Notes

1 Primitivity

1. For two examples of commodity history one large, the other small, seeRobert Delort, LeCommerce desFourrures enOccident ilia fin du Moyen Age(vers1300-vers 1450) (Ecole Francaise de Rome, Rome, 1978);F. M. L. Thompson,'Nineteenth Century Horse Sense', Economic History Review, XXIX, No.1(February 1976) pp. 6~1.

2. Jacques Nenquin, Salt A Study in Economic Prehistory (de Tempel, Brugge,1961); Bernard Edeine, 'Les Techniques de Fabrication du Sel dans lessauneries pre et protohistoriques ainsi que Gallo-Romaines', Annales deBretagne et des Pays de l'Ouest, Vol. 82 (1975) pp . 11-18; Jean-Paul Bertraux,'L'Archeolog le du Sel en Lorraine : Le Briquetage de la Seille', Guy Cabour­din (ed .), Le Sel et Son Histoire (Universite de Nancy II, Nancy, 1981)pp .519-38.

3. Peter S. Wells, 'Iron-Age Central Europe', Archaeology, Vol. 33, No . 5(September-October 1980) pp. 6-11.

4. Nenquin, p. 53.5. Giraldus Cambrensis, The Itinerary through Wales and the Description of Wales

(Dent, London, 1919) p. 176.6. Anthony P. Andrews, 'The Salt Trade of the Maya', Archaeology, Vol. 33,

No.4 (July-August 1980) pp . 16-33.7. Eric C. Thompson, Thomas Gage's Travels in the New World (University of

Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1958) pp. 167, 204.8. Ibid., p. 61.9. Antonio Vazquez de Espinosa , Description of the Indies (c. 1620), tr, Charles

Upson Clark (Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington, 1968) para 467.10. Miguel O. de Mendizabal, Influencia delaSol enladistribucion geographica delos

grupos indigenas de Mexico (Mexico, 1928).11. Father Joseph de Acosta, The Natural and Moral History of the Indies, 2 vols

(Hakluyt Society, London, 1880) p. 155.12. Vazquez de Espinosa, para 1437. Marianne Cardale-Schrimpff , 'Prehistoric

Salt Production in Columbia, South America' (Colchester ArchaeologicalGroup), Salt, The Study of an Ancient Industry (Colchester, 1975) p . 84.

13. Chantal Caillavet, 'Le Sel d'Otavalo (Equateur) Continuites Indigenes etRuptures Coloniales', Melanges de La Casa de Velazquez, Tome XV (1979) pp .329-63.

14. Vazquez de Espinosa, para 1006.15. Claude Levi-Strauss, Mythologiques IV, L'Homme Nu (Pion, Paris, 1971)p. 83.16. Vazquez de Espinosa, para 1419.17. Ibid., para 1954.18. Alexander von Humboldt, Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial

Regionsof America during the Years 1799-1804, 3 vols (George Bell, London,1881) II, p. 365.

19. Herbert Eugene Bolton, Spanish Exploration in the Southwest (Barnes andNoble, New York, 1959) p. 220.

20. Claude Levi-Strauss, 'The Use of Wild Plants in Tropical South America' ,Julian H. Steward (ed .), Handbook of South American Indians, Vol. 6, Physical

359

360 Notes

Anthropology, Linguistics and Cultural Geography of South American Indians(Cooper Square, New York, 1963) p. 482.

21. Humboldt, I, p. 179.22. Claude Levi-Strauss, Mythologiques II Du MieI aux Cendres (Pion, Paris, 1966)

p. 42; Mythologiques III Les Origines des Manieres de Table (Pion, Paris, 1968)p .470.

23. W. G. L. Randles, 'La Civilisation Bantou, son essor et son declin', Annales,Economies, Societe», Civilisations, 29:2 (March-April 1974) pp. 267-81; Thur­ston Shaw, Nigeria Its Archaeology and Early History (Thames & Hudson,London, 1978).

24. P. Gouletquer and D. Kleinrnann, 'Structure Sociale et Commerce du Seldans I'Economie Touaregue', Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de laMediterranee, 21, 1976, pp . 131-9; Michal Tymowski, 'La Saline d'Idjil enMauritanie', Africana Bulletin, 30 (1981) pp . 7-37 .

25. Paul E. Lovejoy, 'The Borno Salt Industry', TheInternational Journal Of AfricanHistorical Studies, Vol. II (1978) no . 4, pp. 629-68.

26. Ibid., p. 629.27. Ibid.28. Ibid.29. J. Clauzel, L'Exploitation des Salines de Taoudenni, Institu de Recherches

sahariennes (Universite d' Alger, Alger, 1960).30. J. E. G. Sutton and A. D. Roberts , 'Uvinza and its Salt Industry' , Anzania,

3 (1969) pp . 45-86.31. Henry M. Stanley, Through the Dark Continent, 2 vols (Sampson Low, Lon­

don, 1878) I, 508.32. Charles M. Good, 'Salt, Trade, and Disease: Aspects of Development in

Africa's Northern Great Lakes Region', International Journal of African Histori­calStudies, Vol. 5 (1972) no . 4, pp. 543--86.

33. Duke Adolphus Frederick of Mecklenburg, In the Heart of Africa (Cassell,London, 1910) pp. 191-2.

34. Ibid., p . 192.35. Ibid.36. Ibid.37. Paul Pascon, 'Le Commerce de la Maison d'IIigh d'apres Ie registre compt­

able de Husayn b. Hachem (Tazerwolt, 185G-1875)', Annales, Economies,Societe«, Civilisations, 35:3--4 (May-August 1980) pp . 70G-729.

38. Richard Gray and David Birmingham (eds), Pre-ColonialAfrican Trade, Essayson Trade in Central and Eastern Africa before 1900 (Oxford University Press,Oxford, 1970) p . 34.

39. Michael G. Kenny, 'Salt Trading in Eastern Lake Victoria', Azania, Vol. IX(1974) pp . 225-8, p. 226.

40. Good, p. 557.41. Ibid.42. Tadeusz Lewicki, WestAfrican Food in theMiddle Ages(Cambridge University

Press, Cambridge, 1974).43. Ibid., p. 79.44. Ibid., p . 116.45. Ibid., pp . 116--17.46. Ibid., p. 121.47. Ibid., p. 218.48. For an exception to this generalization, see I. B. Sutton, 'The Volta River Salt

Trade: The Survival of an Indigenous Industry', Journal of African History,22 (1981) pp . 43--61.

Notes 361

49. Levi-Strauss, Mythologiques 111, p. 355.50. Nancy Lee Swan, Food and Money in Ancient China (Princeton University

Press, Princeton, 1950) p . 347, quoting Han-shu 24:24b.51. Robert P. Multhauf, Neptune's Gift, A History of Common Salt (Johns Hopkins

University Press, Baltimore and London, 1978) p. 4.52. Derek Denton, The Hunger for Salt, An Anthropological, Physiological and

Medical Analysis (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1982).53. E. A. Wallis Budge, Syrian Anatomy, Pathology and Therapeutics or 'The Book of

Medicine', 2 vols (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1913) I, 339.51. Charaka-Samhita, Translated and published by Kaviraj Arinash Chandra

Kaviratna, 5 vols, Calcutta, 1896--1912, I, 9.55. Ibid ., II, 452.56. Ilza Veith, Huang Ti Nei Ching Su Wen, The Yellow Emperor's Classicof Internal

Medicine (Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1949) pp . 120, 23.57. Wallis Budge, I, 506.58. Charaka-Samhita, II, 529, 532, 535.59. Ibid ., II, 532.60. Veith, p. 141.61. James E. Latham, The Religious Symbolism of Salt (Editions Beauchesne, Paris,

1982) p. 161.62. Latham, p. 163.63. S. C. Aggarwal, The Salt Industry in India (Government of India Press, New

Delhi , 1976) p. 6.64. For such diseases in one particular area, see James L. Maxwell, The Diseases

of CMlla (ABC Press , Shanghai, 1929) pp . 137-203 on Protozoal and Metazoalparasites.

65. Mirko D. Grmek, Les maladies a l'aube de la Civilisation Occidentale (Payot,Paris , 1983).

66. Levi-Strauss, Mythologiques 11, pp . 406--7, Mythologiques 111, p. 397.

2 Antiquity

1. Ronald P. Legon , Megara The Political History of a Greek City-state to 330 BC(Cornell University Press , Ithaca and London, 1980) p. 25.

2. Dio Chrysostorn, Orations, The Thirty-Sixth, or Borysthenitic Discourse.3. Pliny, Naiuralis Historia , Book XXXI, 39.4. David Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor to the End of the Third Century after

Christ, 2 vols (Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1950)p. 1312; Speros Vryonis, The Declineof Medieval Hellenism in AsiaMinor and theProcess of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century (Universityof California Press, Berkeley, 1971).

5. Strabo, Geographia, Book XVI, 3, 3.6. Pliny, Book XXXI, 39.7. Paul Veyne, Le Pain et LeCirque, Sociologie Hisiorique d'un Pluralisme Politique

(Editions du Seuil , Paris, 1976).8. Dio Cassius, Romaika, Book XLIX.9. Livy, Ab Urbe Condita Libri, Book II, 9. 6.

10. Livy, Book XXIX, 37, 3.11. Tenney Frank (ed .), All Economic Survey of Ancient Rome,S vols (Pageant,

Paterson, New Jersey, 1959) I, pp. 140, 151.12. L. Wickert (ed .), Corpus Inscriptionurn, Latinatum, Vol. 14, Supplement

(Gruyter, Berlin, 1938) p. 78, S 4285; Hermann Dessau, Inscriptiones LatinaeSelectee, Vol. II, part 1 (Weidmann, Berlin, 1902) pp . 556--7, no. 6178.

362 Notes

13. Leon Homo, Essai sur Ie Regne de l'Empereur Aurelien (Bretschneider, Paris,1904) p. 179.

14. Clyde Pharr, The Theodosean Code (Greenwood Press, New York, 1952). pp . 412, 312.

15. Oswyn Murray , 'The Greek Symposion in History' , Times Literary Supple­ment, 6 November 1981, pp . 1307-8; Denis Roussel, Tribu et Citt (Universitede Besancon, Paris, 1976).

16. ~. Grimal and Th. Monod, 'Sur la veritable nature du garum', Revue desEtudes Anciennes, Vol. 54 (1952) pp . 27-38.

17. W. B. Fisher (ed.), The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. I, The Land of Iran(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1968) p. 139.

18. Ibid. , p. 69.19. Daniel Potts, 'On Salt and Salt Gathering in Ancient Mesopotamia', Journal

of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, XXVII, 3 (October 1984)pp.225-71.

20. Richard W. Bulliet, The Camel and the Wheel (Harvard University Press ,Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1975).

21. Pliny, Book XXXI, 39.22. Strabo, Book sv, 1, 30.23. Hsuan-tsang, Si-qu-ki, Buddhist Records of theWestern World, trn Samuel Beal,

2 vols (Paragon, New York, 1968).24. Charaka-Samhita, II, 452;A. L. Basham, TheWonder that was India (Grove, New

York, 1959)p. 498; F. Ashton, 'The Salt Industry of Rajputana', TheJournal ofIndian Art andIndustry, Vol. 9 (1902) pp . 23-32, p. 30; Aggarwal, pp. 42~21.

25. Sir George Dunbar, History of India from Earliest Times to1939, 2 vols (Nichol-son and Watson , London, 1949)1,76.

26. Shu-ching, Part Ill, Book I, part 1, ch. 4, vv 24-6.27. Shih-chi, 32.28. Ibid., 129.29. Ssu-ch'uanyen-fa-chih (Treatise on the salt laws of Szechwan), Ting Pao-chen,

comp ., 40 chuan, Chengtu, 1882, ch 4, 39.30. Han-shu, 91.31. Shih-chi, 106.32. Lewis Maverick (ed.), Economic Dialogues in Ancient China, Selections from the

Kuan-tzu (Lewis A. Maverick, Carbondale, Illinois, 1954).33. Ibid., p. 113.34. Ibid., p. 149.35. Ibid .36. Han-shu, 24.37. Ibid.38. Ibid.39. Chin-shu, 26; L. S. Yang, Studies in Chinese Institutional History (Harvard

University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1961) pp. 18S-9.40. Shih-chi, 129.41. K. C. Chang (ed.), Food in Chinese Culture, Anthropological and Historical

Perspectives (Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1977).42. L. S. Yang, 'Great Families of Eastern Han', E-tu Zen Sun and John de

Francis (eds), Chinese Social History (American Council of Learned Societies,Washington DC, 1956) pp . 103-34, p. 106.

43. Maverick, p . 113.

3 The Dark and Light Ages

Notes 363

1. For the link between military and monastic institutions in Western Europe,see Alexander Murray, Reason and Society in the Middle Ages (ClarendonPress , Oxford, 1978).

2. For salt production on the Tuscan coast, see Rutilius Namatianus, De RedituSuo, which describes a solar salt field. Since there is mention of 'many smallponds', multifidosquelacus, this passage has been taken to refer to successivebasin evaporation. There is no suggestion, however, that the brine wasmoved from one pond to another, nor that sodium chloride was distin­guished from calcium and magnesium compounds. It would seem mostnatural, therefore, to interpret what the poet saw as a battery of singlebasins like those at Katwe, or, most probably, those at the mouth of theTiber.

3. He-tung yen-fa chih (Treatise on the He-tung salt laws), Yung-cheng edition,2 vols (Taipei, 1966) p. 10.

4. Chung-kilo Yen-chengshih-lu(Veritable records of the Chinese salt administra­tion) (Taipei, 1954).

5. He-tung yen-fa-chih, Vol. I, p. 103; Vol. II , p. 973.6. W. F. J. Jenner, Memories of Loyang, Yang Hsuan-chi and the Lost Capital

(493-534) (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1981).7. William T. Graham, The Lament for the South, Yii Hsin 's Ai Chiang-nan FII

(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1980).8. He-tung yen-fa-chih, I, pp. 82-9.9. Ibid ., II, p. 974.

10. D. C. Twitchett, Financial Administration under the Tang Dynasty (CambridgeUniversity Press, Cambridge, 1965) pp . 165-72.

11. Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China (Cambridge UniversityPress, Cambridge, 1954) Vol. I, pp . 220-23.

12. John Henry Newman, An Essay in aidof A Grammar of Assent (Burns, Oates,London, 1870) p. 425.

13. Muhammed Hanazir Ahsan, Social Life under the Abbasids 170-289 A .H. ,786-902 A.D. (Longman, London and New York, 1979) p . 104.

14. E. Ashtor, 'Essai surl'alimentation des diverses classes sociales dans l'Orientmedieval', Annales, Economies, Socittl!s, Civilisations, 23:5 (September­October 1968) pp . 1017-53, p. 1028.

15. Charles M. Doughty, Travels in Arabia Deserta, 2 vols (Cape, London, 1936) I,pp .267-8.

16. For the distinction IslamJIslamdom, see Daniel Pipes, Slaves Soldiers andIslam. TheGenesis ofa MilitarySystem (Yale University Press, New Haven andLondon, 1981).

17. J. Leo Africanus, The History and Description of Africa (Hakiuyt Edition,London, 1896) Vol. II , p. 467.

18. R. Mantran, Istanbuldanslaseconde moitiedu XVW siecle (Maisonneuve, Paris,1962) p. 181.

19. Ahsan, p . 104.20. Doughty, II, p. 488.21. Richard W. Bulliet, 'Botr et Beranes: Hypotheses sur L'Histoire des Berbe­

res', Annales, Economics, Societes, Civilisations, 36:1 (lanuary-Pebruary 1981)pp. 104-16, p. 109; Claudette Vanacker, 'Geographie economique deI'Afrique du Nord selon les auteurs avabe de IX' siecle au milieu du XU­siecle ', Annales Economies Societe«, Civilisations, 28:3 (May-June 1973) pp.659-80, p. 675.

364 Notes

22. Edmond Bemus, Touraregs Nigeriens, Uniteculturelle et Dioersiie regionale d'unpeople pasteur (Editions de l'office de la Recherche Scientifique et TechniqueOutre Mer, Paris, 1981) pp. 233-5 .

23. Philip K. Hitti, History of the Arabs (Macmillan, London, 1940) p . 343.24. Doughty, I, p. 340.25. Ibid.26. Ibid ., II, p . 88.27. Ibid., pp. 419-420.28. Ibid., II, p. 501.29. H. St. J. Philby, Arabia of the Wahhabi (Cass, London, 1928) p . 154.30. Pierre Lernonnier, Paludiers de Guerande, Production du Sel et Histoire econ­

omique (Institut d'Ethnologie, Paris, 1984) pp. 25-33; Aggarwal, pp. 155,181-2, 199,202,44.

31. Constantine Porphyrogenitus, DeAdministrando Imperio, ed. and trans. G. Y.Moravsik and R. J. H. Jenkins, 2 vols (Budapest and London, 1949-1962) I,137-8.

32. William Roscoe Thayer, A Short History of Venice .(Macmillan, New York,1905) pp. 9-10.

33. Latham, p. 116.34. Dom Gregory Dix, The Shape of theLiturgy(Dacre, Westminster, 1954) p. 745;

A. Vasiliev, 'Economic Relations between Byzantium and Old Russia',Journal of Economic and Business History, 4, Feb. 1932, pp. 314-34.

35. Marcus Nathan Adler (ed .), The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela (PhilippFeldheim, New York, 1907) p. 13.

36. Michel Mollat (ed .), Le Role du Sel dans L'Histoire (Presses Universitaires deFrance, Paris, 1968) p. 13.

37. See Bernard Edeine, pp. 1-4 .38. H. C. Darby, TheDomesday Geography of Eastern England (Cambridge Univer­

sity Press, Cambridge, 1952) pp. 69-71, 246--8.39. H. C. Darby and I. B. Terrett, The Domesday Geography of Midland England

(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1954) pp . 251-6.40. H. C. Darby and I. S. Maxwell, (eds), The Domesday Geography of Northern

England (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1952) pp. 362-4.41. Dorothy Whitelock, The Beginnings of English Society (Penguin, Harmonds­

worth, 1952) p. 115.42. Marion Dechamps, Portrait of Brittany (Robert Hale, London, 1980)

pp.89-90.43. Edeine, p. 6.44. Gwyn Jones, A History of theVikings (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1969)

p. 211.45. Michel Parisse, 'Un Pays du Sel: Le Saulnois en Lorraine (XII-XII siecles)', in

Guy Cabourdin (ed.), Le Sel et Son Histoire (Publications Nancy II, Nancy1981) pp. 37-50.

46. Pierre Joubert, Les Structures du Latium Medieval (Ecole Francaise de Rome,Rome 1973) pp. 641-51, 681-3, 966, 972.

47. A. Dupont, 'L'Exploitation du Sel sur les etangs de Languedoc (IXe-XIWsiecle)', Annales du Midi, Tome 70, 1958, fasc. 1, pp. 7-25, p. 22.

48. Darby and Terrett, p. 285.49. Whitelock, p . 116.

4 The Middle Ages

1. Ching Pen-po, Yen-wu ko-ming shih (A history of the revolution in the salt

Notes 365

administration) (Ching-yen tsung-hui yen-cheng tsa-che she, Nanking,1929).

2. Marco Polo, The Travels of Marco Polo (Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1958)p .209.

3. Ibid., p. 188.4. Donald F. Lach, Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume I, The Century of

Discovery, Book One (University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London,1965) p. 144. See also M. A. P. Meilink-Roelofsz, Asian Trade and EuropeanInfluence (Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1962) p. 224 for an estimate ofpepper sales in Europe in 1621.

5. K. C. Chang, p. 144.6. Yuan-shih, 97, 19a.7. For Yuan salt figures, see Herbert Franz Schurmann, Economic Structure ofthe

Yuan Dynasty (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass ., 1956)pp . 175-92, which translates Yuan-shih, 94.

8. For the history of He-tung, see the Ho-tung yen-fa chih: also Esson M. Galeand Ch'en Sung -ch'iao, 'China's Salt Administration: Excerpts from NativeSources', Journal of Asiatic Studies, 2.11 (lune 1959) 273-316, pp . 288-93.

9. Karl A. Wittfogel and Feng Chia-sheng, History of Chinese Society, Liao(907-1125) (The American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1949) p . 340.The authors wrongly quantify the shih at 1 cwt instead of, at this date ,1/2cwt.

10. Marco Polo, pp. 165-6.11. Ibid., pp. 142-3.12. China , Imperial Maritime Customs, Salt: Production and Taxation, V Office

Series, Customs Papers, No. 81 (The Statistical Department of the Inspecto­rate General of Customs, Shanghai, 1906) p. 229.

13. Edmund H. Worthy, 'Regional Control in the Southern Sung Salt Adminis­tration ', in John Winthrop Haeger (ed.), Crisis and Prosperity in Sung China(University of Arizona, Tucson, 1975) pp . 101-141, p. 115.

14. Marco Polo, pp. 180-81.15. Ibid., p. 200.16. Hubert van Zeller, TheBenedictineIdea (Burns & Oates, London, 1959)p. 225.17. Pierre Chaunu, Le Temps des Reformes (Fayard, Paris, 1975) p. 47.18. For institutionalization in early medieval Europe, see Caroline Walker

Bynum, Jesus as Mother, Studies in the Spirituality of the High Middle Ages(University of California Press, Berkeley, 1982); also Alexander Murray.

19. For the ordines salis, see particularly the works of Jean-Claude Hocquet:'Metrologie du sel et histoire comparee en Mediterranee', Annales, Econ­omies, Socie/is, Civilisations, 29:2 (March-April 1974) pp . 383-424; LeSelet LaFortune de Venise, Vol. I, Production et Monopole (Universite de Lille, Lille,1978); ' Ibiza, carrefour du commerce maritime et temoin d'une conjoncturemediterraneenne (1250-1650 env .)', Studi in Memoria di Federigo Melis (Gian­nini, Naples, 1978); 'Capitalisme marchand et ciasse marchande aVenise autemps de la Renaissance' , Annales, Economies, Socieu», Civilisations, 34:2,(Feb.-March 1979)pp . 279-304; LeSeletLaFortune deVenise, Vol. II, Voiliers etCommerce en Mediterranee 1200-1650 (Universite de Lille, Lille, 1979).

20. Jacques Heers, Genes au XV' steele, activiU iconomique et proolemes sociaux(S.E.V.P.E.N. , Paris, 1961) pp . 349-56.

21. Alberto Mori, LeSaline della Sardegna, Memoriedi Geografi Economica, Anno II .Luglio-Decembre 1950, Vol. Ill, Napoli ; Italy, Ministero delle Pinanze,Azienda Dei Sal, Relazione e Bilancio Industriale, Rome, 1898-1919.

22. J. Vila Valenti, 'Ibiza y Formentera, islas de la Sal', Estudios Geographicos,

366 Notes

August 1953, pp. 363-408; Jacqueline Guiral, 'Le Sel D'Ibiza et de La Mata ala fin du Moyen Age', Cabourdin, pp. 93-108.

23. Vila Valenti, p . 365.24. Hocquet, Le Sel, Vol. II, p. 12.25. Ibid ., pp. 489, 521.26. Christiane Villain-Gandossi (ed.), Comptes du Sel de Franceso di Marco Datini

poursa compagnie d'Avignon 1376-1379 (Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, 1969).See also Christiane Villain-Gandossi, 'Le tirage du sel de Peccais a la fin duXIV" siecle d'apres des livres de comptes de Francesco Datini (1368-1379)',Mollat, pp. 173-81; and Edouard Baratier, 'Production et debouches du selde Provence au bas Moyen Age' Mollat pp . 133-71.

27. Yves Grava, 'La Fiscalite du sel: pouvoir et societe en Provence au XIV"siecle . La Gabelle de Berre', Cabourdin, pp. 229-42.

28. J-G Gigot, 'Notes sur Ie sel dans l'histoire du Roussillon', Mollat,pp. 199-202; Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Montaillou, village occitan de 1294 a1324 (Gallimard, Paris, 1975) pp. 29-30 .

29. Philippe Dollinger, The German Hansa (Macmillan, London, 1964). See alsoDelort, pp. 989-90, 1192.

30. Multhauf, pp. 41-8, 253-62; [ean-Francois Bergier, Une Histoire du Sel(Presses Universitaires de France, Fribourg, 1982) pp. 71-81. Otto Volk,Salzproduktion und Salzhandel Mittelalterlicher Zisterzienser-klceter (Thorbecke,Sigma ringen, 1984).

31. Hoquet, Le Sel, Vol. II, p . 182.32. J. Steven Watson, A History of the Salters' Company (London, 1963); A. R.

Bridbury, England andtheSaltTrade in theLater Middle Ages(Clarendon Press,Oxford, 1955); Elizabeth K. Berry, 'The Borough of Droitwich and its SaltIndustry, 1215-1700', University of Birmingham Historical Journal, 6:1 (1952)pp. 39-61. Professor Bridbury, p . 145, doubts whether the Salters were anymore concerned with the salt trade than any other city company. Theevidence provided by Steven Watson seems to me, however, to go againstthis view.

33. Henri Touchard, 'Le Sel Breton dans I'Atlantique et les Mers etro ites au XV"at XVI" siecles', Mollat, pp. 39-45 .

34. Bridbury, p . 106.35. Claude-Isabelle Brelot and Rene Locatelli , Les Salines de Salins, un Millenaire

d'Exploitalion du Selen Franche Comte (CRDP, Besancon, 1981); H. Dubois, 'LeTemeraire, Les Suisses et Le Sel', Revue Historique, 526 (April-June 1978)pp. 309-33; Diana Cooper-Richet, 'Les Mines de Sel de Wieliczka', L/Histoire,16, 1979, pp. 82-4 .

36. Henri Dubois, 'Du XIII" siecle aux portes de la modernite: une societe pourl'exploitation du sel comtois', Cabourdin, pp. 67-91.

37. Multhauf, p . 40.38. Schurmann, p . 190.

5 Late Tradition, Early Modernity

1. J. J. L. Ratton, A Handbook of Common Salt (Madras, 1877).2. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Les Paysans de Languedoc, S.E.V. P.E.N ., 2 vols

(Paris, 1966) p . 139.3. Jean-Louis Flandrin, 'Le Gout et la Necessite: sur I'usage des graisses dans

les cuisines d'Europe occidentale (XIV-XVIII" siecle)'. Annales, Economies,Societe«, Civilisations, 38:2 (March-April 1983) pp. 269-401.

Notes 367

4. Gerard Sivery, 'Les profits del'eleveur et du cultivateur dans Ie Hainaut alafin du Moyen Age', Annales, Economies, Societe«, Civilisations, 31:3 (May-June1976) pp . 604-630; Marie-Jeanne Tits-Dieuaide, 'L'Evolution des techniquesagricoles en Flandre et en Brabant, XIV-XVI siecle', Annales, Economies,Socieus, Civilisations, 36:3 (May-June 1981) pp . 362-81; Paul Servais, 'Lesstructures agraires du Lirnbourg et des pays d'Outre-Meuse du XVII" auXIX" siecle', Annales, Economies, SocieUs, Civilisations, 37:2, (March-April1982) pp . 303-19; Marie-leanne Tits-Dieuaide, 'Les Campagnes Flamandesdu XIII· ,au XVKIII" siecle ou les succes d'une agriculture traditionaelle',Annales Economies, SocieUs, Civilisations, 39:3 (May-June 1984) pp . 590-610.

5. See Chapter 4, note 19 and Bibliography .6. H. G. Koenigsberger, The Government of SicilyunderPhilip II of Spain (Staples

Press, London and New York, 1951).7. Pierre Chaunu, Seville et L'Atlantique, Vol. VIII, part one, (S.E.V.P.E.N.,

Paris, 1959) p. 607.8. H. van der Wee, TheGrowth of theAntwerp Market and the European Economy,

3 vols (Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 196,3).9. Fernand Braudel, Civilisation materielle, Economie et capitalisme, XV'-XVIII'

siecle, 3 vols (Librairie Armand Colin, Paris, 1979)Vol. III, LeTemps du Monde,p.118. ,

10. J. A. Goris, Etude sur les Colonies Marchandes Meridionales (Portugais, Espag­nols, lialiens) II Anvers de 1488 II 1567, Contribution II L'Histoire des Debuts duCapitalisme Hoderne, (Librairie Universitaire, Louvain , 1925) pp. 465-77.

11. D. W. Davies , A Primer of DutchSeventeenth CenturyOverseas Trade (Martin usNijhoff, The Hague, 1961); Aksel E. Christensen, Dutch Trade to the Balticabout 1600 (Einar Munksgaard and Martinus Nijhoff, Copenhagen and TheHague, 1941).

12. Chaunu, Seville, VIII, part one, p. 218.13. Albert F. Calvert, Salt in Cheshire (Spon and Chamberlain, London and New

York, 1915); Brian Didsbury, 'Cheshire Saltworkers', in Raphael Samuel(ed.), Miners, Quarrymen and Saltworkers (Routledge & Kegan Paul , London,1977) pp . 138-203.

14. J. U. Nef, The Rise of the British Coal Industry, 2 vols (George Routledge,London, 1932); Joyce Ellis, 'The Decline and Fall of the Tyneside SaltIndustry 1660-1790, A Reexamination', The Economic History Review, SecondSeries, Vol. XXXIII, No.1 (February 1980) pp . 45-58.

15. Calvert, p. 431.16. Otto Karrnin, La Question du Sel pendant La Revolution (Paris, 1912).17. Marcel Delafosse and Claude Laveau, LeCommerce du Selde Brouage aux XVII'

et XVIII' siecles (Librairie Armand Colin, Paris, 1960).18. Marcel Blanchard, 'Sel et Diplomatie en Savoie et dans les Cantons Suisses

au XVII"; et XVIII" siecles', Annales, Economies, Societs, Civilisation, 15:6(November-December 1960) pp . 1076-92; Philippe Gem, 'La Vente du Selfranc-comtois et lorrain aux cantons suisses au XVII" siecle', Cabourdin,pp . 391-403. Georges Livet, 'La Suisse, Carrefour diplomatique de selseuropeens', Cabourdin, pp. 405-33; Lucien Febvre, Philippe II et la FrancheComU (Flammarion, Paris) 1970.

19. Charles Hiegel, 'Vente du sellorrain en Suisse du milieu du XVI" siecle a laguerre de Trente Ans', Cabourdin, pp . 327-46; Yves Le Moigns , 'Le sellorrain et la diplomatie lorraine et francaise au XVIII" siecle', Cabourdin,pp . 435-53, esp. p. 443 for the introduction of coal fuel.

20. Kuno Ulshofer and Herta Beutter (eds), Hall und das Salz, Beitriige zur

368 Notes

hiillischen Stadt und Salinengeschichte (Ian Thorbecke Verlag , Sigmaringen,1983).

21. Multhauf, pp. 80-81.22. Ibid., p . 91.23. For early modern Wieliczka, see Diana Cooper-Richer, pp. 82-4; Multhauf,

pp. 40-41 , 74, 110-12, 118-19, 269-70; Bergier, p. 76; Antonina Keckova,'Polish Salt-Mines as a State Enterprise (XVII-XVIII centuries)" Journal ofEuropean Economic History, 10(3) (1981) pp . 619-81.

24. John P. LeDonne, 'Indirect Taxes in Catherine's Russia ; The Salt Code of1781', Jahrbucher fur Geschichte Osteuropas, 23:2, 1975, pp. 161-90; MarkMancall, Russia and China , Their Diplomatic Relations to 1728 (Harvard Univer­sity Press , Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1971) pp. 165-7, 176, 347-8; R. E. F.Smith and David Christian, Bread and Salt, A Social and Economic History ofFood and Drink in Russia (Cambridge University Press, 1984) pp. 27-73.

25. R. Mantran, Alexandre Bennigson etc., Le Khanai de Crimee dans les Archivesdu Musee du Palais de Topkapi (Mouton, Paris) 1978; Berger, pp . 8, 92-3.

26. Irfan Habib, TheAgrarian System of Mughallndia (1556-1707) (Aligarh MuslimUniversity, Asia Publishing House, 1963); Ashton; Aggarwal, pp. 464, 488,37.

27. Ashton, p. 26.28. Gilbert Rozman , Urban Networks in Ch'ing Chinaand Tokugawa Japan (Prince­

ton University Press, 1973).29. Franco ise Sabban, : Le systerne des cuissons dans la tradition culinaire

chinoise' r Annales, Economies, Socieus, Civilisations, 38:2 (March-April 1983),pp. 341-68; K. C. Chang, pp. 261-375.

30. Louise Stallard , The Szechuan and Hunan Cookbook (Sterling , New York, 1981).31. M. A. P. Meilink-Roelofsz; Sarasin Viraphol, Tributeand Profit, Sino-Siamese

Trade 1652-1853, Council on East Asian Studies (Harvard University, Cam­bridge, Mass. and London, 1977).

32. China, Salt: Production and Taxation , p. 2.33. Ibid ., p. 194.34. Britain, Parliamentary Papers, ChinaNo.5 (1904), 'Report by Consul-General

Hosie on the Province of Ssuch'uan', pp. 13, 17.35. S. A. M. Adshead, 'An Energy Crisis in Early Modern China', Ch'ing-shih

wen-t'i, Vol. 1Il, no . 2 (December 1974), pp. 20-28.36. Ssu-ch'uan t'ung-chih (Szechwan provincial gazetteer), Chia'ch'ing 21 edition,

Vol. 50, chuan 71; Hsii-chou fu-chih (Hsu-chou prefecturel gazetteer),Kuang-hsu 21 edition, chiian 19; Lung-chiang ch'uan-ch'ang-chih (Treatise onthe Lung-Chiang Shipyard) (Nanking, 1553).

37. Yueh-tso chi-shih (Essentials of the Kwangtung salt administration) (Canton,1927). I am grateful to Dr James Hayes for the gift of this valuable book andmuch other material and help in connection with the history of salt inLiang-kuang. See also Liang-kuang yen-fa-chih (Treatise on the salt laws ofLiang-kuang) (Canton, 1884); S. Y. Lin, 'Salt Manufacture in Hong Kong' ,Journal of theHong Kong Branch of the Royal AsiaticSociety, 7 (1967) pp. 138-51.

38. Nankai University, Department of History, comp., Ch'ing shih-Iu Ching-chitzu-liaochi-yao (A compendium of economic materials on the Ch'ing shih-Iu)(Chung-hua shu-chu, Peking, 1959) p. 804.

39. Fu-chien yen-fa-chih (Treatise on the salt laws of Fukien) (Foochow, 1830).40. Tao-chang Chiang, 'The Production of Salt in China, 1644-1911 ', Annals of

the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 66, no . 4 (December 1976)pp. 516-30, p. 526.

Notes 369

41. Chung-kuo yen-cheng shih-Iu (Veritable records of the Chinese salt administra­tion), 4 vols (Nanking, 1933) I, 327.

42. Ch'ing-shih (History of the Ch'ing dynasty), 8 vols (Taipei, 1961), chuan 124,37233a; Chiang, '1644-1911' , p . 526.

43. Gale and Ch'en, p. 290.44. Ferdinand von Richthofen, Baron Richthofen's Letters 1870-1872, North China

Herald office (Shanghai, 1903) p. 135.45. S. A. M. Adshead, 'Compensatory Urbanism and Dominant Rurality : Ho­

tung Salt Division under the Late Empire and Early Republic' , Proceedings ofthe Fourth International Symposium on Asian Studies, 1982 (Asian ResearchService, Hong Kong, 1982) pp . 1-7.

46. S. A. M. Adshead, 'Ch 'ang-lu Salt Division: Bureaucracy and Moderniza­tion' , Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Asian Studies, 1983(Asian Research Service, Hong Kong, 1983)pp . 9-15; Yen-cheng tsa-chih (Saltadministration magazine), (Peking, 1912-1915) nos 16-19.

47. Pierre-Etienne Will, 'Un cycle hydraulique en Chine: la province de Hubeidu XVIeau XIxesiecles', Bulletin de/'Ecole Francaise d'Extreme Orient, 68 (1980)pp .261-87.

48. Ta Ch'ing li-ch'aoshih-Iu (Veritable records of successive reigns of the Ch'ingdynasty) (T'ai-wan hua-wen shu-chu, Taipei, 1963), Tao-kuang, 462:7-9.

49. Yen-cheng shih-lu, Nank ing, II, 1267.50. Alexander Hosie, 'The Salt Production and Salt Revenue of China', Nine­

teenth Century and After, 447, May 1914, pp . 1119-43, p . 1121.51. Thomas A. Metzger, 'The Organizational Capabilities of the Ch'ing State in

the Field of Commerce: The Liang-huai Salt Monopoly, 1740-1840', in W. E.Willmott (ed.), Economic Organization in Chinese Society (Stanford UniversityPress, Stanford, California, 1972) pp . 9-45, 417-19; Jonathan D. Spence,Ts'ao Yin and the K'ang-hsi Emperor, Bondseroant and Master (Yale UniversityPress, New Haven and London, 1966) Ch. 5, 'Liang-huai Salt Administra­tion', pp . 166-212.

52. Nankai, Cn'tng shih-lu, p. 832.53. Metzger, 'Organizational Capabilities', p. 33.54. Ch'ing-shih, Chuan 126, 37224a.55. Thomas A. Metzger, TheInternal Organization ofCh'ing Bureaucracy (Harvard

University Press, Cambridge Massachusetts, 1973); William T. Rowe,Hankoto, Commerce and Society in a Chinese City 1796-1889 (Stanford, 1984).

56. S. A. M. Adshead, 'The Border Salt Trade in Northwest China, 1900-1950',Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Asian Studies, 1981 (AsianResearch Service, Hong Kong, 1981)pp . 1-8; 'Further Sources on the OtoghSalt Lakes', Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University ofLondon, Vol. XLVI, part 2 (1983) pp . 333-5.

6 Modernity

1. Maurice Lombard, 'Un probleme cartographie: Le Bois dans la Mediterraneemusulmane (Vll''-Xl" siecles)', Annales, Economies, Socieus, Civilisations, 14:2(April-June 1959) pp . 234-54.

2. Multhauf, pp . 84-5, 90; Jean-Marie Augustin, 'Administration et Justicedans les salines De salins sous les Habsbourg' Cabourdin pp. 269-318,p. 306; Le Moigne, p. 443.

3. Bergier, pp. 232-5.4. Multhauf, pp. 69, 99.

370 Notes

6. Claudia WaDis, 'Salt: A New Villain', Time, 15 March 1982, pp . 48-56.7. For monosodium glutamate, see Sabban, pp . 351, 362.8. The leading member of the Eurasian school was Petr Nikolaevich Savitsky .

His chief contributions are to be found in the volume of essays he publishedin Moscow in 1921 in collaboration with Prince Nikolai Trubetskoy andothers, Iskhod k Vostoku (Exodus to the East). The Eurasians, though anti­Bolshevik, were the Russian version of Haushofer's Geopolitics.

9. A. and N. L. Clow, TheChemical Revolution (Batchworth, London, 1952);'TheChemical Industry: Interaction with the Industrial Revolution' , in CharlesSinger, E. J. Holyard , A. R. Hall, and Trevor Williams (eds), A History ofTechnology, 5 vols (Clarendon, Oxford, 1954-1958) IV, pp. 230-57; W. J.Reader, Imperial Chemical Industries, A History, 2 vols (Oxford UniversityPress, London, 1970-1975); Kenneth Warren, Chemical Foundations:TheAlkaliIndustry in Britain to 1926 (Clarendon, Oxford, 1980).

10. Pierre Chaunu, Eglise, Culture et Societe (S. E. D. E. S., Paris, 1981).11. Didsbury in Samuel, p. 166.12. Etienne [uillard, L'Europe Rhenanc (Armand Colin, Paris, 1968).13. Jean Coud ert, 'La Naissance et Le Developjpement] de L'Industrie du Sel

dans Le Bassin de la Meurthe (1843-1911), Cabourdin, pp . 157-87; [uillard,pp. 112, 115.

14. Mario Pinna , 'II Giacimento di Salgemma del Volterrano, Studio di Geogra­fia economica', Contributi alia Geografia della Toscana (Universita di Pisa, Pisa,1958--59).

15. Great Soviet Encyclopaedia (Sovietskaia Entsiklopediia Publishing House,Moscow, 1970), 2-3746, 3-57a .

16. Ella Lonn , Salt as a Factor in the Confederacy (University of Alabama Press,Alabama, 1965).

17. J. Sampaio Fernandes, Industria do Sal (Rio de Janeiro, 1939); DioclecioD. Duarte, A Industria extativado Sale a sua imporiancia na economia do Brasil(Rio de Janeiro, 1941); George Hawrylyshy, 'Revamping of the Salt IndustryImproves Future Prospects', Brazilian Business, 55(5), May 1975, pp . 28-30.

18. A. E. Wileman, 'Salt Manufacture in Japan', Transactionsof theAsiatic Societyof Japan, Vol. 17 (1889) pp . 1-66.

19. Donald F. Lach, pp . 664, 676-7, 687.20. Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Handbook ofJapan (Office of the Prime Minister,

Tokyo, 1969) p. 56.21. 1. B. Sutton.22. Richard Gray and David Birmingham (eds), Pre-colonial African Trade, Essays

on Trade in Central and Eastern Africa before 1900 (Oxford University Press,London, 1970) p. 75.

23. Edmond Bemus.24. Sutton and Roberts.25. Tymowski ; Bergier, pp. 96-8.26. Ottoman Public Debt Administration, Annual and Special Reports, 1904-5

to 1907-8, 1909-10 to 1913-14, 1919-20, 1922-3.27. Indian Tariff Board, Evidence Recorded during Enquiry on the Salt Industry,

2 vols (Calcutta, 1930).28. Sadananda Choudhury, Economic History ofColonialism, A Study of British Salt

Policy in Orissa (Inter-India Publications, Delhi, 1979);Aggarwal, pp . 55-82.29. Indian Tariff Board, II , 820.30. Ibid., I, 35.31. Ibid., 277.

Notes 371

32. Ibid., 572.33. Ibid., II, 148.34. Ibid., I, 589.35. Ibid., II, 839.36. Ibid., pp. 348--77.37. Ashton, pp. 26-7.38. Indian Tariff Board, I, 409.39. Ibid., 433.40. S. A. M. Adshead, 'Tzu-liu-ching, the Chinese Face of Industrialization-Evi­

dence, Facts Explorations', Proceedings of the Second International Symposiumon Asian Studies, 1980 (Asian Research Service, Hong Kong, 1980) pp . 1-10.

41. Ferdinand von Richthofen, p. 171.42. Scientific American, Supplement, 18 November 1916, quoted in Sir Richard

Dane, Report on the Reorganization of the Salt Revenue Administration inChina, 1913--1917. There is a copy of this report in the Library of Congress.

43. G. R. G. Worcester, The Junks and Sampans of the Yangtze (Naval InstitutePress, Annapolis, Maryland, 1971) p . 147; G. R. G. Worcester, Notes on theCrooked-bow and Crooked-stern Junks of Szechwan, China, The Maritime Cus­toms, III, Miscellaneous Series: No. 53 (Shanghai, 1941) p. 13.

44. Gale and Ch'en, p . 311.45. Ta Ch'ing shih-lu, Hsuan-t'ung, 24:14-13.46. Ibid., 23:44-5.47. 'Chung-kuo yen-cheng yen-ko shih' (A history of the development of the

Chinese salt administration), Yen-cheng tsa-chih, No. 19, Chuan-chien 2:1-16,August 1915.

48. Reports by the District Inspectors, Auditors and Collectors on the Reorgan­ization of the Salt Revenue Administration in China, 1919-1921, pp . 20,1101, 17; 1913--1917, p. 40.

49. Reports etc. 1913--1917, pp . 103, 276.50. Reports etc. 1919-1921, p. 79.51. Peter Fleming, One's Company (Cape, London, 1940) p. 79.52. Reports etc., 1913--1917, p. 14.53. Dane, p. 98.54. Reports etc ., 1913--1917, p. 14.55. Reports etc., 1919-1921, p. 21.56. Yen-cheng tsa-chih, No. 17, isa-lu, 1, February 1915.57. Sabban, p . 362.58. Reader, I, 224-6.59. Hou Teh-pang, 'The Yungli Company: Pioneer of Chemical Industry in

China', China Reconstructs 4:3, March 1955, pp. 21-4.60. 'Light Industry in Communist China ', excerpts from Chung-kuo ch'ing-kung­

yeh, 1955(United States Joint Publication Research Service, New York, 1959).61. First Five-Year Plan from Development of the National Economy of the People;

Republic of China in 1953-1957 (Foreign Languages Press, Peking, 1956)pp . 49-50, 91.

62. 'Light Industry' , p. 21.63. Ibid., p. 22.

7 The Venetian Salt Administration

1. Toubert, pp . 646, 974.2. Hocquet, Le Sel, Vol. II, p. 613.

372 Notes

3. E-tu Zen Sun (ed .), Ch'ing Administrative Terms, (Harvard University Press ,Cambridge. Mass., 1961) p. 168.

4. Pierre -Etienne: Will, Bureaucratie et Famine en Chine au 18' siicle (Mouton,Paris, 1980) p. 178.

5. Yen-cheng tsa-chih, No. 18, chuan-chien 2, April 1915.6. For Venice, see the works of Jean-Claude Hocquet cited above Chapter 4,

note 19, especially Le Sel, Vol. II; also Marco Brazzale, 11 Mercato delSale nellaRepubblica Veneta nella seconda meta del XVI secolo, (Universita di Venezia,Venezia, 1971); Frederic C. Lane , Venice A Maritime Republic (Johns HopkinsUniversity Press, Baltimore and London, 1973).

7. Hocquet, Le Sel, Vol. I, pp. 166-8 .8. Ibid. , Vol. II, pp . 66G--61.9. Jean-Cl aude Hocquet, :Venise etle marche du sel dans la seconde rnoitie du

XVI' siecle ', Annales Economies, Societis , Civilisations, 34:3, pp . 619-624h,May-June 1979, p. 621.

10. Hocquet, Le Sel, Vol. II, pp . 217, 351, 426.11. Ibid ., p . 670.12. Hocquet, Le Sel, Vol. I, pp. 123-4, 114-16.13. Ibid ., pp. 148-53.14. Ibid ., Vol. II, pp . 447-52, 48G--81.15. Ibid., pp. 128-32, 512-16, 122-3, 139, 142.16. Ibid ., Vol. 1, p . 340.17. Brazzale , pp . 27-8.18. Hocquet, Le Sel, Vol. II, pp . 41G--11 .19. Jean-Claude Hocquet, 'Le burchio, outil privilegie du transport du sel en

Venetie', Cabourdin, 117-38.20. Metzger, Internal Organization, pp. 57, 78--9, 292-3 .21. China, Salt: Production and Taxation, pp . 218, 101, 106, 216-17.22. Hocquet, Le s«, Vol. II, pp . 412-13, 415-17, 419-21, 426, 43G--31.23. For fedi and delays in their payment, see Hocquet, Le Sel, Vol. II, pp . 372,

443, 458--9, 465-6 .24. Hocquet, Le sn, Vol. II, p. 429.25. Ibid., pp . 41G--11 .26. Ibid. , pp. 415, 43G--31; for current interest rates, see p. 486.27. Hocquet, Le se:Vol. II, pp . 42G--21.28. For an instance, see the loans ~f the Priuli, Hocquet, LeSel, Vol. II, pp. 475-8 .29. Evelyne Patlagean, Pauurete Ecollomique et Pauorete Socia Ie d Byzance, 4'-7'

siecles (Mouton, Paris, 1977); Jean Baechler, The Origins of Capitalism (Black­well, Oxford, 1975).

30. Hocquet, Le Sel, Vol. II, pp. 20G--201.31. Ibid ., pp. 436-7.32. Hocquet, 'Capitalisme marchand et classe marchande', p . 297.33. Hocquet, Le Sel, Vol. II, p. 473.34. Ibid ., p . 486.35. Ibid., p. 478.36. Carlo Poni, 'Les moulins a soie dans les etats Venetiens en 16'_18' siecles',

Annates, Economies, Societes, Civilisations, 27:6 (November-December 1972)pp . 1475-96.

37. Hugh Trevor-Roper, The Rise of Christian Europe (Thames & Hudson, Lon­don, 1970) p . 184.

38. Hocquet, 'Capitalisme marchand et classe marchande', pp . 287-8 .39. Hocquet, Le Sel, Vol. II, p. 196.

Notes 373

40. Lane, p. 237.41. Hocquet, LeSel, Vol. II, p. 388.42. Jean-Noel Biraben, Les Hommes et laPeste en France et dans lesPays europeens et

mediterraneens, Tome II, Les Hommes face II la Peste (Mouton, Paris, 1976).43. Ch . Carriere, M. Courdurie and F. Rebuffat, Marseille, VilleMort, La Peste de

1720 (Maurice Garon, Marseille, 1968).44. Hocquet, LeSel, Vol. II, pp . 390, 425, 309.45. Ibid., pp. 390-92, 398.46. Ibid ., pp . 220-21.47. Donald F. Lach, Vol. I, pp . 30-48.48. Colin Renfrew, TheEmergence ofCivilisation, TheCyclades andtheAegean in the

Third Millennium Be (Methuen, London, 1972).49. For a summary of 'The Westward flow of techniques', see Joseph Needham,

Science and Civilisation in China, Vol. I, pp . 240-43.50. Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Vol. IV, part 3 (1971)

pp .613-15.51. Needham, Vol. I, p. 219. For John of Rupescissa, see especially E. F. Jacob,

'John of Roquetaillade' , Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 39, 19456-7,pp . 75-95. Since Jacob wrote, much has been learnt about Taoism in China,and the Taoist character of John's medical alchemy is much more evident.

52. Marco Polo, p. 177.53. Ibid., p. 166.54. Ibid ., p. 176.55. Ibid. , p. 177.56. Ibid., p. 200.57. Hocquet, LeSel, Vol. II, p. 433.

8 The French Salt Administration

1. D. Dessert and J-L [ournot, 'Le Lobby Colbert', Annates, Economies, Societes,Civilisations, 30:6, pp . 1304-29, November-December 1975. Surprisingly theGabelle has not yet attracted a large, sophisticated modern study. Of olderbooks, I have relied on J. Pasquier, L']mpot des Gabelles en France aux XVlJ' etXVllJ'siecies (Paris, 1905; Slatkine Reprints, Geneva, 1978); Of newer books ,M. Delafosse and Cl. Laveau, LeCommerce deSeldeBrouage aux XVlJ'et XVllJ'siecle« (Armand Colin, Paris, 1960), and articles in Cabourdin. Unfor­tunately, Jean-Claude Hocquet, LeSelet lePouuoir, Del'An Mil II laRevolutionfranca ise (Albin Michel, Paris, 1985), reached me too late to affect the mainlines of this study.

2. Schurrnann, p. 4; Ata-Malik [uvaini, TheHistory of the World Conqueror, trnsJohn Andrew Boyle, 2 vols (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.,1958) I, 209-10, II, 599-600, 605-6; Parhs M. Coble, Jr., TheShanghai Capitalistsand the Nationalist Government 1927-1937 (Council on East Asian Studies,Harvard University , Cambridge, Mass., 1980).

3. R. J. Knecht, Francis] (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1982)p .385.

4. Pasquier, p. 2.5. J. F. Bosher, French Finances 1770-1795 from Business to Bureaucracy (Cam­

bridge University Press, Cambridge, 1970) p. 305.6. George T. Matthews, The Royal General Farms in Eighteenth Century France

(Columbia University Press, New York, 1958).7. J. F. Bosher, 'French Administration and Public Finance in their European

374 Notes

setting', in A. Goodwin (ed.), The New Cambridge Modern History Vol. VIII,The American and French Revolutions 1763-93, (Cambridge University Press,Cambridge, 1965) pp . 565--91.

8. Louis Dermigny, La Chine et L'Occident, LeCommerce aCanton au XVIII' siede1719-1833,3 vols (S.E.V.P.E.N., Paris, 1964) I, 349-52.

9. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Le Carnaval de Romans (Gallimard, Paris, 1979)pp.324-5.

10. Hiegel in Cabourdin, interventions of Mme Ros. and M. Livet, pp. 342-6.11. Jean-Marie Augustin, 'Administration et [utice dans les Salines de Salins

sous les Habsbourg', Cabourdin, pp. 289-318, p. 307.12. Francois Vion-Delphin, 'Salines et Forets au XVIII" siecle: Le Cas des Salines

de Montmarot', Cabourdin, pp. 347-62.13. Knecht, pp . 385--9.14. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie and Michel Morineau, Histoire Economique et

Socia Ie de la France, Tome I, De 1450 a1660, Vol. 2, Paysannerie et Croissance(P.U.F., Paris, 1977) pp . 824-35.

15. J. H. M. Salmon, Society in Crisis, France in the Sixteenth Century (Berm,London, 1975) pp. 35--7.

16. Henri Preville, L'Intendance de Bretagne 1689-1790, 3 vols, (Plihon, Rennes,1953) I, 26, II, 316-19, III, 148.

17. On the technology involved, see Edeine.18. Madeleine Foisil, La Revolte des Nu-pieds et les revoltes normandes de 1639

(Paris, 1970); Yves-Narie Berce, Croquants et Nu-Pieds (Gallimard/Iulliard,Paris, 1974).

19. Dermigny, II, pp . 654-5, 662-3, 667-8.20. For Richelieu, see Ernest Lavisse, Histoire de la France lllustree, Tome VI,

Deuxieme Partie, ]. H. Mariejol, Henri IV et Louis XIII 0598-1643 (Hachette,Paris, 1911)pp. 425--30 and Henri Hauser, La Pensee et tAction Economique duCardinal de Richelieu (P.U.F. Paris, 1944) p. 176. For Calonne, see Pasquier,pp .144-7.

21. Pasquier, p. 6.22. Pierre Racine, 'Le Sel dans la Plaine du Po: Salsomaggiore entre les Com­

munes de Parme et Plaisance (XII"-Xm" siecles)' (Cabourdin) pp . 51-65,pp . 57-8, 62, 64; Hocquet, Le se: Vol. II, p. 414.

23. Edouard Perroy, The Hundred Years War (Eyre & Spottiswoode, London,1951) p. 153.

24. Robert D. Harris, Necker, Reform Statesman of theAncienRegime (University ofCalifornia Press, Berkeley, 1979).

25. Jacques-Louis Menetra, Journal demaVie, ed . Daniel Roche (Montalba, Paris,1983).

26. G. Pages, La Monarchie d'Ancien Regime France (Armand Colin, Paris, 1946)p.215.

27. H. R. Trevor-Roper, Historical Essays (Macmillan, London, 1957) p. 48.28. Jean Delumeau, La Peur en Occident (XIV'-XVIII' siecies) : Une Cite Assiegee

(Fayard, Paris, 1978).29. Arthur Young, Travels in France during the years 1787, 1788, 1789, ed.

M. Betham-Edwards (Bell, London, 1913) pp . 315--16.30. Georges Clauss, 'La Contrebands du Sel en Argonne a la Fin de I'Ancien

Regime', Cabourdin, 363-88, pp. 370, 383, 388.31. l- B. Colbert, Lettres, Instructions, Memoires, Imprimerie Nationale, 8 vols

(Paris, 1861-1882, Kraus Reprint, Nenideln, Liechtenstein, 1979).32. Colbert, II, 736, 477, 630-31; II, 488-9; II, 531, 667, II, 606.

Notes 375

33. Colbert, IV, 311, 574.34. Arthur Young, pp. 32, 56.35. Bergier, pp. 225-31, Appendix by Albert Hahling.36. Tihomir J; Markovitch, 'La Crossance industrielle sous L'Ancien Regime',

Annales, Economies, Societis, Civilisations, 31:3 (May-June 1976) pp. 644-55.37. Cabourdin, pp. 452-3 Intervention of M. Hocquet.38. On salt diplomacy, see Philippe Cern, 'Le Vente du Sel franc-camtois et

lorrain aux cantons suisses au XVIII" siecle', Cabourdin, pp. 391-403, andLivret and Le Moigne, Cabourdin, pp. 405-53 .

39. Alain Dubois, 'Economie Alpine et Capitaux Urbains: Les investissementsdu Genevois Hippolyte Rigaud en Valais au debut du XVII" siecle',Schweizerische Zeitschrift fUr Geschichte, 29:1 (1979) pp. 287-300.

40. Francoise-Therese Charpentier, 'Art et Economie: Solvay et l'Ecole deNancy' ; Cabourdin, pp . 15-23 .

9 The Habsburg Salt Administration

1. For this period of Habsburg history, we rely particularly on R. J. W. Evans ,The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy 1550-1700 (Clarendon Press, Oxford,1979), and on Victor-L Tapie, Monarchie et Peuples du Danube (LibrairieArtherne Fayard, Paris , 1969). For salt and salt administration my leadingauthority is Rudolf Palme, Rechts-Wirtschafts und Sozial Geschichie der Inneralpinen Salzwerke bis zu deren Monopolisierung (Verlag Peter Lang, Frankfurtand Berne, 1983).

2. William M. Johnston, The Austrian Mind, An Intellectual and Social History1848-1938 (University of California , Berkeley , 1972) p . 48.

3. Tapie, pp. 65, 95. ..4. Osterreich, Finanzministerium, Statistische Mitteilung jiber das Osterreichische

Salzmonopol im Jahre 1907-1908, 1912, 1913, Vienna, 1910 and 1914.5. Chang Chien, A Plan for the Reform of the National Salt Administration (The

National Review Office, Shanghai, 1913) pp. 35-36 .6. Jean Berenger, Finances et Absolutisme Autrichien dans La Seconde Moitie du

XVII' siecle (Sorbonne, Paris, 1973).7. Eckart Schrernmer, 'Saltmining and the Salt-trade: A State-Monopoly in the

XVth-XVIIth centuries. A Case-study in Public Enterprise and Developmentin Austria and the South German States', Journal of European EconomicHistory, Vol. 8, (1979) pp . 291-312, p . 293.

8. Evans, p . 376.9. Royal Society, Philosophical Transactions, Vol. I, 1665, 'O f the Mundus Subter­

raneus of Athanasius Kircher' , pp. 109-117, pp . 117, 111, 112.10. Athanasius Kircher, Mundus Subterraneus (Amsterdam, 1665), Vol. I, p. 345,

Vol. II , Proemium; also Vol. J, pp . 38, 298.11. Evans, pp . 361-2; N. J. Girardot, Myth and Meaning in Early Taoism , The

Themeof Chaos (hun-tun) (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1983).12. Evans, pp. 363-4, 36&-7, 371-2 .13. Schrernmer, pp. 298-9 .14. Multhauf, p. 45.15. Ibid., p. 139.16. Evans , p . 360.17. Schremmer, p. 298.18. Keckova, p. 631.19. Tapie, pp . 295, 319.

376 Notes

20. Hocquet, Le Sel, Vol. II, p. 674.21. Ibid., pp. 327-8.22. Janes M. Bak and Bela K. Kiraly (eds), From Hunyadi to RQlc6czi, War and

Society in LAte Medieval and Early Modern Hungary (Brooklyn College Press,New York, 1982).

23. Bak and Kiraly, p . 303.24. Ibid., p . 360.25. Ibid., pp. 37l}-71.26. Otto Karrnin, LA Question du Sel pendant la Revolution (Paris , 1912). The

French government considered handing the Pays de Salines over to Beust.27. Cabourdin, pp. 412, 414.28. Hocquet, Le s«, Vol. II, pp. 625, 633, 635; Cabourdin, p. 415.29. E. Rambot-Stilmant, 'Une Tentative de monopole d'Etat: La Raffinerie d'Os­

tend, 1756-1770' , Contributions tl L'Histoire economicue et sociale, Brussels, Vol. 5,1970, pp. 25-86.

30. Le Moigne in Cabourdin, p . 446.31. Joel Mokyr, Industrialization in the LowCountries 1795-1850 (Yale University

Press, New Haven and London, 1976).32. Archibald Little, The Far East (Oxford, 1905) p. 69.33. Anton Einstberger, Hans de Witte, Finanzmann Wallensteins, Vierteljahrschrift

fur Sozial- und Wirtschaftgeschichte, Beiheft (Cologne, 1954).34. Keckova, pp. 63l}-31.35. Berenger, pp. 365-73.36. Evans , pp. 136, 220; Anton Gindely, Gegenreformation in Bohmen (Duncker

and Humblott, Leipzig, 1894) pp. 307-26.37. Renee Simon (ed .), Le P. Antoine Gaubil S. J. Correspondence de Pekin

1722-1759 (Librairie Droz, Geneva, 1970) pp. 576, 696, 761.38. Schremmer, p. 294.39. Heinrich Ritler von Srbik, Studien zur Geschichte des Osierreichischen Salzwesens

(Innsbruck, 1917).40. Hermann Schreiber, The History of Roads, From Amber Route to Motorway

(Barrie & Rockliff, London, 1951) p. 261.41. Cabourdin, p. 400.42. John Stoye, The Siege of Vienna (Collins , London, 1964) p . 115.

10 The Ottoman Salt Administration

1. For the Ottoman public debt administration, see Ottoman Public Debt,Annual and Special Reports, 1904-5 to 1907-8, 1909-10 to 1913-14, 1919-20,1922-23; also Donald C. Blaisdell, European Financial Control in the OttomanEmpire (Columbia University Press, New York, 1929).

2. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System (Academic Press, NewYork, 1974).

3. Stanford J. Shaw and Ezel Kural Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire andModern Turkey, Vol. II, Reform, Revolution and Republic: The Rise of ModernTurkey, 1808-1975 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1977); RoderickH. Davison, Reform in the Ottoman Empire 1886-1876 (Princeton UniversityPress, Princeton, New Jersey, 1963).

4. For synarchy, see John King Fairbank, Trade and Diplomacy on theChina Coast,The Opening of the Treaty Ports 1842-1856, 2 vols (Harvard University Press,Cambridge, Mass., 1953), notably I, p. 465.

5. Mantran, pp. 444, 162, 202.

Notes 377

6. Alexandre Bennigsen, etc., p . 5; Le Donne, p. 168.7. Stanford J. Shaw, The Financial and Administrative Organization and Develop­

ment of Ottoman Egypt 1517-1798 (Princeton University Press, Princeton,New Jersey , 1962); Stanford J. Shaw, Ottoman Egypt in the Eighteenth Century(Harvard University Press , Cambridge, Mass ., 1962); Stanford J. Shaw,Ottoman Egypt in the Age of the French Revolution (Harvard Un iversity Press,Cambridge, Mass. , 1964); British Parliamentary Papers, Lord Cromer's Fi­nancial reports, Egypt No. 3 (1892), Egypt No .3.(1893), Egypt No. (1894),Egypt No .1 (1895), Egypt No.2 (1895), Egypt No. (1896), Egypt No.2 (1897),Egypt No .1 (1898), Egypt No.3 (1899), Egypt No.1 (1900), Egypt No.1(1907).

8. C. Max Kortepeter, Ottoman Imperialism during theReformation: Europe andtheCaucasus (New York University Press, New York, 1972), p. 55.

9. Hocquet, Le Sel, Vol. II, pp. 685-6, 699, 200, 321, 314, 317.10. Shaw and Shaw, pp. 104-5 .11. Ibid., p . 101.12. Ibid., pp. 104-5.13. Ibid., p . 223.14. Ibid., p . 211.15. British Parliamentary Papers, Papers Relating to Administrative and Financial

Reforms in Turkey, 1858-61, Bulwer to Russell, 12 November 1860.16. Annette Destree, Les Fonctionaires Belges au service delaPerse 1898-1915 (Brill,

Leiden, 1976);W. Morgan Shuster, The Strangling ofPersia (New York, 1912);Arthur C. Millspaugh, Americans in Persia, A Clinic for the New International­ism (Washington, 1946); Persia , Quarterly Reports of the AdministratorGeneral of the Finances of Persia, 1923-1928.

17. Stanley F. Wright, Hart and theChinese Customs (Mullan Belfast, 1950).18. S. A. M. Adshead, The Modernization of the Chinese Salt Administration

1900-1920 (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1970).19. British Parliamentary Papers, Papers Relating to Administrative and Financial

Reforms in Turkey, 1858-61, Bulwer to Russell , 16 November 1860.20. British Parliamentary Papers, Papers Relating to Administrative and Financial

Reform in Turkey, 1858~1 , Bulwer to Russell, 12 November 1860.21. Ottoman Public Debt, Special Report 1909-10, pp. 8-9 .22. Ibid., p. 30.23. Shaw and Shaw, pp . 104-5.24. Ottoman Public Debt, Special Report 1909-10, p . 9.25. Ottoman Public Debt , Special Report 1905-6, p. 23.26. Ottoman Public Debt, Special Report 1907-8, pp. 29-30.27. Ibid., p. 30.28. Ottoman Public Debt , Special Report 1909-10, p . 31.29. Ottoman Public Debt, Special Report 1910-11, p. 32.30. Blaisdell, p. 124.31. Ibid., p. 128-9.32. Ottoman Public Debt, Special Report, 1905-6, pp. 24, 25-6, 27, 30.33. Ottoman Public Debt, Special Report 1907-8, pp. 29-30.34. Blaisdell, p. 118. .35. British Parliamentary Papers, Papers Relating to Administrative and Financial

Reforms in Turkey 1858-61, Bulwer to Russell, 12 November 1860.36. Blaisdell, p . 118.37. Ibid., p . 7.38. Ibid., p. 118.

378 Notes

39. Ibid ., p. 6.40. 40 Shaw and Shaw, p.41. Ulrich Trumpener, Germany and the Ottoman Empire, 1914-1918 (Princeton

University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1968).42. Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, Vol. Ill, 1914-1916 (Heinemann, Lon­

don, 1971) pp. 307-11.

11 The Indian Salt Administration under the Raj

1. H. Furber, John Companyat Work, A Study of European Expansion in India inthe Late Eighteenth Century (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass .,1951).

2. See Curzon's remarks to the Japanese ambassador in July 1919, E. L.Woodward and Rohan Butler (eds), Documents on BritishForeign Policy, Vol.VI, June 1919 to April 1920 (Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1956)p .614.

3. Indian Tariff Board, Salt Enquiry, Preliminary Evidence Volume, Calcutta1930; Indian Tariff Board, I and II as above Note 27 to Chapter 6; see alsoAggarwal whose first edition appeared in 1936.

4. Somendra Chandra Nandy, Life and Times of Cantoo Baboo (Krishna KantaNandy) The Banian of Warren Hastings, Vol. I, The EarlyCareer of Cantoo Baboo(1742-1772) and his Trade in Salt and Silk (Allied Publishers, Bombay, 1978)p.97.

5. A. M. Serajuddin, 'The Condition of the Salt Manufacturers of Bengalunder the Rule of the East India Company', Asiatic Society of Bangladesh(Dacca), 18:1 (1973) pp . 54-73 .

6. Ashton, p . 24.7. Salt Enquiry, p. 73.8. Sir George Dunbar, History of India from Earliest Times to 1939. 2 vols

(Nicholson and Watson, London, 1949) II, p. 556.9. Salt Enquiry. pp. 260, 273.

10. Salt Enquiry, pp. 281-2; Indian Tariff Board, II, pp. 445-7, 472.11. Salt Enquiry, p. 274.12. Ashton, p. 26.13. Ibid., pp. 26-27.14. Salt Enquiry. p . 271.15. Ibid ., pp . 278-9.16. Ibid., p . 271.17. Ibid., p. 281.18. Ibid ., p . 261.19. Ibid ., p. 93.20. Ibid .21. Ibid.22. Ibid .23. Ibid.24. Ibid., p. 94.25. Ibid., p. 93.26. Ibid., p. 98.27. Ibid ., p. 106.28. Ibid., p. 283.29. Ibid., p. 256.30. Ibid., p. 223.

Notes 379

31. Ibid ., p. 1-2.32. Ibid., p. 66.33. Ibid., pp . 136-7.34. Ibid., pp. 66-7.35. Ibid., p. 183.36. Ibid ., p. 186.37. Ibid ., p. 188.38. Ibid., p. 235.39. Ashton, p . 23.40. Salt Enquiry, p. 216.41. Ibid., p . 237.42. Ibid., p . 218.43. Ibid., p. 217.44. Ibid., p . 223.45. Ibid., p. 73.46. Ibid.47. Ibid., p . 75.48. Ibid., p . 85.49. Ibid., p. 256.50. Ibid., p. 225; see also Indian Tariff Board, II, pp . 378-80.51. Salt Enquiry, p. 253.52. Aggarwal, p . 265.53. Salt Enquiry , p . 240.54. Ibid., p. 89.55. Ibid., p. 254.56. Ibid.57. Ibid., p. 253.58. Ibid. , p. 80.59. Ibid., p . 202.60. Ibid., p. 203.61. Sir Richard Dane, Report by Sir Richard Dane, KCIE, on the Reorganiza­

tion of the Salt Revenue Administration in China, 1913-1917 (Chief Inspec­torate of the Central Salt Administration, Peking, 1918) p. 77.

62. Ibid., p . 79.63. Ibid., p. 150.64. Sahyasachi Bhattacharyya, Financial Foundations of the British Raj (Indian

Institute of Advanced Study, Simla, 1971) pp . 197-202, p. 290; Sir JohnStrachey, India, Its Administration and Progress (Macmillan, London 1911)pp . 175-83; W. W. Hunter, TheIndian Empire, Its People, History andProducts(Truebner, London, 1884) pp . 452-5, 622-3 .

65. Ind ia, Government of India, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.The Publication Division, The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, XLIII(March-June 1930), Ahmedabad, 1971, p. 167.

66. Salt Enquiry, p . 74.67. Dane, p . 38.68. Salt Enquiry, p. 223.69. Ibid., p . 210.70. Ibid., p. 88.71. Dunbar, II, p. 543.72. Ibid.73. Salt Enquiry , p . 276.74. Ibid.

380 Notes

75. Ibid., p. 237.76. Ibid., p. 219.77. Ibid., p. 254.78. Ibid., p. 205.79. Ibid., p. 136.80. Indian Tariff Board, II, pp . 445-7, 472; Aggarwal, pp. 360-66 .81. Indian Tariff Board, II, pp . 401-3 .82. Ibid., pp . 411-13.83. Ibid., pp. 157-80.84. Salt Enquiry, p. 86.85. Ibid., p. 205.86. Indian Tariff Board, II, pp. 836-7.87. Salt Enquiry, pp. 220-21.88. Ibid., p . 256.89. Ibid., p. 239.90. Ibid., p. 240.91. Ibid.92. Ibid., p. 254.93. Pramathanath Bannerjee, A History of Indian Taxation (Macmillan, London)

p. 271.94. Ibid., pp . 275-6 .95. K. T. Shah, Sixty years of Indian Finance (King, London and Bombay)

pp . 213, 240, 46.96. Salt Enquiry, p. 74.97. Ibid., p. 78.98. Aggarwal, pp . 103-10, 115, 88.99. Salt Enquiry, p. 77.

100. Ibid., p. 6.101. Ibid., p. 11-29 .102. Ibid., p . 30.103. Ibid., p. 91.104. Ibid ., p. 85.105. Aggarwal, pp . 69-71.

12 Chinese Salt Administration under the Late Empire and Early Republic

1. Thomas A. Metzger, 'T'ao Chu's Reform of the Huaipei Salt Monopoly ',Harvard Papers on China, 16 (1962) pp . 1-19; Metzger, Internal Organization.

2. Samuel C. Chu, Reformer in Modern China, Chang Chien 1853-1926(ColumbiaUniversity Press, New York and London, 1965).

3. Dane, p. 101.4. Ibid., p. 102.5. Ibid., p. 70.6. Ibid., p . 180.7. Ibid., p . 200.8. Reports etc., 1919-1921, p. 215.9. David D. Buck, Urban Change in China, Politics and Development in Tsinan ,

Shantung, 1890-1949 (University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 1978).10. Dane, p. 116.11. Ibid., p . 122.12. Ibid., pp. 124-5 .13. Ibid., p . 91.

Notes 381

14. Ibid.15. Ibid.16. Ibid ., p. 92.17. Ibid.18. Ibid., pp . 92-3.19. Ibid ., p. 152.20. Ibid ., p. 153.21. Reports etc., 1913-1917, p. 34.22. Dane, pp . 206-7.23. Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, The Phenomenon ofMan (Collins, London, 1966),

p .175.24. Dane, p. 18.25. Ibid., p. 17.26. Ibid.27. Ibid., p. 18.28. Ibid ., p. 17.29. Ibid ., p. 125.30. Ibid ., p. 38.31. Ibid., p. 36.32. Ibid. , p. 35.33. Ibid ., p. 36.34. ibid ., p. 51.35. Ibid . p. 39.36. Ibid ., p. 64.37. Ibid., p. 77.38. Ibid ., p. 110.39. Ibid ., p. 111.40. Ibid., p. 116.41. Ibid., p. 215.42. Ibid., p. 174.43. Ibid ., p. 60.44. H. R. Trevor Roper, Historical Essays (Macmillan, London, 1957) p. 129.45. He-tung yen-fa-chih, Vol. II, p. 715.46. Ralph William Huenemann, The Dragon and the Iron Horse, The Economics of

Railroads in China 1876-1977 (The Council on East Asian Studies, HarvardUniversity, Cambridge, Mass., 1984) 461.

47. Ta Ch'ingli-ch'ao shih-lu (Taipei 1963), Kuang-hsu, 592:9.48. Dane , p. 179.49. Ibid .50. Reports, etc. 1913-1917, p. 253.51. Reports, etc., 1918, p. 76.52. Reports , etc., 1918-1921, p. 52.53. Reports, etc., 1919-1921, p. 52.54. Reports, etc., 1922, p. 65.55. Taiwan Diplomatic Documents, Box h, Min-kuo 11.2, Japanese Legation,

9 February 1922.56. Andrew J. Nathan, Peking Politics, 1918-1923, Factionalism and the Failure of

Constit.utionalism (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1976).57. Piere-Etienne Will, Bureaucraiie et Famine enChineau 18' siicle(Mouton, Paris)

p .178.58. Chihli River Commission, Final Report and Grand Scheme 1918-1925 (Hua Pei

Press, Tientsin, 1925) p. 6.

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Index

Aargau 138, 139, 239Abalai 172, 52Abbasid caliphate 56, 59, 62Abd er Rahman II 63Abdulaziz 259, 265Abdulhamit II 260, 265, 281, 283Abdulmecit I 259Abele, Chri stoph Ignaz 232Adana 157Adelaide 155Aden 151, 159, 160, 161, 281, 290,

293, 294, 296, 297, 309, 318, 319,320

Aden salt works 159Adige 255Adrianople 158Adriatic sea 62, 63, 64, 183, 184,

186, 187, 189, 193, 196, 198, 200,240, 241, 245, 248

Aegean sea 71, 63, 272Aethelbald, king of Mercia 67Afion Karahissar 158, 271Africa 3, 5, 6, 15-23, 28, 29, 58, 60,

61, 62, 65, 99, 136, 145, 156, 158,159, 293, 319

Agde 210, 224Agra 115, 116Agrippa 32, 33Ahmad Shah 116Ahmedabad 300, 308, 314Ahmet Cerdet Pasa 265Ahyolu 115Aigues-Mortes 90, 91Aigun 350Airan Kol 60Aix 91Aixone 28Akbar the Great, MughaI

emperor 116, 285Aksu 61Al-Bakri 59Al-Mutasim 57Alabruka 52Alagoas 154Alashan 76, 124, 134, 172, 173, 182,

335,336

Alba Julia 242Albania 91, 185, 199, 268, 269, 271Albertus Magnus 201Alcazar do Sal 63Aleppo 60, 157, 269, 271Alexander III, pope 183Alexander Severns, Roman

emperor 33Alexandria 28, 29, 34, 58, 66, 74, 87,

89, 186Algeria 62Algiers 86, 102Alicante 62Alsace 211, 231, 236, 237, 256Amadro 16Amazon river 9amber 6Americas 5, 9-15, 22, 23, 99, 100,

102, 111, 113, 141Amiens 6Amorium 58Amritsar 285Amsterdam 103, 104, 108, 246, 253An Ch'i 126An Lu-shan 52, 55, 62An Ssu-shun 55An-i 124An-i hsien 39, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 61,

75, 77, 123, 124, 186, 288, 349An-pel 52, 55Anaphlystos 28Anatolia 8, 30, 66, 157, 158, 262,

269, 270, 271, 275Anchialos 115Ancona 102, 185, 198,245Ancus Martins, king of Rome 29,

32,34Andaran 58Andes 11, 12, 13Andrews, Anthony P. 10Andulusia 30Aneyza 58, 60Angola 16, 19, 113Angoulerne 213Angoumois 212Anhwei 53, 54, 78, 83, 118, 122,

393

394 Index

Anhwei cant.128, 163, 171, 325, 330, 331, 332

Ankara 158,269,271,277annona 32, 33, 45Anonymous of Ravenna 17Antioch 28, 30, 34, 47Antioquia 11Antwerp 103, 104, 246, 247, 249Ao-t'un-mou 348Appalachia 9, 113Appenines 86Appenzell 256Aprica pass 255Apulia 62, 64, 102, 186, 245Aquitaine 95, 212Arabia 30, 58, 59, 60, 159, 319Arabs 21,22Aragon 86, 87, 91Aral Sea 36Aratu 154Arbe 64,240Arc 140, 165, 169Arc et Senans 211, 212, 216, 225, 228Arcadius, Roman emperor 33Archangel 112, 224Archipelago, the 115Argonne 222Aristophanes 28Aristotle 28, 31, 32Arizona 12Arkansas 13Aries 90,91Armenia 35,47,271Arno, river 91Arnold of Villanova 201Arnold, Georg Bernhard 244Ars 209Artemovsk 152Artern 110, 139, 149Artois 107, 214Ascuncion 12Asia Minor 30, 34, 35, 275, 276Aspendus 30Assam 116, 159, 292, 319Astrakhan 112, 113, 152Ataturk, Kemal 281Athanasius Kircher 139, 252Athens 28, 29, 63Aucare 11Aude river 91, 224August von Hallerstein 252Augustus, Roman emperor 32, 33

Aunis 209, 212, 213Aurelian, Roman emperor 33, 35,

45,177Aushaziya 60Aussee 93, 110, 233, 236Australia 55, 99, 106, 140, 146, 152,

155, 156Austria 198, 199, 230--5, 240, 241,

242, 243, 246--9, 251, 255, 257,263, 265, 282

Austrian Netherlands 214, 216, 245Auvergne 6, 209, 212Avignon 90,91Awlil 16Aynos 115Azerbaijan 262Aztecs 9,10

Babylon 30Bacon, Roger 201Bactrian Greeks 37Baden 138, 228, 236, 256Badja 59Baghdad 58, 66, 158, 262, 263, 270,

271,277Bahamas 140, 152Bahia 113, 154Bakeland, Leo Hendrik 144bakelite 144, 147Bakhmut 152Baku 152Balachna 112Balearic islands 29, 90Baltic sea 6, 69, 88, 92, 94, 100, 104,

106, 107, 112, 146, 208, 216, 223,224,239

bananas 16, 21, 22Bandar Abbas 36Bangalore 305Banjaras 116, 289Bantu 15, 16, 19, 20, 21Barabinsk 153Barcelona 86, 87, 90, 151Bari 62Barkol 60, 61Barletta 102, 151Barnstaple 113Baroda 286, 294, 300, 317, 318Baroncelli 103BASF 143, 149Basil II Bulgaroctonus, Byzantine

emperor 47

Index 395

Basle 138, 211, 228, 239Basques 7, 87, 196Bavaria 6, 93, 109, 110, 140, 149,

236, 238, 239, 245, 253, 256, 257Bay of Biscay 67, 94, 95, 100Bayer company 149Beaucaire 91Becher, Johann Joachim 235Bedouin 57beer 5, 249, 254Beirut 157, 271Bela III, king of Hungary 177Belgium 6, 19,35,231,245,246,247Benevento 103Bengal 71, 106, 116, 146, 15&-61,

286, 287, 290, 292-4, 296, 297,299, 301, 302, 307, 309, 310, 313,314, 316, 318-20

Benghazi 271Benguela current 16Beni 9Benjamin of Tudela 66Beowulf 8Berchtesgaden 93, 110, 149Bergamo 194Bergen 92Berlin 271Berne 108, 228Bernina 255Berre 91, 148, 205, 209, 210Bertaux, Jean-Paul 4Besancon 144Beust, Friedrich Ferdinand von 245Bevara 269Bex 108, 109Beyoglu 264, 273Beziers 68, 224Bharatpur 61, 71, 116, 298Bihar 116, 159, 161, 286, 290, 292,

317Billingham 138, 145Bilma 16, 17, 20, 156Black Sea 29, 63, 64, 71, 87, 115,

158,273Block, Sir Adam 267, 268, 269, 272,

273, 274, 275, 278, 279, 281, 282Bochnia 96, 111, 149,232,239,240,

241, 248, 250, 257, 275Bocskai, Istvan 242Bohemia 93, 110, 233, 235--8, 240,

242, 249, 250, 251, 253, 255Bokhara 62

Bolckow and Vaughancompany 138, 147

Bolivia 9, 10Bombay 116, 158, 159, 160, 161,

287, 292, 293, 297, 298, 300, 301,302, 303, 304, 307, 308, 309, 310,311, 313, 314, 316, 317, 318, 320

Bordeaux 67, 208, 213, 214, 223Bordunaria 68Bornu 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 29Bororo 14, 15Borth 138Bosnia 91, 185, 198, 199, 243, 244,

247, 263, 264Bosphorus 65, 264, 270Boston, England 95, 103Botswana 16, 19Boulogne 214Bourbons 211, 245, 247, 250, 254Bourg Dessus 96, 97Bourgneuf 67, 94, 95, 103, 104, 107,

148, 217, 224Bouteilles 69Brabant 101, 245Brandenburg 224brass 15Brazil 113, 151, 152, 154, 252Bregenz 256Breisgau 237, 256Brescia 194Breslau236, 250, 257briquetage 4, 5, 12, 40, 64, 70Bristol 96, 106Britain 4, 5, 6, 7, 143, 147, 171, 263,

281,284British East Indies 146Britanny 5, 6, 69, 94, 107, 213, 214,

215, 216, 217, 224Brouage 67, 94, 95, 103, 104, 105,

106, 107, 148, 208, 209, 210,214-17, 220, 224, 227, 239, 246

Bruges 89, 92, 94Brunner Mond company 143, 147,

171Brussels 230, 235, 246Bucharest 115Buckinghamshire 69Budapest 242, 248Buddhism 38, 47, 48, 56Buffalo, New York 153Bug, river 29, 64, 239Bukovina 239

396 Index

Bulgaria 47, 158, 276, 281Bulwer , Sir Henry 265, 267Burgarella, Agostino 151, 159, 296,

318Burgundy 90,97, 219Burma 159, 185, 292, 293, 294, 309,

317, 319, 337Burundi 16, 18, 21butter 8, 100, 116, 141, 142Buxar 290Byzantium 48, 58, 63, 64, 71

cabotage 21, 71Cacica 150Cadiz 62, 113Caduveo 14, 15Caen 209Caesar, Julius 4-8Caesarea 30Caffa 64, 65, 115, 261Cagliari 86, 87, 89, 151, 186Caicos islands 152Caillard, Vincent 267, 277Caillavet, Chantal 11, 12Cairo 17, 157, 261Calais 214Calcutta 160, 161, 290, 294, 295,

296, 300, 307, 309, 313, 314, 317,318

California 120Calonne, Charles Alexandre 217,

220,226Camargue 90, 91, 107, 148, 205, 210Cambridgeshire 70Camera Salis 183, 184, 191, 192, 195,

197Camp Verde 12Campagna 29Campeche 113Canada 140, 152Canal du Midi 210, 224Candia 63Canton 120, 121, 185, 190, 248, 323,

339, 344, 350, 355Cap Cervera 62Cape Cod 113Cape Comorin 308Cape Gardafui 159Capodistria 89, 102, 182, 186, 187,

199, 240Cappadocia 25Cardona 5, 86, 102, 151

Carinthia 185, 235Carniola 185, 187, 235, 253Carolingians 47, 177Carpathian mountains 8, 100, 242Carston 5Carthage 29Carthagena 34Casimir the Great 97, 239Caspian sea 152, 262Cass iodorus 64Cassiquiare canal 12Castile 86Castle rock 302Castner/Kellner process 142, 143,

154Catalonia 5, 151Catherine the Great 112, 261Cato 33,46Cattaro 64, 199Cavit Bey 267, 274, 278, 282Cekmese 115Central Board of Revenue 290, 293,

294,297Central Provinces 290, 300, 301Cephalonia 64Cervia 89, 90, 182, 198Ch'a-k 'a 172Ch'ang Ch'u 41Ch'ang-an 42,53,54Ch'ang-ch'un 168, 328Ch'ang-lu 49, 76--8, 82, 123--8, 130,

133, 134, 165-7, 172, 181, 182,184, 185, 190, 202, 203, 270,327-32, 334, 335, 340--2, 350, 357

Ch'ao-ch'iao 330, 339, 340, 344Ch'ao-chou 121Ch'en Ch'un 82Ch'eng-te 335Ch' i, kingdom of 39-45, 51, 178Ch' i-chuech-ching lakes 60Ch'ien-lung emperor 122, 126, 182,

328Ch'in Shih-huang-ti, emperor 44Ch'in, kingdom of 41-4Ch'ing dynasty 50, 76, 99, 120,

123--32, 134, 170, 179, 181, 182,217, 221, 322, 323

Ch'ing-chou 40Ch'iung-chou 42, 51Ch'u-chou 332Ch'uan-chou 84, 333Ch'uan-nan 247

Index 397

Ch 'uan-pei 247, 248, 339Chahar 52, 55, 335Champa 74Chanchiang 173Chang Chien 231,322Chang Hsien-chung 131Chang Li Kung Ssu 329Chang Lo-hsing 180Chang Lu 51Chang Shih -ch'eng 180Chang T'ang 44Chang Tao-ling 51, 137Chang-ch'i hsien 61Chang-chou 333Chang-ti 44, 45, 178Chang-tsung 77Chao 43Chao Erh-hsun 164, 165, 324, 327,

351, 354Chao K'ai 79,80Chao-ti 44Chaonia 28Charaka-Samhita 25, 38, 39Charente 213, 220Charleroi 148Charles III, duke of Burgundy 108Charles of Anjou 209, 210, 218Charles of Lorraine 252Charles the Bold, duke of

Burgundy 97Charles the Sufferer, king of

Spain 230Charles V, king of France 205, 218,

229Charles VII, king of France 218Charles X, king of Sweden 239,257Charles, count of Provence 205Chateau Salins 108, 148, 211Chauderette 96, 97Chaux 109, 140, 211, 225Che-hsi 54cheese 57, 70, 85, 100, 105, 141, 142Chefoo 170, 339Chekiang 74, 81-3 , 121, 122, 130,

181, 213, 323, 331, 332, 333, 339Chen-tsung 74Cheng-hu 53Cheng-hua 53Cheng-yang-kuan 331, 342Chengtu 41, 42, 80, 119, 132, 247,

326Chenonceaux 208

Cherbourg 107Cherson 64, 65Chersonese 29Cheshire 67, 70, 95, 99, 1O!Hl, 132,

140, 145-7, 159, 160, 216, 239chi-an 164, 165chi-ch'u 164, 165Chia -ch'ing emperor 122, 131, 336Chia -ching, emperor 78, 79Chia -hsing 53Chia -ling river 42, 132Chia-ting 41, 132Chiang-che 84Chiang-hsi 84Chiang-huai 53, 54Chiang-tung 74Chiao-chou 124Chiapas 10chien 48, 50-4, 241Chien-chou 81Chien-nan 51Chien-wei 41, 80, 81, 132, 139, 164,

171Chihli 55, 76, 78, 117, 125, 126, 167,

185, 328, 350, 356, 357Chilantai 52, 76, 134, 172, 335Chile 12chili 117Chin dynasty 75, 127Chin-ch'uan rebellion 126, 182Chin-chou 350Chin-hua 332Chin-pel 55, 166, 335Chin-t'ang 81China 26, 27, 35, 39-46, 47, 4&-56,

57, 58, 62, 63, 71-85, 92, 98, 99,114, 117-35, 136, 137, 138, 140,154, 155,158, 162-74, 178, 179,180, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187,188, 189, 191, 192, 193, 197, 201,202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208,209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 217, 218,220, 221, 225, 229, 230, 231, 251,253, 259, 266, 270, 273, 286, 287,292, 306, 308, 315, 321-58

Chinese Eastern railway 168Chinese Turkestan 57Ching Hsueh-Iing 170Ching Pen-po 170, 171, 179, 181,

303,322Ching, emperor 42Ching-ho 60, 172

398 Index

Chingleput 305, 306Chining 173Chinkiang 54Chioggia 65, 182, 183, 184, 189, 201,

231Chittoor 305Chiu-ta salt refining company 170Chola empire 71Chou, kingdom of 40Christchurch 6Chromatius of Aquileia 64Chronography of 354 33Chu Kung 41,46Chu Yuan-chang 180Chu, T. C. 323Chuan-nan 248Chubut 12Chuguchak 60, 61Chung-chiang 81Chung-chou 81Chung-wei 39Chungking 248Chusan archipelago 122, 123, 185,

213, 332, 339Claudius Nero 32Clazomenae 34Cleveland, England 139Cleveland, Frederick A. 323Cluny 68coal 99, 105, 106, 108, 110, 119, 132,

137, 139, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148,154, 173, 212, 224, 237, 246, 247,313, 318, 319

Cobenzl, Johann-Karl 246, 247coca 13coconuts 22Coipasa 113Colbert, Jean-Baptiste 100, 204, 205,

206, 213, 215, 221, 223, 224, 226,227, 229, 246, 247, 253

Colchester 5, 6Colima 11Collegio del Sal 183, 184, 191, 192Cologne 149Colombia 11Comacchio 89, 182Committee of Union and

Progress 260, 267, 274, 279Concepcion 12condensation 30, 31, 37, 49, 69, 120,

168Congo 15, 16, 19, 21, 156

Congress of Berlin 265Constantine Porphyrogenitus,

Byzantine emperor 64, 65Constantine, Roman emperor 33Constantinople 33, 34, 58, 65, 66,

99, 115, 116, 157, 158, 177, 260,261, 263, 271, 273, 274, 277, 278,282

Copenhagen 224copper 6, 42, 132, 179, 223, 249,

253, 254, 321Cordillera 9, 10, 11Corfu 6, 102, 185, 199cotton 106, 113, 114, 124, 144, 146,

193, 194, 200Council of Ten 187Covelong 308Covelong Nithyakalyanasami Salt

Licensees' Cooperative 306Cracow 97, 239, 240, 241, 248, 257Crawford, Sir Richard 274, 280Crete 31, 63, 102, 185, 262, 268Crimea 64, 87, 89, 113, 115, 186,

240, 261, 270Croatia 90, 185, 186, 198, 241, 242,

248Cromer, Lord 261Cuanza 19Cumae 32Curzon, Lord 284, 307, 316Cuzco 11,13Cyclades 63Cyprus 28, 30, 61, 64, 87, 89-91,

101, 102, 157, 185, 186, 192, 196,198, 200, 262, 283

Cyrenaica 30Czechoslovakia 153Czernowitz 111

Dabholkar, Sir VasantraoAnandrao 301

Dacia 9, 30, 35Dahomey 156Dairen 168Dalmatia 31, 64, 149, 150, 185, 232,

240,241Damascus 61,271,277Damietta 28, 60, 115, 157Dampier 155Dandolo, Enrico, doge of

Venice 197Dane, Sir Richard 73, 164, 189, 268,

Index 399

272, 306, 308-10, 314, 322, 323,325--33, 335--40, 342-4, 346, 347,350-2, 355-8

Dantzig 94, 98Danube river 150, 230, 237, 238,

240,253Dardanelles 270, 283Darfur 16, 17, 20, 60Datini, Francesco di Marco 90, 91Dauphine 90de Acosta, Jose 11de Chardonnet, Count Hilaire

Bemigaud 144de Poitiers, Diane 208de Witte, Hans 249Dead sea 262decree of Muharrem 157,259, 265,

274, 279, 281Delhi 61, 115, 116, 291Denmark 92, 223Dermigny, Louis 210Deutsche Brucke 92Dharasna 301Dhrangadhra 285, 317, 318Diadora 64Didwana 38, 49, 161Dieppe 209Dieuze 69, 108, 148, 211, 212, 216,

225,228Dio Cassius 32Dio Chrysostom 29, 64Diocletian, Roman emperor 36Ditchling beacon 7Diwan Chand 291, 292, 294, 300,

307,308Djavid Bey 267, 274Djebaul 269Djerba 61Djibouti 159Dnepropelrovsk 152Dnieper, river 28, 29, 64, 65Dodecanese, the 64Dogana da Mar 184Dolon nor 335Dombasle 138, 148Domesday book 67, 69, 70Donauworlh 238, 252Donets 152Dorgon 125Dorpat 92Dorset 5Drake, Edwin L. 153

Orin river 91, 102Drohobycz 111Droitwich 67, 69, 70, 95, 105Duisburg 138Dunkirk 214Durance 91Durazzo 64, 269Durham 67, 105Durrnberg 4, 5, 149Dwarka 160Dyrrachium 64

Eastern Europe 6, 47, 231, 249, 252,258

Eastern Sanuki 155Ebensee 110, 233, 234, 253Eberhard II, Archbishop 238Ebi-nor 60Ebro river 62, 86, 91Ecuador 113

. Edeine, Bernard 4Edirne 271Edo 155Eduljee Dinshaw salt works 160,

294,298Edward III, king of England 229Egypt 28, 57, 60, 61, 115, 142, 159,

261, 262, 266, 270, 272, 281, 293Emilia 185, 198Engelszell 93England 19, 67, 69, 94, 95--6, 99,

1~, 107, 114, 136, 138, 139,143, 145, 146, 147, 159, 170, 213,217, 226, 227, 245, 265

Ennin 56Ennore 305, 311, 315Ephesus 28Epirus 28, 31, 271Er-lien 55Erasmus 222Erhlien 173Eritrea 16, 156, 319Erzerum 157, 158, 270Eskisehir 158, 271, 277Essex 5, 6, 29, 67, 70Esztergom 232Eupatoria 152European Economic

Community 147evaporation 4, 5, 10, 11, 17-19, 23,

28-31, 35, 38-41, 44, 47-50, 52,60-3, 65, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72,

400 Index

evaporation cont.7S-82, 84-90, 92, 94, 96, 99, 101,107, 110, 112, 113, 116, 119-24,127, 128, 134-9, 146--8, 151-9,165, 167, 169, 182, 186, 202, 208,210, 215, 233, 241, 245, 246, 248,278, 288, 294, 298, 299, 303, 304,307, 313, 326, 327

Evesham 69Exeter 96, 217Exmouth gulf 155

Fachi 16, 17fagara 55, 118Fagum 28Falk, Hermann Eugen 146Fan Hsu-tung 171Fan Li 41, 46Farfa 68Farley, James Lewis 273Fecamp 69Felvidek 242, 250Feng clan 42Feng Kuang-hsiung 123, 124, 130,

134Feng Yii-hsiang 356Feng-hsiang 133Feng -yang 78Fengtien 128, 164, 166, 168, 327,

328, 342, 356Ferdinand II , emperor 257Ferd inand III, emperor 235Ferdinand, archduke 236Ferrara 198, 201filtration 5, 10, 11, 17, 18, 28, 76,

81, 120, 122, 215fish 7, 8, 12, 13, 22, 27, 34, 37, 40,

45, 46, 57, 66, 69, 70, 74, 85, 92,100, 112, 118, 119, 141, 142, 249

Five Dynasties 72, 79Flanders 101, 107, 214, 246Florence 151Foochow 333Fort Olympo 12Foscari, Francesco, doge of

Venice 197Fosse 7France 5, 67, 82, 86, 91, 94, 106,

107, 108, 110, 114, 138, 143, 144,147-50, 154, 155, 182, 199,204-29, 230, 242, 245, 246, 249,250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256,

258, 263, 265, 272, 321Franche Comte 29, 35, 68, 96, 108,

139, 140, 148, 199, 211, 212, 216,220, 228, 248

Francis I, king of France 205, 212,217, 225, 226

Franconia 238Frankfurt 5, 149, 234, 254, 255French Franciscan 201Fribourg 228Frisia 101Friuli 184, 192, 240Frois, Luis 155Fu-shun 42, 51, 81, 132, 162Fukien 49, 82, 84, 120, 121, 122,

130, 133, 166, 185, 329, 330, 332,333,343

Fulani 23, 156fur 3, 13Furieuse, river 96

gabelle 34, 67, 104, 107, 164, 204-29,230, 231, 247, 248, 249, 250, 253,254, 257, 261, 265, 270, 271, 284,287, 307, 330, 338, 348

Gabor Bethlen 243Gage, Thomas 10Galata bankers 265, 273, 282Galatia 8,9Galicia 8, 98, 149, 150, 153, 231,

232, 239, 240, 241, 247, 248Gallipoli peninsula 115Gambia 156Gamble, Sir Reginald 335Gandhara 38Gandhi, Mohandas

Karamchand 307Ganges valley 116Ganjam 305Gao 20Garonne 94, 107, 213, 220, 224garum 34Gascony 212, 213Gaul 4, 6, 8, 9, 31Gaulter Gap 5Gazi Osman Pasa 265Genichesk 152Genoa 8S-92, 101, 102, 106, 108,

148, 185, 196, 198, 227, 245Geological Survey of India 287Germany 4, 31, 66, 68, 93, 106, 109,

110, 111, 114, 138, 147-50, 213,

Index 401

236, 238, 239, 244, 245, 253, 256,265, 282, 293

Gerrha 30Gibraltar 103ginger 118Giraldus Cambrensis 8Giray khan 261Gironde estuary 67Giudecca 184, 187Glasgow 146Glenk, Carl Christian 138Gloucester 69, 95, 100Gloucestershire 69Goa 302Gobi Desert 173gold 13, 20, 37, 85, 202, 282, 285Golden Horn 271, 273Gorze 68Goteborg 224Goths 47Gotland 224Goundam 20Gradisca 199Grado 185graduation 108-10, 140, 155, 212,

225,237Gramanga 11Grand Banks 224Grand Canal 52, 53, 54, 125--7, 130,

162, 270, 323, 324, 331, 357Grand Canal (Venetian) 196Grand Council (Chinese) 181Grand Council of Venice 183, 196,

200Grande Saunerie 96-8, 108, 140Granvelle, Cardinal 108Grax Ltd 161, 294, 295, 296, 298,

312Graz 199, 250Great Rift valley 16Great Wall of China 76, 162, 167,

287Greece 29, 37, 151, 231, 262, 268,

278,282Gregory of Tours 29Grenada 87Grenus, Francois 108Grisons 228, 255, 256grocers 95Groningen 101, 139Grossensalza 109, 149groundnuts ?2, 118

guano 12Guatemala 10guava 22Guayaquil 113Gudha 310Guelderland 138Guerande 148, 224Guernsey 5, 6Gujerat 38, 287, 297, 298, 300, 301,

302, 317, 320Gulf of Edremit 269Gulf of Kutch 161, 286, 294, 298,

320Gulf of Mexico 154gum 20Guptas 37Guvenne 212Gwallia 8

Habsburg empire 111, 147, 149, 150,182, 211, 228, 230-58, 259, 260,263, 264, 270, 272, 278, 279, 284,321

Hadji Bektash 269Hal-chou 78Hai-k'ou 78Hai-ling 53Hainan 121, 123, 173, 185Hainaut 101, 107, 214Hajeebhoy 318Hajeeboy Aden salt works 159, 318Halai Aixomedes 28Halford Mackinder 153Hall in Tyrol 5, 6, 7, 8, 149, 228,

232, 236, 237, 238, 239, 248, 252,256

Hall, Charles Martin 144Halle 5, 68, 93, 109 110, 139, 149,

236,240Hallein 4, 5, 29, 68, 93, 110, 149,

150, 228, 232, 236, 237, 238, 239,242,248

Hallstatt 4, 5, 6, 8, 29, 68, 93, 233,234

Halys 30, 157, 158Hama 271Hamburg 296, 297Hami 60Hampshire 6, 92Han dynasty 10, 27, 39-46, 51, 52,

55, 71, 72, 76, 127, 137, 178, 181,197,350

402 Index

Han river 121, 333Han Wu-ti 44, 178Han Yu 54Han-ku 167Hang-chou 53, 74, 81, 82, 83, 84Hangchow 332Hangchow bay 122, 339Hankow 190, 323, 329, 350, 356Hanseatic League 69, 92, 94, 95, 96,

104,146Haoge 131Harbin 168Haroun al-Rashid, caliph 47Harrach, Archbishop of Prague 251Harsha, Indian emperor 37, 38Hart, Sir Robert 268Haydarpasa 271, 277Hayil 59,60Hebrews 37Hei-ching 132, 336, 337Heidelberg 108Heilungkiang 164, 168, 209, 220,

328, 331, 340Hengelo 138, 139Hengistbury head 6Henry II , king of France 211, 213,

214, 216, 225, 226Henry IV, king of France 225Heraclius, Byzantine emperor 63Herefordshire 69Herodotus 28, 29, 36, 40, 64Heroult, Paul L. T. 144Hertfordshire 70Herzegovina 243, 247, 263, 264Hesse 68, 109He-chou 336Ho -fei 54Ho-ti 42He-tun 52He-tung 48, 49, 62, 75-9, 83, 123-5,

128, 130-4, 163, 166-8, 181, 190,288, 326, 330, 334, 336, 341, 342,348, 349, 356

Ho-tung yen-fa-chih (treatise on theHe-tung salt laws) 50

Hobart-Hampden, Admiral AugustCharles 264

Hohenlohe, Prince 109Hokkaido 155Holland 101, 138, 139, 216Holy League 183, 199Holy Roman Republic 68

Homer 27Honan 39, 52, 53, 54, 75, 76, 124,

125, 126, 128, 130, 167, 185, 329,330, 331, 334, 335, 342, 356, 357

honey 13, 14, 15, 37, 39, 65, 92, 112Honfleur 209Hong Kong 121, 168Honorius, Roman emperor 33, 34Honshu 155Hopei 39, 40, 52, 54Hormasji Manelje

Bhiwandiwalla 301Hoyle, A. L. 292hsi 49, 50, 75, 77, 123, 124, 163, 168Hsi Hsia 75Hsi-an 325Hsi-liang 354Hsi-pa 342Hsi-pei 131hsi-shai 52, 75, 76, 123Hsia dynasty 40Hsia-suan 337Hsiang river 323Hsiang-an 325Hsiao-Sung 55Hsiao-ch'Ing ho 127Hsiao-wen 41Hsiao-wu 51Hsien-tsung, emperor 54Hsin dynasty 39Hsin-t'lng 53Hsiung Hsi-ling 328, 357Hsu Shih-ch'ang 328Hsuan Wu-ti 50Hsuan, emperor 42, 43Hsuan-tsang 37, 38Hsuan-tsung, emperor 47, 51, 52Hu-chou 53Hu-kuang 350Hu-lo 52,55Hu-pu 345Hu -t'u-pi 61Hua-ma chih 52, 55, 124, 133, 134Hua -ma lakes 336Hua-pei-kuo 167Hua-ting 166, 335, 336Hua-yang kuo-chih (Record of the

Country South of MountHua) 41

Hua i, river 51, 53, 82, 123, 331Huai-hsi 53Huai -nan 51, 53, 74, 76, 78, 80-84,

Index 403

128-31, 135, 136, 159, 163--71,182, 190, 202, 208, 323, 324, 325,326, 329, 331, 332, 339, 341, 343,344,356

Huai-nan chien 130Huai-nan tsung-chu 324, 325Huai-pei 49,78,79,82,83, 128-30,

134, 166-70, 172, 202, 272, 322,324, 326, 329, 330,331, 342

Huan, duke of Ch'i 40, 43, 178Huang Ho 334Huang-ch'ao ching-shih wen-pien 180Huang-he 134Huang-ti nei-ching Su-wen 25Hui-chou 121, 332Hui-tsung, emperor 72Hui-wen 41Humboldt, Alexander von 12, 13,

15Hunan 83, 118, 121, 128, 129, 130,

163, 165, 170, 171, 325, 327, 329,330, 344, 350

Hung Hsiu-ch'uan 163Hung-chih emperor 80Hung-wu emperor 73, 78, 80, 84Hungary 98, 111, 150, 153,231,232,

235, 241, 242, 243, 247, 248, 250,252, 253, 255, 258, 265, 282

Hupei 52, 83, 128, 129, 130, 131,132, 163, 165, 166, 171, 325, 327

Hyeres 86, 87, 91, 148, 210

I Tun 40, 41, 46I, Prince 126, 328I-cheng 54I. G. Farben 143Ibiza 31, 62, 87, 89, 90, 91, 94, 101,

102, 104, 113, 114, 140, 151, 186,196, 198, 230, 245

Ibn Battuta 17Ibn Saud, king 281Ibo 16Iboland 15, 156Iceland 140ICI 138, 143, 145, 147Iconium 30Idjil 16, 17, 19, 156lie de Re 67lIek 112IIi 60, 61, 126, 172, 182Illinois 113

Incas 9, 13, 15incense 30India 27, 30, 37-9,56-8, 61, 71, 99,

115-17, 124, 136, 140, 151,157-62, 177, 182, 246, 276, 277,281, 284-320

Indo-Aden salt works 159, 160Indonesia 22, 118, 140Inn river 236Innsbruck 236, 250Inntal 93, 255Ionia 28Ionian islands 64, 185, 186Iran 35Ireland 66, 95, 105, 106, 107, 216Irkutsk 113, 153iron 7, 15, 21, 28, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42,

44, 46, 76, 77, 82, 83, 105, 140,155, 223, 237, 249, 253, 254

ironstone 6Irsaliyye 261, 262Irtysh 113Irwin, Lord 285Ischl river 110, 231, 233, 234, 253Isere 210Islam 15, 20, 22, 23, 47, 48, 56-61,

63, 71, 99, 115-17, 136, 137, 156,157, 162, 259

Isle of Ely 70Isonzo 199Istria 150, 185, 200, 232, 240Italy 6, 32, 47, 62, 64, 89, 90, 102,

147, 148, 150, 151, 159, 192, 200,213, 218, 231, 236, 265, 268

ivory 20,21Ivuna 18

Jagellons 97Iaipur 116, 286Japan 139, 140, 141, 151, 152, 154,

155, 167, 168, 252[ativa Indians 12[ehol 335[elurn 37[en-shou 51, 80, 81Jenne 16,22Jenne [eno 21Jerusalem 115Jhapog 310Jodhpur 38, 116, 160, 286, 307John II, king of France 205, 218

404 Index

John of Rupescissa 201John Sobieski, king of Poland 241,

257John Tzimisces, Byzantine

emperor 65John X, pope 68John XIII, pope 177Ju-kuang 53, 167Jumieges 69[ung-ch 'ang 79[ung-hsien 51, 81, 162Iung-yang 126, 357Jura 96[urched 72, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79Justinian, Byzantine emperor 33jute 106, 160, 313, 314, 318

K'ai-feng 72, 74, 75K'ang-hsi emperor 125, 128, 328,

336K'ou-pei 166, 335K'uei-chun 353K'ung Chin 44Kabaka 16Kaifeng 53Kaksingiri 18Kalabagh 37, 161Kalgan 166, 335Kallay, Benjamin von 243Kama 112Kan l-chi 78Kan river 323Kan Fa-chang 164Kan-pai 121Kanara 301Kanawha 113, 138, 153Kanem 16Kano 16Kansas 153Kansu 39, 52, 131, 133, 134, 336Kanta Babu 286Kao-chou 121Karabogaz bay 36Karachi 160, 161, 294, 295, 298, 299,

311, 312, 313Karambalam 305, 311Karashahr 61Kasenyi 18Kashgar 61Kasimpasa 273Kassa 242, 243, 250, 252Kassel 68

Katanga 16, 18Kathiawar 286Katwe 18, 21, 49Kayseri 269Kazakhstan 113Kazan 113Kazembe 18Kenya 156Kerch 64Khamas 16Kharaghoda 287,298,299,300,305,

311, 314, 318Khatan 61Khewra 37, 161, 286, 287, 288, 289,

290, 291, 292, 305, 311Kheybar 60Khoi 158, 270Khorasan 36,58,59, 62Khuzistan 28, 36Ki-hei 333Kiangsi 83, 122, 123, 163, 171, 325,

329, 332, 350Kiangsu 39, 42, 51, 54, 74, 122, 128,

130, 163, 166, 184, 325, 330, 331,332, 339, 340, 356

Kiaochow 155, 168, 170, 330, 331Kibero 18Kilas 115Kimmeridge 5Kinburn 113, 115, 152, 261Kirin 164, 168, 209, 220, 328, 331,

340Klamath Indians 13Koko-nor 172, 173, 336Kolaba 287, 300, 301, 317Kollonich , Cardinal 232Kolomiyya 111Koloszvar 252Kolovrat, Ulrich Franz 232Konia 157, 158Konigsberg 92Konigsborn 110, 139Konya 269, 271, 277Korea 127, 167, 168, 340Kosen 110, 139, 149Kosice 242Kotch Hissar 269Kotschau 110, 149Kou-chien, king of Yueh 41Krasnovodsk 152Krasnoyaisk 153Kremsmunster 232

Index 405

Krim Tartary 64Ku Yen-wu 322Kuan Chung 40, 43Kuan-hsien 41, 326Kuan-nei 55Kuan-t'ai 127Kuan-tzu 43, 46, 55Kuan-tzu 40, 43, 51, 178 (see also

Kuan Chung)Kuang-han 42Kurcha 61Kucuk Kaynarca 261Kuei-te 53Kung Yuan 351Kung , H. H. 323Kung-ching 162Kung-yuan 352Kunming 132, 336, 337Kuo tsung 41, 46Kuo Tzu-i 55Kuo Wu-ch'ang 78Kuomintang 170, 172, 204, 205, 323,

330, 347, 352, 354Kurdistan 199, 271Kushans 37Kustenland 240Kwangsi 121, 326, 329, 330, 337,

344, 346, 347, 355Kwangtung 49, 84, 121, 130, 132,

163, 166, 170, 186, 188, 190, 206,327, 329, 330, 332, 333, 339, 340,344,355

Kweichow 131, 132, 164, 218, 248,326,344

Kyoto 155

La Concordia 10La Mata 31, 62, 87, 88, 89, 102, 151La Panne 5La Rochelle 94, 107, 208, 209, 212La Suda 262La Touche 208Labunka, Miroslav 8Laibach 235, 252Lake Abakanskoe 153Lake Albert 18Lake Amatitlan 10Lake Baskuncak 152Lake Bebedero 12Lake Chad 17Lake Chilwa 18Lake Constance 93, 256

Lake Edward 18, 21Lake Elton 112, 133, 152Lake George 18Lake Maracaibo 12Lake Mareotis 28Lake McLeod 155Lake Mweru 18Lake Rukwa 18Lake Tanganyika 18, 21Lake Tatta 30, 158, 269Lake Urmia 36, 158, 262Lake Victoria 18, 21, 22Lallement, Jerome 12Lambare 12Lan-t'ing 53Lancashire 139Lanchow 173, 335, 336Languedoc 209, 210Larnaca 28, 31, 61, 64, 87, 90, 186Latakia 58Latium 68Lattas, Michel 263Laurentia 9Le Treport 209League of Cambrai 90, 197, 201Lebanon 60Leblanc process 142, 143, 146, 147Lechlade 95Ledoux, Claude-Nicholas 109, 140,

212,225Lei-chou peninsula 121Leichow peninsula 173Lenaland 153Leo Africanus 22, 58Leo VIII, pope 86Leo X, pope 22Leopold I, emperor 230, 236, 252,

254,257Leopold William, archduke 235Leopold , duke of Burgundy 108Lepanto 64Leptis 34Lesbos 158Lesotho 16Leszcynski, Stanislas 211Leupold, Jacob 109Levi-Strauss, Claude 13, 14, 23, 24Lewicki, Tadeusz 21, 22Lhasa 173Li Hung-chang 327, 328, 354Li Ping 41Li Shih-ch'ien 123

406 Index

Li Wen 322Liang 51Liang dynasty 43, 51Liang-che 53, 74, 8~4, 94, 120,

122, 123, 130, 133, 154, 163, 166,170, 181, 182, 186, 202, 208, 213,330, 331, 332, 333, 339, 340, 343

Liang-hua i 78, 83, 128-30, 133, 135,169, 181, 182, 184, 185, 186, 190,191, 210, 218, 324, 356

Liang-kuang 12~2, 130, 133Liao dynasty 127Liao river 323Liao-hsi 127Liao-tung 155Liaotung 327Libanius 34Libya 268, 269, 271Lien-shui 53Lilienfeld 232Lille 148Lillers 138Lima 11Limousin 212, 213, 214Limpus, Sir Arthur 280Lin-ch'iung 42, 137Lin-p'ing 53Lincolnshire 67, 95, 103, 105Ling-chou 51, 52, 79, 137Ling-huai 128Linz 252liquor 3, 188.. 310, 354Lisbon 62, 63, 113Litang 173Lithuania 92, 97, 98, 111, 240, 241,

258Little Aden Salt Industrial

company 159Liu Fou-ho 123Liu Hung-shou 333Liu P'i 42Liu Ping-chang 353Liu Tsung-yuan 50, 52Liu Yen 52, 53, 54, 72, 73, 178, 197,

202, 204, 322, 338, 341Liu-ho 339Liverpool 103-6, 113, 114, 296, 297Livy 28, 29, 32Ljubljana 186Lo P'ou 42Lo-shan 41Lo-yang 75

Loango 19Lockhart, Oliver C. 323Loire river 35, 67, 70, 94, 97, 107,

215,224Lombardy 184, 185, 192London 29,69,87,92,95, 96,

103-5, 141, 156, 264, 313Lons Le Saunier 68Lorraine 5, 29, 35, 68, 97, 108, 132,

138, 139, 143, 148-50, 177, 211,216, 220, 224, 227, 228, 241, 246

Lotharingia 68, 69, 97, 106, 108, 114lou-shai 121, 130, 163Louis the Pious, Holy Roman

emperor 68Louis XIV, king of France 205,223,

251Louis XV, king of France 211Louisiana 12, 136, 138, 153 .Loyang 50Lu [ung-t'mg 344, 355Lu Shang 40Lu Tsung-yu 328Lu-kang 328, 329Lu-shou 54Lu-ssu 122, 170Lu-t'ai 167, 341Lu-Tung 332Lualaba 18Luanda 21Lubeck 92, 93, 94Lucca 86Lucerne 228Ludwigshafen 143, 149Ludwigshalle 138Lunaris 298, 299, 312Luneburg 68, 92, 93, 94, 149, 233Lunghai 350Luxemburg 228, 246Luxmi 294, 298Luxmi salt works 161Lvov 111Lymington 92Lyons 86, 90, 91, 148Lytton, Lord 287

Macao 252Macau 154Macedonia 29,268Maceio 154Madras 71, 116, 158, 160, 161, 287,

292, 293, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305,

Index 407

308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314,315, 316, 320

Madrid 230Magadha 38Magdeburg 93Magellan, Gabriel 131Magna Graecia 29Magni, Valerian 251Maharaja of Dharangadhra 317Maharaja of Nawanagar 286Mahmud of Ghazni 61, 62Mahmut Nedim Pasa 264Maier, Michael 234Maimonides 57Maine (France) 215maize 12, 13, 22, 117Makarikari 19Malawi 16, 18Malaysia 140Mali 16Malines 246Malwa 300Manas 60,61Manche 215Manchuli 168Manchuria 49, 118, 123, 127, 128,

133, 155, 164, 166--8, 172, 209,270, 323, 327, 328, 329, 330, 340,347, 350, 356

Manfredonia 62, 64, 102Mang-ku-li 126Manga 16,17manioc 13, 22Mantua 198Mao Tse-tung 172Marans 209March of Ancona 185Marco Polo 74, 77, 80, 83, 84, 202,

218Marcus Livius 32, 33Marennes 209,214Margaret Maultasch 236Margherita di Savoia 62, 151Maria Theresa, empress 239,252Maritsa 115Marmora 115Maros 242, 243, 252Maros valley 111Maros-Ujvar 149, 243, 248Marsai 6Marseille 91, 148, 205, 223Massachusetts 113

Massawa 159Massilia 6Massowah 297Masterman, C. H. 292Mato Grosso 13, 14Mauretania 17, 156Mauryas 37Maurypur 298, 299, 300, 311Maximilian I, emperor 97,233,236,

244Maximilian II, emperor 234Mayas 9, 10, 19, 49Mayo, Lord 309Mazowia 240Mecca 58, 60, 156Medina 60Mediterranean 6, 7, 20, 27, 34, 35,

37, 39, 43, 45, 62, 66, 69, 86--91,95, 100-2, 106, 114, 120, 145,148, 159, 160, 187, 189, 194, 198,200, 224, 227, 241, 245, 259, 275,298

Megara 28Megasthenes 37Mehmet Ali 261Melos 28,63Menetra, Jacques-Louis 221Meng Shen 55Mercers 95Mercia 69Merovingians 47, 177Metz 68, 69, 211, 228Meurthe 148.Mexico 9, 10, 11, 13, 113, 140, 152Michigan 136, 138, 153, 233Milan 86, 151, 192, 198, 199, 228,

231, 244, 245, 255, 256millet 17, 22, 23, 45, 141, 278Millspaugh, Arthur C. 266Min river 51, 54, 119, 120, 132, 333Mincio river 192Ming dynasty 49, 50, 72-85, 99,

121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128,132, 134, 167, 180

Ming-ju 125, 126Ming-shih 78, 84Misma 59Mithraism 35Mo-hei-ching 336Modoc 13Moldau 230Moldavia 150

408 Index

Monastir 271, 277Monelor, [ean-Roux 212Mongolia 133Mongols 75, 78, 80Monomatapa 16Montagu-Chelmsford reforms 285,

310Monte Christo 113Montenegro 199, 281Montmorot 148, 211, 212, 216Montpellier 210Moon salt company 161, 298Moravia 98, 235, 236, 240Morbihan 5, 6, 67Mornard, Joseph 266Morocco 17, 59Morris, William 138Moselle river 29, 35, 67Mossi 16Mosul 262,269, 270, 271Mou-hui 121Mount T'ai 40Moutiers 108, 109Moyenvic 6, 69, 108, 148, 211, 228Mozambique channel 16Muawiya 61Mudhnib 60Muggia 89, 102, 186, 187, 199, 235Mughal empire 99, 115, 116, 159Mukden 127, 166Muller, Philip 237Multhauf, Robert P. 109Murcia 63Mures 242Muscovy 100, 111,224mustard 118Mysore 301, 305Mytilene 115, 158, 269, 271, 281

Na-yen-ch'eng 134Nagyszombat 252Nambikwara Indians 14, 15Nan-chao 79Nan-pu 42Nan-tu 42Nancy 138, 144, 148, 229, 230Nanking 130, 163, 324, 339, 347, 355Nantes 69, 107, 223Nantwich 105Naples 86, 91, 102, 199, 245Narbonne 68, 210

Narew 239Nauheim 5, 109Nawa 310Naxos 63Ndemba 19, 21Ndongo kingdom 19Neckar valley 138Necker, Jacques . 206, 220, 226Negapatam 306,308Negus 16Nei-chiang 51, 81Nei-uiu-iu 126, 127Nejd, the 57, 59', 60Nenquin, Jacques 4, 5Neretva river 91, 102Netherlands 265Neuburg 93Neuchatel 228Nevada 12New Orleans 113New Tang History 55New York 12, 103, 113, 136, 138,

153Newcastle 105Newehwang 118, 170Newfoundland 224Nice 86Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine

emperor 63Nicopolis 64Niedernhall 109, 149Nieh T'ang-ku 171Nien rebellion 180Niger 15, 17, 21, 156Nigeria 16, 22Nijni Novgorod 113Nile 28Ninghsia 52, 55, 75, 76, 134, 182,

335,336Ningpo 332, 333, 339Nishapur 36, 58, 60Nobelindustries 145Noirmoutier 67,69Nongpo 122Norfolk 5Normandy 67, 69, 107, 216North Areot 305Northern Dvina 111Northwich 139, 143, 147Norway 223, 224, 245Novgorod 92Novosibirsk 153

Index 409

Nymegen 211

O-an 325Over-t'ai 132Ocna-Mures 150Oder river 236Ohio 153oil 32, 33, 36, 37, 68, 100, 148, 153

162 'Oirat 181Okha 286, 294, 295, 296, 317Okha salt works 161Olbia 29Old T'ang History 55Omeljan Pritsak 65Onondaga 12, 153Ontario 152Orange 91,96Ordos 52, 124Oregon 13, 15Orenburg 112Orinoco river 12Orissa 71, 159, 286, 292, 308, 317Ormuz 60, 158Orontes river 35Osaka 155Osh Turfan 61Ost~nd 103, 214, 245, 246, 247Ostia 29, 31, 41Otavalo 11, 113Otogh lakes 52Otto 1, Holy Roman emperor 68, 92Otto II, Holy Roman emperor 177Ottoman empire 57, 65, 101, 115,

157-9, 162, 182, 231, 242, 244,253, 257, 259-83, 284, 285, 312321 '

Oudh 116Overijssel 138Oxfordshire 69

P'eng-ch'i 132P'eng-shui 51, 81P'iao-an 165P'ing-kuei 330P'ing-nan-kuei 339, 340, 344P'o-yang 117Pa, kingdom of 42Pachbadra 286, 311Pacific Alkali Company 171Padua 194

Pages, Georges 222Pago 64, 65, 89, 90, 102, 186, 187,

199, 235, 240, 241, 247Par-ching 336, 337Pai-sha 54Pakhoi 121, 339Palatinate 211, 216, 245Palavaram 305, 311Palermo 101, 102, 200Palmyra 36Pamphylia 30, 64Pan Ku 42,43Panchungling 169Pantanal 12, 14Paotow 173Papal States 245Para 154Paraguay 12Parana 154Paris 86, 148, 156, 206, 209, 212,

214, 216, 228Parma 237Paros 63Pas-de-Calais 138Patna 290, 313Pays de Grande Gabelle 205, 207-9Pays de Petite Gabelle 205, 207-9Pays de Salines 207, 211, 212, 216,

219, 220, 222, 223, 224, 230Pays exempts 207, 214, 215 216 220

270 ' , ,

Pays redimees 207, 208, 212, 213, 214,215, 220, 248, 270

Pazin 240Peace of Westphalia 211, 244, 246Peccais 90, 91, 107, 108, 148, 205,

210, 216, 220, 224, 228Pei-ching 132Peking 76, 77, 117, 119, 125, 127,

164, 166, 184, 203, 252, 271, 323,329, 342, 345, 355, 356, 357

Pelusium 28, 30Pemba 19, 156Pennsylvania 153pepper 55, 74, 102, 118, 193, 195Pepperers 95Perekop 64, 65, 113, 115, 152, 261Perigord 212Pernambuco 154Peru 9Perugia 198Petrus Bonus 201

410 Index

Phanar 115Philip II, king of Spain 101, 103,

104, 108, 183, 245Philip IV, king of Spain 108Philip IV, king of France 205, 229Phocea 115, 157, 158, 269, 271, 274,

275, 276, 278Phoenicians 6Phrygia 58Piacenza 218Pien-an 164, 165Pien-chou 53pimento 13-15pineapples 22Piran 89, 90, 102, 185, 186, 187, 199,

235, 240, 241Pisa 86,90Pissard, M. Leon 267Plate 102Pliny 7, 30, 31, 34, 36, 37, 41, 177,

269,285Plutarch 8Po river 102, 182, 198Po-hai 39Podlachia 240Pohai Chemical Industries

company 171Poitou 94, 212, 214Pola 185Poland 150, 153, 199, 231, 239, 240,

241, 243, 245, 248, 250, 257, 258Polanyi, Karl 12Pomposa 89Pondicherry 305Pont-Saint-Esprit 91poppy 118pork 29, 33, 35, 47, 55, 57, 74, 100,

118, 141, 222Port Hedland 155Port Said 159, 160, 296, 297, 313Port Said Salt Association 159Porto 68Portugal 29, 94, 208, 245Posen 239potatoes 12, 22, 117Potosi 113, 142Pozsony 250Prague 250, 251, 255, 257Priene 28Provence 86, 90, 91, 107, 205, 209,

210,248Provveditori al Sal 183, 197, 184

Proooeditori di Sanita 199, 200Prussia 92, 110, 149, 245Przemysl 239Pu Yang 43Public debt administration

(Ottoman) 259, 262, 264, 266,267, 268, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274,276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 282, 283,284, 312, 321

Puits a Muire 96, 211Pukow 166, 168, 323, 350Punjab 38, 61, 116, 161, 287, 290,

291Punjab Salt Range 37, 177Pydna 28Pyrenees 91

Quarantia 183Quart Bouillon 107, 154, 207, 214,

215, 216, 220Questenburg, Caspar von 251Quito 11, 13

Ragusa 64, 87, 102, 185Railway Board 289Rain, Johann Frieduich von 234Raittenau, Wolf Dietrich von 237Rajasthan 38, 49, 61, 62, 116Rajput Pratiharas 37Rajputana 116, 161, 286, 290, 300,

307Rakoczi , Ferenc II 243Rangoon 160Rann of Kutch 38, 49, 160, 285, 287,

298rape 118Ras al-Makhbaz 31, 61, 87, 89, 186Rastatt 245Ratnagiri 301Ravenna 30, 89, 182Rawalpindi 37Recife 113, 154Red sea 15, 146, 151, 159, 160, 161,

272,282Reichenbach, Georg von 110, 140Reichenhall 93, 109, 110, 140, 149,

228, 236, 237, 238, 239, 253, 256,257

Reiffenstuhl, Hans 110, 140, 237,238

Restitutianus Cornelianus 33Reval 92,94

Index 411

Rhazes 201Rhenania 147Rhine 108, 139, 150, 199, 220, 237,

256Rhodesia 156Rhone 90, 91, 94, 97, 107, 205, 209,

210rice 22, 37, 38, 45, 74, 116, 117, 118,

137, 141, 155, 261, 313, 319Richelieu, cardinal 211, 216, 217,

225, 226, 229, 232, 256Richthausen, Johann Konrad 235Riga 92,112Rio de Janeiro 154Rio Grande do Norte 154Rio Negro 12River Transportation company 169River Weaver Navigation act

(1721) 106Riyadh 60Rochefort 208Romagna 185, 198Roman empire 4, 6, 8, 28, 29-35,

39, 49, 55, 66-70, 210, 233Romania 150, 231Rome 296Ronaszek 111, 149, 150, 242, 243,

248Roscoff 217Rosenheim 149Rosenmein 110Rosetta 157, 261Rouen 69Roussillon 91Rovigo 185Ruaha valley 21Rudolf II, emperor 234, 237, 238Rudolf the Founder, duke 236Ruhr valley 139, 140Rumelia 157, 158, 269, 281Runcorn 146Rus 47,65Russell, Lord John 265Russia 111-14, 136, 138, 151-3,263,

265, 270, 283Rustichello da Pisa 202Rutilius Namatianus 30, 41Rwanda 16, 18, 21

Saarland 228Sables-d'Olonne 224Sacapulas 10

Saindhavas 38Saint Malo 6Saint-Laurent-de-la Bree 209Sainte Menhould 222Saintonge 94, 107, 208, 209, 212,

213Salamanca 103Salamis 28Salem (Germany) 93, 238Salem (India) 305Salif 158, 159, 269, 276, 281, 282Salignac 208Salinas Grandes 12Salins 96, 97, 108, 109, 140, 144,

148, 211, 212, 216, 225, 228, 230Salona 64Salonika 157, 158, 269, 271, 274, 277Salsomaggiore 218, 237Salt Chamber of Commerce 146Salt Importers' Association of

Bengal 296Salt Union 146, 159, 296Salt Wharf 95Saltville 113, 153Salvador 10Salwarp 67Salzburg 4, 93, 110, 150, 230, 236,

237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 248Salzkaminergut group 110Salzkammer 233Salzkammergut 93, 149,232, 233,

234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240,241, 242, 248, 252, 253, 257

Salzmonopol 232, 247, 248, 250, 254,255, 259, 270, 271, 279, 284

Samarkand 66Samarra 57,58Sambhar 116, 124, 160, 161, 162,

173, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291,292, 294, 298, 300, 305, 307, 308,310, 311, 312, 314, 334

Samos 64, 268Samsun 271San Lazaro 64, 186, 199San Lucar de Barrameda 63, 87, 94,

96, 151San Luis 12, 154San Luiz 113Sang Hung-yang 44, 197,204Sanikatta 301, 302Sankt Peterhof 92Santa Catalina de las Salinas 11, 113

412 Index

Santa Maura 102Santo Domingo 113Sao Paulo 154Saratov 112Sardinia 86, 90Saruhan 115Saurashtrakas 38Sauvirakas 38Sava 187Savoy 107, 108, 245Saxony 149Schaffhausen 228, 256Schiappalaria 103Schonbrunn 247Schonebeck 109, 149Schouwen 103Schuster, George Sir 294Schwabisch Hall 93, 108, 109, 138,

149,244Schweizerhalle 138, 239Schwyz 228Scythians 29Sebaa 269Sebastiano Ziani, doge of

Venice 183Sebastopol 64, 152Sebenico 64, 102, 185, 186, 187, 199sebkhas 48, 75, 86, 87, 90, 124, 133,

186, 189, 261, 269, 318, 335Seerdt 271Seifferheld, Georg Friedrich 108Seille valley 5, 68, 148Seine river 94, 97, 107, 209Sejanus 68Selim I, sultan 261Selim II, sultan 261Senans 140Sendivogius 234Senegal 16, 22, 60, 156Senussi 156Septimius Severus, Roman

emperor 33Serbia 158, 231, 276, 281Serenissima 182, 185, 186, 195, 197,

198, 201, 231, 240, 258, 262sesame 118, 124Setubal 62, 63, 94, 96, 102-7,

112-14, 154, 224, 230, 239, 246Severn Valley 69Seville 63, 67, 102, 103, 113Sforza, Francesco 200Sha-chuan-tse 173

Shah Abbas 262shai 48, 52, 71, 77, 78, 79, 82, 84,

120, 122, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131,133, 136, 137, 140, 154, 159, 160,162, 167, 169, 170, 172, 241

shai-sh« 120, 121shai-shui 120--22Shanghai 42, 81, 123, 171, 185, 271,

332,347Shansi 39, 48, 50, 52, 55, 75, 123,

124, 134, 330, 334, 335, 349, 350,356

Shantung 39, 40, 49, 51, 54, 76, 78,82, 123, 126-30, 133, 166-8, 172,182, 190, 330, 331, 336, 339, 340,342, 356

Shao-hsing 122, 332, 333Shark bay 155Shawneetown 12, 113She-hung 132Shen-kan 164Shensi 39, 52, 75, 131, 133, 134,

330, 334, 335, 336, 342, 349, 356Shih-chi 40Shih-erh-we i 83, 169, 324, 325, 326,

331, 339, 341, 343Shih-fang 42Shih-kao ching 132Shih -se 123Shikoku 155Shiroda 301Shropshire 69Shu, kingdom of 39-41,44,46, 79,

180Shun-chih, emperor 131Shuo-fang 55Shuster, W. Morgan 266Siam 118, 140, 152Sian 133, 356Siberia 112, 113, 153Sicania 28Sicily 28, 29, 62, 64, 66, 86, 101, 200Sigean 210Sigismund of the Tyrol ,

archduke 236Silesia 98, 231, 236, 257Silivri 115Simla 286Sinan 261Sind 38, 297, 299, 301, 302Singapore 158, 276Sining 336

Index 413

Sinju 83Sinkiang 60, 164, 172, 173Sinkiang Salt Administration 172Sinzendorf, Georg Ludwig von 232,

250Siponto 62, 64, 89Sirr 60Sivas 157, 269Siwa 28,30Skane 92, 103Slanic 115, 150slave trade 15, 145, 156slaves 17, 18, 20, 21, 45, 46, 57, 65Slovakia 111, 240, 242, 253Slovenia 187Smyrna 102, 115, 157, 158, 269, 271,

272, 273, 281Sofia 271Sogdia 44Sokoto 16Soligalic 112Solikamsk 112Solinus Salzthal 235Solothurn 228Solvay process 142, 143, 147, 148,

151, 166, 171, 229, 244Somalia 58Somes 242Songhay 16Soochou 122Soochow 332Sooden 68, 109Soong, T. V. 204Soovar 111, 149, 242, 243, 248, 252sorghum 16Sorley , H . T. 293South Manchurian railway 168South Shields 105Soviet Union 139, 152, 153soy 74, 118, 119, 142Spain 8, 29, 62-4, 66, 69, 88, 96, 97,

102, 150, 151, 199, 211, 228, 293,297

Speyer 108, 244, 245Spinalonga 262Spire 228Spoleto 64, 198Ssu-ch'uan yen fa-chih (Treatise on the

salt laws of Szechwan) 41, 51,80, 181

Ssu-chou 53Ssu-ma Ch'ien 40, 41, 42, 43, 45

St Gallen 228, 256St Helens 106, 146St Mary's, York 67St Petersburg 103St Thomas 12St Valery-en-Caux 209St Valery-sur-Somme 209Staffordshire 139Stagno 64, 240Stalingrad 112Stanley, H . M. 18Staraya Russa 112Stassfurt 93, 138, 139, 143, 149, 150Staszic, Stanislaw 111Stato da Mar 184, 185Stato da Terra 184, 185, 187, 190,

193, 206, 218Stelvio 255, 256Stilfserjoch 255, 256Strabo 6, 29, 30, 31, 36, 37, 158Strachey, Sir John 287, 316Strahov 251Strasbourg 108, 148, 211Strathie, D. N. 293, 296, 297Strugnano 240Stuttgart 109Styria 230, 233, 235Su wu-shu 122, 166, 213, 332, 333,

339,340Su-tsung, emperor 52Suabia 236, 244, 256Subiaco 68, 177Sublime Porte 263Suez 318sugar 13, 37, 39, 57, 112, 114, 141,

154, 193, 261Sui dynasty 51Sui-ning 81Suiyuan 55Sukhoma 111Sultan of Toro 19Sultanpur 61Sulz 109, 149Sulza 109Sumadi 305Sun Shih-i 329Sun Yat-sen 183, 352Sunderland 105Sundgau 256Sung dynasty 43, 50, 72-85, 99, 122,

154,202Sung-chou 53

414 Index

Sung-kiang 42, 166, 333, 339Sung-shih 76, 78Sungari river 323Sungkiang 122Surat 287, 298, 301, 307Susa 36Swatow 333, 339Swaziland 16sweet potatoes 22, 117Switzerland 97, 107, 139, 185, 198,

199, 211, 216, 224, 228, 231, 236,237, 238, 239, 255, 256

Synesius of Cyrene 59Syracuse 113, 153Syria 36, 58, 60, 61, 90, 102, 142,

270,272Szamos 242, 252Szatmar 242Szechwan 39, 41, 42, 46, 51, 52, 54,

72, 75, 76, 79, 80, 82, 105, 112,114, 117-19, 130-4, 137-40, 154,162-9, 171, 172, 180, 181, 218, .230, 247, 248, 258, 270, 272, 322,323, 324, 326, 327, 330, 331, 336,339, 340, 344, 347, 350, 351, 353,354,356

Szemao 132, 336

T ai, river 40T'ai -chou 325, 332, 339, 356T'ai-tsung, emperor 50, 55, 73Tang Chi-yao 355Tang dynasty 47, 48-56, 71, 72, 75,

76, 79, 83, 85, 154, 166, 168, 178,180, 202, 322, 337, 338, 357

T'ang-ch'ao-ch'u 60T'ang-ku 342Tao Chu 129, 130, 131, 169, 272,

322, 323, 324, 326, 327, 328, 329,331

T'ien -shui 39To, river 42, 51, 132, 165T'ung-ch'uan 81, 132Tung-chou 122, 170, 325, 356T'ung-ta 170, 171T'ung-yi works 170Ta-ning 79Ta-pan 60Taghaza 16, 17, 20Tai-shan 122Tai -tsung, emperor 52, 72, 178Taiping rebellion 129, 163, 169, 322,

326, 328, 332, 334, 352, 353Taiwan 126, 140, 152, 155, 182, 185,

333Taiyuan 335Takamatsu 155Tali 132, 336Tamil Nadu 49, 71, 161Tanganyika 156Tanzania 19Tanzimat 259, 263, 264, 278, 280,

281Tao-kuang 122, 126, 322, 328Taoism 47, 48, 51Taoudenni 16, 17, 18, 20, 21Tarentum 29Tariff Board 158, 159, 160, 161, 285,

292, 294, 297, 317Tarim basin 61Tarragona 87Tawantinsuyu 13Teesside 138, 147Teguidda 16, 17Tennessee 113Tenochtitlan 10Terra da Mar 102Teuditz 110, 139, 149Texas 136, 138, 153Teyma 60Thames river 5, 35, 69, 70, 105Thana 287, 300, 301, 317Theodosia 64, 152Theophilus, Byzantine emperor 64Thessalonika 28, 63Thessaly 200Thirty Years' War 199, 211, 216,

226, 233, 256Thrace 28, 268Thucydides 28Thurgau 228Thuringia 109Tiber river 29, 32, 35, 49, 68, 177Tibet 79, 126, 173Tien-mou 121Tientsin 99, 125, 126, 130, 166, 167,

168, 170, 171, 184, 190, 323, 328,329, 341, 342, 350, 356, 357

Tilly 257Timbuktu 17, 18, 20tin 28, 132Ting Pao-chen 41, 164, 181, 322,

323, 324, 326, 327, 328, 353Ting-chou 121

Index 415

Ting-hai 122Tinos 63Tirant 10 blanc 9Tirgu-Ocna 150Toba Wei 50tobacco 3, 13-15, 22, 114, 166, 188,

206, 264, 266, 268, 274, 278, 279,354

Tobolsk 113Tokat 157Tolen 95, 103Tolfa 86tomatoes 117Torda 111, 149, 150, 242, 243, 248Tortosa 62, 86, 87, 102Toulon 86Toulouse 6, 68, 148

. Tragasae 28Trajan, Roman emperor 36Trans-Siberian railway 153Transvaal 19Transylvania 111, 177, 232, 241,

242, 243, 248, 253, 258Trapani 31, 101, 102, 151, 159, 186,

198, 245, 318Trau 64Traun 233, 234Traunkirchen 233Traunstein 110, 149, 238, 239, 256Travancore 49, 71Treaty of Ryswick 228Trebizond 157, 268, 269, 271Trier 29, 69, 108, 211, 216, 227, 228Trieste 148, 240, 241, 246Tripoli 61, 89, 269Trois Eveches 211Ts'ai Ch'uan 126Ts'ai-Ching 72, 73, 75, 79, 204Ts'en Ch'un-hsuan 324Ts'ing-ho 172, 173Tsai-tse , duke 220, 346, 347Tseng Kuo-fan 163, 169, 322, 323,

324, 326, 327, 329Tsinan 168, 190, 330, 342Tsingtao 168Tso Tsung-t'ang 164, 326, 332, 353,

354Tsui Ao 50Tu Yu 50Tuareg of Air 20Tuaregs 17, 59, 156Tubingen 237

Tung-kuo Hsien-yang 44Tung-t'ing 117Tunisia 61, 62, 266, 281Tupi indians 14, 15Turfan 60, 61Turgor, Anne Robert Jacques 214,

226, 227Turkey 58, 61, 90, 102, 151, 158,

260, 267, 276, 277, 281, 282Turk islands 152Tuscany 86, 91, 151Tusi 16Tuticorin 161, 303, 305, 306, 308,

313,320tuz emin 260Tuz Golu 8, 30, 158, 269Tuzkoy 269Tuzla 243, 244, 247, 269Tyneside 105, 106, 139, 143, 146,

147Tyrnau 252Tyrol 5, 149, 199, 236Tzu-chou 51, 81Tzu-kung 162, 165Tzu-liu-ching 42, 139, 162, 163, 164,

165, 167,327, 339, 352

Udu 299Ufa 113Ufficiodel Sal 183, 184, 188, 189,

190, 194, 195, 196, 204, 231, 247Uganda 18, 19, 21Ugogo 21Ujvar-Sugatag 242, 248Ukraine 111, 113, 153Umbria 28Union Salinera de Espana of

Barcelona 296United Alkali company 143United Kingdom 105United Provinces 290,300,312United States 136, 138-47, 151-3Unterwald 228Upanishads 27Upper Tisza valIey 243Upper Volta 16Uri 228Uruguay 154Urumchi 61Uskudar 158Usole Sibirskoye 153Utica 31

416 Index

Utrecht 245Uvinza 18, 21, 156Uyuni 113Uzhgorod 153

Val Camonica 255Valais 227, 228, 245Valence 91Valencia 62, 63, 88Valens, Roman emperor 33Valentinian I, Roman emperor 33,

233Valhikas 38Valladolid 230Valona 64,269Valtelline 199, 255, 256Vardar 157Vaud 108, 245Vazquez de Espinosa 11, 12, 113Vedas 27Veii 29Veneto 184, 192Venezuela 9, 12Venice 31, 63, 64, 65, 68, 87-90, 92,

94, 101, 102, 104, 106, 108, 112,150, 177-203, 204, 205, 206, 207,217, 218, 221, 225, 227, 229, 230,231, 235, 240, 241, 245, 247, 250,251, 253, 255, 256, 258, 260, 262,313, 314, 318, 321, 350

Vera Cruz 113Verona 194Veyne, Paul 32Via Salaria 29Vic 5,6,69Vienna 230, 235, 241, 242, 244, 245,

246, 247, 250, 252, 255, 257, 258,263,268

Vietnam 185Vikings 67,69,92,94, 103Vilui 153Vindolanda 35Virginia 113, 153Vistula river 239, 240Vizagapatam 305Vladivostok 168Volga river 112, 113, 152Volo 200Vologda 112Volta river 156Voltaire 223Volterra 151

von Sanders, Liman 280Vorarlberg 256Vychegda 111

Waitz von Eschen 109Wallachia 8, 115, 150Walton 5Wan -an 325Wan-hsien 51Wan-Ii emperor 76, 78Wang An-shih 73Wang Ch'eng 129Wang Chien, king of Shu 79, 180Wang Mang, emperor 24,39,42,

44,178Wang Yen-ch'uan 170Wang-kang 127Wao 318Warcha 37, 161, 292, 311Warsaw 153, 240Warwickshire 69Wash, the 5, 70Weald, the 7Weaver river 106, 140Wei basin 131, 133Wei, kingdom of 43,76Wei-yuan 51Weissbach 109Wejh 59,60Wells, Peter 4Wenchow 332,333Werl 139West river 119, 355West Sunit 55West Virginia 138, 153Western Australia 155Western Europe 47, 48, 61, 67, 70,

71, 72, 85, 117, 139, 242Westminister abbey 69Whitby 67White Lotus rebellion 126, 182White Russia 98White Sea 111Widnes 143, 146, 147Wieliczka 96-8, 110, 111, 149, 150,

202, 236, 239, 240, 242, 248, 250,257, 275

Wigan 106Wilhelmshall 149Wilton 138, 147Wimpfen 138wine 19, 33, 68, 69, 213, 223, 238

Index 417

Winnington 143, 146, 147Winsford 106, 139, 146, 147Winterswijk 138, 139wood 28, 46, 52, 67, 79, 83, 96, 97,

106, 112, 119, 132, 139, 140, 144,148, 212, 223, 225, 260, 321

Wood, Sir Charles 286wool 106, 193, 233Worcester 67, 162, 165Worcestershire 67, 68, 69, 70, 95,

105Wu, kingdom of 39, 42, 50, 51, 53,

55,76Wu-su basin 61Wuchow 344, 355Wuhan 190, 191Wurttemberg 5, 93, 109, 138, 149,

238,239

Yaguana 113Yakub Beg 164Yakutia 153yam s 16, 20, 22Yamvsh 113Yami 11, 13Yang clan 42, 51Yang Kuei-fei 51Yang Ying-chu 121Yang-chou 53, 54, 83, 182, 190, 202Yangchow 169,324,325, 341, 343,

356Yangtze river 39, 42, 51, 53, 54,

81-3, 117, 119-22, 128-30, 132,164-9, 171, 185, 218, 323, 324,325, 326, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334,339, 340, 343, 344

Yarkand 61Yellow river 50, 75, 78, 125-7, 134,

182, 334, 335, 336, 342, 357Yemen 158, 159, 269, 276, 281Yen Ch'i 74Yen Hsi-shan 356Yen, kingdom of 127Yen-ch'eng 53yen-cheng 40, 43, 45, 49, 72, 123,

180, 201, 230, 231, 321, 334, 338,348, 350, 351

Yen-cheng tsa-chih (SaltAdministration Miscellany) 179

Yen-ching 77

Yen-chou 52Yen-t'ieh lun (Discourses on salt and

iron) 43,73Yen-t 'ing 51Yin-rang, prince 125, 126Yocalla 113Yoruba 16, 22Yu, emperor 40Yu-kung 40Yu-yao 122, 123, 332, 339Yuan dynasty 50, 72, 75-8, 83, 84,

94, 121-4, 204, 218, 348, 355Yuan Shih-k'ai 328, 342, 347, 354,

355,357Yuan-shih 74, 78, 84Yuan-ti, emperor 44Yucatan 10, 19, 41, 49, 113Yueh-chou 53Yugoslavia 244Yun-ch'eng 124, 341, 349Yun-yang 51, 79, 81Yung-ch 'iao 53Yung-cheng emperor 84, 122, 125,

126, 130, 131, 133, 328Yung-fou 127Yung-li 127, 171Yung-p'ing fu 329Yunnan 131-3, 164, 166, 185, 190,

218, 326, 334, 336, 337, 344, 347,355,356

Zambezi 18Zara 64, 89, 185, 186Zarzis 61, 89Zealand 246Zecca 192Zeeland 95, 103, 105Zend Avesta 27Zevenbergen 103Zimbabwe 16zinc 132Zipaquira 11Zollverein 238Zoutpansberg 19Zug 228Zungharia 113, 182Zurich 228, 256Zweibrucken 228Zwettl 255