Pengkajian

Sistem ImunSistem Imun

Immunologi

Studi tentang respon fisiologis tubuh

dimana tubuh akan merusak atau

menetralisir benda asing, makhluk menetralisir benda asing, makhluk

hidup maupun benda mati, termasuk

sel tubuh sendiri yang telah mengalami

perubahan.

Lini Pertama Pertahanan Tubuh

• The Integumentary System

– Skin

– Mucous membranes

– Mucous– Mucous

• provides a physical barrier preventing microbial access

The Invader : Mikroba

Sistem Pertahanan Tubuh Lain

• Physiological variables

– pH of our environment

– temperature of our environment

• chemical defenses

– nitric oxide, enzymes, proteins, complement

• AND the IMMUNE SYSTEMIMMUNE SYSTEMIMMUNE SYSTEMIMMUNE SYSTEM

Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Immune System

• The Innate Immune system = nonspesifik

– a general response to anything other than

recognized “self cells”

• The Adaptive Immune System = spesifik

– a specific counter-assault against a “known

foreign” invader (previously recognized)

Organs of immune system: Primer

• Thymus: behind sternum (breast bone)

– Immature T cells mature here. 90% die

because they recognize “self” proteins

• Bone marrow: stem cells divide to produce • Bone marrow: stem cells divide to produce immune system cells

Organs of immune system: Sekunder

• kelenjar limfe

• limpa

• tonsil dan

• kumpulan limfosit yang terdapat pada • kumpulan limfosit yang terdapat pada permukaan saluran pencernaan, saluran pernafasan, saluran genital, dan saluran urinal.

What Happens during an infection?

• Innate Immunity = nonspesifik– injury & infection

– macrophages slip between cells (extravasation) to arrive

– Macrophages�cytokine chemicals attract other – Macrophages�cytokine chemicals attract other “troops” (chemotaxis)

What are macrophages ?

• Phagocytic cells -able to ingest small foreign invaders– neutrophils

– monocyte

• they release cytokines that enhance the immune response

http://www.biology.arizona.edu/immunology/tutorials/immunology/graphics/mphage2 .gi

• Mast cells/basophils

– release histamine that

dilates blood vessels

– causes redness (erythrema), swelling (erythrema), swelling

(edema), and heat

(fever)

http://www.hhs.gov/asphep/presentation/images/wound.jpg

• Adaptive Immunity: spesifik

• There are 2 types of lymphocytes:

– T lymphocytes ( T cells)– T lymphocytes ( T cells)

– B lymphocytes (B cells )

• The first type : T lymphocytes. – begin in the

red bone marrow

& migrate to the thymus gland and

mature..

• T Lymphocytes are sorted into 3 :

– Helper T cells

– Cytotoxic T cells

– Supressor T cells

– Natural Killer cells

(The Third population)

• The second type is: B lymphocytes

– B lymphocytes (B cells) - start in the bone

marrow and circulate through the body

Major histocompatibility complex

(MHC) proteins

• How does immune system “know” what to attack?

• Proteins on cell surface define “self”

• MHC I: On surface of most cells� “self”• MHC I: On surface of most cells� “self”

• MHC II: On B cells, T cells, macrophages: “police badge” of immune sys.

Macrophage (gray) approaching a chain of Streptococcus

(yellow). On top of the macrophage is a spherical

lymphocyte.

Natural Killer cell: kills cells that do

not have Class I MHC on them

B cells

• B is for bone, where they mature.

• Activated B cells produce antibodies to invader’s epitopes.

• Some remain as memory cells, ready for • Some remain as memory cells, ready for next encounter w/ a similar invader.

15.20 Main Components of the Human Immune System (Part 2)

Antibodies

• Y-shaped structure

• Ig G, Ig M, Ig E, Ig A, Ig D

T cells

• Mature in thymus (hence their name)

• Cytotoxic T cells kill infected self cells

• Helper T cells activate B & CD8+ cells

• Suppressor T cells: suppress immune • Suppressor T cells: suppress immune response after infection is over

• Recognize antigen only if it is presented in combination with MHC protein on another cell

15.20 Main Components of the Human Immune System (Part 3)

Immune system cells

• Helper T cells

– Recognize MHC II molecules + antigen

• MHC II molecules actually hold the antigen

– Activate resting B cells � to secrete Ab’s.– Activate resting B cells � to secrete Ab’s.

– Also produce interleukins

• � attracts macrophages

• � proliferation of T cells

Immune system cells

• Cytotoxic T cells

– Recognize MHC I “self” molecules + portions

of antigen on cell surface.

– Kills cells by injecting something that forms – Kills cells by injecting something that forms

pores in membrane

– Don’t attack bacteria: No MHC I molecule

– Don’t attack normal “self” cells: no foreign

antigen

– Function: Kill cells taken over by virus

Proses respon imunProses respon imun

Komplikasi

Penularan Infeksi HIV

Diagnosis

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