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Combining vegetable oil and sub-lethal concentrations of Imidacloprid with Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae against adult Guava
Weevil Conotrachelus psidii (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Journal: Biocontrol Science & Technology
Manuscript ID: CBST-2008-0041.R1
Manuscript Type: Research Article
Date Submitted by the Author:
n/a
Complete List of Authors: Brito, Eliane; UENF, Entomology and Plant Pathology de Paula, Adriano; UENF, Entomology and Plant Pathology Vieira, Laerciana; UENF, Entomology and Plant Pathology Dolinski, Claudia; UENF, Entomology and Plant Pathology Samuels, Richard; State University of North Fluminense, Entomology and Plant Pathology
Keywords: efficiency, fungus, insecticide, oil, adjuvants, insect
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Biocontrol Science and Technology
Increasing fungal efficiency against guava weevil
Combining vegetable oil and sub-lethal concentrations of Imidacloprid with
Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae against adult Guava Weevil
Conotrachelus psidii (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Eliane Souza Brito, Adriano Rodrigues de Paula, Laerciana Pereira Vieira, Claudia
Dolinski and Richard Ian Samuels*
Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology – CCTA – Universidade Estadual do
Norte Fluminense - Darcy Ribeiro
Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ. 28013-602, Brasil.
*corresponding author: [email protected]
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Abstract
Of the insect pests that attack guava fruits, the guava weevil, Conotrachelus psidii
Marshall, 1922 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is one of the most important in Brazil.
Control methods for this pest are based on the application of insecticides. In search of
alternatives, this study was performed to select fungal isolates of Beauveria bassiana
and Metarhizium anisopliae as potential candidates for the control of adult C. psidii.
Tests were carried out using three products applied with the entomopathogenic fungi
:Tween 80, Sunflower oil and Imidacloprid (IMI). A sub-lethal concentration of IMI
was determined (100 ppm). The results demonstrated that LPP 19 and LPP 114 were the
most effective isolates when used in combination with all of the products. The least
virulent isolate, ESALQ 818, when applied in Tween 80 caused only 26.6% mortality,
however, this isolate showed significantly improved efficiency when applied together
with either Sunflower oil or IMI, causing 57.3% and 88.6% mortality respectively. The
efficiency of all the isolates tested here improved when applied together with IMI, with
LT50 values of 5.3 - 10.3 days when compared to LT50 values in Tween alone of 9.5 - 17
days. The isolate that produced the highest number of conidia on the cadavers of adult
C. psidii was LPP138, independent of the product used, however conidial production
was slightly reduced when fungi were applied together with IMI. These results are
promising for developing new formulations of the isolates to be tested in the field.
Key words: efficiency; fungus, insecticide; oil; adjuvants; insect
1. Introduction
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Guava (Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava L.), native to tropical regions of the
Americas, is of economic importance in over 50 tropical and subtropical countries
(Menzel, 1985). However, insect pests and plant diseases are responsible for huge
annual losses in production. Of the insect pests that attack guava plants, the guava
weevil, Conotrachelus psidii Marshall, 1922 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is considered
to be one of the most important pest species, damaging up to 90% of the fruits in Rio de
Janeiro State (Boscán de Martinez and Cásares, 1982). Control methods for this pest are
based on applications of chemical insecticides during the peak infestation period
(October-March), with unwanted residual effects, low efficiency against the adults and
inefficient for the control of larvae within the fruit or soil (Sampaio, 1975; Barelli &
Galli, 1998). A more rational approach is therefore needed.
However, the importance of conventional chemical insecticides cannot be
underestimated and the possibility of combining insecticides with biological control
agents is an interesting approach for controlling certain pest species, allowing the
reduction of chemical applications and reducing the development of resistance. Some
insecticides have the capacity to increase stress and affect insect behaviour that may
lead to improved performance of entomopathogens. This has been demonstrated in
recent studies that showed the advantages of applications of sub-lethal doses of
Imidacloprid (IMI) together with fungi for the control of leaf-cutting ants (Santos et al.,
2007). IMI is a systemic insecticide of the neonicotinoid group, with contact and oral
toxicity. The site of action of this insecticide is the nicotinic receptor of acetylcholine,
therefore acting as a neurotoxin (Elbert et al., 1991). IMI was found to act
synergistically with Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae for the control of
Diaprepes abbreviatus (Quintela and McCoy 1997).
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Adult C. psidii can be targeted with Integrated Pest Management strategies whilst
4th instar larvae could be controlled by applications of entomopathogenic nematodes to
the soil (Dolinski et al., 2006, Del Valle et al., 2008). One of the main drawbacks of
biological control is the slow kill time and dependence on climatic conditions. In the
case of entomopathogenic fungi, high humidity is normally needed for infection to
occur. However, the success of the Lubilosa Program, where oil formulations of fungi
were used to control the desert locust, has shown that at least humidity limitations can
be overcome (Lomer et al., 2001). Another possible advantage of using
entomopathogenic fungi is the potential for secondary cycling within insect pest
populations, thus reducing the need for continuous applications. This was found to be
an important factor in the control of locusts and grasshoppers (Thomas et al., 1995;
Thomas, 1996).
Given that the adult stage of this insect only showed moderate infection rates
when exposed to fungal isolates suspended in tween under laboratory conditions
(current study), experiments were carried out to improve efficiency by combining fungi
with vegetable oil or sub-lethal concentrations of an insecticide Imidacloprid.
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1 Insects
Adult C. psidii were collected from commercial guava orchards in the
municipality of São Francisco de Itabapoana in North Rio de Janeiro State and insects
were maintained in the laboratory in plastic boxes (11 x 11 x 3.2 cm) lined with filter
paper at 25°C, 70 ± 10 % RH and 12L: 12D photoperiod. Insects were fed with slices of
fresh guava fruit.
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2.2 Fungal isolates and preparation of suspensions
Isolates of M. anisopliae and B. bassiana detailed in Table 1 were obtained from
the collection at CENARGEN (CG 24) in Brasilia, ESALQ (ESALQ 818) in Piracicaba
(São Paulo), and the Laboratory of Entomology and Plant Pathology State University of
North Fluminense (LPP 19; 91; 110; 138; 144). Fungi were cultured on Sabouraud
Dextrose Agar (Dextrose 10g; Peptone 2.5g; Yeast Extract 2.5g; Agar 20g in 1L H20) at
270C for 15 days before being used in experiments. Fungal suspensions were prepared
in Tween 80 (0.05% in sterile distilled water) and conidial concentration determined
using a Neubauer hemocytometer.
2.3 Effect of Imidacloprid on C. psidii
The commercial product Confidor 700 GrDA (Bayer) composed of IMI (70%)
and inert ingredients (30%) was used in all experiments. Different concentrations of
Confidor® (1000; 500; 100 and 50 ppm in 1 mL of water) were applied to adult C. psidii
using a Potter spray tower (Burkard, UK). Fifteen insects were placed in a Petri dish and
sprayed simultaneous for each concentration of IMI. Following applications, insects
were maintained in plastic boxes lined with filter paper and offered fresh slices of guava
over the 5 day experimental period. Observations of insect behavior (locomotion and
feeding) and mortality were carried out every 24h. A sub-lethal concentration was
defined as that which did not cause insect mortality but provoked an increase in host
susceptibility to fungal infections (determined from preliminary experiments; data not
shown).
2.4 Isolate selection and application of fungi in Sunflower oil or Imidacloprid
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Isolates of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae were tested against C. psidii by spray
application of fungal suspensions mixed with Tween 80 (0.05%), 8% sunflower oil or
IMI (100ppm). The fungal concentration used in all cases was 1 x 108 conidia mL-1 and
suspensions (1 mL) applied to the insects using a Potter tower. For each treatment 15
insects were used and each experiment was repeated three times. Control insects were
treated as above but without addition of the fungus. Following treatment, groups of 5
insects were maintained in plastic boxes (11 x 11 x 3.2 cm) with a regular supply of
fresh guava during a 20 day observation period. Mortality was evaluated on a daily
basis. Dead insects were removed and surface sterilized in 70% alcohol for 30 seconds
and immediately rinsed in sterile distilled water for a further 30 seconds before being
placed in Petri dishes lined with damp filter paper and maintained at 25°C to evaluate
whether the fungi had caused host death.
Mortality data was calculated as percentages and the normal distribution of the
data verified using Lilliefors test. As the data was shown to have a normal distribution,
it was deemed unnecessary to use Arc Sin corrections. The data was analyzed using
two-way Analysis of Variance. Mortality was compared between isolates and between
treatments using one-way Analysis of Variance and Duncan’s post-hoc test. Probit
analysis was used to determine LT50, corrected according to Throne et al. (1995).
2.5 Conidial production on C. psidii cadavers
The production of conidia on insect cadavers was evaluated 5 days after death.
Five cadavers were chosen from each treatment and each repetition and conidial
concentration evaluated for each cadaver. The cadaver was placed in an Eppendorf tube
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containing 1 mL of Tween 80 (0.05%) and the tube was the agitated rigorously using a
vortex mixer. The conidial concentration was estimated using a Neubauer chamber.
3. RESULTS
3.1 Effect of different concentrations of Imidacloprid on C. psidii.
Observations of mortality showed that a concentration of 1000 ppm caused the
highest mortality, whilst 100 ppm and 50 ppm did not result in insect mortality during
the experimental period (Fig. 1). However, all concentrations used caused alterations in
behavior (locomotion and feeding), when compared to control insects (results not
shown). The most obvious changes were seen in locomotion, with insects appearing
initially moribund shortly after IMI application. Over time (four days), the insects
treated with the 2 lower concentrations returned to normal activity, whereas the two
higher concentrations resulted in insect death. No control mortality was seen during the
period of the experiment.
3.2 Isolate virulence
The two-way ANOVA showed that there was an interaction effect when
comparing isolates x formulation (F 12, 42 = 3.22; p< 0.01), an interaction between
isolates (F 6, 42 = 11.44; p< 0.01), and interaction between formulations (F 12, 42 = 34.8;
p< 0.01). To further analyze these interactions, one-way ANOVAs followed by
Duncan’s multiple tests were carried out.
The results shown in Table 2 demonstrate the virulence of the isolates tested,
with mortalities ranging from 26.6% (M anisopliae ESALQ 818) to 73.3% (M.
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anisopliae LPP 91 and B. bassiana LPP 19) when formulated in Tween 80. The use of
oil significantly increased mortality of 5 of the isolates tested here (ESALQ 818, LPP
110; LPP 138; CG 24, LPP 19) when compared to the application of these isolates in
Tween only.
Inoculations of isolates together with applications of IMI at a concentration of
100 ppm, resulted in higher host mortality than when formulated in oil, with 100%
mortality for five of the isolates tested here and 86.6% mortality when using the least
virulent isolate (M. anisopliae ESALQ 818). No statistical differences were seen when
comparing isolates applied with IMI.
Isolates B. bassiana LPP110 and M. anisopliae ESALQ 818 showed marked
differences in LT50 values when using different products (Table 3). For example, LT50
values for LPP110 in Tween, Sunflower oil and IMI were 17.0 days, 13.1 days and 8.9
days respectively. For ESALQ 818 LT50 values in Sunflower oil and IMI were 14.2
days and 10.3 days respectively. The lowest value for LT50 was recorded for B.
bassiana isolate LPP114 (5.31 days) when applied with IMI. No control mortality was
seen during the period of the experiment. Control insects survived under laboratory
conditions for on average 45-50 days.
3.3 Evaluation of conidial production following infections
These results demonstrate the differences between isolates when considering the
factor of conidial production following host colonization. The results show the
variability between the isolates tested, with B. bassiana LPP 138 producing the highest
conidial concentrations in Tween and oil, however, the use of insecticide reduced
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conidial production for this isolate (Table 4). Interestingly, the most virulent isolate, B.
bassiana LPP 114, produced the lowest number of conidia (0.9 x 108 ml-1) in both
Tween and oil, with a slight increase when formulated with insecticide (1.8 x 108 ml-1).
4. DISCUSSION
The results show that all of the isolates tested were pathogenic to adult C. psidii,
although with variations in virulence among these isolates. The most virulent isolates
when applied in Tween did not cause 100% host mortality over the experimental period.
However, an increase in efficiency was observed following application in Sunflower oil
and moreover when the fungi were applied together with a sub-lethal concentration of
IMI. As it is common that isolates show higher virulence under laboratory conditions
than under field conditions, maximization of the efficiency of the isolates is important
before starting field trails. A model for predicting the performance of entomopathogenic
fungi has been recently proposed for locust control (Klass et al. 2007), which might be
applicable to other insect-fungus interactions. The use of oil formulations has been
shown to improve efficiency under field conditions, stimulating fungal germination
independently of the ambient humidity (Batta, 2003). The use of insecticides in
combination with entomopathogenic fungi is also an interesting approach that can be
used against certain species of insects that are difficult to control with fungi alone. The
guava weevil shows a high tolerance to fungal infections, with the lowest LT50 values
seen here being approximately 10 days (current study). Previous studies have shown
that IMI has no adverse effects on germination of five fungal isolates and acted
synergistically with entomopathogenic fungi to rapidly kill the leaf-cutting ant Atta
sexdens (Santos et al., 2007). Here C. psidii mortality was only seen with concentrations
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of 500 ppm and 1000 ppm, demonstrating the tolerance of this insect to insecticides,
especially when compared to results for toxicity to leaf-cutting ants, where LC50 was
estimated to be 145.3 ppm (Santos et al. 2007).
Vegetable oil when used here in combination with all isolates tested caused an
increase in mortality, which was more obvious when comparing the isolate of lowest
virulence (ESALQ 818) in Tween (26% mortality) and in oil (57% mortality). Similar
results were obtained by Maranga et al. (2005), for the control of the tick Amblyomma
variegatum, with mortality reaching 95% when B. bassiana or M. anisopliae were
formulated in oil as opposed to 49% mortality when formulated in water.
IMI, when applied at a concentration that had no significant effects on insect
survival, promoted increased efficiency of all the isolates tested here, with five of the
isolates causing 100% host death over the experimental period. The insecticide
treatment also provoked a reduction in LT50 values for all of the isolates tested, reducing
to 5 days the time taken to kill 50% of the insects for the most virulent isolate. This is a
significant advance over the use of either oil or Tween and should be tested under field
conditions. Quintela & McCoy (1998), suggested that the synergistic effect of IMI and
entomopathogenic fungi in the case of joint applications against Diaprepes abreviatus,
was due to a reduction in insect motility, leading to an increased adhesion of the conidia
to the host integument, that would normally be removed by friction as the larvae move
through their tunnels in the soil. In the case of the guava weevil, C. psidii, it is likely
that the insecticide acted as a general stressor, lowering the insect's tolerance to fungal
infections.
Hiromor and Nishigki (2001) showed that joint applications of M. anisopliae and
the insecticide Fenitrothion, increased mortality of Anomala cuprea larvae, when
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compared to using these agents individually. These authors attributed this to an
inhibitory effect of the insecticide to the humoral defence system of the host insect.
Jaramillo et al. (2005) also found additive effects of joint applications of IMI and M.
anisopliae for the control of bug Cyrtomenus bergi, increasing host mortality from 40%
with fungal inoculations only, to 88% when combining fungi with this insecticide.
The reduction in total conidial concentration per cadaver associated with
infections following application of fungi together with insecticide for some of the
isolates tested here indicates that although this combination increased mortality, it may
have a negative effect when considering possible secondary infections in the field. In
this case it is necessary to determine the importance of secondary infections in relation
to the damage caused by the pests. Production of secondary inoculum on infected
insects is considered to be important in the spread of infection throughout a population
(Carruthers and Soper, 1987). The possible use of an isolate not considered to the most
virulent of those tested here but found to be the highest conidial producer (LPP 138),
with mean concentrations of 4.6 x 108 conidia ml-1 insect-1 when applied in Tween only
and 4.8 x 108 conidia ml-1 insect-1 when applied in Tween + oil, may therefore have
certain advantages, although it is difficult to estimate the importance of secondary
cycling for the control of this pest. It is interesting to note that Beauveria bassiana
isolate LPP 138 is a natural pathogen of the guava weevil, however, the other Beauveria
bassiana isolate found naturally infecting C. psidii, LPP 114, produced 5 times less
conidia than LPP 138 following application in Tween or Tween + oil.
This study shows that applications of fungi alone are unlikely to be efficient for
the control of the guava weevil C. psidii, given its high tolerance to fungal inoculations
under ideal laboratory conditions, however, significant increases in mortality and speed
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of host death were obtained using vegetable oil and IMI. We are currently assessing
these two combinations under field conditions.
Acknowledgements:
We thank Ederaldo Azevedo da Silva and Paulo César de Oliveria Pedra Jr. for
technical assistance and Dr. James Throne for help with Probit Analysis. We would also
like to thank the anonymous referees for their useful comments. This work was funded
by a grant from CNPq (473803/03-8). Richard Samuels is a CNPq research fellow.
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Figure legend
Figure 1. Effect of Imidacloprid on adult Conotrachelus psidii mortality following spray
application of four concentrations of insecticide.
SDW: sterile distilled water control.
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1 2 3 4 5
0
1
2
3
4
+
Num
ber
of D
ead
Inse
cts
(mea
n
SE
)
Experimental Period (Days)
1000 ppm 500 ppm 100ppm 50 ppm SDW
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Table 1 Details of the fungal isolates used in tests for pathogenicity and virulence
against adult C. psidii
Accession
Number
Species Original Host Geographical Origin
ESALQ 818 M. anisopliae Isolated from soil Piracicaba, São Paulo,
Brazil
LPP 110 B. bassiana Acromyrmex sp. (Hymenoptera:
Formicidae)
Belém, Pará, Brazil
LPP 138 B. bassiana Conotrachelus psidii (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae)
Campos, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
LPP 114 B. bassiana Conotrachelus psidii (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae)
Campos, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
CG 24 B. bassiana Euschistus heros Fabr.(Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)
Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
LPP 91 M. anisopliae Isolated from soil Rondônia, Brazil
LPP 19 B. bassiana Blissus antillus ( Hemiptera:
Lygaeidae)
Ibitióca, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
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Table 2. Mortality of adult C. psidii infected with B. bassiana and M. anisopliae when
applied in Tween 80, Sunflower oil +Tween 80 and joint applications of fungi
and Imidaclorprid (IMI).
Percentage Mortality (Mean ± SD)
Isolate/Product Tween 80 Oil+ Tween 80 IMIESALQ 818 26.6 ± 17.3 A a 57.3 ± 10.2 A b 86.6 ± 13.3 A b
LPP 110 48.7 ± 16.6 AB a 77.3 ± 10.2 ABC ab 100 A b
LPP 138 62 ± 10 BC a 89.0 ± 16.7 BC b 100 A b
LPP 114 62 ± 10 D1a2 95.3 ± 3.8 C a 100 A a
CG 24 66.6 ± 13.3 BC a 77.6 ± 13.7 ABC ab 93.3 ± 3.8 A b
LPP 91 73.3 ± 6.6 CD a 84.3 ± 17.0 AB c 100 A a
LPP 19 73.3 ± 6.7 CD a 90.6 ± 3.9 C ab 100 A b
Note: Fungal concentration 1 x 108 conidia mL-1; Tween concentration 0.05%; Sunflower oil concentration 8%; IMI concentration 100 ppm.Control mortality for all treatments was zero.
1Values followed by the same capital letter indicated that the results were not
statistically different between isolates when using the same formulation (Tukey test
at the 5% probability level).
2Values followed by the same lower case letter indicate that the results were not
statistically different when comparing formulations with the same isolate using the
Tukey test at the 5% probability level
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Table 3. Lethal times (LT50) for B. bassiana and M. anisopliae (1 x 108 conidia ml-1)
infecting adult C. psidii, applied in Tween 80, Sunflower oil +Tween 80 and
joint applications of fungi and Imidaclorprid (IMI)
IsolateTWEEN 80
LT50 days [CL]OIL
LT50 days [CL]IMI
LT50 days [CL]
ESALQ 818 - 14.2 [12.9 – 15.8] 10.3 [9.0 –11.5]
LPP 110 17.0 [15.4 – 19.5] 13.1 [12.1 –14.2] 8.9 [8.1 – 9.7]
LPP 138 12.7 [11.7 – 14.0] 9.6 [9.1 –10.6] 6.7 [6.1 – 7.2]
LPP 114 9.5 [8.3 – 10.5] 8.5 [7.2 – 9.6] 5.3 [4.7 – 5.6]
CG 24 12.3 [10.2 – 14.5] 12.4 [10.1 – 14.5] 7.3 [5.5 – 8.7]
LPP 91 12.4 [12.1 – 14.2] 16.0 [15.4 – 19.5] 9.3 [8.1 – 9.7]
LPP 19 9.7 [7.4 – 11.6] 8.3 [5.9 – 10.3] 5.7 [5.3 – 6.1]
CL – Upper and lower confidence Limits
Note: Fungal concentration 1 x 108 conidia mL-1; Tween concentration 0.05%; Sunflower oil concentration 8%; IMI concentration 100 ppm.Control mortality for all treatments was zero.
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Table 4. Conidial production (mean conidia ml-1 x 108 /cadaver Ꮚ� SD) on C. psidii cadavers following B. bassiana and M. anisopliae infections.
Isolate/Product Tween 80 Oil +Tween 80 IMI
ESALQ 818 0.6 ± 0.3 0.9 ± 0.5 1.1 ± 0.5
LPP 110 1.8 ± 0.3 1.1 ± 0.5 1.2 ± 0.6
LPP 138 4.6 ± 1.5 4.8 ± 1.2 3.1 ± 1.5
LPP 114 0.9 ± 0.4 0.9 ± 0.3 1.8 ± 0.4
CG 24 3.6 ± 0.9 2.4 ± 0.6 2.9 ± 0.6
LPP 91 1.7 ± 0.5 1.9 ± 1.8 1.8 ± 1.3
LPP 19 2.1 ± 1.6 2.3 ± 1.8 2.4 ± 1.3
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