ ÔÎÂ ÂÎ Ú ¨®≤≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ˙ÂÏÂ„Æ≥≤π ßÓ¥µ‚‰ ˘¯„Ó· ‡Â‰ ÔÎÂ˘ ˙¯Â„‰Ó ¨ÏÂ„’Ú ¨ÌÈ¯·„ ¨‰¢Ï˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨˘ÈÙ Ó’Æ≤∞ ‰¯Â˘ ‡Ò˘ ¥∂Ú ¨®¥≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© È¢˘¯ Ï˘ Â˘¯„Ó ˙È·Ó ˘Â¯ÈÙ·Ó’‚ ‡ÏÂ¢ ∫·˙ÂÎ ±∂±≠±∂∞ ‰Â‰ ‡Ï ÈÎ„ ‡˙ÎÏ‰ È‡Ó ÔÈÒ¯

‚ ‡ÏÂ¢ ∫·˙ÂÎ ˘¢·˜¯ ˙˙ÈÈ¯· ¯Á‡Ï ÔÎÂ Æ¢‰ÎÂÒ ˙ÂÎÏ‰ È‡Ó Ú„ÈÏ‰ Ì¢·Ó¯‰ Æ¢‡˙ÎÏÈ‰ È‡Ó ‡Î‰ ÈÓ ÔÈÒ¯’‰È‰˙˘ ‡Â‰Â ‰ÂˆÓ Ì˘Ï ˙È˘Ú ‡Ï˘ ÈÙ ÏÚ Û‡ ‰¯˘Î ÌÂ˜Ó ÏÎÓ ‰˙ÎÏ‰Î ˙˘Ú˘ ‰ÎÂÒ¢ ∫·˙ÂÎ Ë ¨‰ ‰ÎÂÒ

‚· Ì‚ ÍÎ Ì‡Â ®ÏˆÏ ‰ÈÂ˘ÚÂ ‰˙ÎÏ‰Î© ÌÈ‡˙‰ È˘· Ë˜Â Ì¢·Ó¯‰ Æ¢ÏˆÏ ‰ÈÂ˘ÚÆ¢‰˙ÎÏ‰Î È‡Ó¢ ‡˙ÈÏ Â˙Ò¯¥∑„ ‰‡¯’‚Á „Ú ‡ÓÂÈÓ „ÚÂÓ „ÒÏ „ÂÓÏ˙· ÌÈ¯Â‡È· ∫˙Â¯ÂÒÓÂ Â¯Â˜Ó È·Ï‰ Ú ‰¢Ï˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ‰‚ÈÓ’≠ÂÒ˜

‚‰˘ ÊÒ˜‚ ÍÎ© ˘Â¯ÈÙ ˙Ï‡˘ ¯Á‡ ‰‡· ‰È‡ ¢‡Â‰Â¢ ‰ÏÈÓ‰˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ‰˘˜ ¢‰˙ÎÏ‰Î È‡Ó¢ ‰Ò¯ÏÎ ÌÈÒ¯Â≠Ó „·Ï ‡„ÒÁ ·¯ Ïˆ‡ ÌÈ„Ú‰‚˘ ¢‰˙ÎÏ‰Î ˙ÎÎÂÒÓ ‡‰˙˘¢ È‡˙‰ ˙‡ ˘¯ÙÏ ‰˘˜ ¨ÔÎ ÂÓÎ Æ®¢„·Ï·Â¢ Ò¯Â

‚ ˙‡ Æ‰ÏÂÎ ‰ÎÂÒ‰ ÏÚ ·ÒÂÓ‰ ÏˆÏ ‰‡˘Ú˘ Ô·ÂÓ· ÍÎÒ‰ ÏÚ ·ÒÂÓ‰ÌÈÏÈÓ‰˘ È·Ï‰ ¯‡·Ó ÌÈÂ‡‚‰ ˙Ò¯‰È‡¯ ˙ˆ˜ ‡È·ÓÂ Ô˙ÎÏ‰Î Â˘Ú Ì˙Ò‰ ÔÓ˘ ÍÂÓÒÈ ‡Ï˘ ‰·ÂË ‰ˆÚ Ô‰ ¢‰˙ÎÏ‰Î ˙ÎÎÂÒÓ ‡‰˙˘ „·Ï·Â¢

‰‡¯Â ¨ÈÓÏ˘Â¯È‰Ó ‰Ê ˘Â¯ÈÙÏJ. Rubenstein, The History of Sukkot in the Second Temple and

Rabbinic Periods, Atlanta 1995, p. 220, n. 146Æ

ÚË È‡ÓÈ‡Ó˘ ˙È·„ ‡ÓÓ‡Ó‡Ó‡Ó‡Ó‡’’’’’‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ ßÚ·˘ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á ‡¯˜ ‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ ßÚ·˘ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á ‡¯˜ ‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ ßÚ·˘ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á ‡¯˜ ‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ ßÚ·˘ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á ‡¯˜ ‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ ßÚ·˘ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á ‡¯˜ ’’’’’

ÔÈÚ· ‚Á ÌÂ˘Ï ‰ÈÂ˘Ú‰ ‰ÎÂÒÔÈÚ· ‚Á ÌÂ˘Ï ‰ÈÂ˘Ú‰ ‰ÎÂÒÔÈÚ· ‚Á ÌÂ˘Ï ‰ÈÂ˘Ú‰ ‰ÎÂÒÔÈÚ· ‚Á ÌÂ˘Ï ‰ÈÂ˘Ú‰ ‰ÎÂÒÔÈÚ· ‚Á ÌÂ˘Ï ‰ÈÂ˘Ú‰ ‰ÎÂÒ˙˘˘ ·¯„ÎÏ ‰ÈÏ ÈÚ·ÈÓ ‡Â‰‰ ÏÏ‰ ˙È·Â

¯ ÌÂ˘Ó ˙˘˘ ·¯ ¯Ó‡„’‡·È˜Ú ‰Ú·˘ ÏÎ ‰‡‰· ÔÈ¯ÂÒ‡˘ ‰ÎÂÒ ÈˆÚÏ ÔÈÓ

ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á Ï¢˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á Ï¢˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á Ï¢˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á Ï¢˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á Ï¢˙’’’’’ß‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ ˙Ú·˘ ß‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ ˙Ú·˘ ß‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ ˙Ú·˘ ß‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ ˙Ú·˘ ß‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ ˙Ú·˘ ÓÂ‡ ‰¯È˙· Ô· ‰„Â‰È È·¯ ‡È˙Â’

‚Á‰ ÏÚ ÌÈÓ˘ Ì˘ ÏÁ˘ Ì˘ÎÍÎ ‰‚È

ÚË È‡ÓÓ’È‡Ó˘ ˙È·„ ÓÂ‡ÓÂ‡ÓÂ‡ÓÂ‡ÓÂ‡’’’’’ÈÓÈ ßÚ·˘ ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á ‡¯˜ ÈÓÈ ßÚ·˘ ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á ‡¯˜ ÈÓÈ ßÚ·˘ ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á ‡¯˜ ÈÓÈ ßÚ·˘ ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á ‡¯˜ ÈÓÈ ßÚ·˘ ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á ‡¯˜ ’’’’’

‚Á Ì˘Ï ‰ÎÂÒ ‰˘Ú‚Á Ì˘Ï ‰ÎÂÒ ‰˘Ú‚Á Ì˘Ï ‰ÎÂÒ ‰˘Ú‚Á Ì˘Ï ‰ÎÂÒ ‰˘Ú‚Á Ì˘Ï ‰ÎÂÒ ‰˘Ú˙˘˘ ·¯„ È·Ï ‰ÈÏ È·ÈÓ ÏÏ‰ ˙È·Â

Ó‡„’‰·È˜Ú ß¯ ÌÂ˘Ó ˙˘˘ ·¯ Ó’‰Ú·˘ ÏÎ ÔÈ¯ÂÒ‡˘ ‰ÎÂÒ ÈˆÚÏ

ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á Ï¢˙ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á Ï¢˙ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á Ï¢˙ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á Ï¢˙ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á Ï¢˙ÓÂ‡ ‰¯È˙Ù Ô· ‰„Â‰È È·¯ ‡È˙Â’

‚Á‰ ÏÚ ÌÈÓ˘ Ì˘ ÏÁ˘ Ì˘Î˘ ÔÈÈÓÍÎ ‰‚È

[14]


¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡

‚ÂÒ‰˜ÂÒÙÓ „ÂÓÈÏÏ ÏÏ‰ ˙È· ˙·Â˘˙ ˙‡Â È‡Ó˘ ˙È· Â„ÓÏ ÂÓÓ˘ ˜ÂÒÙ ˙‡·‰· ˙Á˙ÂÙ ‰È

‚ ÈÙÂÏÈÁ Ì˘È Æ‰Ê≠· ÆÂÓÓ ˙„ÓÏ‰ ‰˘¯„‰ ÁÂÒÈ·Â ‡·ÂÓ‰ ˜ÂÒÙ· ‰Ò¯„‡ÒÏÂ„‡ÒÏÂ„‡ÒÏÂ„‡ÒÏÂ„‡ÒÏÂÈÚË˜ È˘·Â

‰ÊÈ‚¥∏¨‡¯˜ÈÂÓ ˜ÂÒÙ‰ ˙‡ ÌÈ‡È·Ó ¥π≠· ÂÏÈ‡Â ·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Óµ∞≠·© ÌÈ¯·„Ó ˜ÂÒÙ‰ ˙‡ ÌÈ‡È·Ó ‚ ˙Ò¯

Ú·˘ ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ÌÈÈ‡ÏÎ‚ È˙˘· ‡·ÂÓ ‰˘¯„‰ ÁÂÒÈ Æ®¢ÈÈÈÏ ÌÈÓÈ ∫˙ÂÈ¯˜ÈÚ Â‡Ò¯

≠·„‡ÒÂÓ„‡ÒÂÓ„‡ÒÂÓ„‡ÒÂÓ„‡ÒÂÓ‰ÊÈ‚ ÈÚË˜ ‰˘ÂÏ˘·Â µ±‚‰ ÌÈÈÂÈ˘·© ¢ÔÈÚ· ‚Á ÌÂ˘Ï ‰ÈÂ˘Ú‰ ‰ÎÂÒ¢ ∫‡È‰ ‰Ò¯

Æ®ÌÈÏ˜µ≤≠· ·˙·˙·˙·˙·˙‚‰ ¢‡¯‰Â ‰¢‡¯ ≠· Æ¢‚Á Ì˘Ï ‰ÎÂÒ ‰˘Ú¢ ∫‡È‰ ‰Ò¯ÏÏÏÏÏ‚ ‰˘Ú¢ ∫ÌÈÈ‡ÏÎ Ò¯

Ú· ‚Á ÌÂ˘Ï ‰ÎÂÒÆ¢Ô

¯ ÌÂ˘Ó ˙˘˘ ·¯ ˙˘¯„·’‚ ÛÂÏÈÁ Â˘È ‡·È˜Ú ≠· Æ‰Ò¯‡ÒÏÂ‡ÒÏÂ‡ÒÏÂ‡ÒÏÂ‡ÒÏÂ‰ÊÈ‚ ÈÚË˜ È˘·Â µ≥‡·ÂÓ

Æ‡¯˜ÈÂÓ ˜ÂÒÙ‰µ¥≠· ·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙ÓÆÌÈ¯·„Ó ˜ÂÒÙ‰ ‡·ÂÓ µµ≠· ‡‡‡‡‡˙‡ ˙˘˘ ·¯ È¯·„· ÂÙÈÒÂ‰ ‰¢‡¯·Â

‚Â ‰È‡¯‰ ¯Â‡È·¯ ˙˘¯„· Æ¢ÆÆÆ‰ÎÂÒ Û‡ ÈÈÈÏ ‚Á ‰Ó¢ ÂÒ¯’‚ ÌÈ„Ú‰ ÏÎ ‡¯È˙· Ô· ‰„Â‰È ÌÈÒ¯Â

Ú·˘ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ˜ÂÒÙ‰ ˙‡‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ ˙’Æ¢µ∂

‚ÂÒ· ˙Â˘¯„‰ ˙‡ ‰ÏÈÁ˙ ¯¯·‡‚‰Ó ˙Á‡ ÏÎ ÈÙÏ ‰ÈÆ˙Â‡Ò¯

‚‰Ú·˘ ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ‰Ò¯ÚËÎ ‰‡·Â‰˘ ¢ß‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ „ˆÈÎ Ô·ÂÓ ‡ÏÂ ‰˘˜ È‡Ó˘ È· Ï˘ ÌÓ

Æ¢ÔÈÚ· ‚Á ÌÂ˘Ï ‰ÈÂ˘Ú‰ ‰ÎÂÒ¢˘ ‰Ê ˜ÂÒÙÓ Â˘¯„µ∑‚‰ ¨˙‡Ê ˙ÓÂÚÏ ¢‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ‰Ò¯

ÌÈ˜ÂÒÙ Â‡È·‰˘ ÌÂ˘Ó Æ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á Ì˘Ï ‰ÎÂÒ ˙Â˘ÚÏ ÍÈ¯ˆ˘ ÚÓ˘Ó ÔÎ‡ ‰Ê ˜ÂÒÙÓÂ ‰ÁÂ

≠· Æ‰Â˘ ‰¯Âˆ· „ÂÓÈÏ‰ ˙‡ ÂÁÒÈ ÌÈÂ˘·˙·˙·˙·˙·˙‡Â‰˘ ÈÙÎ ®‰ÎÂÒ ‰˘Ú© Ì„‡‰ ‡Â‰ ‡˘Â‰

˜ÂÒÙ· ‡Â‰˘ ÈÙÎ ®‰ÈÂ˘Ú‰ ‰ÎÂÒ© ‰ÎÂÒ‰ ‡Â‰ ‡˘Â‰ ÌÈ„Ú‰ ¯‡˘· ÂÏÈ‡Â ¨ÌÈ¯·„· ˜ÂÒÙ·

‰ÎÂÒ‰ ÏÚ ÌÈÓ˘ Ì˘ ÏÁÓ‡˘’Ú·˘ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á ß‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ ˙

‰Ï ‚Á ‰Ó’ß‰Ï ‰ÎÂÒ Û‡ ÈÎ‰Ï ‰ÈÏ ÈÚ·ÈÓ ÈÓ È‡Ó˘ ˙È·Â

ÚË È‡Ó ‡Ï‡ ÈÓ ÈÎ‰ ÔÈ‡È‡Ó˘ ˙È·„ Â‰ÈÈÓÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á ‡È¯Á‡ ‡¯˜ ·È˙Î

ÔÈÚ· ‚Á Ì˘Ï ‰ÈÂ˘Ú‰ ‰ÎÂÒ

‰ÎÂÒ‰ ÏÚ ÌÈÓ˘ Ì˘ ÏÁÚ·˘ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á Ï¢˙ÈÈÈ ÌÈÓÈ ˙

ÈÈÈÏ ‰ÎÂÒ ÈÈÈÏ ‚ÁÈÎ‰Ï ÈÏ È·ÈÓ ÈÓ È‡Ó˘ ˙È·Â

ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á ‡È¯ÁÂ‡ ‡¯˜ ·È˙ÎÈ‡‚Á Ì˘Ï ‰ÎÂÒ ‰˘Ú

¥∏‚„È¯·ÓÈÈ˜’ T-S F2(2).49 ÌÈ·¯Ï ˘¯„Ó‰ ˙È· ˜¯ÂÈ ÂÈ ªENA 2074.1Æ¥π‚ Ì‚ ÍÎÆ‰¢‡¯‰Â „¢È¯ ¨ÚÂ¯Ê ¯Â‡ ¨È¢˘¯ ÌÈÒ¯Âµ∞‚‰ Á¢·‰ ˙Â‰‚‰·© ˘¢‡¯· ‡Â‰ ÔÎÂÚ·˘¢ ˘¢‡¯· ‰ÈÆ®∂≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÔÏ‰Ï ‰‡¯Â ¢‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ ˙µ±‚„È¯·ÓÈÈ˜Â ¥∏ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ ‰‡¯’ T-S F2(1).28Æµ≤Æ„¢È¯·Â ÚÂ¯Ê ¯Â‡ ¨Á¢¯· ‡Â‰ ÔÎÂµ≥‚„È¯·ÓÈÈ˜’ T-S F2(1).28 ÌÈ·¯Ï ˘¯„Ó‰ ˙È· ˜¯ÂÈ ÂÈ ªENA 2074.1Æµ¥‚‰ ˘¯„Ó·Â ‰¢‡¯‰ ¨„¢È¯ ¨ÚÂ¯Ê ¯Â‡ ¨Ô¢·‡¯ ¨‚¢ˆÈ¯· ‡Â‰ ÔÎÂÚ ¨‚ ¨ÏÂ„Ó’Æ±± ‰¯Â˘ ·¯˙ µµÚ ¨®≤≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ˙Â˜ÂÒÙ ˙ÂÎÏ‰· ‡Â‰ ÔÎÂÓ’‚ ˙ÂÎÏ‰·Â ÁÎ Ú ¨®≤≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ˙ÂÏÂ„ÆÈ¯È‡Ó·Â ≥≥¥ ßÓ

‚ È¢‰Î ÏÎ Ì˘Â ˙˘˘ ·¯ ˙˘¯„ ˙‡·ÂÓ ·¢Ú Ï ‰ˆÈ· ÈÏ···Ú·˘ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ÌÈÒ¯Â±≥¥ Ô˜ÈËÂÂÓ „·Ï ¨¢ÆÆÆ˙‚˘‚ Ò¯ÂÚ·˘ ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ÌÈÈ‡ÏÎ ˙Ò¯© ‰ÊÈ‚ ÚË˜· Í‡ Æ¢ÈÈÏ ÌÈÓÈ ˙Oxf. Bodl. heb.e.52‚Á¢ ®

Ú·˘ ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÒ‰Ú·˘ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ∫®‰ˆÈ·© Á¢¯· Æ¢ÌÈÓÈ ˙¨„ÓÏÓ ˆ¢Ú ·˙Î˘ ÈÙÎ ‡ÏÂ ¢ß‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ ˙ÈÒ ¨‚¢˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨ÈÏ··‰ „ÂÓÏ˙· ÌÈ‡˙‰ Ï˘ ‰ÎÏ‰ È˘¯„Ó’Ú ¨·Ú˙˙ Æ≥∞¥ ßÓ

µ∂≠·ÓÓÓÓÓ‚‰ Ú·˘ ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ßÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ‰Ò¯’‚˘‡ Ô‰ ¢ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙¢ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰˘ ‰‡¯Â Æ¢ÈÈÏ ÌÈÓÈ Æ‰¯µ∑Æ¢ÍÏÓ‰ ˙ÂˆÓ Ì˘Ï ß‰Ï ˙ÂÎÂÒ ·È˙Î„¢ ˘¯ÙÏ ˜Á„ È¢˘¯

[15]


¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡

≠·© ‡¯˜ÈÂ·ÏÏÏÏÏ‚ Æ®ÌÈÈ‡ÏÎ ˙Ò¯µ∏‚‰ ¨ÔÎ ÂÓÎ Ú·˘ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ˙˘˘ ·¯ È¯·„· ‰Ò¯‰˘˜ ¢ÆÆÆ˙

ÔÎÏ˘ ‰‡¯ Æ‰Ú·˘ ÏÎ ÔÈ¯ÂÒ‡ ‰ÎÂÒ ÈˆÚ˘ ‰Ê ˜ÂÒÙÓ ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ „ˆÈÎ ¯Â‡È· ÍÈ¯ˆÂ ˙·ÂÓ ‰È‡Â

‡‡‡‡‡¯ ÂÈÈ‰ ˙˘˘ ·¯ ÔÎ Ì‡ È¯‰˘ ¨‰˘˜ ˙‡Ê ˙ÙÒÂ˙ Í‡ ¨¢ÆÆÆß‰Ï ‚Á ‰Ó¢ ¯Â‡È· ÂÙÈÒÂ‰ ’‰„Â‰È

‚‰ Æ‡¯È˙· Ô·Ú·˘ ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ˙˘˘ ·¯ È¯·„· ‰Ò¯È¯‰˘ ¨˙·ÂÓÂ ‰ÁÂ ¢ÌÈÓÈ ˙

ÌÈ‡˙Ó ¢ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ˜ÂÒÙ‰˘ ¨¯Ó‡Â ÌÎÒ Æ‰Ú·˘Ï ‡È‰ ‰ÎÂÒ‰ ˙ÈÈ˘Ú˘ ¯‡Â·Ó

‚ÂÒ· ˙Â‡·ÂÓ‰ ˙Â˘¯„Ï ¯˙ÂÈÆ‰È

‚‰ Í‡‚ÂÒ‰ ÍÏ‰ÓÓ ‰˘˜ ¢ÆÆÆ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ‰Ò¯‚ÂÒ‰ Æ‰È˜ÂÒÙÓ „ÂÓÏÏ ‰ÒÓ ‰È

˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ˜ÂÒÙ‰Ó ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ È‡Ó˘ ˙È·˘ ‰˜ÈÒÓ ÔÎÏÂ ˙˘˘ ·¯Ï Í¯ˆ ‰Ê ˜ÂÒÙ˘ ‰ÁÂ„Â

¨¢ÆÆÆ‰˘Ú˙µπÆ¢ÆÆÆÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ÂÈ‡ „ÂÓÏÏ ÂÒÈ ÂÓÓ˘ ˜ÂÒÙ‰˘ Ô‡ÎÓ

‚ ¨‰‰Â ˙Ò¯ÏÏÏÏÏ‚ÂÒ‰ ˙˜ÒÓ· Ú·˘ ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á ‡È¯Á‡ ‡¯˜ ß˙Î¢ ∫‡È‰ ‰ÈÌÈÓÈ ˙

‚ ˙ÂÁ„Ï ‰˘˜ Æ¢ÈÈÏ ‰ÎÂÒ Û‡ ÈÈÏ ‚Á ‰Ó‚ÈÂ ¯ÙÂÒ‰ ‰ÚËÈ ÚÂ„Ó È¯‰˘ ¨˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯‚Á ‰Ó¢ ÒÂ¯

‰Ï’‚ Ì‡ ¨Ì¯· Æ¢ÆÆÆ≠Î ÒÂ¯·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó‚‰˘ ¯˘Ù‡ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á ‡È¯Á‡ ‡¯˜ ·È˙Î¢ ‡È‰ ˙È¯Â˜Ó‰ ‰Ò¯

Ú·˘Æ¢ÆÆÆ‚Á ‰Ó ∂∞‚Ï ˙˘¯„Ï Í¯ˆ ÂÈ‡ ¢‰˘Ú˙ ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ÂÒÙ‰˘ ‰ÁÂ„ ‡¯Ó‚‰ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯

Ú·˘ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢Ó ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ ÔÈ¯ÂÒ‡ ‰ÎÂÒ ÈˆÚ˘ ‰ÎÏ‰‰ ˙‡Â ˙˘˘ ·¯Ô· ‰„Â‰È ß¯ÎÂ ¢ÆÆÆ˙

Æ‡¯È˙·∂±¯Á‡ ¯Â˜Ó ‡È·‰Ï ‰˙ÂÂÎ ¢‡È¯Á‡ ‡¯˜ ·È˙Î¢ ‰¯ÓÂ‡· ‡¯Ó‚‰˘ ÂÈ·‰ ÌÈ¯ÒÓ‰

‚‰ ÔÎÏÂ ¨‰˘È ‰ÎÂÒ· È‡Ó˘ ˙È· È¯·„ÏÈÙÏ˘ ˙Â˘¯„‰ ˙‡Â ¢ÆÆÆ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢Ï ˙‡Ê Â‰È

‚‰ ÔÎÚ·˘ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢Ï Â‰ÈÆ¢ÆÆÆ˙∂≤

µ∏‚ ÚÂ¯Ê ¯Â‡‰‚ÂÒ‰ ˙ÏÈÁ˙· ¢ÔÈÚ· ‚Á Ì˘Ï ‰ÎÂÒ¢ Ò¯ÂÚ·˘ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á¢Ó ˘¢·Ï ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ˘ ˙¯·ÂÒ˘ ‰È¨¢ÆÆÆ˙‚ÂÒ‰ ˙˜ÒÓÏ Í‡‚ ¢ÆÆÆ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á¢Ó ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ˘ ‰ÈÆ¢‚Á Ì˘Ï ‰ÎÂÒ ‰˘Ú¢ Ò¯Â

µπÚ Ò¢˜„‰Ó’‚Ï˘ ¯‡·Ó Â ˙Â‡ ≤∞ ‚ÂÒ‰ ˙ÏÈÁ˙· ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ Ó¢ÈÎ ˙Ò¯ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ ‰˜ÒÓÏÂ ¢‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á¢Ó ‰È‡¯˜ ·È˙Î¢ ıÂ¯È˙·© Ó¢ÈÎ· ¢‰˘Ú˙¢ ‰ÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ ˜ÂÁÓÏ ˘È˘ Ò¢˜„‰ ·˙ÂÎ ÔÎÏÂ ¨¢ß‰Ï ÆÆÆ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á¢Ó

È ‰‡¯Â Æ‚Á· ‰ÎÂÒ ÔÈ˘ÂÚ˘ ‰Ê ˜ÂÒÙÓ ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ ‰¢· „ˆÈÎ ÔÎ Ì‡˘ ‰˘˜ ‰Ê ¯Â‡È· Í‡ Æ®¢‡È¯Á‡’¨È˜Ò‚¯Â· ¨Ë¢Ï˘˙ ¨ÔÏÈ‡ ¯· ˙ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡ ¨¯ÂË˜Â„ ˙„Â·Ú ¨¢‰˙ÎÈ¯Ú ÈÎ¯„Â ‰È˙Â¯Â˜Ó ÈÏ·· „ÂÓÏ˙ Ï˘ ‰ÎÂÒ ˙ÎÒÓ¢

ÚÓ’Æ±∞≤≠±∞∞ ∂∞Ù ÈÂÚÓ˘ ËÂ˜ÏÈ·’‚‰ ‰˜˙˙ ÊÓ¯ ‰‡¯ ÚË È‡Ó¢ ∫‡È‰ ‰Ò¯Ó’‰ÎÂÒ ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á ‡¯˜ ßÓ‡ È‡Ó˘ È·„

Ú· ‚Á Ì˘Ï ‰ÈÂ˘Ú‰·È˜Ú ¯¢˘Ó ˙˘˘ ·¯„ÎÏ ‰ÈÏ ÈÚ·ÈÓ ‡Â‰‰ ÏÏÈ‰ ˙È·Â Ô’ÔÈ¯ÂÒ‡˘ ‰ÎÂÒ ÈˆÚÏ ÔÈÓ Ú·˘ ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á ß˘ ‰Ú·˘ ÏÎ ‰‡‰·È˙Â ÌÈÓÈ ˙’„Â‰È ß¯ ’Â‡ ß¯È˙· Ô· ’Ì˘ ÏÁ˘ Ì˘Î˘ ÔÈÓ

‚Á ÏÚ ÌÈÓ˘‚Á ‰Ó ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á Ï¢˙ ‰ÎÂÒ‰ ÏÚ ÌÈÓ˘ Ì˘ ÏÁ ÍÎ ‰‚ÈÈÈÏ ‰‚È’ÈÓ È‡Ó˘ ˙È·Â ßÈÈÏ ‰ÎÂÒ Û‡

ÚË È‡Ó ‡Ï‡ ÈÓ ÈÎ‰ ÔÈ‡ ÈÎ‰Ï ‰ÈÏ ÈÚ·ÈÓÓ’Ú·˘ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á ‡È¯Á‡ ‡¯˜ ß˙Î È‡Ó˘ ˙È·„ ‰ÎÂÒ ÌÈÓÈ ˙Ú· ‚Á Ì˘Ï ‰ÈÂ˘Ú‰‚‰ ËÂ˜ÏÈ· Ì‚ Æ¢Ô‰ÏÂÚ ËÂ˜ÏÈ‰Ó Í‡ ¢‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ‡È‰ ˙˘˘ ·¯ È¯·„· ‰Ò¯

Ú·˘ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á¢Ó ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ ˘¢· ‰˜ÒÓÏ˘‚ Æ¢˙‰Ó ÈÙÏÂ Æ˙Ó„Â˜‰ ‰¯Ú‰· È˙·˙Î˘ ÈÙÎ ‰˘˜ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯ıÂ¯È˙·˘ ‰·‰‰ ˙Â·˜Ú· ‡È‰ ˙‡Ê ˙ÙÒÂ˙Â ¢ÆÆÆ‰ÈÂ˘Ú‰ ‰ÎÂÒ¢ „ÂÓÈÏ‰ ÚÈÙÂ‰ ‡Ï ¯Â˜Ó·˘ ‰‡¯ È˙¯‡È·˘

Ú„Ï Â˜Ó ÌÈ‡È·Ó‰‡¯Â ÆÔÈ¯ÂÒ‡ ‰ÎÂÒ ÈˆÚ˘ ÍÎÏ „ÂÓÈÏ ‡È·‰Ï ‡È‰ È¯Â˜Ó‰ ‰ÂÂÎ‰ Í‡ ‰˘È ‰ÎÂÒ· ¢· È ¯È„‰Ó‰© ÈÂÚÓ˘ ËÂ˜ÏÈ ÏÚ ¯È„‰Ó·’Í‡ Æ¯ÁÂ‡Ó‰ ‡¯˜ÓÓ ‡˘È¯· ˘È¯„ ‰ÓÏ ‰˘˜Ó˘ ®≥≤ ‰¯Ú‰· ÈÂÏÈ˘

‚ È˙˘¯ÈÙ˘ ÈÙÎÚËÎ ‰˜ÒÓÏ Û‡ ¯‡˘ ‰˘¯„‰ ‡Ê ‰Ò¯˙˘¯„˘ Ì˘ ‰˘˜Ó „ÂÚ Æ˙ÈÁ„ ‰È‡Â ¢· Ï˘ ÌÓÚ·˘„ ‡¯˜Ó‰ ÏÚ ˙ÂÈ ·˘ÂÈÓ ·¢·È¯‰Ï ÌÈÓÈ ’·¯ ˘¯„Ó ˙Â˘˜‰Ï ßÓ‚‰ ˙ÂÂÎ È¯‰˘ È˘Â˜ ÍÎ· ÔÈ‡ Í‡ Æ

Æ˙˘˘∂±‚ ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ·ÚË È‡Ó ‡Ï‡ ÈÓ ÈÎ‰ ÔÈ‡¢ ‰·Â˘˙‰ ˙ÏÈÁ˙· ÌÈÒ¯Â‚Ï Æ¢˘¢·„ Â‰ÈÓ·È˙Î¢ ıÂ¯È˙‰ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯

Ú„Ï ÌÚËÎ ˘Ó˘Ó ¢‡È¯Á‡ ‡¯˜≠· Í‡ Æ˘¢· ˙·˙·˙·˙·˙·˙‡¯˜ ·È˙Î¢ ‰·Â˘˙‰˘ ¯˘Ù‡ ÍÎ Ì‡Â ‰Ê ËÙ˘ÓÏ ‡˙ÈÏ Æ‰ÎÂÒ‰ ÈˆÚ· ˘ÂÓÈ˘ ¯ÂÒÈ‡Ï ˙ÒÁÈÈ˙Ó ¢‡È¯Á‡

∂≤‚ÂÒ ÏÚ ·˙ÂÎ Û¢È¯‰ÚË È‡Ó¢ ∫ÍÎ Â˙ÈÈÓ‡„ È‡Ó˘ ˙È·„ ßÓ’Ú·˘ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á ‡¯˜ ‚Á ÌÂ˘Ï ‰ÎÂÒ ‰˘Ú ÌÈÓÈ ˙

[16]


¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡

‚ ˙Ò¯ ·˙Ó ·˙Ó ·˙Ó ·˙Ó ·˙Ó‚ ‡È‰ ‰‡¯‰ ÈÙÎÂ ¨ÈÂÚÓ˘ ËÂ˜ÏÈ·Â ‚¢‰ ¨Ù¢‰· ˙‡ˆÓ‚ ÆÛ¢È¯‰ ˙Ò¯˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯

‚ÂÒ· ‰ÓÈ‡˙Ó ‰È‡Úˆ‰Â Â˙ÈÈ‚ÂÒÏ ¯ÂÊÁ˘ È˙‚Ï ‰È‚ Æ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯¯·Î ˙‡ˆÓ ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ ˙Ò¯

Æ‰ÊÈ‚‰ ÈÚË˜·

≤Æ¥ ≤Æ¥ ≤Æ¥ ≤Æ¥ ≤Æ¥ËËËËË ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡

‚ÂÒ‰˙Â·Ï ÍÈ¯ˆ˘ ÌÈ¯·ÂÒ È‡Ó˘ È· Æ‰˘È ‰ÎÂÒ· ÏÏ‰ È·Â È‡Ó˘ È· ˜ÂÏÁÓ· ˜ÒÂÚ ‰È

Ú·˘ ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ˜ÂÒÙ‰Ó ˙‡Ê ÌÈ„ÓÂÏÂ ‚Á Ì˘Ï ‰ÎÂÒÌÈ¯·ÂÒ ÏÏ‰ ˙È· Æ¢ÌÈÓÈ ˙

˙È· ÏÚ ‰˘˜Ó ‡¯Ó‚‰ Æ‰Â˘ ÔÙÂ‡· ˜ÂÒÙ‰ ˙‡ ÌÈ˘¯Â„Â ‚Á Ì˘Ï ‰ÎÂÒ ˙Â˘ÚÏ Í¯Âˆ ÔÈ‡˘

∫‰Ó˘Ï ‰˙Â˘ÚÏ ÍÈ¯ˆ˘ ˙ÈˆÈˆÓ ‚Á Ì˘Ï ‰ÈÂ˘Ú ‡Ï˘ Û‡ ÏÚ ‰ÎÂÒ ÌÈ¯È˘ÎÓ˘ ÏÏ‰

Ó‡ ‰„Â‰È ·¯„ Â‰Ï ˙ÈÏ ÏÏ‰ ˙È·Â’ÔÓÂ ÔÈˆÂ˜‰ ÔÓ ‰‡˘Ú ·¯ ¯Ó‡ ‰„Â‰È ·¯ ¯Ó‡„ ·¯

ÔÓ Û‡ ÈÏ ¯Ó‡ Ï‡ÂÓ˘„ ‰ÈÓ˜ ‰˙È¯Ó‡ ÈÎ ‰¯˘Î ÔÈÒÈÒ‰ ÔÓ ‰ÏÂÒÙ ÔÈ„¯‰ ÔÓÂ ÔÈÓÈ‰

Æ‰Ó˘Ï ‰ÈÈ˘Ú ÔÈÚ· ÈÓ ‡Î‰ ‰Ó˘Ï ‰ÈÈÂË ÔÈÚ· ‡ÓÏ‡ ‰ÏÂÒÙ ÈÓ ÔÈÒÈÒ‰

‚ ÏÚ ¯ÈÚÓ È¢˘¯‚ÂÒ‰ ˙Ò¯∫‰È

‚ ‡Ï ‡ÓÏ‡‚„ Ô‡Ó„ ‰Ó˘Ï ‰ÈÂË ÔÈÚ·„ ‰ÏÂÒÙ ÔÈÒÈÒ‰ ÔÓ Û‡ ‚¢‰ ‡Ï‡ ÔÈÒ¯‡ÓÏ‡ Ò¯

‡È‰ ‡˙ÏÈÓ Â‡ÏÂ Ï‡ÂÓ˘„Ó ‡Ï‡ ·È˙ÂÓ ‡Ï ÔÎ Ì‡Â ‰Ï ¯Ó‡˜ ·È˙ÂÓ„ È‡‰„ ÚÓ˘Ó

ÆÈÚ· ‰Ó˘Ï ‰È˘Ú ÈÓ ·¯„

Ú„Ó Û‡ ‡È‰ ‰Ï‡˘‰˘ ·ÂÒ È¢˘¯ÚËÂ ÔÈˆÂ˜‰ ÔÓ ÏÒÂÙ˘ ·¯ Æ‰Ó˘Ï ‰ÈÈ˘Ú ÍÈ¯ˆ˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ÂÓ

Ú„Ó ˜¯ ‡È‰ ‰Ï‡˘‰˘ ÌÈ¯·ÂÒÂ È¢˘¯ ÏÚ ÌÈ˜ÏÂÁ ÌÈÂ˘‡¯‰ ·Â¯ Í‡ÆÏ‡ÂÓ˘ ˙∂≥

¯ ÌÂ˘Ó ˙˘˘ ·¯ ßÓ‡„ ˙˘˘ ·¯„ÎÏ ‰ÈÏ ÈÚ·Ó ‡Â‰‰ ÏÏ‰ ˙È·Â’‰Ú·˘ ÏÎ ÔÈ¯ÂÒ‡˘ ‰ÎÂÒ ÈˆÚÏ ÔÈÓ ‡·È˜Ú Ú·˘ ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á Ï¢˙¯ ‡È˙Â ÈÈÏ ÌÈÓÈ ’‚Á‰ ÏÚ ÌÈÓ˘ Ì˘ ÏÁ˘ Ì˘Î˘ ÔÈÓ ßÓÂ‡ ‡¯È˙· Ô· ‰„Â‰È ÏÁ ÍÎ ‰‚È

‚Á ‰Ó ÈÈÏ ˙ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á Ï¢˙ ‰ÎÒ‰ ÏÚ ÌÈÓ˘ Ì˘ÚË˘ Û¢È¯‰Ó ‰ÏÂÚ‰ Æ¢ÈÈÏ ‰ÎÂÒ Û‡ ÈÈÏ ‰‚È‡Â‰ ˘¢· Ï˘ ÌÓÚ·˘ ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ÂÒÙ‰Ó‚È· ‰Ê Í‡ ßÈÈÏ ÌÈÓÈ ‚ÂÒ ˜ÒÓÏ „ÂÓ ‡Â‰ „ÂÓÈÏ‰˘ Â˙ÈÈ’Æ¢ÆÆÆ‰˘Ú˙ ÂÎÒ‰ ‚Á

¯˘Ù‡ ÔÎ Ì‡Â ¢ÈÈÏ¢ ÚÈÙÂÓ ‡Ï Û¢È¯· Í‡ Æ‰Ú·˘ ÏÎ ÔÈ¯ÂÒ‡ ‰ÎÂÒ ÈˆÚ˘ ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ ˘¢· ÔÈÓ ‰˘˜ ¨ÔÎ ÂÓÎ˜ÂÒÙÏ ‰ÓÈ‡˙Ó˘ ¢‚Á ÌÂ˘Ï ‰ÎÂÒ ‰˘Ú¢ ‡È‰ ‰˘¯„‰ ¨ÔÎ ÂÓÎ Æ¢ÆÆÆ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ‡Â‰ ˜ÂÒÙ‰ ¯Â˜Ó·˘

‚‰ ÍÎ˘ ÈÏ ¯ÒÓ Ë·˘ ‡¯ÊÚ ¯¢„ ÔÎ‡Â ÆÌÈ¯·„·ÂÈ¯·„ÏÂ ®¢ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙¢© Û¢È¯‰ Ï˘ µµ∞ „¯ÂÙÒ˜Â‡ È¢Î· ‰Ò¯‚ Ì‚ ÍÎ© Û¢È¯‰ Ï˘ ¯˙ÂÈ· ·ÂË‰ „È‰ ·˙Î ‡Â‰‚ÂÒ· ‡È·Ó˘ ˘¢‡¯‰ Ò¯ÂÏÈÚÏ ‰‡¯Â Û¢È¯‰ È¯·„ ˙‡ Â˙ÈÈ

‚Ï Æ®µ∞ ‰¯Ú‰ÏÚ ÌÈ·È˘Ó ‰¢·Â ¢ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙¢Ó ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ ˘¢· È¯‰˘ ¨ÌÈ·ÂÓ ÌÈ‡ ÏÏÎ Û¢È¯‰ È¯·„ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯Ú Û¢È¯‰ ÈÙÏ Ì‡ Æ¢ß‰Ï ‚Á¢ ˜ÂÒÙ‰‚‰ ‰„Ó·¯ È¯·„Ï ¯Â˜ÓÎ ¢ÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙¢ ˜ÂÒÙ‰© ‰˙Â‡ È˙¯ÊÁ˘˘ ÈÙÎ ‰Ò¯

ÈˆÚ˘ ‰Ê ˜ÂÒÙÓ ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ ‰¢· ¨¢ÆÆÆÍÏ ‰˘Ú˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒ‰ ‚Á¢ ˜ÂÒÙ‰Ó ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ ˘¢· ÆÌÈ·ÂÓ ÌÈ¯·„‰ ÈÊ‡ ®˙˘˘‚È· Æ¢ß‰Ï ‚Á¢ ÂÒÙ‰Ó ‡Ê ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ ¢·Â ÌÈ¯ÂÒ‡ ‰ÎÂÒ‚ÂÒÏ „ÂÛ¢È¯‰ ‚Á· ‰ÎÂÒ ‰˘Ú ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ ‰¢·Ï˘ Â˙ÈÈ

Æ‰Ú·˘Ï ‰ÎÂÒ ÍÈ¯ˆ˘ ÌÈ˘¯Â„ ‡Ï ÏÏÎ È¯‰˘ ‚Á· ‰ÎÂÒ ÌÈ˘ÂÚ˘ ÍÎÏ „ÂÓÈÏ ÍÈ¯ˆ ÔÈ‡˘ ¯·ÂÒ∂≥Ú„ÏÚË È¢˘¯ ˙Ú„Ï˘ ·˙ÂÎ ¯Â‡Ó‰ ÏÚ· Æ‰Ó˘Ï ‰ÈÈ˘Ú ÍÈ¯ˆ˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ‡Â‰ ·¯ Ï˘ ÂÓ‡Â‰ ÌÚË‰ ÌÈÂ‡‚‰ ˙

‚ ÔÈ‡˘’‚· Ô‰Ó ˙Â˘ÚÏ ÔÈÈÂ‡¯ ÂÏÏ‰ ÌÈÈÓ ‚· ÔÈ‡Â ¯Óˆ‰ ˙ÏÂÒÙ Ì‰˘ „Ïˆ‡ ‡ˆÓ ‰Ê ÌÚË ÆÔ˙ÂÓÎÓ ‰˘Ú „‚ ßÏÚ ¨Ë¢Ò¯˙ ˜¯ÂÈ ÂÈ ¨‰˜ÈÂ‡‚ ¨‚¯Â·ˆÈÓ’Ú ¨‰ÎÂÒ ¨„¢Ó˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨ÌÈÂ‡‚‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ ¨ÔÈÂÏ Ó¢·Ω© ≥≥± Ó’

Ú ¨·¢˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨ÛÒ‡ ß˘ ˙¯Â„‰Ó ¨ÌÈÂ‡‚‰ ˙Â·Â˘˙· ÔÎÂ Æ®±¥Ó’Ú ¨ÌÈÂ‡‚‰ ¯ˆÂ‡Ω© ±∂∂ ˙Â·Â˘˙ ª±¥ ßÓÈ ˙¯Â„‰Ó ¨È‡Â¯Ë ·¯’Ú ¨„¢˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨È„Â¯· Ó’Ú„Ï Æ®∂≥µ Ï‡ÂÓ˘ È¯·„Ó ‡È‰ ßÓ‚‰ ˙Ï‡˘ ÌÈÂ‡‚‰ ˙

È¯·„ ˙‡ Ì‚ Â‡È·‰Â ‡ÙÈÒ ÌÂ˘Ó ‡˘È¯ Ë˜ Ï‡ÂÓ˘ È¯·„Ó ‰Ï‡˘‰˘ Ù¢Ú‡˘ ¯‡·Ó Ó¢‰Ú· Æ·¯ È¯·„Ó ‡ÏÂ‰ ˙ÂÓÁÏÓ· Ô¢·Ó¯‰ Æ·¯’È˘¯ÙÓ ¯ˆÂ‡ ‰‡¯Â Æ˘¢ÈÚ ¨˜ÏÂÁ „¢·‡¯‰ Í‡ ‰Ó˘Ï ÍÈ¯ˆ ÔÈ‡ ·¯Ï˘ ‰È‡¯ ‡È·Ó

Ú ¨‡ ‰ÎÂÒ ¨‡¢Ó˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨„ÂÓÏ˙‰Ó’Æ·Ï¯

[17]


¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡

Ú„Ó Û‡ ‡È‰ ‰Ï‡˘‰˘ ·¯ ‡ ‰Ï‡˘· ÂÈÈˆ˘ ÍÎÓ ÁÈÎÂÓ È¯È‡Ó‰‚Ï ÔÈ‡Â ·¯ Æ¢‡ÓÏ‡¢ ÒÂ¯

‚ ÌÈ‡˘ ˘È˘ ·˙ÂÎ ‡¢·ËÈ¯‰∫·˙ÂÎ Á¢¯ ÔÎ‡Â ÆÏ‡ÂÓ˘ È¯·„Ó ‡È‰ ‰Ï‡˘‰˘ ÔÂÂÈÎÓ ·¯ ÌÈÒ¯Â

‚‰ ÌÈ„Ú‰ ÏÎ· Æ¢ÆÆÆ‰‡˘Ú Ó‡„ ‰„Â‰È ·¯„ ‡‰ Â‰Ï ÈÏ ‰¢·Â¢¢·¯ Ó‡ ‰„Â‰È ·¯„¢ ‡È‰ ‰Ò¯

≠Â Á¢¯· „·ÏÓÓÓÓÓÓ‚ Æ¢·¯ ¯Ó‡¢ ‡˙ÈÏ˘ ‚„Ó Ó¢ÈÎ ˙Ò¯‚ Æ·¯ È¯·„Ó ‰È‡ ‰Ï‡˘‰˘ ‰˘È‰Ò¯

ÆÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ· ‰È‡Â Á¢¯ Ïˆ‡ ¯·Î ˙‡ˆÓ ˙‡Ê

≤Æµ ≤Æµ ≤Æµ ≤Æµ ≤ÆµÎÎÎÎÎ ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢·····

‚ ÛÂÏÈÁ· ÔÂ„‡ ÆÌ„‡ È„È· ‰˘Ú ‡Ï˘ Ï‰Â‡ Ï˘ ÌÈ¯˜Ó· ‰„ ˙ÂÏ‰‡· ‰˘Ó‰„Á‡· ‰Ò¯

∫ÌÈËÈ¯Ù‰

Í·¯Ó— ÓÓÓÓÓ¨ÔÂ‡‚ ¨∂¥ Í·„Ó — „ÒÏÂ„ÒÏÂ„ÒÏÂ„ÒÏÂ„ÒÏÂ Í·„ ªÈ¢˘¯ ¨— ·˙‡·˙‡·˙‡·˙‡·˙‡¨È¯È‡Ó ¨¯‰‰ ÔÓ Ì‰¯·‡ ÂÈ·¯ ¨

ª‡¢·ËÈ¯∂µ ‚·„Ó —ªÁ¢¯ ∂∂ ÍÈ·¯Ó —ÆÔÂ˘Á ·¯ ∂∑

ÈÏÂÙ ÒÂÙ„·Â ¥π∑ ‰Ó¯Ù ¨±≥∏ ‰Ó¯Ù ¨ÂÏ ¨ÔÓÙÂ˜ ∫ÔÏ‰Ï„Î ‡Â‰ ‰˘Ó‰ Ï˘ ÌÈ„Ú‰ ·ˆÓ

¨¢‚·¯Ó¢ ‡Â‰ ÁÒÂ‰ ·¢¯∂∏‚‰ ÔÎÂ ¨˙Â¯‰ËÏ ÌÈÂ‡‚‰ ˘Â¯ÈÙ· ‰Ò¯∂π‚ ‡È‰ ÔÎÂ ÆÍÂ¯Ú‰ ˙Ò¯∑∞

‚Ï ¯ÎÊ ¯‡˘ ‡Ï ÈÏ··‰ Ï˘ ÁÒÂ‰ È„Ú·Æ˙È¯Â˜Ó‰ ‡È‰ ‰‡¯‰ ÈÙÎ˘ ¨¢‚·¯Ó¢ ‰Ò¯∑±‚ ˙Ò¯

‡¯˜Ó· ¯Â˘ ‰Ï È˘ ¢Í·¯Ó¢Ï ÂÈ˘ ÁÂ‡Ó ·Ï˘· Æ¯Â˜ÓÏ ˙ÂÈ· ‰·Â¯˜‰ ‡È‰ ¢‚·„Ó¢ Á¢¯∑≤

Æ¢Í·„¢Â ¢Í·„Ó¢Ï ÂÈ˘˘ ˘ÈÂ

∂¥˘ ˙¯Â„‰Ó ¨ÌÈÂ‡‚‰ ˙Â·Â˘˙’Ú ¨·¢˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨ÛÒ‡ Ó’¯ÈÚ‰Ï ˘È Æ‰˘Ó‰ Ï˘ ÊÈ¯Ù È¢Î· ÁÒÂ‰ ÔÎÂ Æ±≥π ‚ ˙ÂÏ‰‡ ˙˘Ó·˘ Ò¯ÂÓÓÓÓÓÆ¢Í·„Ó¢

∂µÚ Ò¢˜„‰Ó’‚˘ ·˙ÂÎ µπ ˙Ò¯ÓÓÓÓÓ‚Â ÔÂÎ ‰Ê ÔÈ‡Â ¢Í·„Ó¢ ‡È‰ Æ¢Í·¯Ó¢ ‡È‰ Â˙Ò¯∂∂‰ÈÂ ¨ËÂ‰‡˜ È¢Á ˙¯Â„‰Ó ¨ÌÏ˘‰ ÍÂ¯Ú· Æ‡¯Ó‚· ÒÂÙ„‰ È¢ÙÚ ‰‚Â‰˘ ‰‡¯Â ¨Í·„Ó ∫‡ÏÈÂ ÒÂÙ„ Á¢¯·

Ú ¨Ê ¨·¢¯˙≠Á¢Ï¯˙Ó’Ù„ ‚¢¯·Â ˙ÂÏÈ‰‡· ‚¢Ù·¢ ∫·˙ÂÎ ®‚·¯ Í¯Ú© ≤¥≤ ’¯ÂÂÒ ÔÎÂ ÌÈ·‡ Ï˘ ‚·¯Ó ÔÎÂ Ô˘È‰ ÈÙ Í·¯Ó ‡¢Ò ÆÆÆ˙Â¯Â˜ Ï˘’Æ¢‰Ê ‚¢Ú ‰Ê ÌÈ·‡ Ï˘ ÔÈ· ÂÓÎ ‚·¯Ó

∂∑Ú ¨®∂≥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÌÈÂ‡‚‰ ¯ˆÂ‡Ó’‚ ‡È·Ó ÍÂ¯Ú‰ Æπ≥ Æ®˙Ó„Â˜‰ ‰¯Ú‰ ‰‡¯© ‡¢Ò Ì˘· ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯∂∏‡ ˙¯Â„‰Ó ¨‡Â·ÓÂ ˘Â¯ÈÙ ÌÚ ˙ÈÚ„Ó ‰¯Â„‰Ó ˙ÂÏ‰‡ ˙ÎÒÓ ‰‡¯’‚ Ú ¨Â¢Ë˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨‚¯·„ÏÂÓ’˜¢ÈÎ· Æ≥≤

ÆÈ¢‰Î· ˙ÂÈ¯Â˜Ó ÔÈ‡ ¢‚·¢ ˙ÂÈ˙Â‡‰∂πÚ ·¢Ó˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ÔÈÈË˘Ù‡ ¢È ‡Ó Â¯Ú‰Â ‡Â·Ó ÌÚ Â¯‰Ë „ÒÏ ÌÈÂ‡‚‰ Â¯ÈÙÓ’ÌÈÂ‡‚‰ ˆÂ‡Ω© ∏≥

Ú ¨˛∂≥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ¸Æ®π≥ ßÓ∑∞Ú Â ®∂∂ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÍÂ¯Ú· ‰‡¯ Í‡ Æ∂∂ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ ‰‡¯Ó’‚˘ ®¢¯ÂÂÒ¢ Í¯Ú© ≤π ¯ÈÚ‰ ÔÎÂ ¢Í·„¢ ‡È‰ Â˙Ò¯

Ú ¨®„¢Ï˘˙© ÁÏ ¨ÂÂ˘Ï ¨¢ÍÂ¯Ú‰ ¯˜ÁÏ¢ ¨ÔÂÒÓ¯·‡ ß˘ ‰‡¯Â Æ‰ÓÏ˘ ˙Î‡ÏÓ·Ó’¢‚·¯¢ Í¯Ú‰˘ ≤∂±≠≤∂∞ ÚÂÓÍ·„˘ ÛÒÂ ¯Â‡È· ÚÈˆÓ ÔÂÒÓ¯·‡ Æ¯Á‡ ¯Â˜ÓÓ ‡Â‰ ¢¯ÂÂÒ¢ Í¯Ú‰ ÂÏÈ‡Â ˙Â¯‰ËÏ ÌÈÂ‡‚‰ ˘Â¯ÈÙÓ ˜˙

‚˘‡ ‡Ï‡ ÂÈ‡ ¢¯ÂÂÒ¢ Í¯Ú· ÚÈÙÂÓ˘Æ˙ÂÏ‰‡ ˙˘ÓÓ ÍÂ¯Ú‰ ‡È·‰ ‡Ï ¢Í·„¢ Í¯Ú·˘ ‰È‡¯ÏÂ ÌÈ¯ÙÂÒ ˙¯∑±˘ ‰‡¯’Ú ¨· ¨„¢Ú¯˙ ‰Ò„Â‡ ¨„ÂÓÏ˙‰ ˙ÂÈÂÓ„˜ ¨ÒÈÂ¯˜ Ó’˘¯Â˘‰Â ÌÈ·‡ Ï˘ ÛÒÂ‡Î ¢‚·¯Ó¢ ˘¯ÙÓ˘ ≤∑∏

‰‡ˆÂÓ ˙‡Ê ‰ÏÈÓ˘ ¢‚·¯Ó¢ Í¯Ú· ¯‡·Ó ËÂ‰‡˜ Æ¢Í·¯¢ ˘¯Â˘Ó ˘¯ÙÓ Ì¢·Ó¯‰ Æ‚·¯ΩÚ·¯Ωı·¯ ∫ÍÎ ¯ˆÂ

ÚÂ È·¯Ú ÏÚÂÙÓÆ¯·ÁÂ ˜·„ È·¯Ú ÔÂ˘ÏÓ ·˙ÂÎ ¢‚·¯¢ Í¯Ú·Â Æ‰Ê ÍÂ˙· ‰Ê ‰ÎÈ·Ò ‰ÈÈ∑≤‚ Ì˙ˆ˜ ÏÚ Ì˙ˆ˜ ˙Â¯Â·ˆ Ì‰˘ ÌÈ·‡‰ ˘¯ÈÙÂ¢ ∫˘¯ÙÓ ÔÂ˘Á ·¯ÚÓ ‡Â‰˘¸ ßÂÎÂ ‰‡È·˙ ˙Î·¯ÓÓ ¯ÊÔÈ

‚‰ ÔÈ· Â¯ÈÙ· Ï„·‰‰ ‡ ‡·Ó˘ ‰ÓÏ˘ Î‡ÏÓ· ‰‡¯Â Æ¢˛¯Â„Ò‰˙Î·¯ÂÓ¢ ÔÂ˘ÏÓ ‡Â‰ Í·¯Ó Æ˙ÂÂ˘‰ Â‡Ò¯‚Ï ÌÈ‡˙Ó Â˘Â¯ÈÙÂ ‰¯Â˘ ¯ÙÓ ¢‡¯‰ Æ˙ÂÈ˘Ó‰ Â¯ÈÙ· Ì¢·Ó¯‰ ¯ÈÙ ÍÎ Æ¯Â„ÈÒ ÂÚÓ˘Ó˘ ¢‰‡È·˙‰Ò¯

‚ ÍÂ¯Ú‰Â Í·„ÓÏÚ ·˙Î˘ „È ¨Â ‡¯˜ÈÂÏ ‡¯ÊÚ Ô·‡· ‰‡¯Â ÆÂÊ È·‚ ÏÚ ÂÊ ÌÈ·‡ ÔÈÈ· Â˘Â¯ÈÙ˘ ¨‚·¯Ó Ò¯Â˙ÂÎÏ‰ Ì¢·Ó¯‰Ó ‰‡¯ ÔÎÂ ¨‰¯È·ˆ ÔÂ˘ÏÓ Ì‚¯˙ ÁÙ‡˜ ·¯‰ Ï˘ ˙ÂÈ˘Ó‰ ˘Â¯ÈÙ·Â ÆÁ‡ ÂÏ ÔÈ‡˘ ¢˙Î·Â¯Ó¢

‰‡¯ Í‡ Æ¢˙Â¯Â˜ Â‡ ÌÈ·‡ ·ˆ˘¢ ·˙ÂÎ˘ ‡ ‚È Ó ‡ÓÂËM. Jastrow, A Dictionary of the Targumim,

the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature, New York 1967, p. 835˘¯ÙÓ˘ ∫¢Í·¯Ó¢“an irregular pile”Æ

[18]


¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡

‚ Ò¯ÓÓÓÓÓÆÌÈÂ‡‚‰ Ïˆ‡ ·Î ·Á ÂÏ È˘ ÁÒÂ· ÌÂ„˜ ·Ï˘ ‚ˆÈÈÓ Í‡ ˙È¯Â˜Ó ‰È‡ ÌÓ‡

‚ÆÈÓÈ˙‰ ÁÒÂ· ‡Ï Û‡Â ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ· ˙‡ˆÓ ‡Ï ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯

≤Æ∂ ≤Æ∂ ≤Æ∂ ≤Æ∂ ≤Æ∂ÎÎÎÎÎÁÁÁÁÁ ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡

Ú·Â˜ ‰˘Ó‰Â˘Â¯ÈÙ ˜ÂÒÙ·˘ ¢Á¯Ê‡¢˘ ÍÎÓ ˙‡Ê ˙„ÓÂÏ ‡˙ÈÈ¯·‰ Æ‰ÎÂÒÓ ˙Â¯ÂËÙ ÌÈ˘˘ ˙

‰˘˜Ó ÍÎ ÏÚ Æ‰ÎÂÒÓ ÌÈ˘ ÌÈËÚÓÓ ¢Á¯Ê‡‰¢ ‰ÏÈÓ·˘ ‡¢‰‰ ˙ÙÒÂ˙ÓÂ ÌÈ˘ ÔÈ·Â ÌÈ¯·‚ ÔÈ·

‚ÂÒ‰¢Á¯Ê‡‰¢ ‰ÏÈÓ·˘ ‡¢‰‰ ÙÒÂ˙ÓÂ ÌÈ¯·‚ Â˘Â¯ÈÙ ¢Á¯Ê‡¢˘ ÌÈ¯·ÂÒ Ì˘ ÌÈ¯ÂÙÈÎ‰ ÌÂÈÓ ‰È

‡¯˜ È‰¢ ÌÈÏ‡Â˘ ÍÎ ÏÚÂ ¨È‡¯˜‡ Ô·¯ Â‰ÈÎÓÒ‡Â Â‰È ‡˙ÎÏÈ‰˘ ı¯˙Ó ‡·¯ ÆÌÈ˘ ÌÈ·¯Ó

Æ¢‡˙ÎÏ‰ È‰Â

‚ ÈÙÂÏÈÁ È ÂÈÏÚ˘ ‰Ï‡˘·Â ‡·¯ Ï˘ ÂˆÂ¯È˙· ∫‰Ò¯‚‰ÏÎ· ‰ÚÈÙÂÓ˘ ÈÙÎ ‡·¯ È¯·„· ‰Ò¯

‚Ï Æ®ÌÈÏ˜ ÌÈÈÂÈ˘·© ¢Â‰È ‡˙ÎÏÈ‰¢ ‡È‰ ÌÈÒÂÙ„·Â ÌÈÓÏ˘‰ È¢‰ÎÌÈÈ„‰Ó „Á‡ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯

ÔÈ„‰ Â‰ÓÂ ˜ÂÒÙÓ „ÓÏ˘ ÔÈ„‰ Â‰Ó ‰˘˜Ó ‡¯Ó‚‰ ÔÎÏÂ ¨Â‰Ó ˘¯ÈÙ ‡ÏÂ ‡˙ÎÏÈ‰Ó „ÓÏ

Æ‡˙ÎÏÈ‰Ó „ÓÏ˘

Î¢˜·∑≥‚‰ ‚ Æ¢‡¯˜ ‡„ÁÂ ß˙ÎÏÈ‰ ‡„Á¢ ∫‡È‰ ‰Ò¯„Á‡ ˜¯ ‰ÈÙÏÂ ÁÂÒÈ· ˙˜ÈÈ„Ó ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯

Æ‡˙ÎÏÈ‰ ‡Â‰ ÌÈÈ„‰Ó

‚Ï ÌÈÒÁÈÈ˙Ó ‡˙ÎÏ‰ ‰¢„ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙∫ÍÎ ÌÈ·˙ÂÎÂ ‡·¯ È¯·„· ‰Ò¯

‚ ‡È‰ ‡˙ÎÏ‰È·‚ ÌÈ˙ÂÎ ˙Â· ˘È¯·Â ¨‡Ï Â˙Â ‡˙ÎÏ‰ Â‰ÈÈÈÓ ‡„Á„ „ÈÁÈ ÔÂ˘Ï ÔÈÒ¯

‡˙ÎÏ‰ Â‰ÈÈÈÓ È‰ Ì‰È˘ ÏÚ ˜ÙÂÒÓ˘ ÈÙÏ ÌÈ·¯ ÔÂ˘Ï Ë˜ ‰˘‡ ‡Ï‡ ÈÏ ÔÈ‡

ÚÂË ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙‚‰˘ ÌÈ‚ÂÒ·˘ ÔÂÂÈÎÓ ¨¢‡È‰ ‡˙ÎÏ‰¢ ‡È‰ ‰Ò¯˙„ÓÏ ‰ÎÏ‰ ÂÊÈ‡ ˜ÙÒ ÔÈ‡ Â˙ÈÈ

‚ÂÒ· ÔÎ ÔÈ‡˘ ‰Ó ¨‡˙ÎÏÈ‰Ó‚Ï Æ‰„ ˙ÈÈÆ‡˙ÎÏÈ‰ ‡È‰ ‰ÎÂÒ˘ ·È˘Ó ‡·¯ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯

‚Æ¯·„· ˜ÙÂÒÓ˘ Ô‡ÎÓÂ ¢‡˙ÎÏ‰ È‰Â ‡¯˜ È‰¢ Ï‡Â˘ ‡¯Ó‚‰ È¯‰˘ ‰˘˜ ÂÙÒÂ˙‰ Ò¯∑¥

‚˘ „Ú ÔÈ‡ ÌÈ¯È˘È‰ ÌÈ„Ú·Æ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙Î Ò¯Â∑µ

‚˘ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙ ˙‡ ¯‡·Ï ‰‡¯≠Î ‡¯Ó‚‰ ˙Ï‡˘· ÂÒ¯ÓÓÓÓÓÆ¢‡˙ÎÏÈ‰ ‡‰Â ‡¯˜ ‡‰¢ ∑∂‚Ï ‰Ò¯

Â˘Â¯ÈÙ˘ ¢Á¯Ê‡¢ ¯Ó‡ ˜ÂÒÙ· È¯‰˘ ¨ÌÈ‰Ê ‡˙ÎÏÈ‰‰ ÔÎÂ˙Â ˜ÂÒÙ‰ ÔÎÂ˙˘ ‰˘˜Ó ‡¯Ó‚‰ ˙‡Ê

Æ‡˙ÎÏÈ‰· Í¯Âˆ ÔÈ‡ ÍÎ Ì‡Â ¨ÌÈ¯·‚∑∑Â‰Ó ‰¯¯È· ‡Ï ‡¯Ó‚‰ ÈÊ‡ ¨‰Ï‡˘‰ ˙‡ ÍÎ ¯‡· Ì‡

∑≥Fr. Ebr. 338.1 Bologna, Archivio di Stato

∑¥¨Ô·ÂÓ ÂÈ‡ Ì¢¯‰Ó‰ ¯Â‡È· Ì‚ Í‡ ÆÂ˘Â¯ÈÙ ˙‡ Ì¢¯‰Ó‰ ‰Á„ ¯·ÎÂ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙‰ È¯·„ ˙‡ ˘¯ÙÏ ˜Á„ Ï¢˘¯‰Ó‰Æ˘¢ÈÚ

∑µ‚ Á¢¯‚ ¯‡·Ó Í‡ ¢‡È‰ ‡˙ÎÏ‰¢ Ò¯Â‚Ï Â¯Â‡È· Æ¢‡˙ÎÏ‰ ‡„ÁÂ ‡¯˜ ‡„Á ¯ÓÂÏÎ¢ ∫˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯ÂÈ‡ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯‚ ¯‡·Ó ı¯Ù ÂÈ·¯ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙· Ì‚ Æ‡˙ÎÏ‰Ó ˙„ÓÏ ‰ÎÏ‰ ÂÊÈ‡ ‡·¯ È¯·„· ‰Ú¯Î‰ ÔÈ‡ ÂÈ¯·„ÏÂ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙Î‰Ò¯

ÆÁ¢¯Î ˙‡Ê∑∂‚‰ „ˆÈÎ ‰ÂÓ˙Ï ÔÈ‡Â‰‡¯ ÔÎ ÂÓÎ ÆÓ¢ÈÎ· Û‡ ‡ˆÓ˘ Â‡Â¯‰ ÂÈÈÚ È¯‰˘ ÂÙÒÂ˙‰ ÈÏÚ·Ï ‰Ê È„ÂÁÈÈ ÁÒÂ ÚÈ

Ú ¨®± ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÔÓ„È¯ÙÓ’‚ˆÈÈÓ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙‰ ÈÏÚ·˘ ÔÈÓÂ‡‰ ˙‡ ¯ÎÂ˘‰ ˜¯Ù· ‡ˆÓ˘ ¨¥∏ ÁÒÂ ˙‡ ·Â¯Ï ÌÈ

ÓÙÓÙÓÙÓÙÓÙÆÌÈÂ‡‚‰ ˙ÙÂ˜˙ ¯Á‡Ï ‡ˆÓ˘ ¯Â·ÈÁ ÌÂ˘Î ‡Ï˘ ∑∑‚‰ ‡¢Ú ·Ï ‰„ ÈÏ···≠· ‰Ò¯ÓÓÓÓÓ‚‰˘ ÍÎÏ ÚÂÈÒ Ô‡ÎÓÂ ¨¢‡˙ÎÏ‰ È‰Â ‡¯˜ È‰¢ ‡È‰ ‚ÂÒ·˘ ¢‡‰¢ ‰Ò¯Â˙ÈÈ

‚ÂÒ‰ Í˘Ó‰ ¯Â‡È· Æ‰Â˘ ‰˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó‚Ï ‰ÈÚ ¨®µ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© È¯Ë˘Â˘ ‰‡¯ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯Ó’Æ±≤∑ ‰¯Ú‰·Â ≥≤¥

[19]


¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡

Æ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙‰ È¯·„ ÌÈ·ÂÓÂ ‰Ê· ˙˜ÙÂÒÓ ‰È‡ ÍÎÈÙÏÂ ‡˙ÎÏÈ‰Ó ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ˘ ÔÈ„‰∑∏‰Ê ˘Â¯ÈÙ

‚Ó Ì‚ ‰‡¯ ‡¯Ó‚‰ ˙Ï‡˘Ï ˙Ò¯·˙·˙·˙·˙·˙Æ¢‡˙ÎÏ‰ ‡È‰Â ‡¯˜ ‡È‰¢ ∑π‚˘ ¯·˙ÒÓ ‡È‰ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯

‚ÂÒ‰ ÈÙ ÏÚ ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ· ‰‰‚Â‰Â ˙È¯Â˜Ó‰Æ¢‡¯˜ È‰Â ‡˙ÎÏ‰ È‰¢ ˙Ï‡Â˘˘ ‡¢Ú ·Ï ‰„· ‰È∏∞

≤Æ∑ ≤Æ∑ ≤Æ∑ ≤Æ∑ ≤Æ∑ÎÎÎÎÎËËËËË ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡

‚ Â„¯ÈÂ ‰ÎÂÒ‰ ˙Á˙ Ô˘È ‰È‰¢ ∫˙¯ÓÂ‡ ‡˙ÈÈ¯·‰Æ¢¯Â‡È˘ „Ú ˙ÂÏÚÏ Â˙Â‡ ÔÈÁÈ¯ËÓ ÔÈ‡ ÌÈÓ˘

‚ÂÒ‰‚ÂÒ‰ Æ¯ÂÚÈ˘ Â‡ ¯Â‡È˘ „Ú ‡Â‰ ¯ÂÚÈ˘‰ Ì‡‰ ˙˜Ù˙ÒÓ ‰ÈÔ˘ÈÂ ‡˙ÈÈ¯·Ó ˙‡Ê ˙Ë˘ÂÙ ‰È

‚ ˘ÂÏ˘∫‰Ê ÚË˜· ˙ÂÈ¯˜ÈÚ ˙Â‡Ò¯

∑∏¨¯‰‰ ÔÓ ‡¢¯ Â¯ÈÙ ÛÂÒ· ÒÙ„ ‰Ê Â¯ÈÙ© ÔÂÓ„˜ Â¯ÈÙÓ ÚË˜· ‰‡¯ ‰Ê Â¯ÈÙÂ ÁÒÂÏ ‰ÓÂ„˜ ÈÁ¯ÊÓ Â„ÚÚ ¨‰¢Ï˘˙ ˜¯ÂÈ ÂÈ ¨ÈÂÏ· ˙¯Â„‰ÓÓ’È È¢Ú ÒÙ„ ÔÎÂ Æ¢ÔÂÓ„˜ ˘Â¯ÈÙÓ ÚË˜¢ Ì˘· ÊË˘ ’ÌÂ„˜ ˘Â¯ÈÙ¢ ¨Ô‰Î

Ú ˛Ô¢˘˙¸ ±∑ ‰È¯ÂÓ ¢‰ÎÂÒ ÎÒÓÏÓ’Ú· ‰‡¯Â ÆÊÎ≠ÂÎ ¨Á¢¯ Ï˘ Â˙ÙÂ˜˙· ·˙Î ‰Ê Â¯ÈÙ˘ ·ÂÒ Ô‰Î˘ ‡Î ßÓ„„Â· ˜˙ÂÚ ‡Â‰ ‰Ê ÚË˜ ÆÔ‡Â¯È˜ Ô·Î ˘Â¯ÈÙ‰ ·˙ÂÎ ˙‡ ‰‰ÊÓ ‡Â‰ ÆÂ˙ÂÓÈ„˜ ÏÚ ÌÈÚÈ·ˆÓ‰ ÌÈÓÈÒ Û‡ Ì˘ÈÂ

‚ ÏÚÂ ˙È¯È‰˜‰ ‰ÊÈ‚· ¯Ó˙˘˘‚ÏÚ ¨Ô‰Î ‰‡¯ ÂÈÏÂÓ’ˆÈ·ÂÏÂÒ ß‡ ‰‡¯ ‰Ê ˘Â¯ÈÙ Ï˘ Â·ÈËÏ Æ·Î≠‡Î ’ÏÚ¢ ¨˜ÈÚ ¨˛‚¢˘˙¸ ÁÈ ¨˙ÂÂÙˆ ¨¢‰ÎÂÒ ˙ÎÒÓÏ ÔÂÓ„˜ ˘Â¯ÈÙÓ’Ó‡¢ ∫®„È≠Ë ’Á¯Ê‡‰ ÔÈ¯Ó‡„ È‡‰„ Ú„ÂÈ ÈÂ‰ ‡·¯ ÍÏ

Ì‡ ÔÈ˘˜‡Â Æ‡È˘Â˜ È‡‰Ó ‡ÎÈÏÂ ‡¯˜‡ ‡˙ÎÏÈ‰ ÂÎÈÓÒ‡Â Á¯Ê‡ ÔÂ˘Ï ¯ÎÊ˘ ‡¯˜ Ô·¯ ÈÁÎ˘‡Â ¨‡È‰ ‡˙ÎÏÈ‰˙Ï‡˘ ‡ ¯ÙÓ ‰Ê ÌÎÁ Æ¢‡¯˜‡ Ô·¯ ‰ÂÎÓÒ ‰ÓÏ ‡¯˜Ó Â‡ ß˙ÎÏÈ‰Ó Â‰ÈÈÈÓ ‡„ÁÓ ÛÏÈÓÏ ÔÈÏÂÎÈ Â‡Â ÔÎ

‚Ï ÌÈ‡˙Ó ÂÈ‡ ‰Ê ˘Â¯ÈÙ Æ˜ÂÒÙ‰ ÏÚ ‡˙ÎÏÈ‰‰ ˙‡ ÂÎÈÓÒ‰ ÚÂ„Ó ¨ßÓ‚‰˙¯¯·Ó˘ ¢‡˙ÎÏÈ‰ È‰Â ‡¯˜ È‰¢ ‰Ò¯‚Ï ÌÈ‡˙Ó Â˘Â¯ÈÙ ÆÔÈ„ ÏÎ ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ ÔÎÈ‰Ó ˙Ò¯ÓÓÓÓÓÌÈÏÂÎÈ Â‡˘ ˙ÂÈ‰˘ ‡È‰ ‰Ï‡˘‰Â ¨¢‡˙ÎÏÈ‰ ‡‰Â ‡¯˜ ‡‰¢

‚‰ ‰Ê ˘Â¯ÈÙ· Æ˜ÂÒÙ‰ ÏÚ ˙‡Ê ÂÎÈÓÒ‰ ˜¯Â ‡˙ÎÏÈ‰Ó ˙‡Ê Â„ÓÏ ÚÂ„Ó ˜ÂÒÙ‰Ó ‰Ê ÔÈ„ „ÂÓÏÏ‡È‰ ‰Ò¯‚Ï ˘È˘ ¯ÈÚÓ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙˘ ÈÙÎ ¢‡È‰ ‡˙ÎÏÈ‰¢‚ÂÒ· ÒÂ¯ÆÂ˙ÈÈ

∑π‚ÂÒ ÏÚ ·˙ÂÎ È¢˘¯‡· È¢˘¯˘ ‰‡¯ Æ¢‡˙ÎÏ‰ ÈÏ ‰ÓÏ ‡¯˜ ÈÏ ‰ÓÏ Â˙Â ‡˙ÎÏ‰ È‰Â ‡¯˜ È‰ ‚¢‰¢ ∫˙‡Ê ‰È‚ ‡ ÂÁ„Ï Ò¯·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó‚Â ÏÈÚÏ© ÌÚ ‰‡¯Â Æ‡˙ÎÏ‰· Í¯Âˆ‰ ÏÚ ‡ÏÂ ‡˙ÎÏ‰Ó „ÓÏ ÈÓ ‡È‰ ‰Ï‡˘‰Â ¢È‰¢ Ò¯ÂÚ ®±≥ ‰¯Ú‰Ó’‰Â˘‡¯‰ ‰Ï‡˘Ï ÒÁÈÈ˙Ó ‡ÏÂ ‰ÈÈ˘‰ ‰Ï‡˘Ï ¯ È¢˘¯ ‰‚‰· ÒÁÈÈ˙Ó˘ ≤∏µ ‰¯Ú‰ ±¥≤

‚ÂÒ· ¯ÂÓ‡‰ ÏÎ ¯Â‡Ï Æ‚¢‰· ‰˙Â‡ ¯ÈÎÊÓ È¢˘¯˘ Û‡ ÏÚ‚ ˙‡ ˙ÂÁ„Ï ‡· È¢˘¯˘ ‰‡¯ ¨‰È ˙Ò¯·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó‰Ï‡˘Ï Æ‰Â˘‡¯‰

∏∞·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó‚ ‚ Æ¢ÆÆÆÂ‰È ‡˙ÎÏ‰ ‡·¯ ¯Ó‡¢ ÌÈÒ¯Â¨¯·„· ˜ÙÂÒÓ ‡·¯ È¯‰˘ ¨˙ÂÙÒÂ˙ ÌÈ¯ÈÚÓ˘ ÈÙÎ ¨‰˘˜ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯‚Ï Æ˜ÙÒ‰ ˙‡ ¯¯·Ï ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‰ÎÈ¯ˆ ‡¯Ó‚‰ Î¢‡Â‚ÂÒ· Ì¯Â˜Ó ÔÈ‡ ‡·¯ È¯·„˘ Ï¢ˆ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯Â¯·ÚÂ‰ ‡Ï‡ ¨Â˙ÈÈ

‰‡¯Â Æ‡¢Ú ·Ï ‰„© ‰„ ˙ÎÒÓÓ Í¯ÂÚ‰ È¢Ú’Ú ·È·‡ Ï˙ ¨ÈÏ··‰ „ÂÓÏ˙· ÔÈ˘Â„È˜ ˙ÎÒÓ ˙ÎÈ¯Ú ¨ÁÈÓÚ ¨Ê¢Ï˘˙Ó’‚ÂÒ· ‡·¯ È¯·„˘ ÔÚÂË˘ ¨≥±≥≠≥±≤ ‡·¯ È¯·„ ˙‡ Í¯ÂÚ‰ ˙¯·Ú‰˘ ‰‡¯ Æ®‰„Ó Â¯·ÚÂ‰ Â˙ÈÈ

‚‚‰ ÈÈÂÈ˘Ï ‰Ó¯‚ÂÒ· ‰Ò¯‚‰ ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ· Æ‰È‚‰ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙ ÂÏÈ‡Â ¨‰Ï‡˘‰ ˙‡ Â‰Èß‡ ‰‡¯Â Æ‡·¯ È¯·„ ˙‡ Â‰ÈÚ ¨‰¢Ï˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨„ÂÓÏ˙· ÌÈ¯˜ÁÓ ¨ÒÈÈÂÓ’‚ÂÒ ˙‡ ‚ÂÂÒÓ˘ ¨±≥≤ ‚ÂÒÎ Â˙ÈÈ˙È¯ÂËÒÈ‰ ˙ÂÁ˙Ù˙‰ ˙ÏÚ· ‰È

‚ ÏÚ ÍÓ˙ÒÓ ÒÈÈÂ Æ˙ÈÏÓ¯Â‚ÂÒÏ Â¯·ÚÂ‰Â ¢‡·¯¢ È¯·„ ÂÏ‡˘ ‰‡¯ Í‡ ¢‰·¯¢ ÌÈÒÂÙ„‰ ˙Ò¯ÔÈÈÚÂ ¨Â˙ÈÈ‚·ÌÈ¯ÁÂ‡Ó‰ ÌÈÒÂÙ„‰ ÁÒÂ ‰È‰ ÂÈÙÏ© ¢‡·¯¢ Ï¢ˆ˘ ˘Ù‡˘ ‰„·Â ÔÈ˘Â„È˜· ‡¯Ó‚‰ È¢ÙÚ ÈÚÓ˘ Ò¢˘‰ ÈÂÈÏ

ÈÁ· ‰‡¯Â ¨®¢‰·¯¢’Ú ¨®µπ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© È˜Ò‚¯Â· ‰‡¯Â Æ„¢ˆÈ¯‰ Ó’‚ÂÒÏ Â¯Â‡È· È¢ÙÚ˘ ¥∞∏ ˘È˘ ÔÚÂË ‰È‚Ï‚ÂÒÏ Â¯Â‡È· Í‡ ¨‰·¯ ÒÂ¯ÆÏ¢ÓÎ‡Â Ë˘Ù‰ ÔÓ ˜ÂÁ¯ ‰È

ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰

Ú ‰ÏÚÈÂ Â‡È˘ „Ú ÚÓ˘ ‡˙„ÂÓ¯Á˘‰

¯ÂÚÈ˘ „Ú ‡ÓÈ‡ ‡Ï‡ È˙¯˙Ú ‰ÏÚÈÂ¯Á˘‰ „ÂÓ

Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó

Ú ‰ÏÚ˛È¸Â ¯Â‡È˘ „Ú ˘¢˙„ÂÓ¯Á˘‰

Ï‡ È˙¯˙’¯Â‡È˘ „Ú ßÓÈ‡ Ú ‰ÏÚÈ˘Ó È˙Ó‡Ó¯Á˘‰ „ÂÓ

·˙ ·˙ ·˙ ·˙ ·˙

Ú ‰ÏÚÈÂ ‡ÈÈ˘ „Ú ÚÓ˘ ‡˙„ÂÓ¯Á˘‰

[20]


¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡

Ú ‰ÏÚÈ˘Ó ¯ÂÚÈ˘ „Ú¢ ‡È‰ ‰˜ÒÓ‰ ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ·‚‰ ÌÈÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ÌÈ„Ú‰ ÏÎ· Æ¢¯Á˘‰ „ÂÓ‰Ò¯

‚Ï Û¯ËˆÓ Ó¢ÈÎÂ ¢¯Â‡È˘ „Ú¢ ‡È‰Æ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯∏±

≤Æ∏ ≤Æ∏ ≤Æ∏ ≤Æ∏ ≤Æ∏ÏÏÏÏÏ ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡∏≤

‚‰ ·ÏÂÏ˘ ˙˜ÒÂÙ ‚¢Ù ˘È¯ ‰˘Ó‰‚ÂÒ‰ ÆÏÂÒÙ ÏÂÊ·ÏÂÏ˘ ‰˘Ó‰ ÔÂ˘Ï ˙ÓÈ˙ÒÓ ‰˜ÈÒÓ ‰È

‚‰Ú·˘ ÏÎ· ÏÂÒÙ ÏÂÊ·ÂË ÌÂÈ· ˜¯ ‡Â‰ ¢ÌÎÏ¢ ÔÈ„ È¯‰˘ ÍÎ ÏÚ ‰˘˜Ó ‡¯Ó‚‰ Æ˙ÂÎÂÒ ÈÓÈ ˙

¯ ·È˘ÓÂ ÔÂ˘‡¯’‚‰ ·ÏÂÏ ÌÈÓÈ‰ ‡˘·˘ È¢·˘¯ Ì˘· ÔÁÂÈ ‰‡·‰ ‰ÂÂˆÓ ‡Â‰˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ÏÂÒÙ ÏÂÊ

‰È‡¯ ‡È·ÓÂ ‰¯·Ú·∫‰ÂÂˆÓ ‰È‡ ‰¯·Ú· ‰‡·‰ ‰ÂÂˆÓ˘ ÍÎÏ

‚ Ì˙‡·‰Â ¯Ó‡˘‚ ‰ÏÂÁ‰ ˙‡Â ÁÒÙ‰ ˙‡Â ÏÂÊ‰ÈÏ ˙ÈÏ ÁÒÙ ‰Ó ÁÒÙ„ ‡ÈÓÂ„ ÏÂÊ

‚ Û‡ ‡˙˜˙‡ÓÏ˘· ˘Â‡È ¯Á‡Ï ‡˘ ‡ÏÂ ˘Â‡È ÈÙÏ ‡˘ ‡Ï ‡˙˜˙ ‰ÈÏ ˙ÈÏ ÏÂÊ

˘Â‡È ÈÙÏ‡„Ì ÎÈ È˜¯È· ÓÎÌÓ‡ ’‡‰ ˘Â‡È ¯Á‡Ï ‡Ï‡ ‡Â‰ ‰È„È„ Â‡ÏÂ ‡ÓÁ¯

‰¯È·Ú· ‰‡·‰ ‰ÂˆÓ ‰ÈÏ ‰Â‰„ ÌÂ˘Ó Â‡Ï ‡Ï‡ ˘Â‡È· ‰ÈÈ˜

‚„ÂÓ‰ ËÙ˘Ó·‚ ÛÂÏÈÁ ˘È ¯ÂÊÈÙ· ˘ ∫‰Ò¯≠·‡Ó‡Ó‡Ó‡Ó‡Ó‰ÊÈ‚‰ ÈÚË˜ ‰˘ÂÏ˘·Â ∏≥‡˘ ‡Ï¢ ËÙ˘Ó‰

Æ¢ÌÎÏ¢ ‡Â‰ ‡·ÂÓ˘ ˜ÂÒÙ‰ ÔÎÏÂ ·ÏÂÏ ÏÚ ·ÒÂÓ ¢˘Â‡È ¯Á‡Ï ‡˘ ‡Ï ˘Â‡È ÈÙÏ∏¥≠· „ÒÏÂ„ÒÏÂ„ÒÏÂ„ÒÏÂ„ÒÏÂ

ÆÔ·¯˜Ï ÌÈÒÁÈÈ˙Ó‰ ÌÈ˜ÂÒÙ ÌÈ‡È·Ó ÔÎÏÂ Ô·¯˜ ÏÚ ‰Ê ËÙ˘Ó ·ÒÂÓ

© ÌÈÈÓÈ˙‰ „È‰ È·˙Î··˙·˙·˙·˙·˙‚Â ˜ÂÒÙ‰ ¯ÎÊÂÓ ‡Ï ®‰È„È„ Â‡Ï„ ˘Â‡È ÈÙÏ ‡ÓÏ˘·¢ ÌÈÒ¯Â

Æ¢‡Â‰∏µ‚ ‰‡¯‰ ÈÙÎ Í‡ ÆÔ·¯˜ ÏÚ Â‡ ·ÏÂÏ ÏÚ ·ÒÂÓ ‰Ê ËÙ˘Ó Ì‡‰ ˙¯‡·Ó ‰È‡ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯

‚ÂÒ· ¯‡Â·Ó ¯·Î˘ ÔÂÂÈÎÓ ˘¯ÙÏ ‰Î¯ˆÂ‰ ‡Ï ÔÎÏÂ ¨·ÏÂÏÏ ‰˙ÂÂÎÍÈ¯ˆ ·ÏÂÏ˘ ÍÎÏ ¯Â˜Ó‰ ‰È

ÆÂÏ˘ ˙ÂÈ‰Ï

‚ ˙ÂÎÏ‰·˙ÂÏÂ„∏∂‚ÂÒ‰ ‰ÚÈÙÂÓ ∫ÍÎ ‰È

˙Î„ ˘Â‡ÈÈ ÈÙÏ Æ˘Â‡ÈÈ ¯Á‡Ï ‡˘ ‡ÏÂ ˘Â‡ÈÈ ÈÙÏ ‡˘ ‡ÏÂ’ÌÎÏ ÌÎÏ Ì˙Á˜ÏÂ

‰È„È· ‡‰È ÌÎÏ˘Ó∏∑‚„ ‡Â‰‰Â ÈÓ ˘Â‡È ¯Á‡Ï ÆÏÂÊ∏∏‰‡·‰ ‰ÂˆÓ ‰ÈÏ ‰Â‰„ ÌÂ˘Ó

∏± Â„ÚÂ Ì‡ È˙Ï· ÂÈ„ÁÈ ÌÈ˘ ÂÎÏÈ‰¢ È¯Ó‡Ó· ±Æ∏ ‰Ó‚Â„ ‰‡¯ ‰Ê ÛÂÏÈÁ· ÔÂÈ„Â ‰‡ÏÓ‰ ÌÈ„Ú‰ ˙ÓÈ˘¯ ˙‡— ¨¢Ì¢·Ó¯Ï ÂÒÁÈÂ ®ÈÏ··© ‰ÎÂÒ ˙ÎÒÓÏ ÈÓÈ˙‰ ÁÒÂ‰JSIJÚ ¨®≤∞±∞© π ¨Æ∑∞≠∂∑ ßÓ

∏≤‚ÂÒ· ÁÒÂ‰ ÂÏ˘Ï˙˘‰ ÏÚ¯ ‰‡¯ ‰˙ÎÈ¯ÚÂ ‰È’‚‡Ó¢ È¯Ë˘Â˘ ‚Ï ∫‰ÎÏ‰Ï ‰„‚Ï‚ÂÒ Ï˘ ‰ÈÏÂ‰‡·‰ ‰ÂÂˆÓ ÈÈ ¨¢®‡¢Ú Ï≠·¢Ú ËÎ ‰ÎÂÒ© ‰¯È·Ú·HUCAÆ®≤∞±∞© ∏± ¨

∏≥‚„È¯·ÓÈÈ˜’ T-S NS 329.427Ú ¨®±∞ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© Ò˜ÂÙ ‰‡¯ ¨Ó’ „¯ÂÙÒ˜Â‡ ªÁ Heb. c. 17/59 (2661.21)

‚„È¯·ÓÈÈ˜ ª®≤µ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ ‰‡¯©’ T-S F1(1).3Æ∏¥‚·‚ ˙‡ ‡È·Ó Ó¢ÈÎ ÔÂÈÏÈÚ ¨Ò¢˜„ ‰‡¯Â ÆÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ ˙Ò¯Ó’ÒÁÈÈ˙Ó ‰Ê ËÙ˘Ó˘ Ï·˜Ó ÂÈ‡˘ ¨Á ˙Â‡ ∏π

‚Ï˘ ¯ÓÂ‡ ÔÎÏÂ ·ÏÂÏÏ‚ÂÒ¢ ¨Ï¯ÂÓ ß˘ ‰‡¯Â Æ˘È¯„ ÌÎ·¯˜Ó Â‡ Â·¯˜Ó ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯˙ÂÎÏ‰ ¯ÙÒ· „ÂÓÏ˙‰ ˙ÂÈ ¢˙Â˜ÏÂÁ ÂÎÈ¯ÚÂ Â¯ÂÒÓ ∫˙Â˜ÂÒÙHUCAÚ È¯·Ú ÏÁ ®±π∑π© µ∞ Ó’È·‚Ï ·ÂÒ˘ ‰‡¯˘ µ≥ ‰¯Ú‰·Â ·Î

‚‚ ‡È‰˘ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î Ò¯‚ È·‚Ï ÂÈ¯·„ ‡ ÌÈÈÒÓ ‡Â‰ ÈÎ Ì‡ ÆÂÏ˘ ¯ÂÒÓÂ ÌÈÂ‡‚‰ ¯ÂÒÓÓ ÌÈÈ‡ÏÎ Ò¯˙Ò¯Æ¢˘Â·È˘ ‡Ï‡ Ô‡Î ÔÈ‡˘ ¯˙ÂÈ ÔÎ˙ÈÈ Ï·‡¢ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î

∏µ‚‰‡¯ ¨ÌÈÂ‡‚‰ ÁÒÂ· ‰¯˜˘ ÈÙÎ ÌÈ˜ÂÒÙ‰ ˙‡ ÂÙÈÒÂ‰ ÌÈ„Ú‰ ¯‡˘·Â ˙È¯Â˜Ó‰ ‰‡¯‰ ÈÙÎ ‡È‰ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯Æ∏∑ ‰¯Ú‰ ÔÏ‰Ï

∏∂‚ ˙ÂÎÏ‰Ú ¨®≤≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ˙ÂÏÂ„Ó’Æ≥¥∂ ∏∑˙Î„¢ ∫ÔÈÏ¯· ÒÂÙ„·’‚„ ‡Â‰ ‰È„È„ Â‡Ï È‡‰Â ßÓÁ¯ ¯Ó‡ ÌÎÏ˘Ó ÌÎÏ ÌÎÏ Ì˙Á˜ÏÂ ∫‰˘¯Â ÒÂÙ„· Æ¢ÏÂÊ

‚„ ‡Â‰‰Â ÌÎÏ˘Ó ÌÎÏ Ì˙Á˜ÏÂ ÔÈÚ· ‰È„È„¢∫Ù¢‰ Æ¢®„ÂÓÈÏ‰Â ÂÒÙ‰ ‡ÏÏ Í‡ Ô¢·Ó¯‰ ËËˆÓ Ì‚ ÍÎ© ‡Â‰ ÏÊ‚„ ‡Â‰‰„ ‰È„È·¢‚ Ï˘ Â„È·¢ ∫Â‡¯ ˙ÂÎÏ‰ Æ¢¯ÈÒ‡ ÏÊÈ ‰‡¯Â Æ¢ÏÊÂ’·È·‡ Ï˙ ¨ÌÈÂ‡‚‰ ˙Â¯ÙÒÏ ¯‰Âˆ ¨È„Â¯·

[21]


¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡

‚· ÈÙÂ ‰ÈÏ È‡˜ ‡È¯Á‡ ÈÈ‡Ï ‰È˜‡ Ï·‡ Æ‰¯È·Ú·ÔÂ˘‡¯ ·ÂË ÌÂÈ· ‡˘ ‡Ï Æ‰ÈÂ

ÆÈÈ˘ ·ÂË ÌÂÈ· ‡˘ ‡ÏÂ

Á¢¯ Ì‚ Æ·ÏÂÏ ÏÚ ·ÒÂÓ ¢˘Â‡È ÈÙÏ ‡˘ ‡Ï¢ ËÙ˘Ó‰ ‚¢‰· Û˜˙˘Ó˘ ÈÙÎ ÌÈÂ‡‚‰ ÁÒÂ ÈÙÏ

‚Â· ¢˘Â‡È ÈÙÏ ‡˘ ‡Ï¢ ËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ‚ÈˆÓ‡‰„ ˘Â‡È ÈÙÏ ÈÓ ÌÈÓÈ‰ ¯‡˘·Â¢ ∫·ÏÂÏÏ Ú

Æ¢ÌÎÏ˘ ÂÈ‡

‚ ˙Ò¯ÓÓÓÓÓ„È‰ È·˙Î ˙ÂÚÓ˘ÓÂ ‰ÊÈ‚‰ ÈÚË˜ ¨Á¢¯ ¨ÌÈÂ‡‚© ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈÈÁ¯ÊÓ ÌÈ„Ú· ˙‡ˆÓ

Æ®ÌÈÈÓÈ˙‰∏π

≤Æπ ≤Æπ ≤Æπ ≤Æπ ≤ÆπÏÏÏÏÏ····· ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡

≠· Æ¢ÆÆÆ˜Â„Ò ıÂÂÎ ÛÂÙÎ ·ÏÂÏ Ô·¯ Â˙¢ ∫ÌÈÏÂÒÙ ÌÈ·ÏÂÏ ‰ÂÓ ‡˙ÈÈ¯·‰ÒÏÓÒÏÓÒÏÓÒÏÓÒÏÓ‚ ÂÎÏ‰ ˙ÂÏÂ„π∞

‰¢È·‡¯Âπ± ÛÂÙÎ¢ ÛÒÂ ÏÂÒÙ ÚÈÙÂÓ ÎÙÂ˙≠· ‰˜ÈÁÓÏ ÔÓÂÒÂ ¢ÏÏÏÏÏ‚ ÆÈÏÂ·˘· ‰ÚÈÙÂÓ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯

Ë˜Ï‰π≤Æ¢Ô·‚ ˘È‡Ï ‰ÓÂ„ ˙ÂÙÎ¢ ∫‰˘¯ÙÓÂ π≥

‚ÓÏ ‰ÓÂ„ ÌÂ˜Ú ÆÆÆÛÂÙÎ¢ ·ÏÂÏ‰ ÂÓÈ˜Ú· ÌÈ˜ÒÂÚ˘ ÌÈÙÒÂ ÌÈÏÂÒÙ ÌÈ¯ÎÊÂÓ ‡˙ÈÈ¯··Æ¢Ï

ÔÈÁ˘ Ô‰È˘‡¯˘ Ô˜Ê‰Â Ô·‚ ˘È‡Ï ˙ÂÓÂ„ ÔÂÓ‚‡Î ÛÂÙÎ Â˘‡¯˘¢ ∫‡Â‰ ÛÂÙÎ˘ ˘¯ÙÓ È¢˘¯

ËÂ˘Ù ‰È‰ ‡Ï ‰Ê ÏÂÒÙ˘ ¯ÎÈ Ì‰ÈÂÈ„ÓÂ ¨ÛÂÙÎ Ï˘ ÏÂÒÙ· Â„ ÌÈÂ˘‡¯‰ Æ¢‰ËÓÏ ÔÈÙÂÙÎÂ

Â˙ÏÂÁ˙ ˙‡ ÌˆÓˆÏ ÂÒÈ ÔÎÏÂπ¥‚ ‡Ï˘ ˘È˘ ‡È·Ó Û‡ Ì˙ÎÓ‰Â Í¯„˘ ÔÂÂÈÎ ‡˙ÈÈ¯·· ˙‡Ê ÂÒ¯

Ú ±ππ∏‚‰ „È· ÊÂÁ‡ ‡Â‰¢ Ù¢‰‰ È¯·„ ‡ Ì‚¯˙Ó˘ ±≥± ßÓ‚ ÈÂËÈ·‰˘ È„Â¯· ·˙ÂÎ ∂≥ ‰¯Ú‰· Æ¢ÏÊÈ˘Â˜Ï Ì¯‚ Ï˘ Â„È· ˘Â‡È ÈÙÏ Ì‚¯˙Â ¯ÂÒ‡ ˙‡ ËÈÓ˘‰˘ Â‡¯ ˙ÂÎÏ‰ Ï˘ Ì‚¯˙Ó‰ Ïˆ‡‚ ˙ÂÎÏ‰ Í¯ÂÚÏ ÔÎÂ ¨ÏÊÂ˙ÂÏÂ„

ÚÓÂÚ ¨®∏¥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© Ï¯ÂÓ ‰‡¯Â Æ¯Â·ÈÁ‰ È˜È˙Ó’ÆÆÆ‰ÙÒÂ‰ ‡Ï‡ ÂÈ‡ ËÂ¯ÈÙ‰ ÏÎ˘ ¯˘Ù‡¢ ∫µ≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ·Î ‚ÂÒ‰˘ ¯˘Ù‡ ¨ÍÎ Ì‡ Æ‚¢‰ ˙Â¯Â„‰Ó· ÌÈÈÂÈ˘· ‡· ÂÁÂÒÈÂÌÎÏ ˘¯„Ó· ‰˘Ó˙˘‰ ‡Ï ÏÏÎ ˙È¯Â˜Ó‰ ‰È

Ì˙Á˜ÏÂ ß˙Î„¢ ˙ÂÏÚ·· Í¯Âˆ‰ ˙‡ ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ ÂÓÓ˘ ˜ÂÒÙ‰ ÛÒÂ ‚¢‰ Ï˘ ÁÒÂ‰ È„Ú· ¨ÔÙÂ‡ ÏÎ· Æ¢ÌÎÏ˘ÓÆÂ‡¯ ˙ÂÎÏ‰·Â ˙Â˜ÂÒÙ ˙ÂÎÏ‰· ˙‡ˆÓ ‰È‡ ˙‡Ê ‰˘¯„ ¨®ÌÈ„Ú‰ ÔÈ· ÌÈÏ˜ ÌÈÈÂÈ˘·© ¢ÌÎÏ˘Ó ÌÎÏ ÌÎÏ

‚ ÛÂÏÈÁÚˆ‰· ˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó ÏÚ· ‡Â‰ ¨‰¯Â‡ÎÏ ¨‰Ê ‰Ò¯‚ÂÒ‰ ˙‚Ï Æ‰ÈÏÚ ·ÒÂÓ ‰Ê ËÙ˘Ó ÈÊ‡ ‰˘¯„‰ ˙‡ ÌÈÒ¯Â‚Ï ÂÏÈ‡Â ¨·ÏÂÏÏÚ ·ÒÂÓ ‰Ê ËÙ˘Ó˘ ‰‡¯ ÂÈ¯·„ Í˘Ó‰Ó Í‡ ÆÔ·¯˜ ÏÚ ·ÒÂÓ ‰Ê ËÙ˘Ó˘ ¯˘Ù‡ ‡˙ÈÏ ˙Ò¯

·ÂË ÌÂÈ· ‡˘ ‡Ï ÔÂ˘‡¯ ·ÂË ÌÂÈ· ‡˘ ‡Ï ÆÆÆ‡È¯Á‡ ˘ÈÈ‡Ï È˜‡ Ï·‡¢ ∫‡Â‰ ÔÎÓ ¯Á‡Ï˘ ËÙ˘Ó‰ Æ·ÏÂÏÔÎÏÂ ¨¢˘Â‡È ÈÙÏ ‡˘ ‡Ï¢ ËÙ˘ÓÏ Í˘Ó‰Î ‰‡¯ ‰Ê ËÙ˘Ó Æ·ÏÂÏ ÏÚ ˙·ÒÂÓ È‡„ÂÂ· ˙‡Ê ‰¯ÈÓ‡ ¨¢ÈÈ˘Æ·ÏÂÏ ÏÚ ·ÒÂÓ ‰Ê ËÙ˘Ó ÔÎ‡Â ˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ‰˘Ó ‰È‡ ‡È‰ ˙¯ÁÂ‡Ó ‡È‰ ‚¢‰· ˙ÙÒÂ˙‰ Ì‡ Û‡˘ ‰‡¯

∏∏Æ‡˙ÈÏ Â‡¯ ˙ÂÎÏ‰·Â ˙Â˜ÂÒÙ ˙ÂÎÏ‰ ¨‰˘¯Â ÒÂÙ„·∏πÚ Ò¢˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ÌÂÏ˘ ·‰‡ ¯Â„‰Ó© ‰¢‡¯‰ ÈÙÏ Ì‚Ó’Ú ®‚Ò˜ ‚‰ ‰„Ó‚Î ‡È‰˘ ¢ÌÎÏ¢ ‰Ò¯ÌÈÂ‡‚‰ Ò¯

Æ˘¢ÈÚ ¨·ÏÂÏ ÏÚ ‰Ê ËÙ˘Ó ˘¯ÙÓ ÂÈ‡ ‰¢‡¯‰ Í‡ ÆÁ¢¯Âπ∞‚ ˙ÂÎÏ‰Ú ¨®≤≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ˙ÂÏÂ„Ó’Æ˙Â˜ÂÒÙ ˙ÂÎÏ‰·Â ‚¢‰ Ï˘ ‰˘¯Â ÒÂÙ„· ‡˙ÈÏ Í‡ Æ≥¥∏ π±‡ ˙¯Â„‰Ó ¨‰¢È·‡¯’Ú ¨· ¨„¢Î˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨¯ˆÈ·ÂËÙ‡ Ó’Æ≥∑¥ π≤˘ ˙¯Â„‰Ó ¨Ë˜Ï‰ ÈÏÂ·˘’ÈÒ ¨Ê¢Ó¯˙ ‡ÏÈÂ ¨¯·Â· ’Ú© ‡˘ Æ®≥±∂ ßÓπ≥Ú ¨· ‰ÎÂÒ ¨Ë¢Ó˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨„ÂÓÏ˙‰ È˘¯ÙÓ ¯ˆÂ‡·Ó’‚ ÏÚ Â˘˜‰ ¨≤∂± ‰¯Ú‰ È˜ Ì¢·Ó¯‰ È¯‰˘ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯

‚ÓÏ ‰ÓÂ„ ÌÂ˜Ú ÂÈÈ‰ Ô·‚Ï ‰ÓÂ„„ ¯ÙÓÂ¯„˘ È¯‰˘¢ ∫·˙ÂÎ Ì¢·Ó¯‰ È¯‰˘ ˘ÓÓ Ì˙ÈÈ˘Â˜· ÔÈ‡˘ ‰‡¯Â ÆÏÂÎ˘Ó‰·Â ¯˘È Â˙ÏÈÁ˙˘ Â˙ÂÂÎ ˙ÂÙÎ ÂÏÈ‡Â Ô·‚‰ ·‚Î ÌÂ˜Ú ÂÏÂÎ ·ÏÂÏ‰˘ ÂÈÈ‰„ ¨¢ÏÂÒÙ ˙¯ÂËÁ ÈÏÚ· ·‚Î

Ú Ò¢˜„‰Â ÆÔ·‚ ˘È‡Î Ì˜Ú˙ÓÓ’Æ¢Â˘¯ÙÏ Ú„ÂÈ ÈÈ‡Â ÆÆÆÌÈ‡¯È ¯ÙÒ· ‡Â‰ ÔÎ¢ ∫·˙ÂÎ ¯ ˙Â‡ πµ π¥ÈÒ ¯ÂË‰’ÔÈ·ÏÂÏ ‰·¯‰ ˙ÂÈ‰Ï Í¯„˘ ÂÓÎ Â˘‡¯· ÔÈÙÂÙÎ ÂÈÏÚ Ï·‡ ‰ÙÂÙÎ Â˙¯„˘˘Î ‡˜ÂÂ„˘ ˜ÒÂÙ ‰Ó¯˙

ÈÒ „Î ÏÏÎ© ‰·Â˘˙· ¢‡¯‰ È¯·„Ó ‡Â‰ ‰Ê ÒÙ Æ¯˘Î’˙ÓÁÓ ÛÙÎ˘Î ‡˜ÂÂ„ ÌÈÏÒÂÙ È˘ ‡È·Ó È¯È‡Ó‰ Æ®È

ËÂ˘Ù ‰È‰ ‡Ï ‰Ê ÏÂÒÙ˘ ÌÈÂ˘‡¯‰ ÈÂÈ„Ó ¯ÎÈ ÆÌ‰ ÌÈ¯˘Î Ì˙ÈÈ¯· Í¯„Ó ÌÈÙÂÙÎ Í‡ ‰·ÈÒ ‰ÊÈ‡ Â‡ ˙Â˜ÏÆÏÂÒÙ‰ ˙ÏÂÁ˙ ˙‡ ÂÓˆÓˆ ÔÎÏÂ ¯˜ÈÚ ÏÎ

[22]


¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡

‚Æ‡Â‰ Ô˙ÏÈ„πµ

‚ Í¯„„ ÌÂ˘Ó Ï·˜˙‰ ‡Ï ˙ÂÙÎ‰ ÏÂÒÙ Ì‚˘ ¯˘Ù‡¨ÌÂ˜Ó ÏÎÓ ÆÂ‰Â˜ÁÓ ÔÎÏÂ ‡Â‰ Ô˙ÏÈ„

ÆÌÂ„˜ ‰Ê ÛÂÏÈÁÂ ‡˙ÈÏ ˙Â˜ÂÒÙ ˙ÂÎÏ‰· ¯·Î

≤Æ±∞ ≤Æ±∞ ≤Æ±∞ ≤Æ±∞ ≤Æ±∞ÏÏÏÏÏ····· ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡

‚ÂÒ‰ Æ¯˘Î ˜„Ò˘ ·ÏÂÏ Í‡ ÏÂÒÙ ÌË˜˘ ·ÏÂÏ ‡˜ÂÂ„˘ ¯·ÂÒ ‡Â‰ ·¯ÍÎ ÏÚ ‰˘˜Ó ‰È

˘È Æ˜ÓÈ‰Î ÈÂ˘Ú ¯˘‡Î ÏÂÒÙ ˜„Ò˘ ı¯˙Ó ‡ÙÙ ·¯ ÆÏÂÒÙ ˜Â„Ò˘ ˙˜ÒÂÙ˘ ‡˙ÈÈ¯·‰Ó

‚ ÛÂÏÈÁ ∫‡ÙÙ ·¯ Ï˘ ÂˆÂ¯È˙· ‰Úˆ‰‰ ÁÂÓ· ‰Ò¯ÓÓÓÓÓ¨‚¢˜ ¨π∂‚ ˙ÂÎÏ‰ ¨˙ÂÏÂ„π∑∫ÍÂ¯Ú‰ π∏ª‡Â‰Â

‡‡‡‡‡ ª‡Â‰Â ˜„Ò ∫·˙·˙·˙·˙·˙ ª‡È‰‰ ‡È˙ ÈÎ ∫„ÒÏÂ„ÒÏÂ„ÒÏÂ„ÒÏÂ„ÒÏÂ∫‚¢˜ ª‡˙ÈÏ ∫‰¢‡¯ ¨„¢È¯ ¨ππÆ‡Â‰

≠··˙·˙·˙·˙·˙ Ï˘ ÔÈËÈ˘‰ ÔÈ· ÔÎÂ Æ‰Ï‡˘Ï ıÂ¯È˙Î ÌÈÁÒÂÓ ‡ÙÙ ·¯ È¯·„ ÂÂÂÂÂÈ˙˜„ ‡‰¢ ÂÙÈÒÂ‰

≠· ˙‡Ê ˙ÓÂÚÏ ÆıÂ¯È˙Î ÌÈÁÒÂÓ ÂÈ¯·„˘ ÍÎ ¢ÏÂÒÙ ˜Â„Ò‡Ó‡Ó‡Ó‡Ó‡ÓÈ¯·„ ‚¢‰·Â ‰ÊÈ‚ ÈÚË˜ È˘·

≠· Æ‡¯Ó‚‰ ˙Ï‡˘Ï ÌÈÒÁÈÈ˙Ó ‡Ï ÏÏÎÂ ‡˙ÈÈ¯·‰ ÏÚ ÌÈ·ÒÂÓ ‡ÙÙ ·¯„ÒÏÂ„ÒÏÂ„ÒÏÂ„ÒÏÂ„ÒÏÂÁÂÓÏ ‡˙ÈÏ

Æ‰Úˆ‰‰

‚· ÌÈÎÓÂ˙ ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈÈÁ¯ÊÓ ÌÈ„Ú‚ ¯‡·Ï ‰‡¯ ÆÓ¢ÈÎ ˙Ò¯ÌÈ·ÒÂÓ ‡ÙÙ ·¯ È¯·„˘ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯

‚ÂÒ‰ Í¯ÂÚ Æ‡˙ÈÈ¯·‰ ÏÚÂ˜ÁÓ ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ· ÔÎÏÂ ‰Ï‡˘Ï ıÂ¯È˙Î ‡ÙÙ ·¯ È¯·„ ˙‡ ‚Èˆ‰ ‰È

ÂÁÒÂÈ ‡ÙÙ ·¯ È¯·„˘ ÍÎ ‰Úˆ‰ ÁÂÓ ÂÙÈÒÂ‰ Û‡ ÌÈÈÓÈ˙‰ „È‰ È·˙Î·Â ¢‡Â‰Â¢ ‰ÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡

Æ‰Ï‡˘Ï ıÂ¯È˙Î±∞∞

≤Æ±± ≤Æ±± ≤Æ±± ≤Æ±± ≤Æ±±ÏÏÏÏÏ····· ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢·····

‡¯Ó‚‰ Æ‰Ú·¯‡ ·ÏÂÏÂ ÌÈÁÙË ‰˘ÂÏ˘ Ì¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰·¯ÚÂ Ò„‰˘ ¯ÓÂ‡ Ï‡ÂÓ˘ Ì˘· ‰„Â‰È ·¯

‚ ÛÂÏÈÁ Â˘È ‰·Â˘˙‰Â ‰Ï‡˘‰ ÁÒÂ· Æ˙ˆ¯˙ÓÂ ‰˘Ó‰Ó ÍÎ ÏÚ ‰˘˜ÓÆ„È‰ È·˙Î ÔÈ· ‰Ò¯

ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó

ÚÏ È„Î ÌÈÁÙË ‰˘Ï˘ Â· ˘È˘ ·ÏÂÏ Ô˙ÚÚÏ¸ ÌÈÁÙË ‰˘Ï˘ Â· ˘È˘ ·ÏÂÏ ÏÎ Ô˙˛Â· Ú¯˘Î Â·

ÚÏ È„ÎÂ ‡ÓÈ‡¯˘Î Â· ÚÓÈ‡ ’ÚÏ È„Î˛Â¸ Â· Ú

πµ‚˘ ·˙ÂÎ È¯È‡Ó‰‚Â ÌÈ˜ÒÂÙ‰ ÈÏÂ„ÂÈ È¢Î Û¢È¯‰˘ ¨ÔÈÈˆÏ ˘È ÆÏÏÎ ÛÂÙÎ Ï˘ ÏÂÒÙ Â·˙Î ‡Ï ÌÈ¯·ÁÓ‰ ÈÏÂ„‚ ÒÂÙ„·Â ˜¯ÂÈÆ˙‡Ê ‡È·Ó ÂÈ‡ Ì¢·Ó¯‰ Í‡ ˙‡Ê Ò¯Â

π∂‚„È¯·ÓÈÈ˜’ T-S NS 329.431Æ®≤µ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ ‰‡¯© π∑‚ ˙ÂÎÏ‰Ú ¨®≤≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ˙ÂÏÂ„Ó’Ú ®≤≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ˙Â˜ÂÒÙ ˙ÂÎÏ‰· Æ®‡˙ÈÏ ‡˘¯Â ÒÂÙ„·© ≥¥∏ ·Ï ßÓ

‰Ê ÚË˜ ÏÚ ˙ÂÓÂ„‰ ˙ÓÁÓ ‚ÏÈ„Â ¢ÏÂÒÙ ˜Â„Ò ¯Ó ¯Ó‡¢ ‰ÁÈ˙Ù‰ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‡Ï ÂÈÙÏ˘ ÔÎ˙ÈÈÂ Æ‰Ê ÚË˜Ï ‡˙ÈÏ

Æ®¢‡ÙÙ ·¯¢ ‰ÓÂ„‰ ‰ÏÈÓ‰© ¢ÆÆÆ˜ÈÏÒ„ ‡·ÈÏÂÏ ÈÈ‡‰ ‡ÙÙ ·¯ ßÓ‡¢Ïπ∏Æ¢˜Ó‰¢ Í¯Ú ÍÂ¯Úππ‚„È¯·ÓÈÈ˜’ T-S Misc. 26.53/18Ú ˛±∞ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ¸ Ò˜ÂÙ ‰‡¯© Ó’ÌÈ¯ÙÂÒ È˜Â„˜„ ÌÚ ÈÏ·· „ÂÓÏ˙ ÔÎÂ Á

Ú ¨‚¢Ó˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨‡ ¨˙ÂÓ·È ¨ÌÏ˘‰Ó’Æ®∂± ±∞∞Ú Ò¢˜„Î ‡Ï˘ÂÓ’‚ ÒÂÙ„‰ ÁÒÂÎ ÚÈ¯Î‰˘ ˘ ˙Â‡ πµ ÆÓ¢ÈÎ „

[23]


¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡

‚ ÈÙÏ‚ÂÒ‰ ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ ˙Ò¯È„Î ÌÈÁÙË ‰˘Ï˘ Â· ˘È˘ ·ÏÂÏ¢ ˙¯ÓÂ‡˘ ‰˘Ó‰Ó ‰˘˜Ó ‰È

ÚÏ‚‰Ï ˘È˘ ˙ˆ¯˙ÓÂ ¨¢¯˘Î Â· ÚÚÏ È„ÎÂ¢ ‰˘Ó· ‰È‚Ï Æ¢ÆÆÆÚÈÙÏ˘ ‰˘Ó· ¨˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯

ÚÏ È„Î¢ ËÙ˘Ó‰ ÚÈÙÂ‰ ÈÏ··‰ÆÂ¢ÈÂ ˙Â‡‰ ˙‡ ‰ÙÈÒÂÓ ‡¯Ó‚‰Â ¢Â· Ú

‚ ÈÙÏ Ò¯ÓÓÓÓÓ‚ÂÒ‰ ÛÈÒÂ‰Ï È˘ ˆ¯˙ÓÂ ¢ÌÈÁÙË ‰˘Ï˘ Â· È˘ ·ÏÂÏ¢ ‰˘Ó‰Ó ‰˘˜Ó ‰È

ÚÏ È„Î¢ ËÙ˘Ó‰ ‡ ‰˘ÓÏ‚ ÈÙÏ Æ¢Â· ÚËÙ˘Ó‰ ÚÈÙÂ‰ ‡Ï ÈÏ··‰ ÈÙÏ˘ ‰˘Ó· ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯

ÚÏ È„Î¢‚ÂÒ‰Â ¢Â· ÚÆ‰Ê ËÙ˘Ó ‰ÙÈÒÂÓ ‰˙·Â˘˙· ‰È±∞±

ÚÏ È„ÎÂ¢ ËÙ˘Ó‰ Ï˘ Â˘Â¯ÈÙ ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂÏÍÈ¯ˆ ÌÈÁÙË ‰˘ÂÏ˘‰ „·ÏÓ˘ ‡Â‰ ¢Â· Ú

ÚÓ Â˙Â‡˘ ÛÒÂ ÁÙËÚ‰ ¨‰Ê ÈÙÏ ÆÌÈÚÒ„‰‰Ó ‡ˆÂÈ˘ ·ÏÂÏ‰ Ï˘ ÔÂÈÏÚ‰ ÁÙË· ‰˘Ú ÚÂ

Æ‰·¯Ú‰Â±∞≤

‚Ï Ò¯ÓÓÓÓÓÚÏ È„Î¢ ËÙ˘Ó‰ Ï˘ Â˘Â¯ÈÙ ÚÏ ÍÈ¯ˆ˘ ‡Â‰ ¢Â· ÚÏ˘ ÌÈÁÙË‰ ˘ÂÏ˘ ‡ Ú

ÆÂ„È· ·ÏÂÏ‰ ‡ ÊÂÁ‡Ï ÛÒÂ ÁÙË ÍÈ¯ˆ ÔÎÏÂ ·ÏÂÏ‰±∞≥Ú‰ ‰Ê ÈÙÏ ÌÈÁÙË ‰˘ÂÏ˘· ‰˘Ú ÚÂ

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˙Â˜ÂÒÙ ˙ÂÎÏ‰·±∞µ∫·˙ÂÎ

ÚÏ È„Î ÌÈÁÙË ‰˘Ï˘ Â· È˘ ·ÏÂÏÓ‡ ˘Î Â· Ú’Ò„‰ ÂÚÈ˘ Ï‡ÂÓ˘ ßÓ‡ ‰„Â‰È ·¯

ÆÆÆÌÈÁÙË ‰Ú·¯‡ ·ÏÂÏÂ ÌÈÁÙË ‰˘Ï˘ ‰·¯ÚÂ

‚ÂÒ ˙ÏÈÁ˙·ÌÈÁÙË ‰˘Ï˘ Â· ˘È˘ ·ÏÂÏ¢ ‰Â˘ÏÎ Â˙˘Ó ˙‡ Ù¢‰ ËËˆÓ ·ÏÂÏ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ˙ÈÈ

ÚÏ È„Î¢È„ÎÂ¢ ÈÏ··‰ ˙‰‚‰ ˙‡ ‡È·‰ ‡ÏÂ ¢¯˘Î Â· Ú±∞∂‚˘‰ ‡ÏÂ ‰˘Ó‰ ÔÈ·˘ ‰¯È˙Ò· ÁÈ

Ú Ì‡ Æ‰Ú·¯‡ ·ÏÂÏ ¯ÂÚÈ˘˘ ÌÈ¯·ÂÒ˘ ÌÈ‡¯ÂÓ‡‰ È¯·„Ï ÁÒÂ ÂÈÙÏ „ÓÓÓÓÓÓÈ„Î¢ ËÙ˘Ó‰ ÈÊ‡

ÚÏÆÌ‰È¯·„Ï ÌÈ‡˙Ó ‡Â‰ ‰·¯„‡Â ÌÈ‡¯ÂÓ‡‰ È¯·„Ï ‰˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÌÈ‡˙‰Ï È„Î ÛÒÂ ¢Â· Ú

±∞±Ú Ò¢˜„‰Ó’‚ ÏÚ ·˙ÂÎ ˜ ˙Â‡ π∏ ˘È ÆÓ¢ÈÎ ˙˘Ó· ˙‡ˆÓ ‡Ï˘ ¢È„Î¢ ˙·È˙ ÛÈÒÂ‰Ï Â˙ÂÂÎ˘ Ó¢ÈÎ ˙Ò¯Æ¢È„Î¢ ‰ÏÈÓ‰ ‰ÚÈÙÂÓ Ó¢ÈÎ· ‰˘Ó‰ ÁÒÂ· Ì‚˘ ¯ÈÚ‰Ï

±∞≤‚ÂÒ ÏÚ© Ô¢¯‰Â ‡¢·ËÈ¯‰Ú ˙ÈÈ ÚÂ—ÍÈÏÂ‰Ï ˜ÈÙÒÓ ‡ÏÂ ÔÈÏÚ‰ ÛÂ¯ËÏ ÍÈ¯ˆ˘ Ô‡ÎÓ ÌÈÁÈÎÂÓ ®·¢Ú ÊÏ ‰ÎÂÒ ‚Ï ‰ÂÎ ˙‡Ê ‰ÁÎÂ‰ Æ‡È·‰ÏÂÚÏ ‡È‰ ÁÙË‰ ˙¯ËÓ ‰ÈÙÏ˘ ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ ˙Ò¯‚Ï Í‡ ¨Â· Ú ˙Ò¯ÓÓÓÓÓÔ‡Î ÔÈ‡

ÚÏ ÛÒÂ‰ ÁÙË‰ ˙¯ËÓ ÔÈ‡ È¯‰˘ ‰ÁÎÂ‰‚Ï ˘¯ÙÓ˘ Ì¢·Ó¯Ï ˙ÂÈ˘Ó‰ ˘Â¯ÈÙ· ‰‡¯ Í‡ ÆÂ· ÚÁÒÂ‰ ˙Ò¯ÆÏ¢ÓÎ‡Â ¨Â„È· ˜ÈÊÁÓ˘ ÁÙË‰ ‡Â‰ ÛÒÂ‰ ÁÙË‰˘ ÁÂÂ¯‰

±∞≥‚Ï ˙Ò¯ÓÓÓÓÓÌ˘Î¢ ∫˘¯ÙÓ ‡‰È˘ ‰¢„ È¢˘¯ ‰‰Â ÆÌÈÁÙË ‰Ú·¯‡ ‰È‰È ·ÏÂÏ‰˘ ÍÈ¯ˆ ÚÂ„Ó Î¢‡ ÏÂ‡˘Ï ˘È ‚ È¢˘¯˘ ÔÈÈˆÏ È Æ¯ÂÚÈ˘‰ ÌÚË ‰Ê˘ ˘Ù‡Â ¢ÔÏÂÎÓ ÂÈÓ· ‰Â·‚ ‡Â‰˘‰˘Ó‰ ÏÚ ¯ÙÓÂ ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂÎ Ò¯Â

ÚÏ ‡È‰ ÁÙË‰ ˙¯ËÓ˘‡ÏÂ ÔÏÂÎÓ ‰Â·‚ ‡Â‰˘ ÌÚËÏ ˜˜Ê ÚÂ„Ó È¢˘¯ ÏÚ ‰˘˜Ó Ï¢˘¯‰Ó‰ ÔÎ‡Â ¨Â· ÚÚÏ ‡È‰ ÛÒÂ‰ ÁÙË‰ Ï˘ ‰¯ËÓ‰˘ ˘¯ÙÓÆÂ· Ú

±∞¥‚ÏÚ· ÈÂÏ˙ ÂÈ‡ ÌÈÁÙË ‰Ú·¯‡ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯„ÂÓÏ˙‰ È˘¯ÙÓ ¯ˆÂ‡· ‰‡¯Â ÆÂÓˆÚ ÈÙ· ÔÈ„ ‡Â‰ ‡Ï‡ ÚÂÚ ¨®π≥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ©Ó’‚· ‡Â‰ ÁÙË ÍÈ¯ˆ˘ ÌÚË‰ ÏÎ˘ ÔÂÂÈÎÓ˘ ÌÈ˘˜Ó ÌÈÂ¯Á‡‰˘ ¨ËÎ˜ Ú‰ ÏÏÎ¢‡ ÌÈÚÂ

‚‡ ÍÈ¯ˆ ·ÏÂÏ „¢ÓÏ ‡ÁÈ‰‚‡ ˆ¢È‡ ·ÏÂÏ Ï¢È˜ Ô‡ Ï·‡ ¨„„ ˙Á˜Ï Û‡ ¯˘Ù‡Â ¨„’‰ÓÎÏ ‰Ê ¯Á‡ ‰Ê· ÌÈÈÓ ‚ÏÂ ÆÌÈ˜ÒÂÙ ˙Ò¯ÓÓÓÓÓÚ· ÈÂÏ˙ ÂÈ‡Â ÂÓˆÚ ÈÙ· ÔÈ„ ‡Â‰ ¯ÂÚÈ˘‰ È¯‰˘ ¨˙·˘ÂÈÓ Ì˙ÈÈ˘Â˜ ‚ ˆ¢È¯‰ ÆÌÈÚÂ˙‡È

Ú ®¥≥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ©Ó’‰ÁÂ„ ‚¢ˆÈ¯© ÌÈ‰Â·‚ ‰·¯Ú‰Â Ò„‰‰ Ì‡ Û‡ ÌÈÁÙË ß„ ·ÏÂÏ‰˘ ÈÙÒÓ˘ ‰Ú„ ‡È·Ó Êˆ ‚ È¢ÙÚ ˙¯‡Â·Ó ˙‡Ê ‰Ú„˘ ‰‡¯ Æ®˙‡Ê ‰Ú„ ˙Ò¯ÓÓÓÓÓÚ‰ ÌÂ˘Ó ‰È‡ ÁÙË‰ ˙¯ËÓ ‰ÈÙÏ˘ ÆÚÂ

±∞µÚ ¨®≤≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ˙Â˜ÂÒÙ ˙ÂÎÏ‰Ó’‚ ˙ÂÎÏ‰· ‡ˆÓ ÂÈ‡ ‰Ê ÚË˜ Æ·Ï Æ˙ÂÏÂ„±∞∂Ú · Ë¢Î˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¯ËÎ˘ ÈÊ‚© ÔÂ‡‚‰ ·Â˘˙Ï ‰ÂÂ˘‰ÂÓ’Ú ˛∂≥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ¸ ÌÈÂ‡‚‰ ˆÂ‡ Ω ∂∞ ∫®¥∏ ßÓ

ÚÏ È„Î Â· ˘È˘ ·ÏÂÏ ‰˘Ó‰ ‰¯Ó‡ ‰Ê ÏÚ ÈÎ¢ÚÏ È„ÎÂ „ÂÓÏ˙· Â¯Ó‡Â ¯˘Î Â· ÚÈÆ¢¯˘Î Â· ÚÈ

[24]


¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡

È„Î ‡˙È˙Ó ÈÈÎ ÔÁÂÈ ß¯ Ì˘· ‡·‡ ¯· ÔÂÚÓ˘ È·¯¢ ∫¯ÓÂ‡ ®‚¢Ú ‚© ‡ ¨‚ ‰ÎÂÒ ÈÓÏ˘Â¯È‰

ÚÏÆ‰˘Ó‰ ÔÂ˘Ï Ë˜Â È¯‰˘ ¨ÌÈ‰ÂÓ˙ ÈÓÏ˘Â¯È· ÔÁÂÈ ß¯ È¯·„ Æ¢¯˘Î Â· Ú±∞∑ÔÈÈË˘Ù‡ ±∞∏

∫ÈÓÏ˘Â¯È‰ ˙‡ ¯‡·Ó

‚È· ¯˘Î ÌÈÁÙË ‰˘Ï˘ Â· ˘È˘ ·ÏÂÏ Â˙˘Ó ÁÒÂ· ÔÁÂÈ È·¯Ï ÂÏ ‰È‰‡˙ÈÈ¯·Ï „Â

‡Â‰˘ ·ÏÂÏ Ï˘ ‰¯Ê˘ „·ÏÓ Ì‰ ÂÏ‡ ÌÈÁÙË ‰˘Ï˘˘ ¯·ÂÒ ‡Â‰ Ï·‡ Æ‰Ú·¯‡ ·ÏÂÏ

‚Ó ‡Â‰ ÔÎ ÏÚ ÆÁÙËÚÏ È„Î Â˙˘Ó· ‰ÈÆ¯˘Î Â· Ú

Ú˘ ‰˘Ó‰ ÁÒÂ ˙‡ Â¯ÂÊÁ˘ ¯Â‡Ï‚Î ÔÈÈË˘Ù‡ ÚÈ¯ÎÓ ¨ÈÓÏ˘Â¯È‰ ÈÙÏ „Ó ˙Ò¯ÓÓÓÓÓ‚ÂÒ· Â˙ÈÈ

Ú˘ ‰˘Ó‰ ÁÒÂ ‰ÈÙÏ Ì‚˘Æ‡Ï Â˙Â ¢¯˘Î ÌÈÁÙË ‰˘ÂÏ˘ ·ÏÂÏ¢ ‡Â‰ ÈÏ··‰ ÈÙÏ „Ó±∞πÏÚ

ÈÓÏ˘Â¯È· ÔÁÂÈ ß¯ ÈÙ ÏÚ Â‰‚Â‰ ˙ÂÈ˘Ó‰ È¯ÙÒ ÏÎ¢ ∫·˙ÂÎ ‡Â‰ ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ Ï˘ Â˙Â¯ˆÂÂÈ‰

‚‰ ˙ÂÈ˘Ó‰ Â‰‚Â‰˘ È¯Á‡Â ÆÆÆÈÏ··‰ ˙‰‚‰ÂÆ¢ÈÏ··· Ì‚ Â‰È

Ò˜ÂÙ±±∞‚Î ‡ˆÂÈ ‚Î ÚÈ¯ÎÓ˘ ÔÈÈË˘Ù‡ „ Ò¯ÓÓÓÓÓÚË ˜ÈÚ Æ‚ÂÒ‰ Í¯ÂÚ˘ ‡Â‰ Ò˜ÂÙ Ï˘ Â˙‰È

Æ‰˘Ó· ‰Ê ÁÒÂ ¯ÈÎ‰ ®·¢Ú ·Ï©±±± È¢Î· ÁÒÂ‰˘ ÍÎ ÏÚ ÍÓ˙ÒÓ Ò˜ÂÙ ÓÓÓÓÓ¨„„Â·ÓÂ „„Â· ‡Â‰

‚‰˘ ‰ÓÓ ¯˙ÂÈ „Â˘ÁÏ Ï¢‰ ÌÈ¯˜ÂÁ‰ Ï˘ ÌÓÂ˜Ó ‰È‰ ÏÏÎ·¢ ∫ÌÎÒÓÂÚÂ„È‰ ‰Ê „È ·˙Î· Â

Æ¢ÆÆÆ˙Â‰‚‰ ‡ÏÓÎ

ÚËÏ ¯˘‡·Â˙ Ì‰· ÌÈ·¯ ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó È˙¯˜Ò ‰Ê ¯Ó‡Ó· ÈÎ ¯ÓÂ‡ Ó¢ÈÎ ÁÒÂ ÏÚ Ò˜ÂÙ Ï˘ ÓÓÓÓÓ

ÁÒÂ· Ë˜Â˘ È„ÈÁÈ‰ ‡Â‰ ‰Ê ‰¯˜Ó· Ì‚˘ Ú˜ÙÂÓ ‰Ê ÔÈ‡ ÔÎÏÂ ¨ÌÂ„˜‰ ÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ÁÒÂ· Ë˜Â

‚˘ ‰‡¯ ˙Â˜ÂÒÙ ˙ÂÎÏ‰Ó Û‡ ¨ÍÎÏ ÛÒÂ· Æ‰‰‚‰· ¯·Â„Ó˘ Á¯ÎÂÓ ‰Ê ÔÈ‡Â≠Î Ò¯ÂÓÓÓÓÓÍÎ Ì‡Â

‚· „ÈÁÈ ÂÈ‡ ÁÒÂ ¯ˆÂ „ˆÈÎ ¯Â‡È· Ò˜ÂÙ Ï˘ ÂÈ¯·„· ¯ÒÁ ¨ÔÎ ÂÓÎ Æ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯ÓÓÓÓÓ¯ÁÂ‡Ó ‡Â‰˘

Ú„ÏÆÂ˙

±∞∑ÚÏ È„ÎÂ ˘Â¯ÈÙ¢ ÈÓÏ˘Â¯È‰ ÏÚ ·˙ÂÎÂ ‰Ê· ˜Á„ ÌÈÈÈÚ ‰ÙÈ·© Ï¢‰ ÈÓÏ˘Â¯È· ‰˘˜˙Ó „¢ˆÈ¯‰ÔÎÏÂ Æ®¢ÚÚÏ È„Î ÔÈÚ·„ ÌÂ˘Ó ‰·¯ÚÂ Ò„‰Ï ÌÈÈ˘Â ·ÏÂÏÏ ‰˘ÂÏ˘ ÍÈ¯ˆ˘ ¯ÓÂ‡ ÔÁÂÈ ß¯˘ „¢ˆÈ¯‰ ÔÚÂËÎ¢‡Â ¨Â· Ú

Æ˘¢ÈÚ ‰˘ÂÏ˘ ‰·¯ÚÂ Ò„‰ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ˙Ë˜Â˘ ‡˙ÈÈ¯·‰ ÏÚ ˙˜ÏÂÁ ‰˘Ó‰

±∞∏Ú ¨®≤± ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÔÈÈË˘Ù‡Ó’Æ≤∑≥ ±∞π ÁÒÂ ÏÚ ·˙ÂÎ ÔÈÈË˘Ù‡ÓÓÓÓÓ˘È˘ ‡Ï‡ Â˙˘Ó· ÈÏ··Ï Û‡ ÂÏ ‰È‰ ‡Ï ÍÎÈÙÏ ÆÔ‡Î ÈÂ„Ó‰ „ÈÁÈ‰ ÁÒÂ‰ ‡Â‰Â¢ ∫

‚‰ ‡Â‰Â „·Ï· ¯˘Î ÌÈÁÙË ‰˘Ï˘ Â·ÚÓ ‰„Â˜ Æ¢ÛÈÒÂ‰Â ‰ÈÈ¯Ó‚Ï ‰‰‚Â‰ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î· ‰˘Ó‰˘ ‡È‰ ˙ÈÈ‚Â ‡˙ÈÈ¯·‰ È¢ÙÚÚ„Ï ÆÌÈÁÙË ‰Ú·¯‡ ‰Ò¯˘ Ì‚ Û¯ËˆÓ ÔÈÈË˘Ù‡ ˙’˜¯ÂÈ ÂÈ ¨‰ËÂ˘ÙÎ ‡˙ÙÒÂ˙ ¨ÔÓ¯·ÈÏ

Ú ¨„ ¨·¢Ò˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯ÈÂÓ’Ú ¨®µπ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© È˜Ò‚¯Â· ÔÚÂË Ì˙ÓÂÚÏ Æ∏∂≤≠∏∂± Ï·˜Ï ÔÈ‡˘ ¨¥π∞≠¥∏¥ ßÓ¯˘ ÎÊÂÓ ‡Ï ÈÓÏ˘Â¯È· È¯‰˘ È¯Â˜Ó‰ ‰˘Ó· ÚÈÙÂ‰ ‡Ï ÏÏÎ ‰Ê ËÙ˘Ó˘’ÔÈ· ‰¯È˙Ò‰ ‡ ·˘ÈÈÏ ‡· ÔÁÂÈ

‚‰Ï ‡ÏÂ ‰˘ÓÏ ËÙ˘Ó ÛÈÒÂ‰Ï ÚÂ„Ó ¨ÔÎ ÂÓÎ Æ‰‰‚‰‰ ÌÚË ‰Ó Î¢‡Â ‡˙ÈÈ¯·Ï ‰˘Ó‰¢ÌÈÁÙË ‰Ú·¯‡¢Ï ‰ÈÈ˜Ò‚¯Â· ÚÈˆÓ ÔÎÏ Æ®‰ÈÈ˘‰ ‰Ï‡˘‰Ó ‰Â˘ ‡È‰ ‰Ó· ÔÈ·Ó ÈÈ‡˘ ÔÂÂÈÎ È˙‡·‰ ‡Ï ˙È˘ÈÏ˘‰ Â˙Ï‡˘ ˙‡©

ÚÏ ¯˘Î ÌÈÁÙË ‰˘Ï˘ Â· ˘È˘ ·ÏÂÏ¢ ‰˙˘ ‰˘Ó‰˘‚ÓÂ ¢Â· ÚÚÏ È„Î¢Ï ÌÈ‰È‰È‡ ‰‰‚‰‰© ¢Â· Ú¯ ÚÂ„Ó ¯Â¯· ‰Ê ÔÈ‡ È˜Ò‚¯Â· Ï˘ Â¯Â‡È·Ï Ì‚˘ ¨¯ÈÚ‰Ï ˘È Æ®ÈÓÏ˘Â¯ÈÏ Û‡ ÌÈ‡˙Ó Â¯Â‡È· ÔÎÏÂ Â¢ÈÂ ˙ÙÒÂ˙’

‚Ó ÔÁÂÈ‚ÂÒ· ‰È‚‰Ï ÂÙÈ„Ú‰˘ ¯˘Ù‡ ‰ÈÈ˘‰ Â˙Ï‡˘ È·‚Ï ÆÈÓÏ˘Â¯È‰ ˙ÈÈÔÈÚÎ ‡Â‰˘ ËÙ˘Ó ˙ÙÒÂ‰ È¢Ú ‰È‚ ˙¯‡˘‰Â ‡˙ÓÈ˜Â‡‚‰Ï ¯˘‡Ó ‰Â˘ÏÎ ‰ÎÏ‰‰ ÛÂÆ‰˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ‰È

±±∞Ú ¨®±∞ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© Ò˜ÂÙÓ’Æ∑π≠∑∏ ±±±‡È‰ ¨ÂÈÈ‰ ¨ÔÁÂÈ ß¯Â Ï‡ÂÓ˘ È¯·„ ÏÚ ÈÏ··‰ ˙ÈÈ˘Â˜Ï ıÂ¯È˙ ‡Ï‡ ‡ÓÈ‡‰ ÔÈ‡ ‰Ê‰ ÁÒÂ‰ ÈÙÏ¢ ∫·˙ÂÎ Ò˜ÂÙ

‰È‡˘ ¢‡ÓÈ‡¢· ÔÂÈ„Ï ‰ÙÓ µ ‰¯Ú‰·Â Æ¢ÂÏÏ‰ ÌÈ‡¯ÂÓ‡‰ È¯·„ ÏÚ ˜ÂÏÁÏ ‡Ï È„Î ‰˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ˙˘¯ÙÓÁÒÂ‰ ÂÂÎ˘ ˙ÂÈ ‰‡¯Â ‰‰‚‰Î ‡ÏÂ Â¯ÈÙÎ ‡¯Ó‚· ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ ‡ ‡·Ó Ò˜ÂÙ ÚÂ„Ó Ú„ÂÈ ÈÈ‡ Æ‰‰‚‰

ÆÂ¢ÈÂ ÛÈÒÂ‰Ï ‡È‰ ÁÂÂ¯‰

[25]


¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡

ÚË ÏÚÆÈÏ··Ï Ì‡˙‰· ÈÓÏ˘Â¯È‰ ˙‡ ˘¯ÙÏ ˘È¢ ∫Ò˜ÂÙ ·È˘Ó ÈÓÏ˘Â¯È‰Ó ÔÈÈË˘Ù‡ ˙

ÚÏ È„Î ‡˙È˙Ó ÈÈÎ ÔÁÂÈ ß¯ È¯·„‰˘Ó‰ ÍÂ˙· ˜ÂÈ„ ‡Ï‡ ‰˘Ó· ‰‰‚‰ ÌÈ‡ ¯˘Î Â· Ú

‚„Ó‰ ‰·È˙‰ ˙‡ ˘È’Úˆ‰ Æ¢ÆÆÆ‰˘ÓÏ ˙¯·ÂÁÓÎ ‰˙Â‡ ˙˘¯ÙÓÂ ßÈ„Î˙·‰Ï Ò˜ÂÙ Ï˘ Â˙

¨ÌÈÈ‡˙ Â¯Â˜ÓÏ Â¯ÈÙÎ Ì‚ Ó˘Ó ¢‡˙È˙Ó ÈÈÎ¢ ÁÂÓ‰ ÌÓ‡ Æ‰˜ÂÁ„ È‡¯ ÈÓÏ˘Â¯È‰±±≤

˘Â¯ÈÙ· ¯·Â„Ó Ì‡ Í‡—ËÙ˘Ó‰ „È˜Ù˙ ˙‡ ˙Â¯È‰·Ó‰ ÌÈÏÈÓ ÛÈÒÂÓ ÂÈ‡ ÈÓÏ˘Â¯È‰ ÚÂ„Ó

‚¯‰ÎÚˆ‰· ÂÏÆ¢‡˙È˙Ó ÈÈÎ¢ È„È ÏÚ ÌÈ˘Â¯ÈÙ ˙

ÁÒÂ ÔÎ‡˘ ÔÓ¯·ÈÏÂ ÔÈÈË˘Ù‡ È¯·„Î ‰‡¯ ¨ÏÈÚÏ ¯ÎÊÂÓ‰ ÏÎÓÓÓÓÓÓÈ¯Â˜Ó‰ ÁÒÂ‰ ‡Â‰

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ıÚÏ ˜ÂÒÙ‰ ˙ÂÂÎ ‰˘¯„‰ ÈÙ ÏÚ Æ‰Ï¯ÂÚ È·‚Ï ¢ÏÎ‡Ó ıÚ¢ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ ˙˘¯Â„ ‡˙ÈÈ¯·‰

‚ ÛÂÏÈÁ Â˘È ‡˙ÈÈ¯·‰ È¯·„ Í˘Ó‰· ÆÔÈÏÙÏÙ‰ ÂÏ‡Â ‰ÂÂ˘ ÂÈ¯ÙÂ ÂˆÚ ÌÚË˘ Æ‰Ò¯ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ·

‚‰ Á¢¯·Â≠· Æ¢ÌÂÏÎ ‰¯ÒÁ È¢‡ ÔÈ‡Â ‰Ï¯ÂÚ· ÔÈ·ÈÈÁ ÔÈÏÙÏÈÙ‰˘¢ ∫‡È‰ ‰Ò¯·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó¨˙≤

‚‰ ‰Ò¯

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∫ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ· ÌÈÈ˘˜ È˘ Ì˘È

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Æ·‚‡„ ÈÏÈÓ ˘¯Â„ ÚÂ„Ó Â˘˜‰ ÌÈÂ¯Á‡‰Æ˙„ÓÏ‰ ‰ÎÏ‰· ˜Ù˙Ò‰ ‡ÏÂ ‰„±±µ

‚Ï ˙Ò¯·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó¨˙≤

˜¯ ˙˜ÒÂÚ ‡Ï‡ ¨‰Ï¯ÂÚ· ÌÈ·ÈÈÁ˘ ÔÈÏÙÏÙ ˙Â·¯Ï È„Î ‰‡· ‡Ï ‰˘¯„‰ ÔÎ‡

Ú·‚‡ ÈÈÈÆ‰„±±∂

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ÚÓ ÂÈ‰ ÔÎÈ‰Â¢ ‰˘Ó‰ ÏÚ‚ÂÒ‰ ‰˘˜Ó ¢ÔÈÚÚ¢ ‰È‚ÂÒ‰ ıÂ¯È˙· Æ¢‰ÈÓ˘ Î„ Ô‡Ó ÚÂÂ˘È ‰È

‚ ÛÂÏÈÁÆ‰Ò¯

ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó

È„Î ÌÈÁÙË ‰˘Ï˘ Â· ˘È˘ ·ÏÂÏ È‡˜ Ì˙‰‰˘Ï˘ ·ÏÂÏ ÏÎ È˙˜ ÈÎ‰Â ‡¯ÒÁÓ È¯ÂÒÁ

ÚÏ¯˘Î Â· ÚÚÏ È„Î ÌÈÁÙË¯˘Î Â· Ú

±±≤Ú ¨®≤± ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÔÈÈË˘Ù‡ ‰‡¯Ó’‚ÂÏÂÈÓ¯Ë‰ ¨ıÈ·Â˜ÒÂÓ ßÏ ÔÎÂ Æµ∞π≠¥∏∂ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨ÈÓÏ˘Â¯È‰ Ï˘ ‰ÈÚ ¨Ë¢Ò˘˙Ó’Æ≤∑∏≠≤∑∂

±±≥‚ ®·¢Ú ‡Ù ‡ÓÂÈÂ ·¢Ú ÂÏ ˙ÂÎ¯·© ÈÏ··· ˙ÂÏÈ·˜Ó·È¢Î „·ÏÓ ‰Ê ËÙ˘Ó πµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î Û‡Â ÌÈ„Ú‰ ÏÎ ÌÈÒ¯Â¯Ù© ÈÂÚÓ˘ ËÂ˜ÏÈ· Æ®≤∑∞ Ï¢Ó‰È·© ‡ÓÂÈÏ ÈÓÈ˙’‚ÂÒ ‡ ËËˆÓ ®‡¯˙ ÊÓ¯ ÂÓ‡ ‰Ê ÓÂ‡ ÈÂ‰¢ ÌÈÈÒÓÂ Â˙ÈÈ

‚ÂÒ· Í¯ˆ ÂÈ‡˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ˙‡ÊÂ „ÂÓÈÏ‰ ˙‡ ‡È·Ó ‡Ï ÏÏÎÂ ¢ÔÈÏÙÏÙ¯Ù© ÈÂÚÓ˘ ËÂ˜ÏÈ· Í‡ ÆÂ˙ÈÈ’ÌÈ˘Â„˜ ‚ÂÒ‰ ˙‡ ËËˆÓ ®ÊË¯˙ ÊÓ¯ÆÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂÎ ‰˘¯„‰ ˙‡ ‡È·ÓÂ ‡ÓÂÈ·Â ˙ÂÎ¯·· ‰È

±±¥Æ‡¢·ËÈ¯‰Â ‰¢‡¯ ¨Í„ÓÏÏ ‰¢„ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙ ¨È¢˘¯ ‰‡¯±±µÚ ¨®π≥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© „ÂÓÏ˙‰ È˘¯ÙÓ ¯ˆÂ‡ ‰‡¯Ó’ÆÈ¯ ±±∂Ú Ò¢˜„Ó’‚ ÏÚ ·˙ÂÎ ¯ ˙Â‡ ±∞∑ ˜¯ È‡„ ‰Ï¯Ú· ·ÈÈÁ„ ‡Â‰ ‰˘¯„ ¯˜ÈÚ ÏÎ„ ‡Â‰ ˙ÂÚË˘ ‰‡¯Â¢ ∫Ó¢ÈÎ ˙Ò¯

˙ÂÚË ·˜Ú ‰ËÓ˘‰Ï ‰·ÈÒ ÔÈ‡ Æ¢‰‚‚˘· ËÓ˘˘ ‰‡¯ Î¢Ú ÔÈÚ„È ‰· ÏÎ ¯ÒÁ˙ ‡ÏÓ ÌÂÏÎ ‰¯ÈÒÁ È¢‡ ÔÈ‡˘Ú˘ ÁÒÂ‰ Â‰Ê˘ ‰‡¯ ÔÎÏÂ ¯ÙÂÒÆ¢ÂÈÙÏ ‰È‰ ‡Ï ÈÏÂ‡Â ÂËÈÓ˘‰ Ì¢·Ó¯‰ Ì‚ ‰‰Â¢ ∫¯ÈÚÓ Ò¢˜„ ÆÌ‰ÈÙÏ „Ó

[26]


¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡

‚ ÛÂÏÈÁÚÏ È„Î¢ ËÙ˘Ó‰ ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ ÈÙÏ Æ·¢Ú ·Ï ÏÈÚÏ ÛÂÏÈÁ· ¨‰¯Â‡ÎÏ ¨ÈÂÏ˙ ‰Ê ‰Ò¯Ú

Ú‰ ˙·ÂÁ˘ ‡Â‰ ıÂ¯È˙‰ ÔÎÏÂ ‰˘Ó· ÚÈÙÂÓ ¢Â·Æ®¢È‡˜ Ì˙‰¢© ‰˘Ó· ¯·Î ‰ÚÈÙÂÓ ÚÂ±±∑

ÁÒÂ ÈÙÏ ¨˙‡Ê ˙ÓÂÚÏÓÓÓÓÓÚÏ È„Î¢ ËÙ˘Ó‰ ‚‰Ï ÍÈ¯ˆ ÔÎÏÂ ¨‰˘Ó· ÚÈÙÂÓ ÂÈ‡ ¢Â· Ú‰È

ÁÒÂÏ Ì‚˘ ¯˘Ù‡ ÈÎ Ì‡ Æ®¢‡¯ÒÁÓ È¯ÂÒÁ¢© Â˙Â‡ ÛÈÒÂ‰ÏÂÓÓÓÓÓ‚‰ ¯·Î˘ ¯Á‡Ï ÂÙÈÒÂ‰Â Â‰È

‚ÂÒ·Æ¢È‡˜ Ì˙‰¢· ÂÈÏ‡ ˙ÂÙ‰Ï Ô˙È ·Ï ÏÈÚÏ ‰È

˙Â˜ÂÒÙ ˙ÂÎÏ‰·±±∏∫·˙ÂÎ

ÚÏ È„Î ÌÈÁÙË ‰˘Ï˘ Â· ˘È˘ ·ÏÂÏÚÓ ÂÈ‰ ÔÎÈ‰·Â ¯˘Î Â· ÚÆÆÆÈÈÈÏ Â„Â‰· ÔÈÚ

ÔÈÈË˘Ù‡±±π∫ÌÈÂ‡‚‰ ÁÒÂ ÏÚ ·˙ÂÎ

Ï‰ ÌÓ‡Â’‰˘Ï˘ Â· È˘ ·ÏÂÏ Ë¢Ó ‚¢Ù Ïˆ‡ È˘ ‡¢Ó ‚¢Ù ˘Ó Â¯„ÈÒ ÆÆÆ˙Â˜ÂÒÙ

ÚÏ È„Î ÌÈÁÙËÚÓ ÂÈ‰ ÔÎÈ‰·Â ˘Î Â· ÚÂÎÂ ÔÈÚ’ÆÆÆ‰ÓÂ˜Ó· ·Î ‰Â‡È·‰ Ì‰˘ Ù¢Ú‡

‚ ÔÙÂ‡ ÏÎ· Ï·‡‰ÂÎÈ˘Ó‰ Ì‰˘ ‡Ï‡ ¢È˙˜ ÈÎ‰Â ‡¯ÒÁÓ È¯ÂÒÁ¢ Ì‰ Û‡ ‚¢‰Â Ù¢‰ ÂÒ¯

ÆË¢ÓÏ±≤∞

≠· ÚÈÙÂÓ˘ ÈÙÎ ¢‡¯ÒÁÓ È¯ÂÒÁ¢ ‡Â‰ ÁÒÂ‰ ÌÈÂ‡‚‰ Ï˘ Ì„ÂÓÏ˙·˘ ¨ÔÎ Ì‡ ‡ˆÓÓÓÓÓÓÍ‡ Æ

‚‰Ï ‡¯Ó‚‰ ˙ÂÂÎ ÔÈ‡ Î¢‡Â ¨‡¢Ó ÏÚ ‡ÏÂ Ë¢Ó ÏÚ Â‰Â˘¯ÈÙ ÌÈÂ‡‚‰Æ‡¢Ó ˙‡ ‰È±≤±

≤Æ±¥ ≤Æ±¥ ≤Æ±¥ ≤Æ±¥ ≤Æ±¥ÓÓÓÓÓ„„„„„ ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡

‚ÂÒ‰ÏÎ ÌÈÏËÂ ‡Ï ‰·¯Ú ÂÏÈ‡Â ˘„˜ÓÏ ¯ÎÊ ‰Ú·˘ ÏÎ ÌÈÏËÂ ·ÏÂÏ ÚÂ„Ó ‰Ï‡˘· ˙˜ÒÂÚ ‰È

Æ‰·¯Ú· ÔÎ ÔÈ‡˘ ‰Ó ÔÈÏÂ·‚· ‰¯Â˙‰ ÔÓ ¯˜ÈÚ ÂÏ ˘È ·ÏÂÏ˘ ÍÎ ÏÚ ·È˘Ó „È·Ê ·¯ Æ‰Ú·˘

Æ‰·¯Ú È·‚Ï ÂÈ¯·„ ÁÒÂ· Â˜ÏÁ ÌÈ„Ú‰‚‰ ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ·ÔÓ ¯˜ÈÚ ‰ÈÏ ˙ÈÏ„ ‰·¯Ú¢ ‡È‰ ‰Ò¯

‰¯Â˙‰·‚·ÂÏÈÔ≠· Æ¢·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó·˙Ó‚‰ Æ¢ÔÈÏÂ·‚·¢ ‡˙ÈÏÂ ¢‰¯Â˙‰ ÔÓ ˜ÈÚ ‰ÈÏ ÈÏ„ ‰·¯Ú¢ ‡È‰ ‰Ò¯±≤≤

±±∑ÆÈ¯È‡Ó‰·Â ‡¢·ËÈ¯· ¨¯ÂËÈÚ· ‡Â‰ ÔÎÂ Æ¢ÆÆÆÌÈÁÙË ß‚ Â· ˘È˘ ·ÏÂÏ ÂÈ˘˘ ÔÂÈÎ¢ ∫·˙ÂÎ˘ Á¢¯· ÚÓ˘Ó ÔÎÂ±±∏Ú ¨®≤≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ˙Â˜ÂÒÙ ˙ÂÎÏ‰Ó’‚ ˙ÂÎÏ‰· ‡Â‰ ÔÎÂ ¨‰Ï Ú ¨®≤≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ˙ÂÏÂ„Æ≥µ¥ ßÓ±±πÚ ¨®≤± ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÔÈÈË˘Ù‡Ó’Æ≤∑≥ ±≤∞Ú ®±∞ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© Ò˜ÂÙ ‰‡¯Ó’˙ÂÏÈÙÎ¢ ∫ÌÈÂ‡‚‰ ÁÒÂ È·‚Ï ÔÈÈË˘Ù‡ Ï˘ Â˙˜ÒÓ ÏÚ ÈÚÓ˘ ≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ∑∏

·¢Ú ·Ï ‰ÎÂÒ ‰ÓÂ˜Ó· Â˙˘Ó ‰‡È·Ó‰ ÂÓˆÚ ÈÏ··· ˙ÂÏÈÙÎ‰ ÔÓ ‰ÓÂ‡Ó ‰Â˘ ‰È‡ ÌÈÂ‡‚‰ ˙Â¯ÙÒ· ÂÊ‚‰Â ‰„ÈÓ· Æ˙È‡¯ ‰È‡ ÌÈÂ‡‚· ˙ÂÏÈÙÎÏ ÈÏ··· ˙ÂÏÈÙÎ‰ ˙‡ÂÂ˘‰ Æ¢·¢Ú ÊÏ ‰ÎÂÒ· ˙ËËÂˆÓÎÂ‡È‰ ‰Ò¯

ÌÈ·¯Ó ÌÈ‡˘ ÌÈÂ‡‚‰˘ ÁÈ‰Ï ‰˘˜ Í‡ ÆÈÏ··‰ Ó¢ÂÓ· ÈÂˆÓ‰ ¯·„ ¨‡ ‰˘ÓÏ ‰ÈÙ‰· ¯·Â„Ó ¢È‡˜ Ì˙‰¢˙ÙÒÂ‰ È¢Ú ˜¯ ¯·ÒÂ˙ ˙‡Ê ˙ÂÏÈÙÎ Æ˙‡ÊÎ ‰ÈÙ‰ ‡È·‰Ï Â˘¯„È ‰Ê ÔÈÚÓ È˙Â¯ÙÒ Ó¢ÂÓ ˙‡·‰·Â ÌÈËÂËÈˆ·

Æ‡¯ÒÁÓ È¯ÂÒÁ ˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· ‰˘ÓÏ ËÙ˘Ó±≤±Ú ¨®≤± ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÔÈÈË˘Ù‡ ‰‡¯Ó’‚Î ÚÈ¯ÎÓ˘ ¨≤∑¥ ÔÂ˘Ï˘ ¯ÈÚÓ µ ‰¯Ú‰·Â ¢‡¯ÒÁÓ È¯ÂÒÁ¢ Ó¢ÈÎ ˙Ò¯

‚¯ Ó¢Á¨®≤± ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÔÈÈË˘Ù‡ ‰‡¯ Í‡ ÆÈ‡˜ ‡ÎÈ‰ ‡˙ Á‡Ï ¢È‡˜ Ì˙‰¢ ÔÂ˘ÏÂ ‰ÈÓ˘ Î„ Ô‡Ó Á‡Ï ÏÈÚÓ’‚ ÏÚ ÈÚÓ˘ ∂±∞ ÚÈ¯ÎÓ ÔÈÈË˘Ù‡ ÔÎÏÂ ¢˙¯Á‡ ‰˘Ó ÏÚ ·ÒÂÓ Ó¢Á˘ ÂÈÓ· „ÈÁÈ ‰¯˜Ó Â‰Ê¢ ∫Ó¢ÈÎ Ò¯

‚Î‚˘‡· ‡· ‡¯ÒÁÓ È¯ÂÒÁ ÔÂ˘ÏÂ ¢È‡˜ Ì˙‰¢ ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ ˙Ò¯¯ÈÚÓ ÔÈÈË˘Ù‡ ¨ÔÎ ÂÓÎ Æ‰ÈÓ˘ ¯Î„ Ô‡Ó ˙¯Ú‰˘‡¢ÓÏ ÒÁÈÈ˙Ó Ó¢Á‰ ÔÈ‡ ÌÈÂ‡‚‰ ÈÙÏ˘ ¯ÈÚ‰Ï ˘ÈÂ Æ„ÂÁÈÈ· ¯ÎÊÈ‰Ï ÍÈ¯ˆ ‰È‰ ‡Ï˘ ÚÂ„È ‚‰Ó ‰È‰ ÚÂ

®·¢Ú ·Ï ÏÈÚÏ© ‰˙˘Ú ¯·Î ‡¢Ó· ‰‰‚‰‰ Ó¢ÈÎÏ Ì‚ È¯‰˘ ¨Ó¢ÈÎ ˙‡ Ì‚ ˘¯ÙÏ ¯˘Ù‡ ÍÎÂ Â˙˘ÓÏ ‡Ï‡„ÈÓˆ‰Ï ÍÈ¯ˆ ÔÙÂ‡ ÏÎ· ÈÏÂ‡Â ‡¢Ó ÏÚ È‡˜˘ Âˆ¯È˙ ‡ÏÂ Ó¢Á· ı¯˙Ï ÍÈ¯ˆ ‰ÓÏ ‰˘˜ Î¢‡ Í‡ ÆÓ¢Á· ˆ¢È‡Â

Ú‰ ˙·ÂÁ ˙‡ÆÚ¢ˆÂ ·ÏÂÏ ¯ÂÚÈ˘· ˜ÂÒÈÚ‰ ·‚‡ ‰‡·‰· ˜Ù˙Ò‰Ï ‡ÏÂ ˙‡Ê ‰˘ÓÏ ÚÂ±≤≤„ ¯ÈÚ‰ ¯·Î ‰Ê ÛÂÏÈÁ ÏÚ Æ®∏± ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© È¯Ó‡Ó· ≤Æµ ÛÈÚÒ· ‰‡¯ ‰Ê ÛÂÏÈÁ ˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó· ÔÂÈ„’¨‰˜˘‰

[27]


¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡

≥Æ ‚¯Ò‡Â˙ ÎÏ‡ÈÈÌ

‚ Ó¢ÈÎ· ˘È∫˙È·ÈË¯ËÏ‡‰ ˙ÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ÁÒÂ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓÂ ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓÓ ÌÈÈ‡ÏÎ ˙Â‡Ò¯

≥Æ± ≥Æ± ≥Æ± ≥Æ± ≥Æ±„„„„„ ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡

Ï˙ÂÎÏ ‡·ËˆÈ‡‰ Ù˘Ó Á¯Ó‰ Ì‡ ‰¯˘Î „ˆ‰Ó ‡·ËˆÈ‡ ‰· ÈÂ ‰Ó‡ ÌÈ¯˘ÚÓ ‰‰Â·‚˘ ‰ÎÂÒ

‚ÂÒ‰ Æ‰ÓÂ˜Ú ÔÙÂ„ ÌÈ¯ÓÂ‡˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ˙ÂÓ‡ È„Ó ˙ÂÁÙ ‡Â‰ÔÙÂ„ ÔÈ„ ˙‡ È¯‰˘ ÍÎ ÏÚ ‰˘˜Ó ‰È

‚ ÛÂÏÈÁ ˘È ‡¯Ó‚‰ ıÂ¯È˙· ÆÂÈ·‚ ÏÚ ÍÎÈÒÂ ˙ÁÙ˘ ˙È· ˙˘ÓÓ „ÂÓÏÏ ¯˘Ù‡ ‰ÓÂ˜Ú∫‰Ò¯

Ú ¨®Ê¢˘˙© Î ¨È¯·Ú‰ ËÙ˘Ó‰ ÔÂ˙˘ ¨¢Ì¢·Ó¯‰ Ï˘ ‰ÎÏ‰‰ ˙ÒÈÙ˙ È„ÂÒÈÏ¢Ó’¯ÂË˜ÏÏ ‰„Â˙© ≤≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ±∞π Æ®˙‡Ê ‰ÈÙ‰ ÏÚ ÈÓÈÂ‡‰

±≤≥≠·˙‚ Æ‰Ê ÚË˜ ÏÚ ˙ÂÓÂ„‰ ˙ÓÁÓ ‚ÏÈ„ ÔÙÂ„ ‰È˙ÎÂ„·„ ÌÂ˘Ó Ì˙‰ È‡˘ ÔÈÁ„Â¢ ∫Á¢¯· Ì‚ ˙‡ˆÓ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯ÎÓ ˙ÂÈ ‰Â·‚ ÔÙÂ„‰ ‰Ê˘ ‡Î‰ Ï·‡ ‡È‰ ßÎÓ ÂÁÙ„ ‡È‰ ‡ÈÏÚÓ’‡ÓÈ‡ ‡È‰ ‰ÏÂÒÙ ÔÙÂ„ ‰ÎÂÒ‰ ÂÊ È·‚ÏÂ ‰Ó‡

Æ¢Ï¢Ó˜ ‡Ï±≤¥‚ ÔÂÈÓ„ ·˜Ú ‰ÚË Ó¢ÈÎ·˘ ‰‡¯‚Â ÈÙ¯Ú Ò¢˜„ ‰‡¯Â ¢‰È˙ÎÂ„·¢ ˙¯ÂÓ˙ ¢‰È˙ÏÈÓ·¢ Ò¯Ó’Æˆ ˙Â‡ ∑ ±≤µÆ¢È˙¯˙·¢ ÌÈ¯ÁÂ‡Ó ÌÈÒÂÙ„· Í‡ ¨ÔÂ˘‡¯ ÒÂÙ„· ÍÎ±≤∂‚„È¯·ÓÈÈ˜’ T-S F2(2).49Ú ¨®±∞ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© Ò˜ÂÙ ‰‡¯ ÆÓ’ÆÊ

ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰· · · · · ±≤≥

‡˙‡ÈÏÚÓ ÔÙÂ„ ‰˙ÎÂ„·„ Ì˙‰‡È‰

ÔÙÂ„ Â‡Ï ‰˙ÎÂ„·„ ‡Î‰ Ï·‡‰˙‡ÈÏÚÓ

Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó

È˙ÏÈÓ„ Ì˙‰’‡Â‰ ‡˙ÈÈÏÚÓ ‰ˆÈÁÓ

‰ˆÈºÆÆæÓÂ ‰È˙ÏÈÓ· Â‡Ï ‡Î‰˙ÈÈÏÚÓ’˛ÆÆÆ¸ ‡È‰

È¯Á‡ ‡˘ÈÏ’ÔÙÂ„Ï ‡ÈÊÁ„ ‡ÎÈ‰ ÈÏÈÓ È‰ÔÙÂ„Ï ‡ÈÊÁ ‡Ï„ ‡ÎÈ‰ Ï·‡

‚‰ ÔÈ· ÔÎÂ˙· Ï„·‰ ÔÈ‡≠· Æ‰‰Ê ÔÎÂ˙ Ï˘ ‰Â˘ ‰‡ˆ¯‰· ¯·Â„ÓÂ ˙Â‡Ò¯ÓÓÓÓÓÈ˙˘ ˙‡ ‡È·‰

‚‰Æ¢‡È¯Á‡ ‡˘ÈÏ¢ ÁÂÓ‰ È„È ÏÚ Ô‰ÈÈ· „È¯Ù‰Â Ô˙ÂÓÏ˘· ˙Â‡Ò¯±≤¥

≥Æ≤ ≥Æ≤ ≥Æ≤ ≥Æ≤ ≥Æ≤„„„„„ ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢·····

¯Â ÌÈÓÎÁ’Â˜ÏÁ˘ ·ÂÒ ‡Â‰ ·¯ ÆÔ·‚ ÏÚ ÍÎÈÒÂ ÔÈÒÈ„Â˜ ‰Ú·¯‡ ıÚ˘ ‰¯˜Ó· ÌÈ˜ÏÂÁ ·˜ÚÈ

‰ÓÓ˘ ‡˙ÈÈ¯·Ó ‡Â‰ ·¯ ÏÚ ‰˘˜Ó ‡¯Ó‚‰ Æ‰ÏÂÒÙ˘ ÌÈÓÈÎÒÓ ‚‚‰ ÚˆÓ‡· Ï·‡ ‚‚‰ ˙Ù˘·

¯Â ÌÈÓÎÁ˘ ÁÎÂÓ’ÌÈÓÈÎÒÓ˘ ‡Ê ‡˙ÈÈ¯·Ó ÁÈÎÂ‰Ï ‰ÒÓ ‡¯Ó‚‰ Æ‚‚‰ ÚˆÓ‡· Û‡ ÌÈ˜ÏÂÁ ·˜ÚÈ

‚ ÛÂÏÈÁ ˘È Æ‡Â‰ ·¯ ÏÚ ‰˘˜ ÍÎÓ Ì‚Â ‚‚‰ ˙Ù˘·∫‰Ï‡˘‰ ÁÂÒÈ· ‰Ò¯

„‡Â„‡Â„‡Â„‡Â„‡Â±≤µ¨‚¢˜‚¢˜‚¢˜‚¢˜‚¢˜±≤∂·Ï ·Ï ·Ï ·Ï ·Ï Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó

ÓÈÏ’ß˙·ÂÈ˙ ÈÓ ‡‰· ‡˙·ÂÈ˙ ÈÂ‰˙ ‡ÓÈÏÓÈÏ’ß˙·ÂÈ˙ ÈÂ‰˙ ÈÓ ‡‰· ‡Â‰ ·¯„È˙¯˙· ‡Â‰ ·¯„È˙¯˙· ‡Â‰ ·¯„

‡ÈÊÁ ‡Ï„ ‡Î‰ Ï·‡ÔÙÂ„Ï ‡ÈÊÁ„ ‡Â‰ Ì˙‰

[28]


¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡

‚‰ ÔÈ· ÔÎÂ˙· Ï„·‰ ÔÈ‡Æ‰‰Ê ÔÎÂ˙ Ï˘ ‰Â˘ ‰‡ˆ¯‰· ¯·Â„ÓÂ ˙Â‡Ò¯±≤∑≠· ÓÓÓÓÓÈ˙˘ ˙‡ ·ÈÎ¯‰

‚‰Æ¯ÓÂÓ ÁÒÂ ‡ˆÈ ÍÎÂ ˙Â‡Ò¯

≥Æ≥ ≥Æ≥ ≥Æ≥ ≥Æ≥ ≥Æ≥ËËËËËÂÂÂÂÂ ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡

¯ Æ‰·ÈÊÚÓ ‰ÈÏÚ ÔÈ‡˘ ‰¯˜˙· ‰ÎÂÒ ¯˘Î‰· ˙˜ÒÂÚ ‰˘Ó‰’‰¢· ‰Ê· ÌÈ˜ÏÂÁ˘ ¯·ÂÒ ‰„Â‰È

‚ÂÒ‰ ÆÌÈÈ˙È·Ó Á‡ ÏÂËÈÏ ÍÈ¯ˆ ‡ÓÏÚ ÈÏÂÎÏ˘ ·ÂÒ Ó¢¯ ÂÏÈ‡Â ¢·ÂÏ‡ÂÓ˘Ï ÍÎÓ ‰˘˜Ó ‰È

¯ ·ÂÒ „ˆÈÎ ÔÎ Ì‡Â ÌÈÏÂÒÙ ÌÈÁÙË ‰Ú·¯‡ Ì‰· È˘ ÌÈ¯Ò˘ ·ÂÒ˘’ÆÌÈ¯È˘ÎÓ ‰¢·˘ ‰„Â‰È

‚‰ Â˜ÏÁ∫ıÂ¯È˙‰ ÁÂÒÈ· ˙Â‡Ò¯

±≤∑≠·ÒÒÒÒÒ‚ ˙‡Ê˘ ÔÎ˙ÈÈ Æ¢‡˙·ÂÈ˙ ÈÂ‰ÈÏ ‡ÓÈÏ¢ ÆÌÈÂ˘ ÌÈÁÂÒÈ· ‰¯‰·‰ ÂÙÈÒÂ‰ ‰ÈÏÚÂ „ÂÒÈ‰ ˙Ò¯±≤∏ ıÈ·Â˜¯ÈÙ ‚¯Â·¯ËÙ ËÒYevr. II A 293.1Ú ¨®±∞ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© Ò˜ÂÙ ‰‡¯ ÆÓ’ÆÒ ±≤π‚„ ˙È‡Â¢ ∫‡¢·ËÈ¯· ‰‡¯Â ÌÈÈÓÈ˙‰ È¢‰Î· ˙‡ˆÓ ¢ÈÂ˜È˙¢ ÔÂ˘Ï‰‚ÏÙÈÓ ‡˜ ‰¯˜˙ ÈÂ˜˙· ÈÒ¯‡„Á ‰ÏÎÂ È

ÚÆ¢‡Â‰ ‡ÈÈ

‚¢˜ ¨„‡Â‚¢˜ ¨„‡Â‚¢˜ ¨„‡Â‚¢˜ ¨„‡Â‚¢˜ ¨„‡Â±≤∏

ÈÎ‰· ‰ÏË· ¯·Ò ¯Ó‰ÏË· ‡Ï ¯·Ò ¯ÓÂ

ÈÎ‰·

·˙ÒÏ ·˙ÒÏ ·˙ÒÏ ·˙ÒÏ ·˙ÒÏ

¯’ÈÂ˜˙ ¯·Ò ‰„Â‰È ±≤π‰¯˜˙ „Á‡ ÏËÂ· È‡Ó˘ ˙È·Ï

ÌÈÈ˙·Ó

Ó‡Â’È‡Ó˘ È· ÔÈ· È‡Ó ß¯ ‰ÈÏ „Á‡ ÏËÂ ÏÏ‰ ˙È· ÔÈ·Â

‡Ï ‡ÏÈ‡ ÔÈ‡ ÌÈÈ˙·Ó

Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó

¯·Ò ¯ÓÈÎ‰· ‰¯˜˙ ÈÏÂË·

‰ÏË· ‡Ï ÈÎ‰· ¯·Ò ¯ÓÂ

‡È¯Á‡ ‡˘ÈÏ¯’ÈÎ‰· ‰¯˜˙ ÈÏÂË· ¯·Ò ‰„Â‰È

˙Á‡ ÏËÂÂ ˜Ù˜ÙÈÓ ˘¢·Ï ¯·Ò ¯ÓÂÈÈ˙È·Ó’˙Á‡ ÏËÂ Â‡ Ù˜ÙÓ Â‡ ‰¢·Ï ÌÈ˙È·Ó

ÏËÂ È‡ ‰¢· ÔÈ·Â ˘¢· ÔÈ· ˛¯È‡Ó¸ ¯¢‡Â‡Ï ‡Ï È‡ ÌÈÈ˙È·Ó ˙Á‡

‚‰ ÔÈ· ÔÎÂ˙· Ï„·‰ ÔÈ‡≠· Í‡ Æ‰‰Ê ÔÎÂ˙ Ï˘ ‰Â˘ ‰‡ˆ¯‰· ¯·Â„ÓÂ ˙Â‡Ò¯ÓÓÓÓÓÈ˙˘ ˙Â‡·ÂÓ

‚‰Æ¢‡È¯Á‡ ‡˘ÈÏ¢ ÁÂÓ· Ô‰ÈÈ· „È¯Ù‰Â Ô˙ÂÓÏ˘· ˙Â‡Ò¯

≥Æ¥ ≥Æ¥ ≥Æ¥ ≥Æ¥ ≥Æ¥ÎÎÎÎÎ‡‡‡‡‡ ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡

¯’‚ÂÒ‰ ÆÏ‰Â‡ ÂÈ‡ Ì„‡ È„È· ÈÂ˘Ú ÂÈ‡˘ Ï‰Â‡˘ ¯·ÂÒ ‰„Â‰È ß¯ È¯·„Ó ÍÎ ÏÚ ‰˘˜Ó ‰È

‚Ó ÂÈ‰˘ Â˜ÂÈ˙ È·‚Ï ‰„Â‰ÈÌÈˆˆÂÁÂ Ï‰Â‡Î ÌÈ˘Ó˘Ó ÌÈ¯ÂÂ˘˘ ÁÎÂÓ Ì˘ÓÂ ‰ÓÂ„‡ ‰¯ÙÏ ÌÈÏ„

¯˘ ı¯˙Ó ÈÓÈ„ ·¯ ÆÌ„‡ È„È· ÌÈÈÂ˘Ú ÌÈ‡˘ Û‡ ÏÚ ‰‡ÓÂË‰ ÈÙÓ’Ï‰Â‡· ‰„ÂÓ ‰„Â‰È

‚˘‚‡ ‡ÏÓ ÂÏ„Â‚ÂÒ‰ ÆÏ‰Â‡ ‡Â‰ È¯‰ Ì„‡ È„È· ÈÂ˘Ú ÂÈ‡˘ ÈÙ ÏÚ Û‡˘ ÛÂ¯ÍÎÏ ‰‡È·Ó ‰È

¯ È¯·„Ó ‰È‡¯’‚ ÈÙÂÏÈÁ Ì˘È ˙‡Ê ‰È‡¯·Â ÂÓˆÚ ‰„Â‰È ∫‰Ò¯

[29]


¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡

‚‰ ÛÂÏÈÁ‚‰ ÔÈ· ‡Â‰ ‰Ê ÚË˜· È¯˜ÈÚ‰ ‰Ò¯¨‡˙ÈÈ¯·Ó ‡È‰ ‰È‡¯‰ Ì‰ÈÙÏÂ ¢ÈÎ‰ ÈÓ ‡È˙¢ ÌÈÒ¯Â

‚ÏÆ‰˘Ó‰Ó ‡È‰ ‰È‡¯‰ Ì‰ÈÙÏÂ ¢È˙˜„ ÈÓ ‡˜È„¢ ÌÈÒ¯Â±≥∞

‚· È˘Â˜‰ ÏÚ ÌÈ¯ÈÚÓ ÈÎ‰ ÈÓ ‡È˙ ‰¢„ ÂÙÒÂ˙¯ È¯·„ È¯‰˘ ¢ÈÎ‰ ÈÓ ‡È˙¢ ‰Ò¯’‰„Â‰È

Æ‡˙ÈÈ¯·‰Ó ÌÈÚÈÈÒÓ ÚÂ„ÓÂ ‰˘Ó· ÌÈ‡ˆÓ

‚‡ ‡ÂÏÓÎ ‰„Â‰È ß¯ ‰„ÂÓÂ¢ ∫·˙ÂÎ Á¢¯¯ ˛‰„ÂÓÂ¸ È˙˜„Ó ÆÆÆÛÂ¯’È˜È˜·Â ÔÈÙÈ˜˘· ‰„Â‰È

‚‰ ÔÎ Ì‡Â ¢È˙˜„Ó¢ ÔÂ˘Ï ‰È‡¯‰ ¯Â˜Ó ÔÂÈˆÏ Ë˜Â Á¢¯ Æ¢ÌÈÚÏÒ‰‡˜È„¢ ‡È‰ ÂÈÙÏ˘ ‰Ò¯

Æ¢È˙˜„ ÈÓ±≥±

‚ Ë˜Â ‰¢‡¯‰‚ ÈÎ‰ ÆÆÆÈ˙˜„ ÈÓ ‡˜ÈÈ„¢ ∫¢È˙˜„ ÈÓ ‡˜È„¢ ˙Ò¯ÔÎÂ È‡˜Â„ ÈÁÒÂ· ßÈÒ¯

Æ¢‡È‰ ÔÈ˙È˙Ó ‡È‰‰„ ‡ÙÈÒ„ ¯˜ÈÚ ÔÎÂ „¯ÙÒ È¯ÙÒ· ‰È˙‡ˆÓ±≥≤

‚Ï ¯Â‡È·∫Ì¢¯‰Ó‰ Ì˘· ®Ê¢Ó ‚¢Ù ˙ÂÏ‰‡© ·ÂË ÌÂÈ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙· ‡ˆÓ ¢ÈÎ‰ ÈÓ ‡È˙¢ ˙Ò¯

‚ ÌÈÏÂÏÁ ÌÈÚÏÒÂ ÔÈÙÈ˜˘ ÚÓ˘Ó ‰Â‰ ÔÈ˙È˙Ó„ ÌÂ˘Ó¢È˜È˜ Ï·‡ ¨Ì„‡ ˙¯È„Ï ÌÈÈÂ‡¯ ÌÈÏÂ„

Æ¢ÌÈË˜ ÌÈ¯ÂÁ Ì‰ ÌÈÚÏÒ±≥≥‚ ÌÈ¯‡·Ó‰ ˘È ‡Â‰Â ‰˘Ó· È¯Â˜Ó ÂÈ‡ ‰Ê ËÙ˘Ó˘ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯

Æ˙¯ÁÂ‡Ó ˙ÙÒÂ˙±≥¥Æ˙¯ÁÂ‡Ó ‰ÓÏ˘‰Î ‰Ê ÛÂÏÈÁ ÌÈ¯‡·Ó‰ ˘È ±≥µ

Ú· ∫ÌÈ¯È˘È‰ ÌÈ„Ú· ·ˆÓ‰ ‰Ê‚‰ ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ Û¢ÈÎ‰ ÈÓ ‡È˙¢ ‡È‰ ‰Ò¯±≥∂Ú· ÂÏÈ‡Â Û

≠· Æ¢È˙˜„ ÈÓ ‡˜È„¢ ÈÓÈ˙‰ÓÓÓÓÓ‚‰ ‚ ‡È‰ ‰Ò¯ÌÈÈ‡ÏÎ ˙Ò¯±≥∑‚‰ È˙˘ ˙‡ ‡È·ÓÂ ˙Â‡Ò¯

ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰·˙ ·˙ ·˙ ·˙ ·˙

È˙‡˜„ ÈÓ ‡˜È„‰„ÂÓ

ÌÈÚÏÒ·Â ÔÈÙÈ˜˘·

Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó

È˙˜„ ÈÓ ‡˜È„¯ ‰„ÂÓ’ß„Â‰È

ÔÈÚÏÒÂ ÔÈÙ˜˘·ÈÎ‰ ÈÓ ‡È˙

¯ ‰È‰ ‰„ÂÓ’ß„Â‰È ÔÈÚÏÒÂ ÔÈÙÈ˜˘·

Ï‰‡ ÔÈÈÂ˘Ú ÂÈ‡˘È·Â˘Á Ï·‡’Ï‰‡

±≥∞Ú ¨®≤± ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÔÈÈË˘Ù‡ ‰‡¯Ó’Æ∏≤¥ ±≥±‚ÂÒ‰ ˙ÏÈÁ˙· ‰ÏÂÎ ‰˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ËËˆÓ Á¢¯ÆËËÈˆ˘ ‰˘ÓÏ Â˙ÂÂÎ ¢È˙˜„Ó¢ ¯ÓÂ‡˘Î ÔÎÏÂ ‰È±≥≤‚ ˙‡ ‰ÁÂ„ ‡¢·ËÈ¯‰‚‰ ÌÈ˘È ÌÈ¯ÙÒ· ÂÈ¯·„ÏÂ ¢ÈÎ‰ ÈÓ ‡È˙¢ ˙Ò¯‰‡¯Â Æ‡ÙÈÒ È˙˜„ ÈÓ ‡˜È„ ‡È‰ ‰Ò¯

„’Ú ¨®‰¢Ò˘˙© · ¨‚ „ÂÓÏ˙ È¯˜ÁÓ ¨¢ÈÏ··‰ „ÂÓÏ˙‰ ˙ÎÈ¯Ú· ˜¯Ù ∫Â˙ÓÏ˘‰Â ¯ÂˆÈ˜‰ ÏÚ¢ ¨ÏËÊÂ¯ Ó’∏≤≥ Æ±≥≥ ‰¯Ú‰

±≥≥‚ ÏÏÁ Ì‰ ÌÈ˜È˜ Ì‰·˘ ÌÈ·¯ ÂÓÂ˜ÓÓ Ì¢¯‰Ó‰ ıÂ¯È˙ ÏÚ ‰˘˜Ó˘ Ï ÍÂ¯Ú· ‰‡¯Â¯‡·Ó Ï ÍÂ¯Ú‰Â ÏÂ„ÔÎ ÔÈ‡˘ ‰Ó ¨Ì„‡ È„È· ÌÈÈÂ˘Ú˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ‰„ÂÓ˘ ˘¯ÙÏ ‰È‰ ¯˘Ù‡ ‰˘Ó‰ ˙‡˘ ÔÂÂÈÎ ‡˙ÈÈ¯·‰Ó Â‡È·‰˘

ÆÌÈ˜È˜·±≥¥Ú ¨®∂∏ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ˙ÂÏ‰‡ ˙ÎÒÓ ‰‡¯Ó’Ú„Ï˘ ¨≥≤ ‰È‡¯ ÔÈ‡ ˙‡Ê ‰Á‰Ï Æ˙¯ÁÂ‡Ó ˙ÙÒÂ˙ ˙‡Ê ˜·Ï‡ ˙

Ú ¨®¥∑ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© È·Ï‰ ‰‡¯Â Æ˙ÈÏ‡ÂËÒ˜ËÆˆ˜ ßÓ±≥µÚ ¨®±≥≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÏËÊÂ¯ ‰‡¯Ó’ÂÈÏ‡ ÊÓ¯˘ ¯Â˜Ó Ï˘ ˙¯ÁÂ‡Ó ‰ÓÏ˘‰Î ‰Ê ÛÂÏÈÁ ¯‡·Ó˘ ¨∏≤≥≠∏≤≤

Æ‰˘Ó‰Ó ÂÓÈÏ˘‰˘ ˘ÈÂ ‡˙ÙÒÂ˙‰Ó ÂÓÈÏ˘‰˘ ˘ÈÂ ¯ÂˆÈ˜·±≥∂‚„È¯·ÓÈÈ˜ ‰ÊÈ‚ ÚË˜· ¯·Î ‡ˆÓÂ’ T-S F2(2).70Ú ¨˛±∞ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ¸ Ò˜ÂÙ ‰‡¯© Ó’Æ®Ê ±≥∑Ú ¨·¢˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨ÛÒ‡ ÌÈÂ‡‚‰ ˙Â·Â˘˙·Ó’‡ÈÓÂ„Â¢ ∫®ÌÈÂ‡‚‰ ¯ˆÂ‡· ˙‡ˆÓ ‡Ï ‰·Â˘˙‰© ±¥∞≠±≥π

¯ ‰„ÂÓ„ ÈÓ ‡˜È„ Ó‡˜Â¸ ÌÈÚ˛ÏÒ¸Â ÌÈÙÈ˜˘„’ÔÈ·Â˘Á Ï·‡ Ï‰‡ ÂÈ‡˘ ÈÙ ÏÚ Û‡˘ ÌÈÚÏÒ·Â ÔÈÙÈ˜˘· ‰„Â‰È ÚÙ ËËˆÓ ÔÂ‡‚‰ Æ¢‡Â‰ ˛Ï‰‡ ‡Ï„ ÌÈÚÏÒ·Â ÔÈÙÈ˜˘·¸ ‰„Â‰È ß¯ ‰„ÂÓÂ ÔÈ¯Ó‡˛„ Ï‰¸‡Îß¯ È¯·„ ˙‡ ÌÈÈÓ

ÌÈÚÏÒ‰ È˜È˜·Â ÔÈÙÈ˜˘·‰„Â‰È È·¯ ‰„ÂÓÂ

ÈÎ‰ ÈÓ ‡È˙

[30]


¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡

ÆÔ˙ÂÓÏ˘·±≥∏

≥Æµ ≥Æµ ≥Æµ ≥Æµ ≥ÆµÏÏÏÏÏ„„„„„ ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡

ÛÂÏÈÁ È ‰·¯Ú È·‚Ï Æ˘„˜Ó‰ È· Ô·¯ÂÁ Á‡Ï ‰˙˘‰ ÌÓ˘˘ ÌÈ¯·„ ‰˘ÂÏ˘ ‰ÂÓ ‡„ÒÁ ·¯

‚∫‰Ò¯

ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÌÈÈÓÈ˙‰ È¢‰Î´ÒÌÈÈÓÈ˙‰ È¢‰Î´ÒÌÈÈÓÈ˙‰ È¢‰Î´ÒÌÈÈÓÈ˙‰ È¢‰Î´ÒÌÈÈÓÈ˙‰ È¢‰Î´ÒÓ Ó Ó Ó Ó

ÈÙÏÈÁ ‰·¯Ú‰ÙˆÙˆ ‰·¯Ú‡ÙÏÈÁ ‰ÙˆÙˆ‰·¯Ú ‡ÙÏÈÁ‰·¯Ú ‰ÙˆÙˆ‡˙·¯Ú ‰·¯Ú

ÔÂ‡‚ ·Â˘˙·±≥π‚‰ ‰·¯‡ ‰ÙˆÙˆ ÔÈ¯Ó‡ ‡˜„ ÈÎ¢ ∫‡È‰ ‰Ò¯±¥∞ Æ¢ÆÆÆ‰ÙˆÙˆ ‰·¯‡ ˙·˘ ÈÏ···

‚‰ ‡¢Ú ÂÏ‚ÂÒ·˘ ‰‡¯ Æ¢ÆÆÆ‰ÙˆÙˆ ‰·¯Ú¢ ‡È‰ ‰Ò¯‚‰ ‰ÎÂÒ ˙ÈÈ‰·¯Ú¢Ï ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ· Â‰È

¨¢ÆÆÆ‡ÙÏÈÁ±¥±‚ÂÒ‰ ·˜Ú Æ‡ÙÏÈÁ· ‰˜ÒÚ˘ ˙Ó„Â˜‰ ‰È±¥≤≠· ÓÓÓÓÓ‚‰ È˙˘ ˙‡ ·ÈÎ¯‰ ÍÎÂ ˙Â‡Ò¯

Æ¯ÓÂÓ‰ ÁÒÂ‰ ¯ˆÂ±¥≥

≥Æ∂ ≥Æ∂ ≥Æ∂ ≥Æ∂ ≥Æ∂ÏÏÏÏÏÂÂÂÂÂ ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡

‚ÂÒ‰ Æ‰Ù¯Ë ÈÓÈÒ Â· Â„ÏÂ˘ ‚Â¯˙‡· ÔÈ„‰ ‰Ó Ï‡Â˘ ‡·¯‡˙ÈÈ¯·Ó ˙‡Ê ËÂ˘ÙÏ ‰ÒÓ ‰È

‰ÁÂ„ ‡¯Ó‚‰ ÆÌÈÙ·Ó ÁÂ¯ÒÂ ıÂÁ·Ó ÁÂÙ˙˘ ‡¯Ó‚‰ ˙˘¯ÙÓÂ ÁÂ¯Ò ÁÂÙ˙ ‚Â¯˙‡ ˙ÏÒÂÙ˘

‚‰ Â˜ÏÁÂ ‰Ê ˘Â¯ÈÙ∫‰ÈÈÁ„‰ ÁÂÒÈ· ˙Â‡Ò¯

ÂÈ‡˘ ÈÙ ÏÚ Û‡˘¢ ˙ÙÒÂ˙‰ È¯‰˘ ¨‡˙ÙÒÂ˙‰Ó ‡˙ÈÈ¯·‰ ˙‡ ÔÂ‡‚‰ ËËˆÓ ‰Â˘‡¯‰ ÌÚÙ·˘ ‰‡¯ Æ‰„Â‰È¯Ó‡˜Â¢ ÛÒ‡ Ï˘ ‰ÓÏ˘‰‰ Æ®±≥∏ ‰¯Ú‰ ÔÏ‰Ï ‰‡¯© ‡˙ÙÒÂ˙·˘ ˙ÙÒÂ˙Ï ‰ÓÂ„ ¢˛Ï‰¸‡Î ÔÈ·Â˘Á Ï·‡ Ï‰‡¨®±≥≤ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÏËÊÂ¯ ‰‡¯ ¨‡˙ÈÈ¯· ˙‡·‰ ÔÈÈˆÓ‰ ÁÂÓ ˙ÂÈ‰Ï ÍÈ¯ˆÂ ¨‰ÂÎ ‰È‡ ¢ß¯ ‰„ÂÓ„ ÈÓ ‡˜È„

ÚÛÒ‡ Ï˘ Â˙ÓÏ˘‰ ¨ÍÎÏ ÛÒÂ·© ÔÂ˜È˙ ‰ÎÈ¯ˆ ÛÒ‡ Ï˘ Â˙ÓÏ˘‰˘ ÔÈÈˆ ÔÓÒÂÊ ¯·Î˘ ¨±≤π ‰¯Ú‰ ∏≤≥ ßÓ¯Ï È¯‰˘ ‰ÂÎ ‰È‡ ¢Ï‰‡ ‡Ï„ ÌÈÚÏÒ·Â ÔÈÙÈ˜˘·¢’˙·Â˘˙·˘ Î¢‡ ‡ˆÓ Æ®Ï‰‡ Ì‰ ÌÈÚÏÒÂ ÔÈÙÈ˜˘ ‰„Â‰È

‚‰˘ ÔÎ˙ÈÈ Æ‰˘Ó‰ ÔÓ ËÂËÈˆ‰ ÔÎÓ Á‡ÏÂ ‰ÏÈÁ˙ ‡˙ÈÈ¯·‰ ‡·ÂÓ ÔÂ‡‚‰ÆÆÆÈÎ‰ ÈÓ ‡È˙¢ ∫‡È‰ ÂÈÙÏ˘ ‰Ò¯‚Î ‡ÏÂ ˘Â¯ÈÙÎ ˙Â¯Â˜Ó‰ „Á‡ ˙‡ ÛÈÒÂ‰˘ ¯˘Ù‡ Í‡ ¨¢È˙˜„ ÈÓ ‡˜È„Æ‰Ò¯

±≥∏ÔÈ·Â˘Á Ï·‡ Ï‰‡Î ÂÈ‡˘ ÈÙ ÏÚ Û‡ ÔÈÚÏÒ·Â ÔÈÙÈ˜˘· ‰„Â‰È È·¯ ‰„ÂÓ¢ ∫®Ï„Ó¯˜Âˆ© „ ‰ ÂÏ‰‡ ‡˙ÙÒÂ˙·

≠· Æ¢Ï‰‡ÎÓÓÓÓÓ‚·Â ÔÂÈÏÈÂÂÂÂÂÂÓÈÏ˘‰˘ ¯˘Ù‡ Æ¢ÆÆÆÂÈ‡˘ Ù¢Ú‡¢ ‡˙ÙÒÂ˙· ‰ÎÏ‰‰ ÛÂÒÏ ‰ÓÂ„ ˙ÙÒÂ˙ ‰ÚÈÙÂÓ ‚·Â ˙È˙Â‰Ó ˙‡Ê ˙ÙÒÂ˙˘ ¯˘Ù‡Â Æ˙ÂÓÏ˘· ‰‡È·‰Ï È„Î ‡˙ÈÈ¯·‰ Ï˘ ËÂËÈˆ‰ ˙‡‡˙ÈÈ¯·‰ ˙‡ ÂÙÈ„Ú‰ ‰È

Ú Ò¢˜„ Æ‰˘Ó‰ ÈÙ ÏÚÓ’˙ÙÒÂ˙ ÌÂ˘Ó ˜¯ ‡Ï Í‡ ¨‡ÙÈÒ‰ ÌÂ˘Ó ‡˙ÈÈ¯·‰ ˙‡ Â‡È·‰˘ ¯‡·Ó Ó ˙Â‡ ∂∞ ‡ÙÈÒ· ¯ÂÙÓ ‡˙ÈÈ¯·· Î¢‡˘Ó Ì„‡ È„È· ‰˘Ú ÈÎ ‰„ÂÓ˘ ÔÈ·‰Ï ‰È‰ Ô˙È ‰˘Ó‰ ‡˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ‡Ï‡ Â‡È·‰‡Â‰ ‡˙ÈÈ¯·‰ ÔÂ¯˙È Í‡ ¨®±≥≥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ ‰‡¯© ¯Ï ÍÂ¯Ú‰ ¯Â‡È· ÔÈÚÎ ‡Â‰ ‰Ê ¯·Ò‰ ÆÌ„‡ È„È· ‰˘Ú ‡Ï˘

Ú„Ó ¯Ú˘Ó˘ „Â„ È„ÒÁ· ‰‡¯Â Æ¢È˜È˜·¢ ‰ÏÈÓ‰Ó ‡ÏÂ ‡ÙÈÒ‰ÓÆ‡˙ÈÈ¯·‰ ÛÂÒ ¯ÒÁ ÈÏ···˘ Â˙±≥πÚ ¨Ë¢Ò¯˙ ˜¯ÂÈ ÂÈ ¨‰˜ÈÂ‡‚Ó’Ú ¨„¢˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨È„Â¯· ßÈ ˙¯Â„‰Ó ¨È‡Â¯Ë ·¯ ˙Â·Â˘˙Ω© ≥≤± Ó’Æµ∑≥

Æ®ÌÈÂ‡‚‰ ¯ˆÂ‡· ˙‡ˆÓ ‰È‡±¥∞Æ≥ ‰¯Ú‰ ¨®±≥π ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© È„Â¯· ‰‡¯ ¢‰·¯‡¢ ‰¯Âˆ‰ ÏÚ±¥± „¯ÂÙÒ˜Â‡ ‰ÊÈ‚ ÚË˜· ¯·Î ‡ˆÓÂHeb. d.54/11-16 (2671.3)Æ®≤µ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ ‰‡¯© ±¥≤Ú „ ®±∞π ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÔÓ¯·ÈÏ ‰‡¯Ó’‚¢Ò¯ Â„ÈÒ· Æ‰ÎÂÒ· Ï¢ˆ ÔÎÂ ¢ÆÆÆ‰ÙˆÙˆ ‰·¯Ú¢ ‡¢Ú ÂÏ ·˘·˘ ∏µπ

ÚÓ’ı¯‡‰ È˘‡ È˙È‡¯Â Æ‰·¯Ú È˘‰Â ‰ÙˆÙˆ ÌÈ¯ˆÓÂ Ï‡¯˘È ı¯‡· ‡¯˜ ÔÂ˘‡¯‰Â ÆÆÆ‰·¯Ú‰ ¯Â‡È˙Â¢ ∫ÂÏ¯ ‚‰ Á¢¯· Æ¢ÂÏÏ‰ ˙ÂÓ˘‰ È˘ ˙‡ ÌÈÙÈÏÁÓ ˙‡Ê‰ÆÚ¢ˆÂ ¢‡ÙÏÈÁ ‡Ò‡ ‡Ò‡ ‡ÙÏÈÁ¢ ‰Ò¯

±¥≥Ú Ò¢˜„Ó’· È¢Î· ÂÓÎ Ï¢ˆÂ ‡Â‰ ˘·Â˘ÓÂ¢ ∫·˙ÂÎ ‡ ˙Â‡ ±∞µ ’Â‡ ÂÏ ˙·˘· ‰¢ÎÂ ‰·¯Ú ‰ÙˆÙˆ ‰ÙˆÙˆ ‰·¯Ú Æ¢‰ÙˆÙˆ ‡ÙÏÈÁ ‡ÙÏÈÁ ‰ÙˆÙˆ ·Â˙Î ‰È‰˘

[31]


¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡

ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰‚¢˜ ¨Á¢¯ ‚¢˜ ¨Á¢¯ ‚¢˜ ¨Á¢¯ ‚¢˜ ¨Á¢¯ ‚¢˜ ¨Á¢¯ ±¥¥Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó

Á¯Ò ÍÎ ¯Á‡Â ÁÙ˙È‡„ ‡‰Á¯Ò ¯„‰Â ÁÙ˙È‡„ ‡‰ÁÙ˙È‡ ÍÎ ¯Á‡Â Á¯Ò„ ‡‰ÂÁÙ˙ ¯„‰Â Á¯Ò„ ‡‰

Á¯Ò ‡Ï„ ‚¢Ú‡ ÁÙ˙„ ‡‰Á¯Ò ‡Ï„ ‚¢Ú‡Â ÁÙ˙È‡„ ‡‰ÂÁÙ˙ ‡Ï„ ‚¢Ú‡ Á¯Ò„ ‡‰ÁÙ˙È‡ ‡Ï„ ‚¢Ú‡Â Á¯Ò‡„ ‡‰Â

‚‰ ÔÈ· ÔÎÂ˙· Ï„·‰ ÔÈ‡Æ‰‰Ê ÔÎÂ˙ Ï˘ ‰Â˘ ‰‡ˆ¯‰· ¯·Â„ÓÂ ˙Â‡Ò¯±¥µ‡È·‰ πµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î·

‚‰ È˙˘ ˙‡Æ®¢‡È¯Á‡ ‡˘ÈÏ¢ ÔÂÈˆ È„È ÏÚ ‰„¯Ù‰ ‡ÏÏ Ûˆ¯·© Ô˙ÂÓÏ˘· ˙Â‡Ò¯±¥∂

≥Æ∑ ≥Æ∑ ≥Æ∑ ≥Æ∑ ≥Æ∑ÓÓÓÓÓ„„„„„ ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢‡‡‡‡‡≠≠≠≠≠ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢·····

‚ÂÒ‰¯ Æ˙ÂÎÂÒ· ‰·¯Ú Ï˘ ÔÈ„‰ ¯Â˜Ó· ˙˜ÒÂÚ ‰È’‰·¯Ú Ì‡‰ ÌÈ˜ÏÂÁ ÈÂÏ Ô· Ú˘Â‰È ß¯Â ÔÁÂÈ

¯Â ÌÈ‡È· „ÂÒÈ Â‡ ÌÈ‡È· ‚‰Ó ‡È‰’¯ ÆÌÈ‡È· „ÂÒÈ ‡È‰ ‰·¯Ú˘ ·ÂÒ ÔÁÂÈ ß¯˘ ÓÂ‡ Â‰·‡ ’

¯˘ ÍÎÓ Â‰·‡ ß¯Ï ‰˘˜Ó ‡¯ÈÊ’Â‰·‡ ß¯ ı¯˙ÓÂ ÈÈÒÓ ‰˘ÓÏ ‰ÎÏ‰ ‡È‰ ‰·¯Ú˘ ¯ÓÂ‡ ÔÁÂÈ

¯ È¯·„Ó ‰˘˜Ó ‡¯Ó‚‰ Í˘Ó‰· ÆÌÂ„ÒÈÂ Â¯ÊÁÂ ÌÂÁÎ˘˘’ÛÂÏÈÁ ˘È ‰Ê ıÂ¯È˙· Æ˙ˆ¯˙ÓÂ ÔÁÂÈ

‚∫È˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó ‰Ò¯

ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰±¥∑·˙ ·˙ ·˙ ·˙ ·˙ Ó Ó Ó Ó Ó

ÔÁÂÈ ¯¢‡‰ÂÓ‡ ‡‰Â’ÔÁÂÈ ß¯ ÔÁÂÈ ¯¢‡‰Â‡È‰ ÔÂ‰Ï„ È¯Ó‡ ÔÂÎÏ„Ó‡ ÔÂÎÏÈ„’‡Â‰ ÔÂ‰ÏÈ„ ¯Ó‡ ÔÂÎÏÈ„’‡È‰ ÔÂ‰ÏÈ„

‡È˘®Â©˜ ‡ÏÌ˙‰ÌÈÈ˜ ˘„˜Ó‰ ˙È·˘ ÔÓÊ· ÔÎÌÈÈ˜ ˘„˜Ó‰ ˙È·˘ ÔÓÊ·

ÌÈÈ˜ ÂÈ‡˘ ÔÓÊ· Ô‡ÎÂ‡È˘˜ ‡Ï‡È˘˜ ‡ÏÂ

˘„˜Ó· Ô‡Î˘„˜Ó· ‡‰ÔÈÏÂ·‚· Ô‡ÎÔÈÏÂ·‚· ‡‰

‚ÂÒ‰ ‰ÏÚÓ˘ È˘Â˜‰ ˙‡ ‰ÏÈÁ˙ ¯‡·‡Æ‰È

¯ Ï˘ ˙‡Ê ‰¯ÈÓ‡˘ ˘¯ÙÓ È¢˘¯’ÆÌ˙Â‡ ˙Á·˘ÓÂ Ï·· È· Ï˘ Ì˙¯Â˙Ï ˙ÒÁÈÈ˙Ó ÔÁÂÈ

˙¯ÊÂÁ ÍÎÈÙÏÂ ¨ÌÂ„ÒÈÈÂ Â¯ÊÁÂ ÌÂÁÎ˘ ıÂ¯È˙‰ ÌÚ ÌÈ·˘ÈÈ˙Ó ÌÈ‡ ÔÁÂÈ ß¯ Ï˘ ÂÏ‡ ÌÈ¯·„

¯ È¯·„· ‰¯È˙Ò‰’ÆÈÈÒÓ ‰˘ÓÏ ‰ÎÏ‰ Â‡ ÌÈ‡È· „ÂÒÈ ‡È‰ ‰·¯Ú Ì‡‰ ÔÁÂÈ ±¥∏

±¥¥ „¯ÂÙÒ˜Â‡Heb. d.54/11-16 (2671.3)Æ®≤µ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ ‰‡¯©

±¥µ‚ÆÚÂ·˜ ÂÈ‡ Ì‰Ï˘ ¯„Ò‰ Í‡ ¨ÌÈÂ˘ ÌÈ·Ï˘· ¯·Â„Ó˘ ˙¯‡·Ó ‚¢˜Â Á¢¯ ˙Ò¯±¥∂Ú ¨¯ÂËÈÚ· ‰‡¯ÂÓ’ÌÈÙ·Ó ÁÂ¯ÒÂ ıÂÁ·Ó ÁÂÙ˙ Ï·‡ ÁÙ˙ Î¢Á‡Â Á¯Ò„ ‡‰ Á¯Ò Î¢Á‡Â ÁÙ˙‡„ ‡‰¢ ∫±∑∂

ÂÈÈ‰Â Ú¯ ÁÂ¯ ‰Ï ‰˘ÚÂ Á¯Ò Î¢Á‡Â ÁÙ˙Ó ÁÙÂ˙ ÂÈ‰Ï ˜·Ó˘Î ‰ÊÏ ‰Ê ÔÈ·Â¯˜ ÁÂ¯Ò ÁÂÙ˙ ‰·Â˘˙·ÂÆ¢˙È¯˜ÈÚ‰ ‡ÁÒÂ‰ ÂÊÂ ÁÙ˙ ‡ÏÂ Á¯Ò‡„ ‡‰ Á¯Ò‡ ‡ÏÂ ÁÙ˙„ ‡‰ ˜¢Ï ¯Ó‡˜„

±¥∑‚˘ ‰‡¯ ÔÎÂ‚‰ ÔÎÂ ¨®¢ºÆÆÆ ÆÆæÓ· ÔÎ¢© ¥∏¥µØ≤µ≠≤∂ ‚¯Â·Ò¯Ë˘ ‰ÊÈ‚ ÚË˜ ˙Ò¯È„ ‰ËÈˆ ‰ÎÈ¯Î ÚË˜· ‰Ò¯ ÂÏÈËÒ˜Fr. ebr. 1,3,5Æ

±¥∏¯Ï ¯˙Ù ‡‰Î ·¯˘ ˘¯ÙÓ È¢˘¯’‰¢„ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙ ‰‡¯Â ÆÏ·· ˙¯Â˙ ˙‡ ÔÁÂÈ ß¯ Á·È˘ ÔÎÏÂ ˙Â˜ÙÒ ‰ÓÎ ÔÁÂÈ ÆÈ¢˘¯ Ï˘ Â˘Â¯ÈÙ ˙‡ ÌÈÁÂ„˘ ¨‡‰Â

[32]


¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡

‚ÂÒ ˙‡ ¯‡·Ó ÔÂ‡‚‰∫‰Â˘ ÔÙÂ‡· Â˙ÈÈ±¥π

Ó‡ ÌÎÏ˘ ÌÎÁ ‡‰Î ·¯ ¯ÓÂÏÎ ‡‰Î ·¯ ‡Â‰Â ‡Â‰ ÌÎÁ ‰Ê ÔÂÎÏÈ„ ˘Â¯ÈÙÂ’‰·¯Ú ÈÎ

Ï˘ ˙ÂÚÂÓ˘‰ ÌÈ˙˘ ÈÎ Â˜¯ÈÙÂ ÆÆÆÌÈ¯ÙÂÒ Ï˘ Ì‰È¯·„Ó ÔÂ‰ÏÈ„ ˘Â¯ÈÙÂ ‡Â‰ ÔÂ‰ÏÈ„

È˘‰ Ó¢‰È· Ô·¯Á ¯Á‡Ó Ï·‡ Â¯Ó‡ ÌÈÈ˜ ˘„˜Ó‰ ˙È·˘ ÔÓÊ· ÌÈ‡È· Ï˘Â ‰˘Ó

Æ‡È‰ Ô·¯„ ÔÂ‰ÏÈ„

¯ Ï˘ ˙‡Ê ‰¯ÈÓ‡˘ ¯‡·Ó ÔÂ‡‚‰’È¯·„Ó ‡È‰ ‰·¯Ú˘ ¯·ÂÒ ÔÁÂÈ ß¯Â ‰·¯ÚÏ ˙ÒÁÈÈ˙Ó ÔÁÂÈ

ÆÌÈ‡È· „ÂÒÈ ‡È‰ ‰·¯Ú˘ Â˙¯ÈÓ‡ ÏÚ Ô‡ÎÓ ‰˘˜Â ¨ÌÈ¯ÙÂÒ±µ∞

‚ ÛÂÏÈÁ ˘È ‡¯Ó‚‰ ıÂ¯È˙· Æ‰Ò¯‚‰ ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ·Æ¢ÔÈÏÂ·‚· Ô‡Î ˘„˜Ó· Ô‡Î¢ ∫‡È‰ ‰Ò¯±µ±

≠··˙·˙·˙·˙·˙‚‰ Á¢¯Â ÔÂ‡‚‰ ˙·Â˘˙· ÂÈ‡˘ ÔÓÊ· Ô‡ÎÂ ÌÈÈ˜ ˘„˜Ó‰ ˙È·˘ ÔÓÊ· Ô‡Î¢ ∫‡È‰ ‰Ò¯

≠· Æ¢ÌÈÈ˜ÓÓÓÓÓ‚‰ Æ¢ÔÈÏÂ·‚· ‡‰ ˘„˜Ó· ‡‰ ‡È˘˜ ‡ÏÂ ÌÈÈ˜ ˘„˜Ó‰ ˙È·˘ ÔÓÊ· Ô‡Î¢ ∫‡È‰ ‰Ò¯

¯ È¯·„· ‰¯È˙Ò‰˘ ÌÈ¯‡·Ó Á¢¯Â ÔÂ‡‚‰’ÌÈ‡È· „ÂÒÈ ‡È‰ ‰·¯Ú Ì‡‰ ‰Ï‡˘· ‡È‰ ÔÁÂÈ

¨Ô·¯„Ó Â‡±µ≤ÆÔ·¯„Ó ‡È‰ ‰·¯Ú ‰Ê‰ ÔÓÊ·˘ ‡Â‰ ıÂ¯È˙‰ ÔÎÏÂ

‚‰Ï‡˘‰ È¢˘¯Ï È¯‰˘ ‰Ï‡˘· È¢˘¯ Â¯ÈÙÏ ‰ÓÈ‡˙Ó ‰È‡ È‡„Â ıÂ¯È˙· Á¢¯Â ÔÂ‡‚‰ Ò¯

¯ È¯·„˘ ‡È‰’‰˘ÓÏ ‰ÎÏ‰Ó ‡È‰ ‰·¯Ú˘ ÂÈ¯·„ ˙‡ ÌÈ¯˙ÂÒ ÌÈ‡È· „ÂÒÈ ‡È‰ ‰·¯Ú˘ ÔÁÂÈ

Æ‰Ê‰ ÔÓÊ· ¯Ó‡ ÌÈ‡È· „ÂÒÈ˘ ¯ÓÂÏ ÔÎ˙ÈÈ ‡ÏÂ ¨ÈÈÒÓ±µ≥

‰ÎÏ‰Ó ‡È‰ ‰·¯Ú ˘„˜Ó·Â ¨È¢˘¯ ˘Â¯ÈÙÏ ÌÈ‡˙Ó ¢ÔÈÏÂ·‚· Ô‡Î ˘„˜Ó· Ô‡Î¢ ıÂ¯È˙‰

‚ÂÒ‰ ‰· ‰¯ÊÁÂ ÌÈ‡È· „ÂÒÈ ÔÈÏÂ·‚·Â ÈÈÒÓ ‰˘ÓÏÆÌÂ„ÒÈÈÂ Â¯ÊÁÂ ÌÂÁÎ˘ ıÂ¯È˙‰Ó ‰È

±¥πÚ ¨·¢˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨ÛÒ‡ ÌÈÂ‡‚ ˙Â·Â˘˙Ó’Ú ¨˛∂≥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ¸ ÌÈÂ‡‚‰ ¯ˆÂ‡Ω© π≥≠π≤ Æ®∂≥ ßÓ±µ∞¯ÙÒ· ÔÎÂ Æ¢‰ÎÏ‰ ‡ÏÂ ÌÈ‡È· „ÂÒÈ ‡Ï ‰È‡Â Ô·¯„Ó ‰·¯Ú ÈÎ ÈÏ ¯Ó‡ ÌÎÏ˘ ÌÎÁ‰¢ ∫Á¢¯ ¯‡·Ó Ì‚ ÍÎ

˘ ˙¯Â„‰Ó ¨¯˘È‰’‚ÈÊÏ˘ ÈÒ ¨„¢Ï˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨¯’ÂÏÎ¢ ∫ËÒ˘ ’Æ¢ÌÈ‡È· „ÂÒÈ ‡ÏÂ ÌÈÓÎÁ ˙˜˙ ßÈ¯·„Ó Ú„Ï˘ ‰ÏÂÚ ˙‡Ê ‰¯ÈÓ‡Ó˘ ÌÈ¯‡·Ó ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙ Í‡ Æ‡‰ ‰¢„ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙· ÚÈÙÂÓ ‰ÓÂ„ ˘Â¯ÈÙ¯ ˙’‡È‰ ‰·¯Ú ÔÁÂÈ

‚· ‰Ê ˘Â¯ÈÙ ÌÈÏÂ˙ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙ Æ®¢Ô·¯„¢ Á¢¯·Â ¢ÌÈ¯ÙÂÒ È¯·„¢ ÔÂ‡‚·© ÌÈ‡È· ‚‰Ó˘Â¯ÈÙ· Í‡ ¨¢¯Ó‡¢ ‰Ò¯‚‰ ÂÈÙÏ˘ Á¢¯‚ Á¢¯˘ ‡È·Ó ˘¢‡¯ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙·© ¢È¯Ó‡¢ ‰Ò¯‚ Á¢¯˘ ÚÓ˘Ó ÂÂ˘ÏÓ Í‡ ¨¢È¯Ó‡¢ Ò¯ÂÒ¯Â

‚‰ ‡ÏÈÂ ÒÂÙ„· ÆÚ¢ˆÂ ˘¢ÈÚ ¨È¢˘¯Ó ˙¯Á‡Á¢¯ È¯·„ ˙‡ ‡È·Ó ÔÂÎÏ„ Í¯Ú ÍÂ¯Ú· Æ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙ È¢ÙÚ Á¢¯· Â‰È‚Â‚‰ ÔÂ‡‚‰ ˙·Â˘˙·Â Æ¢¯Ó‡¢ Ò¯Â‚ÂÒ‰ ˙‡ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙ ÌÈ‡È·Ó Ì‰È¯·„ Í˘Ó‰· ¨ÍÎÏ ÛÒÂ· Æ®¢¯Ó‡¢ ‰Ò¯‰È‚·‚‰ Ì˘Â ‡¢Ú ÁÚ ÔÈËÈ˘¯ÙÓ ‡¢·ËÈ¯‰ ÔÎÂ© ¯Ó‡ ‡‰Î ·¯˘ ‡Â‰ ‰˘Â¯ÈÙ˘ Û‡ ÏÚ ¢È¯Ó‡ ÔÂÎÏÈ„¢ ‰Ò¯

Ú ˙‡ ¯ÈÎÊÓ ÂÈ‡Â ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙Î‚‰ ÔÈÈÚ ¨˛µπ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ¸ È˜Ò‚¯Â· ‰‡¯ Æ‰Ò¯Ó’‚Ï ¯˘‡¢ ∫∂±≥ ˙‡·ÂÓ‰ ‡Ò¯ÈÒÂ˙·’˙Â‡ÁÒÂ‰ ÈÈÂÈ˘· ÔÈÎÂÓÈÒ ‰Ï ÔÈ‡ ÔÎÂ ÂÈÙÏ˘ Á¢¯· ˙‡ˆÓ ‡Ï „ÈÁÈ ÔÂ˘Ï· ¯Ó‡ ÔÂÎÏ„ Á¢¯ Ì˘·

‚‰ ˙‡ ˘¯ÙÏ Á¯Î‰ ÔÈ‡˘ Î¢‡ ‰‡¯ Æ®¢·¢Ú ÊÈ˜ ˜¢··Í‡ ¨˙ÂÙÒÂ˙Â Á¢¯Î ‰¯‡·Ï ¯˘Ù‡Â È¢˘¯Î ¢È¯Ó‡¢ ‰Ò¯‚‰ ˙‡ÆÈ¢˘¯Î ‡ÏÂ ˙ÂÙÒÂ˙Â Á¢¯Î ‡Ï‡ ˘¯ÙÏ ‡¢‡ ¢¯Ó‡¢ ‰Ò¯

±µ±≠·ÏÏÏÏÏÆ¢Ô‡Î ˘„˜Ó·¢ ÏÚ ˙ÂÓÂ„‰ ˙ÓÁÓ ‚ÏÈ„ ±µ≤¯Ï ¯Ó‡ ÔÁÂÈ ß¯¢ ∫®·¢Ú „© ‡ ¨„ ‰ÎÂÒ ÈÓÏ˘Â¯È·’‡˙ÂËÈ˘ÙÓ ÔÂÎÈ„È· ÔÂ˜ÏÒ ÈÏÈÓ ÔÈ¯˙ ‡ÈÈÏ·· ‡· ¯· ‰ÈÈÁ

Ú˙„¯ Ì˘· ‡È·Ó ÈÓÏ˘Â¯È‰ Æ¢‡ÈÈÚÈ·˘ ‡ÓÂÈ„ ‡˙·Â¯ÚÂ ‡˙È’˙Â·˜Ú· ‰Ë˘Ù˙‰ ÈÚÈ·˘· ‰·¯Ú˘ ÔÁÂÈ È˜Ò‚¯Â· ‰‡¯Â ¨Ô·¯„Ó ‡È‰ Î¢‡Â Ï··· ‡Â‰ ‰¯Â˜Ó ‰Ê‰ ÔÓÊ· ‰·¯Ú˘ ¯ÓÂÏ Â˙ÂÂÎ˘ ÚÓ˘ÓÂ ¨Ï·· ˙‚‰‰

Ú ¨®µπ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ©Ó’Æ˙‡Ê ‰¯ÓÈÓÏ ÈÏ··‰ ÁÂÒÈ‰ Ï˘ Â˙ÂÂ‰˙‰ ÏÚ ¨∂±µ ±µ≥¯ È¯·„Ó ‰¯È˙Ò‰ ‡ ÌÈ˘¯ÙÓ˘ ÂÙÒÂ˙ Â¯ÈÙÏ Ì‚˘ ÛÈÒÂ‡’‰·¯Ú˘ ÂÈ¯·„Ï ÌÈ‡È· „ÂÒÈ ‡È‰ ‰·¯Ú˘ ÔÁÂÈ

‚Ï Ô˙È ‡ÏÂ ‰Ê‰ ÔÓÊ· ¯Ó‡ ÌÈ‡È· ‚‰Ó˘ ı¯˙Ï ‡¢‡ ®±µ∞ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ ‰‡¯© ÌÈ‡È· ‚‰Ó ‡È‰ıÂ¯È˙· ÒÂ¯ÆÁ¢¯Â ÔÂ‡‚Î

[33]


¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡

‚ È·‚Ï Ò¯ÓÓÓÓÓÆ‰˘Â¯ÈÙ·Â ÁÒÂ‰ ¯ÂÒÓ· ‰ÓÂ˜Ó· Ù˙Ò‰Ï È ±µ¥‰˘ÓÏ ‰ÎÏ‰¢ ∫·˙ÂÎ Á¢¯

Á¢¯ ‡ ‡·Ï ˘Ù‡ ÆÂ˙ÂÂÎ ‰Ó Â‡È· ÍÈ¯ˆÂ ¢ÔÈÏÂ·‚·Â ÌÈÈ˜ „˜Ó‰˘Î ÌÈ‡È· „ÂÒÈÂ ÈÈÒÓ

∫ÌÈÙÂ‡ È˘·

‡ÆÆÈÈÒÓ ‰˘ÓÏ ‰ÎÏ‰Ó ‡È‰ ‰·¯Ú ÔÈÏÂ·‚· Ì‚

·Æ‚ÂÒ‰ ‰· ‰¯ÊÁÂ ÌÈ‡È· „ÂÒÈ ÔÈÏÂ·‚·Â ÈÈÒÓ ‰˘ÓÏ ‰ÎÏ‰Ó ‡È‰ ‰·¯Ú ˘„˜Ó·‰È

‰˘Â¯ÈÙ Â‰Ê˘ ˘Ù‡ ÈÊ‡ ‰ÈÈ˘‰ Â¯˘Ù‡Î Â·Ò Ì‡ ÆÌÂ„ÒÈÈÂ Â¯ÊÁÂ ÌÂÁÎ˘˘ ‰ˆÂ¯È˙Ó

‚ Ï˘ ˙Ò¯ÓÓÓÓÓÆ±µµ

‰˘ÓÏ ‰ÎÏ‰ ‡Â‰ ˘„˜Ó·© ‰ÈÈ˘‰ ˙Â¯˘Ù‡Î ˘¯ÙÏ ¯˘Ù‡ È‡˘ ÁÈÎÂÓ Á¢¯ È¯·„· ÔÂÈÚ ¨Ì¯·

‚ÂÒ‰ Í˘Ó‰· Æ®ÌÈ‡È· „ÂÒÈ ÔÈÏÂ·‚·Â ÈÈÒÓ‚‰Ó˘ ÔÂÂÈÎ ËÂ·ÈÁ‰ ÏÚ ÌÈÎ¯·Ó ‡Ï˘ ·ÂÒ ·¯ ‰È

Ô· Ú˘Â‰È ß¯Î ‡È‰ ÌÈ‡È· ‚‰Ó ¯·Ò˜„ ·¯Î ‰Î¯· ‰ÎÈ¯ˆ ‰È‡Â¢ ∫Á¢¯ Ì˘ ·˙ÂÎÂ ‡Â‰ ÌÈ‡È·

ÈÊ‡ ¨ÌÈ‡È· „ÂÒÈ ÔÈÏÂ·‚·Â ÈÈÒÓ ‰˘ÓÏ ‰ÎÏ‰ ‡Â‰ ˘„˜Ó·˘ Á¢¯· ˘¯Ù Ì‡ ‰‰Â Æ¢ÈÂÏ

¯ ˙˜ÂÏÁÓ’‰˘ÓÏ ‰ÎÏ‰ ‡ÓÏÚ ÈÏÂÎÏ ˘„˜Ó· ÂÏÈ‡Â ÔÈÏÂ·‚· ‡È‰ ÈÂÏ Ô· Ú˘Â‰È ß¯Â ÔÁÂÈ

Á¢¯ ·˙ÂÎ ÚÂ„ÓÂ ÌÈ‡È· ‚‰Ó ÌÂ˘Ó ·ÏÂÏ‰ ÔÈ‡ „˜ÓÏ ÎÊ ÌÈ˘ÂÚ˘ ‰Ê‰ ÔÓÊ· ÔÎ Ì‡Â ÈÈÒÓ

¯Î ‰ÎÏ‰˘ Ô‡ÎÓ˘’‰˘ÓÏ ‰ÎÏ‰ ‡È‰ ‰·¯Ú˘ ÌÈÓÈÎÒÓ „˜Ó· Ì‡ ÍÎÓ ‰¯˙È ÆÈÂÏ Ô· Ú˘Â‰È

Æ˘„˜ÓÏ ¯ÎÊ ‡Â‰ ‰Ê‰ ÔÓÊ· È¯‰ ¨ÌÈÎ¯·Ó ‡Ï ÔÎ Ì‡ ÚÂ„Ó ¨ÈÈÒÓ±µ∂˘¯ÙÏ ¯˘Ù‡ È‡ ¨‰Ê ÈÙÏ

≠·ÓÓÓÓÓ¯·˙ÒÓ ÔÎÏÂ ¨Ô·¯„Ó ‰Ê‰ ÔÓÊ·Â ÈÈÒÓ ‰˘ÓÏ ‰ÎÏ‰Ó ‰·¯Ú ‡ÓÏÚ ÈÏÂÎÏ ˘„˜Ó·˘

‚˘ ˙Ò¯ÓÓÓÓÓ‚‰ È˙˘ ˙·Î¯‰ Ï˘ ‰‡ˆÂ˙ ‡È‰ Æ‰Ê ¯ÓÂÓ ÁÒÂ ¯ˆÂ ÍÎÂ ˙Â‡Ò¯

≥Æ∏ ≥Æ∏ ≥Æ∏ ≥Æ∏ ≥Æ∏ ÚÚÚÚÚ¢¢¢¢¢·····

¯Â È·¯’˙˜ÂÏÁÓ˘ ÚÈˆ‰ ÛÒÂÈ ·¯ ÆÌÈ¯˘Î ıÚÓ Ô‡˘Ú˘ ˙¯˘ ÈÏÎ Ì‡‰ Â˜ÏÁ ‰„Â‰È ¯· ÈÒÂÈ

Â‡ ‰˘Ó Ï˘ ·Â·‡Ó „ÂÓÏÏ ˘Ù‡ È‡Â ‰Ù· ‰¯È˘ ˜ÈÚ Ì‡‰ ‰Ï‡˘· ‡È‰ ‰„Â‰È · ÈÒÂÈ ß¯Â È·¯

¯˜ÈÚ ‡ÓÏÚ ÈÏÂÎÏ˘ ¯˘Ù‡˘ ‰ÁÂ„ ‡¯Ó‚‰ Æ‰˘Ó Ï˘ ·Â·‡Ó „ÂÓÏÏ ¯˘Ù‡Â ÈÏÎ· ‰¯È˘ ¯˜ÈÚ

˙ÙÒÂ ‰ÈÈÁ„ ‰ÚÈˆÓ ‡¯Ó‚‰ Æ¯˘Ù‡ È‡˘Ó ¯˘Ù‡ „ÂÓÏÏ ¯˘Ù‡ Ì‡‰ Â˜ÏÁ Í‡ ÈÏÎ· ‰¯È˘

Ï˘ ·Â·‡Ó „ÂÓÏÏ ¯˘Ù‡ È‡ ‡ÓÏÚ ÈÏÂÎÏ ˙‡Ê ‰Úˆ‰ ÈÙÏ Æ‰¯ÂÓ‰Ó ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ „ˆÈÎ Â˜ÏÁ˘

‚ ¯ÙÒÓ Ô˘È Æ‰˘ÓÆ‰˘Ó Ï˘ ·Â·‡Ó „ÂÓÏÏ ¯˘Ù‡ È‡ ÚÂ„Ó ‰Úˆ‰· ˙Â‡Ò¯

Æ¢¯˘Ù‡ È‡˘Ó ¯˘Ù‡ ÔÈ„ ÔÈ‡Â ‰Ù· ‰¯È˘ ¯˜ÈÚ ‡ÓÈ‡ ˙ÈÚ·È‡Â ‚¢‰¢ ∫·˙ÂÎ È¢˘¯±µ∑Á¢¯

±µ¥Ú Ò¢˜„Ó’ÚËÂÓ ‡ÁÒÂÂ¢ ∫·˙ÂÎ ‰ ˙Â‡ ±≥∂ Æ¢ÏÈÚÏ„ ‡‰Ó ‡·˘ ‡È‰ ˙±µµÚ ¨®±π ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© Á¢¯ ÏÚ ¯È„‰Ó· ÔÈÈÚÓ’‚ ˙‡ ‡È·Ó µ≥ ‰¯Ú‰·Â Æ‰Ê· ˜Ù˙Ò‰˘ µ± ‰¯Ú‰ ÁÙ Ó¢ÈÎ ˙Ò¯

ÆÌÈ‡È· „ÂÒÈ ÔÈÏÂ·‚·Â ÈÈÒÓ ‰˘ÓÏ ‰ÎÏ‰ ˘„˜Ó·˘ ‰ÈÈ˘‰ ˙Â¯˘Ù‡Î ‰ÈÙÏ ÚÈ¯ÎÓÂ

±µ∂‚ÂÒ‰ ˙‡ ¯‡·Ó È¢˘¯ÌÂ˘Ó ‡ÏÂ ÌÈ‡È· ‚‰Ó ÌÂ˘Ó ‡Â‰ ‰Ê‰ ÔÓÊ· Ì‚Â ÌÈ‡È· ‚‰Ó ÌÂ˘Ó ‡Â‰ ÔÈÏÂ·‚·˘ ‰ÈÁ¢¯ Í‡ ®¢ÌÈ‡È· ‚‰Ó ‡Ï‡ ‰È‡ „˜Ó‰ ÔÓÊ· Û‡ ÔÈÏÂ·‚· Â‡ ‰Ê‰ ÔÓÊ· Ï·‡¢ È¯È‡Ó· ‡Â‰ ÔÎÂ© „˜ÓÏ ÎÊÌÈÎ¯·Ó ‡Ï˘ ·˙ÂÎ ÌÁÂ¯È ÂÈ·¯·Â ÆÌÈ‡È· ‚‰Ó ÌÂ˘Ó ‡ÏÂ ®˘„˜ÓÏ ¯ÎÊ© Ô·¯„Ó ‡Â‰ ‰Ê‰ ÔÓÊ·˘ ¯·ÂÒ

Ú„˘ ‰‡¯© „˜ÓÏ ÎÊ ÌÂ˘ÓÌÂ˘Ó ‰Ê‰ ÔÓÊ·˘ È¢˘¯Î ·ÂÒ ‡Ï Í‡ Ó¢Ï‰ ÌÂ˘Ó Ú¢ÂÎÏ „˜Ó·˘ È¢˘¯Î Â˙Ú„Â Æ®ÌÈ‡È· ‚‰Ó¨®π≥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© „ÂÓÏ˙‰ È˘¯ÙÓ ¯ˆÂ‡ ‰‡¯Â ¨˘„˜ÓÏ ¯ÎÊ ÏÚ ÌÈÎ¯·Ó ‡Ï ÚÂ„Ó Ú¢ˆ Â˙

ÚÓ’Æ∑∞ ‰¯Ú‰ Âˆ˜˙ ±µ∑‚ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ Ì‡‰ ‰˘Ó ‰Ê ÔÈ‡Â ‰˘Ó Ï˘ ·Â·‡Ó „ÂÓÏÏ ‡¢‡ ‰Ù· ‰¯È˘ ¯˜ÈÚ ÌÈ¯·ÂÒ Ì‡ È¯‰˘ ¨‰˘˜ ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯

È˙˘ Ô˘È Î¢‡Â ¨¢¯˘Ù‡ È‡˘Ó ¯˘Ù‡ ÔÈ„ ÔÈ‡„ ÆÆÆÈÏÎ· ¯˜ÈÚ Ï¢˙‡Â¢ ∫˘¯ÙÓ È¢˘¯ Æ¯˘Ù‡ È‡˘Ó ¯˘Ù‡Ú„ È‰Ó ˙ÂÈÂ¯˘Ù‡Æ‰¯È˘ ¯˜ÈÚ ˙Ï‡˘· Ì˙

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¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡

È‡˘Ó ¯˘Ù‡ ÔÈ„ ÔÈ‡„ ÌÂ˘Ó È‡ ‰˘Ó„ ·Â·‡Ó ÔÈÙÏÈ ‡Ï ‡ÓÏÚ ÈÏÂÎ ‡ÓÈ‡ ˙ÈÚ·È‡¢ ∫·˙ÂÎ

‚ Æ¢‰Ù· ‰¯È˘ ˜ÈÚ„ ÌÂ˘Ó È‡ ˘Ù‡˙ÂÈÂ¯˘Ù‡ È˙˘ ÌÈÚÈˆÓ ‰ÈÙÏÂ È¢˘¯Î ‰˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó ‡Ê ‰Ò¯

Ú„ È·‚Ï‚·Â ¨‰¯È˘ ¯˜ÈÚ ˙Ï‡˘· Ì˙Æ˙ÂÈÂ¯˘Ù‡ È˙˘ ÂÏ‡˘ ¯‡Â·Ó ˙‡Ê ‰Ò¯

≠·ÏÂÏÂÏÂÏÂÏÂ‚Â ÚÂ„Ó Â¯‡È· ‡ÏÂ ‰˘Ó Ï˘ ·Â·‡Ó ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ ‡Ï˘ ÂÈÈˆ ÓÈ‡ ß·È‡Â¢ ÂÒ¯’ßÓÏÚ ÈÏÂÎ„

Æ¢‰˘Ó„ ·Â·‡Ó ÔÈÙÏÈ ‡Ï

≠··˙·˙·˙·˙·˙‚Ï Æ¢¯˘ÙÈ‡ È‡˘Ó ¯˘ÙÈ‡ ÔÈ„ ÔÈ‡ ‡ÓÏÚ ÈÏÂÎ„ ‡ÓÈ‡ ˙ÈÚ·È‡Â¢ ‰ÈÈÁ„ Ì‚ Ì˙Ò¯

Æ‰˘Ó Ï˘ ·Â·‡Ó „ÂÓÏÏ ÔÈ‡ ÔÙÂ‡ ÏÎ·Â ÈÏÎ· ‰¯È˘ ¯˜ÈÚ ‡ÓÏÚ ÈÏÂÎÏ˘ ‰ÚÈˆÓ ˙‡Ê±µ∏

≠·„‡„‡„‡„‡„‡‚ ÆÈ¢˘¯Î ÌÈÒ¯Â±µπ≠· ÓÓÓÓÓ‚ ‚ ˙‡ ‡È·‰Â ÌÈÈ‡ÏÎ ˙Ò¯‚ ˙‡ ÔÎÓ ¯Á‡ÏÂ È¢˘¯ ˙Ò¯˙Ò¯

‚· ÆÁ¢¯‰ÎÈ¯Î ÚË˜ ÔÂÈÏÈ±∂∞‚ ¢‡Î‰Â ‰˘Ó„¢ ˙Â·È˙‰ ˜¯ Â¯˙ÂÂ ‰Á¯˜ ˘È ÌÈÙ·© Á¢¯Î Ò¯Â

‚Î ‰‡¯Â ˙Ò¯ÏÂÏÂÏÂÏÂÏÂÆ®

‚‰ ÔÈ· ÔÎÂ˙· Ï„·‰ ÔÈ‡‡È·‰ πµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î· Æ‰‰Ê ÔÎÂ˙ Ï˘ ‰Â˘ ‰‡ˆ¯‰· ¯·Â„ÓÂ ˙Â‡Ò¯

‚‰ È˙˘ ˙‡Æ®¢‡È¯Á‡ ‡˘ÈÏ¢ ÔÂÈˆ È„È ÏÚ ‰„¯Ù‰ ‡ÏÏ Ûˆ¯·© Ô˙ÂÓÏ˘· ˙Â‡Ò¯

ÒÈÎÂÌ

Í‡ ÆÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓÏ ‰ÒÈÒ·· ˙ÎÈÈ˘ ‰ÎÂÒ ˙ÎÒÓÏ πµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î Ï˘ ÁÒÂ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ

ÆÁÒÂ‰ ÈÙÂ‡ Ï˘ ˙·Î¯ÂÓ ‰ÂÓ˙ ‰ÏÚÓ ‰ÎÂÒ ˙ÎÒÓÏ πµ ÔÎÈÓ È¢Î ÁÒÂ Ï˘ ˙È˙ËÈ˘ ‰˜È„·

‚ ÂËÏ˜ Ó¢ÈÎ·‚ Æ˙ÂÈÙÂ¯È‡ ˙Â‡Ò¯ÌÈ„Ú· Û‡Â ÌÈÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ÌÈ„Ú· ¯·Á Ô‰Ï ÔÈ‡ ‰Ï‡ ˙Â‡Ò¯

‚Ó ˜ÏÁ Ï˘ Ô¯Â˜ÓÂ ®ÌÈÈ„¯ÙÒ‰ ¯˜ÈÚ·© ÌÈ¯Á‡Æ˙¯ÁÂ‡Ó ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ· ÂÏ‡ ˙Â‡Ò¯

‚ Â‡ˆÓ Ó¢ÈÎ Ï˘ ÁÒÂ· ¨Ì¯·Æ˙È·ÈË¯ËÏ‡‰ ˙ÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ÁÒÂ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓÓ ˙Â·¯ ˙Â‡Ò¯

‚ ˙‡Ê ˙¯ÂÒÓ·ÔÈ‡Â ÈÓÈ˙‰ ÁÒÂ· Ô·Â¯·Â ˙ÎÒÓ‰ Ï˘ ÌÈÈÁ¯ÊÓ ÌÈ„Ú· ˙Â‡ˆÓ˘ ˙Â‡Ò¯

ÆÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ· ˙Â‡ˆÓ

‚ ‡Â‰ ÛÒÂ ‡ˆÓÓÆÓ¢ÈÎ· ˙Â‡ˆÓ˘ ˙Â·¯‰ ÌÈÈ‡ÏÎ‰ ˙Â‡Ò¯

Ú ÂÈ˙Â·‡Ó „Á‡ ÈÙÏ Â‡ ÔÎÈÓ „È ·˙Î ¯ÙÂÒ ÈÙÏ˘ ÌÈ„ÓÏÓ ‰Ï‡ ÌÈ‡ˆÓÓÌÈÒÙË Â„Ó

Æ˙ÂÂ˘ ÁÒÂ Â¯ÂÒÓÓ±∂±Ú ÔÎ ÂÓÎ ÆÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ ¯ÂÒÓÏ ÍÈÈ˘ „È‰ ·˙Î Ï˘ È¯˜ÈÚ‰ ÂÈ·‡ Â„Ó

‚‰ ÂÈÙÏ˙‡ ‡˜ÂÂ„ ‡È·Ó ‡Â‰ ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈ¯˜Ó· Í‡ Æ„È‰ ·˙Î ÁÒÂ· ÂËÏ˜˘ ˙ÂÈÙÂ¯È‡‰ ˙Â‡Ò¯

¨ÁÒÂ‰ Â¯ÂÒÓ È˙˘ ‡ ‚Èˆ‰Ï ÁÂ· ÙÂÒ‰ ÌÈ¯Á‡ ÌÈ¯˜Ó· Æ˙È·ÈË¯ËÏ‡‰ ÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ¯ÂÒÓ‰

±µ∏Ú Ò¢˜„Ó’‚ ÏÚ ·˙ÂÎ Ï ˙Â‡ ±µπ ˙Ò¯Ó‚‰ ‰Ï ‰Ó˜ Ê¢ÈÙÏÂ¢ ∫’Â˜Á„ ÂÈÙÏ˘ ÔÂ˘ÏÂ ÈÏÎ· ‰¯È˘ ¯˜ÈÚ„ ‡Î‰ Æ¢Â·˘ÈÈÏ È¢˘¯

±µπ≠· ÌÓ‡‡‡‡‡‡‰ÈÙÏÂ È¢˘¯ Ï˘ Â˙‰‚‰ ˜ÈÚ ÏÚ Ú¯ÚÏ ‡Ê ÙÒÂ˙· ÔÈ‡ Í‡ ¢‰˘Ó Ï˘ ·Â·‡Ó ÔÈÙÏÈ ‡ÏÂ¢ ÛÒÂ Ú„ È·‚Ï ˙ÂÈÂ¯˘Ù‡ È˙˘ Ô˘ÈÆ‰¯È˘ ¯˜ÈÚ ˙Ï‡˘· Ì˙

±∂∞Sopron, Györ-Moson-Sopron Megye Soproni Levéltára‚Â‰ ‚¯Â·È„‡ ÈÚ‰ ÔÂÈÎ¯‡ ‰È¯T2‡ ‰‡¯Â Æ’‚Â‰· ÈÏ·· „ÂÓÏ˙Ï „È È·˙Î¢ ¨˙Â¯Ú ¨®Ê¢Ë˘˙© ‡Ï ¨¯ÙÒ ˙È¯˜ ¨¢‰È¯Ó’Æ¥∏≤≠¥∑≤

±∂±ÆÌÈÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ÌÈ„Ú· Â‡ˆÓ˘ ÁÒÂ Â¯ÂÒÓ ÂÈ˙Â‰‚‰Ó Â·¯· ‚ˆÈÈÓ È¢˘¯˘ ‰‡ˆÓ˘ ®±≥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ© ÌÚ ‰‡¯È˙‡ˆÓ Ó¢ÈÎ Ïˆ‡ Í‡ Æ±≥ ‰¯Ú‰ ÏÈÚÏ ‰‡¯ ¨ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ‰ Ï˘ ÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ Â˘¯Â˘ ˙‡ ˘˘‡ÓÂ ·Â˘Á ‰Ê ‡ˆÓÓ

‚‰‡¯Â ÆÂÏˆ‡ Â¯Ó˙˘ ÔÙÂ‡ ÏÎ·Â ˙È·ÈË¯ËÏ‡ ˙ÈÁ¯ÊÓ ˙¯ÂÒÓ· Ô¯Â˜ÓÂ ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂ· ˙Â‡ˆÓ ÔÈ‡˘ ˙Â‡Ò¯Á’Ú ¨Á¢Ò˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨ÊÎ˘‡· ‰ÎÏ‰‰ ˙Â„ÏÂ˙· ˜¯Ù ∫ÍÒ ÔÈÈ ¨ÌÈÈÈ·‰ ÈÓÈ· ÔÈÈ‰ ¨˜ÈßˆÈ·ÂÏÂÒ Ó’¨≥¥≥≠≥≤∑

‚‰ ÏÚÚÚÙ˘‰Â ˙Ù¯ˆÂ ÊÎ˘‡Ï Á¯ÊÓ‰Ó „È È·˙Î ˙ÆÂÏ‡ ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó· ÌÈ¯ÙÒ‰ ÁÒÂ ÏÚ Ì˙

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¨‚Î ¯ÙÒ ÈÏÚ‚¢Ú˘˙ ·‡

ÚÏÚÏÂ ÂÊ „ˆÏ ÂÊ ÌÈ˙Æ¯˘Ù ¯ÒÁÂ ¯ÓÂÓ ÁÒÂ ¯ˆÂ ÍÎÂ ÂÊ ·‚ ÏÚ ÂÊ ÌÈÁÒÂ‰ ˙‡ ·ÈÎ¯Ó ÌÈ˙

‚ ·ÈË ˙Î¯Ú‰Ï ˙Â·Â˘Á ‰Ï‡ ˙Â˜ÒÓ·¯ Ï˜˘Ó ˙˙Ï ˘È Æ‰ÎÂÒ ˙ÎÒÓÏ Ó¢ÈÎ Ï˘ ÂÈ˙Â‡Ò¯

‚Ï‚ ‚ÈˆÓ Ì‡ Û‡Â ‰Ê „È ·˙Î ˙Â‡Ò¯‚Î ‰È„ ˙‡ ıÂ¯ÁÏ ÔÈ‡ ˙È„ÂÁÈÈ ‰Ò¯˘ÈÂ ˙¯ÁÂ‡Ó ‰Ò¯

Æ‰ÓÂ„˜ ˙ÈÁ¯ÊÓ ˙¯ÂÒÓ· ¯·Â„Ó˘ ‰¯È·Ò ˙Â¯˘Ù‡

‚ˆÈÈÓ˘ ÌÈÒÙË ¯ÙÂÒ‰ ÈÙÏ ÂÈ‰ ‡Ï ˙Â¯Á‡ ˙Â˙ÎÒÓ·˘ ÔÎ˙ÈÈ ¨Ô·ÂÓÎÁÒÂ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ ˙‡ ÌÈ

¨‰ÓÂ„˜‰ ˙ÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰±∂≤Æ‰ÎÂÒ ˙ÎÒÓ· Ó¢ÈÎ Ï˘ ÁÒÂ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ È·‚Ï ˜¯ ˙ÂÙ˜˙ ÂÏ‡ ˙Â˜ÒÓÂ

±∂≤‚ ‰ˆÈ· ÈÏ··· ‰ÏÈ·˜Ó·˘ ≤Æ≥ ‰Ó‚Â„ ‰‡¯‚ÂÒ·˘ ≤Æ±≤ ‰Ó‚Â„ ÆÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂÎ Ó¢ÈÎ Ò¯Â˙ÂÎ¯·· ‰ÏÈ·˜Ó‰ ‰È‚ Ó¢ÈÎ ‡ÓÂÈ·Â‚ ÂÏ‰‡ ˘Ó·˘ ≤Æ∑ ‰Ó‚Â„ ‰‡¯ ÔÎÂ Æ‡ÓÂÈÏ ÈÓÈ˙‰ ÁÒÂÎ ‡Ï˘Â ÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂÎ Ò¯ÂÓ¢ÈÎ Ò¯ÂÆÁÂÂ¯‰ ÁÒÂÎ

מיקומו הייחודי של כ"י מינכן 95 במסורת הנוסח של בבלי סוכה

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Transcript of מיקומו הייחודי של כ"י מינכן 95 במסורת הנוסח של בבלי סוכה