Post on 07-Aug-2018
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
1/54
JIRIM DAN BAHAN
Che Ahamad Daud
Guru Cemerlang SainsSM Vokasional Kulim
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
2/54
Structure of an atom
Changes in states of matter
Periodic table
Substance
Element
Purification of substance
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
3/54
inetic !heor" of Matter
Matter is made up of tin" and discrete particles
!he mo#ing energ" is called the $inetic
energ" of %articles
The kinetic energy of particles depends on the tem%erature
of the matter and increases when the temperature increases
The particles are always moving in random motion
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
4/54
!he Im%ortance of
inetic !heor" of Matter
It e&%lains the mo#ements of %articles in the
' states (hich are )
Solids States*i+uids States
,aseous States
It e&%lains the basic structure of matter
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
5/54
-./) Perubahan eadaan Jirim
Sebarang benda "angmem%un"ai
0isim dan menem%ati ruang
JIRIM
(u0ud dlm $eadaan
Pe%e0al Cecair ,as
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
6/54
-./) Perubahan eadaan Jirim
!E1RI INE!I JIRIM / Jirim terdiri dr% 2arah $ecil 3 dis$rit
- 4arah dlm 0irim sentiasa bergera$
5 bergetar secara ra(a$
'. !enaga $ineti$ dlm 2arahbergantung $%d suhu 0irim
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
7/54
-./) Perubahan eadaan Jirim
Sifat Pepejal Cecair GasBentuk Tetap Ikut bekas Ikut bekas
Isipadu Tetap Tetap Isipadu ikut bekas
Susunan zarah Rapat dan teratur Kurang padat Berjauhan
Pergerakan zarah Bergetar Bergerak bebas Bergerak secararawak
Daa tarikan antarazarah
Sangat kuat Sederhana !e"ah
Kandungan tenagakinetik
Rendah Sederhana Tinggi
Ketu"patan Tinggi Sederhana Rendah
Keb#leh"a"patan Sukar di"a"patkan Sukar di"a"patkan $udah di"a"patkan
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
8/54
Changes in the Kinetic !nergy of particles in
Matter with "eat Change
HEA! and !EMPERA!6RE changed7 INE!IC ENER,8 andSPEED of %articles in matter also changed
HEA! Heat increased 9 :7 $inetic energ" of %articles in matter
increased 9 :. !he %articles mo#e and #ibrate at a fast s%eed 9:.
Heat decreased 9 :7 $inetic energ" of the %articles in matterdecreased 9 :. !he %articles mo#e and #ibrate at a slo(ers%eed 9 :.
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
9/54
-./) Perubahan eadaan Jirim
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
10/54
-./) Perubahan eadaan Jirim
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
11/54
-./) Perubahan eadaan Jirim
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
12/54
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
13/54
!6,ASAN /
*6IS ,AMBARAJAH
PER6BAHAN EADAAN JIRIM
8AN, !E*AH DI!6NJ6AN
SEBEN!AR !ADI
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
14/54
"eat can cause matter tochange from one state toanother#
The kinetic energy of particlesdepends on the HEA! and
!EMPERA!6RE of the matter#
The energy will determine themovement of particles in the
matter#
As the state of matterchanges$ there is a transfer ofenergy$
whether heat is either
a%sor%ed or released
Changes in the states ofmatter are reversi%leprocesses
M e l t i n
g
Sublimation
B o i l i n
g
; r e e 2 i n g
C o n d e n s a t i o
n
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
15/54
BP3MP > R! ? S1*ID S!A!E
The states of Matter at &oom Temperature
Matter e'ists in a solid statewhen %oth its %oiling point andmelting points are higher thanthe room temperature
Matter e'ists in a li(uid statewhen its %oiling point is higherthan the room temperature whileits melting point is lower thanthe room temperature
Matter e'ists in a gaseous statewhen %oth its %oiling point andmelting points are lower thanthe room temperature
MP @ R! @ BP ? *I6ID S!A!E
BP3MP @ R! ? ,AS S!A!E
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
16/54
STRUCTURES OF AN ATOM
A!1MIC M1DE*S
S6BA!1MIC PAR!IC*ESElectronNuetron
Nucleon Number
Proton Number
Isoto%eProton
Proton Number
Isoto%e
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
17/54
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
18/54
-. APA ADA DA*AM A!1M
Ramai saintis telah meng$a0i dengan
mendalam tentang atom. Antara saintis "ang
tera(al meng$a0in"a ialah John Dalton. Beliau
telah mengemu$a$an satu teori baha(a atomialah satu sfera $eras.
Setelah men0alan$an %en"iasatan7 saintis=
saintis lain telah mengubah teori ini
sehinggalah %ada masa se$arang7 model atom
moden telah di%er$enal$an.
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
19/54
Model atom moden men"ata$an
baha(a terda%at ' 0enis 2arah subatom
a. %roton = terda%at dalam nu$leus
atom dan bercas <
b. neutron = terda%at dalam nu$leus
atom dan !IADA cas.c. ele$tron = ber%utar=%utar di
se$eliling nu$leus dan bercas =
-. APA ADA DA*AM A!1M
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
20/54
electron
orbit
n u c l e u s
proton
nucleus
KEY
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
21/54
S6BA!1MIC
PAR!IC*ES
PR1PER!IES
PR1!1NS NE6!R1NS E*EC!R1NS
S8MB1* % n e
P1SI!I1N nucleus nucleus Shell
CHAR,E
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
22/54
-. APA ADA DA*AM A!1M
a. proton - terdapatdalam nukleus
atom dan bercas +
b. neutron - terdapat
dalam nukleus
atom dan TIADA
cas.c. elektron - berputar-
putar di sekeliling
nukleus dan
bercas -
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
23/54
onse% nombor %roton dan nombor nu$leon 0uga telah di%er$enal$an.
Nombor Proton ? bilangan %roton dalamunsur.
Nombor Nu$leon ? %roton < neutron.
Ji$a suatu unsur mengandungi ' %roton7 'ele$tron dan G neutron7 nombor %rotonunsur itu ialah ' dan nombor nu$leonn"aialah . 6nsur sama "ang mem%un"ainombor nu$leon "ang berbe2a disebutsebagai isoto%.
-. APA ADA DA*AM A!1M
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
24/54
The atom consists of a dense central
N6C*E6S surrounded %y su%atomic particles
known as E*EC!R1NS
The E*EC!R1NS have a negative electrical
charge 9=/:
They circle the nucleus in paths called1RBI!S which is similar to the moon or%iting
round the !arth#
These or%its are located in layers around the
nucleus called SHE**S
Electrons or%iting the inner shells have lo(er
energ" content than electrons or%iting the
outer shells#
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
25/54
PR1!1N N6MBER ? number of %rotons
? number of electrons of a
neutral atom
N6C*E1N N6MBER ? number of %rotons
<
number of neutrons
N6E!R1N N6MBER ? number of nucleons
=
number of %rotons
PR1!1N N6MBER ? E*EC!R1N N6MBER
9in neutral atom:
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
26/54
)
*i +
S"mbol for *ithium
Proton Number Al(a"s the smaller number E+ual to the number of electrons
Nucleon Number
Al(a"s the bigger number !he total number of
%rotons and neutron
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
27/54
Model Atom
-. APA ADA DA*AM A!1M
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
28/54
E*EMEN!S PR1!1N
N6MBER
N6C*E1N
N6MBER
N6MBER 1;
PR1!1NS
N6MBER 1;
E*EC!R1NS
N6MBER 1;
NE6!R1NS
%dr#gen % / / / /
%eliu" %e - G - - -
!ithiu" !i ' ' ' G
Berlliu" Be G G G K
B#r#n B K // K K F
Carb#n C F /- F F F
&itr#gen & /G
'(gen ' /F
)lu#rine ) / /
&e#n &e / - / / /
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
29/54
Isoto%
Atom,atom unsur yang mempunyai
%ilangan proton yang sama tetapi
%ilangan neutron yang %er%e-a
Sifat kimia sama
Sifat fi-ik %er%e-a Contoh C,./$C,.+$C,.0
1,.2$3,.)$3,.4
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
30/54
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
31/54
5sotopes
5sotopes are atoms of the
same element which
contain the same num%er
of protons %ut differentnum%er of neutrons
!ach isotopes is named %y
inserting the nucleon
num%er after the name of
element
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
32/54
5sotopes of the sameelements have thesame chemical
properties
!'ample6 car%on,./and car%on,.+ %urn ino'ygen to form car%ondio'ide
5sotopes of the sameelements havedifferent physical
properties
!'ample6 hydrogen,/
and hydrogen,. havedifferent %oiling points
&adioactive isotopes are isotopes of theelements which are not sta%le and can %e easily%roken down into structures which are moresta%le
!'ample6 uranium,/+7 and uranium,/+4
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
33/54
.
" .
/
" .
+
" .
H8DR1,EN =/
A h"drogen atom (ith
/ %roton and neutron
H8DR1,EN =-
A h"drogen atom (ith
/ %roton and / neutron
H8DR1,EN ='
A h"drogen atom (ith
/ %roton and - neutron
8
8
8
,,
,
electron
%roton
neutron
,
8
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
34/54
E*EMEN!S IS1!1PES N6MBER 1;
PR1!1NS
N6MBER 1;
N6E!R1NS
PR1!1N
N6MBER
N6C*E1N
N6MBERCARB1N carbon=/- F F F /-
carbon=/' F F /'
carbon=/G F F /G
BR1MINE bromine= 'K GG 'K
bromine=/ 'K GF 'K /
1L8,EN o&"gen=/F /F
o&"gen=/ /
o&"gen=/ / /
6RANI6M uranium=-'K - /G' - -'K
uranium=-' - /GF - -'
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
35/54
'. 6NS6R=6NS6R DIS6S6N DA*AM
JAD6A* BERA*A
Dalam dunia kita terdapat %anyak unsur,unsur
yang mempunyai sifat,sifat yang %er%e-a#
Supaya tidak mengelirukan$ para saintis telah
%ersetu9u untuk menulis semua unsur,unsur ini
dalam satu 9adual secara sistematik# :adual ini
dinamakan ;:adual eriodic Ta%le?#
:adual %erkala amat penting kepada saintiskerana mereka %oleh meramalkan sifat,sifat
logam yang %elum diketahui dengan hanya
melihat kedudukannya dalam 9adual terse%ut#
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
36/54
Dalam 9adual %erkala 6
a# unsur disusun menaik mengi$ut no.
%roton.
%# um%ulan ialah turus menegak
c# ala ialah %aris melintang
-. APA ADA DA*AM A!1M'. 6NS6R=6NS6R DIS6S6N DA*AM
JAD6A* BERA*A
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
37/54
Kumpulan 5 dan 55 terdiri dari logam reaktif#Kumpulan V55 ialah gas,gas adi#
-. APA ADA DA*AM A!1M'. 6NS6R=6NS6R DIS6S6N DA*AM
JAD6A* BERA*A
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
38/54
@ PEN,E*ASAN 6NS6R DA*AM JAD6A* BERA*A
6nsur disusun mengi$ut %ertambahan nombor%roton
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
39/54
G. BAHAN Atom7Mole$ul7Ion
6nsur=unsur didunia %ula tida$
semestin"a (u0ud secara tulen.
6nsur=unsur ini mung$in bergabung
antara satu sama lain membentu$bahan.
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
40/54
PROPERTIES OF
SUBSTANCES
A!1M
M1*EC6*E
I1N
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
41/54
Terdapat + 9enis %ahan 6
B*%*& K*&D+&G*& C'&T'% B*%*&
ATOMTerdiri dari satu
sejenis unsur sahaja.logam besi, logam
kuprum
MOL!"L
terdiri dari sejenisunsur #ang bergabungatau gabungan unsur
berlainan jenis.
air, sul$ur
IO%
terdiri dari gabunganunsur-unsur #ang
mempun#ai cas + dancas -.
garam-garam
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
42/54
Ketiga,tiga %ahan ini mempunyai sifat
fi-ikal yang %er%e-a dise%a%kantarikan antara -arah,-arah di
dalamnya#
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
43/54
*T'$ $'!,K+! I'&
Daa tarikan antara
zarah-zarahnaadalah kuat. Daatarikan ini disebut
/ikatan l#ga"/
Da#a tarikan antara
&arah-&arahn#aadalah lemah. Da#aikatan ini disebut'ikatan ko(alen'
Da#a tarikan antara
&arah-&arah adalahsangat kuat. Da#atarikan ini disebut
'ikatan ionik'
takat lebur tinggi takat lebur rendah takat lebur tinggi
Selaluna dala"keadaan pepejal
pada suhu bilik
)oleh berada dalambentuk pepejal, cecairatau gas dalam suhu
bilik
*elalun#a dalamkeadaan pepejal pada
suhu bilik
B#leh "engalirkanarus elektrik
Tidak boleh mengalirarus elektrik
an#a mengalirkanarus dalam keadaan
leburan sahaja
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
44/54
PR1PER!IES
S6BS!ANCESMADE 1;
A!1MS
S6BS!ANCES MADE 1;M1*EC6*ES
S6BS!ANCESMADE 1;
I1NS
;1RM Solid Solid$ li(uid$ gases Solid crystalline
ELAMP*ES Aluminium$ -inc$copper$ iron allmetals
Chlorine$ water$naphthalene
Sodium chloride$copper sulphate
-inc atomschlorine atoms
hydrogen atoms
o'ygen atoms
8 , 8 88 8 8
8 8 88 8 8
8 8 88 8 8
, ,, , ,
, , ,, , ,
, , ,, , ,
sodium ion chloride ion
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
45/54
PR1PER!IES
S6BS!ANCESMADE 1;
A!1MS
S6BS!ANCESMADE 1;
M1*EC6*ES
S6BS!ANCES MADE1;
I1NS!8PE 1; PAR!IC*ES Consist of atom Consist of
moleculesConsist of positive andnegative ions
ARRAN,EMEN! 1;PAR!IC*ES
Very close Solid 6 Very close
*i(uid 6 Close
Gas 6 Ear apart
Very close
C1NDI!I1N A! R11M!EMPERA!6RE
Solid e'ceptmercury li(uid
Solid$ li(uid or gas Solid
;1RCE 1;A!!RAC!I1NBE!EEN PAR!IC*ES
Very strong$through metallic%onding
Feak$ through vander Faals force
Strong$ through ionic%onding
B1I*IN, P1IN! ANDME*!IN, P1IN!
"igh *ow "igh
E*EC!RICA*C1ND6C!II!8
Conduct electricityunder soil andmolten conditions
Cannot conductelectricity
Cannot conductelectricity under solidcondition e'cept under
a(ueous moltencondition
& l ti hi % t th
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
46/54
&elationship %etween the
>roperties of Su%stances and the
Arrangement of >articlesSB
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
47/54
PR1PER!IES
S6BS!ANCES
PH8SICA*C1NDI!I1N A!
R11M!EMPERA!6RE
B1I*IN,P1IN!
ME*!IN,P1IN!
E*EC!RICA*C1ND6C!II!
8
5ron Ee Solid /433C H
.7+3C
Good
Iinc In Solid .333C H
0.JC
Good
Copper Cu Solid /+73C H
.34+C
Good
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
48/54
SB
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
49/54
PR1PER!IES
S6BS!ANCES
PH8SICA*S!A!E A!R11M
!EMPERA!6RE
B1I*IN!P1IN!
9OC:
ME*!IN,P1IN!
9OC:
E*EC!RICA*C1ND6C!II!8
Car%on dio'ide Gas ,)4 ,)4 >oor
Methane Gas ,.2. ,.4+ >oor
Fater *i(uid .33 3 >oor
Sulphur Gas 000 ..0 >oor
SB
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
50/54
SB
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
51/54
PR1PER!IES
S6BS!ANCES
PH8SICA*
S!A!E A!R11M
!EMPERA!6RE
B1I*IN!
P1IN!9OC:
ME*!IN,
P1IN!9OC:
E*EC!RICA*
C1ND6C!II!89HEN M1*!EN:
Calcium
chloride
Solid .233 ))4 Good
Sodium chloride Solid .0.+ 43. Good
Copper 55Chloride
Solid JJ3 2/3 Good
>otassium%romide
Solid .+)2 )/4 Good
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
52/54
Atom ) 2arah tida$
bercas Ion ) Atom bercas
Mole$ul ) terdiri lebihdari%ada satuatom
Sifat B*%*&
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
53/54
Ada dua perkataan Satu perkataan
atrium klorida
*t#" I#n $#lekul
0. 1enis zarah at#" i#n $#lekul
2. Keadaan bahan pada suhu
bilik
pepejal pepejal Pepejal3cecair dan
gas
4. Pergerakan zarah bergetar bergetar Pepejal-bergetarCecair- bergerak
bebasGas - bergerak
rawak
5. Daa tarikan antara zarah Daa tarikanl#ga" sangat kuat
Daaelektr#statikSangat kuat
Daa 6an der 7aalsle"ah
8. Takat lebur dan takat didih Tinggi Tinggi Rendah
9. Kek#nduksian elektrikPepejal!eburan*kues:larutan berair
B#lehB#leh--------
Tidak b#lehB#lehB#leh
Tidak b#lehTidak b#lehTidak b#leh
C#nt#h Se"ua jenis
l#ga"
Plu"bu"
br#"ida
&aftalena3 gluk#sa3
alk#h#l
8/20/2019 T4. BAB 4-JIRIM DAN BAHAN.ppt
54/54
*1,AM DAN B6AN *1,AM
SI)*T !'G*$ B+K*& !'G*$
0. Per"ukaan Berkilau Pudar
2. Ke"uluran ;tarik jadipanjang<
B#leh Tidak b#leh
4. Keb#lehte"paan; b#lehbentuk< B#leh Tidak b#leh
5. Kekuatan regangan Tinggi Rendah
8. Kek#nduksian haba Baik !e"ah
9. Kek#nduksian elektrik Baik !e"ah
=. Ketu"patan Tinggi Rendah
>. Takat lebur dan takat didih Tinggi Rendah
?. Keadaan pada suhu bilik Pepejal kecuali Pepejal3 cecair3 gas