Post on 04-Dec-2020
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KARYA TULIS AKHIR
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK DAUN UBI JALAR UNGU
(IPOMOEA BATATAS) SEBAGAI ANTIINFLAMASI PADA PLANTAR
PEDIS TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN (RATTUS NOVERGICUS) YANG
DIINDUKSI KARAGENAN
Oleh:
Yuli Nugraheni Rahayuningsih
NIM. 201510330311162
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
2020
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KARYA TULIS AKHIR
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK DAUN UBI JALAR UNGU
(IPOMOEA BATATAS) SEBAGAI ANTIINFLAMASI PADA PLANTAR
PEDIS TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN (RATTUS NORVEGICUS) YANG
DIINDUKSI KARAGENAN
KARYA TULIS AKHIR
Diajukan kepada
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Persyaratan
dalam Menyelesaikan Program Sarjana
Fakultas Kedokteran
Oleh:
Yuli Nugraheni Rahayuningsih
201510330311162
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
2020
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PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS
Karya tulis akhir ini adalah karya saya sendiri dan semua sumber baik yang
dikutip maupun dirujuk telah saya nyatakan dengan benar.
Nama : Yuli Nugraheni Rahayuningsih
NIM : 201510330311162
Malang, 23 Januari 2020
Penulis
v
LEMBAR PENGUJI
Karya Tulis Akhir oleh Yuli Nugraheni Rahayuningsih ini
Telah Diuji dan Dipertahankan di Depan Tim Penguji
Pada Tanggal 28 Januari 2020
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KATA PENGANTAR
Assalamu alaikum Warahmatullohi Wabarokatuh
Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT karena atas rahmat dan hidayah-Nya,
penulisan tugas akhir ini dapat diselesaikan dengan baik dan tepat waktu.
Shalawat serta salam selalu tercurahkan kepada Rasulullah Muhammad
Shalallahu Alaihi Wassalam, keluarga, para sahabat, dan pengikut beliau yang
telah membawa dunia inidari zaman kegelapan menuju zaman terang–
benderang.
Penelitian tugas akhir ini berjudul“Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Daun
Ubi Jalar Ungu (Ipomoea batatas) Sebagai Antiinflamasi pada Plantar Pedis
Tikus Putih Jantan (Rattus norvegicus) Yang Diinduksi Karagenan”. Tugas
akhir ini bertujuan untuk memenuhi prasyarat Pendidikan Sarjana Fakultas
Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
Penulis menyadari tugas akhir ini masih jauh dari kata sempurna, oleh
karena itu penulis sangat mengharapkan saran dan masukan yang membangun.
Semoga karya tulis ini dapat menambah wawasan keilmuan dan bermanfaat
bagi semua pihak.
Wassalamualaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh
Malang, 23 Januari 2020
Penulis
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UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH
Dalam terwujudnya Karya Tulis Akhir ini penulis ingin mengucapkan
terima kasih terutama kepada:
1. Allah SWT atas berkat dan rahmat-Nya yang telah dilimpahkan sehingga
penulis dapat menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini dengan baik.
2. Kedua orang tua yang selalu mendoakan yaitu Bapak Suparyoto dan Ibu
Paelah. Karya kecil ini saya persembahkan untuk kalian, terimakasih
untuk segala pengorbanan yang tiada akhir, kasih sayang yang tanpa batas
dan doa yang tanpa putus sehingga saya dapat menyelesaikan penelitian
ini dengan baik.
3. Dr. dr. Meddy Setiawan, Sp. PD., FINASIM selaku Dekan Fakultas
Kedokteran Muhammadiyah Malang atas ilmu dan bimbingannya selama
di FK UMM.
4. dr. Moch. Ma’roef, Sp. OG. selaku Wakil Dekan I Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang atas ilmu keagamaan serta
kedisiplinan yang sangat bermanfaat bagi mahasiswa FK UMM.
5. dr. Sri Adilla Nurainiwati, Sp. KK. selaku Wakil Dekan II Fakultas
Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang yang senantiasa bersabar
dalam membimbing dan mengajarkan ilmunya kepada kami.
6. dr. Indra Setiawan, Sp. THT-KL selaku Wakil Dekan III Fakultas
Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang atas motivasi yang telah
diberikan untuk membangun semangat mahasiswa FK UMM.
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7. Dr. dr. Fathiyah Safithri, M. Kes selaku dosen pembimbing 1 dalam
penulisan Karya Tulis Akhir ini yang telah meluangkan waktu dan
memberikan banyak ilmu, serta selalu sabar dalam membimbing serta
memberikan nasihat untuk penulis.
8. dr. Thontowi Djauhari, NS., M. Kes selaku dosen pembimbing 2 dalam
penulisan Karya Tulis Akhir ini yang telah meluangkan waktu dan
memberikan banyak ilmu, serta selalu sabar dalam membimbing serta
memberikan nasihat untuk penulis.
9. dr. Moch. Aleq Sander, M. Kes., Sp. B., FINACS. selaku dosen penguji
dalam penulisan Karya Tulis Akhir ini yang telah meluangkan waktu
untuk menguji dan memberi ilmu, serta mengarahkan penulis demi
kesempurnaan penelitian ini.
10. Seluruh dosen FK UMM yang telah memberikan banyak ilmu serta
nasehat kepada penulis.
11. Staf Laboran: Mas Miftah, Pak Kus, Pak Joko, Mas Nyono, Bu Fat, Mbak
Dilla, Mbak Lia. Terima kasih bantuan serta kebaikan yang tak ternilai
dalam terwujudnya penelitian.
12. Staf TU: Pak Heri, Bu Endah, Mas Didit, Mas Joko, Mbak Citra, Mbak
Nuke, terima Kasih atas segala bantuan dan nasehat untuk penulis.
13. Meylina Parela Ningsih dan Kasyiful Kurobi, kakak yang selalu
menemani dikala saya sedih, gundah gelisah, menangis dan
menyemangati serta mendoakan saya demi terselesaikannya karya tulis
ini.
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14. Inggit Ndaru Anugrah, Zhenna Vinenzha L. D., Wildan Maheru, M.
Miftachul Fauzul Adhim, Ahmad Syarifuddin, Satrio Wicaksono, dan
teman teman Wagelaseh Ubur-ubur yang selalu perhatian dan ada dikala
saya sedih maupun senang.
15. Teman-teman seperjuangan angkatan 2015 “Metacarpal15” yang selalu
menyemangati, membantu dan mendukung satu sama lain.
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ABSTRAK
Rahayuningsih, Yuli Nugraheni. 2020. Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Daun Ubi
Jalar Ungu (Ipomoea batatas) Sebagai Antiinflamasi Pada Plantar Pedis
Tikus Putih Jantan (Rattus norvegicus) Yang Diinduksi Karagenan. Karya
Tulis Akhir, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
Pembimbing: (1) Dr. dr. Fathiyah Safithri, M. Kes., (2) dr. Thontowi
Djauhari, NS., M. Kes.
Latar Belakang: Inflamasi merupakan reaksi pertahanan organisme dan
jaringan terhadap kerusakan. Inflamasi biasa diobati dengan golongan NSAID
yang memiliki efek samping cukup banyak. Daun ubi jalar ungu memiliki
kandungan chlorogenic acid dan quercetin yang menghambat enzim
cyclooxygenase-2 dan lypoxygenase serta menurunkan sekresi prostaglandin.
Tujuan: Membuktikan pengaruh sebagai antiinflamasi pada pemberian ekstrak
daun ubi jalar ungu (Ipomoea batatas) terhadap tikus putih jantan (Rattus
norvegicus) yang diinduksi karagenan 1%.
Metode: Penelitian eksperimental dengan the pre and post-test only control
group design, dilakukan selama 8 hari dengan objek 24 ekor tikus wistar dan
dibagi dalam empat kelompok: (1) kontrol positif, (2) perlakuan dosis
300mg/KgBB, (3) perlakuan dosis 600mg/KgBB, (4) perlakuan dosis
1200mg/KgBB.
Hasil dan Diskusi : Hasil uji One Way ANOVA didapatkan pengaruh yang
bermakna (p<0,05). Hasil uji Post Hoc didapatkan perbedaan yang bermakna
(p<0.05) pada kelompok P2 (600mg/KgBB). Chlorogenic acid mencegah sekresi
prostaglandin dengan menghambat enzim COX-2. Quercetin dapat menghambat
aktivitas enzim cyclooxygenase-2 dan lypoxygenase untuk mereduksi
prostaglandin.
Kesimpulan : Ekstrak daun ubi jalar ungu (Ipomoea batatas) memberikan efek
antiinflamasi terhadap tikus putih yang diinduksi karagenan.
Kata Kunci: inflamasi, ekstrak daun ubi jalar ungu, volume edema
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ABSTRACT
Rahayuningsih, Yuli Nugraheni. 2020. The Effects of Purple Sweet Potato
Leaves Extract (Ipomoea batatas) as Antiinflammatory Effect on Plantar
Pedis of Carragenan Injected White Male Rats (Rattus norvegicus).
Thesis, Faculty of Medicine, University of Muhammadiyah Malang.
Supervisors: (1) Dr. dr. Fathiyah Safithri, M. Kes., (2) dr. Thontowi
Djauhari, NS., M. Kes.
Background: Inflammation is a protective response of organism and tissues
from damage. To reduce inflammation, people used NSAID which caused many
adverse effect. Purple sweet potato leaves contain chlorogenic acid and
quercetin which can inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 and lypoxygenase enzyme also
reduce prostaglandin secretion.
Objective: To prove the antiinflammatory effect from giving purple sweet potato
leaves (Ipomoea batatas) extract to carragenan injected white male rats (Rattus
norvegicus.
Methods: This experimental study was pre and post-test only control group
design for 8 days using 24 male Wistar rats, divided into 4 groups: (1 ) positive
control, (2) treatment dose of 300mg/KgBB, (3) treatment dose of 600mg/KgBB,
(4) treatment dose of 1200mg/KgBB.
Result and Discussion: One Way ANOVA test result show significant effect
(p<0,05). Result of Post Hoc test was found significant of differences (p<0,05) in
P2 group of treatment (600mg/KgBB). Chlorogenic acid prevent prostaglandin
secretion by inhibit COX-2 enzyme. Quercetin can inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 and
lypoxygenase enzyme to reduce prostaglandin.
Conclusion: Purple sweet potato leaves extract (Ipomoea batatas) has an
antiinflammatory effect to carragenan injected white male rats.
Keywords: Inflammation, purple sweet potato leaves extract, paw edema
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DARTAR ISI
Halaman
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN .................................................................... iii
PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS ......................................................... iv
LEMBAR PENGUJIAN ......................................................................... v
KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................ vi
UCAPAN TERIMAKASIH .................................................................... vii
ABSTRAK .............................................................................................. x
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................. xi
DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................... xii
DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................... xiv
DAFTAR GAMBAR .............................................................................. xv
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ........................................................................... xvi
DAFTAR SINGKATAN ........................................................................ xvii
BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN ...................................................................... 1
1.1 Latar Belakang ..................................................................... 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah ................................................................ 3
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian.................................................................. 3
1.3.1 Tujuan Umum ............................................................. 3
1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus ............................................................ 4
1.4 Manfaat Penelitian................................................................ 4
1.4.1 Manfaat Akademis ...................................................... 4
1.4.2 Manfaat Klinis ............................................................ 4
BAB 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ............................................................. 5
2.1 Inflamasi ............................................................................... 5
2.1.1 Definisi Inflamasi ....................................................... 5
2.1.2 Jenis-jenis Inflamasi ................................................... 5
2.1.3 Mekanisme Inflamasi Akut ......................................... 7
2.1.4 Tanda-tanda Inflamasi ................................................ 11
2.1.5 Mediator Inflamasi ...................................................... 13
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2.2 Ubi Jalar Ungu ..................................................................... 15
2.2.1 Taksonomi .................................................................. 15
2.2.2 Morfologi .................................................................... 16
2.2.3 Kandungan Nutrisi ...................................................... 17
2.2.4 Kandungan Kimia ....................................................... 18
2.2.5 Mekanisme Antiinflamasi Daun Ubi Jalar Ungu ........ 19
2.3 Karagenan............................................................................. 21
2.3.1 Jenis-jenis Karagenan ................................................. 21
2.3.2 Mekanisme Kerja Karagenan ..................................... 22
BAB 3 KERANGKA KONSEP DAN HIPOTESIS
PENELITIAN ............................................................................ 24
3.1 Kerangka Konsep Penelitian ................................................ 24
3.2 Hipotesis ............................................................................... 26
BAB 4 METODE PENELITIAN............................................................ 27
4.1 Jenis dan Rancangan Penelitian ........................................... 27
4.2 Lokasi dan Waktu penelitian ................................................ 27
4.3 Populasi dan Sampel ............................................................ 27
4.3.1 Populasi ....................................................................... 27
4.3.2 Sampel ........................................................................ 27
4.3.3 Besar Sampel .............................................................. 27
4.3.4 Teknik Pengambilan Sampel ...................................... 29
4.3.5 Karakteristik Sampel Penelitian ................................. 29
4.3.6 Variabel Penelitian ...................................................... 29
4.3.6.1 Variabel Bebas ................................................ 29
4.3.6.2 Variabel Tergantung ....................................... 30
4.3.6.3 Definisi Operasional Variabel ......................... 30
4.4 Alat dan Bahan Penelitian .................................................... 31
4.5 Prosedur Penelitian ............................................................... 31
4.5.1 Dasar Penentuan Dosis Ekstrak Daun Ubi Jalar ......... 31
4.5.2 Pembagian Kelompok Tikus ....................................... 32
4.5.3 Adaptasi Hewan Coba ................................................ 32
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4.5.4 Pemberian Induksi Karagenan .................................... 32
4.5.5 Pembuatan Ekstrak Daun Ubi Jalar Ungu .................. 33
4.6 Tahap Perlakuan ................................................................... 34
4.7 Alur Penelitian...................................................................... 35
4.8 Analisis Data ........................................................................ 35
BAB 5 HASIL PENELITIAN DAN ANALISIS DATA ....................... 37
5.1 Hasil Penelitian .................................................................... 37
5.2 Analisis Data ........................................................................ 39
BAB 6 PEMBAHASAN ......................................................................... 40
BAB 7 KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN .................................................. 44
7.1 Kesimpulan........................................................................... 44
7.2 Saran ..................................................................................... 44
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................................. 45
LAMPIRAN ........................................................................................... 55
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DAFTAR TABEL
Halaman
Tabel 2.1 Kerja Utama Metabolit Asam Arakhidonat ............................ 15
Tabel 2.2 Kandungan Nutrisi Ubi Jalar Ungu ......................................... 17
Tabel 2.3 Hasil Fitokimia Ekstrak Daun Ubi Jalar Ungu ....................... 19
Tabel 2.4 Total Kandungan Polyphenol dalam Daun Ubi Jalar.............. 19
Tabel 4.1 Definisi Operasional ............................................................... 30
Tabel 5.1 Hasil Pengukuran Volume Edema Plantar Pedis Tikus ......... 37
Tabel 5.2 Persentase Efektivitas Penghambatan Edema ......................... 38
Tabel 5.3 Hasil Uji ANOVA .................................................................... 39
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Halaman
Gambar 2.1 Pembuluh Darah Normal dan Radang Akut ........................ 6
Gambar 2.2 Hasil dari Peradangan Akut ................................................ 6
Gambar 2.3 Kebocoran Vaskular dan Edema ......................................... 8
Gambar 2.4 Urutan Kejadian Emigrasi Leukosit pada Inflamasi ........... 9
Gambar 2.5 Pembentukan Metabolit Asam Arakhidonat ....................... 11
Gambar 2.6 Sumber Mediator Inflamasi Lokal dan Sistemik ................ 14
Gambar 2.7 Umbi dan Daun Ubi Jalar Ungu .......................................... 16
Gambar 2.8 Tipe Lobus Daun Ubi Jalar ................................................. 17
Gambar 2.9 Struktur Chologenic Acid ................................................... 20
Gambar 2.10 Struktur Quercerin ............................................................ 21
Gambar 2.11 Mekanisme Kerja Karagenan ............................................ 22
Gambar 3.1 Skema Kerangka Konsep Penelitian ................................... 24
Gambar 4.1 Alur Penelitian..................................................................... 35
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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1 Data Primer Penelitian ......................................................... 55
Lampiran 2 Analisis Data........................................................................ 56
Lampiran 3 Dokumentasi ........................................................................ 58
Lampiran 4 Surat Layak Etik .................................................................. 59
Lampiran 5 Surat Ijin Penelitian ............................................................. 60
Lampiran 6 Surat Keterangan Metodologi Penelitian ............................ 61
Lampiran 7 Hasil Deteksi Plagiasi .......................................................... 62
Lampiran 8 Lembar Konsultasi ............................................................... 63
xviii
DAFTAR SINGKATAN
AA : Asam Arakidonat
NSAID : Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs
COX : Cyclooxygenase
COX-1 : Cyclooxygenase-1
COX-2 : Cyclooxygenase-2
CQA : Caffeoylquinic Acid
DBD : Demam Berdarah Dengue
HDL : High Density Lipoprotein
HETE : Hidroxyeicosatetraenoic
IL : Interleukin
IUPAC : International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
KgBB : Kilogram Berat Badan
LOX : Lipoxygenase
NFκB : Nuclear Factor Kappa B
NO : Nitrit Oxide
PGI2 : Prostasiklin
PGE1 : Prostaglandin E1
PGE2 : Prostaglandin E2
PGH2 : Prostaglandin H2
TNF : Tumor Necrosis Factor
WHO : World Health Organization
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