i

KARYA TULIS AKHIR

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK DAUN UBI JALAR UNGU

(IPOMOEA BATATAS) SEBAGAI ANTIINFLAMASI PADA PLANTAR

PEDIS TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN (RATTUS NOVERGICUS) YANG

DIINDUKSI KARAGENAN

Oleh:

Yuli Nugraheni Rahayuningsih

NIM. 201510330311162

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN

2020

ii

KARYA TULIS AKHIR

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK DAUN UBI JALAR UNGU

(IPOMOEA BATATAS) SEBAGAI ANTIINFLAMASI PADA PLANTAR

PEDIS TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN (RATTUS NORVEGICUS) YANG

DIINDUKSI KARAGENAN

KARYA TULIS AKHIR

Diajukan kepada

Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Persyaratan

dalam Menyelesaikan Program Sarjana

Fakultas Kedokteran

Oleh:

Yuli Nugraheni Rahayuningsih

201510330311162

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN

2020

iii

iv

PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS

Karya tulis akhir ini adalah karya saya sendiri dan semua sumber baik yang

dikutip maupun dirujuk telah saya nyatakan dengan benar.

Nama : Yuli Nugraheni Rahayuningsih

NIM : 201510330311162

Malang, 23 Januari 2020

Penulis

v

LEMBAR PENGUJI

Karya Tulis Akhir oleh Yuli Nugraheni Rahayuningsih ini

Telah Diuji dan Dipertahankan di Depan Tim Penguji

Pada Tanggal 28 Januari 2020

vi

KATA PENGANTAR

Assalamu alaikum Warahmatullohi Wabarokatuh

Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT karena atas rahmat dan hidayah-Nya,

penulisan tugas akhir ini dapat diselesaikan dengan baik dan tepat waktu.

Shalawat serta salam selalu tercurahkan kepada Rasulullah Muhammad

Shalallahu Alaihi Wassalam, keluarga, para sahabat, dan pengikut beliau yang

telah membawa dunia inidari zaman kegelapan menuju zaman terang–

benderang.

Penelitian tugas akhir ini berjudul“Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Daun

Ubi Jalar Ungu (Ipomoea batatas) Sebagai Antiinflamasi pada Plantar Pedis

Tikus Putih Jantan (Rattus norvegicus) Yang Diinduksi Karagenan”. Tugas

akhir ini bertujuan untuk memenuhi prasyarat Pendidikan Sarjana Fakultas

Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.

Penulis menyadari tugas akhir ini masih jauh dari kata sempurna, oleh

karena itu penulis sangat mengharapkan saran dan masukan yang membangun.

Semoga karya tulis ini dapat menambah wawasan keilmuan dan bermanfaat

bagi semua pihak.

Wassalamualaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh

Malang, 23 Januari 2020

Penulis

vii

UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH

Dalam terwujudnya Karya Tulis Akhir ini penulis ingin mengucapkan

terima kasih terutama kepada:

1. Allah SWT atas berkat dan rahmat-Nya yang telah dilimpahkan sehingga

penulis dapat menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini dengan baik.

2. Kedua orang tua yang selalu mendoakan yaitu Bapak Suparyoto dan Ibu

Paelah. Karya kecil ini saya persembahkan untuk kalian, terimakasih

untuk segala pengorbanan yang tiada akhir, kasih sayang yang tanpa batas

dan doa yang tanpa putus sehingga saya dapat menyelesaikan penelitian

ini dengan baik.

3. Dr. dr. Meddy Setiawan, Sp. PD., FINASIM selaku Dekan Fakultas

Kedokteran Muhammadiyah Malang atas ilmu dan bimbingannya selama

di FK UMM.

4. dr. Moch. Ma’roef, Sp. OG. selaku Wakil Dekan I Fakultas Kedokteran

Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang atas ilmu keagamaan serta

kedisiplinan yang sangat bermanfaat bagi mahasiswa FK UMM.

5. dr. Sri Adilla Nurainiwati, Sp. KK. selaku Wakil Dekan II Fakultas

Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang yang senantiasa bersabar

dalam membimbing dan mengajarkan ilmunya kepada kami.

6. dr. Indra Setiawan, Sp. THT-KL selaku Wakil Dekan III Fakultas

Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang atas motivasi yang telah

diberikan untuk membangun semangat mahasiswa FK UMM.

viii

7. Dr. dr. Fathiyah Safithri, M. Kes selaku dosen pembimbing 1 dalam

penulisan Karya Tulis Akhir ini yang telah meluangkan waktu dan

memberikan banyak ilmu, serta selalu sabar dalam membimbing serta

memberikan nasihat untuk penulis.

8. dr. Thontowi Djauhari, NS., M. Kes selaku dosen pembimbing 2 dalam

penulisan Karya Tulis Akhir ini yang telah meluangkan waktu dan

memberikan banyak ilmu, serta selalu sabar dalam membimbing serta

memberikan nasihat untuk penulis.

9. dr. Moch. Aleq Sander, M. Kes., Sp. B., FINACS. selaku dosen penguji

dalam penulisan Karya Tulis Akhir ini yang telah meluangkan waktu

untuk menguji dan memberi ilmu, serta mengarahkan penulis demi

kesempurnaan penelitian ini.

10. Seluruh dosen FK UMM yang telah memberikan banyak ilmu serta

nasehat kepada penulis.

11. Staf Laboran: Mas Miftah, Pak Kus, Pak Joko, Mas Nyono, Bu Fat, Mbak

Dilla, Mbak Lia. Terima kasih bantuan serta kebaikan yang tak ternilai

dalam terwujudnya penelitian.

12. Staf TU: Pak Heri, Bu Endah, Mas Didit, Mas Joko, Mbak Citra, Mbak

Nuke, terima Kasih atas segala bantuan dan nasehat untuk penulis.

13. Meylina Parela Ningsih dan Kasyiful Kurobi, kakak yang selalu

menemani dikala saya sedih, gundah gelisah, menangis dan

menyemangati serta mendoakan saya demi terselesaikannya karya tulis

ini.

ix

14. Inggit Ndaru Anugrah, Zhenna Vinenzha L. D., Wildan Maheru, M.

Miftachul Fauzul Adhim, Ahmad Syarifuddin, Satrio Wicaksono, dan

teman teman Wagelaseh Ubur-ubur yang selalu perhatian dan ada dikala

saya sedih maupun senang.

15. Teman-teman seperjuangan angkatan 2015 “Metacarpal15” yang selalu

menyemangati, membantu dan mendukung satu sama lain.

x

ABSTRAK

Rahayuningsih, Yuli Nugraheni. 2020. Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Daun Ubi

Jalar Ungu (Ipomoea batatas) Sebagai Antiinflamasi Pada Plantar Pedis

Tikus Putih Jantan (Rattus norvegicus) Yang Diinduksi Karagenan. Karya

Tulis Akhir, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.

Pembimbing: (1) Dr. dr. Fathiyah Safithri, M. Kes., (2) dr. Thontowi

Djauhari, NS., M. Kes.

Latar Belakang: Inflamasi merupakan reaksi pertahanan organisme dan

jaringan terhadap kerusakan. Inflamasi biasa diobati dengan golongan NSAID

yang memiliki efek samping cukup banyak. Daun ubi jalar ungu memiliki

kandungan chlorogenic acid dan quercetin yang menghambat enzim

cyclooxygenase-2 dan lypoxygenase serta menurunkan sekresi prostaglandin.

Tujuan: Membuktikan pengaruh sebagai antiinflamasi pada pemberian ekstrak

daun ubi jalar ungu (Ipomoea batatas) terhadap tikus putih jantan (Rattus

norvegicus) yang diinduksi karagenan 1%.

Metode: Penelitian eksperimental dengan the pre and post-test only control

group design, dilakukan selama 8 hari dengan objek 24 ekor tikus wistar dan

dibagi dalam empat kelompok: (1) kontrol positif, (2) perlakuan dosis

300mg/KgBB, (3) perlakuan dosis 600mg/KgBB, (4) perlakuan dosis

1200mg/KgBB.

Hasil dan Diskusi : Hasil uji One Way ANOVA didapatkan pengaruh yang

bermakna (p<0,05). Hasil uji Post Hoc didapatkan perbedaan yang bermakna

(p<0.05) pada kelompok P2 (600mg/KgBB). Chlorogenic acid mencegah sekresi

prostaglandin dengan menghambat enzim COX-2. Quercetin dapat menghambat

aktivitas enzim cyclooxygenase-2 dan lypoxygenase untuk mereduksi

prostaglandin.

Kesimpulan : Ekstrak daun ubi jalar ungu (Ipomoea batatas) memberikan efek

antiinflamasi terhadap tikus putih yang diinduksi karagenan.

Kata Kunci: inflamasi, ekstrak daun ubi jalar ungu, volume edema

xi

ABSTRACT

Rahayuningsih, Yuli Nugraheni. 2020. The Effects of Purple Sweet Potato

Leaves Extract (Ipomoea batatas) as Antiinflammatory Effect on Plantar

Pedis of Carragenan Injected White Male Rats (Rattus norvegicus).

Thesis, Faculty of Medicine, University of Muhammadiyah Malang.

Supervisors: (1) Dr. dr. Fathiyah Safithri, M. Kes., (2) dr. Thontowi

Djauhari, NS., M. Kes.

Background: Inflammation is a protective response of organism and tissues

from damage. To reduce inflammation, people used NSAID which caused many

adverse effect. Purple sweet potato leaves contain chlorogenic acid and

quercetin which can inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 and lypoxygenase enzyme also

reduce prostaglandin secretion.

Objective: To prove the antiinflammatory effect from giving purple sweet potato

leaves (Ipomoea batatas) extract to carragenan injected white male rats (Rattus

norvegicus.

Methods: This experimental study was pre and post-test only control group

design for 8 days using 24 male Wistar rats, divided into 4 groups: (1 ) positive

control, (2) treatment dose of 300mg/KgBB, (3) treatment dose of 600mg/KgBB,

(4) treatment dose of 1200mg/KgBB.

Result and Discussion: One Way ANOVA test result show significant effect

(p<0,05). Result of Post Hoc test was found significant of differences (p<0,05) in

P2 group of treatment (600mg/KgBB). Chlorogenic acid prevent prostaglandin

secretion by inhibit COX-2 enzyme. Quercetin can inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 and

lypoxygenase enzyme to reduce prostaglandin.

Conclusion: Purple sweet potato leaves extract (Ipomoea batatas) has an

antiinflammatory effect to carragenan injected white male rats.

Keywords: Inflammation, purple sweet potato leaves extract, paw edema

xii

DARTAR ISI

Halaman

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN .................................................................... iii

PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS ......................................................... iv

LEMBAR PENGUJIAN ......................................................................... v

KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................ vi

UCAPAN TERIMAKASIH .................................................................... vii

ABSTRAK .............................................................................................. x

ABSTRACT .............................................................................................. xi

DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................... xii

DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................... xiv

DAFTAR GAMBAR .............................................................................. xv

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ........................................................................... xvi

DAFTAR SINGKATAN ........................................................................ xvii

BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN ...................................................................... 1

1.1 Latar Belakang ..................................................................... 1

1.2 Rumusan Masalah ................................................................ 3

1.3 Tujuan Penelitian.................................................................. 3

1.3.1 Tujuan Umum ............................................................. 3

1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus ............................................................ 4

1.4 Manfaat Penelitian................................................................ 4

1.4.1 Manfaat Akademis ...................................................... 4

1.4.2 Manfaat Klinis ............................................................ 4

BAB 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ............................................................. 5

2.1 Inflamasi ............................................................................... 5

2.1.1 Definisi Inflamasi ....................................................... 5

2.1.2 Jenis-jenis Inflamasi ................................................... 5

2.1.3 Mekanisme Inflamasi Akut ......................................... 7

2.1.4 Tanda-tanda Inflamasi ................................................ 11

2.1.5 Mediator Inflamasi ...................................................... 13

xiii

2.2 Ubi Jalar Ungu ..................................................................... 15

2.2.1 Taksonomi .................................................................. 15

2.2.2 Morfologi .................................................................... 16

2.2.3 Kandungan Nutrisi ...................................................... 17

2.2.4 Kandungan Kimia ....................................................... 18

2.2.5 Mekanisme Antiinflamasi Daun Ubi Jalar Ungu ........ 19

2.3 Karagenan............................................................................. 21

2.3.1 Jenis-jenis Karagenan ................................................. 21

2.3.2 Mekanisme Kerja Karagenan ..................................... 22

BAB 3 KERANGKA KONSEP DAN HIPOTESIS

PENELITIAN ............................................................................ 24

3.1 Kerangka Konsep Penelitian ................................................ 24

3.2 Hipotesis ............................................................................... 26

BAB 4 METODE PENELITIAN............................................................ 27

4.1 Jenis dan Rancangan Penelitian ........................................... 27

4.2 Lokasi dan Waktu penelitian ................................................ 27

4.3 Populasi dan Sampel ............................................................ 27

4.3.1 Populasi ....................................................................... 27

4.3.2 Sampel ........................................................................ 27

4.3.3 Besar Sampel .............................................................. 27

4.3.4 Teknik Pengambilan Sampel ...................................... 29

4.3.5 Karakteristik Sampel Penelitian ................................. 29

4.3.6 Variabel Penelitian ...................................................... 29

4.3.6.1 Variabel Bebas ................................................ 29

4.3.6.2 Variabel Tergantung ....................................... 30

4.3.6.3 Definisi Operasional Variabel ......................... 30

4.4 Alat dan Bahan Penelitian .................................................... 31

4.5 Prosedur Penelitian ............................................................... 31

4.5.1 Dasar Penentuan Dosis Ekstrak Daun Ubi Jalar ......... 31

4.5.2 Pembagian Kelompok Tikus ....................................... 32

4.5.3 Adaptasi Hewan Coba ................................................ 32

xiv

4.5.4 Pemberian Induksi Karagenan .................................... 32

4.5.5 Pembuatan Ekstrak Daun Ubi Jalar Ungu .................. 33

4.6 Tahap Perlakuan ................................................................... 34

4.7 Alur Penelitian...................................................................... 35

4.8 Analisis Data ........................................................................ 35

BAB 5 HASIL PENELITIAN DAN ANALISIS DATA ....................... 37

5.1 Hasil Penelitian .................................................................... 37

5.2 Analisis Data ........................................................................ 39

BAB 6 PEMBAHASAN ......................................................................... 40

BAB 7 KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN .................................................. 44

7.1 Kesimpulan........................................................................... 44

7.2 Saran ..................................................................................... 44

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................................. 45

LAMPIRAN ........................................................................................... 55

xv

DAFTAR TABEL

Halaman

Tabel 2.1 Kerja Utama Metabolit Asam Arakhidonat ............................ 15

Tabel 2.2 Kandungan Nutrisi Ubi Jalar Ungu ......................................... 17

Tabel 2.3 Hasil Fitokimia Ekstrak Daun Ubi Jalar Ungu ....................... 19

Tabel 2.4 Total Kandungan Polyphenol dalam Daun Ubi Jalar.............. 19

Tabel 4.1 Definisi Operasional ............................................................... 30

Tabel 5.1 Hasil Pengukuran Volume Edema Plantar Pedis Tikus ......... 37

Tabel 5.2 Persentase Efektivitas Penghambatan Edema ......................... 38

Tabel 5.3 Hasil Uji ANOVA .................................................................... 39

xvi

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Halaman

Gambar 2.1 Pembuluh Darah Normal dan Radang Akut ........................ 6

Gambar 2.2 Hasil dari Peradangan Akut ................................................ 6

Gambar 2.3 Kebocoran Vaskular dan Edema ......................................... 8

Gambar 2.4 Urutan Kejadian Emigrasi Leukosit pada Inflamasi ........... 9

Gambar 2.5 Pembentukan Metabolit Asam Arakhidonat ....................... 11

Gambar 2.6 Sumber Mediator Inflamasi Lokal dan Sistemik ................ 14

Gambar 2.7 Umbi dan Daun Ubi Jalar Ungu .......................................... 16

Gambar 2.8 Tipe Lobus Daun Ubi Jalar ................................................. 17

Gambar 2.9 Struktur Chologenic Acid ................................................... 20

Gambar 2.10 Struktur Quercerin ............................................................ 21

Gambar 2.11 Mekanisme Kerja Karagenan ............................................ 22

Gambar 3.1 Skema Kerangka Konsep Penelitian ................................... 24

Gambar 4.1 Alur Penelitian..................................................................... 35

xvii

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1 Data Primer Penelitian ......................................................... 55

Lampiran 2 Analisis Data........................................................................ 56

Lampiran 3 Dokumentasi ........................................................................ 58

Lampiran 4 Surat Layak Etik .................................................................. 59

Lampiran 5 Surat Ijin Penelitian ............................................................. 60

Lampiran 6 Surat Keterangan Metodologi Penelitian ............................ 61

Lampiran 7 Hasil Deteksi Plagiasi .......................................................... 62

Lampiran 8 Lembar Konsultasi ............................................................... 63

xviii

DAFTAR SINGKATAN

AA : Asam Arakidonat

NSAID : Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs

COX : Cyclooxygenase

COX-1 : Cyclooxygenase-1

COX-2 : Cyclooxygenase-2

CQA : Caffeoylquinic Acid

DBD : Demam Berdarah Dengue

HDL : High Density Lipoprotein

HETE : Hidroxyeicosatetraenoic

IL : Interleukin

IUPAC : International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

KgBB : Kilogram Berat Badan

LOX : Lipoxygenase

NFκB : Nuclear Factor Kappa B

NO : Nitrit Oxide

PGI2 : Prostasiklin

PGE1 : Prostaglandin E1

PGE2 : Prostaglandin E2

PGH2 : Prostaglandin H2

TNF : Tumor Necrosis Factor

WHO : World Health Organization

45

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