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SPECIAL SENSORY SYSTEM
MAKALAH TUTORIAL CASE VI
Infeksi Tenggorokan
Tutorial D3
Vania Amanda Putri 121 0211 200
Agnes Listyanakristi P 121 0211 053
Nur Aulia Intan 121 0211 001
Marlin Feriani 121 0211 128
Titan Muhammad R 121 0211 110
Siska Sulistyowati 121 0211 120
Fitrianisya Wahyu 121 0211 029
M Hargo Tegar L 121 0211 143
Yohana Merrynda S 121 0211 174
Putri Fazartika S 121 0211 184
Ahmad Buldani 111 0211 201
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
UNIVERSITAS PEMBANGUNAN NASIONAL VETERAN JAKARTA
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KATA PENGANTAR
Assalamualaikum wr. wb.
Salam sejahtera bagi umatnya
Puji dan syukur kami panjatkan ke hadirat Allah Yang Maha Kuasa, karena atas rahmat
dan karunia-Nya, kami dapat menyelesaikan makalah tutorial ini. Penyusun mengucapkan terima
kasih kepada dr.Mashoedoyo, selaku tutor utama D3 yang hadir dalam proses tutorial kami
terutama dalam pembahasan kasus Infeksi Tenggorokan dalam blok Spesial Sensory System
(SSS) yang telah memberikan bimbingan dan arahan sehingga makalah ini dapat diselesaikan
tepat pada waktunya.
Makalah ini adalah sebuah intisari dari hal-hal yang telah kami pelajari selama tutorial
berlangsung. Makalah ini dibuat agar kami dapat mengerti lebih dalam, tentang bahasan kasus
dalam tutorial dan sebagai acuan pembelajaranbagi kita semua. Semoga makalah ini dapat
bermanfaat bagi semua yang membacanya dan dapat diambil hikmahnya.
Kami sadar makalah ini masih jauh dari sebuah kata kesempurnaan, namun mudah-
mudahan kita semua dapat mengambil semua ajaran yang terdapat di dalamnya. Kami
mengucapkan terima kasih atas perhatian saudara.
Jakarta, 3April 2015
Tutorial D-3 FK UPNVJ
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DAFTAR ISI
Cover........ 1
Kata Pengantar......................................................................................................... 2
Daftar Isi.................................................................................................. 3
Bab I : Kasus Pemicu ........................................................................................................ 4
Bab II : Learning Progress Report ....5
2.1Terminologi
2.2Problem
2.3Hipotesis
2.4Mekanisme
2.5I Dont Know
2.6Learning Issues
Bab III : Pembahasan Learning Issues.... 7
Daftar pustaka.......................... 37
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76/,5-T/,5-'4- 96936'/*7 8,'57-2-' 4-'5 1,+63*/ ?,'?,' D-816462; HB'+,8 =-8-/,'- 4-'5
3,-+-'4- 1,+63*/ /B'+,8 +-:- /6286/-7 1, 1-8-9 >B+- /B'+,8; @-1- 7*/*3 -/-+ /B'+,8 +62,'57-8,
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"A
1,/69*7-' ?68-0 ,'/2-/B'+,8 4-'5 962*=-7-' +,+- 7-'/B'5 >-2,'5 4-'5 761*-; E*/*3 3-D-0
/B'+,8 3,-+-'4- 96867-/ =-1- 1-+-2 8,1-0;
@629*7--' 961,-8 /B'+,8 36'/*7'4- 362-'67- 2-5-9 1-' 969=*'4-, ?68-0 4-'5 1,+63*/
72,=/*+; \=,/68 4-'5 968-=,+, /B'+,8 ,-8-0 6=,/68 +7*-9B+- 4-'5 :*5- 968,=*/, 72,=/*+; J,
1-8-9 72,=/*+ 3,-+-'4- 3,-+-'4- 1,/69*7-' 86*7B+,/( 8,9>B+,/( 6=,/68 4-'5 /6286=-+( 3-7/62,
1-' +,+- 9-7-'-';
@629*7--' 8-/62-8 /B'+,8 96867-/ =-1- >-+,- >-2,'5 4-'5 +62,'5 :*5- 1,+63*/ 7-=+*8 /B'+,8;
E-=+*8 ,', /,1-7 96867-/ 62-/ =-1- B/B/ >-2,'5( +60,'55- 9*1-0 1,8-7*7-' 1,+67+, =-1-
/B'+,867/B9,;HB'+,8 96'1-=-/ 1-2-0 1-2, -;=-8-/,'- 9,'B2( -;=-8-/,'- -+?6'16'+( ?-3-'5
/B'+,8 -;9-7+,8- 67+/62'-( -;>-2,'5 -+?6'16'+ 1-' -;8,'5*-8,+ 1B2+-8;
HB'+,8 8,'5*-8 /6286/-7 1, 1-+-2 8,1-0 1-' 1,3-5, 96':-1, 1*- B860 8,5-96'/*9
58B+B6=,58B/,7-; J, 5-2,+ /6'5-0( 1, +6368-0 -'/62,B2 9-++- ,', /621-=-/ >B2-96' +67*9 =-1-
-=67+( 4-,/* +*1*/ 4-'5 /6236'/*7 B860 =-=,8- +,27*9W-8-/-; H69=-/ ,', 7-1-'5T7-1-'5
96'*':*77-' =6':-8-2-' 1*7/*+ /,2B58B+*+ 1-' +6?-2- 78,',7 962*=-7-' /69=-/ =6'/,'5 3,8-
-1- 9-++- /,2B,1 8,'5*-8 Y8,'5*-8 /042B,1Z -/-* 7,+/- 1*7/*+ /,2B58B+*+;
b'>67+, 1-=-/ /62:-1, 1, -'/-2- 7-=+*8 /B'+,8- 1-' 2*-'5-' +67,/-2 :-2,'5-' 1-' 1-=-/ 968*-+
76-/-+ =-1- 1-+-2 =-8-/*9 9B86 +63-5-, -3+6+ =62,/B'+,8-2;
C222*'5+, *'/*7 968,'1*'5, 58B/,+ 76/,7- 96'68-' 9,'*9-' -/-* 3B8*+ 9-7-'-' =-1- +--/
3B8*+ /62+63*/ 96'*:* 76 +,'*+ =,2,>B29,+ Y9*-2- 58B/,+ 3-5,-' 961,-8 1-' 8-/62-8 /621-=-/
2*-'5-'Z 1-' 76 6+B>-5*+( '62W*+ 8-2,'5 +*=62,B2 362:-8-' 1,3-D-0 1-+-2 +,'*+ =,2,>B29,+
=-1- /,-= +,+, 8-2,'5B>-2,'5; R,'*+ =,2,>B29,+ /6286/-7 1, -'/-2- 8,=-/-' -2,6=,58B/,7- 1-'
7-2/,8-5B /,2B,1; )-/-+ -'/62,B2'4- -1-8-0 8-2,'5( 3-/-+ ,'>62,B2 -1-8-0 6+B>-5*+ +62/- 3-/-+
=B+/62,B2 -1-8-0 W62/632- +62W,7-8; V63,0 76 3-D-0 8-5, /621-=-/ B/B/TB/B/ 1-2, 8-9,'-
72,7B,1 1-' 1, 3-D-0'4- /621-=-/ 9*-2- 6+B>-5*+;
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"_
),8- 8-2,'5B>-2,'5 1,=62,7+- 16'5-' 7-?- /6'55B2B7 =-1- =6962,7+--' 8-2,'5 /,1-7 8-'5+*'5
-/-* 16'5-' 8-2,'5B+7B= =-1- =6962,7+--' 8-2,'5 8-'5+*'5( 9-7- +/2*7/*2 =62/-9- 4-'5
/-9=-7 1, 3-D-0 1-+-2 8,1-0 ,-8-0 W-867*8-; )-5,-' ,', 962*=-7-' 1*- 3*-0 ?67*'5-' 4-'5
1,36'/*7 B860 8,5-96'/*9 58B+B6=,58B/,7- 961,-8 1-' 8,5-96'/*9 58B+B6=,58B/,7- 8-/62-8
=-1- /,-= +,+,; I-867*8- 1,+63*/ :*5- g 7-'/B'5 =,8h Y =,88 =B?76/+Z( +63-3 =-1- 36362-=-
B2-'5( 7-1-'5T7-1-'5 3,8- 96'68-' =,8 -7-' /62+-'57*/ 1,+,/*;
J,3-D-0 W-867*8- /621-=-/ 6=,58B/,+; @-1- 3-4, 6=,58B/,+ ,', 36236'/*7 B965- 1-'
=627693-'5-''4- -7-' 863,0 96863-2( 96+7,=*' 7-1-'5T7-1-'5 36'/*7 ,'>-'/,8 Y36'/*7
B965-Z ,', /6/-= +-9=-, 16D-+-; J-8-9 =627693-'5-''4-( 6=,58B/,+ ,', 1-=-/ 96':-1,
169,7,-' 863-2 1-' /,=,+'4- +60,'55- =-1- =6962,7+--' 8-2,'5B+7B=, /,1-7 8-'5+*'5 /-9=-7
96'*/*=, =,/- +*-2-; \=,58B/,+ 362>*'5+, :*5- *'/*7 968,'1*'5, Y=2B/67+,Z 58B/,+ 76/,7-
96'68-' 9,'*9-' -/-* 3B8*+ 9-7-'-'( =-1- +--/ 3B8*+ /62+63*/ 96'*:* 76 +,'*+
=,2,>B29,+ 1-' 76 6+B>-5*+;#
`62W*+ 8-2,'5 +*=62,B2 362:-8-' 1,3-D-0 1-+-2 +,'*+ =,2,>B29,+
=-1- /,-= +,+, 8-2,'5B>-2,'5; ]-8 ,', =6'/,'5 *'/*7 1,76/-0*, =-1- =69362,-' -'6+/6+,- 8B7-8
1, >-2,'5 1-' 8-2,'5 =-1- /,'1-7-' 8-2,'5B+7B=, 8-'5+*'5;
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"M
.",-(0-G-&
H=>61686
^-2,'5,/,+ -1-8-0 76-1--' ,'>8-9-+, =-1- +/2*7/*2 9*7B+-( +*39*7B+- /6'55B2B7-';
i-2,'5-' 4-'5 9*'57,' /628,3-/ -'/-2- 8-,' B2B>-2,'5( '-+B>-2,'5( 0,=B>-2,'5( /B'+,8 1-' -16'B,1;
*364;4A6
^-2,'5,/,+ 962*=-7-' =62-1-'5-' 1,'1,'5 >-2,'5 4-'5 1-=-/ 1,+63-37-' -7,3-/ ,'>67+,
9-*=*' 'B' ,'>67+,; )-'4-7 9,?2BB25-',+9 4-'5 1-=-/ 96'463-37-' >-2,'5,/,+( W,2*+ Y%KT_KjZ
3-7/62, YAT%KjZ; !"#$%&'()&* ,%&-#"# 962*=-7-' =6'463-3 >-2,'5,/,+ 4-'5 =-8,'5 3-'4-7
/62,16'/,>,7-+, 16'5-' P0,'BW,2*+ Yk#KjZ 1-' ?B2B'-W,2*+6+ YkAjZ; R68-,' ,/* :*5- -1- ./01-"/2'
,%&-#3 4'&'%/01-"/2' ,%&-#3 '5"/),%&-#3 6"&$"# #%7$1"8 ,%&-# (*$" 9:;3 67+, ]bI :*5- 1-=-/ 96'463-37-'
/62:-1,'4- >-2,'5,/,+;
^-2,'5,/,+ 4-'5 1,+63-37-' B860 3-7/62, 3,-+-'4- B860 52*= DE$*)@"/"# 16'5-' AT"Aj
=6'463-3 >-2,'5,/,+ =-1- B2-'5 16D-+-; S2B*= & +/26=/B?B??*+ 962*=-7-' =6'463-3 >-2,'5,/,+
4-'5 */-9- =-1- -'-7T-'-7 362*+,- AT"A /-0*'( ,', :-2-'5 1,/69*7-' =-1- -'-7 362*+,-
l$/-0*'; )-7/62, =6'463-3 >-2,'5,/,+ 4-'5 8-,''4- Yl"jZ -'/-2- 8-,' F"%##"&%' @)/)&&G)"'"3
-2,'5,/,+; )-'4-7 -'-7T-'-7 1-' B2-'5 16D-+- 96'5-8-9, $TA 7-8, ,'>67+, W,2*+ =-1- +-8*2-'
=62'->-+-' -/-+ /629-+*7 >-2,'5,/,+; R6?-2- 58B3-8 1, 1*',- ,', W,2-8 >-2,'5,/,+ 962*=-7-'
=6'463-3 */-9- +6+6B2-'5 -3+6' 36762:- -/-* +67B8-0; F'(%)/'1 ?7H-1'()&* K"5%='1
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".
D-&,"* 96'*':*77-' k#KK 7*':*'5-' 76 1B7/62 /,-= "KKK =B=*8-+, -'/-2- /-0*' "N.KT"NN_
-1-8-0 7-26'- W,2-8 >-2,'5,/,+; I,2-8 >-2,'5,/,+ 96'462-'5 +69*- 2-+( 6/',+ 1-' :6',+ 768-9,'; I,2-8
>-2,'5,/,+ 96'462-'5 -'-7T-'-7 1-' B2-'5 16D-+- 1-' 863,0 +62,'5 =-1- -'-7T-'-7; @*'?-7
,'+,16'+, 3-?/62,-8 1-' W,2-8 >-2,'5,/,+ -1-8-0 =-1- -'-7T-'-7 *+,- %TM/-0*'; ^-2,'5,/,+ 4-'5
1,+63-37-' ,'>67+, 52*= - +/26=/B?B??*+ :-2-'5 1,:*9=-, =-1- -'-7 362*+,- l$ /-0*';
+234A=1=868
@-1- >-2,'5,/,+ 4-'5 1,+63-37-' ,'>67+,( 3-7/62, -/-*=*' W,2*+ 1-=-/ +6?-2- 8-'5+*'5
96'5,'W-+, 9*7B+- >-2,'5 96'463-37-' 26+=B' ,'>8-9-+, 8B7-8; E*9-' 96'5,'>,8/2-+, 8-=,+-'
6=,/68( 769*1,-' 3,8- 6=,/68 /627,7,+ 9-7- :-2,'5-' 8,9>B,1 +*=62>,+,-8 3626-7+,( /62:-1,
=6936'1*'5-' 2-1-'5 16'5-' ,'>,8/2-+, 86*7B+,/ =B8,9B2>B'*786-2; @-1- +/-1,*9 -D-8 /621-=-/
0,=6269,( 769*1,-' 6169- 1-' +6726+, 4-'5 96','57-/; \7+*1-/ 9*8-T9*8- +62B+- /-=,
96':-1, 96'63-8 1-' 769*1,-' ?6'12*'5 96':-1, 762,'5 1-' 1-=-/ 96867-/ =-1- 1,'1,'5
>-2,'5; J6'5-' 0,=6269,( =693*8*0 1-2-0 1,'1,'5 >-2,'5 96':-1, 863-2; )6'/*7 +*93-/-' 4-'5
362D-2'- 7*','5( =*/,0 -/-* -3*T-3* /621-=-/ 1-8-9 >B8,768 -/-* :-2,'5-' 8,9>B,1; H-9=-7
3-0D- >B8,768 8,9>B,1 1-' 362?-7T362?-7 =-1- 1,'1,'5 >-2,'5 =B+/62,B2( -/-* /6286/-7 863,0 76
8-/62-8( 96':-1, 962-1-'5 1-' 96936'57-7; I,2*+TW,2*+ +6=62/, !G%/),%&-# 1-' -2,'5 -7,3-/ +6726+, '-+-8;b'>67+, +/26=/B?B??-8 969,8,7, 7-2-7/62,+/,7 70*+*+ 4-,/* ,'W-+, 8B7-8 1-' =686=-+-'
"8(&'="11-1'& ()8%/# 1-' =2B/6-+6 4-'5 1-=-/ 96'463-37-' 762*+-7-' :-2,'5-' 4-'5 063-/
7-26'- >2-596' < =2B/6,' 1-2, S2B*= & +/26=/B?B??*+ 969,8,7, +/2*7/*2 4-'5 +-9- 16'5-'
+-27B869- =-1- 94B?-21 1-' 1,0*3*'57-' 16'5-' 169-9 206*9-/,? 1-' 762*+-7-' 7-/*3
:-'/*'5; R68-,' ,/* :*5- 1-=-/ 96'463-37-' -7*/ 58B962*8B'6>2,/,+ 7-26'- >*'5+, 58B962*8*+
/625-'55* -7,3-/ /6236'/*7'4- 7B9=867+ -'/,56'T-'/,3B1,;
%;286>69286 .2
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"N
P,'BW,2*+ 96',93*87-' 56:-8- 20,',/,+ 1-' 36362-=- 0-2, 769*1,-' -7-' 96',93*87-'
>-2,'5,/,+; J69-9 1,+62/-, 2,'B26-( 9*-8( '462, /6'55B2B7-' 1-' +*8,/ 96'68-'; @-1-
=6962,7+--' /-9=-7 >-2,'5 1-' /B'+,8 0,=6269,+; I,2*+ ,'>8*6'X-( -2,'5 1-' 86+, 7*8,/ 362*=- 7'=-1)$'$-1'& &'#GE
025K2< LJMJ 76
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#K
362?-7$"("=G%'"=-1- =-8-/*9 1-' >-2,'5; E686':-2 8,9>- 86062 -'/62,B2 96936+-2( 76'4-8 1-'
'462, =-1- =6'67-'-';
025K2< LJMJ &3-2,'5,/,+
-7,3-/ ,'>67+, +/26=/B?B??*+ 52B*= &( 3,8- +7B2 "T$ 9-7- =-+,6' 969,8,7, 769*'57,-' %Kj
/62,'>67+, +/26=/B?B??*+ 52B*= & 1-' 3,8- +7B2 % =-+,6' 969,8,7, 769*'57,'-' AKj /62,'>67+,
+/26=/B?B??*+ 52B*= &;
OJ .2
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#"
.2-2,'5,/,+
72B',7 -/2B>,; ^-7/B2 =261,+=B+,+, =2B+6+ 2-1-'5 72B',7 1, >-2,'5 -1-8-0 20,',/,+ 72B',7( +,'*+,/,+(
,2,/-+, 72B',7 B860 2B7B7( 9,'*9 -8?B0B8( ,'0-8-+, *-= 4-'5 962-'5+-'5 9*7B+- >-2,'5 1-'
163*; ^-7/B2 8-,' =6'463-3 /62:-1,'4- >-2,'5,/,+ 72B',7 -1-8-0 =-+,6' 4-'5 362'->-+ 968-8*,
9*8*/ 7-26'- 0,1*'5'4- /62+*93-/;
2J .2-2,'5; H-9=-7
7686':-2 8,9>- 1, 3-D-0 9*7B+- >-2,'5 1-' 8-/62-8 3-'1 0,=62=8-+,; @-1- =6962,7+--' /-9=-7
9*7B+- 1,'1,'5 =B+/62,B2 /,1-7 2-/- 1-' 36258-'*8-2;
KJ .2
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##
/62-3- 1-' '462, 3,8- 1,/67-' 1-' 3,8- 1,8-7*7-' =6962,7+--' 1-2-0 9*'57,' 1,:*9=-,
=6','57-/-' 8-:* 6'1-= 1-2-0 1-' 86*7B+,/;
H62A14868
F'/*7 96'65-77-' 1,-5'B+,+ >-2,'5,/,+ 1-=-/ 1,9*8-, 1-2, -'-9'6+- 4-'5 ?629-/ 1-'
1,8-7*7-' =6962,7+--' /69=62-/*26 /*3*0 1-' 6W-8*-+, /6'55B2B7-'( +,'*+( /68,'5-( 0,1*'5 1-'
86062; @-1- >-2,'5,/,+ 1-=-/ 1,:*9=-, >-2,'5 4-'5 0,=6269,+( 67+*1-/( /B'+,8 4-'5 96936+-2 1-'
0,=6269,+( =6936+-2-' 7686':-2 56/-0 36','5 1, 86062;
+=5=-2,'5,/,+ -7,3-/ ,'>67+, 3-7/62, +/26=/B?B??*+
52B*= &
T JG&)'( =-1(-&"
`-9*' =-1- *9*9'4- =62-' 1,-5'B+/,? =-1- 8-3B2-/B2,*9 1-' 2-1,B8B5, /623-/-+;
+=1232;29821221
@-1- W,2-8 >-2,'5,/,+ =-+,6' 1,-':*27-' *'/*7 ,+/,2-0-/( 9,'*9 4-'5 ?*7*= 1-' 3627*9*2
16'5-' -,2 4-'5 0-'5-/; &'-856/,7- 1,362,7-' :,7- =628*; &'/,W,2*+ 96/,+B=2,'B8 Y,+B=26'B+,'6Z
1,362,7-' =-1- ,'>67+, 062=6+ +,9=867+ 16'5-' 1B+,+ _KT"KK95L75)) 1,3-5, 1-8-9 %T_7-8,
=69362,-'L0-2, =-1- B2-'5 16D-+- 1-' =-1- -'-7 lA/-0*' 1,362,7-' AK95L75)3 1,3-5, 1-8-9
%T_ 7-8, =69362,-'L0-2,;
@-1- >-2,'5,/,+ -7,3-/ 3-7/62, /62*/-9- 3,8- 1,1*5- =6'463-3'4- +/26=/B?B??*+ 52B*= &1,362,7-' -'/,3,B/,7 4-,/* @6',?,88,' S )6'X-/,' AK;KKK FL75))Lb< 1B+,+ /*'55-8 -/-* -9B7+,+,8,'
AK95L75)) 1B+,+ 1,3-5, $7-8,L0-2, +68-9- "K 0-2, 1-' =-1- 16D-+- $OAKK95 +68-9- _T"K 0-2,
-/-* 62,/2B9,+,' %OAKK95L0-2,; R68-,' -'/,3,B/,7 :*5- 1,362,7-' 7B2/,7B+/62B,1 7-26'- +/62B,1
/68-0 96'*':*7-' =623-,7-' 78,',+ 7-26'- 1-=-/ 96'67-' 26-7+, ,'>8-9-+,; R/62B,1 4-'5 1-=-/
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#$
1,362,7-' 362*=- 167+-96/-+B' .T"_95Lb< +67-8, 1-' =-1- -'-7T-'-7 K(K.TK($ 95L75))Lb-2,'5,/,+ -7,3-/ 3-7/62, 1-=-/ 1,362,7-' -'-856/,7( -'/,=,26/,7
1-' 1,-':*27-' =-+,6' *'/*7 3627*9*2T7*9*2 16'5-' 96'55*'-7-' -,2 0-'5-/ -/-* -'/,+6=/,7;
@-1- >-2,'5,/,+ 72B',7 0,=62=8-+/,7 1,8-7*7-' /62-=, 8B7-8 16'5-' 968-7*7-' 7-*+/,7
>-2,'5 16'5-' 969-7-, X-/ 7,9,- 8-2*/-' ',/2-+ -256'/, -/-* 16'5-' 8,+/2,7 Y"1"=(&) ='-("&Z;
@6'5B3-/-' +,9=/B9-/,+ 1,362,7-' B3-/ 7*9*2( :,7- 1,=628*7-' 1-=-/ 1,362,7-'' B3-/ 3-/*7
-'/,/*+,> -/-* 67+=6/B2-'; @6'4-7,/ =-1- 0,1*'5 1-' +,'*+ =-2-'-+-8 0-2*+ 1,B3-/,; @-1-
>-2,'5,/,+ 72B',7 -/2B>, =6'5B3-/-''4- 1,/*:*7-' =-1- 20,',/,+ -/2B>, 1-' *'/*7 >-2,'5,/,+ 72B',7
-/2B>, 0-'4- 1,/-93-07-' 16'5-' B3-/ 7*9*2 1-' =-+,6' 1,+*2*0 96':-5- 76362+,0-' 9*8*/;
+-2,'56-8; R68-,' ,/* :*5- 1-=-/ /62:-1, 7B9=8,7-+, 8-,'
362*=- +6=/,769,-( 96','5,/,+( 58B962*8B'6>2,/,+( 169-9 269-/,7 -7*/; ]-8 ,', /62:-1, +6?-2-=627B'/*,'-/*9( 8,9>B56',7 9-*=*' 069-/B56',7;
P6E=
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#%
# @6936+-2-' 96'?-=-, *7*2-' 9-7+,9-8 =-1- *+,- =2-T+67B8-0 1-' *+,- +67B8-0
-D-8( +67,/-2 *+,- _TN /-0*'
# P61*7+, /62:-1, +=B'/-' 7*2-'5 863,0 =-1- *+,- "% /-0*'
#
R60,'55-( /B'+,8 -16'B,1 :-2-'5 1,/628,0-/ 96936+-2 =-1- *+,- ".T#K /-0*'
\=,169,B8B5,
# V63,0 +62,'5 /62:-1, =-1- -'-7T-'-7( 1-8-9 26'/-'5 *+,- AT"% /-0*'
# ^267*6'+, -'/-2- =2,- m D-',/-
\/,B8B5,
# @6936+-2-' -3'B29-8 =-1- -16'B,1( 1-=-/ 1,=,?* B860 G
o P,D-4-/ +62-'5-' bR@& 362*8-'5
o &7,3-/ =-:-'-' -86256' +=6+,>,7L26-7+, -8625,
o P,D-4-/ ,'>67+, =-1- :-2,'5-' -16'B,1
o &16'B,1 4-'5 96'5-8-9, 765-5-8-' 261*7+, +=B'/-' +69=*2'-
o ^-7/B2 56'6/,7 4-'5 96'463-37-' =261,+=B+,+, -'-/B9, 969,8,7, :-2,'5-'
-16'B,1 4-'5 36+-2 +6:-7 8-0,2
# E68*0-' 4-'5 /62:-1, -7,3-/ 0,=62/2B>, -16'B,1 1,=6'5-2*0, B860 # >-7/B2 G
o F7*2-' :-2,'5-' 8,9>B,1 4-'5 96936+-2
o F7*2-' 8*-+ 1-2, 2B'55- '-+B>-2,'5
-+ 968-8*, 9*8*/( +60,'55- 70-+ 1-=-/ 9*'?*8 >-?,6+ -16'B,1( 1-'
3626+,7B 96'5-8-9, >-2,'5,/,+ 0,'55- 32B'?0,/,+ 4-'5 72B',+ 1-' 362*8-'5
# R*-2- +6'5-*( 3-* 9*8*/( 3,3,2 762,'5
# S-'55*-' 12-,'-+6 +,'*+( 1-=-/ 96'463-37-' /,93*8'4- 768*0-' 0,1*'5
/62+*93-/( 2,'B2206- =62+,+/6' 1-' +,'*+,/,+ 72B',+
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25/37
#A
# S-'55*-' W6'/,8-+, /68,'5- /6'5-0 -7,3-/ +*93-/-' =-1- 9*-2- /*3- 6*+/-?0,*+
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# @-1- 36'/*7 4-'5 863,0 67+/269 1-' =-2-0 1-=-/ 96'5-7,3-/7- 26/-21-+, 96'/-8
1-' 5-'55*-' /*93*0T7693-'5 =-1- -'-7
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# P,'B+7B=, &'/62,B2 1-' @B+/62,B2
o H62/-0-''4- 562-7-' W68*9 =-8-/*9 9B886 =-1- D-7/* >B'-+,
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# @6962,7+--' P-1,B8B5,
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o J,/69*7-' 5-93-2-' B=-7 4-'5 962*=-7-' =6936+-2-' =-1-
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o .Kj 7-+*+ 96'5-8-9, 261*7+, 3629-7'- *7*2-' -16'B,1 " /,1-7 =628*
/,'1-7-' B=62-/,>
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#_
# H62-=, B=62-/,>
o J,8-7*7-' :,7- 96'55-'55* >*'5+, 'B29-8 1-2, +-8-0 +-/* +/2*7/*2
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o b'1,7-+, G
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$ @-8-/*9 9B886 4-'5 =6'167
$
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72,9;
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#M
EB9=8,7-+, 1-' @2B5'B+,+
# EB9=8,7-+, 1-2, 0,=62/2B>, -16'B,1 4-'5 /,1-7 1,/-'5-', G
o @6'*2*'-' 7*-8,/-+ 0,1*=
o S-'55*-' /*93*0 7693-'5 =-1- -'-7
o EB2 =*89B'-86
o &='6-
o S-'55*-' 0,1*'5 [ /68,'5- 4-'5 362+,>-/ 72B',+
# ],=62/2B>, -16'B,1 4-'5 +6562- 1,/-'5-', :,7- 36256:-8- 969,8,7, =2B5'B+,+ 4-'5
3-,7;
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16'5-' 1,+62/-, 1,+>-5,- 1-' 169-9 Y
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#.
%;286>69286
>,-/4 &2+4-1(177(#KKM Z 4-,/* G
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@6'463-3 4-'5 =-8,'5 +62,'5 -1-8-0 W,2*+ A$#("%/ C'&&; ]69B>,8*+ ,'>8*6'X-6 962*=-7-'
=6'463-3 /B'+,8,/,+ -7*/ +*=*2-/,>; i,7- /62:-1, ,'>67+, W,2*+ =)8#=G'>%"( 9-7- =-1- =6962,7+--'
2B'55- 9*8*/ -7-' /-9=-7 8*7-T8*7- 76?,8 =-1- =-8-/*9 1-' /B'+,8 4-'5 +-'5-/ '462, 1,2-+-7-'
=-+,6';
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+63-5-, +/26= /02B-/( ='6*9B7B7*+( R/26=/B7B7*+ W,2,1-'( R/26=/B7B7*+ =,B56'6+; b'>,8/2-+,
3-7/62, =-1- 8-=,+-' 6=,/68 :-2,'5-' /B'+,8 -7-' 96',93*87-' 26-7+, 2-1-'5 362*=- 768*-2'4-
86*7B+,/ =B8,9B2>B'*786-2 +60,'55- /6236'/*7 16/2,/*+; )6'/*7 /B'+,8,/,+ -7*/ 16'5-' 16/2,/*+
4-'5 :68-+ 1,+63*/ /B'+,8,/,+ >B8,7*8-2,+; ),8- 362?-7T362?-7 16/2,/*+ ,', 96':-1, +-/*( 96936'/*7
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" HB'+,8,/,+ /62,HB'+,8,/,+ 1,>62, 962*=-7-' /B'+,8,/,+ 4-'5 1,+63-37-' 7*9-'
7/24/2019 makalah case 6 .pdf
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#N
=621-2-0-' 1, 9*7B+- 9*8*/( 5*+, 1-' 1, 3-D-0 7*8,/ +60,'55- 7*8,/ /-9=-7 362?-7 763,2*-';
" HB'+,8,+ E2B',7
HB'+,8,/,+ 72B',7 /,93*8 7-26'- 2-'5+-'5-' 4-'5 96'-0*' 1-2, 2B7B7( 36362-=- :6',+ 9-7-'-'(
0,5,6'6 9*8*/ 4-'5 3*2*7( =6'5-2*0 ?*-?-( 76868-0-' >,+,7( 1-' =6'5B3-/-' /B'+,8,/,+ -7*/ 4-'5
/,1-7 -167*-/;
" HB'+,8,/,+ >-8,7*8-2,
HB'+,8 96936'57-7 1-' 0,=6269,+( =629*7--''4- 1,8,=*/, 67+*1-/ 1,8,=*/, 362?-7 =*/,0 4-'5
96'5,+, 7,=/, /B'+,8 4-'5 1,+63*/ 16/2,/*+;J6/2,/*+ ,', /621-=-/ 86*7B+,/( 6=,/68 4-'5 /6286=-+
-7,3-/ =62-1-'5-' 1-' +,+-T+,+- 9-7-'-' 4-'5 /62+-'57*/;
" HB'+,8,/,+ V-7*'-2,+
),8- 362?-7 4-'5 362167-/-' 362+-/* 1-' 96'5,+, 8-?*'- Y867*7T867*7Z =629*7--' /B'+,8;
*364;4A6
@6'463-3 */-9- /B'+,8,/,+ -1-8-0 7*9-' 5B8B'5-' +/26=/B7B7*+ Y+/26=/B7*+ o +/26=/B7B7*+ p
069B84?,/*+( W,2,1,-'+ 1-' =4B56'6+6+Z( =6'463-3 4-'5 8-,' 4-,/* ,'>67+, W,2*+ ,'>8*6'X-( +62/-
062=6+ Y`-'1-( #KK.Z; b'>67+, ,', /62:-1, =-1- 0,1*'5 L >-2,'5 96'463-2 968-8*, +,+/69 8,9=- 76
/B'+,8 0,=62/02B=, 4-'5 1,+63-37-' B860 ,'>67+, 3,+- 96'463-37-' /B'+,8 96936'57-7 +60,'55-
3,+- 96'50-93-/ 768*-2 9-+*7 *1-2-; AKj 3-7/62, 962*=-7-' =6'463-3'4-; HB'+,8 3,+-
1,7-8-07-' B860 3-7/62, 9-*=*' W,2*+( +60,'55- 96936'57-7 1-' 962-1-'5( 1-' :*5-96'463-37-' /B'+,8,/,+ YP66W6+( #KK"Z;
+234>6864;4A6
)-7/62, -/-* W,2*+ 969-+*7, /*3*0 968-8*, 0,1*'5 -/-* 9*8*/; &9-'168 -/-* /B'+,8 362=62-'
+63-5-, >,8/62( 96'468,9*/, B25-',+96 4-'5 3623-0-4- /62+63*/; ]-8 ,', -7-' 969,?* /*3*0
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E*9-' 96'5,'>,8/2-+, 8-=,+-' 6=,/68( 3,8- 6=,/68 /627,7,+ 9-7- :-2,'5-' 8,9>B,1 +*=62>,?,-896'5-1-7-' 26-7+,; H621-=-/ =6936'1*'5-' 2-1-'5 16'5-' ,'>,8/2-+, 86*7B+,/ =B8,
9B2>B'*786-2; @2B+6+ ,', +6?-2- 78,',7 /-9=-7 =-1- 7B2=*+ /B'+,8 4-'5 362,+, 362?-7 7*','5 4-'5
1,+63*/ 16/2,/*+; J6/2,/*+ 962*=-7-' 7*9=*8-' 86*7B+,/( 3-7/62, 1-' 6=,/68 4-'5 /6286=-+( +*-/*
/B'+,88,/,+ -7*/ 16'5-' 16/2,/*+ 1,+63*/ /B'+,88,/,+ >-8,7*8-2,+( 3,8- 362?-7 16/2,/*+ 362167-/-'
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$K
96':-1, +-/* 9-7- /62:-1, /B'+,88,/,+ 8-7*'-2,+; HB'+,8,/,+ 1,9*8-, 16'5-' 56:-8- +-7,/
/6'55B2B7-' 2,'5-' 0,'55- 96':-1, =-2-0; @-+,6' 0-'4- 96'568*0 962-+- +-7,/
/6'55B2B7-''4- +60,'55- 36206'/, 9-7-'; HB'+,8,/,+ 1-=-/ 96'463-37-' 76+*7-2-' 96'68-'(
=-'-+( 36'57-7( 1-' 7686':-2 56/-0 36','5 96869-0 1,1-8-9 1-62-0 +*3 9-'1,3*862( +-7,/
=-1- +6'1, 1-' B/B/( 761,'5,'-'( +68*2*0 /*3*0 +-7,/( +-7,/ 76=-8- 1-' 3,-+-'4- +-7,/ =-1-
/68,'5-; R6726+, 4-'5 362863,0 9693*-/ =-+,6' 96'568*0 +*7-2 96'68-'( 368-7-'5 /6'55B2B7-'
-7-' /62-+- 96'56'/-8; ]-8T0-8 4-'5 /,1-7 96'46'-'57-' /62+63*/ 3,-+-'4- 362-70,2 +6/68-0
M# :-9;
),8- 362?-7 96863-2( 863,0 36+-2 8-5, +60,'55- /6236'/*7 96932-' +69* Y@+6*1B96932-'Z(
+61-'57-' =-1- /B'+,88,/,+ 72B',7 /62:-1, 7-26'- =2B+6+ 2-1-'5 362*8-'5 9-7- 6=,/68 9*7B+-
1-' :-2,'5-' 8,9>B,1 /627,7,+; R60,'55- =-1- =2B+6+ =6'4693*0-'( :-2,'5-' 8,9>B,1 1,5-'/,
:-2,'5-' =-2*/; i-2,'5-' ,', -7-' 96'5762*/ +60,'55- 2*-'5 -'/-2- 768B9=B7 96863-2 Y72,=/*+Z
4-'5 -7-' 1,,+, B860 16/2,/*+( =2B+6+ ,', 968*-+ +60,'55- 96'693*+ 7-=+*8 1-' -70,2'4- /,93*8
=6286'576/-' 16'5-' :-2,'5-' +67,/-2 >B+- /B'+,8-2,+; @-1- -'-7 =2B+6+ ,', 1,+62/-, 16'5-'
=6936+-2-' 7686':-2 8,9>6 +*39-'1,3*8-;
)216>=83286 %;6169
" S6:-8- /B'+,8,/,+ -'/-2- 8-,' G +-7,/ /6'55B2B7-'( 169-9( 1-' 76+*8,/-' 1-8-9 96'68-';
#
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$ J, 9*8-, 16'5-' +-7,/ /6'55B2B7-' 4-'5 2,'5-' 0,'55- =-2-0( +-7,/ 96'67-'
/627-1-'5 9*'/-0; @-1- /B'+,8,/,+ 1-=-/ 96'5-7,3-/7-' 767-93*0-' +-7,/
/6'55B2B7-' 1-' 768*-2 '-'-0 =-1- 867*7-' /B'+,8;
% S-93-2-' /B'+,8,/,+ 72B',+ G '462, /68-'( 3-07-' 1-=-/ 96'5,'>67+, /68,'5- 3-5,-'
/6'5-0( 9,+-8 =2B+6+ 362:-8-''4- 72B',+( /,'57-/ 26'1-0'4- 4-'5 =-1- -70,2'4-
96'463-37-' 76/*8,-' =629-'6' Y)-*509-'( #KK#Z
+*)*,-%&""( H-"0(B&G-%
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*'/*7 96'4,'57,27-' 7B'1,+, +,+/69,7 -/-* 7B'1,+, 4-'5 3627-,/-'; F+-= /B'+,8-2 1,7*8/*2 *'/*7
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$"
96'6'/*7-' -1-'4- ,'>67+, 3-7/62,; i,7- /B'+,8 -16'B,1 ,7*/ /62,'>67+, 9-7- 1-=-/
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0-2*+ 1,362,7-' =6962,7+--' -*1,B96/,7 +6?-2- 96'468*2*0 +6'+,/,W,/-+L 26+,+/6'+, 1-=-/ 1-=-/
1,8-7*7-' :,7- 1,=628*7-';
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^-2,'5,/,+ 962*=-7' 7B9=8,7-+, /B'+,8,/,+ 4-'5 =-8,'5 3-'4-7 1,1-=-/; J69-9 269-/,7( '6>2,/,+
1-=-/ /,93*8 -=-3,8- =6'463-3 /B'+,8,/,+'4- -1-8-0 7*9-' +/26=/B7B7*+;
EB9=8,7-+, 4-'5 8-,' 1-=-/ 362*=- G
" &3+6+ =62/B'+,8
H62:-1, 1,-/-+ /B'+,8 1-8-9 :-2,'5-' =,8-2 -'/62,B2 1-' =-8-/*9 9B86( -3+6+ ,', /62:-1, 36362-=-
0-2, +6/68-0 ,'>67+, -7*/ 1-' 3,-+-'4- 1,+63-37-' B860 +/26=/B?B??*+ 52B*= & Y RB6=-21,( \>>,-/4
&2+4-1(177; #KKM Z;
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b'>67+, 1-=-/ 96'463-2 76 /68,'5- /6'5-0 968-8*, /*3- -*1,/B2,*+ Y6*+/B?0,Z 1-' 1-=-/
96'5-7,3-/7-' B/,/,+ 961,- 4-'5 1-=-/ 96'5-2-0 =-1- 2*=/*2 +=B'/-' 56'1-'5 /68,'5- Y
RB6=-21,( \>>,-/4 &2+4-1(177; #KKM Z;
"
67+, 76 1-8-9 +68T+68 9-+/B,1 Y
RB6=-21,( \>>,-/4 &2+4-1(177; #KKM Z;
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$#
-+-' 1-' +/-/*+ '*/2,+,'4-;
i,7- =6236+-2-' /B'+,8 96'*/*=, :-8-' '->-+( 9-7- =628* 1,8-7*7-' /B'+,867/B9,( 169,7,-' :*5-
:,7- =6936+-2-' /B'+,8 96'463-37-' 76+*8,/-' 96'68-' 1-' '462, +--/ 96'68-'( 96'463-37-'
=6'*2*'-' '->+* 9-7-' L -'B267+,-; @-1- =6'162,/- /B'+,88,/,+ 4-'5 /,1-7 969628*7-' /,'1-7-'
B=62-/,> Y/B'+,867/B9,Z( =628* 1,8-7*7-' B2-8 045,6'6 *'/*7 96'50,'1-2, =628*-+-' ,'>67+,(
+61-'57-' *'/*7 96'5*3-0'4- 1-=-/ 1,362,7-' -'/,3,B/,?( B3-/ 7*9*2 1-' W,/-9,' Q 1-' );
@69-'/-*-' =-1- =6'162,/- =-+?- /B'+,867/B9, +6?-2- 7B'/,'* 1,=628*7-' 7-26'- 26+,7B
7B9=8,7-+, 069B22-50,; @B+,+, 4-'5 =-8,'5 969362,7-' 76'4-9-'-' -1-8-0 76=-8- 1,=-8,'57-'
76+-9=,'5 *'/*7 969*'57,'7-' 12-,'-56 1-2, 9*8*/ 1-' >-2,'5 *'/*7 96'?65-0 -+=,2-+,; i-8-'
'->-+ B2-8 /,1-7 1,86=-+7-' +-9=-, =-+,6' 96'*':*77-' 26>867 96'68-'4- /68-0 =*8,0;
i,7- =-+,6' 969*'/-07-' 3-'4-7 1-2-0 16'5-' D-2'- 4-'5 362*3-0 -/-* 362D-2'- 962-0
/62-'5 =-1- ,'/62W-8 4-'5 +62,'5( -/-* 3,8- >267*6'+, '-1, 1-' =62'->-+-' 96','57-/ 1-' =-+,6'
568,+-0( +6562- 362,/-0* 1B7/62 361-0; @62-D-/ 0-2*+ 969=*'4-, -8-/ 4-'5 1,+,-=7-' *'/*7
96962,7+- /69-=/ B=62-+, /620-1-= =621-2-0-'( +*9362 ?-0-4-( ?629,'( 7-+-( '69B+/-/86'57*'5 1-' 3-+,' =693*-'5; i,7- =628* 1,8-7*7-' /*5-+( 9-7- =-+,6' 1,3-D- 76 2*-'5
B=62-+,( 1,8-7*7-' -'-+/6+, *9*2 *'/*796':-0,/ =693*8*0 4-'5 3621-2-0; i,7- /,1-7 /62:-1,
=621-2-0-' 3628-':*/ 362, =-+,6' -,2 1-' +6+-=-' 6+; @-+,6' 1,,'+/2*7+,7-' *'/*7 96'50,'1-2,
3-'4-7 3,?-2- 1-' 36'/*7 7-26'- 0-8 ,', -7-' 96'463-37-' '462, /6'57B2-7;
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+-'5-/ 3625*'- 1-8-9 96'5-/-+, 86'162 4-'5 76'/-8 4-'5 9*'57,' -1-; J,6/ ?-,2-' -/-* +69,
?-,2 1,362,7-' +68-9- 36362-=- 0-2, +6236/ 1-' 568-/,' -1-8-0 9-7-'-' 4-'5 1-=-/ 1,362,7-';
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$$
Q2 (284>267+, W,2*+ \=+/6,' )-22 Y\)IZ
1,=627,2-7-' /629-+*7 >-7/B2 =6'/,'5 1-8-9 =627693-'5-' @Q; -7/B2 26+,7B 4-'5 /627-,/
16'5-' =6'463-3 @Q 1,-'/-2-'4- -1-8-0 7B'+*9+, ,7-' 4-'5 1,-+,'7-' +6?-2- 362863,0-'
=-1- *+,- 1,',( 7B'+*9+, /,'55, 9-7-'-' 4-'5 1,-D6/7-' -/-* 1,>6296'/-+,7-'( +62/-
962B7B7; &=-3,8- -1- 768*-25-( 16'5-' 5-2,+ 76/*2*'-' =62/-9- 4-'5 /6276'- `@Q( 96267-
:*5- 969,8,7, 26+,7B /,'55, /6276'- 7-'762 0,1*'5 ,',( 1,3-'1,'57-' 16'5-' 96267- 4-'5
768*-25-'4- /,1-7 969,8,7, 2,D-4-/ `@Q;
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R,'5-=*2-; ]-8 ,', 3,+- :-1, 7-26'- 56'62-+, 9*1- +--/ ,', 969,8,7, 863,0 3-'4-7 =,8,0-' 9-7-'-'
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$%
1-' 7B'+*9+, 26'1-0 -7-' ,7-' 4-'5 1,-+,'7-' +62/- 3-0-' 9-7-'-' 4-'5
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J-0-7LV6'1,2 4-'5 362?-9=*2 1-2-0
S6:-8- =-1- /68,'5-( /629-+*7 /62+*93-/'4- /68,'5-( +*-2- 36216'5*'5( 3627*2-'5'4-
=6'16'5-2-'
R-7,/ 76=-8-
V6062 96936'57-7 -7,3-/ =6936+-2-' 7686':-2 56/-0 36','5
E68B=-7 9-/- 96'*2*'( =6'58,0-/-' 5-'1-( D-:-0 763-+ -7,3-/ 1-2, /62:-'57,/'4- +-2-> 72-',-8
S6:-8- 1-2, 7-'762 +/-1,*9 8-':*/ +6=62/, 760,8-'5-' 362-/ 3-1-'( ?6=-/ 86/,0( '462, =-1- /*8-'5(
1+3;
R--/ 1,?*2,5-, -1-'4- 7-'762 0,1*'5( 1B7/62 &'1- 1-=-/ 968-7*7-' ,'+=67+, =-1- 3-5,-'
368-7-'5 8*3-'5 0,1*'5 16'5-' 96'55*'-7-' '-'B+?B=6; R63*-0 +68-'5 4-'5 >867+,368
1,9-+*77-' 76 1-8-9 8*3-'5 0,1*'5 96'*:* 3-5,-' 368-7-'5 2B'55- 9*8*/( 1-' 1-62-0 4-'5
96'*':*77-' =62/*93*0-' -3'B29-8 1-=-/ 1,3,B=+, *'/*7 1,=-+/,7-' /,'57-/ 765-'-+-''4-
+6?-2- =-/B8B5,; &=-3,8- 7686':-2 56/-0 36','5 1,/69*7-'( 3,B=+, 16'5-' :-2*9 1-=-/ :*5-
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$A
)-5-,9-'- 96'56W-8*-+, @Qc
@2B5'B+,+ 1-' =,8,0-' =6'5B3-/-' +-'5-/ /625-'/*'5 =-1- /-0-= =62/*93*0-' @Q;
)62,7*/ ,', -1-8-0 3620*3*'5-' 16'5-' 7-'762 +/-1,*9 8-':*/ 1-' B860 +63-3 ,/* 26+,7B
7693-8,'4- 7-'762 ,', :*5- 96':-1, 863,0 /,'55,G
H68-0 /62:-1, ,'W-+, =-1- 3-5,-' 1-+-2 /6'57B2-7 B860 /*9B2 */-9- Y+/-1,*9 bbbZ
H62:-'57,/'4- 3-5,-' +67,/-2 +-2-> 72-',-8 Y+/-1,*9 bI&Z( 4-'5 1-=-/ /628,0-/ :68-+ 1-2,
96'*2*''4- 768B=-7 9-/-( =6'58,0-/-' 5-'1-( 1+3;
@6936+-2-' 7686':-2 56/-0 36','5 =-1- 86062( 70*+*+'4- +--/ 7686':-2 863,0 36+-2 1-2, _-9
YR/-1,*9 bI)Z( 96'462-'5 761*- +,+, 86062 YR/-1,*9 bbbZ( -/-* /62:-'57,/'4- 7686':-2 =-1- 3-5,-'
1-+-2 86062( =62+,+ 1,-/-+ /*8-'5 +68-'57- Y+*=2-?8-W,?*8-2 >B++-Z C YR/-1,*9 bI)Z;
J-62-0 4-'5 =-8,'5 +62,'5 /62:-1, 96/-+/-+,+ 3,8- /6276'- @Q -1-8-0 /*8-'5( =-2*T=-2*( 1-'
0-/,; @-+,6' 16'5-' 7-'762 +/-1,*9 bIQ 1,-2-07-' =-1- =2B+61*2 =6'5B3-/-' =-88,-/,W6
G232 C298212
F'/*7 =-+,6' 16'5-' 7-'762 @Q `B'T96/-+/-+,+ Y+/-1,*9 b 0,'55- bI)Z( =6'5B3-/-' */-9-
4-'5 -7-' 1,:-8-', -1-8-0 2-1,B/62-=,;
P-1,B/62-=, 96'55*'-7-' +,'-2 6'625, /,'55, *'/*7 9693*'*0 +68 7-'762; R,'-2 2-1,B/62-=,
0-'4- -7-' 969=6'5-2*0, +68 =-1- -26- =6'5B3-/-'; @-1- =6'5B3-/-' @Q( -26- 4-'5 4-'5
96'5-8-9, =6'5B3-/-' 968,=*/, 2*-'5 3-5,-' 368-7-'5 0,1*'5 +62/- 761*- +,+, 86062; H67',7
2-1,-+, /623-2*( +6=62/, b9-56TS*,161 P-1,-/,B' H062-=4 YbSPHZ( 1-=-/ 96'5,2,9 +,'-2 2-1,-+,
=-1- -26- 4-'5 1,/*:* 16'5-' 863,0 -7*2-/( +60,'55- 96'50-+,87-' =6'56'1-8,-' /*9B2 4-'5
863,0 /62-2-0 16'5-' 6>67 +-9=,'5 9,',9-8; Y/629-+*7 3627*2-'5'4- 9*8*/ 762,'5Z;
P-1,B/62-=, 962*=-7-' =,8,0-' =6'5B3-/-' 3,8- 7-'762 0,1*'5 Y`@QZ 9-+,0 362-1- 1-8-9
+/-1,*9 -D-8;
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$_
F'/*7 =-+,6' 16'5-' /*9B2 +/-1,*9 8-':*/ Y,'W-+, =-1- 3-5,-' 1-+-2 /6'57B2-7 -/-* /62:-1,
16>,+,/ +-2-> 72-',-8Z 1-'L-/-* /,'55,'4- 'B1-8 +/-56 Y=6936'57-7-' 7686':-2( 7686':-2 86062
3,8-/62-8 -/-* 7686':-2 4-'5 96'?-=-, 3-5,-' 1-+-2 86062Z( =2B+61*2 769B/62-=, -7-'
1,7B93,'-+,7-' 16'5-' 2-1,B/62-=, *'/*7 969=6236+-2 6>67 =6'5B3-/-';
@,8,0-' =2B+61*2 361-0 =-1- =6'5B3-/-' @Q +-'5-/8-0 /623-/-+; )61-0 1-=-/
1,=62/,93-'57-' 3,8- =-+,6' 969,8,7, /*9B2 4-'5 /*93*0 7693-8, 0-'4- =-1- 3-5,-' 368-7-'5
2B'55- 0,1*'5 +-:-; )61-0 86062 :*5- 1-=-/ 1,=62/,93-'57-' 3,8- =-+,6' /6/-= 96'5-8-9,
=6936'57-7-' =-1- 7686':-2 86062 3-07-' +6/68-0 96':-8-', 2-1,-+,( -/-* 3,8- =-+,6' 0-'4-
/62:-'57,/ 7693-8, =-1- 3-5,-' 7686':-2 86062 +-:-;
E69B/62-=, 962*=-7-' 96/B16 =6'5B3-/-' */-9- 3-5, =-+,6' 16'5-' 7-'762 5-'-+ 4-'5
1-=-/ 96'463-2( 1-' =-+,6' 16'5-' 7-'762 4-'5 /*93*0 7693-8, +6+*1-0 2-1,B/62-=,
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Boies, Lawrence R, dkk. 1997. Boies : Buku Ajar Penyakit THT. Jakarta : EGC
Guyton, Arthur, dkk. 2007.Buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran. Jakarta : EGC
Sherwood, Laurele. 2007.Fisiologi Kedokteran. Jakarta : EGC
Snell. 2007. Anatomi Klinik. Jakarta : EGC
Soepardi, Efiaty Arsyad, dkk. 2012. Buku Ajar Ilmu Kesehatan : Telinga Hidung Tenggorok
Kepala dan Leher Edisi 7. Jakarta : Badan Penerbit FK UI
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