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GENETIKA BAKTERI
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Standar Kompetensi :
Memahami pentingnya ilmu mikrobiologi, jenis dan peran
mikroorganisme di alam, persyaratan hidup yang meliputi faktor
fisik dan nutrisi, metabolisme serta genetika mikroorganisme.
Kompetensi Dasar:
Menjelaskan dasar informasi genetik pada bakteri
Indikator :
1.Membedakan materi genetik pada bakteri : Nukleoid dan
Plasmid2. Menjelaskan proses transfer materi genetik pada bakteri :
Transformasi, Transduksi dan Konjugasi.
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MT!"# :
1.Materi genetik pada bakteri : Nukleoid dan
Plasmid
2.Proses transfer $perpindahan% materi genetik pada bakteri :
a.Transformasi
b.Transduksi
&.Konjugasi
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'hat you need to kno( about geneti&s :
ll organisms ha)e *N and "N as geneti& material
ll organisms use the same nu&leotides
ll organisms repli&ate, trans&ribe and translate *N
The entire genomes $*N se+uen&es% of manyba&teria are kno(n 1--- times smaller than human
genome
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ene e/pression is &arefully &ontrolled.
0a&teria must be able to adapt to en)ironment and di)ide
+ui&kly
ome genes are &onstituti)e $al(ays e/pressed%
ome are indu&ible $only e/pressed (hen needed% e/ample:enymes that metabolie la&tose
ome are repressible $ e/pressed most of the time, but &an
be turned off% e/ample: enymes in)ol)ed in biosynthesis
These genes are organized into operons (a group of
genes expressed together)
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0a&terial eneti& #nformation is stored in :
1. 3hromosome and
2. Plasmid
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-4sually &ir&ular
53ondensed into Nu&leoid
5There is no nu&lear membrane
5"epli&ate semi &onser)ati)ely
5"epli&ation start from 6rigin of
"epli&ation $6ri% site
0a&terial 3hromosome
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-The genome is 7P86#*53hromosome sie &an )ary bet(een spe&ies
5The smallest is Mycoplasma genitalium
$9/1-;bp (ith
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P8M#* :
small &ir&le of *N that repli&ates
independently of the &hromosome.
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elf repli&ating: (orks independently from host &ell
@7olds spe&ifi& information :
5 Pro)ides information for se/ pilus and transfer
$i.e. the AB plasmid, most plasmids ha)e this
ability%
5 3an pro)ide ba&teria (ith antibioti& resistan&e
5 3an &ode any *N se+uen&e : This allo(s for the
produ&tion of gene protein produ&ts su&h as
insulin
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C&+uiring genes through gene transfer pro)ides ne(
geneti& information to mi&roorganisms, (hi&h may allo(
them to sur)i)e &hanging en)ironments.D
CThe major sour&e of )ariation (ithin a ba&terial spe&ies
is mutation.D
C#n mutations, usually only a single gene &hanges at anyone time.D
C#n &ontrast, gene transfer results in many genes being
transferred simultaneously, gi)ing the re&ipient &ell mu&h
more additional geneti& information.D
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0a&teria donEt ha)e se/ in the animalFplant sense ofse/ $i.e., mating follo(ed by re&ombination of (hole
genomes%.
#nstead, ba&teria a&+uire *N from other ba&teriathrough three distin&t me&hanisms:
1. Transformation
2. Transdu&tion>. 3onjugation
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aked! D"
'hen a ba&terial &ell lyses, it releases
its *N into the en)ironmentC#S$%#D&
The pro&ess of taking up naked *N$*N (ithout asso&iated
&ells or proteins%, and produ&e a stable geneti& &hange.
Transformation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_DNA7/25/2019 GENETIKA BAKTERI.ppt
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5Transformation o&&urs naturally in )ery fe( genera of
ba&teria :Bacillus, Haemophilus, Neisseria, Acinetobacter,
andsome strains of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus
5 The re&ipient &ell must be in a physiologi&al
state in (hi&h it &an take up *N5it must be &ompetent
53ompeten&e: alterations in the ba&terial &ell (all that make
it permeable to large *N mole&ules
5 ome ba&teria, (hi&h are not normally
&ompetent, &an be made so in laboratory
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Origin
alT
ransfo
rmati
on
Exp
.
F.G
rith(19
28)using
pnumo
!o!!i
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"
#$-%&iat&
Tr
ansform
ation
Note that *N
is taken up
naked from
theen)ironment.
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"
#$-%&iat&
Tr
ansform
ation
$ ti' i l
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$rti'!ial(omptn!
)* El!troporation
3ompeten&e
denotes theability to take
up *N naked
from the
en)ironment.
Most ba&teria are
not naturally&ompetent but
many &an be
made artifi&ially
so.
rtifi&ially
indu&ed
&ompeten&e is
)ery important
to gene &loning.
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T"N*43T#6N
The pro&ess in (hi&h ba&terial *N is mo)ed from one
ba&terium to another by a ba&terial )irus $a ba&teriophage,&ommonly &alled a phage%.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage7/25/2019 GENETIKA BAKTERI.ppt
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G
nra
li+&
Trans&u
!tion0a&teriophages
are )iruses that
only infe&t $and
&an kill%ba&teria.
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G
nra
li+&
Trans&u
!tion
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,p!iali+&Trans&u!tion
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pro&ess in (hi&h a li)ing ba&terial &ell transfers
geneti& material through &ell5to5&ell &onta&t.
36NG4T#6N
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onu
gation
,xorF
/ilu
s
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Conjugation:
Defined:The transfer of genetic material from one
cell to another involving cell to cell contact
How its done
Plasmid:Self replicating independent strand of DNASex pilus:An appendage on a bacteria cell used fortransfer of genetic information
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onu
gation
F/lasm
i&
Trans
fr
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,lf-Transm
issil
0
/lasm
i&
"esistan&e Transfer Aa&tor
$&onjugation genes%
Notemultiple
resistan&e
genes.
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F
an&O
thr
/lasm
i&s
A plasmids en&ode genes that allo( both
their repli&ation and transfer. They are thus kno(n as elf5
Transmissible Plasmids.
There are other plasmids that &an take
ad)antage of &onjugation but donEt
en&ode the ne&essary genes. These are
non5self transmissible plasmids.
Transdu&tion is also &apable oftransferring smaller plasmids.
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" plasmids are named not for their mode of
transmission but instead for the resistan&egenes that they en&ode su&h as to antibioti&s.
ome plasmids are present in ba&teria in lo(
&opy numbers $1 or 2Fba&terium% (hereas otherplasmids are present in high &opy numbers(such
100s/bact.).
Plasmids, " and other(ise, &an ha)e )ery (ide
host ranges allo(ing easy transfer of alreadye)ol)ed genes bet(een ba&terial spe&ies.
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T1E E#"