zoonoses epidemiology in Ethiopian Livestock

Ethiopian Veterinary Association

Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference of the Ethiopian Veterinary Association, held at the United Nations Conference Centre (ECA),

Addis Ababa, July 27 and 28, 2011

Enhancing Veterinary Education and Intersectoral Partnership towards One Health

Ethiop. Vet. J. is the Official Scientific Organ of the Ethiopian Veterinary Association

Sponsored by

Executive Board of Ethiopian Veterinary Association (EVA)

• Dr.BerhanuAdmassu,President• Dr.ThomasCherenet,V/President• Dr.YosephShiferaw,Secretary• Dr.AssegedechSirak,Member• Dr.LaikemaryamYigezu,Member• Dr.TarekegnTolla,Member• Dr.MeleseG/Tsadik,Member

Members of Editorial Board

• Prof.GetachewAbebe,Editor-In-Chief• Dr.YilmaJobre,AssociateEditor• Dr.MarkosTibbo,AssociateEditor• Dr.TarekegnTola,Secretary• Dr.AbebeWosene,AssistantEditor• Dr.HassenChaka,AssistantEditor• Dr.MogesWoldemeskel,AssistantEditor• Dr.TadesseEguale,AssistantEditor• Dr.WondwosenAsfaw,AssistantEditor

Office staff

• Dr.FissehaAbenet,Manager• W/tSifnedingilTefera

EVA Office:

LocatedinthecompoundofRegion14AgricultureBureauP.O.Box2462,AddisAbaba,EthiopiaTel.251-011-5525020

Please forward membership fees to:

CommercialBankofEthiopia:AddisAbabaBranchAccountNo:0171818108600

Sponsoring Organizations of the 24th Annual Conference:

FAO,MoARD/SERICUProject,SavetheChildrenUSA,AU/PATTEC

Anypresentationorpartofit,publishedintheEVAproceedings,representstheopinionoftheauthor(s)anddoesnotnecessarilyreflecttheofficialpolicyoftheassociation,theeditorialboardortheinstitutionwithinwhichthepre-senter isaffiliatedunlessthis isclearlyspecified.Additionallytheauthor(s)arefullyresponsibleforthecontentsofthepresentationforanyclaimordis-claimtherein.

Table of ContentsWelcome address by Dr. Berhanu Admassu.......................................................................................ixOpening Speech of H.E Dr. Kaba Urgessa.......................................................................................xvAssessment of the quality of veterinary education and career opportunities forveterinarians in Ethiopia Kelay Belihu................................................................................................................1

Blessed if we do, cursed if we don’t: Fostering Inter sectoral partnership towards ‘One HealthGetachew Abebe..........................................................................................................................39

Is TB lymphadenitis a zoonosis in Ethiopia?Abraham Aseffa and the BTB Study Team...................................................................................49

Country status & livestock and livestock product tradeTeshome Bekele.............................................................................................................................71

Veterinary Governance: Past, Present and the Way ForwardWondwosen Asfaw........................................................................................................................81

Zoonoses Epidemiology in Ethiopian Livestock, a Review Fasil Mengistu and Abraham Ali.................................................................................................93

Quality of Veterinary education in Ethiopia and the role of accreditation- a position paperWudu Temesgen, Gizat Almaw, Wassie Molla............................................................................105

The Use of Veterinary Obstetrics and Gynecology Simulator to Teach Ultrasound Imaging Melaku Tefera.............................................................................................................................121

Effect of equines in human livelihoods and healthAyele Gizachew...........................................................................................................................131

One Health Central and Eastern Africa (OHCEA) EstablishmentMoti Yohannes and Kifle Woldemichael.....................................................................................139

¾›=ƒÄåÁ �”edƒ NŸ=V‹ TQu` 25— ›S�© Ñ<v›? ›S�© ¾Y^ ¡”¨<” ]þ`ƒ õeN ›w’ƒ............................................................................................................................ 145Editorial Board of the Ethiopian Veterinary Journal 2011 Annual report........................................157Resolution.........................................................................................................................................159

Program of the 25th Annual Conference of the Ethio-pian Veterinary Association

Masters of Ceremony and ModeratorsDr.YosephShiferaw(EVASecretaryandDr.LaikemaryamYigezu(EVABoardMember)

July 27, 2011: (MORNING SESSION)

8:00-9:00 RegistrationofParticipants EVASecretariatandHospitalityTeam9:00-9:10 WelcomeandConferenceProgramIntroduction Dr. Yoseph Shiferaw, Secretary of Ethiopian Veterinary Association9:10-9:15 WelcomingSpeech Dr. Berhanu Admassu, President of Ethiopian Veterinary Association(EVA)9:15-9:35 OpeningSpeech H.E.Dr,KabaUrgessa,StateMinisterofHigherEducation, MinistryofEducation9:35-9:55 Commemoration of Vet2011 and Recognition of Professional SuccessStory Dr. Yoseph Shiferaw, Secretary of Ethiopian Veterinary Association9:55-10:20 Keynote presentation: Assessment of the Quality of Veterinary Education and Career Opportunities forVeterinariansinEthiopia Dr.KelayBelihu,10:20-10:55 CoffeeBreak EVASecretariat&HospitalityTeam

The Ethiopian Veterinary Association

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Chairman Dr.Mesfin SahleRapporteurs Dr. Desta Beyene, Dean FVM, Haramaya University Dr. Kebadu Simachew, Veterinarians San Frontaiers- Suise

10:55-11:20 “Blessedifwedo,cursedifwedon’t:FosteringIntersectoral partnershiptowards‘OneHealth’ Prof. Getachew Abebe, Food and Agriculture OrganizationoftheUnitedNations11:20-11:45 AsynopsisofZoonoticDiseasesinEthiopianPopulationwith SpecialemphasisonTuberculosis Dr. Abreham Assefa, Director Armour Hansen Research Institute11:45-12:10 Ecosystemhealth:APerspective on the commondomains of human-animal-environmentalHealthinEthiopia Dr.WakgariDeressa,V/PresidentofEthiopianPublicHealth Association(EPHA)12:10-12:45 GeneralDiscussion12:45-2:00 LUNCHBREAK EVASecretariat&HospitalityTeam Venue:ShallaHall-Bole, 300mts left of Atlas International Hotel

July 27, 2011: (AFTERNOON SESSION)

Chairman Dr. Edmealem Shitaye, Director, Extension Directorate, MoARapporteur Dr.DarsemmaGuluma&Dr.AmasaluDemisse

2:00-2:25 Ethiopia’s Country Position on Animal Disease Control: VeterinaryPublicHealthandLivestockTrade Dr. Teshome Bekele, Director, Animal and Plant Health RegulatoryDirectorate,MinistryofAgriculture


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2:25-2:50 VeterinaryGovernance:Past,PresentandWayforward Dr.WondwossenAsfaw,USAID-SPS-LMMProject 2:50-3:15 Synopsis of Zoonotic Diseases in Ethiopian Livestock: FactsandFallacies Dr. Fasil Mengistu and Dr Abraham Ali, Ethiopian Health andNutritionResearchInstitute3:15-3:40 Quality of veterinary education: Role of Accreditation and Certification Dr. Wudu Temegen Dean Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, GonderUniversity3:40-4:10 CoffeeBreak EVASecretariat&HospitalityTeam4:10-5:10 GENERALDISCUSSIONONTHEPRESENTATIONS

July 28, 2011: (MORNING SESSION)

Chairman Dr.AsterYohans,Rapporteurs Dr.KumlachewBelay,PrivateVeterinaryPractitioner Dr.BelachewBacha,V/PresidentWelegaUniversity

9:00-9:25 TheUse ofVeterinaryObstetrics andGynecologySimulator toTeachUltrasoundImaging Dr.MelakuTefera,Asso.Prof.HaramayaUnversity9:25-9:50 EffectofEquinesinhumanlivelihoodsandhealth Dr. Ayele Gizachew, National Veterinary Advisor, Brooke Ethiopia9:50-10:15 DebriefingsfromtheOneHealthRegionalSecretariat Dr. Moti Yohannes and/or Dr. Kifle W/Michael, Jimma University,FVM10:15-10:45 CoffeeBreak EVASecretariat&HospitalityTeam10:45-11:45 Discussion11:45-2:00 LUNCHBREAK EachParticipant


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July28,2011:(AFTERNOON-EVABusiness) Chairman Dr. Sileshi Zewdie, USAID, Ethiopian Sheep and Goat ProductivityImprovementProgram Dr. Berhanu Admassu, President of Ethiopian Veterinary Association Dr.ThomasCherinet,V/PresidentoftheEthiopianVeterinary Association Dr. Melese G/Tsadik, Board Member of the Ethiopian VeterinaryAssociation2:00-2:20 AnnualReportDr.FissehaAbenet,GeneralManager,EVA,2:20-2:40 EditorialReportProf.GetachewAbebe,Editor-in-Chief,EVJ2:40-3:00 FinanceReport Dr.AssegedechSirak 3:00-3:20 ExternalAuditReportExternalAuditor3:20-4:30 STRATEGICISSUESANDGENERALDISCUSSIONS6:00-8:00 DINNER INVITATION TO ALL EVA FAMILY AND INVITEDGUESTS EVASecretariat&HospitalityTeam Venue:ShallaHall-Bole, 300mts left of Atlas International Hotel

Welcome speech in the 25th annual conference of the Ethiopian veterinary association

BYDr.BerhanuAdmassu,PresidentofEVA

Your Excellency Dr. Kaba Urgessa, State Minister of Higher Education,MinistryofEducation,

HonorablemembersoftheFederalHouseofRepresentatives,InvitedGuests,DistinguishedmembersoftheEthiopianVeterinaryAssociationMembersoftheMedia,LadiesandGentlemen,

OnbehalfoftheExecutiveBoardoftheEthiopianVeterinaryAssociation,andonmyownbehalf, Iwould liketoextendawarmwelcometoall thedistin-guishedparticipantsofthe25thannualconferencewhereweatthesametimecelebratethe250thanniversaryofthebirthoftheveterinaryprofession.

Indeed it isa truepleasure formetoseesomanydistinguishedconferenceparticipantshere in the25thannualconference.Webelieveallofyouhaveafirst-handexperienceonveterinaryeducationandthepublichealthimpor-tancewhichtheprofessiontenderstotheanimalkingdom.Inadditionitisanhonortowelcomeseniorrepresentativesfromtheacademia,researchcenters,thepublicandtheprivatesector,regionalstatesandtheinternationalcom-munity.Webelievethatyourjointpresenceheretoday,clearlydemonstratesthateachofyouhavegreatlyvaluedtheconferencetheme“Enhancing Vet-erinary Education and Intersectoral partnership towards on health”. WELCOME!!

YourExcellencyDr.KabaUrgessa,DistinguishedladiesandGentlemen,

Webelieve thatEthiopiansmust set an example of thebest quality of vet-erinaryeducationandveterinaryservicestotherestofAfricaandatleasttooursubregion.IamsayingthismainlyonaccountofthemanysocietalroleslivestockplaysinthesocioeconomicdevelopmentinEthiopiaandpartlyonac-countofthehugelivestockresourceendowmentofthecountrywhichcouldbeusedtofueltheentiredevelopmentprocessofthecountry.Aboveall,livestock


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developmentisoneofthebestavenuesoffreedomfromfoodandnutritionin-securitythatfrequentlypunishourpeopletothismoment.

Asweloseagreatportionoftheanimalsweproducedtodeathfromvariousdiseases,animaldiseasecontrolandpreventionshouldbethepriorityagendainaregionwherelivelihoodisoverwhelminglydependentonthefunctionofthelivestocksector.Apartfromitsimplicationsforourlivestockbusiness,vet-erinarymedicineisbecomingpartandparcelofthehealthoftheentireworld.But,Idonotwanttodwellmuchontheimportanceofstrongveterinaryservicetoacountryasthishasbeenmuchemphasizedindifferentforumsandismuchfamiliartotheaudiencehere.Thus,Iwouldratherconcentrateonthemeansofcreatingastrongveterinarysystemwhichwilltakeustoourtheme:“En-hancing Veterinary Education and Intersectroal Partnership towards One Health”.


TheEthiopianVeterinaryAssociation has set some clear objectives for im-posingthisconferenceontheabovetheme.WelookforwardtoexaminethecurrentstatusoftheveterinaryeducationinEthiopiaandsubstantivelyde-liberateonitsqualityandstandardsaswellastheprofessionalcertificationandaccreditationprocessesavailableforthegovernanceoftheprofession.Thesecondcoreagendaoftheconferenceispromotingthe‘OneHealth’conceptandforge functional partnerships to enhance the interface between human-ani-mal-environmentalhealthinordertomitigatetheimpactsofzoonosis,emerg-ing/re-emerginginfectiousdiseasesandfoodsafetychallengesofthecountry.

Inconnectiontothis,IwouldliketoassureyouthattheEthiopianveterinaryAssociationwillfirmlystandbyallrelevantstakeholderstoimprovetheEthio-pianveterinaryinfrastructureandallitsrelatedamenitiesandfacilities.Atthishistorical timewhen thecountry’sappetite for investment,growthandtransformationisenormous,weseelivestockresourcesaredwindling.AnimalandAnimalProteinsaregettingmoreandmoreexpensive.Internationalani-malhealthregulationsaregettingeverstringent.Thus,it ishightimethatacceptable levelsof investmentfor improvingveterinarysystemshavetobeguaranteedtothesectorbythegovernment,theinternationalcommunityandtheprivateactors.


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YourExcellencyDr.KabaUrgessa,DistinguishedGuests,ladiesandGentle-men,

TheEthiopianVeterinaryAssociationwould like toappeal for theMinistryofEducation toworkwith theprofessional society towardsstrikingbalancebetweendemandandsupplyofveterinaryprofessionals.Again,wewouldliketoappealforstrikingbalancebetweenqualityandquantityofthegraduatingveterinarianswhomwegraduatetoexerciseabiomedicalprofessionwithnu-merousanimalandhumanhealthimplications.

Wehope,intheaftermathofthisconferencethepertinentgovernmentauthor-itieswouldbestimulatedandwilljoinhandswithourassociationtoachievetwomajorthings.ONE:reconsiderthemanpowerdemand;thequalityandquantityofveterinariansbeingsuppliedtothejobmarketwhichisatthevergeof itssaturationdue tonumberreasons.TWO:revitalize thenational land-scapeoftheveterinarymedicalpracticeincludingimprovementofthecareerstructureandthesalaryscaleofveterinariansandpavingthewayforavi-brantintersectroalpartnershiptocomeonboard.

At this juncture allowme to thank theFederalDemocraticGovernment ofEthiopia,MinistryofAgricultureandMinistryofFinanceandEconomicDe-velopmentfortakinguptheadviceoftheEthiopianVeterinaryAssociationtoexcuseveterinarydrugsandequipmentsofValueAddedTax.ThisdecisionwasmadeonaccountofthenegativeconsequencestheVATotherwisewouldhaveontheagriculturesectorplanoftheGTP.Bythesametoken,wealsohopetheMinistryofEducationtotakenecessarystepstostrikebalancebe-tweenveterinarydoctors,theirprofessionalqualityandquantityinreferencetothejobmarketaswellasinthelightof‘onehealth’responsibilities.

Veterinariansare,perhaps,theonlyprofessionalswithsuchadignifiedquali-ficationworkingatthedoorstepsoffarmersandpastoralistsandatthefoot-stepsoftheiranimals.Despitethemanyhealthrisks,thevitalrolesinagri-cultureandfoodsecurity,despiteitssimilaritiesandcomplementaritieswithpublichealthsciences,veterinarymedicinehasbeendisfavoredinrecentyearsintermsofthecareeropportunitiesandprofessionalbenefits.Therefore,welookforwardforurgentconstructivemeasurestobetakenbytheMinistryofCivilServicetoaddresstheverydiscouragingsituationandalessfavorablemotive of allEthiopianVeterinarianswhoare leavingout of theprofessionaftercostlyinvestmenttimeandscarceresourcesofthecountry.


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Itisnotintendedtobeanykindofcomplaintorcriticismwhenwesaythisandthatshouldbeamendedbothontheeducationandtheservicewingofveteri-narymedicine.Itisjusttounderscorethatveterinarymedicineshouldbeattheverycoreofourbusinessanddeservesourgreatestattention.

Finally as a step forward to the solution of the above problems of complexnaturethatveterinarygraduates inthecountryare facing,IwouldsuggestonbehalfoftheEthiopianVeterinaryAssociationtoforminter-sectoralwork-inggrouphostedbytheMinistryofEducationandcomprisingtheMinistryofAgriculture,theMinistryofEducationitself,theMinistryofHealthandtheMinistryofCivilService.Theideaistobringamoreholisticfocustotheen-tireissueofveterinaryscienceandpracticeinthelightoftheONEHEALTHphilosophy.Wehavealwayssaidthatlivestockisexceptionallyimportanttoouragrarianeconomyandthatwearebyfardependentonitthananyotherpartoftheworld.Giventheserealitiesinourcountryaboutthechallengestoourlivestockexportandlivestockbasedagriculturalpractice,oursurvivalwilldependonourabilitytomaintainacompetentprofessionalsocietytoprotectanddevelopthesector.Itisonlythenwefindourselvesatthemercyofforeignandregionalcareeropportunities.Butnowweseemlargelyexcludedfromthisopportunityandarerarelyabletoexibit functionalnetworkingwithsectorsthatandregionsthatneedourprofessionalinput.

I sincerely hope that this 25thAnnualConference ofEVA, building on thelegacyofourprofessionalethicswitha250yearsofmaturityandsupportedbytherelevantauthoritiesofthegovernment,willcomeupwithasolutiontoenablethecountrytouseitsownresourcestoaddressitsownproblems.

DistinguishedGuests,LadiesandGentlemen,

Ourdiscussionoverthenexttwodayscertainlywilltakeusconsiderablyfur-therinourunderstandingofcurrentnationalandinternationalparadigmsinveterinaryeducationandthe‘OneHealth’initiativesaswell.

BeforeIconclude,Iwouldliketoensureyouthatyouareinthewarmestem-braceoftheEthiopianVeterinaryAssociationinthecomingtwodaysandIwishyoualltostayblessed.


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NowletmerespectfullyinviteHisExcellencyDr.KabaUrgessa,StateMinis-terforHigherEducation,tomakeanopeningspeechinthe25thannualcon-ferenceoftheEthiopianVeterinaryAssociation.

Thankyouforyourattention.

Opening Speech By His Excellency Dr. Kaba Urgessa, State Minister, Ministry of Education On The 25th annual conference of The Ethiopian Veterinary As-sociation

Conference Theme: Enhancing Veterinary Education and Intersectoral Partnership towards One Health

July 27-28, 2011, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaDistinguishedGuests,LadiesandGentlemen,GoodMorning,

Itisagreatpleasureformetobeheretodaytoaddresssuchadistinguishedaudienceonthismomentousoccasionofthe25thannualconferenceoftheEthi-opianVeterinaryAssociation.Iamalsoproudtobewithyouhere,onthejointworldcelebrationofthe250thbirthoftheveterinaryprofession.

Again,Iwouldliketocongratulateyouonthefinaldeclarationoftheeradica-tionofthedeadliestcattleplague,Rinderpestfromourplanetwhichisthereallandmarkofthesuccessoftheveterinaryscienceoverthecentury!


Therearecloseto7billionpeopleonthisplanet;inthisincreasinglyintercon-nectedworld,with people and animalsmoving in ever greater volume andwithevergreaterfrequency,thecontrolandpreventionofanimaldiseasesarebecomingmorecomplicatedanddemanding.

Asanimaldiseasesdonotrespectborders,itisessentialthatweworkatanin-ternationallevel,lookingforinternationalsolutionswhichrequireustobuildacapableprofessionalsociety.Tothiseffect,theroleofhighqualityveterinaryeducationisthecornerstone.

Asyouallknow,lifescienceprofessionalsofthe21stcenturyarestrivinginamoredynamicandcomplexworldofpathogensanddiseaseandhealthdy-namicsthatnoonedisciplineorsectorofsocietyhasenoughknowledgeandresourcestopreventtheemergenceorresurgenceofdiseases.Thus,weshould


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be able to breakdown thebarriers amongagencies, individuals, specialtiesandsectorsinordertobetterrespondtothemanychallengesofhuman,ani-malandenvironmentalhealth.Wemustdeviseadaptive,forward-lookingandmultidisciplinary solutions to thehealth challenges of our community.As Iunderstand,thisisthecoreideaoftheONEHEALTHphilosophy.


Owingtotheabovekeypointsandinresponsetoglobalchanges,theEthiopianMinistryofEducationstronglybelievesintheneedforhighlyqualifiedman-powerintheEthiopianveterinarysystem.

Itiswellknownthatlivestockdiseasesaffectproductionandproductivityoflivestockeconomythroughdecreasingyieldandworkoutputandcausingmor-talities.Therearealsozoonoticdiseases thataffect thehealthandwellbe-ingofhumankind.Theavailableestimatesshowsthatperannum10%ofthecattlepopulation,16%ofthesheeppopulationand13%ofthegoatpopulationinEthiopiaarelosttodeathfromdiseasesofdifferentorigin.Thecountryalsoinvestsahugesumofmoneytoprocureveterinaryvaccines,drugsandinputsto controlandpreventanimaldiseases.Weareunable to join the lucrativeinternationallivestockmarketsduetoaneverincreasingSPSstandardsandfrequentbansimposedbyimportingcountries.Thisisprimarilycausedbytheoccurrenceoftrans-boundarylivestockdiseasesinthecountry.Furthermore,alargesizeoffertilelandamountingfrom150-200thousandsquarekilometersisinfestedbytsetsefliesandremaineduncultivableaspeoplearediscouragedtokeep cattleasa sourceofdraughtpower in fear ofanimal trypanosomo-sis.Moreover,therearerampantanimaldiseases,whichposeseriouspublichealth risks through the consumption of foods of animal originand contactwithinfectedanimalsandtheirproductsandco-products.

Iammentioningallofthiswithaninterestofunderliningtheimportanceoftheveterinaryprofession,and thehighprofilematters thatyourprofessiondealswithdaytodaylife.


AtthisjunctureIwouldliketoemphasizethattheenvironmentofveterinarymedicineanditsprofessionallandscapeinEthiopiaisoneoftransformationsthatweshouldachieveinthecomingfiveyears.Therearemajordemographic,


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political,andenvironmental,disease,technological,andeconomicinfluences,andalldrivingchangesinoursociety.Thesechangeswillhavesignificantim-pactsonthefutureofveterinarymedicineandveterinarymedicaleducationinthecountry.

As youarewell aware, tertiary level education inanimalhealth started inEthiopiain1963whentheInstituteforAnimalHealthAssistantswasestab-lishedatDebreZeit.And, thefirstveterinary facultygraduatingDoctorsofVeterinaryMedicinewasestablishedinAddisAbabaUniversityin1979whichremained the only higher learning institution in veterinarymedicine until2003.Besides,theannualenrollmentrateoftheinstitutionwasverylimited.

Followingtheimplementationoftheeducationsectorpoliciesofthegovern-mentofEthiopia,particularly,aftertheendorsementofTheHigherEducationProclamation2003,therehasbeentremendousimprovementofthehighered-ucationsystemofthecountryingeneralandtheveterinarymedicaleducationinparticular. Indue recognition to thevalueofveterinaryeducation, skillsandtraining,fortheconstantdevelopmentoftheveterinaryprofessionandtheanimalhealthservice,wehavemanagedtoincreasethenumberofveterinaryschoolsinthecountryfromonlyoneuntil2003tomorethan10in2010.Webe-lievethatthishasimprovedthemanpowercapacityoftheveterinaryservicesinallregionsandagroecologiesofthecountry.

Ofcoursewithourdesiretofacilitatehealthier,saferandmoreconfidentlive-stockproducersandconsumers,wemustacknowledgetheobligationswehavetowards the animals that provide our food. You, veterinarymedical practi-tionersplayavitalroleinensuringabetterunderstandingandcontroloveranimaldiseases,ensuringfoodsafety,animalwelfare,andsafeguardingthepublicfromzoonoticdiseases.Tothisend,HigherEducation,Research&De-velopment,constantinnovation,investmentinskillsandtrainingarecentraltothedevelopmentdoctrineoftheMinistryofEducationanditsstrategiesforgrowthandDevelopment.

Inorderthatgraduatingveterinarianscanplaytheiressentialsocietalrolesinthecontrolandpreventionoflivestockdiseases,theeducationsystemneedstobeequippedwithwellqualifiedstaff,moderndiagnosticandresearchlabora-toriesandsufficientveterinaryinfrastructurecommensuratetonationalandinternationalstandards.


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Asastateministerforhighereducation,Iwouldliketoassureyouthatmygovernmentandspecificallymyministryiscommittedtoensurethequalityofveterinaryeducationinlinewiththesocioeconomicdevelopmentofthecoun-try.IwouldfurtherassureyouthattheMinistryofEducationwilltakeupallthevaluablerecommendationscomingoutofyourdeliberationsinthisconfer-ence.

AsIconclude,IwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetotheEthiopianVeterinaryAssociationtoorganizesuchawonderfulconferenceonthetimeliestagendaof:“Enhancing Veterinary Education and Intersectoral Partnership to-wards One Health”.IalsowouldliketothankallnationalandinternationalorganizationswhichjoinhandswiththeEthiopianVeterinaryAssociationinorganizingthisconference.

Astheveterinaryprofessionhascomealongwayin250yearssincethefirstschoolofveterinarymedicineestablishedinLyon,France,itismyBestWishesforthenext250years.

Finally,itisagreathonortodeclarethe25thannualconferenceoftheEthio-pianVeterinaryAssociationopen.Iwishyouallthebestofsuccessinthetwodaysofyourdeliberations.

Thankyou.

Assessment of the quality of veterinary education and career opportunities for veterinarians in Ethio-pia

A National Survey of Veterinary Schools in Ethiopia Commissioned by the Ethiopian Veterinary Association (Kelay Belihu)

Executive SummaryEthiopiahasthelargestlivestockpopulationinAfrica.LivestockinEthiopiacontribute16%oftheGDPand14%ofthecountry’sforeignexchangeandsus-tainthelivelihoodsofabout80%oftheruralpoor.However,thelivestocksec-torisconstrainedbyanumberoffactorsamongwhicharediseases,feedshort-age,poormarketinfrastructure,poorgeneticperformanceandseveralotherinstitutionalfactors.Livestockdiseasesaffectproductivityofanimalsthroughdecreasingyieldandworkoutputandcausingmortalities.Indirectimpactsoflivestockdiseasesincludecostsincurredtocontrolandlivestockdiseasesandabandonmentoflargeareaoffertileandcultivablelandforfearofdiseases.Theimportanceofveterinarymedicinefortheimprovementofthecontributionof livestock to economic development of the country is thus crucial. Veteri-narymedicinehasbeenpracticedinancienttimessincehumanbeingsstarttouseandcareforanimals.ThetermveterinarianwasfirstusedinthefirstcenturybyColumella,aRomanscholarandwriteronanimalcareandbreed-ing.Itreferstoapersonwhotakescareofanimals.Formaleducationinvet-erinarymedicinewasstartedinLyon,Francein1762.Sincethenveterinaryschoolshavebeenproliferatingthroughouttheworldpromptedbytheseriousimpactsof livestockdiseasesonnationaleconomies.Todatetherearemorethan480veterinaryschoolsorcollegesworldwidelistedbyAVMA.Todayvet-erinaryeducationischallengedbytheneedforstandardizationofveterinaryeducationatgloballevel,theneedtowidenthescopeofveterinarymedicinetoincludeenvironmentalandbiodiversityconcerns,theneedtoberesponsiveto theonehealthconcept,emergenceandre-emergenceofzoonoticdiseasesandtheneedtobeupdatedwithtechnologicaladvancements.Atthemoment,thereisnoanyinternationalstandardsetforveterinaryeducationandhenceOIEisworkingtodeveloponeincollaborationwithWVAandotherconcernedinternationalbodies.TertiarylevelveterinaryeducationwasstartedinEthio-piain1963,whentheInstituteforAnimalHealthAssistantswasestablishedatDebreZeit.Later on theFaculty ofVeterinaryMedicine ofAddisAbaba


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Universitywasestablishedin1979atDebreZeit,whichremainedtobetheonlyveterinaryeducationalinstitutiontrainingveterinariansuntil2002.TheveterinaryschoolofAddisAbabaUniversityhasbeengraduating20-30veteri-nariansyearlyforabout18years,whichcouldnotsatisfythecountry’sneedforqualifiedveterinarians.Theestablishmentofadditionalveterinaryschoolsindifferentpartsofthecountryisthereforejustifiable.Thisnotionwasfavoredbythechangeineducationalpolicyofthecountry in1990’sandtheHigherEducationProclamationissuedin2003.However,therateatwhichthenewveterinaryschoolsareestablished,thehighrateofenrollment,thelowlevelofacademicstaffprofileandthepoorfacilitiesinthenewschoolshavebeenconcerningprofessionals,EVAandotherstakeholdersoftheprofession.Thereisawidespreadfearthatthequalityofveterinaryeducationisgoingdownandthenumberofgraduateseveryyearissaturatingthejobmarket.EVAfounditessentialthustoassessthequalityofeducationandthecareeropportunitiesforveterinariansinEthiopia.Theassessmentinvolvedallveterinaryschoolsinthecountry,126veterinarystudents,53teachingstaffinveterinaryschools,36veterinariansworkingdifferenteconomicsectorsand109graduatesofthe2009/10academicyear.Questionnaireformatswerepreparedandinterviewswere carried out using differentmeans of communication.. The assessmentalsoinvolvedcollectionofrelevantinformationfromwebsitesofAVMA,AVBC,OIE,WVA,HERQA,VeterinaryCouncil of India,SouthAfricanVeterinaryCouncilandother institutions.Furthermore,thestudyusedsecondarydataavailableinthedatabaseoftheEthiopianVeterinaryAssociationandrecordofficesofAddisAbaba,Haramaya,HawassaandJimmaUniversities.There-sultsrevealedthatveterinaryschoolsinEthiopiahaveaharmonizedcurricu-lum,whichhasacourselistcompliantwithinternationalstandardsbutwithless emphasis on practical skills. The staff profile of the veterinary schoolssatisfiesthenationalstandardintermsoftotalnumberbutnottherequire-mentforstaffwithterminaldegree.Thestaffprofileoftheveterinaryschoolsisnotinaccordancewithinternationalstandardssetfortotalnumberofstaffandstaffprofileintermsofacademicrankandqualifications.Mostofthevet-erinaryschoolshavemodestlaboratoryfacilitiesbutareconstrainedbylackofqualifiedstafftooperatethemachines,lackofaccessoryequipmentsand/orlaboratorysupplies.Alltheveterinaryschoolshaveinadequateabattoirandtransportation facilitieswhilesomewereconstrainedby inadequate library,clinicalandlivestockfarmfacilities.Thequalityofstudentsadmittedtoveteri-narymedicineisnotbadascomparedthoseadmittedtootherfieldsbutusedtobepoorasitistrueforotherfieldstoo.Veterinariansareemployedbythepublicandprivatesector,NGOs,UNagenciesbutthepredominantemployer


25th EVA Proceedings, 2011 3

isthepublicsector.Thetotalnumberofveterinariansgraduatedfromveteri-naryschoolsinEthiopiauntil2011is2106fromwhich954aretheproductsoftheSchoolofVeterinaryMedicineofAddisAbabaUniversityinthepast32years.Thenewveterinaryschoolslistedbelowproducedatotalof1152vetsinthepast8-9years.Thenumberofgraduateshasbeenwithintherequire-mentrange in2010/11butstarts tosurpasstherequirementasof2011/12.Thelivestockresourceinthecountrycanaccommodatefrom132to188newgraduatesannuallywhilefrom360to426newgraduatesareproducedeveryyear.Therearealreadyveterinarianswithoutjob(27.5%fromthegraduatesofthe20-9/11academicyear).Thecurrentsituationinveterinaryeducationismakingveterinariansandstudentsinveterinaryschoolspessimisticabouttheprospectofthejobmarketforveterinarians.Thisismainlyduetopolicyandattitudinalproblemsthantheactualsituationinthejobmarket.Itcanbecon-cludedthatveterinaryeducationisconstrainedbyanumberoffactorssuchasinadequateemphasisofthecurriculumonpracticalclasses,inadequatestaffprofileandinadequatefacilities.Itisnotwisethustoexpectqualitygraduatesfromthesesituation.Thepublicsector isstill themajoremployerofveteri-narianswhiletheprivatesectorisinitsinfancystage.Theemploymentop-portunityforveterinariansisnotsaturatedyetbutwillbeinoneyeartime.Therefore,theveterinaryeducationsysteminEthiopiashouldbeconsolidatedandstrengthenedthroughrevisionofcurriculum,initiatingandimplementingstaff development programs and strengthening facilities. The current num-berofveterinaryschoolsshouldbeadjustedinaccordancewiththestrategicneed for veterinarians andEVAand veterinarians at large should promotetheintensificationofthelivestockproductionsystemandalsoprivatizationofveterinaryservicesinEthiopiathatiscrucialinincreasingtheneedforvet-erinarians.InfluencingpolicyanddecisionmakersthroughestablishmentofaveterinarystatutorybodyisalsoanimportantstepinpromotingthequalityofveterinaryeducationandprofessionalservicesinEthiopia.

IntroductionEthiopiahasthelargestlivestockpopulationinAfricaconsistingof50.9mil-lioncattle,26millionsheep,22milliongoat,8.1millionequines,807,581cam-elsand42.1millionchickens(CSA,2010).Livestocksustainthelivelihoodsofabout80%oftheruralpoor.Atnationallevellivestockcontribute16%ofthetotalGDPand30%oftheagriculturalGDPandgenerates14%ofthecoun-try’sforeignexchange(Nell,2006).Athouseholdlevel,livestockaresourceoffood,providedraftpowerforagriculturalactivities,serveassourceofincome



andareconsideredaslivingassets.However,thecontributionoflivestocktobothnationalandhouseholdeconomyislimitedbyanumberoffactorsamongwhicharediseases,shortageoflivestockfeed,traditionalhusbandrypractices,poormarketinfrastructureandseveralotherinstitutionalfactors.

Livestockdiseasesaffectproductivityofanimalsthroughdecreasingyieldandworkoutputandcausingmortalities.Ithasbeenestimatedthat8-10%ofthecattlepopulation,14-16%ofthesheeppopulationand11-13%ofthegoatpopu-lationinEthiopiaaredyingyearlyduetolivestockdiseaseswhichamountto720.4millionBirr.Thisdoesnot include the large sumofmoney expendedtoprocureveterinaryvaccines,drugsandinputstocontrolandpreventlive-stockdiseases.ThecountryhasbeenalsolosingexportmarketsforlivestockandlivestockproductsonseveraloccasionsduetobansimposedbyimportingcountriescausedbyreportsofoccurrencesoftransboundarylivestockdiseasesinEthiopiaandneighboringcountries.Furthermore,alargesizedfertileland(150,000-200,000squarekilometer),whichisinfestedbytsetseflies,remainsuncultivableinEthiopiasincepeopleintheareaarediscouragedtokeepcattleas a source of draught power for fear of one fatal disease, trypanosomosis.Moreover, therearealsoanimaldiseases,whichposeserioushealth risk tothepublic,throughtheconsumptionoffoodsofanimaloriginandcontactwithinfectedanimalparts.Ethiopianeedsthusaverystronganimalhealthservicedeliverysystemwhichcaneffectivelypreventandcontrol livestockdiseasesandalsosafeguardthepublicfromzoonoticdiseases.Thesystemneedstobeequippedwithwellqualifiedanimalhealthprofessionals,moderndiagnosticand research laboratories and sufficient veterinary infrastructure. The roleofveterinaryeducationincreatingandstrengtheningeffectiveanimalhealthservicedeliverysystemisfundamental.Veterinaryeducationisinstrumentalin theproductionofanimalhealthprofessionalsatdifferent levelsandalsodevelopingtheknowledgebaseonanimalhealthissues.

Global History of Veterinary MedicineVeterinarymedicinecanbedefinedas themedicalfield that focuseson thecareofbothdomesticandwildanimals.Thiscareincludespreventativemea-surestoinsurethehealthofanimals,determiningillnessandprovidingmedi-calcare.Inaddition,especiallyinthelightofbirdflu,veterinarysciencestud-iesandtakesactionregardingthosediseasesthatcancrossfromanimalstohumanbeings.Veterinarymedicineplaysalsoacriticalrolesafeguardingoffood sources forhuman consumptionandminimizing the spread ofmedicaldiseasesamongstanimals.Humanshavebeenusingandcaringforlivestock



sinceancientages.However, likemanyotherartsandscience,theoriginofveterinarymedicineappearstobelostinthemidstofantiquity(SamadandAhmed, 2003). Egyptians documented their methods of treating livestockdiseases5,000yearsago(O’Callaghan,2008).ThegeneralideaofananimaldoctorseemstohavebeendescribedforthefirsttimeasahealerofherdsofruminantanimalsduringSumerianKingUr-NingursuofLagashin2200BC(SamadandAhmed,2003).ThefirstevidenceofadeliberatestudyofanimalhealingcamefromMesopotamiainabout300B.C.withUrlagaldinna,whowasthefirstpersonconsideredaveterinarian.GreekandRomantimesbroughtanumberofindividualswhodocumentedexistingknowledgeofanimalcareanddisease.Aristotle(384-322B.C.),forexample,proposedaclassificationsystemof animal species that became the basis formodern taxonomy.HiswritingfocusedontheimportantanimalsofthedayandisconsideredthefirstrealdocumentationofnaturalscienceintheWest.Theterm“veterinarian”hasit’srootsinthefirstcentury,whenColumella,aRomanscholarandwriteronani-malcareandbreeding,usedandrecordedtheterm“veterinarius”forapersonwhotakescareofpigs,sheepandcattle.By68A.D.,Columellahadwrittentwelvevolumesonanimal-relatedtopicssuchasanimalbreeding,husbandry,andhealthinlivestock.InEurope,therearemanyreferencesfromtheMiddleAgestoanimalplaguesandtheirnegativeeffectsonfarming.Advancessuchastheinventionofthemicroscopeandthedevelopmentofascientificmethodof inquiryledtomajorprogressintheunderstandingofhumanandanimaldisease.Yetuntiltheestablishmentoftheworld’sfirstveterinaryschoolinLy-ons,Francein1762,animaldiseasesweregenerallytreatedbasedonhumanmedicine(O’Callaghan,2008).InJuly1863thefirstinternationalcongressinveterinarymedicinewascarriedoutinHamburg,Germanyinvolvingveteri-nariansfromEurope.Almost100yearslater(in1959),TheWorldVeterinaryAssociationwasfoundedinMadrid,Spain.

Status, Challenges and Future Prospects of Veterinary EducationThefirstformalveterinaryschoolisestablishedinLyon,Francein1762.ThiswasfollowedbytheAlfortVeterinarySchoolinFrance(1776)andseveraloth-ersinEuropeandAmerica.Todatethereareatleast480veterinarycollegesorfacultiesworldwidelistedbytheAmericanVeterinaryMedicalAssociation(AVMA,2011).TheFacultyofVeterinaryMedicineofCairoUniversity,estab-lishedin1822,appearstobetheoldestfacultyinAfrica.AsperthereportsofHailat(2005)andMayen(2005),thereareatthemomentover46veterinary



schoolsontheAfricancontinentofwhich21areinsub-SaharanAfrica.Withthe exception of the faculties inCairo,Egypt (1827),University ofPretoria(1920)andKhartoum,Sudan(1938),allotherAfricanveterinaryschoolswereestablishedafter1960(SwanandKriek,2009).

There is a societal expectation that veterinarians everywherewill all havegraduatedatthesamestandardandhavethesamebasiccompetencies.TherearesomemajoraccreditingbodiesbasedinNorthAmerica,Europe,theUnitedKingdom, andAustralasia. There is an assumption that the highest of thestandardspromulgatedbythesebodieswillbecomethebasisforaglobalstan-dardbeledbyanindependentorganizationsuchastheWVA(Edwards,2004).Thirteenyearsbefore, theWorldVeterinaryAssociationsetminimumstan-dardsforveterinaryeducationtoensureaminimumleveloftrainingforvet-erinariansthroughouttheworld.AccordingtotheWVAstandardaveterinaryeducationinstitutionmustbeofuniversitylevelandmustmeetthehereunderlistedstandardsinitsaccreditationsystem:

• Theveterinarycurriculummustbeundertheimmediateandsoledirectionofaveterinarian.Thisdoesnotexcludenon-veterinariansfromteaching;

• Theinstitutionmustbeadequatelyfinanced,housed,equipped,andstaffed;• Thedurationoftheveterinarycurriculummustofatleastfouryears,not

includingaminimumofoneyearofpre-veterinarytrainingattheuniver-sitylevel;

• Ineachofthefouryearsaminimumofeightmonthsofinstructionisre-quired;

• Theveterinarycurriculummustcoversubjectsindepthandprovideanap-propriateunderstandingofthefollowingsubjectmattersinrelationtothevariousanimalspeciesandanimalproductionsystemsofimportanceinthearea:(basicdisciplines;macroscopicandmicroscopicanatomy;physiology(mammalianandavian);biochemistry;pharmacology;parasitology;micro-biology; pathology; theriogenology; diagnosis, treatment and preventionof diseases; medicine; radiology; surgery; veterinary economics; animalhusbandry and production (genetics); botany; cell biology; environment;professionalethics;animalwelfare;populationveterinarymedicine;labo-ratory animalmedicine; immunology, epidemiology, public health (meatinspectionandfoodhygiene).

• Appropriatelibraryandaudio-visualfacilitiesaswellassufficientclinical,laboratoryandpracticaltrainingmustbeprovided.



• Studentsmustbeproperlysupervisedandevaluatedthroughoutthecourseoftheirstudies;

• Theveterinaryeducationinstitutionmustbeabletodemonstratethatre-searchactivitiesareperformedonitspremises,contributingtotheacquisi-tionofknowledge,bothattheappliedandfundamentallevels;

• Theveterinaryeducationinstitutionmustbeabletoassistpracticingvet-erinarians, in their part of the country, regardless of the veterinarian’sposition,tocopewithrapidlychangingprofessionaldemands(WVA,1998).

However,thereisnoyetanyinternationalstandardexplicitlysettingthestan-dardintermsofcurriculum,staffingandfacilitiesforveterinaryeducationatgloballevelexcepttheveryrecentinitiatesbyOIEtocomeupwithone.Inthemeantime,thesignificantdisparityinthequalityandrecognitionofveterinaryeducationaroundtheworldcontinuestobeoneofthemajorchallengesthattheprofessionfaces.Anotherchallengeistheprofessionfacingisthefactthatvet-erinaryeducationhasbeenfocusingonproducingveterinaryclinicianssincethebeginningofformalveterinaryeducationjustover200yearsago.Thishasbeenlimitingtheroleofveterinariansinaddressingsocietalneeds.Thereisaneed,thus,toredirecttheveterinaryprofessionfromthistraditionalclinicalapproachtoonethatfullyservessociety.Althoughveterinarypracticeistheglassceilingoftheprofession,veterinariansmustalsoincreasetheiractivitiesinthewiderprotectionoftheenvironmentandbiodiversity(Edwards,2004).

One of the challenges the veterinary education facing currently is the onehealthconceptdrivenbyanumberof factorsamongwhichare the increas-ing human population, extensive and rapid travel of humans and animals;increasingrateofurbanization;changesinlanduse,environment,climateandwildlife population patterns; information overload (information technology);globalizationof food industry; increased tradeof livestockandpoultry;newfarmingmethods;naturalandmanmadedisasters;emergingandre-emergingzoonoticdiseasesandincreasedbondbetweenhumansandcompanionanimals(Pappaioanou,2011).Theonehealthconceptemphasizesonmorecomprehen-sivehealthapproachtakingintoaccounttheinterdependencebetweenhuman,animalandenvironmentalhealth.Italsorequiresinter-professionalcoopera-tioninteachingandresearchandexposingstudentstotheconceptateduca-tionallevel(Lamielleetal,2011).Thisimpliesthatveterinaryeducationsintheworldareexpectedtorevisetheircurriculaandresearchprogramstomakethemresponsivetothepressingneedforonehealth.



Theemergenceandre-emergenceofinfectiousdiseases,75%ofwhicharenewzoonotic diseases (Willis et al., 2007) have been also challenging the globalveterinaryeducation.Inthepast25years,38newpathogenshaveemergedofwhich75%havecauseddiseaseinanimals.About60%ofallhumanpathogensareknowntohavecrossedthespeciesbarrier.Whilethereisgreatuncertaintyaboutthefutureitisassumedthatmanyofthecurrentmajorhumanandani-maldiseaseswillremainimportantduringthecourseofthenext10-25years.On top of that, the delivery of veterinary services is increasingly being ac-ceptedasaglobalpublicgood.Thedrivingfactorsforthisaretherateatwhichdiseasesnowmayspreadacrosstheglobe,thepotentialriskofbio-terrorismusingzoonoticpathogens, theextensive illegal trade inanimals, changes inspreadofanimaldiseaseduetochangesinhumandemographicsandbehavior,andpatternsofland-usearenoteworthy(Brückner,2008).Veterinaryeduca-tional institutionsare expected thus to review their academicand researchprogramstoaddressthisissues.

Veterinaryeducationneedsalsotocatchupwithtechnologicaladvancementswhich enablewidespread use of computer-linked sensors to carry out diag-nostics,administer therapiesandperformtele-surgeryovergreatdistances.There are also possibilities for the detection, identification andmonitoring(DIM)ofinfectiousdiseasesthroughapplicationoftechnologicaltools(Anon,2006).Furthermore,veterinaryeducationshouldcapitalizeonnewtechnologytoprovidedistanceeducationandvirtualsimulationsineducation.Thiswillfacilitateincreasingthenumberofstudentsincertainmodules,andwillsup-portcontinuingeducationopportunities.

TheWorldOrganizationofAnimalHealthandtheWorldVeterinaryAssocia-tionhavegivendueemphasistothequalityofveterinaryeducationatgloballevelandhavebeendwellingwith the issueon several occasions.Recently,OIEorganizedtheSecondWorldConferenceonVeterinaryEducation,whichwascarriedoutintheUniversityofLyon,France,from13to15May2011.TheConferencedealtwithanumberofissuesonveterinaryeducationwithpartic-ularemphasisonqualityofveterinaryeducationandtheonehealthconcept.ThefollowingaresomeoftherecommendationsforwardedbytheConference,whichconcernveterinaryeducationandassociatedissues:

• TheOIEshouldcontinuetoworkcloselywithMemberCountriesandRe-gionalandGlobalorganizationstosupporteffortstoimprovethequalityof(initialandongoing)trainingofveterinariansandveterinarypara-profes-



sionals,andharmonizedapproachestorecognitionofqualifications,nota-bly,withthesupportofVSB;

• ThoseMemberswhohavenotyetdonesoshouldcommencetheprocessofcreatinganautonomousnationalVSBcomplyingwiththeOIETerres-trialCodedefinition,includingasafirststepprovidingnationallegislationfortheestablishmentofaVSBwithclearlydefinedobjectivesandpowerstoregulatethewholeveterinaryprofession,inaccordancewithOIEstan-dardsasreferencedinArticle3.2.12oftheTerrestrialCode;

• TheOIEshouldencouragethecreation,ifnecessary,ofregionalassocia-tionsofVSBand/orotherrelevantorganizationswithdelegatedauthorityforaccreditingveterinaryeducationestablishments(VEE),whichcouldfa-cilitatetheestablishmentofalistofVEEthatwouldbesubjecttoregionalaccreditationafterappropriateexternalaudit,basedoncriteriathatmaybeacceptedthroughouttheregiontofacilitatemobilityofveterinariansasappropriate;

• TheOIEshouldinformVSBaboutrelevantstandardsandrecommenda-tionspertinenttothetrainingofveterinariansandanyotherusefulinfor-mationrelatedtothisfield;

• TheOIEshouldusetheprinciplesestablishedunderthesuccessfulLab-oratoriesTwinningProgramtoprepare recommendations forpilot twin-ningprojects betweenVeterinaryEducationEstablishments (VEE), andbetweenVSB(orequivalentbody)andconvincepotentialdonorstomakefinancialcontributionstosuchprojects;

• VSBsareencouragedtoincreasethequalityofnationalVeterinaryServic-esbyaccreditingonlyveterinarianswhohavegraduatedfromhigh-qualityeducationalprograms(e.g.,thoseprogramsaccreditedbyarecognizeded-ucationalaccreditingbodyand/orcomplyingwiththeOIErecommendedcorecurriculummodel);

• Countries/regionsshouldencouragecollaborationbetweenVSBsorequiva-lentbodies,relevantofficialnationalorregionalaccreditingagencies,andveterinary education establishments (VEE), in order to harmonize theevaluation of educationprograms; to facilitate both regional integrationofveterinaryservicesandregionalmobilityofveterinarians,andalsotoenablecountrieswhoseVEEdonotprovidegoodqualitytrainingtohaveaccesstothis;and

• Countriesandregionsshouldencouragestrongercooperationbetweenthevariouseducationsystemsforanimalhealthandhumanhealth(WCVE,2011).



Veterinary Education in EthiopiaTertiaryleveleducationinanimalhealthwasstartedinEthiopiain1963whentheInstituteforAnimalHealthAssistantswasestablishedatDebreZeitwiththesupportofUNDP/FAO(Mergaetal.,2009).TheInstitutewasunderthejurisdictiontheMinistryofAgricultureuntil1989whenitwasannexedtoAd-disAbabaUniversity.ThefirstveterinaryschooltrainingdoctorsofveterinarymedicinewasestablishedbyAddisAbabaUniversity in1979atDebreZeit.TheFacultyofVeterinaryMedicineofAddisAbabaUniversityremainedtobetheonlyhigherlearninginstitutioninveterinarymedicineinEthiopiauntil2003.Theannualenrollmentrateof the institutionwasnothigherthan50studentsfromwhichonly20-30studentsgraduated.Sinceitsestablishment,theFacultyhasbeenshowingremarkablegrowthincapacity(humanandma-terialresource),qualityofeducation,diversityofprogramsandpartnerships.TheFacultyhasnowtwoundergraduate,eightMScandfourPhDprograms.However, thenumberofgraduates fromtheFacultyhasbeenvery lowandshortofsatisfyingtheneedsofthecountryforqualifiedanimalhealthprofes-sionals.Theratioofveterinarianstoveterinariansremainedat1:500,000TLUuntilthelastdecade(Melaku,2010).Thisratioisfarbelowtherecommendedfigureforsituationswheretheroleofveterinariansislimitedtovisualdiagno-sisinthefield,supervisionofmassvaccinationandenforcementofquarantine(1:200,000 TLU) (ILRI, 1995). In conditionswhere the livestock productionsystemisintensifiedandmarketorientedtheroleofveterinarianswouldbeextended includingmoresophisticateddiagnosisandpreventativecareonaherd/flockbasisandhencethenumberofveterinariansrequiredforthesystemwouldbemore(1:10,000-30,000TLU)(ILRI,1995).Therequirementforvet-erinariansincreasesmorewhentheroleofveterinariansentailsafullrangeofveterinaryservices(1:1000-5000TLU).

Intheearly1990s,thegovernmentidentifiedtheneedforstrengthened,re-orientedandrevitalizedhumanresourcedevelopmentforallsectorsasakeytothesuccessofsocio-economicpoliciesandstrategies.Freemarketeconomicpolicies,improvedenvironmentforprivateinvestments,andtherelativelybet-terandsteadygrowthoftheeconomy,aswellasopennesstotheworldandthespreadofinformationandcommunicationtechnologieshavebeenthedrivingforcesformorerequirementsofhighlyqualifiedpersonnel.Realizingthefactthateducation iskeytohumandevelopmentandtheoverallsocio-economicdevelopmentofEthiopia,acomprehensiveEducationandTrainingPolicywaspreparedandimplementedin1994.Thepolicyhasstressedissuesofqualityandrelevanceineducationalprograms;qualityofteachingstaffandfacilities;



improvementoflearningprocesstowardsafocusonstudents;improvementofmanagementandleadership;introductionoffinancialdiversification,includ-ingincomegenerationandcost-sharingbystudents;andimprovementinthesystemofevaluation,monitoring,autonomyandaccountability.OnthebasisoftheETPanda20-yearstrategicdirectionconceptpaperproducedbygov-ernment, theEducationSectorDevelopmentProgram (ESDP)was initiatedandprepared in 1997.Then a document outlining theFutureDirections ofHigherEducationinEthiopiawasprepared.In2000,thegovernmentinitiatedanotherdetailedstudyonHigherEducationCapacityBuilding,asonecompo-nentof theoverallNationalCapacityBuildingProgramsstudy.TheHigherEducationProclamation(FDRE,2003)wasamajorstepforwardinshowingpolicyandstrategicdirectionsofthesectorinEthiopia.Thiscomprehensivelawprovidesathoughtfulandforward-lookingpolicyframeworkforguidingthegrowthofEthiopianhighereducation.Itisthefirstnationallawregulat-inghighereducationinEthiopiainitshistoryofoverfiftyyears(Yizengaw,2005).Encouragedbythefavorablepolicyenvironment,thenumberofpublichigher learning institutionsgrewfromtowtonine in2005andtoelevenin2007.Recently,thehighereducationsysteminEthiopiaismovingawayfromexclusiveenrollmentof1%oftheagecohorttoincreasingmassificationofover5%(Yizengaw,2005).

ThehighlevelofemphasisgiventotheEducationSectorbytheFederalGov-ernment has created an opportunity for the expansion of veterinary educa-tioninEthiopia.Thenumberofveterinaryschoolshasgrownfromonlyoneuntil2003tomorethan10in2010.SofarAddisAbaba,Gondar,Haramaya,Hawassa,Jimma,Jijiga,Mekelle,WolayitaSodo,WolloandWolegaUniversi-tieshave launchedveterinary educationand thereare stillmore coming tothepicture.Theveterinaryteachinginstitutionsintheseuniversitiesvaryintheirage,administrativestructure,capacityanddiversityofprograms.Mostofthese institutions(exceptthose inWolayitaSodo,WolloandWolegaUni-versities)are6-9years oldand startedwith fewacademic staff andalmostnon-existent laboratory, library and clinical facilities.However, in the pastfewyears, these institutionshave been strivinghard to improve their staffprofile andalso laboratory and other facilitieswith theunreserved supportof theFederalGovernment ofEthiopia.Nevertheless, the institutions havebeenfacingseriouschallengeintheirefforttobuildtheircapacityconsider-ingthecostlinessoftheveterinaryeducation,themismatchbetweenfacilitiesandqualifiedpersonnelandtheprevailingshortageofhumanpowerwiththerequiredqualificationsandspecialization.Thesituationisworseinveterinary



schoolsinWolayitaSodo,WolloandWolegaUniversities,whicharerelativelynewandfacingstaffandfacilitiesshortages.WhilethecurrentexpansionofveterinaryeducationcanbeconsideredasanopportunityforthedevelopmentofthelivestocksectorandalsotheveterinaryprofessioninEthiopia,thepre-vailingshortageofqualifiedhumanresourceandfacilitiesintheeducationalinstitutionsposeseriousthreatonthequalityofprofessionalsproduced.Fur-thermore, thenumberofgraduates fromveterinaryeducational institutionsinthecountryisgrowingatanalarmingrateandseemstosaturatethejobmarketinthecountry.Therearereportsofunemployedveterinariansalloverthecountryandalsovetsforcedtobeengagednon-professionaleconomicac-tivities.Thissituationhasbeenconcerningveterinarians,theEthiopianVet-erinaryAssociationandallotherstakeholdersoftheprofessionforquietsome-timeandthisstudyhasbeeninitiatedwiththeaimofassessingthequalityofveterinaryeducationandthestatusandfutureprospectsofthejobmarketforveterinariansinEthiopia.

Assessment methodologiesTheassessmentinvolvedalltheveterinaryschoolswhicharecurrentlyopera-tional,studentsandstaffofsomeoftheveterinaryschoolsandveterinariansworking indifferenteconomicsectors inthecountry.Questionnaire formatswerepreparedandinterviewswerecarriedoutusingdifferentmeansofcom-munication(facetoface,telephoneandemailinterviews).Leadersofthevet-erinaryschoolsofAddisAbaba,Haramaya,HawassaandJimmauniversitieswereapproachedfacetofacewhilethoseofGondar,Jijiga,Mekelle,WolayitaSodo,WolloandWolegawerecommunicatedthroughemails.Althoughallvet-erinaryschoolswereapproachedtogive informationontheirschoolsprofileonly 6 of them respondedwhile four (veterinary schools of Jijiga,WolayitaSodo,WoloandWolegaUniversities)declined.Studentsandstaffofveterinaryschools ofAddisAbaba,Haramaya,HawassaandJimmaUniversitieswereapproachedfaceto face,givenexplanationsaboutthepurposeofthesurveyandthecontentofthequestionnairesandgivensometimetofillintheques-tionnaires.Atotalof120veterinariansworkingindifferenteconomicsectorsin the countrywereapproached throughemail for interview fromwhich36individualsresponded.Thestudyalsoincluded109graduatesofthe2009/10academicyear,whowereapproachedthroughtelephonecalls.ThenumberofstudentsandstaffincludedinthestudyfromthefouruniversitiesispresentedinTable1.



Table1.Numberofstudentsandstaffinterviewedinsomeuniversities

Name of universities Number of students Number of staffAddisAbaba 41 17Haramaya 44 12Hawassa 41 10Jimma - 14Total 126 53

TheassessmentalsoinvolvedcollectionofrelevantinformationfromwebsitesofAVMA,AVBC,OIE,WVA,HERQA,VeterinaryCouncilofIndia,SouthAfri-canVeterinaryCouncilandotherinstitutions.Theinformationcollectedfromthesewebsitesincludedhistoricalperspectivesofveterinarymedicineandvet-erinaryeducation,standardsofveterinaryeducationandindicatorsofhighereducationqualityinEthiopia.ThestudyalsousedsecondarydataavailableinthedatabaseoftheEthiopianVeterinaryAssociationandrecordofficesofAd-disAbaba,Haramaya,HawassaandJimmaUniversities.Therecordsof479veterinariansavailableinEVA’sdatabasewereusedtocalculatethecurrentcareerprofileofveterinarians.Atotalof14352recordsofstudentsadmittedtoveterinarymedicine,medicine,technologyandsocialscienceprogramsinHa-ramaya,HawassaandJimmaUniversitieswereusedtocomputeandcomparethepreparatoryschoolleavingscores.

The2009/10and2004/05reportsoftheCentralStatisticsAgencyonlivestockandlivestockcharacteristicswereusedtoprojectthelivestockpopulationinthenextfiveyears.Samereportswereusedtocalculatetheproportionoflocalcows(36.28%),crossbredcows(0.5%),bullsandoxen(40.28),heifers(13.01%)and calves (9.93%) from the total cattle population.The livestockunit con-versionfactorsrecommendedbyGryseels(1988),ILCA(1992)andFAOSTAT(2003)wereusedtocovertthelivestockpopulationtoTLU(Table2).



Table2.Livestockunitconversionfactors

Livestock species Conversion factor ReferenceCattle(oxandbull 1.10 Gryseels,1988Cattle(cowlocal) 0.80 Gryseels,1988Cattle(cowcross) 1.20 Gryseels,1988Heifers 0.50 Gryseels,1988Calves 0.20 Gryseels,1988Sheep 0.10 Gryseels,1988Goat 0.10 Gryseels,1988Horse 0.80 Gryseels,1988Ass/mule 0.36 Gryseels,1988Camel 1.00 ILCA,1992Poultry 0.01 FAOSTAT,2003

Thefollowingassumptionswereusedinthemanagementofdatacollectedinthisassessment:

• ThelevelofintensificationoflivestockproductionsystemsinEthiopiaisat1%(CSA,2010);

• ThetotalTLUinthepastoralproductionsysteminEthiopiais32.5%(30%thecattle,75%ofthegoatand25%ofthesheeppopulation)(MoA,2005);

• The total TLU in themixed crop-livestock system in Ethiopia is 66.5%(MoA,2005);

• Theproportionofveterinariansleavingtheanimalhealthdeliverysystemduetodifferentreasons(retirement,death,chronicillness,etc)isat3%;

• Livestockpopulationforthedifferentspeciesisgrowingataconstantaver-ageannualrate(CSA,2010);

• Therequirementforveterinariansis1:200,000forasystemdealingwithonlypreventionandcontrolofdiseases,1:10-30,000forasystemdealingwith also some clinical interventions and 1:1-5000 for a systemdealingwithallrangesofveterinaryservice(ILRI,1995);

• TheaverageannualenrollmentrateofveterinaryschoolsinEthiopiais70;• TheaverageattritionrateinveterinaryschoolsinEthiopiaof25%;



FindingsQuality of education

Organization and administrative structure

TheveterinaryschoolsinEthiopiahavedifferentlevelsofadministrativeau-tonomy.Someareatschool level,someareatcollege levelwhileothersareatdepartmentlevel.TheveterinaryschoolinAddisAbabaUniversityhasaschoolstatuswithhighlevelofadministrativeautonomyinthatitownsandmanagesaseparatebudgetallocatedtotheschoolbytheMinistryofFinanceandEconomicDevelopment.All theotherveterinary schools in the countrydon’thaveaseparatebudgetformostoftheiractivitiesexceptforeducationalsuppliesandfieldactivities.Ifveterinaryschoolsdonothaveaseparateandadequatebudgettoruntheiracademic,researchanddevelopmentactivities,it isobviousthattheyareunderthejurisdictionofofficersfromotherdisci-plines.ThisisnotinlinewiththerecommendationsofWVA(1998),AVMA-COE (2011),AVBC (2010)andSVC (2005),which state that theveterinaryeducationmustbeadequatelyfinancedandmustbeundertheimmediateandsoledirectionofaveterinarian.

Curriculum and quality of admitted students

ThecontemporarycurriculumusedbyalltheveterinaryschoolsinEthiopiaispreparedinaharmonizedmannerunderthedirectivesoftheFederalMinistryofEducation.VeterinaryschoolsofAddisAbaba,Gondar,Haramaya,Hawas-sa,Jijiga,JimmaandMekelleuniversitieswereinvolvedinthedevelopmentoftheharmonizedcurriculum.Thecurriculaintheseveterinaryschoolsarethusbasicallythesameexceptfewpeculiaritiesrelatedtotheircomparativeadvantages.Thecoursecontent (Annex)of theharmonizedcurriculumis inaccordancewith theonesrecommendedbyWVA(1998),AVMA-COE(2011)andalsotheVeterinaryCouncilofIndia(VCI)(1993).TherearesomecoursesrecommendedbyWVA(1998)likebotanyandenvironmentalsciencesbutaremissinginthecurriculaofveterinaryschoolsinEthiopia.Thedurationofvet-erinaryeducationinEthiopiahasbeenchangingfrequentlyfrom6to5yearandvice-versaforthepastdecadebutcurrently it isfixedtosixyears.ThedurationoftheveterinaryeducationinEthiopiaisinlinewiththerecommen-dationsofWVA(1998),AVMA-COE(2011),VCI(1993)andSVC(2005).

Thetotalcredithoursallocatedforthesixyearsprogramis212inAddisAbabaUniversity, 218 inGondarUniversity, 217 inHaramayaUniversity, 221 in

HawassaUniversityand224inJimmaUniversity.Thecredithoursallottedforpracticalclassesincludinglaboratoryhours,clinicalpracticesandfieldex-perience on clinical, laboratory, abattoir and farmmanagementpractices is31.1%inAddisAbabaUniversity,33%inGondarUniversity,30.4%inHara-mayaUniversity,30.1%inHawassaUniversityand35%inJimmaUniversity.Theemphasisgiven topractical classes inveterinary schools inEthiopia isbelowtherecommendedvaluebyHalliwell(2004)andAVBC(2010)forveteri-naryeducationtheUKandAustralia,respectively(1:>1satisfactory,1:0.6-<1unsatisfactoryand1:<0.6unacceptable).The ratio of theoretical training topracticaltraininginEthiopianveterinaryschoolsrangesfrom0.4to0.5.Fur-thermore,theratioofclinicalpracticalclassestotheoreticalandotherpracti-caltrainingsis1:8.3,whichisagainmuchhigherthantherecommendationbyHalliwell(2004)andAVBC(2010)(1:<4).TheproportionofpracticalclassesisalsobelowthestandardsetbytheVCI(45.2%)(1993).Asitcanbeseenintheharmonizedcurriculum,clinicalcourseslikegeneralmedicine,largeani-malmedicineandsmallanimalmedicineandanimalproductioncourseslikedairy,beefandpoultryproductionareentirelybasedon theoretical classes.Nota single credithour isallocated forpractical classes.This couldbeoneofthereasonsfortheunder-representationofpracticalclassesintheharmo-nizedcurriculum.Infact,acoursenamed ‘clinicalexperience’ is includedinthecurriculumwith4credithours,whichisagaininsignificantconsideringthenatureofveterinaryprofession,whichrequiresemphasisonpracticalskills.Thisconcernisalsosharedby77.8%ofthestudentsinterviewedinthisassess-ment,whobelievethepracticaltraininginveterinaryschoolsinEthiopiaisunsatisfactory.Furthermore,almostthesameproportionofstudents(77.8%)regardedtheemphasisgiventofieldexperience,whichisoneelementinprac-ticalskilldevelopment,asunsatisfactory.Sameviewwasreflectedby50%and45.5%oftheveterinariansworkingindifferenteconomicsectorsinthecountryforpracticalclassesandfieldexperience,respectively.

Theproportionofdifferentcourseclustersasclassifiedintheharmonizedcur-riculumispresentedinTable3.Inalltheveterinaryschoolsincludedintheas-sessmentdueemphasis(73.7%to82.1%)isgiventoprofessionalcourses(pre-clinical,para-clinicalandclinicalcourses).ThesevaluesareclosetoandstillhigherthantheproportionofprofessionalcoursesrecommendedbyVCI(1993)(72.9).Thenumber of credit hours allotted to supportive courses (9.2-16%),whereanimalproductioncourseareclassified,ismuchlowerthantherecom-mendationsofVCI(1993)foronlyanimalproductioncourses(20.2%).Thisis



anindicationthattoomuchcredithoursisallottedtocommoncoursesintheharmonizedcurriculumattheexpenseofmoreimportantsupportivecourses.

Table3.ThecontentsofthecurriculaofveterinaryschoolsinEthiopia

Name of university Proportion of Course Clusters (%)Common Professional Supportive

AddisAbaba 7.5 81.6 10.9Gondar 8.7 82.1 9.2Haramaya 9.2 79.7 11.1Hawassa 12.2 74.5 11.3Jimma 10.3 73.7 16.0

Theharmonized curriculumhas been judged as having satisfactory qualityandrelevancetotheEthiopianconditionbyabout86.8%and92%ofthestaffofveterinaryschoolsinEthiopia,respectively.Ontheotherhand,thepartici-pationofstaff,studentsandotherstakeholdersinthepreparationofthehar-monizedcurriculumwasratedassatisfactoryby69.4%,9.8%and51.2%ofthestaff,respectively.Furthermore,theveterinaryschoolscontactedfortheas-sessmentconfirmedthattheharmonizedcurriculumhasbeenpreparedbasedonaneedassessment,whichinvolvedconsultationofdifferentstakeholders,staffandstudentstosomeextent.Mostoftheveterinaryschoolshadorganizedalsointernalandexternalworkshopstoenrichandfinalizethecurriculumandtriedtoseetheexperienceofsimilarinstitutionsabroad.ThereareevensomeschoolswhichmadebenchmarkingvisitstouniversitiesinEurope.

ThequalityofstudentsjoiningveterinaryeducationnowadaysinEthiopiaisconsideredaspoorby76.6%oftheacademicstaffinterviewed.However,theanalysisofthepreparatoryschoolleavingexaminationscoresofstudentsad-mitted to veterinary and other disciplines shows that the average score forveterinarystudentsisbelowthoseofmedicineandengineeringandtechnologyandabovesocialsciencestudentsin2008/09butimprovestoexcelthoseadmit-tedtoengineeringandtechnologyin2010/11(Figure1).Thisindicatesthattherelativequalityofstudentsadmittedcurrentlytoveterinaryeducationasmea-suredbythepreparatoryschoolleavingexaminationscoreisnotassuchpoorbutlowerthanstudentsadmittedtomedicine,whichusedtobecomparabletoveterinarymedicinetraditionally.Studentsincludedinthisassessmentjoinedveterinaryeducationastheirfirstchoice(18.3%),secondchoice(28.6%),thirdchoice(24.6%)andfourthormorechoice(28.6%).However,almostallthestu-dentsadmittedthatveterinarymedicineisaninterestingandlikeablescience(90.5%)irrespectiveoftheirchoiceforthefield.



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Year

Ave

rage

sco

res

Engineering andTechnology

278.5 290.4 385.2

MedIcine and HealthSciences

308.3 325.4 528.4

Social Sciences 243.2 254 355.3

Veterinary Medicine 270 277.3 420

2008/09 2009/10 2010/11

Figure1.Trendsinpreparatoryschoolleavingexaminationscoresofstudentsadmittedtodiffer-entprograms

Staff profile

ThetotalnumberofteachingstaffinveterinaryschoolsinEthiopiairrespec-tiveofacademicrankandqualificationrangesfrom18inJimmaUniversityto44inAddisAbabaUniversity.Theveterinaryschoolsincludedintheassess-ment have staff-student ratios ranging from1:12.1 in JimmaUniversity to1:28.6inHawassaUniversity(Table4).AlltheratiosexceptthatofHaramayaUniversityarewithinthenationalstandardsetbyHERQA(2005)(1:20forlec-turesand1:15forpracticalclasses).However,whenthesevaluesarecomparedwiththeonesrecommendedforveterinaryeducationworldwide,almostallofthemarewithintheunsatisfactoryorunacceptablerange(1:7.5-15forunsat-isfactoryand1:>15forunacceptable)(AVBC,2011;Halliwell,2004andSVC,2005).Itisobviousthatthestaffrequirementforveterinarymedicine,whichisaskillbasedprofession,wouldbehighsinceitrequiresclosefollowupand



supervisionofstudentstoensurethateachandeverystudenthasadequatelyacquiredthetheoreticalknowledgeandpracticalskillsoftheprofession.

Table4.StaffstudentratioinveterinaryschoolsinEthiopia

Name of university

Academic programs

Total number of teaching staff*

Total number of students**

Staff-Student ratio

AddisAbaba DVM,BVSc,MScandPhD

45 630 1:14.0

Gondar DVM,BVSc,MSc 37 541 1:14.6Haramaya DVM,BVSc 24 687 1:28.6Hawassa DVM 20 313 1:15.7Jimma DVM,MSc 18 217 1:12.1Mekelle DVM 25 430 1:17.2

* includes staff with DVM and above in the 2010/11 academic year, ** includes students of undergraduate and graduate programs

in the 2010/11 academic year

ThereisalargedisparityamongtheveterinaryschoolsinEthiopiawithre-gardtoacademicrankprofileoftheirteachingstaff.Thereareseven(onlyoneEthiopian)professorsactivelyengagedinveterinaryeducationinveterinaryschoolsinEthiopiaasafulltimestaff.Theproportionofassociateprofessors,assistantprofessorsandlecturersrangesfrom55%inHawassaUniversityto2.7%inGondarUniversity,67.6%inGondarUniversityto40%inHawassaUniversityand41.6%inHaramayaUniversityto16.7%inJimmaUniversity,respectively(Table5).Thenumberofinstructorswiththerankofprofessor,associateprofessorandassistantprofessor is thus farbelowtheonerecom-mendedbyVCI(1993).TheVCI(1993)recommendsthateachdepartmentinaveterinaryschoolshouldhaveaprofessor,1-3associateprofessors,2-3as-sistantprofessors,2-4laboratorytechniciansandanumberofothersupportivepersonnel.Adepartmentinthiscontextrepresentsamajorcourseormoduleinveterinaryeducationlikeveterinaryanatomy,veterinaryphysiology,veteri-naryparasitology, veterinarypathology, veterinarymicrobiology, veterinarypublichealth, etc.TheVCI (1993) recommends thus17departments/courseclusters/moduleshaving17professors,17-34associateprofessorsand34-51assistantprofessors.



Table5.StaffprofilebyacademicrankinveterinaryschoolsinEthiopia

Nameofuniversity

StaffProfilebyAcademicRankProfessors AssocProf AsstProf Lecturer Graduate

AssistantLab

TechnicianTotal

AddisAbaba 4(9.1%)

7(15.9%)

23(52.3%) 9(20.5%)

1(2.2%)

19 63

Gondar - 1(2.7%)

25(67.6%)

11(29.7%)

- 10 47

Haramaya 1(4.2%)

1(4.2%)

12(50.0%)

10(41.6%)

- 6 30

Hawassa 1(5.0%)

11(55.0%)

8(40.0%)

- - 4 24

Jimma - 2(11.1%)

12(66.7%)

3(16.7%)

1(5.5%)

7 25

Mekelle 1(3.7%)

3(11.1%)

13(48.2%)

8(29.6%)

2(7.4%)

4 31

TheAmericanVeterinaryMedicalAssociationCouncilofEducation(2011)andtheSVC(2005)recommendedthatfacultynumbersandqualificationsmustbesufficienttodelivertheeducationalprogramandfulfillthemissionofthevet-erinaryschool.Thefacultymustprovidecompetenceinallsubjectmatterareasofthecurriculumaswellaseffectiveteachingskills.Thereshallbeevidenceofabalancedprogramofteaching,research,andpublicservice.Contributiontooriginalknowledgeisanimportantadditionalevaluationcriterion.Veterinaryschools shouldhavealsoawell-definedand comprehensiveprogram for theprofessionalgrowthanddevelopmentof faculty (WVA,1998).AllveterinaryschoolsassesseddonotfulfillthenationalstandardfortheproportionofstaffwithPhD(30%)setbyHERQA(2008).TheproportionofacademicstaffwithPhDinveterinaryschoolsinEthiopiarangesfrom2.7inGondarUniversityto28.6%inAddisAbabaUniversity.Almostalltheveterinaryschoolsfulfilltheminimumnationalrequirement(50%)setfortheproportionofstaffwithmas-tersdegree(42.8%inAddisAbabauniversityto90%inHawassaUniversity)(Table6).Mostofthestudentsinterviewedinthisassessment(73.8%)believethattheclassroomteaching-learningprocessissatisfactory,whichindicatesthatthestudentsaresatisfiedbytheclassroomperformanceoftheirinstruc-tors.



Table6.StaffprofilebyqualificationinveterinaryschoolsinEthiopia

Nameofuniver-sity

StaffProfilebyAcademicRankPhD DVM+MSc BSc+MSc DVM BSc/BVSc Diploma Total

AddisAbaba 14(28.6%)

18(36.7%)

3(6.1%)

10(20.4%)

4(8.2%)

14 63

Gondar 1(2.7%)

25(67.6%)

4(10.8%)

7(18.9%)

- 10 47

Haramaya 3(11.1%)

11(40.7%)

10(37.0%)

- 3(0.0%)

3 30

Hawassa 2(10.0%)

18(90.0%)

- - - 4 24

Jimma 1(4.5%)

14(63.6%)

- 3(13.6%)

4(18.2%)

3 25

Mekelle 3(11.1%)

14(51.9%)

- 8(29.6%)

2(7.4%)

4 31

Almostall theassessedveterinary schools except that ofAddisAbabaUni-versityhavefewsupportivepersonnelwhichiswellbelowtherecommendedacademic-supportivestaffratio(1:>1)(Halliwell,2004;AVBC,2010).Therec-ommendedratio isbelievedtobe ideal forefficientrunningofacademic,re-searchanddevelopment(publicservice)issuesinaveterinaryschool.TheratioofteachingtosupportivestaffinSchoolofVeterinaryMedicineofAddisAbabaUniversityis1:6.8whilethoseoftheotherschoolsarebelow1:1.

Laboratory facilities

Alltheveterinaryschoolsassessedhavebasiclaboratoryfacilities(Table7)buttheirfunctionishighlylimitedbylackofaccessoryequipments,lackoftech-nicalexpertisetoinstallandrunthemachinesand/oralsodifficultiestogetregularsupplyoflaboratoryconsumables.Almostalltheveterinaryschoolsdonothaveanimalgeneticsandmolecularbiologylabs.Theadequacyofthelabo-ratoryfacilitiesfortheteaching-learningprocessisconsideredasinadequateby64.7%ofthestaffinterviewedinalltheveterinaryschools.Theextentofinadequacyof laboratory facilitiesas judgedbyacademicstaffof theveteri-naryschoolsrangesfrom90%inHawassaUniversityto47%inAddisAbabaUniversity.Thefactthat77.8%ofthestudentsinterviewedinthisassessmentregardthepracticaltraininginveterinaryschoolsinEthiopiaasunsatisfac-toryisanotherindicationoftheinadequacyofthelaboratoryfacilitiesintheinstitutionsassessed.

Theavailability of adequate andup-to-date laboratory facilities (infrastruc-ture, equipments, instruments and supplies) is set as important require-



ment to run an efficient veterinary education byWVA (1998), AVMA-COE(2011),AVBC(2010)andSVC(2005).Theseinstitutionsstressalsotheneedtogivedue consideration forhealthand safety standards in setting labora-tory facilitiestoprotectstaffandalsothepublic fromhazardoussituations.TheVeterinaryCouncilofIndia(199#)recommendsspecializedlaboratoryforprofessionalcoursessuchasanatomy,histologyandembryology,physiology,biochemistry,pharmacology,toxicology,helminthology,ptotozoology,entomol-ogy,bacteriologyandmycology,virology,immunology,histopathology,foodhy-giene(milkandmeat),clinicalpathology,zoonosis,feedtechnology,feedandfodderanalysis,energymetabolism,animalgenetics,dairytechnology,meatprocessing,andrology,clinicaldiagnosticandepidemiology.TheVCIalsosettheminimumstandardforspacerequirementsoftheabovelistedlabs.



Table7.ProfileoflaboratoryfacilitiesinveterinaryschoolsinEthiopia

Nam

e of

Uni

vers

itie

s an

d A

vaila

blit

y (A

vail)

and

Ade

quac

y (A

dq) o

f Lab

orat

ory

Faci

litie

sLa

bora

tory

type

Add

is A

baba

Gon

dar

Har

amay

aH

awas

saJi

mm

aM

ekel

leAv

ail

Adq

Avail

Adq

Avail

Adq

Avail

Adq

Avail

Adq

Avail

Adq

Anatom

yYes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Histology

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Physiology*

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

No

Parasitology

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Pathology

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Microbiology

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Foodhygiene

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

ClinPath

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

AnimalN

utNo

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

-Yes

Yes

Yes

No

AnimalG

enNo

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

-No

No

No

No

MolBiol

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

No

No

-No

No

No

No

*=In

cludesalsobiochemistry,Clin

Path=

ClinicalPathology,N

ut=N

utrition,Gen=G

enetics,Adequacyreferstoadequacyofspace,equipmentsandalbsup-

pliestoco

nductp

racticalclasses



Other facilities

Library and IC facilities

ThelibraryfacilityofveterinaryschoolsinEthiopiaisreportedtobeadequateintermsofspaceandreadingmaterialsbyAddisAbabaandGondarUniversi-ties.Theotherschoolsareconstrainedeitherbyspaceoravailabilityofread-ingmaterialsorboth(Table8).Theadequacyofthelibraryserviceinassessedveterinaryschoolsisjudgedasinadequatebyover66%ofthestaffinterviewed(77.4% in Jimma, 47.1% inAddisAbaba, 58.3% inHaramaya and 100% inHawassaUniversities).StudentsandstaffofveterinaryschoolsexceptthoseofAddisAbabaUniversitydonothaveregularaccesstointernationaljournalswhile all exceptAddisAbabaUniversity give adequate internet services totheirstaffandstudents.

Table8.StatusoflibraryandICfacilitiesinveterinaryschoolsinEthiopia

Name of university

Library seats Textbooks Reference books

Periodicals (number)

Internet

AddisAbaba Adequate Adequate Adequate Available(>6) InadequateGondar Adequate Adequate Adequate Available(1) AdequateHaramaya Inadequate Adequate Adequate Available(2) AdequateHawassa Inadequate Inadequate Inadequate Notavailable AdequateJimma Inadequate Inadequate Inadequate Notavailable AdequateMekelle Inadequate Inadequate Inadequate Notavailable Adequate

LibraryandICfacilitiesarecrucialforrunningeffectiveacademicprogramssince theyenable studentsenrichandalsoverify the theoreticalknowledgethey get from classroom teachings and also expose themselves to differentviewsandunderstandingsofconcepts.Librarymaterialsallowalsostudentsandstafftomakethemupdatedwithcurrentknowledgeandtechnologicalad-vancementsonveterinarymedicinepractice.Theremustbethusanadequatecollectionof,ortimelyaccessto,appropriateinstructionalandresearchmateri-alsforeachsubject,includingbooks,periodicals,specimens,andnon-printme-dia,supplementedwithelectronicreferencematerialsandretrievalsystems.Studentsandstaffmusthaveaccesstoadequatecomputerhardware,informa-tiontechnologysupportservices,softwareandelectronicmedia,tosupporttheeducationalprogram(AVBC,2010;SVC,2005,AVMA-COE,2011).



Teaching abattoir, veterinary clinic, livestock farm

TheveterinaryschoolsinAddisAbaba,Gondar,JimmaandMekelleUniver-sitieshavetheirownteachingveterinaryclinicswithadequatefacilitiesandsupplieswhilethoseofHaramayaandHawassadependonpublicveterinaryclinicsintheirsurroundings.Allassessedveterinaryschoolsdonothaveteach-ingabattoirandhavelimitedtransportationfacility.OnlySchoolofVeterinaryMedicineofAddisAbabaUniversity ismanaging its ownvehicles,which isconsideredyetinadequateinviewofitsdiversifiedacademic,researchandde-velopmentprograms.Theotherschoolsaregettingtranspirationservicefromapoolofvehiclesmanagedatuniversitylevel,whichmakesthetransportationproblemevenworse.Livestockfarmsofdifferentspeciesareavailableinvet-erinaryschoolsofGondar,Haramaya,JimmaandMekelleUniversities(Table9).Theabovementionedfacilitiesareconsideredtobeessentialgroundsforpracticalskilldevelopmentandrecommendedtobemandatoryelementsofaveterinaryeducationsystembyanumberofinternationalinstitutions(AVMA-COE,2011;ANBC,2010;SVC,2005).Theinstitutionsrecommendveterinaryschoolstoeitherownorhaveunrestrictedaccesstosuchfacilities.

Table9.StatusofdifferenteducationalfacilitiesinveterinaryschoolsinEthiopia

Name of university

Abattoir Vet clinic Clinical supplies

Livestock farms Transporta-tion facilities

AddisAbaba Notavailable Adequate Adequate Notavailable InadequateGondar Notavailable Adequate Adequate Dairy,poultry InadequateHaramaya Notavailable Notavailable Adequate Dairy,beef,sheep,

goat,poultry,swineInadequate

Hawassa Notavailable Notavailable Adequate Notavailable InadequateJimma Notavailable Adequate Adequate Dairy,poultry,

apiaryInadequate

Mekelle Notavailable Adequate Adequate Dairy,sheep,goats Inadequate

Carrier Opportunities for VeterinariansEmployment profile

ThedatabaseoftheEthiopianVeterinaryAssociationshowsthatabout73.8%oftheveterinariansinEthiopiaareemployedbythegovernmentfromwhich28.3%areemployedbythepublicveterinaryservice,26.4%byhighereduca-tionsector,5.7%byresearchinstitutions,5%byregionaland5%bynationallabsand3.7%byTVETcolleges.NGOs,UNagenciesandtheprivatesectorconstituteabout7.1%,2.7%and13%oftheemploymentprofile inEthiopia.



There are also few veterinarians working as expatriate in some countries(2.5%).Fromatotalof109graduatesofthe2009/10academicyearinterviewedthroughtelephone30(27.5%)don’thaveyetprofessionaljob.Thereasonsforthisasmentionedbythegraduatesthemselvesarelackofasystemtogetinfor-mationaboutcareeropportunities,highnumberofgraduates,failuretopassprofessional competency exams, absence of professional experience requiredbysomeemployers,thelanguagerequirementsetbysomeregions,shortageofbudget,attitudinalproblemsatworedaandregionallevelsandunwilling-nessofgraduatestoworkinremoteareasandalsounderunfavorableworkingconditions.Someofthegraduateswantedtobeengagedinprivateveterinarypracticesbuthavebeenconstrainedbyshortageof startupcapitaland theprevailinganimalhealthservice system in the country,whichstilldependshighlyonthepublicsector.

Production of and requirements for veterinarians

ThetotalnumberofveterinariansgraduatedfromveterinaryschoolsinEthio-piauntil2011is2106fromwhich954aretheproductsoftheSchoolofVeteri-naryMedicineofAddisAbabaUniversityinthepast32years.Thenewveteri-naryschoolslistedbelowproducedatotalof1152vetsinthepast8-9years.

Table10.NumberofveterinariansgraduatedfromveterinaryschoolsinEthiopia

Name of university Establishment year Total number of graduatesAddisAbaba 1979 954Gondar 2004 164Haramaya 2003 309Hawassa 2002 184Jimma 2003 255Mekelle 2003 240Total 2106

ThelivestockproductionsysteminEthiopiaispredominantlyextensivetypecharacterizedbylowinputintermsoffeed,genotype,veterinaryservicesotherextensionservices.Theveterinaryserviceinsuchkindoflivestockproductionsystemislimitedtopreventionandcontrolofdiseasesandbasicanimalhealthservices.Theveterinaryserviceinthepastoralproductionsystemishighlyex-tensivewhilethemixedcrop-livestockproductionsystemoperateswithsomedegreeofintensification.Thereisalsoanemergingandgrowingintensivelive-stockproductionsysteminEthiopiawhichrepresentsonly1%ofthelivestockresourceinthecountry.Takingthesefactsintoaccountthenumberofveteri-



nariansrequiredforthecomingfiveyearsisprojectedaspresentedinFigure2.ThenumberofgraduatesexpectedinthesamerangeofyearsconsideredfortheprojectionoftherequirementsisalsodepictedinFigure2.Asitcanbeseeninthefigure,thenumberofgraduateshasbeenwithintherequirementrangein2010/11butstartstosurpasstherequirementasof2011/12.

ThenumberofnewgraduatesrequiredandtheonesexpectedtograduateonlyfromthesevenveterinaryschoolsinpresentedinFigure3.Thelivestockre-source in thecountrycanaccommodate from132 to188newgraduatesan-nuallywhile from360 to 426newgraduates areproduced every year.Thiswouldcreateinthelongrunalargepoolofveterinarianswhichwouldnotbeabsorbedbythelivestocksectorinthecountry.

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

Year

Num

ber o

f gra

duat

es

Requirement 1959 2091 2233 2385 2548 2722 2909

Production 1617 2043 2402 2763 3122 3482 3842

2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16

Figure2.Projectionofnumberofgraduatesandrequirementforveterinarians(2009/10to2015/16)



0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Year

Num

ber o

f vet

s

Average annual production 426 359 361 359 360 360Annual requirements 132 142 152 163 174 187

2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16

Figure3.Projectionofannualnumberofgraduatesandrequirementsforvets(2010/11-2015/16)

Prospect of job markets for veterinarians

Theinstitutionsconsideredasemployersofveterinariansbyinterviewedin-dividualsaregovernment institutions likepublicveterinaryservice,univer-sities, TVET colleges, research institutions, federal and regional veterinarylaboratoriesandMinistryofHealth;privateveterinaryinstitutionslikeveteri-naryclinics,pharmaceuticalindustries,livestockfarmsandexportabattoirs;NGOsandUNagencies.Veterinarianscanalsoopentheirownbusinessandprivatepractices.Thepayrateforveterinarydoctorsinthepublicandprivatesectorisconsideredaslowby100%and76.9%ofrecruitedveterinarianinter-viewedinthisassessment.UNagencies(100%)andNGOs(66.5%)aretheonesconsideredtopaywelltoveterinarians.

Whenaskedboutthejobmarketfortheveterinaryprofession,70%studentsinveterinaryschoolsand81.8%oftheveterinariansonjobregardedveterinarymedicineasnotamongthebestsellableprofessionsinEthiopia.Thelikelihoodofveterinariansgettingjobhasisjudgedasworsethanmedicaldoctors,engi-neers,socialsciencegraduatesandnaturalsciencegraduatesbythemajorityofstudentsinveterinaryschoolsandalsorecruitedveterinarians(Table11).



Table11.Comparisonofthejobmarketforveterinarianswiththatofotherprofessions

Professionscomparedtoveterinarymedicine LikelihoodofVeterinariansGettingJobStudents(%) Recruitedvets(%)Better Worse Better Worse

Medicaldoctors 2.4 97.6 0 100Engineers 14.5 85.5 0 100Socialsciencegraduates 22.4 73.6 28.1 71.9Naturalsciencegraduates 31.2 68.8 33.3 66.7Graduatesofotheragriculturalfields 31.1 68.9 53.3 46.7

Whenaskedabouttheprospectofveterinariansgettingjobinthefuturemostofthestudents(76%)andtherecruitedveterinarians(90.3%)werepessimistic.Thereasonsfortheirpessimisticviewregardingthejobmarketforveterinar-iansaresummarizedasfollow:

• AbsenceofastatutorybodyregulatingthequalityofveterinaryeducationandprofessionalserviceinEthiopia;

• AbsenceoffunctionalanimalhealthservicepoliciesandguidelinesatFed-eralandRegionallevel;

• Livestocksectoringeneralandanimalhealthinparticularhasalowsta-tusinthestructuralorganizationoftheEthiopianGovernmentundermin-ingtheimportanceoflivestocktohouseholdandnationaleconomy;

• Poorqualityofgraduateswhichistheresultofproliferationofveterinaryschoolsalloverthecountrywithoutpriorplanningandpreparations;

• Highnumberofgraduatesfromabout6veterinaryschoolsinthecountry,whichsaturatesthejobmarket;

• The livestock production system inEthiopia is predominantly extensiveandtheveterinaryinfrastructureinEthiopiaispoorandveterinaryclinicsandanimalhealthpostsarenotproperlyequipped.Hencetheroleofvet-erinariansintheruralEthiopiaisnotmuchdifferentfromthoseofanimalhealthassistantsandotherpara-professionals;

• Thestructuralorganizationofthepublicanimalserviceatworedalevelhasnotgivendueregardtotheveterinaryprofession,whichmaybetheresultofthelackofproperlyequippedveterinaryclinics,poorawarenessamongpolicymakers,decisionmakersandalsothecommunityabouttheimportanceofveterinarymedicine;

• InadequatepolicysupportforthedevelopmentoftheprivateanimalhealthserviceinEthiopia.Absenceofloanschemesforveterinariansinterestedto



beinvolvedinprivateveterinarypracticesandtheinvolvementofgovern-mentonallaspectsofveterinaryservices;

• Inadequateeffortbytheprofessionalassociationandalsoprofessionalsatlargetopromotetheprofessionamongpolicymakesandpoliticiansbyallconcernedbodies(EVA,Professionals;

• VeterinariansinEthiopiaareshowinglessefforttocreatejobsandsomearenotinterestedtogotoremoteareastogivetheirprofessionalservice;

• Inadequateknowledgeofveterinarygraduatesonentrepreneurship.Thiscouldberelatedtothefailureofveterinaryeducationcurriculatoaddressdiversifiedissuesotherthanveterinarymedicine;

• Absenceofasysteminthecountrythatprovidesinformationaboutcareeropportunities;

Conclusion and RecommendationsTheveterinaryschoolsinEthiopiaareusingaharmonizedcurriculum,whichiscommendable.Thecoursesyllabusoftheharmonizedcurriculumcomplieswithinternationalstandardsbuttheproportionofpracticalclassesingeneralandclinicalexperienceinparticularisbelowtheonerecommendedbyinterna-tionalaccreditationbodiesandalsotheexpectationofstudents.Thequalityofstudentsadmittedtoveterinaryeducationhasbeenpoorinthepastdecadeasitistrueforallfieldsofstudybutstartstoimproveveryrecently.ThenumberofteachingstaffinalltheassessedveterinaryschoolsissatisfyingthenationalstandardforhighereducationinEthiopiabutbelowtheminimumstandardsetbyinternationalbodies.Thestaffprofilewithregardtoacademicrankisen-couragingbutstillthenumberofprofessorsandassociateprofessorsiswithinunacceptablerange.Theveterinaryschoolsarealsosufferingfromshortageofstaffwithterminaldegree,whicharesupposedtoplayleadingrolesinteach-ingandresearchactivitiesoftheveterinaryschools.ThefactthatveterinaryschoolsinEthiopiamanagedtoestablishmodestlaboratoryfacilitieswithinashortperiodoftimeinadmirable.However,thecontributionofthelaboratoryfacilitiestotheacademicprogramislimitedbyfactorssuchaslackofaccessoryequipments,lackoftechnicalexpertisetoinstallandrunthemachinesand/oralsodifficultiestogetregularsupplyoflaboratoryconsumables.Theavailabil-ityofreadingmaterialsisinadequateinmostoftheveterinaryschoolswhiletheinternetfacilitiesaremodestlyadequate.TheveterinaryschoolsinEthio-piadon’thaveteachingabattoirandadequatetransportationfacilityandhave



variablestatusregardingtheavailabilityandadequacyofteachingveterinaryclinicandlivestockfarms.

Thepredominantemployerofveterinarians inEthiopia is thepublicsector.VeterinariansarealsoemployedbyNGO,UNagenciesandtheprivatesector.ThecurrentnumberofveterinariansavailableinEthiopiaisveryclosetotherequirementinviewoftheexistingscenariooflivestockproductioninEthiopiaandwouldbesaturatedwithinoneyearperiod.SomeveterinariansgraduatingfromveterinaryschoolsinEthiopiainthepastthreeyearshavebecomejoblessalreadymainlyduetopolicyandattitudinalproblems.Thenumberofveteri-nariansgraduatingeveryyearfromonlysevenveterinaryschoolsinEthiopiaismorethantwicetherequirementandwouldcreatelargepoolofjoblessvet-erinariansunlessappropriatemeasureistaken.ThissituationisaffectingthemoralofveterinarystudentscurrentlyenrolledinveterinaryschoolsinEthio-piaandrendersthempessimisticabouttheprospectofthejobmarket.

Fortheimprovementofthequalityofveterinaryeducationandalsothejobop-portunityforveterinariansinEthiopiathefollowingpointsarerecommended:

• The curriculum should enable graduates acquire adequate theoreticalknowledgeandpracticalskillsandhencegraduateswouldbeconfidenttopracticetheirprofessioninthepublicandprivatesectors.Therefore,thecurriculaofveterinaryeducationshouldberevisedinsuchawaythatmoretimeisallocatedforpracticalclassesingeneralandclinicalexperienceinparticular;

• ThereisaneedtostrengthenveterinaryeducationinEthiopia.Thisentailsdevelopingandimplementingacomprehensivestaffdevelopmentprogramandstrengtheningthelaboratory,library,clinical,abattoir,livestockfarmandtransportationfacilitiesoftheveterinaryschools;

• Thereisaneedforestablishmentofaveterinarystatutorybodythatwouldregulate thequalityofveterinaryeducationandprofessionalservices inthecountry;

• Thereisanurgentneedtore-considerthecurrentnumberofveterinaryschoolsandalsotheannualenrollmentrateinEthiopia.Thiscallsforde-velopmentofastrategicplanforthehumanresourceneedsofthelivestockindustryinthecountryanddeterminingthecorrespondingnumberofvet-erinaryschoolsandannualenrolmentrates.Currently,theannualneedforveterinariansrangesfrom150-180andthiscanbesatisfiedby4to6veterinaryschoolswithannualenrolmentrateof30-50students;



• Therequirementforveterinariansisafunctionofthelevelofintensifica-tionofthelivestockproductionsystems.EVA,veterinariansandallotherstakeholdersoftheprofessionshouldworkhardtopromoteintensificationoflivestockproductioninEthiopia;

• There isstillagoodpotential forveterinarianstobeengaged inprivateveterinarypractices.Itisimportantthustopromoteprivatizationofveteri-naryservicesthroughprovisionofloans,enhancingtheentrepreneurshipskillsofveterinariansandcreatingfavorablepolicyenvironment;

• Graduatesneedsupporttobelinkedwithcareeropportunities.Itisimpor-tantthustoestablishcareersupportunitswithinveterinaryschoolsand/orEVA;

• Thepracticalskillofgraduatesofveterinaryschoolsinthepast3to5yearsneedstobeimproved.Itisessentialthustoorganizeandimplementskillenhancementtrainingprogramsforthegraduates;

• EVA,veterinariansandotherstakeholdersoftheprofessionshouldworkhardtopromotetheimportanceoftheprofessionamongthecommunity,policymakersanddecisionmakers.

AcknowledgementsTheEthiopianVeterinaryAssociationwould like to acknowledgeDr.KelayBelihu for conducting such an important assessment on the quality of vet-erinaryhighereducationandherebyexpressitsgratitudeforhisprofessionalcontribution.Wealsoappreciatethecontributionofthefollowinginstitutionsandindividualsforthesuccessoftheassessmentwork:

StaffoftheEthiopianVeterinaryAssociationSchoolofVeterinaryMedicine,AddisAbabaUniversitySchoolofVeterinaryMedicine,GondarUniversityCollegeofVeterinaryMedicine,HaramayaUniversitySchoolofVeterinaryMedicine,HawassaUniversitySchoolofVeterinaryMedicine,JimmaUniversityCollegeofVeterinarySciences,MekelleUniversityStaffandStudentsofveterinaryschoolsinEthiopiaVeterinariansworkingindifferenteconomicsectorsinEthiopia



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AVMA 2011. AVMA Listed Veterinary Colleges of theWorld. American VeterinaryMedicalAssociation,USA.

AVMACOE2011.AccreditationpoliciesandproceduresoftheAVMACouncilofEduca-tion.CouncilonEducationPoliciesandProcedures,AVMA,USA.

Brückner,G.2008.Newchallengesfortheveterinaryprofessioninglobalanimaldis-ease control and the trade in animals and animal products. In: Proceedings ofFacultyDay,FacultyofVeterinaryScience,UniversityofPretoria.

CSA2005AgriculturalSampleSurvey2004/05,Volume2,Report onLivestockandLivestockCharacteristics.AddisAbaba,Ethiopia.

CSA2010.AgriculturalSampleSurvey2009/10,Volume2,ReportonLivestockandLivestockCharacteristics.AddisAbaba,Ethiopia.

Edwards,J.2004.Globalperspectivesofveterinaryeducation:reflectionsfromthe27thworldveterinarycongress.JournalofVeterinaryMedicalEducation,31(1):9-12.

FAOSTAT2003.FAOstatisticsdatabaseontheworldwideweb.http//aps.fao.org/

Gryseels,G. 1988.Role of Livestock onMixed Smallholder Farms in theEthiopianHighlands,ACaseStudyfromtheBasoandWorenaWoredanearDebreBerhan.Dissertation.WageningenAgriculturalUniversity.TheNetherlands.

Halliwell,R.W.2004.AccreditationofveterinaryschoolsintheUnitedKingdomandtheEuropeanUnion:Theprocess,currentissuesandtrends,andfutureconcerns.JournalofVeterinaryMedicalEducation,31(2):105-110.

Haylat,N.2005.PresentstatusandvisionofveterinaryhighereducationintheArabworld.JournalofVeterinaryMedicalEducation,32:151-154.

HERQA2005.EducationQualityImprovementProgram.HERQA,AddisAbaba,Ethio-pia.



HERQA 2008. Requirements for Program Pre- accreditation, Accreditation and Re-accreditation.HERQAPublicationSeriesNo.020,February,2008,AddisAbaba,Ethiopia.

ILCA1992.LivestockProductionSystem.ILCA,AddisAbaba.

ILRI1995.LivestockPolicyAnalysis.ILRITrainingManual2,ILRI,Nairobi,Kenya.264p.

Lamielle,G,Tegzes,J.,Mackintosh,S.2011.Interprofessionaleducation:trainingvet-erinarystudentsinaonehealthcontext.ApaperpresentedintheWorldConfer-enceonVeterinaryEducation,13-15May2011,Lyon,France.

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Melaku,T.2010.Global crisisand the challengeofveterinary teaching inEthiopia.GlobalVeterinaria,5(6):294-301.

Merga,B.,Takele,A.,Feyissa,R.,Tsegaw,F.,Kassahun,A.,Desta,B.,Gebrehiwot,T.andGetachew,A.2009.Rinderpesteradicationprogram:aspringboardforveteri-naryeducationinEthiopia.Ethiop.Vet.J.,13(3):73-92.

Nell,A.J.2006.QuickScanoftheLivestockandMeatSectorinEthiopia:IssuesandOpportunities.WageningenInternational,TheNetherlands.

O’Callaghan,C.2008.Abriefhistoryofveterinarymedicine.http://www.helium.com/items/1051583-a-brief-history-of-veterinary-medicine?page=1

Pappaioanou,M.2011.SharedlessonsfromtheNorthAmericanVeterinaryMedicalEducationalConsortium.ApaperpresentedintheWorldConferenceonVeteri-naryEducation,13-15May2011,Lyon,France.

Samad,M.A.andAhmed,M.U.2003.Historyandscopeofveterinarymedicine.Bangl.J.Vet.Med.,1(1):1-8.

SVC2005.EvaluationofVeterinaryTraining:StandardOperatingProcedures,MethodofEvaluation.TheSouthAfricanVeterinaryCouncil,SouthAfrica.

Swan,G.E.andKriek,N.P.J.2009.VeterinaryeducationinAfrica:currentandfutureperspectives.OnderstepoortJournalofVeterinaryResearch,76:105–114.



VCI 1993.MinimumStandards ofVeterinaryEducation:DegreeCourse (BVSc andAH)Regulations.ExtraordinaryGazetteofIndia,NewDelhi,India.

WCVE,2011.Resolutionsof theSecondWorldConferenceonVeterinaryEducation.13-15May2011,Lyon,France.

Willis,N.G.,Monroe,F.A.,Potworowski,J.A.,Halbert,G.,Evans,B.R.,Smith,J.E.,Andrews,K.J.,Spring,L.,Bradbrook,A.2007Envisioningthefutureofveterinarymedicaleducation:TheAssociationofAmericanVeterinaryMedicalCollegesFore-sightProject,FinalReport.JournalofVeterinaryMedicalEducation,34:5–15.

WVA1998.EducationPolicies.http://www.worldvet.org

Yizengaw,2005.Policydevelopment inhighereducation inEthiopiaand the roleofdonorsanddevelopmentpartners.ApaperpresentedintheInternationalExpertMeetingon“FormulasthatWork:MakingHigherEducationSupportMoreEffec-tive”,23-24May2005,TheHague,TheNetherlands.



Annex. Exemplar syllabus of curriculum of veterinary education in EthiopiaCollegeofVeterinaryMedicine,HaramayaUniversity

No. Course list Credit HoursTheory Practical Total

I MajorCourses1 Vet.GrossAnatomyI 3 1 42 Vet.GrossAnatomyII 3 1 43 Vet.Embryology 1.5 0.5 24 Vet.HistologyI 2 1 35 Vet.HistologyII 2 1 36 Vet.PhysiologyI 2.5 0.5 37 Vet.PhysiologyII 2.5 0.5 38 Vet.MicrobiologyI 3 1 49 Vet.MicrobiologyII 2.5 0.5 310 Vet.Immunology 2.5 0.5 311 IntroductiontoMolecularBiology 2 0 212 Vet.ParasitologyI 3 1 413 Vet.ParasitologyII 3 1 414 Vet.GeneralPathology 3 1 415 Vet.SystemicPathology 3 1 416 Vet.PharmacologyandtherapeuticsI 2.5 0.5 317 Vet.PharmacologyandtherapeuticsII 2.5 0.5 318 Vet.BiochemistryI 2.5 0.5 319 Vet.BiochemistryII 2.5 0.5 320 Vet.ClinicalDiagnosis 2 1 321 Vet.PublicHealthI 2 1 322 Vet.PublicHealthII 3 1 423 TheriogenologyI 2 1 324 TheriogenologyII 2 1 325 Vet.GeneralMedicine 4 0 426 EquineMedicine 2 0 227 LargeAnimalMedicine 4 0 428 SmallAnimalMedicine 3 0 329 PoultryDiseases 2 1 330 Camelhealthandproduction 3 0 331 FisheriesandFishDiseases 2.5 0.5 332 ApicultureandBeeDiseases 1.5 0.5 233 WildlifeHealth 2 0 234 Vet.Epidemiology 2.5 0.5 335 Vet.PreventiveMedicine 2.5 0.5 3




36 Vet.GeneralSurgeryandAnesthesiology 2 1 337 Vet.OperativeSurgery 2 1 338 Vet.DiagnosticImaging 1 1 239 Vet.ClinicalPathologyI 2 1 340 Vet.ClinicalPathologyII 2 1 341 Vet.Toxicology 1.5 0.5 242 ClinicalPracticeI 0 1 143 ClinicalPracticeII 0 1 144 ClinicalPracticeIII 0 1 145 ClinicalPracticeIV 0 1 146 Animalbehaviorandwelfare 2 0 247 VeterinaryEthicsandJurisprudence 2 0 248 SkinandHideManagement 2 0 249 BiostatisticsandResearchMethodology 3 0 350 AnimalHealthEconomics 2 0 251 SeniorSeminaronAnimalHealth 0 2 252 LaboratoryWorkExperience 0 6 653 ExperienceinVeterinaryPublicHealth 0 6 654 FarmExperience 0 4 455 ClinicalFieldExperience 0 8 856 DVMThesis 0 6 6

Total 110 63 173II SupportiveCourses57 EntrepreneurshipandBusinessManage-

ment2 0 2

58 AnimalHealthExtensionandPastoral-ism

2 0 2

59 DairyCattleProduction 2 0 260 BeefcattleProduction 2 0 261 AnimalNutrition 2.5 0.5 362 PoultryandSwineProduction 3 0 363 WorkingAnimalsManagement 2 0 264 Sheepandgoatproduction 2 0 265 PrinciplesofGeneticsandAnimalBreed-

ing2 0 2

Total 19.5 0.5 20III Commoncourses66 Computerskillanditsapplication 2 1 367 CommunicativeEnglishSkills 3 0 368 IntroductiontoSociology 3 0 369 IntroductiontoStatistics 3 0 3




70 EthiopianGeographyandGISApplica-tion

2.5 0.5 3

71 Organicchemistry 2 1 372 CivicsandEthicalEducation 3 0 373 CollegeWritingSkills 3 0 3

Total 21.5 2.5 24Grandtotal 151 66 217

Blessed if we do, cursed if we don’t: Fostering Inter sectoral partnership towards ‘One Health

Getachew Abebe

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Abstract

Thehealthproblemsofthecurrentworldareverymuchinterrelatedamongthediffersystemsbeithuman,animalortheenvironmentasawhole.Mostofthere-mergingandemergingdiseasesarenomoreproblemsofonesystemratheraffectawidespectrumofhostswithineachsystem.Asthehumanandanimalpopulationincreasesanddynamicsofexpansiontonewterritoriesbecomemoreaggressivetheinter-phasebetweenhuman,animalsandenvironmentdiminishesresultingtoreemergingofoldandemergingofnewdiseases,respectively.InordertosolvetheemergingandreemergingproblemsofthesedimensionaconsortedeffortthroughOneHealthapproachisrequired.“OneHealth”isdefinedasthecollaborativeef-fortsofmultipledisciplines,workinglocally,nationallyandglobally,toreachopti-malhealthforpeople,animalsandtheenvironment.Theonehealthapproachhasbroaderscopeandstrengtheningofmedicalandveterinaryeducation.Itimprovesthepreventionandmanagementofpatientsatriskofzoonoticinfections.Further-morethroughtheintegratedsurveillancesystemtherewillbeanimprovedearlyrecognition and control of zoonoses, integrated interventions and facilitation ofregulatoryassessments.Thejointactionunderonehealthcertainlyimprovesthedevelopmentofdiagnostics,therapeutics,devicesamongothers. Thearticleen-titled“Blessedifwedo,cursedifwedonot:´addressestheneedforintersectoralpartnershiptowardsonehealth.

Keywords:onehealth,veterinary,publichealth,ecosystemhealth,zoonosis

IntroductionThehumanpopulationof thecurrentworld facesmanychallengesthatre-quiresolutionsatagloballevel.Thespreadofinfectiousdiseasesthatemerge(orre-emerge)fromtheinterfacesbetweenanimalsandhumansandtheeco-systems inwhich they live is one these challenges.Theexponentialgrowthinhumanand livestock populations, rapid growth of theurbanpopulation,rapidly changing farming systems, closer integrationbetween livestockandwildlife,forestencroachment,changesinecosystemsandglobalizationoftradeinanimalandanimalproductsaretheseveraltrendcontributingtothespreadofinfectiousdiseasesthatneedglobalsolution.Inordertounderstandthein-



teractionbetweenthehuman,animalandecosystemhealtheachsystemneedstobedescribedandelaboratedasindictedbelow.

• Human healthisdependentonthecontextinwhichanindividualliveswhichisofgreatimportanceonhealthstatusandqualityoflife.Theef-fortsandintelligentlifestylechoicesoftheindividualandsocietyatlargeisincreasinglyrecognizedtocontributetoheathratherthantheadvance-mentandapplicationofhealthsciencealone.WHOstatesthatthemaindeterminantsofhealthincludethesocialandeconomicenvironment,thephysicalenvironment,andtheperson’sindividualcharacteristicsandbe-haviors.Publichealthhasbeendescribedas“thescienceandartofprevent-ingdisease,prolonging lifeandpromotinghealth throughtheorganizedeffortsandinformedchoicesofsociety,organizations,publicandprivate,communitiesandindividuals”

• Veterinary medicineisthebranchofsciencethatdealswiththeapplica-tionofmedical,surgical,publichealth,dental,diagnostic,andtherapeu-ticprinciplestonon-humananimals,includingwildlifeanddomesticatedanimals,includinglivestock,workinganimals,andcompanionanimals.

Figure1:Veterinarymedicinedealswithdomestic,companionandwildanimals,ecosystemandpublichealth



• Thevariouscategoriesoftheveterinaryservicesare(1)Clinicalservicesthatdealswith treatmentofdiseasedanimalsandcontrolofproductionlimitingdiseases(2)Preventiveservicesfocusingonavoidingoutbreakofdiseases(3)Provisionofdrugs,vaccinesandotherproductsincludingarti-ficialinseminationand(4)HumanhealthprotectionthroughinspectionofmarketedanimalproductsVeterinaryServicesapplytheskills,knowledgeandresourcesoftheveterinaryprofessiontotheprotectionandimprove-mentofhumanandanimalhealth.TheseServicesmakeanindispensablecontributiontothephysical,mentalandsocialwelfareofhumanseitherbyprotectinghumanhealth throughthepreventionofzoonosesandthehygieniccontrolof foodstuffs,orbyhelpingto improveprimaryandsec-ondaryzootechnicalproductionand,thus,thesocioeconomicwelfareofthepopulation.

• Ecosystem healthisacomprehensiveandintegratedapproach,whichre-flectsthehealthofthelivingandnon-livingworldaroundus.Itexpandsthetraditionaldefinitionsofhealth,andrecognizesthecritical linksbe-tweenhumanactivity,ecologicalchange,andhealth.Trans-disciplinarybynature,ecosystemhealthbringstogetherthenatural,socialandhealthsci-encesandincorporatesecological,social,andeconomicperspectiveswithhumanhealth.Theunderstandingofecosystemhealthisthereforevitaltoaddresstheemergingandreemerginghealthproblemsthataffecthumanaswellasanimalswithinagivenecosystem.

One Medicine One Health

Inthepastanumberofscholarswithintheveterinaryfieldhaveaddressedthedimensionofmedicine.SirJohnMcFadyean(DipVet,BM,MS)wholivedfrom1853-1941wasthe founderofmodernveterinaryresearch.HewasaveterinarianaswellasaphysicianwhobroughtveterinaryprofessionintheUKintoscientificera.HewasthefounderofJournalofVeterinaryPathologyand Therapeutics and contributed to themutual understanding of humanandveterinaryfieldsininfectiousdiseasesandcomparativemedicine.CalvinW.Schwabe(DVM,DSc)1927–2006whoisknownasFatherofVeterinaryEpidemiologyCoinedtheterm“OneMedicine”byproposingunifiedmedical/veterinaryapproachtozoonoticdiseases



Figure2:SirJohnMcFadyean(DipVet,BM,MS)andCalvinW.Schwabe(DVM,DSc)

Despite theongoingdiscoveryofnumerouscommonalities in thephysiologyandpathophysiologyofhumansandanimals,“OneMedicine”conceptwaslostand the human and veterinarymedical disciplines developed into separateprofessions . “OneHealth” isdefinedas thecollaborativeeffortsofmultipledisciplines,working locally,nationallyandglobally, toreachoptimalhealthforpeople,animalsandtheenvironment



Figure4:SchematicpresentationofOneHealth

Figure5:OneHealth



Potential outcomes of “One Health”

Theonehealthapproachhasbroaderscopeandstrengtheningofmedicalandveterinaryeducation.Itimprovesthepreventionandmanagementofpatientsatriskofzoonoticinfections.Furthermorethroughtheintegratedsurveillancesystemtherewill beanimprovedearlyrecognitionandcontrolofzoonoses,integratedinterventionsandfacilitationofregulatoryassessments.Thejointactionunder onehealth certainly improves the development of diagnostics,therapeutics,devicesamongothers.

Zoonoses

Zoonosesaredefinedasthosediseasesandinfectionsnaturallytransmittedbe-tweenpeopleandvertebrateanimals.Over200zoonoseshavebeendescribedandtheyhavebeenknownformanycenturies.Inmostcases,animalsplayanessentialrole inmaintainingthe infection innature.Thesediseaseshaveavarietyoftransmissionmechanisms:directsuchasinrabiesandanthrax,orindirect,viavectors,food,waterandtheenvironment,asinthecaseofbovinetuberculosisandcysticercosis.Othersuchasbrucellosis,alsohavemultipleroutes of infection. Considering the constant and inevitable interaction ofhumanandanimals,zoonoticdiseasesremainagenuinethreattohealthandsurvivalforpeople,theirlivestock,companionanimalsandwildlife.

Itisaknownfactthatthereisastrongassociationbetweenpovertyandlivingwithanimals.GiventhelargelivestockpopulationanddistributioninEthio-piaandthepoorsupplyofveterinaryservices,infectiousandparasiticdiseasesconsequentlycausedeathanddebilitationtoasignificantnumberofanimals.Thesediseasesarealsoaffectingpeople’shealthwhoarelivingincloseprox-imitywiththeiranimals.Accesstohealthcareisalsodependantonthewealthstatusofthehouseholdasaresultthepoorerhouseholdfrequentlysufferfromzoonotic diseases, the impact beingworst in poor householdswhere a dualburdenisbornesinceitaffectsbothpeopleandanimals.Therefore,controlofzoonosesisconsideredasaroutetopovertyalleviation

ThroughOneHealthapproachtheworldhas tackleddisease likeAvianIn-fluenza,Riftvalleyfever,PandemicFluinconcertedeffortwheretherewasamultidisciplinaryapproach.ThefightagainstHumansleepingsicknessinUgandawasachievedthroughaonehealthapproachwheretheinterventionagainsttrypanosomsisincattlehadapositiveoutcomeonhuman.TheStampOutSleepingSickness(SOS)programhasprovedthat.



One health from Ethiopian context Three quarters of theEthiopian population suffers from one ormore infec-tiouscommunicablediseasesandnutritionaldeficiencies,mostofwhichcouldbeavoidedthroughappropriatepreventivepractices.Themajorpublichealthproblems of the country include among others, malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, child health illness and reproductive health problems. Among theseproblems the zoonotic diseases affecting humans and animals causemajorhealthproblemonthepastoralistcommunity.

Thehealthofruralcommunityparticularlypastoralist,agropastoralistandfarmersisinfluencedbyfactorsspecifictotheirwayoflife.Pastoralistsforexampledependontheirlivestockforsubsistence,especiallyonthelivestock’smilk.Veterinaryservicesprovidevaccinationagainstmajorlivestockdiseases,animalhealthcareandwelfare.Agents transmissiblebetween livestockandhumans (zoonoticagents)havean important impactonthehealthstatusofpastoralistsbecausetheyliveinclosecontacttotheiranimals.However,mor-bidityofpastoralistsinEthiopiahadnotbeendocumentedandtheireverydayuseofhealthserviceswasvirtuallyunknownexceptatthetimeofemergencyintervention.Collaborationbetweenveterinaryandpublichealthtoevaluatemorbidityofpastoralistsandoftheiranimalssimultaneouslyandtotestinter-sectoralpilot-interventionsfollowingtheconceptof“onemedicine”is impor-tantandhightimetotryitinEthiopia.

Giventhelargelivestockpopulationanddistributioninthepastoralareasofthe country andpoor supply of veterinary services, infectious andparasiticdiseasesconsequentlycausedeathanddebilitationtoasignificantnumberofanimals.Animalhealthproblemsaregenerallyexacerbatedbydrought,con-centrationoflivestockatwateringpointsanddrygrazinggrounds,combinedwithreducedresistance,intensifiesthespreadofcommunicableandparasiticdiseases,whichoftencausehigherlossesthantheforageorwatershortages.

Themedical and veterinary professionals and sectors have traditionally fo-cusedrespectivelyontheimprovementofhumanhealthandonlivestockpro-ductionastheirprimaryobjective.Itisthiscompartmentalizationofthemedi-calandveterinarysectorswhichunderliesthe“divided constituencies”whichpredominate,butwhich is lessdesirable inpoor countries suchasEthiopiawherethezoonoticdiseaseburdenisgreatest.Zoonoseshavedirectimpactonpublichealthandlivestockproductionandthereforeshouldbeapointofcon-vergenceforthetwosectorsprovidinganopportunityfor“unifiedconstituen-



cies”.Thepracticalsideofthe“onemedicine”conceptgoesbeyondthecontrolofzoonoses.Itproposestojoinveterinarywithhumanhealthservicesinordertocontrolimportantpublichealthdiseases.Furthermore,therelationshipbe-tweenhumansandlivestockproductionneedstoconsiderethicalconcernsofanimalrightsandecology.

Theideaofjointhumanandanimaldiseasesurveillance,extensionservicesandvaccinationcampaigns,certainlywillhaveapositiveimpactontheimple-mentationofhealthservicestoruralcommunity.Subsequenthealthservicedeliveryinparticularjointvaccinationcampaignscansavetheinfrastructureand personnel costs when vaccination services for pastoralist children andwomenaredeliveredtogetherwith interventionsofthe livestockproductionsector. Improvementof thequalityofdispensaryserviceshasapotential toincreasetheutilizationofdispensariesbypastoralpeople.Healthworkersbe-longingtothepastoralcommunityitselfandbetterabletoreachthevillagesmay,nevertheless,bemoreaccessibletowomenandchildren.Staticorout-reachdispensary-basedvaccinationservicesdonothavethesameefficiencytoreachpastoralistchildrenasmobilevaccinationcampaignshave.Jointhumanandanimalvaccinationcampaignsshouldbeextendedtootherservices(suchasthesellingofdrugs)andespeciallytoinformationcampaigns.Theprovisionofappropriateinformationmaybeasimportantashealthcareinterventionsthemselves.Collaborationbetweenveterinaryandpublichealthfacilitates:

Thehumanpopulationof thecurrentworld facesmanychallengesthatre-quiresolutionsatagloballevel.Thespreadofinfectiousdiseasesthatemerge(orre-emerge)fromtheinterfacesbetweenanimalsandhumansandtheeco-systems inwhich they live is one these challenges.Theexponentialgrowthinhumanand livestock populations, rapid growth of theurbanpopulation,rapidly changing farming systems, closer integrationbetween livestockandwildlife,forestencroachment,changesinecosystemsandglobalizationoftradeinanimalandanimalproductsaretheseveraltrendcontributingtothespreadofinfectiousdiseasesthatneedglobalsolution.

ConclusionOnehealthapproachisnotachoicebutanecessity.Thehealthproblemoftheworldparticularlyoftheruralcommunitiescanbesolvedthroughonehealth.Tostartwithfocusingonneglectedzoonoticdiseaseswillhaveadual-effectonhumanaswellasanimals.Healthyhuman-animal-ecosystemrelationshipis



vitalfortheworldwearelivingin.Tothiseffectthealreadystartedonehealthactivitieswithinnationalandregionaluniversitiesshouldbestrengthened:

• Cheapandeffectivebed/pensidediagnosticsarerequired• Increaseawarenessofthediseasesandtheonehealthapproachshouldbe

addressedatalllevels• Centreofexcellenceforzoonoticdiseasesshouldbeestablishedwiththe

requiredcapacities• Buildonexistingteamsandrelationshipsworkingofthevariousdimen-

sionofhealthinamultidisciplinaryapproach• Partnershipatlocal,regionalandinternationallevelsisvitalfortheimple-

mentationofonehealthfocusingonneglectedzoonoticdisease• Integrationofonehealthconceptintheuniversitylifesciencecurriculum• Asanentrypointtoonehealthapproach,rabiescouldbeconsidered

Is TB lymphadenitis a zoonosis in Ethiopia?Abraham Aseffa and the BTB Study Team

Armauer Hansen Research Institute ALERT Centre, FMoH

Country status & livestock and livestock product trade

1

APHRD /MoA

July,2011

16 June 2012

Outline of the presentation

2

1. Country Status Economy and GDP of the country

2. Livestock sector of the country Potential and Export market of Livestock

Veterinary Services What should be done to utilize the LS resource

16 June 2012 Cotuntry Status MoA, APHRD Jun,20111

Country status & livestock and livestock product tradeDr Teshome Bekele

APHRD /MoA

Dr Teshome Bekele



Economy The Ethiopian economy largely depends on

Agriculture

It employs 80 % of the population Accounts for about 90 % of exports

54 % of the country’s GDP (gross domestic product) is derived from agriculture.

The country is one of the least developed in the world, with a per capita gross national income

(GNI ) of US$ 223 in 2008.

3 16 June 2012 Cotuntry Status MoA, APHRD Jun,20111

Growth Targets and Performances of the country

4

Sector Average Growth Targets

(2005/06-2009/10)

Average Growth

Achieved Base

case scenario

High case scenario

(2005/06-2009/10)

Real GDP (%) 7.0 10.0 11.0

Agriculture and allied activities

6.0 6.4 8.0

Industry 11.0 18.0 10.0

Services 7.0 10.3 14.6




Long-term vision of Ethiopia

5

Extract itself from poverty and become a middle-income economy.”

Build an economy which has a modern and productive

agricultural sector with enhanced technology and an industrial sector that plays a leading role in the economy;

Sustain economic development and secure social justice

Increase per capita income of citizens so that it reaches at

the level of those countries in middle-income.


Potential and Export Market of Livestock

16 June 2012 Cotuntry Status MoA, APHRD Jun,20111 6

Ethiopia has the largest livestock population of all African countries with 53,382,194 Cattle, 25,509,004 Sheep, 22,786,946 Goats, 1,102,119 Camels 49,286,932 Poultry 2028233 Horse 6,209,665 Donkey 385374 Mule

About three quarters of the herd live in the highland where they are used as draught power, while the remaining 25% is in pastoral arid and semi-arid areas (covering 60% of Ethiopia’s territory) where it is managed in extensive mobile transhumant systems.



Ethiopian strategy to exploit this resource


Agriculture Development Led Industrialization.

Market Led Agricultural production.

Improvement of rural purchasing power and opening of

large domestic market for industry.

Capacity building both in public and private sector.

Improvement of foreign currency reserve through

export.

Establishment of productive safety net food security

strategy.

Scaling up of best practices.


Con…. Based on various studies the annual off take rate of the

country is considered to be 10 % cattle, 35 % sheep, 38% goats and 6.5 % camel The average carcass (meat) weight of cattle, sheep,

goat and camel is about 130Kg,10Kg,10kg,200kg respectively

Ethiopia produced 10.182 metric ton of meat in 2009/10.

From this 71% was covered by beef and 24% shared by mutton and goat meat.



Meat export performance volume (ton) and value ('000'USD)

16 June 2012 9 Cotuntry Status MoA, APHRD Jun,20111

Live animal export quantity and value

('000'USD)




That the country is endowed with high livestock resource and Its strategic location and proximity to known meat importing Middle East and North African (MENA)Countries

The livestock sub-sector contribution to the economy in

general and to the country’s foreign currency earning (export) in particular, is very low


In spite of the fact

Organization and Major Functions of Vet. Service It is mandated for: Preparation of rules and regulations Disease prevention and control Animal health information management Laboratory diagnostic services Import export testing Disease surveillance Inspection and certification Licensing of export abattoirs

16 June 2012 12

Federal Veterinary service

Regional veterinary service

MoA APHRD

Its duties and responsibilities include: Enforce the implementation of national animal health policies, regulations and directives Involve in the control and prevention of trans-boundary and economically important diseases. Implement prevention and control strategies of non-trans-boundary livestock diseases Veterinary infrastructure development Purchase and distribution of animal health inputs Clinical service delivery Domestic meat inspection; Data collection, compilation and submission; Licensing and regulation of private animal health practitioners

Cotuntry Status MoA, APHRD Jun,20111



Animal Health Personnel in the country Level Category Veterinarians Paraprofes

sionals Federal Disease prevention,

control and eradication

5

Veterinary public health 24 48

Laboratory 38 142

Sub total 67 190


Con….


Level Category Veterinarians Paraprofessionals

Region

Disease prevention, control and eradication

554 8357

Veterinary public health 10 111

Laboratory 62 51

Total 626 8519



Veterinary Infrastructure - Public Sector


Type Number Woreda (district) clinic 1501 Sub-Woreda (sub-district) clinic 872 Clinic total 2373 Domestic abattoir 174 Export abattoir 8 Abattoir total 182 Referral diagnostic laboratory 1 Regional diagnostic laboratory 14 National Veterinary Institute, (diagnostic and vaccine production canter)

Quality control lab .

1 1Und.Con

Other labs (Trypanosomiasis) 2 Quarantine station 2 Und. Con Boarder check post 3

Veterinary Infrastructure - Private Sector

Type of Service Number Clinical service 62

Rural drug shop 239

Pharmacy 149

Drug import 28

Total 478




What is expected to Utilize our LS potential ? who is responsible for that ? All the livestock value chain workers are responsible Government Breeders Traders Professionals

Government Responsibility Communication Have effective internal and external systems of

communication to utilize LS potential Fulfill administrative and technical staff

Human and financial resources Responsible authorities should ensure that adequate resources are

made available to implement effectively all expected activities


Breeders and Exporters Breeders Should follow their herd health Should have market oriented breeding system

Exporters Exporters are required to buy their animals from areas where there is no

disease outbreak reported at least for the last 6 months. Exporters are required to buy animals for export under the supervision of

animal health professionals.

Professionals are expect to Ensure health and welfare of Animals Protect human health from any danger of animal origin Assure and guarantee to provide healthy animal & hygienic animal

products for consumers Be effective in the application of the government policy




Cont….. Fulfill Customers Requirement Appropriate quarantine and inspection control service

for animals, animal products and by-products to be exported

Adjust working system as per the requirements of

exporting and importing countries national requirements and international veterinary agreements

Provide guarantee and take responsibility through out

the slaughter line, processing areas, transport and storage system of animal products &live animals.


20

Thank you


Veterinary Governance: Past, Present and the Way For-wardWondwosen Asfaw

Ethiopian Sanitary & Phytosanitary Standards and Livestock & Meat Marketing Program (SPS-LMM)

Zoonoses Epidemiology in Ethiopian Livestock, a Review

Fasil Mengistu* and Abraham Ali

Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute

*Corresponding author: E-mail. [email protected]

Tel. +251-11-2-78 15 00/+251-911-86 17 99, Fax. +251-11-2-78 91 21, P. O. Box. 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Abstract

Agricultureisthesupportof livelihoodbothinthehighlandersandpastoralistsofEthiopiawhereanimalagricultureoccupiesanimportantplacemakingman-animalcontact.Thehypothesisthatzoonoticdiseasesareimportantinacountryis based on agro-ecological conditions, socio economic perspectives and farmingsystemswhicharegoverningfactorsfortheinteractionbetweenhumanandani-malpopulation.IntheEthiopianbackgrounddependingon(a)Prevalence,healthandeconomicimportance,(b)accordingtocauseofhighmorbidityandmortality(c)epidemicpotential,(d)theneedforsurveillancerequiredinternationally,(e)avail-ableeffectivecontrolandpreventioninterventionsforaddressingthepublichealthproblemtheypose,(f)easilybeidentifiedusingsimplecasedefinitions,(g)haveinterventionprogramsforprevention,(h)controlanderadicationoreliminationofthediseasesand(i)diseasesthatareimportantintermsofmorbidityandmortal-itywithinthecontextofHIV/AIDS;Rabies, Rift Valley Fever, Anthrax, Brucello-sis, Leptospiroses, Listerioses, Bovine tuberculoses, Food poisoning (Salmonelloses, Campylobacterioses, Cysticercoses, Hydatid disease, Toxocariases, Toxoplasmoses, Cryptosporidioses, Leshimaniases and Sarcosistesaregivenpriority.

IntroductionRecentoutbreaksofsevereacuterespiratorysyndrome(SARS)andavianin-fluenzahaveshownonceagainthepotentialofmicroorganismsfromanimalreservoirstoadapttohumanhosts.Duringthepastdecades,manypreviouslyunknown human infectious diseases have emerged from animal reservoirs,fromagentssuchashumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV),Ebolavirus,WestNilevirus,NipahvirusandHantavirus.Infact,morethanthreequartersofthehumandiseasesthatarenew,emergingorre-emergingatthebeginningofthe21stcenturyarecausedbypathogensoriginatingfromanimalsorfromproductsofanimalorigin.Althoughhistoryshowsthatthecascadeofevents



leadingtotheemergenceofanewdiseaseisdifferenteachtime,severalfac-torsareknowntofavorsuchemergence.Theseincludemicrobiologicaladapta-tion;environmentalchanges;globalizationofagriculture,foodproductionandtrade;andhumanbehavioralfactors(WHO/FAO/OIE,2004).

Endemic zoonotic diseases suchasanthrax, bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, cysticercosis, echinococcosis (hydatid disease), rabies and zoonotic trypano-somiasis (sleeping sickness) occur throughout the African continent whereconditions for theirmaintenance and spread exist (WHO, 2007). InEthio-pia,agriculture is thesupportof livelihood for90%of thepeople toa largeextentbymixedfarming;thehighlanderswith80%oflivestockresourceandthelowlanderswiththeremaining20%.Inbothsystemsanimalagricultureoccupies an important placemakingman-animal contact. In examining thestatusandthreatsofzoonoticdiseaseinEthiopia,Agro-ecologicalconditions,SocioeconomicperspectivesandFarmingsystemsaregoverningtheinterac-tionbetweenhumanandanimalpopulationandtheassumptionthatzoonoticdiseases are important in a country is thus based on these factors (FisehaGebreab,1995).

Depending on the current condition in terms of; (a)Prevalence, health andeconomicimportance,(b)accordingtocauseofhighmorbidityandmortality(c)haveepidemicpotential,(d)theneedforsurveillancerequiredinternationally,(e)haveavailableeffectivecontrolandpreventioninterventionsforaddressingthepublichealthproblemtheypose, (f)caneasilybe identifiedusingsimplecasedefinitions,(g)haveinterventionprogramsforprevention,(h)controlanderadicationoreliminationofthediseasesand(i)diseasesthatareimportantintermsofmorbidityandmortalitywithinthecontextofHIV/AIDS,thefollow-ingdiseasesaregivenpriority(Luis,2006).

Rabies

ThefirstmajoroutbreaksindogwerereportedinmanypartsofEthiopiain1884,especiallyintheformerprovinceofTigre,Begemder,Gojjam,WolloandthepresentEritrea (FekaduMekonen,1982).Anotheroutbreakofrabies indogswasalso reported inAddisAbaba inAugust, 1903s (deCastro, 1908).Overtheperiod2003-2009,2517animalsbraintissuesamplesexaminedforrabiesatEHNRIwererevealed76.9%(n=1,936)positiveforrabies(AbrahamAliet al.,2010).

AverageannualdogbitestohumansandaseasonalpatternofthebiteinAd-disAbabaintheyear2008and2009wasstudied.Theaveragevaluefordog



biteswas1097±0.37/year forstrayand400±1.06/year forowneddogs. Inbothyearsinjuriescausedbystraydogswashigher.Thehighestaveragevalueoftotaldogbiteswasobservedintheautumnmonthsin2008(146.67±0.89)aswellintheautumnmonthsforthetwoyearstogether281.67±1.71(FasilMengistu,et al.,2011).

Anthrax

AninvestigationofsuddendeathinagoatinWabessavillageintheDessieZuriadistrictofEthiopia in2002revealedoutbreakmortalityratesof7.7%incattle,32.7%ingoatsand47.1%indonkeyswereobservedandthediseaseoccursannuallyinthisareainMayandJune(ShiferawGebremariam,2004).

Brucelloses

Sero-prevalence study of bovine brucellosis in 2005 to 2007 inAda’a LibenDairyCo-operativesrevealedanindividualprevalenceof2.3%andherdpreva-lenceof1.8%to3.3%(AbrahamAbebe,et al.,2008).Inthesameyear,anotherstudyoncattle(n=1782)wasrevealed5.8%atsululta,4.55%atMuketuri,2.33% atDebre Zeit and 3.38% atWondoGenet areas (Mulugeta Tefera,et al.,2000). In2008 to2009studyofbrucellosis in500small ruminants inandaroundBahirDar,northwestEthiopiarevealedasero-prevalenceof0.4%(YeshwasFerede, et al., 2011). A total of 435 blood sampleswere collectedfromcattleof6ormoremonthsofageinfourdistrictsofJijigazone,easternEthiopiaduring2008to2009,wereinitiallyscreenedbyRBPT,positivereac-tors(n=8)werefurthertestedbyCFT.6werefoundtobepositivetoCFT.TheoverallprevalenceofbovinebrucellosisinJijigazonewas1.38%.

Rift Valley Fever

AnoutbreakofRVFinDecember2006wasreportedinneighboringdistrictsofKenya,alongwiththisoutbreaktherewasathreatofbanningexportsofliveanimalsandproductswhichhasalertedEthiopiatotheneedofassess-ingRVF.RapidassessmentofthesituationwithrespecttoRVFepidemicsinEthiopia/KenyaborderMoyaledistrictwasmade (personalcommunication).Outof80animalssampledrandomlyinMoyaledistrict11wereconfirmedtobeRVF-positiveinKenyaside.FromtheEthiopianside14bloodspecimenswerecollectedatKededumaclinicfrompastoralistswhohavedirectcontactwith animals and 7 blood specimens were collected from Oromiya region,Moyaleworedahealthcenterfrompatientspresentingwithfebrileconditions.



SpecimensweresentforconfirmationtoKenyanMedicalResearchInstitute(KEMRI)allspecimenswerereportednegative(AssefaDeressa,et al.,2007).

Bovine Tuberculosis

TheprevalencerateofBTBwitharangeof3.4%(insmallholderproductionsystem)to50%(inintensivedairyproductions)andarangeof3.5%to5.2%inslaughterhousesinvariousplacesofthecountrywasreported(Shitaye,JEet al.,2007).Mycobacterium bovisstrainsisolatedfromtuberculosis(TB)lesionsfrom1138cattleslaughteredatkombolchaabattoirinnortheasternEthiopiawerecharacterized.AtleastoneTBlesionwasobservedin57(5%)ofthecattle,ofwhich27(47%)yieldedmycobacteriumisolates.Ofthe27isolates,25wereidentifiedasM. bovisandtwoasMycobacteriumtuberculosis(GobenaAmeni,et al.,2010).ComparativeintradermaltuberculintestincattleinNorthWestEthiopiarevealedanoverallprevalenceof15.7%(192/1220)consideringdoubt-fulreactorsasnegative(TilayeFetene,et al.,2011).

Surveyoftheprevalenceofcomparativeinteradermaltuberculintestin2,216cattlefromfourregionsofEthiopiarevealedindividualoverallprevalenceofcattlebovinetuberculosiswas3%,withthehighestfoundinMeskanMareko,incentralEthiopia(7.9%)andthelowestinWoldia,inthenortheastedgeoftheRiftValley(1.2%)(Tschopp,et al.,2007).

The statusBovineTB inwildlife populations that often sharehabitatwithlivestockisunknown.Bloodandtissuesamplesfrom133mammalsof28spe-cieswerecollectedfrom2006to2008revealedserafrom20of87animals(23%)werepositiveforBTBbyRT;acidfastbacilliwereculturedfrom29of89ani-mals(32.5%)(Tschopp,et al.,2010).

Salmonolloses

Astudyinrawandmediumcooked‘kitfo’samplesintenfoodestablishmentsin1996to1997inAddisAbaba;Salmonellawereisolatedfrom21ofthe50rawkitfosamples(MezgbuTegegne,et al.,1998).Astudyovertheperiod1997to2002inapparentlyhealthyslaughteredcattleandcamel,retailmeatproductsrevealed4.2% in cattle,16.2% in camel12.1% inmincedbeefand23.6% inchickenmeatandgiblets(BayleyegneMolla,et al.,2003).Thestudyundertak-entodeterminetheprevalenceanddistributionofSalmonellafromapparentlyhealthyslaughteredcamels inEasternEthiopiawhere714samples (faeces,mesenteric,lymphnodes,spleen,liver,abdominalanddiaphragmaticmuscles)from119slaughteredcamelswereanalyzed.Salmonellaeweredetectedfrom



116(16.2%)ofthe714samplesexamined.Eighteen(15.1%)faeces,19(15.9%)mesentericlymphnodes,14(11.8%)liversand17(14.3%)spleensamples(n=119foreach)werepositiveforSalmonella.Salmonellaewerefoundin20.1%oftheabdominalanddiaphragmaticmuscles(BayleyegneMolla,et al.,2004).

Campylobacterioses

Sheepcarcasses(mutton)(n=218)andgoatcarcasses(n=180)wereanalyzedforCampylobactersppslaughteredataprivateexportabattoirinDebre-Zeit,in2007to2008.Campylobactersppwereisolatedfrom40(10.1%)outof398carcassesexamined.Ofthe40thermophiliccampylobacterisolates,C. jejuni and C. coliaccountedfor29(72.5%)and11(27.5%),respectively(TeferaWolde-mariam,et al.,2009).Anotherstudybywherefecalspecimenswerecollectedfrom485variousfoodanimals(cattle,n=205;poultry,n=191;pigs,n=18;sheepn=71)inurbanandruralfarmanimalsettingsinJimma,southwestEthiopiaintheperiodbetweenJanuary2004toApril2004.Campylobacterspp.wereisolatedfrom192(39.6%)outof485fecalspecimenstakenfromvariousurbanandruralfarmanimals.Thehighestisolationratewasrecordedamongchick-ens(68.1%),followedbypigs(50.0%),sheep(38.0%)andcattle(12.7%).Amongthe192thermophiliccampylobactersisolated,135(70.3%)wereidentifiedtobeC. jejuni,51(26.6%)wereC. coliand6(3.1%)wereC. lari. C. jejuniwasthemostprevalentspeciesinchickens(80.8%),followedbysheep(59.3%)andcattle (53.8%).All isolates found inpigswere identifiedtobeC. coli (100%)(TesfayeKassa,et al.,2005).

Listerioses

Outofthetotalof316samplesinretailmeatandmilkproductsinAddisAbabain2003to2004hasrevealed103(32.6%)werepositiveforListeria(BayleyegneMolla,et al.,2004).Listeriaspecieswereisolatedin69.8%(37/53)ofthepork,47.5%(29/61)ofthemincedbeef,and43.5%(20/46)oftheicecream,18.6%,(8/43)of thefish,15.4%(8.52)of thechickenand1.6%(1/61) in thecottagecheesesamples.Listeria monocytogeneswasdetectedin5.1%ofthesamplesanalyzed;serotypesidentifiedwerebelongedto1/2b,4band4e.OtherListeriaspeciesidentifiedwere;Listeria innocua(65%),L. seeligeri(8.7%),L. welshi-meri(6.8%),L. murrayi, L. ivanoviiandL. grayi(each0.9%).AnotherstudyinAddisAbaba,in2008and2009from391foodsamplesofanimal,102(26.1%)werefoundtobepositiveforListeria(SimonGebretsadik,et al.,2011).



Leptospirosis

Wildrodentsweretrappedin5 provincesofsouthwestEthiopia.Serologictest-ingforleptospirosis,usingthemacroscopicslideagglutinationtest,failedtorevealanyserapositivetothe18antigensrepresentedinthetest.Negativekidneyculturesreinforcedthenegativeserologicfindings.Seracollectedfromcattle,goats,andsheepin3oftheareas,revealedleptospiratitersof1:16, orgreater,in26.3%ofthecattle,16.7% ofthegoats,andinnoneofthesheep.Themost frequently indicatedserotypewasautumnalis. Fifteenof36(41.7%)ofthepositivecattlehadantibodiestomorethan1 serotype(Obeck,et al.,1976).

Hydatidoses

A cross sectional study on bovine hydatidoses in Ambo municipal abattoirfrom November 2007 to March 2008, out of the total 384 cattle examined114(29.69%)wasfoundinfectedwithhydatidoses(EndriasZewdu,et al.,2010).Abattoir surveydata collectedoveraperiod1985-1999 indomesticanimalsslaughteredin21differentabattoirslocatedinthreedifferentagro-ecologicalzonesofvariouspartsof thecountrywere foundharboringhydatidcysts in8036/22,863 (35.15%) cattle,768/6518 (11.78%)sheep,36/1753 (4.9%)goats,70/417(16.79%)camelsand0/150(0%)pigs(AbebeFromsaandYilmaJobre,2011).

Cysticercoses

Variousorgansofcattle(n=4,456)slaughteredineightabattoirsofAmharaNationalRegional State, northwesternEthiopia in 2005 and 2007 revealed824(18.49%)wereinfectedwithCysticercus bovis(NigatuKebede,2008).Thetongue,massetermuscles,heartmuscles,tricepsmusclesandthighmuscleswere themain predilection sites of the cysts. In 2005 to 2006, from cattleslaughteredatAwassamunicipalabattoir,3200samplesinspectedforcysti-cercosescystviability,500cysticerciweredetectedin141samples,ofwhich221(44.2%)werealive(FufaAbunna,et al.,2008).Activeabattoirsurveyin2008to2009inJimmatown,atotalof500inspectedanimals,22animalshadvaryingnumberofC. bovisgivinganoverallprevalence4.4%(22/500)(BekeleMegersa,et al.,2010).

Toxoplasmoses

Thestudyconductedtodeterminetheprevalenceandriskfactorsoftoxoplas-mosis ingoats inSouthernandcentralEthiopiabetweenOctober2005andMay2006,atotalof641goatsseraweretestedusingModifiedDirectAgglu-



tinationTest (MAT), ofwhich 480 (74.8%CI: 71.3, 78.2)were found to bepositive.ThehighestprevalencewasrecordedinSouthOmozone(82%)whilethelowestwasobservedinEastShewazone(62.2%).ThestudyrevealedthatgoatsraisedinsouthernEthiopiaareatagreaterriskofacquiringT. gondiiinfection(OR=2.55,CI:1.726,3.776;p=0.000)thanthosewhichareraisedincentralEthiopia(TeshaleSori,et al.,2007).

Cryptosporidioses

Intheyear2005to2006,384fecalsamplesofsmallruminantswereexam-inedforEimeriaandCryptosporidiosisinfectionsatELFORAexportabattoirrevealed59.6%positiveforEimeriaandnoneofthemwerepositiveforcrypto-sporidium(DinkaAyana,et al.,2009).

Leshmaniases

Mostleishmaniasesiszoonosisandthereservoirhostsarevariousspeciesofmammals.Dependingonthefocus,thereservoircanbeeitherawildorado-mesticmammal.Inparticularcases,humanbeingscanbethehostalso.Thegiantrats(Cricetomysspp.)arealsosuspectedofbeingreservoir,thevectorisPhlebotomus pedifer.Leshmania aethiopica,knowntooccurinmountainousregionsbetween1500-2500mandaprecipitationofover800mm,severalstud-ieshavedefinitivelydemonstratedthatVLoccurs innorthwesternEthiopia(Humera,Metema),SegenandWoitovalleysinGemuGofa.SporadiccasesofVLhavebeendiagnosedfromWolkayitTsegede(Gondar),Gibdo,Raya,andKobo(Wello),Kijawa(Gambella)andGelana(Sidamo)andGenale(Bale)riverbasins.RecentlyadevastatingepidemicoccurredinHumerawithanestimat-edannualincidenceof1,500-2,000cases(AbyotDesta,et al.,2005).

Toxocariases

Commonascaridparasiteofdogswithmildtomoderateinfectiontherearenoclinicalsignsduringpulmonaryphaseoflarvalmigration.MostfatalitiesfromT. canis infection occurduring thepulmonaryphase, andpupswhichhavebeenheavilyinfectedtransplacentallymaydiewithinafewdaysafterbirth.

Sarcocystes

QuitcommoninAfrica,thedefinitivehostisdogwherethesexuallifecycletakesplacewithultimateproductionofoocyststhatareexpelledtotheexter-nalenvironment.



ConclusionFromthecurrentreviewitcanbeconcludedthatzoonosesepidemiologyanditspublichealthaspects remain largelyunknown inEthiopia.Moststudiesconductedsofarareontheanimaleventhoughitdoesnotnecessarilygivingthenationaldepictionofthediseases.Despitetheyclearlyindicatedthatzoo-nosesareveryendemicintheEthiopianlivestock.ZoonosesinhumanbeingsareverypoorlystudiedexceptthatmuchhasbeendoneonBovinetuberculo-sis.AsHIV/AIDShascausingmanyzoonoticpathogenstocomeintoreflectionwhichrequiremuchmorestudiesonhumanzoonoses.

Basedontheaboveconclusionsthefollowingcanberecommended;

• Furtherstudiesontheprioritizedlivestockzoonosesisimportantinmostpartsofthecountry

• Notonlyepidemiologicalstudiesbutgenotypestudiesofthepathogensareveryimportantsoastolookfortherapeuticsandbiologicalproduction

• Parallelstudiesofhumanzoonosesareverycrucialtocomprehenddiseasemaintenanceandtransmissionbetweenhuman-animalcontact

• Zoonosesstudiesfromenvironmentalsamplesareagainimportanttoreal-izethediseaseemergencefollowingachangeintheecosystem

• Thecountryrequiresacenterofexcellenceforzoonoticdiseasebothfortheanimalandhuman

• Lastlyadoptingonehealthconceptisveryimperativetobridgethegapandmitigatetheproblemofzoonoses

AcknowledgmentTheauthorwouldliketoacknowledgetheEthiopianVeterinaryAssociation25thannualconferenceorganizingcommitteeproviding thecurrent topic fortheconferencepresentationandsupportonmaterialprovision.

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Quality of Veterinary education in Ethiopia and the role of accreditation- a position paper

Wudu Temesgen1, Gizat Almaw2, Wassie Molla1

1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. P.O. Box 196. Tel. No. +251 58 114 21 45/43

2National Animal Health Diagnosis and Investigation center, Sebeta, Ethiopia. P.O.Box 04 Tel. No. +251 113 38 08 95

Abstract

ThelastdecadehaswitnessedmassiveexpansionofhighereducationingeneralandveterinaryeducationinparticularinEthiopia.Qualityofeducationhasbeenthemain concernwith the currentmassive expansionand thegovernmenthastakenqualityastopagendaintheveryrecentyears.Thequalityofveterinaryedu-cationhassimilarlybeenacauseofconcernassociatedwithtremendousexpansionofveterinaryhigherlearninginstitutionsinEthiopia.Thispapertriedtoshowthestatusofthequalityofveterinaryeducationbeinggivenintheinstitutionswithreferencetointernationalminimumstandards;discussedtheroleofaccreditationinensuringqualityofeducationandhowitcanbeexercisedinEthiopia;andfinal-lyindicatedtherepercussionofunplannedandunregulatedexpansionofveteri-naryhigherlearninginstitutionsonthequalityveterinaryeducationinparticularandthewholeofveterinaryprofessioninthecountyingeneral.

Introduction EthiopiahasthelargestlivestockpopulationinAfricahaving52millioncattle,33millionsheepand30milliongoatsandmorethan2.5camels.Thelivestocksub-sector contributes to12%of the total and45%of theagriculturalGDP(MoA,2010).Howeverthecontributionofthesub-sectorremainedfarbelowtheexistingpotentialduetoanumberoffactors.Theprevalenceofmanyani-maldiseasesisamongthemostimportantconstraints.Animaldiseaseaffectboththenationaleconomybyinterferingininternationaltradeandthe poorlivestock rearing community by decreasing productivity throughmorbidityandmortalitytherebyaggravatingpovertyandfoodinsecurity.

Recognizing the contribution of the sub-sector to thenational economyandpovertyalleviation,thegovernmentofEthiopiahasgivenemphasistotechni-calcapacitybuildinginanimalhealth.As aconsequenceofgovernmentinsis-tenceontheneedformoretrainedveterinariansinordertobeabletopromote



theexportofmeat,hides,andskinstotheEuropeanUnionandothercoun-tries, unprecedented expansion of veterinary education in this countrywaswitnessedinthelastdecade.Theveterinaryhigherlearninginstitutions1havegrownFormoneveterinaryfacultywhichwasthesoleveterinarytrainerinthenationforaquarterofacentury,to10veterinaryfacultieswithinadecade.

WiththerapidmassificationofhighereducationinEthiopia,therearehugeconcernswithqualityofeducation.Itisaninevitablefearthat“moremeansworse’ unless a well articulated quality assurance system is in place. Thegovernmentisalsoawareofthisconcernandcurrentlyhastakenqualityofeducationasatopagendaofthetime.Withintensiveanddemanding(bothtechnicallyandfinancially)natureofveterinarymedicinetraining,thequal-ityconcernduringsuchmassiveexpansionisnaturallyhigh.Theabsenceofanyregulatoryagencythatformulatesandinspectsqualityassurancesysteminthecountrymakesitmuchworrying.Anotherconcernwithrapidgrowthof number of veterinary higher learning institutions in this country is em-ployabilityofgraduatestothebestbenefitofthecountryandthegraduates.Veterinary medicine is a very professional field of study where graduatesspentquitelongexpensiveyearsofstudywhichmakesthemlessflexibleaftergraduationtobeengagedoutofthefield.Thisrequiresthattrainingmustbeseriouslyseenwithrespecttotheprojectedveterinarymanpowerdemandofthecountry.TheEthiopianpublicveterinaryservicewhichhasbeenalmostthesoleemployerofgraduateveterinariansinthecountryhasnotshownanysignificantmovetodeploythecomingnewvastworkforce.Ratherthecurrenttrendseemsopposite. Withdevolvementofbudgetadministrationpowertodistricts,veterinariansarebeingpushedoutoftheserviceforbudgetreason.Neitherhastheprivatesectordevelopedenoughcapacitytoabsorbthe fastgrowingnumberofveterinarygraduates.Ifthegraduatingprofessionalsarenotemployedproperly, thiswillhaveagainvery importantrepercussiononthequalityofeducationbydiscouragingstudentsofhighachievertojointheprofessionanddemotivatingtheeducationplayersintheinstitutions.

Thispaperendeavors:toshowthecurrentqualityconcernsinEthiopianvet-erinaryeducationwithreferencetointernationalstandards;indicatethein-ternational experience on quality assurancemechanism and how it can beexercisedinEthiopia;andindicatehow,ifunplanned,continuingopeningofmoreveterinaryhigherlearninginstitutionscouldhavenegativeconsequence

1 Veterinary higher learning institutions in Ethiopia are organized as colleges or faculties or schools or departments under

universities. Veterinary higher learning institution in this paper refers to one of these sub units of a university.



on thequalityofveterinaryeducationandconsequentlyon theprofessionalserviceaswhole.

Current concerns on the quality of veterinary education in Ethiopia

CurrentlyseveralveterinaryfacultiesarebeingopenedinEthiopiaandthishas raised concerns about quality of education in the new faculties.Differ-entauthorsraisedthisconcerninthelastfewprecedingyears(Mayen,2006;Sangwan,2004,Abebe,2004).Theopeningofseveralveterinaryfacultiesandincreasingstudentintakeignoringtheissueofqualityinthe2000’swascon-sideredasoneofmisplacedpriorities inthecapacitybuildingEndeavourofEthiopiangovernment(Sangwan,2004).AccordingtoMayen(2006)thenewveterinary faculties founded inEthiopiahavevery limited facilitiesand re-sources, and are inadequately staffed. There are no quality standards andcontrolsmechanismforveterinaryeducationinthecountryandnoanytypeofoversightbodytoestablishsuchstandardsandregulatetheirenforcement.Consequentlytheveterinarydegree,ascurrentlyobtainedinEthiopia,isnotinternationallyrecognized(Mayen,2006).

Standards to evaluate the quality of veterinary education in veterinary higher learning institutions

Thestandardsusedforsettingminimumrequirementsforveterinaryhigherlearninginstitutionsusedbyaccreditationbodiesworldwide(speciallyinUSA,EuropeandAustria )andthosetheworldveterinaryassociation(WVA)alsobasesitsminimumrequirementsare: organization,finances,PhysicalFacili-tiesandEquipment,libraryandlearningresources,animalsandrelatedre-sources, admission and students, curriculum, clinical resources and clinicallearningandserviceandcontinuingeducation.

Minimum requirements/standards in veterinary education set by world veterinary association

Thewidevarietyofeducationalstandardsintheworldmakestheestablish-mentofminimumrequirementsforveterinaryeducationbothimperativeandverydifficult.But the following requirementsare set to ensureaminimumleveloftrainingforveterinariansthroughouttheworld(WVA,1998).

• AveterinaryhigherinstitutionmustbeofuniversitylevelandmustmeetthestandardsspecifiedbytheWorldVeterinaryAssociation(WVA)initsaccreditation system.The veterinary curriculummust beunder the im-



mediateandsoledirectionofaveterinariani.e.thechiefexecutiveofficerordeanmustbeaveterinarian.Thisdoesnotexcludenon-veterinariansfromteaching.

• The institution must be adequately financed, housed, equipped, andstaffed.

• Thedurationoftheveterinarycurriculummustbeofatleastfouryears,notincludingaminimumofoneyearofpre-veterinarytrainingattheuni-versitylevel.Ineachofthefouryearsaminimumofeightmonthsofin-structionisrequired.

• Theveterinarycurriculummustcoversubjectsindepthandprovideanap-propriateunderstandingofthefollowingsubjectmattersinrelationtothevariousanimalspeciesandanimalproductionsystemsofimportanceinthearea:Basicdisciplines;macroscopicandmicroscopicanatomy;physiology(mammalianandavian);biochemistry;pharmacology;parasitology;micro-biology; pathology; theriogenology; diagnosis, treatment and preventionof diseases; medicine; radiology; surgery; veterinary economics; animalhusbandry and production (genetics); botany; cell biology; environment;professionalethics;animalwelfare;populationveterinarymedicine;labo-ratory animalmedicine; immunology, epidemiology, public health (meatinspectionandfoodhygiene).

• Appropriatelibraryandaudio-visualfacilities• Sufficientclinical,laboratoryandpracticaltrainingmustbeprovided.• Studentsmustbeproperlysupervisedandevaluatedthroughoutthecourse

oftheirstudies.• Theveterinaryeducationinstitutionmustbeabletodemonstratethatre-

searchactivitiesareperformedonitspremises,contributingtotheacquisi-tionofknowledge,bothattheappliedandfundamentallevels.

• Continuingeducation:Theveterinaryeducationinstitutionmustbeabletoassistpracticingveterinarians,intheirpartofthecountry,regardlessoftheveterinarian’sposition,tocopewithrapidlychangingprofessionaldemands.

Veterinaryeducationinstitutionsfulfillingtheaboverequirementsshouldbecertifiedbyaninternationallyorganizedbodyi.e., theWorldVeterinaryAs-sociation(WVA).



Overview of the currently operational veterinary higher learning in-stitutions in Ethiopia with reference to the minimum standards set by the WVA

Organization:AlthoughsomeoftheveterinaryhigherlearninginstitutionsinEthiopiaareorganizedasmajordivisionsofuniversities,therearealsoin-stitutionsthatarenot amajoradministrativedivisionofauniversity(thechiefexecutivesarenotindirectcontactwiththepresidentofficesoftheuniversityornotrepresentedinthesenate).Thiscouldseriouslycompromisetheirau-tonomytorunqualityveterinaryeducation.

Physical facilities:Mostofthenewfoundedinstitutionshavenowellestab-lishedlaboratories,clinics,necropsyfacilities,andanimalfarms.Mostveteri-naryhigherlearninginstitutionshavenowellestablishedteachinghospitals/clinics(clinicswithrequiredcaseload)andtheydependontowns’vetclinicsusuallyfarawayfromthepremisesoftheinstitutionswhicharenottotallyconvenientforeffectivepractice.Therearealsoinstitutionswhichtaketheirstudentstootherbetterestablishedonesforbasiclaboratorieslikeanatomy,microbiologyandparasitology.

Staffing:Shortageofproperlytrainedteachingstaffspeciallyinsomedisci-plineshasbeenachronicprobleminveterinaryeducationinEthiopiainclud-ing thewellestablishedoneofAddisAbaba university.Agoodexample inthisrespectistheshortageofstaffseeninclinicalspecialtyfieldslikesurgeryandinternalmedicine.Thisisclearlyreflectedbyinadequateclinicalskillofgraduatesinthefieldpractice.Clinicalspecialtydisciplinearethecoresofvet-erinarymedicineasanappliedprofessionandaremostimportantinclusionsofdayonecompetencesofveterinarygraduatestoprovidequalityveterinaryservice.

Admission:Thestudentsareadmittedtoveterinaryhigherlearninginstitu-tionsusuallynotbytheirchoiceandveterinarymedicinehasbeenoneoftheirleastpriorities.Mostofthestudentsadmittedtotheveterinaryfacultiesusedhaveanentrancescoreinthelowerclassincludingthosescoringlessthan50%inEthiopianhighereducationentranceexaminationbutthisseemsimprovinginveryrecentyears.

Enrollment:Enrollmentisusuallynotbytheplannedwilloftheinstitutionsandusuallyinstitutionsaremadetoenrollmorestudentsthantheyarepre-paredtoeffectivelyteach.Enrollmentrangesfrom50-180indifferentinstitu-tionsandyears.



Curriculum:ThedurationandthecourselistrequirementsbyWVAareful-filledbythecurriculaofallfaculties.ButstillthereareworriesastorelevanceofthecurriculatoEthiopiancontext(Mayen,2006).ThishasbeenimprovedduringthenationalharmonizationofveterinarycurriculabyintroductionofnewcoursesthataddressEthiopian livestockproblems likeworkinganimalmanagement,equinemedicine,extensionandpastoralism,andskinandhidesmanagementetc.Butstillthecontentofmajorityofcoursesarestuffedmorebytemperateproductionsystemproblems.

Library and information resources:Thisreferstoadequatelibrary,elec-tronicmediaandrelatedinformationservices.Theremustbeanadequatecol-lectionof,ortimelyaccessto,appropriateinstructionalandresearchmaterialsforeachsubject,includingbooks,periodicals,specimens,andnon-printmedia,Supplementedwithelectronicreferencematerialsandretrievalsystems.ThelibrariesofmostveterinaryhigherlearninginstitutionsinEthiopiaarestuffedbyphotocopyofoldbooks.Mostfacultieshavelimitedaccesstoresearchlit-eraturesourceeitherinprintjournalformorinelectronicform.TheinternetconnectioninEthiopianuniversitiesingeneralisnotreliablecurrently.

Continuingeducation,communityservice,andpostgraduatestudiesandre-search:Aregenerallyatinfantstageintheveterinaryhigherlearninginstitu-tionsinEthiopia.

Quality assurance and accreditation systems2

Therearetwotiersofqualityassuranceinhighereducation:internalandex-ternal.Theinternalqualityassurancemustbeembodiedwiththeuniversitysystem.Theexternalqualityassuranceisusuallythroughaccreditationbyanoutsideagency.

Accreditationisatypeofqualityassuranceprocessunderwhichservicesandoperationsofinstitutionsorprogramsareevaluatedbyanexternalbodytode-termineifapplicablestandardsaremet.Ifstandardsaremet,accreditedsta-tusisgrantedbytheagency.Inhighereducationitisasystemforrecognizingthateducational institutionsandprogramsaffiliatedwiththose institutionshaveattainedalevelofeducationaleffectiveness,integrityandqualitywhich

2 This part of the paper is primarily organized by information obtained from the website of American veterinary medical as-

sociation (AVMA), Australian veterinary board council (AVBC), royal college of veterinary surgeons (RCVS) and World

veterinary association (WVA)) and the websites are indicated in the reference list.



entitlesthemtotheconfidenceoftheeducationalcommunity,theprofessionalcommunityandthepublictheyserve.

Goal and purposes of accreditation

Educational improvement through enforcement of quality educational prac-ticesisagoalofaccreditation.

Accreditationforveterinaryhigherlearninginstitutionsmostofthetimehasthefollowingpurposes

• Provisionofanexternalqualitycontrolmechanismtoensurethattheedu-cationalstandardsoftheveterinaryeducationinstitution remainaboveanacceptablelevel

• Forlicensingandregistrationforveterinarypractice.Veterinarianswillbelicensedandregisteredonlyiftheygraduatedfromaccreditedinstitutions

• Amechanismtoprovidetheveterinaryinstitutionswithregularfeedbackonthecontemporaryneedsoftheveterinaryprofessionandsoallowtheprofessionandtheinstitutionstoexecuteappropriateresponsesandactionontherecommendationsofaccreditingbody.

• facilitaterecognitionofdegreesamongcomparative/establishmentsinthecountry,region,orcountries,thusfacilitatinggraduatemobility

Accreditingbodies

Inmostcountries intheworld, the functionofeducationalaccreditation forhighereducationisconductedbyagovernmentorganization,suchasaminis-tryofeducation.InsomedevelopedcountriesliketheUnitedStates,however,the quality assuranceprocess is independent of government andperformedby private membership associations. Similarly accreditation of veterinaryhigher learning institutions isdonebyvariousbodies in theworld. InUSAandCanadatheaccreditationofveterinarycollegesisdonebytheveterinaryprofessionalassociation,theAmericanmedicalveterinaryassociation.Butinmostpart of theworld regulationof theveterinaryprofession includingac-creditationisdonebygovernmentalregulatorybodymostofthetimenamedveterinarycouncilorboard.

TheWVArecommendstheestablishmentofregionalinternationalaccredita-tionbodies thatare recognizedby theWVA,and responsible for collegeas-sessmentintheirpartoftheworld.Theimplementationoftheaccreditationprogramwillbeinthehandsoftheseregionalbodies.TheWVAmaintainslists



ofrecognizedveterinaryeducationestablishmentsaccreditedbysuchbodies.Suchregionalinternationalveterinaryaccreditationbodieswhichhavelongyearsofexperience,haveelaborativesystemofaccreditationand importantinfluenceontheveterinaryprofessionintheirrespectivejurisdictionarecoun-cilofeducationofAmericanveterinarymedicalassociation(COE,AVMA)inUSAandCanada;Royalcollegeofveterinarysurgeons(RCVS)inUK;Euro-peanAssociationofEstablishmentsforVeterinaryEducation(EAEVE)intheEuropeanunion;andVeterinarySchoolsAccreditationAdvisoryCommitteeoftheAustralasianVeterinaryBoardsCouncil(VSAAC,AVBC)inAustraliaandNewZealand.Theseregionalaccreditationbodiesaccredittheveterinaryeducationestablishmentsintheirrespectiveregionsandalsofromanyothercountrythatsubmitarequesttothesameeffect.Theyalsoreciprocallyrecog-nizethecollegesaccreditedbythem.

Procedure of accreditation

Inmostsystemsanaccreditationsystemoperatesonavoluntarybasis,withinstitutionseitherapplyingfororacceptingifasked.

Thefirstandmajorrequirementforaninstitutionapplyingforaccreditationisadetailedself-study/selfevaluation.An institutionsseekingaccreditationmustprovideaccurateinformationthatdescribesthestrengthsandweakness-esofitsprogram.Thisisavaluableexercisefortheinstitutionsbecausetheself-studyforcesstudents,faculty,andadministratorstofocusonthedetailsofitsprogramandthustoseethestrengthsandweaknessesofeachelement.Thesecondstepistomakeonsitevisitoftheapplyinginstitutiontogatheradditionalinformation.Theneutralityandabsenceofconflictofinterestofthevisitingexpertsisascriticalasthedecisionmakingcouncil.Theaimofasitevisitistoverifyandsupplementinformationpresentedintheself-evaluationreport.

Thedecision-makingbodymustusethatself-study,andadditional informa-tiongatheredonsitevisit,tomakeunbiasedjudgmentsregardingeachpro-gram’s compliancewith the standards.Themerit of eachprogrammust bebaseduponitscompliancewiththeaccreditationstandards,notonhowwellaprogramiscomplyinginrelationtootherinstitutions:comparisonsshouldnotbeaconsideration.Accreditorsmayconsiderlocalconditionsbutcannotcom-promisetheirstandardsandstillremaincreditable(Simmons,2004).Anotheressentialcomponentoftheaccreditationprocessisappeal.Ifaninstitutiondisagreeswithanadversedecision(onethatlowersorwithdrawsaccredita-



tion),anappealprocessshouldbeinplacesothatevidencecanbeheardforfurtherconsideration.Thehearingprocessforappealsshouldbeconstructedtoensurethatevidencefromboththeestablishmentandthedecisionmakerscanbepresentedtoanunbiasedpanel.

Accreditationisgrantedforaspecifiedperiod.Andduringthisperiodtheac-creditorsmayrequiretheinstitutiontoreportperiodicallyhowthestandardsaremaintainedorenhancedinwhichnoncompliancemayresultrevocationofaccreditation.Usuallytherewouldbeclassesofaccreditationlikefullaccredi-tation,limitedaccreditationorprovisionalaccreditationbasedonthefindingofevaluationsystem.Butthoseotherthanfullaccreditationwillbegrantedonlytemporarily.

Introducing accreditation system in veterinary education in Ethio-pia

Recently, international interest inaccreditation,especiallyforspecializedorprofessional educational programs, has grown as tool of quality assurance(Simmons,2004).Accreditationveterinaryeducationinstitutionissoanim-portantissueinmaintainingtherequiredleveltrainingandenhancingqual-ityofveterinaryeducation.Itisonlythroughaqualityeducationthatqualityprofessionalservicecouldbepossible.IntroducingaccreditationintoEthiopi-anveterinaryeducationshouldbeconsideredasanimportantsteptoenforcequalitystandardsforveterinaryeducationandachieveaninternationallyrec-ognizeddegree.

ThereareveryfewlawsinEthiopiathatregulatetheveterinaryprofession.Foreffectiveandtrustedpublicservice,theprofessionshouldberegulatedbylaws.Onesuchlawthatcouldhavedirectrelevancetotheregulationveteri-naryeducationandpracticewouldbealawthatestablishaveterinarycouncilorboard.FortunatelythishasbeenenvisagedintheexistinganimaldiseasepreventionandcontrolproclamationNo.267/2002(EFDR,2002).Article16.3ofthisproclamationprovides‘aveterinarycouncilshallbeestablishedforreg-istrationandlicensingofanimalhealthprofessionals.Thisarticleputstheroleoftheveterinarycounciltoberegistrationandlicensingofprofessional.But licensingand registrationofprofessionalsneeds somebasis.One theseshouldobviouslybeacertainacceptableleveloftraining(forveterinariansthiswouldberecognizeddegree).Recognitionveterinarydegreewouldbeanaturalpredecessoroflicensingandregistrationofveterinarians.ThereforeitcanbetakenthattheforthcomingveterinarycouncilofEthiopiawillhavethepower



of regulating veterinary education and there by recognition of veterinary ydegree(accreditation).SoThroughthiscouncilitwillbepossibletoenhanceandregulatetheveterinaryeducationandpracticethroughsettingminimumstandards,accreditingveterinaryhigher learning institutions,and licensingandregistrationoftheserviceprovidersorpractitioners.

DraftproclamationforestablishmentoftheveterinarycouncilofEthiopiaisalreadypreparedpursuanttotheproclamationNo.267/2002andiswaitingtobeenactedbytheparliament.Article15.4ofthisdraftproclamationliststhemainfunctionsofthecounciltobeestablished.Althoughtheissueofregulat-ingtheveterinarytrainingistouchedinvariessubarticlesofthisarticle,issueoftheaccreditationisnotexplicitlystated.

Alltheabovethreeprovisionstouchissuesofveterinarytraining,butnoneofthemexplicitlyprovidethatthecouncilwillaccredittheveterinarytraininginstitutionsandrecognizedegreeobtained.Nor thedraftdoesputhowandwhowilldotheaccreditation.

Thedraftproclamationinarticle16putsthepossiblecommitteethatcouncilcouldsetuptoexecuteitsfunctionButagainnocommitteeworkingonaccredi-tationisenvisaged.

Anotherdraftlaw,adraftregulationpreparedpursuanttothedraftproclama-tionforestablishmentofveterinarycouncilofEthiopia,ispreparedtoregulatethedetailoflicensureandregistrationofanimalhealthprofessionalsandvet-erinaryinstitutions.Thisdraftlawagainassumesthecouncilwilldoaccredi-tationworks.

IngeneraltheproclamationthatisdraftedforestablishmentoftheEthiopianveterinarycouncil,thoughtouchesissueofveterinaryeducationindifferentarticles;itdoesnotclearlyputaccreditationoftheveterinaryeducationinsti-tutionstobeasoneofthefunctionofthecouncil.Itdoesnothavealsoaprovi-sionwhichforeseetheissuanceofadetailregulationabouttheissuewhichiscustomaryindraftinglaws.Giventhefactthatqualityveterinaryeducationisabackboneofqualityveterinaryprofessionalservice,accreditationintheveterinaryeducationsystemshouldnotbemissedinthefunctionofthevet-erinarycounciltobeestablished.Thereforethedraftshallbeabletoclearlystatethattheforthcomingveterinarycouncilwillhaveafunctionofaccredita-tionoftheveterinaryeducationinstitutionsandrecognizingveterinarydegreeobtainedfromthem.



Theissuewithveterinarycouncilestablishmentisnotonlyitdoesnotclearlytakestheissueofregulationofqualityofeducationthroughaccreditation,butisalsoverylatetopassedaslaw.Theestablishmentofthecouncilwasenvis-aged in the animal disease prevention and control proclamationwhichwasenactedbefore9years.Soitishightimenowforconcernedbodytoputmoreeffortintheenactmentofthisimportantlawthatcreatesthestatutorybodywhichregulatesthewholeprofession.

Massive expansion of veterinary higher learning institutions as edu-cation quality concern in Ethiopia.

ThenumberofveterinaryhigherlearninginstitutionsinEthiopiahasgrownfromonetoteninstitutionsnowinlessthanadecade.Thistremendouschangeisnotonlyinthenumberofnewinstitutionsbuttheenrollmenthasalsoin-creasedfromaverage45inearlydaysatAddisAbabauniversitytoaverageof80studentsinthecurrentlyoperationalinstitutions(table1).Ethiopiahav-ingthelargest livestockpopulationandthethirdlargesthumanpopulationinAfrica,itisobviousthatitneedstohavequitelargequantityandqualityveterinarymanpower.Butmanypeopleintheprofessionfeelthatthismassiveexpansionwillcreateasurplusworkforce.Themanpowersupplymustbeinconformitywiththedemandortheabilityoftheeconomytoemploythegradu-ates.Itisnowhightimetoplanrealveterinarymanpowerneedofthecountry.Thispaperdidnotpresentsuchneededlevelofstudy.Itattemptsonlytoindi-catethatsuchfearcouldhavebasesandsuggestfurtherdetailstudy.

Intheveterinarymanpowerplanningitisthefirststeptoknowthedemandandthesupply.Theestimateofthesupplyisrelativelyasimpleexercise.Itisestimatedthatabout480veterinarianswereworkinginEthiopiauntil2004(Zewdie,2004).Additional1000veterinariansweregraduatedfromveterinaryhigherlearninginstitutionsincludinginthe6newlyopenedonesinthefol-lowing years until 2010. In the currentEthiopian scenario, the veterinaryfacultiesaregraduatingonaverage60studentsannuallyaspredicted fromstudentenrollmentinthe6relativelyestablishedveterinaryhigherlearninginstitutions (AdissAbaba,Hawassa,Mekele, Jimma,Haromya andGondaruniversities).Assumingallfacultieswillhavesameoutput,itcanberoughlyestimatedthatabout600veterinarianswillbegraduatingannuallyfromthe10veterinaryhigherlearninginstitutionscurrentlyoperationalinthecountry.

Forthedemandside,itisalwaysadifficulttasktoestimatewhatnumberofveterinaryprofessionalsandwhatnumbersoftraininginstitutionsareneeded



inacountry.Basedonavailabledocumentsatotalof1620veterinarianarerequiredinthegovernmentservice(Demissie,2004).Zewdie(2004)estimatedthat1142additionalveterinarianstothethenexisting472veterinariansareneededinEthiopiaforprevention,meatinspectionanddiagnosticandsurveil-lanceservice.

The commonlymethodused for estimating thenumber of veterinarians re-quiredforacountryespeciallyforgovernmentserviceisbasedonthenumberof livestockunits.However, its application to predict thenumber of veteri-nariansrequiredperthousandsoflivestockunitsneedscarefulconsideration.Alotothervariablescanaffecttheneedofveterinarymanpowerwhichmayincludepublicrecognitionofveterinaryskillsinrelatedareas;growthofsmallanimalpractices;increasinginvolvementinpublichealth;tightercontrolinin-ternationaltrade;publicinterestinanimalwelfareandethicalmatters.Otherfactorsthatareapplicable,alsointhecontextofdevelopingcountriesarethesizeofthehumanpopulation;grossnationalproduct;totalvalueofthelive-stock industry;affordableneeds; competing,supportingandauxiliarywork-forceavailable(SmithandHunter,1993).

Differentratesoflivestockunitsperveterinarianarerecommendedbydiffer-entauthorsinavailableliteratures.Thisrangesfrom30000veterinarylive-stockunitsperveterinarian(VLU/Vet)(Cheneau,1985)to200000VLU/Vet(deHaanandSolomonBekure,1991). ThesizeEthiopianlivestockresourcecanberoughlyestimatedtobeabout65000millionVLU3.Takingthehigh-estrequirementof30000VLU/Vet,theestimatedveterinarymanpowerneedofEthiopiawillbe2166veterinariansforgovernmentservice.Includingthegraduatesofthe2011yearformallcurrentlygraduatinginstitutionitcanbeseentheestimatednumberisalreadymet.AccordingtoUKbasedstudy300graduateseveryyearwasadequatetomaintainatotalveterinarypopulationof8,489(SimithandHunter1993).Oncetherequirednumberofveterinariansisachieved,graduatesneededtomaintaintheaboveestimatednumberof2166veterinariansforEthiopiawillbeabout70-80graduatesperyear.Sothelargenumberofgraduatescomingoutfromthe10institutionsinthefutureareex-pectedtobeemployedbytheprivatesectorwhichisleastdevelopedcurrently.Fromthisroughestimatedoneintheproceedingparagraphs,itcanbeseenthatthereisgoingtobesurplusofveterinarymanpowerinEthiopia.Inviewoftheveryhighcostofveterinaryeducation(itthemostcostlyintheworldin-

3 Cattle, equines and equines; pig; sheep and goat, and poultry represent 1, 0.2, 0.1 and 0.01 VLU respectively(OIE 2009)



cludinginEthiopia),itwouldbedifficulttojustifysignificantover-productionofveterinarians.

Ifthegraduatingprofessionalsarenotemployedproperly,thiswillhaveagainveryimportantrepercussiononthequalityofeducationbydiscouragingstu-dentsofhighachievertojointheprofessionanddemotivatingtheeducationplayersintheinstitutions. Thiswill leadto lowqualityveterinarians, lowstandardofveterinaryservicetothepublic,lesspublictrusttotheprofessionandfinallydeteriorationoftheprofession.Intheviewoftheforegoingdiscus-sionitisrecommendedtheveterinarymanpowerneedofthecountryshouldbestudiedindetailbeforefurtherveterinaryteachinginstitutionarecomingandintensifytheproblem.

Another important consideration in planning veterinarymanpower need ishowmanyteachinginstitutionsareneededtoproducetherequirednumberofveterinarians.Contemporaryveterinarymedicinehasfeaturedtheevolutionofmanyacademicandpracticespecialties.Asaconsequencetherehasbeenstrongpressuretoexpandfacultynumberssufficienttogiveadequatecover-agetothevariousspecialtiesthatmakeupthetotalityofveterinarymedicaleducation.Since facultynumbersareultimatelybasedonstudentnumbers,small institutionswillnotbeabletoaffordthesizeof facultythatpermitafullrangeofspecialties(Nielsonet al.,1977).Becauseofthisthereisacriticalmassofstafftorunaneffectiveveterinaryprogramwhichisestimatedtobe60(SmithandHunter,1993).Thestudenttostaffratioshouldbemaintainedateconomicallevelforteachinginstitutionstobeworthinvesting.Thisgiverisetoaminimumnumberof300studentsfor60-70staffs.Ifthenumberofbatchesinaprogramis6(whichisthecaseintheveterinarycurriculaofEthio-pia)annualenrollmentofmorethan50studentsisrequired.Fromthisitcouldbesuggestedthatpolicyofveterinaryeducationinacountrymustbefewerbutstrongteachinginstitutionswithrelativelyhighenrollmentrate.

Conclusion recommendation Thecurrentgovernmentpolicyfavorsexpansionofveterinaryeducation.Itisagoodopportunityfordevelopmentoftheprofessionandtodemonstrateitsvitalcontributiontothenationaldevelopment.Theexpansion,however,issomassivethatunlesswellplanedandregulated,itwillhavecounterproductiveeffectonthecountry’seconomyandthedevelopmentoftheprofessioninthecountry.One huge concernwith this expansion is the quality of education.ThequalityofveterinaryeducationinEthiopiawhenseenfromperspective



ofminimumstandardssetbyinternationalprofessionalbodiesliketheworldveterinaryassociationsandotherinternationalaccreditingbodiesisnotsatis-factorycurrently.Thereisnoalsoworkinglegislationsthatregulatesthepro-fessionincludingtheeducation.Onewayofinsuringqualityforminternation-alsexperienceisaccreditationandlicensing.Theappropriatebodytodothetaskwillbetheveterinarycouncilenvisagedtobeestablished.However,thedraftproclamationpreparedforestablishmentofthecouncildoesnotexplicitlygiveaccreditationmandateforthecouncilandthisopportunityofmandatingthecounciltoaccreditedveterinaryeducationinstitutionshouldnotbemissed.Givingaccreditationfunctiontothecouncilwillhaveaverypositiveimpactonthequalityofeducationandtherebyqualityprofessionalpracticeinthecoun-try.Theestablishmentofthecouncilhasalsotobehastened.Anotherconcernrelatedtoqualityofeducationwiththecurrentexpansionisthatthecomingwork force from the currently operational10veterinaryhigher learning in-stitutionsandmoreonthepipelineisinexcessofthedemandoftheeconomyandthecountry.Thiswillcostthecountryandhasalsoqualityrepercussionontheeducation.Soitishightimetodoadetailstudyandplantheveterinarymanpowerneed of the country before additional veterinaryhigher learninginstitutionarecomingintothescene.

ReferencesAbebe,G.2004.VeterinaryEducationinEthiopia.In:proceedingsofthe18thannual

conferenceoftheEthiopianveterinaryassociation(EVA),AddisAbaba,June9-10,2004,Ethiopia.PP9-34

AustralasianVeterinaryBoardsCouncilInc2010.Veterinaryschoolaccreditation.Pol-iciesProceduresandGuidelines.http://www.avbc.asn.au/school.htm

AVMA2011AccreditationPoliciesandProceduresoftheAVMACouncilonEducation(COE)http://www.avma.org/education/cvea/coe

Catley,A.,McCauley,H.M.andDelaney,D.P.1998.Community-basedanimalhealthservices inthegreaterHornofAfrica:Anassessment forUSAID,OfficeofFor-eignDisasterAssistance,incooperationwiththeU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture.sFamineMitigationActivity.Washington,D.C.:OfficeofForeignDisasterAssis-tance,U.S.AgencyforInternationalDevelopment.)

Cheneau,Y.1985.TheorganizationofveterinaryservicesinAfrica.Rev.Sci.Tech.Off.Int.Epiz.,5(1):107-154.



deHaan,C.D.andBekure,S.1991.AnimalHealthServices inSub-SaharanAfrica:InitialExperienceswithNewApproaches.NetworkpaperNo.29.InternationalLivestockCentreforAfrica(ILCA),AddisAbabaEthiopia.

DemissieA.2004.TheveterinarymanpowerprofileinEthiopia.In:proceedingofna-tionalworkshoponveterinarycurriculumreview,facultyofveterinarymedicine,universityofGondar,Ethiopia.

FAO,2011.Guidelinesforthepreparationoflivestocksectorreviews.AnimalProduc-tionandHealthGuidelines.No.5.Rome.)

FederalDemocraticRepublicofEthiopia.ProclamationNo.267/2002,AnimalDiseasesPreventionandControlProclamation.FederalNegaritGazeta8(14),AddisAba-ba,,2002,p.1700.

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Mayen,F.2006.AStatusReportofVeterinaryEducationinEthiopia:PerceivedNeeds,PastHistory,RecentChanges,andCurrentandFutureConcerns.JVetMedEduc.summer;3(2):244-

MinistryofAgricultureofEthiopia.DraftproclamationforestablishmentofveterinarycouncilofEthiopia,2009

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Nielsen,O.N.,Riddell,W.M.andKelly,K.G.1977.AstudyofveterinarymanpowerinCanada.Can.Vet.Jour.,18(1).

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The Use of Veterinary Obstetrics and Gynecology Simulator to Teach Ultrasound Imaging

Melaku Tefera,

College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University. P. O. Box 144 Haramaya Campus. Ethio-pia. 251-0914722459, [email protected]

Abstract

Obstetricalknowledgeandskill isoneof thecorecompetenciesrequiredatdayzeroofveterinarygraduates.However,inthelastthreeyearsoutof198studentsinterviewedinthreeveterinarycollegesinEthiopiaonly6studentshavepalpat-edthereproductiveorganofacow0.02%andnonehadeverappliedultrasound,showingahugelagintechnologicaladaptionandthenonexistenceofappropriateteachingmethod.Thepurposeofthisstudywastodeterminetheeffectivenessofobstetrics simulator training for veterinary studentsby comparingmeasures ofconfidence,anxietyandattitudewithandwithoutpriortraining.Inthisstudyitwasfoundthattheinnovationdescribedhereobstetricsandgynecologysimulatoroffersthemeansbywhichstudentscanmanipulatereproductiveorgansmoveandzoomwithinultrasoundimages,sketch,andcompareimages.Itwasrealizedthatthissolutionwouldprovideamorecost-effectiveandconvenientmethodofteach-ingtoalargenumbersofstudents.Studentscanbetrainedtoperforminvasiveprocedurespriortoexaminingrealanimals,whichhasbenefitsforanimalwelfare.

Keywords:Birthstation,simulator,animalalternative,pregnacydiagnosis,dairy,fantom,ultasonography,teachingmethod,nonanimalalternative

IntroductionSimulationisapracticalandsafeapproachtotheacquisitionandmaintenanceoftask-orientedandbehavioralskillsacrossthespectrumofmedicalspecial-ties,includingobstetricsandgynecology.Theprofessionofobstetricsandgy-necologyhascometoappreciatethevalueofsimulationandmajorstepsarebeingtakentowardincorporatingthistechniqueintospecialty-specifictrain-ing,evaluation,andcredentialingprograms.

Thedaysof learning ‘‘bytrialanderror’’or ‘‘seeone,doone,teachone’’arepassingawayastheleadingapproachestotheacquisitionofhealthcarere-latedknowledge, skills, andabilitiesand to theprovisionof clinical care tothesurgicalorobstetricpatient(GardnerandRaemer,2008).Theideaofpracticingoninanimateobjectsdatesbacktoantiquity,however,theideaof



systematicallyembeddingsimulationwithinthefabricofagraduateorpost-graduateveterinarycurriculumortheuseofthistechniqueaspartofprofes-sionaltrainingisrelativelynew(Hafez,2000).Themeritsofultrasoundasapartoftheroutinebovinereproductiveexaminationhavebeentoutedforyears(Fricke,2002).HoweverinEthiopialearningtheclinicalskillofultrasonogra-phyhasalsobecomeinaccessible.Asimulatorisagenerictermreferringtoaphysicalobject,device,situationorenvironmentwhereataskoraseriesoftaskscanberealisticallyimitated.Simulationtypicallyinvolvestheuseofoneormoresimulatorsforeducating,training,orevaluatinglearnersfromacrossthespectrumofexperiencefromnovicetoveteran.Dependingontheeduca-tionalgoalsandobjectivesofthecurriculum,someorallportionsofaroutineorcriticaleventcanbereenactedusingacombinationofverbalroleplaying,standardizedcharactersoractors,devices,mannequins,orenvironments.Fullimmersiontoveterinarysimulationiswhenacomplexsetoftakesplaceinare-created,realisticveterinarysettinginwhichcliniciansinteractwitheachother and care for standardized or introduction of animal safety initiativesaimedatreducingmedicalerrorsandadverseeventsarebeingimplementedinObstetrics.Thisapproachtoeducationmayhelptobetterpreparestudentsfordealingwithobstetricalcasesandtheircareeraftergraduation.Thustheobjectiveofthisstudywastoevaluateanewmodelofobstetricsandgynecol-ogysimulatorinteachingobstetricsandgynecologyandultrasoundimaging.

Materials and MethodsSimulator:ToimitatethepelvicofapregnantcowshowninFigure1A.,asimulatorwasdesignedasshownonFigure1BandproducedatHaramayaUniversityCollege ofVeterinaryMedicine. The trunk is approximately 50cmÍ50cmÍ60cm.Theplatformisonemeteraboveground.Thesimulatorhas two interchangeable platforms formounting specimens.Anupper com-partmentformountinguterusandfetusplusalowercompartmentwhichisdesignedtofitacontainerfilledwithwatersothatorganscanbeimmersedandscannedbyultrasound.Ontheanteriorside,acameraisfitted,sothatanoperatorcanseeoncomputer themanipulationprocessandcangetafeedbackontheprocedure.



Figure1.Designofsimulator(B)andreproductivetracttofacow(A)

Ultrasound: The scanner used in this project was a model DRAMINSKIANIMALprofi®withlinearprobe7.5MHz DRAMINSKI,Poland.Uteruswasmountedforpalpationontheupperplatformandinthelowercompartmentof the simulator forultrasonographic imaging.Operatorswere requested tomakecorrelationofreproductiveorgansandultrasonographicimages.Opera-torswereaskedtosketchadrawingofultrasoundanatomyonapapersothattheycanmakeafulldescriptionofimageinterpretation.Andquestionsrelatedtoimageinterpretationwereaskedasameasureofconfidence.

Multimedia:PowerPointwaspreparedandprojected on screenduring theultrasoundscanning,uterinepalpation,inseminationanddistociacorrectionproceduretoenhancestudentperception.



Figure2.Amultimediashowingvariouspositionsofdistocia,andhandlingofthereproductiveorgansduringtransrectalpalpationinacow.(Source:Arthuretal.,2000;Roberts,1976)

Evaluation:Onehundredninetyeightstudentsinthreecollegeswereaskedabouttheirexperienceonobstetricsandgynecologypractice inschool.A fo-cusgroupof5peoplecomposedofbothnoviceandveteranoperatorswerere-questedtogiveanswerstoquestionsafterpracticingwithsimulatorandlivecows.Basedonissuesofconfidence,anxiety,andattitude;thefocusgroupwasaskedtodeclareopiniononamatrixmeanscoreonthreeindependentvari-ablesnamelyconfidence,anxietyandattitudewith10,9,and9itemsforeachindependentvariablerespectively.QuestionsweregiveninbothnegativeandpositivestatementsforallthreevariablesaccordingtothemethodFennemaandSherman,1976butmodifiedtofitforthecurrentstudy.



ResultsInthelastthreeyearsoutof198studentsinthreeveterinarycollegesinEthio-piaonly6studentshavepalpatedthereproductiveorganofacow0.02%andnonehasappliedultrasound.Themainreasonislackofaccesstocowsbothinnumber,owner’scomplaintnottoallowstudentstopalpatetheircowsforsafetyissues,lackoftransporttoslaughterhousesandinstructorsnegligence.

ThecompletesimulatorafterconstructionisshownonFigure3AandFigure3B,depictinganteriorandposteriorportions.Reproductiveorganswereplacedonupperandlowercompartmentsforpalpationandultrasoundrespectively.Itwasfoundthatasitusesactualtissuethefeelwasclosetoreality.Theonlyeffectwhichwasnotsimulatedwaspressureonarmascowsstrainduringrec-talexamination.Thecamerafixedontheanteriorpartwashelpfulinguidingstudents.Thesimulatorwasusefulfordemonstrationofpregnancydiagnosis,ovarianexamination,uterineexaminationandtreatment,artificialinsemina-tion,distociacorrectionandreproductiveultrasonographywithmultipurposefunctions.

Membersoffocusgroupwhousedthesimulatorfirstwereabletorelateultra-soundimagestoactualtissueandmorecorrectanswers.However,memberswhoappliedultrasoundtoliveanimalsfirstwereconfused,mademoremistakeofimageinterpretationandunderstoodlesstheprinciplesofultrasonography.



Figure3:Anteriorview(A)andposteriorview(B)ofsimulator



Figure4.Correlationcolumnsofgrossanatomicalstructures(A),correspondingultrasoundanat-omy(B)andoutlinesketch(C)

Theevaluationresultsforthethreeindependentvariablesconfidence,anxietyandattitudearedepictedonTable1-3.Theresultindicatethatthesimulatorhelpedtobuildconfidenceinobstetricsandgynecologyplusultrasoundimag-ing.Theattitudevariablewasdesignedtomeasurethedegreetowhichstu-dentsanticipatepositiveornegativeconsequences.Studentsweremorewill-ingtoattemptthesimulatorthanpalpatingcowforthefirsttime.Theanxietyvariablewasdesigned tomeasurepressure,dread,nervousness, excitementdepressionandassociatedbodyresponseswhenpracticingobstetricsincoworsimulator.Itwasstressfreeexperienceandhelpfultostudentsmotivatingtodomorepalpationsinanimals



Table1.Meanscoresofconfidenceinlearning

Item Type Agree Doubtful DisagreeItwashardtopracticeonthesimulator ̶ P

Thesimulatorwaseasytouse + P

Simulatorwasriskfreeandsafe + P

Thesimulatorwasbad ̶ P

Theexperiencewasfarfromreality ̶ P

Supervisionwasnecessarywiththesimulator ̶ P

Oneisabletobroadenhis/herknowlege + P

Abletodobetterimageinterpretation + P

Practicingonliveanimalwasbetter ̶ P

Simulatorwasnotgoodforultrasonography ̶ P

Withthebuiltincameraonemakeslessmistakes + P

Table2.Opiniononanexityduringpracticeusingsimulator

Item Type Agree Doubtful DisagreeTheexperienceusingthesimulatorwasstressfree + P

Whileusingthesimulatoroneisatease + P

Usingthesimulatorwasuncomfortable ̶ P

Whileusingsimulatoroneisexited ̶ P

Usingthesimulatorwasterrifying ̶ P

Thesimulatorwasconfusing ̶ P

Thesimulatorwascomfortable + P

Thesimulatorwasnotrisky + P

disinclinedtouseit ̶ P

Table3.Opiniononattitudetowardsuseofsimulator

Item Type Agree Doubtful DisagreeThesimulatorwascleanerthanpalpatingcows + P

Peoplewerehappywhenusingsimulator + P

Simulatorcanreplaceliveanimals + P

usingthesimulatorwasdisappointing ̶ P

Simulatordoesnotimproveone’sunderstanding ̶ P

Simulatordoesnotimproveexamresults ̶ P

Simulatorwashumaneandgoodalternative + P

Neverusethissimulator ̶ P

Thetrainingonsimulatorwasexcellentandhelpful + P



DiscussionItwasfoundthattheinnovationdescribedhereobstetricsandgynecologysim-ulatorofferstheameansbywhichstudentscanmoveandzoomwithinimages,resizeimagesandcompareimagesside-by-sideandallowedimportantareasof images tobesketched. Itwasrealizedthat thissolutionwouldprovideamorecost-effectiveandconvenientmethodofteachingtoalargenumbersofstudents.Studentscanbetrainedtoperforminvasiveprocedurespriortoex-aminingrealanimals,whichhasbenefitsforanimalwelfare(Judeetal.,2006).

It was back in the 1980s that Veterinary ultrasound began tobe used to help diagnose sick animals. It was essential in teach-ing hospitals, referral centers, and in individual practices also.Thereasonforitspopularityisitsnoninvasive,simple,nonpainfulmethodofdiagnosingdiseaseanddeterminingtreatmentforthediseaseorinjury(God-dar,1975;Lamb,2006).

Theobstetricsandgynecologysimulator isamultipurpose teaching tool forpregnancydiagnosis,AI,ultrasonography,uterineexamination.Whilehapticcowsimulatorandobstetricphantoms,havelimiteduses.

Thehapticcowsimulatorisavirtualrealitybasedtrainingtoolforpalpationofthebovinereproductivetractinordertoperformpregnancydiagnosisandfertilityexaminations.Thisisadifficultprocedure,sothestudentsneedlotsofpracticetodevelopadequatelyskills.(BaillieandKinnison,2011).

Veterinarysimulatorsare increasinglybeingdevelopedtoteachtherapeuticanddiagnosticproceduresaswellasmedicalconceptsanddecisionmakingtopersonnelinthehealthprofessions.Simulatorshavebeendevelopedfortrain-ingprocedures ranging from thebasics suchas blooddraw, to laparoscopicsurgeryandtraumacare.Theyarealsoimportanttohelponprototypingnewdevicesforbiomedicalengineeringproblems(Ahmedetal.,2010).Currently,simulators are applied to research anddevelopment of tools for new thera-pies, treatmentsandearlydiagnosis inveterinarycare, safety isaconcern.Patientshavebeenknowntosufferinjuriesandevendeathduetomanage-menterror,andlackofusingbeststandardsofcareandtraining.Decreasedpatientavailabilityforteachingofstudentsrequiresustothinkcreativelyandpractically onhow to optimize their education.Veterinary simulationsmayaddressscenariosinclinicalpracticethatareconsideredimportanttoknoworunderstand.



Atpresent,thereareObstetricsandGynecologymoldusedtodemonstratethebasicprinciplesandelementsoftheoperation.Nevertheless,thereisaneedtofurtherimprovethemodeltype,toimprovetherelevanceofvariousclinicaloperations,andstrengthenpracticalteachingeffectivenessSuchcontinuousimprovementswillbringundoubtedlyqualityinteachingandisrelatedtothekeycauseofgrowthofveterinaryProfession.

ReferencesAhmedK,KeelingAN,FakhryM,AshrafianH,AggarwalR,NaughtonPA,DarziA,

CheshireN.2010.RoleofVirtualRealitySimulationinTeachingandAssessingTechnicalSkillsinEndovascularInterventionJ Vasc Interv Radiol21(1)55-66

ArthurGH,PearsonH&NoakesDE.2000.VeterinaryReproductionandObstetrics.EnglishLangugeBookSociety&BailliereTindall.

BaillieSandKinnisonT.2011.TheHapticCowSimulator.TheRoyalVeterinaryCol-lege,HawksheadLane,NorthMymms,Hatfield,Hertfordshire,AL97TA,Eng-land.RVCPressOffice.http://www.rvc.ac.uk/News/PressReleases/[email protected]

FennemaEandShermanJ.1976.Fennema-Shermanmathematicsatti-tudescales:Instrumentsdesignedtomeasureattitudestowardsthelearn-ingofmathematicsbygirlsandboys.JournalforResearchinMathematicsEducation,7(5),324-326

FrickeMP.2002.ScanningtheFuture:UltrasonographyasaReproductiveManage-mentToolforDairyCattle.J.DairySci.85:1918–1926

GardnerR,MDand RaemerBD. 2008. SimulationinObstetricsandGynecology.ObstetGynecolClinNAm.35:97–127

GoddardPJ.1995.VeterinaryUltrasonography.CABI

HafezESE.2000.ReproductioninFarmAnimals.Lippincott,Williams&Wilkins.

JudeCD,GaryG.GilbertGGandMagraneD..2006.Simulationtrainingintheob-stetricsandgynecologyclerkship.doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2006.05.003|HowtoCiteorLinkUsingDOI.Copyright©2006Mosby,Inc.

LambC.2006.Reproductiveultrasoundformanagementofbeefcattle.ReproductiveManagementCourse.http://www.extension.umn.edu/beef/components/homestudy/replessonappb.pdf

RobertsSJ.1976.VeterinaryObstetricsandGenitalDiseases.ScientificBookAgency

Effect of equines in human livelihoods and health

Ayele Gizachew,

National Veterinary Advisor, Brooke Ethiopia

IntroductionIntheworldthereareanestimatednumberof59millionhorses,43.4milliondonkeysand11millionmules(FAOSTAT,2011).Equines,especiallyindevel-opingcountrieshaveadiversifiedroleinthelivelihoodandhealthofhumanbeing.Theyaremainlyusedforpullingcarts,publictransport,forploughing,threshing,ambulatoryserviceforsickhumanandanimals.TherecentworkdoneonlivelihoodcontributionofworkingequinesinEthiopiahasdisclosedtheircontributionoftheseanimalsinmonetaryterms(BrihanuandYoseph,2011).Inadditiontothetransportservicetheyprovideequineshaveenormousroleastherapeutictoolforhuman(Shultzet al.,2007).

Theobjectivesofthisreviewpaperaretwofolds:

• Toreviewthesocio-economiccontributionofequinesforhumanbeing• UseofequineasatherapeutictoolSocio-economic contribution of equines

AlthoughequinesarelifelinetotheeconomyofthemajorityfarmersinEthio-pia,therearefewfragmentedstudiesonthesocio-economiccontributionofworkingequines.Tomentionfewofthestudies:

• Impactofdonkeyownershiponthelivelihoodsoffemaleperi-urbandwell-ers(MartinCurran,Smith2005).s,

• Donkeys, horses and mules-their contribution to people’s livelihoods inEthiopia(BerhanuandYoseph,2011).

• Theimpactofaccesstoanimalhealthservicesondonkeyhealthandliveli-hoodsinEthiopia(Martinet al.,2005).

The impact of donkey ownership on the livelihoods

AnimpactassessmentofdonkeyprovisionprogrammeinEthiopiawascarriedoutin2001asapartofaDFIDLivestockproductionProgrammeproject“useandmanagementofdonkeysbypoorsocietiesinperi-urbanareasinEthiopia.Inorder toestablishwhetherdonkeyownershipwasacauseoraneffectofimprovedlivelihoodsthathadownednodonkeyuntiltheyweregivenonebya



localNGO.Indicatorsthatpoorpeopleusetoexpresstheirwellbeing,wealthandhealthstatuswereidentifiedandusedtocomparecommunities.

Thisassessmentindicatedthatgatheringandsellingfirewoodusingdonkeysbackwas cited as a primary income (48%). Therewas also a trend in thedatathatshowsthatthebeneficiariesbenefitedfromthedonkeytheyreceived.Thesepoorhouseholdshavefoundanincreaseintheirincomeandrelieffromcarryingburdensoffirewoodorwater;andtherehavebeenlongertermim-pactssuchaschildrenbeingreleasedfromhousehold labourandallowedtogotoschool.Inaddition,thebeneficiarieswereabletobuymorefoodwhichinevitabilitycontributestotheirbetterhealth(CurranandSmith,2005).

Donkeys, horses and mules-their contribution to people’s livelihoods in Ethiopia

AstudycommissionedbyBrookeEthiopiahasrecentlydisclosedthelivelihoodcontributionofworkingequinesinquantitativeterms.Thisstudyexaminedthecontributionsofdonkeys,horsesandmulestohumanlivelihoodsinthreeworedasintheSouthernNationsandNationalitiesPeople’sRegionofEthio-pia.

Thisstudyhasrevealedthemajorusesofequinesinthestudyareas.Fiftysixpercentofthehouseholdskeptdonkeysmainlyforpackservices(togener-ateincomeandhomesteaduse),26%ofthedonkeyswerekeptforcartuse(togenerateincome),and14%werekeptforpackusebutexclusivelyforhome-steaduseand4%exclusivelyforrenting,breedingorpettytrade.Horseswereusedforriding(38%),forgarry(41%),forpackservice(togenerateincomeandhomesteaduse),forbreeding(2%)andforrentingout(1%).Muleswerekeptmainlyforriding(78.3%),forpackservices(togenerateincomeandhomesteaduse) (13%),exclusively forrentingout (4.3%)and forgarryuse (4.3%).Thisstudywasalsorevealedthesocialcontributionofequinesinfestivalanden-tertainmenttoceremonialdecorationduringfunerals(BerhanuandYoseph,2011).

This study clearly showed the importance of working equines in reducingdrudgeryof females that inevitability reduceexhaustionandotherdiseaseslikevertebraldiscprolapse,etc..Donkeysweremorefoundtobeimportantinreducingdrudgeryascomparedtomulesandhorses(BerhanuandYoseph,2011).Acomparisonoftwowomen,oneusingadonkeytofetchwaterandtheother carrying itherself indicated that theuseofdonkeys could saveup toabout25hoursperweekforotheractivities(MarshalandAli,2004).



AstudydonebyBerhanuandYoseph,2011,hasindicatedthatincomederivedfrom theuseof equinesaccounted for14%of total incomeacross the studyworedas.Theoverall income fromother livestockaccounted foronly13%oftotalhouseholdincome.Thisshowsthatequineswereverycrucialintheliveli-hoodsofequineownersandusers.

The impact of access to animal health services on donkey health and livelihoods

AstudyconductedwiththeobjectiveoftoassesshowaccesstoanimalhealthcareaffectedthelivelihoodofpoordonkeyownerswereconductedbyCurranet al, 2005.The services provided by the donkey sanctuarywereused as acasestudy.AquestionnairesurveywasdesignedandcarriedoutinDonkeySanctuaryinterventionandnon-interventionareas.Althoughitisalwaysmoredifficult the impact ofan interventiononaperson’s lifewhen the interven-tionisnotdirectlyadministeredtothatperson,theresultshowedthatdonkeyownersinprojectinterventionareasfeltbetteroffforhavingaccesstoanimalhealthservices;donkeyowners innon-interventionareawere lessconfidentabouttheirincomes.Administeringveterinarytreatmenttodonkeysandthereisnodoubtthatahealthydonkeyisaproductivedonkeyandultimatelypro-vides its ownerwithamore secure incomea sickandunproductivedonkey(Curran,et al2005).

Theseresearchersusedaselectionofindicatorstoestimatewhatchangeorim-pacttheveterinaryservicehadhaddirectlyonpeople’slives.Respondentssaidthattheywereabletoattributethiecontributiontosavingschemesdirectlyfromtheincomederivedfromtheirdonkeys.Generally,improvementinhealthandwelfareofworkingdonkeysinturnimprovestheproductivityofanimalsandprovidestheirownerswithamorereliablesourceofincome,whichinevi-tabilityimprovestheirlivelihoodandhealth.

Effect of equine on human health

Substantialsumsofmoneyareinvestedannuallyinpreventivemedicineandtherapeutictreatmentforpeoplewithawiderangeofphysicalandpsychologi-calhealthproblems,sometimestonoavail.Thereisnowmountingevidencetosuggestthatanimalscanenhancethehealthoftheirownersandthusmaycontributesignificantlythehealthexpenditureofacountry(Wells,2009).



The effect of physically interacting with animals

Theactionofstrokingorpettingananimalhasrepeatedlybeenshowntocausetransientdecreasesinbloodpressureand/orheartrate(Wells,2009).Althoughdirectcontactwithananimalappearstohavehealthadvantageforhumans,itseemsthatthemerepresenceofacompanionanimalcanalsooffereshortandlongtermhealthbenefits.Morerecently,ithasbeenreportedthatthepresenceofananimalresultedinlowerlevelsofheartrateandbloodpressurerelativetoafriendorspouse,inpeopleexposedtothepsychologicalstressorofmentalarithmetic,andthephysicalstressorofacoldpressortest(Wells,2009).

Unfortunately,theuseofrealanimalsinexperimentalorappliedsettingsisnotalwayspractical,or forthatmatterdesirable.Allergiesto,andphobias,animalsarecommon.Moreover,careandcontroloftheanimalinvolvedinthestudycanpresentchallengesandevenconfoundresults.Evidencenowsug-geststhatvideotapesofanimalsmayserveasapotentialalternativetotheuseofliveanimalsmayserveasapotentialalternativetotheuseofanimalsinstressfulsituations(Wells,2009).FurtherstudyconductedbyWells,2005hasconcludedthatthismodeofpresentation(usingvideotape)offeradvantageswheretheuseofliveanimalsisnotfeasible,orindeeddesirable.

Equine therapy

Equinetherapyispracticedaroundtheworld.Originallyusedtohelppatientsrecover from traumatic injuries, it then became a widely-used therapeuticmethodto treatphysicallyhandicapped individuals. Inrecentyears,equinetherapyhasbranchedoffintootherareas–treatingawidevarietyofpsycho-logicalandmentaldisordersandaddiction (Kane, 2009).

Horses are large, imposing animals that canweigh anywhere from severalhundredto1,000pounds.They’realsosocialanimals,justlikehumans,andtheyhavedefinedroleswithintheirherds.Horseshavedistinctpersonalities,moodsandattitudes.Ifyoueverdoubtedthis, justwatchaninteractionbe-tweenapersonandahorse.Whatworkswithonehorsewillnotnecessarilyworkwithanother.Ahorsemayseemstubbornanddefiant,orplayfulandfun.Infact,theyliketohavefun,andtheyliketobewiththeirpeers(Kane,2009).

Documentedresearchshowspositivephysicalandpsychologicalresultsfromhumans interactingwith horses. These include, but are not limited to, de-creasedbloodpressureandheartrate,lowerlevelsofstress,reducedfeelingsof tension, anxiety, anger andhostility, aswell as increased levels of beta-



endorphins,andbeneficialfeelingsofself-esteem,empowerment,patienceandtrust(Kane,2009)

Kane,2009hasalsoclearlydescribedtheprocessofbondingandhealingwithhorses.Howdoesthishappen?Initially,uponenteringthecorralwherethehorseislocated,thepatientismostlikelyfearful.Afterall,thehorseismuchlargerandprettyfrighteningtosomeonewithlimitedabilitytointeract,hasdifficultycommunicating,andisrecoveringfromalcoholordrugabuseorco-occurringdisorders.Lackingself-esteem,thenaturaltendencyistorunaway.

Equine-assistedtherapytypicallyoccursinasmallgroupsetting,usuallylessthanadozenparticipants,andfacilitatedbycertifiedequine-assistedtherapistandtrainedprofessionaltherapist.Theprocessgenerallyinvolvesestablishingapresencewiththehorseandgraduallynurturingthatrelationship.Thismayormaynotinvolveactualridingofthehorse,butdoesinvolvegrooming,longe-ingorvaulting,andexperientialgroupexercises.Individualsmayreceiveone-on-onefocusduringthegroupsetting.Followingthesession,theindividualsareallowedtimetoprocesstheirexperienceswiththeirtherapists,whothenintegratetheseinsightsintothepatients’treatmentplans.

Toeffectivelycommunicatewithahorseinvolvesalotofpatience,consistency,attentionandunderstanding.Horsesaresensitivetomood,andhavemoodsoftheirown.Accordingtoequineexperts,horseshavetheabilitytomirrorthemoodsofpeople.Apatientmaytellthetherapistthatthehorseisstubborn–when,infact,itisthepatientthatisstubbornandresistant.Anotheroften-heardinitialcommentisthat“thehorsedoesn’tlikeme.”Buthorses,saytheexperts,arehonest–andthismakesthemvaluableassetsinhelpingpatientsdevelopnecessarynon-verbalcommunicationskills.Thisrequiresthepatienttogetoutsidetheirself,torespondtothehorsewithaffectionandattention.Theresultisthatthehorsewillrespondinasimilarfashion.

Thebondthatdevelopsbetweenhorseandpatientinvolves:Affection,Asser-tiveness,Communicationskills,Confidence,Empathy,Mutualtrust,Respect,Responsibility,Self-controlandUnconditionalacceptance.

Equine assisted psychotherapy for children who have experienced in-tra-family violence

Substantial numbers of childrenwitness family violence. There is evidencethatviolencebetweenparentshasadverseeffectsonthechildreninthefamily.Thesechildrenareatgreaterriskofbehaviouralproblemsandmentalhealth



disorders,includinganxiety,anger,depression,andsuicidalideations,with-drawal,lowself-esteem,andattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder.Schultzetal, 2007has conductedapilot study to test the efficacy of equineassist-edpsychotherapyinacross-sectionalgroupofchildrenreferredtoapsycho-therapistforvariouschildhoodbehavioralandmentalissues.Thisstudyhasdemonstratedaquickresponse toequineassistedpsychotherapy, especiallyinyoungerchildren,butitremainstobedeterminedwhatkindoflong-termeffectthistypeofinterventionmayprovide.

ConclusionThereareveryfewstudiesconductedonthelivelihoodcontributionofworkingequines.Buttheavailablearticlesclearlyshowedthecrucialrolesofequinesindailychoressuchasfetchingwater,transportpeople,transportfirewood,transportagriculturalinputs,provideambulatoryservicebothforhumanandanimalsetc.Recentstudyhasshowedthatequinescontribute14%ofthetotalhouseholdincomewhichiscomparablewiththecontributionofotherlivestocks.improvementinhealthandwelfareofworkingequinesinturnimprovestheproductivityofanimalsandprovidestheirownerswithamorereliablesourceofincome,whichinevitabilityimprovestheirlivelihoodandhealth.

Equinecanhaveprophylacticandtherapeuticvaluesforpeopleand,assuch,havetheabilitytocontributesignificantlytoourhealthandqualityoflives.Althoughanimalsshouldnotbepanaceaforhumanillhealth,theymay,none-theless,serveavaluable,andcurrentlyunderutilized,roleinpromotinghealth.Theprospectofcontinuedworkinthisareawilladvanceourunderstandingofthenexusbetweenanimalsandhumanhealth,andhopefullyfacilitatetheshapingoffuturehealthcarepracticeandpolicy.

ReferencesFAOSTAT,2011.http://faostat.fao.org

Berhanu, A. and Yoseph, S., 2011. Donkey,Horses andmules-their contribution topeopleslivelihoodsinEthiopia(AstudycommissionedbyTheBrookeEthiopia).

Schultz, N.P., Remick-Barlow, G.A. and Robbins, L., 2007. Equine assisted psycho-therapy:amentalhealthpromotion/interventionmodalityforchildrenwhohaveexperiencedintra-familyviolence,Healthandsocialcareinthecommunity,15(3),pp,265-271.



Wells,D.L.,2009.Theeffectofanimalsonhumanhealthandwell-being,Journalofsocialissues,65(3)pp523-543.

Wilson,C.(1991).Thepetasananxiolyticintervention.JournalofNervousandMentalDisease,179,pp,482–489.

Kane,S.,2009.Whatisequineassistedtherapy,http://www.elementsbehavioralhealth.com/addiction-treatment/what-is-equine-assisted-therapy/

Wells,D.L.(2005).Theeffectofvideotapesofanimalsoncardiovascularresponsestostress.StressandHealth,21,pp,209–213.

Curran,M.M.,Feseha,G.andSmith,D.J.,2005.TheimpactofaccesstoanimalhealthservicesondonkeyhealthandlivelihoodsinEthiopia,Tropicalanimalhealthandproduction,37Suppl1.Pp47-65.

Curran,M.M.,Smith,D.J.,2005.Theimpactofdonkeyownershiponthelivelihoodsoffemaleperi-urbandwellers,Tropicalanimalhealthandproduction,37Suppl1,pp67-86

Marshal,K.andAli,Z.,2004.FieldingDandStarkeyp(eds),2004.Donkeys,peopleanddevelopment.AresourcebookoftheanimaltractionnetworkforEsternandSouthernAfrica(ATNESA).Technicalcentreforagriculturalandruralcoopera-tion(CTA),Wageningen,TheNetherlands.248pISBN92-9081-219-2.

One Health Central and Eastern Africa (OHCEA) Es-tablishment

1Moti Yohannes and 2Kifle Woldemichael1School of Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University

2College of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Jimma University

IntroductionThe convergence of people, animals and environment has led to an under-standingthattheemergenceofnewanddeadlyzoonoticdiseasethreatswillincreasesteadilyinthecomingdecades.AsevidencedbyHPAIandSARSbe-foreit,thespeedwithwhichthesediseasescanspreadacrosstheincreasinglyinterconnectedglobeputsapremiumonrapididentificationandcontainment.Driven by these growing concerns public- and animal-health professionals,conservationistsandecologistshaveformulatedanewglobalhealthparadigmcalled“OneHealth”whichidentifiesthefuturewell-beingofhumans,animalsandtheenvironmentasinextricablylinked.

BackgroundUSAIDhas identified theHEALTHAlliance,anetworkof sevenSchools ofPublicHealthinEasternAfrica,asaprioritynetworktobetargetedforim-mediate collaborative engagement to expandRESPONDprojects across theentireCongobasin.RESPOND’sstrategicvisionincludesAfricanUniversityengagementandleveragingexistingnetworks.TheHEALTHAlliancewhichhasahistoryofcollaborationacrossUniversitiesiscommittedtobroadenitsscopeandengageotherrelevantpartnersincludingveterinaryschoolsandad-ditionaluniversitypartnersintheregioninordertoscaleupimplementationofOneHealthconceptintheregion.

AmeetingofDeansofsevenSchoolsofPublicHealthandsevenVeterinarySchools from sixCentral andEasternAfrican countries (Ethiopia,Uganda,Tanzania, Kenya, Rwanda andDemocratic Republic of Congo) was held inKampala,Ugandabetween15thand16thOctober2010.AsaresultoftheDeans’meetingOHCEAwasformedby14foundingmembersnamely:

1. JimmaUniversity,CollegeofPublicHealthandMedicalSciences2. JimmaUniversity,SchoolofVeterinaryMedicine



3. MekelleUniversity,CollegeofVeterinaryMedicine4. MakerereUniversitySchoolofPublicHealth5. MakerereUniversityCollegeofVeterinaryMedicine6. MuhimbiliUniversityofHealthandAlliedSciencesSchoolofPublicHealth

andSocialSciences7. SokoineUniversityofAgriculture,FacultyofVeterinaryMedicine8. UniversityofNairobi,SchoolofPublicHealth9. UniversityofNairobiFacultyofVeterinaryMedicine10.MoiUniversityschoolofPublicHealth11.UmutaraPolytechniqueFacultyofVeterinaryMedicine12.NationalUniversityofRwandaSchoolofPublicHealth13.UniversityofKinshasaSchoolofPublicHealth14.LumumbashiSchoolofVeterinaryMedicine

Vision

AgloballeaderinOneHealthapproachesforsustainablehealthandproduc-tivityofcommunities,animalsandecosystems.

Mission

Todrivetransformationalchangeforcontinuousimprovementofhealthandwell-beingofhumans,animalsandecosystemsthroughmultidisciplinaryre-search,trainingandcommunityservice.

Goal and objectives of Collaboration

ToenhanceOneHealth(OH)policyformationandimplementation,meetlocal,nationalandregionalhealthsystemneeds,andcontributetoimprovedcapac-ityofpublichealthintheregion

CollaborationObjectives:

1. DevelopmentofRegionalOneHealthWorkshopstargetingpersonnelfromtherelevantsectorsanddisciplines intheregionto fosteraOneHealthcommunityacrosstheregion



2. CreationofaseriesofinterdisciplinarysubcommitteesaimedatcreationandimplementationofthreetrackofOHtraining(in-service,pre-serviceanddiagnostic)throughouttheregion.

3. Strengtheningcapacitytorespondtoemergingpandemicthreatsthroughpreparednessdrillsinappliedfieldtrainingcourses.

4. DevelopmentofaOHtrackwithinexistingOHCEAgraduatepublichealthprograms(MPHandMVPH)

5. ReinforcementofthebasicITinfrastructuresacrossOHCEAschools6. Development of a proactive risk communicationandpolicydevelopment

strategy7. Strengthenedcapacity to confirmandcharacterize reporteddiseaseout-

breaks8. SupporttoOHCEAstudentoutbreakresponsecapacityprojects9. EstablishmentofafunctionalSecretariattocoordinatethecollaboration

activities.

Support: OHCEA is currently being supported by RESPOND – USAID.RSPONDisoneoftheprojectsundertheUnitedstatesAgencyforInternation-alDevelopment–EmergingPandemicThreats(USAID–EPT).USAID-EPTisaglobalprojecttoPREDICT,IDENTIFY,RESPONDto,DELIVERandPRE-PAREforzoonoticdiseasesthroughinstitutionalizationofaOneHealthap-proach.RESPONDpartnersincludeDAI,theUniversityofMinnesota,TuftsUniversityandResourcesGroupandEcologyandEnvironment,Inc.

Organizational Structure

Regional level: OHCEADeans’summitisthehighestbodyofadministration.Thechairandco-chairisonrotationalbasis(Figure1).CurrentlytheDeanofMakerereUniversityschoolofPublicHealthandDeanofschoolofMakerereUniversityVeterinaryMedicineareservingasChairandCo-chair.

National level: Deansprovideleadershiptothecountrylevelactivities.Focalpersonsnominatedfromeachofthecollaboratingschools,andcountrycoor-dinatingcommittee (CCC) thathasbeenestablishedby theDeansbear theresponsibilityofimplementingtheactivities.ThefollowingorganizationsarerepresentedintheCCCofEthiopia.



1. FederalMinistryofHealth(FMOH)2. FederalMinistryofAgriculture(FMOA)3. FederalMinistryofEducation(FMOE)4. EnvironmentalProtectionAuthority(EPA)5. EthiopianWildlifeConservationAuthority(EWCA)6. EthiopianHealthandNutritionResearchInstitute(EHNRI)7. EthiopianPublicHealthAssociation(EPHA)8. EthiopianVeterinaryAssociation(EVA)9. MekelleUniversitySchoolofPublicHealth(MUSPH)10.MekelleUniversityCollegeofVeterinaryMedicine(MUCVM)11.JimmaUniversitySchoolofVeterinaryMedicine(JUSVM)12.Jimma University College of Public Health and Medical Sciences

(JUCPHMS)

Figure1:OHCEAOrganogram



DutiesandresponsibilitiesoftheCountryCoordinatingCommittees(CCC)

1. CoordinationofassessmentofOneHealthcapacities2. InformandsensitizerelevantsectorministriesandNonGovernmentalOr-

ganizations3. CoordinatingtheimplementationofcountryOneHealthplans4. Monitor countryOneHealthactivities includingvarious trainingof tar-

getedpersonnel5. SensitizefacultyandstakeholdersonOneHealthconcept6. Collaborate actively with country outbreak response and surveillance

teams

Activitiesperformed:

1. CountryCoordinatingCommittee(CCC)established2. Baselineassessmentconducted3. OHCEA10yearsstrategicplanpreparedatregionallevel

Contact:

KifleWoldemichael(MD,MPH)OHCEAFocalperson,JimmaUniversity,CPHMSE-mail:[email protected],[email protected]:251917804029

MotiYohannes(DVM,MSc)OHCEAFocalperson,JimmaUniversity,SVME-mail:[email protected]:251911721792

BerihunAfera(DVM,MSc)OHCEAFocalperson,MekelleUniversity,CVME-mail:[email protected]:251910276541

Note:FormoreinformationyoucanvisittheOHCEAwebsite:OHCEA.ORG

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Editorial Board of the Ethiopian Veterinary Journal 2011 Annual report

Publications in the year 2011TwoissuesofEthiopianVeterinaryJournal,volume15(No1and2)andpro-ceedingsofthe24thAnnualConferenceofEVAentitled“ClimateChangeandlivestockvulnerability:itsveterinarydimensionandpublichealthconcerns”werepublished

Reviewers: Close to400e-mail correspondencewasdonewith theauthorsandreviewers theeditorialboardacknowledges the contributionof EsayasGelaye,EsheteDejen,FasilMengistu,FekaduRegassa,FikreLobago ,Ge-tachewAbebe,GetachewTerefe,GizatAlmaw,HagosAshenafi,KassaBayou,KelayBelihu,LemmaGizachew,RomanTiruneh,TadesseEgualeandYosephShiferaw

The sponsors of 2011issueswereMinistryofAgriculture,FoodandAgricul-tureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsandSavetheChildrenUStowhowearealwaysgratefulfortheircontinuedsupports

Status of the journal:The reputable of the Ethiopian Veterinary Journal has been confirmed bytheAddisAbabauniversityasperMarch2009SenateCriteriaforJournalsAssessment.ThereputabilitystatuswasreceivedfromAAUon31stJanuary2011,whichisvaliduntilthenextassessmentinthreeyearstime.

TheEthiopianVeterinaryJournaliscorrectlyonthewebofAfricanJournalonlinehttp://www.ajol.info/index.php/evj/issue/archiveTheissuesdisplayedinthewebareVol.14,No1and2(2010),andVol.15,No1and(2011).

Plan for 2012In2012twoissuesofvolume16(volume16,No1and2)willbepublished.InadditionProceedingsofthe25thAnnualConferenceofEVAentitledEnhanc-ingVeterinaryEducationandIntersectoralPartnershiptowardsOneHealthwillbecompiledandpublished.

Resolution

25th Annual Conference of the Ethiopian Veterinary As-sociation on Enhancing Veterinary Education and Inter-sectoral Partnership towards One Health

July 27-28, 2011, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaTheEthiopianVeterinaryAssociationheldits25thannualconferenceon27-28July2011attheECConferenceHall.Theconferencewasattendbymorethan500fulltimemembersoftheassociationandinvitedguests.ThetwodayconferencediscussedonVeterinaryEducationandIntersectoralPartnershipTowardsOneHealth.Basedon thekeynoteaddressesand technicalpaperspresentedduringtheconferencetheparticipantsdiscussedonthecoreissuesofveterinaryeducationandonehealth,andconcludedwithresolutionsear-markedwithgeneralconsensus.

Onqualityofveterinaryeducationandcareeropportunities

• Thecurrentharmonizedcurriculumisrelevantbutshouldberevisedoramendedtoenablegraduatesacquireadequatetheoreticalknowledgeandpracticalskillsandhencegraduateswouldbeconfidenttopracticetheirprofessioninthepublicandprivatesectors;

• ThereisaneedtostrengthenveterinaryeducationinEthiopia.Thisentailsdevelopingandimplementingacomprehensivestaffdevelopmentprogramandstrengtheningthelaboratory,library,clinical,abattoir,livestockfarmandtransportationfacilitiesoftheveterinaryschools;

• For veterinary schools to run effective academic and researchprogramstheyhavebeempoweredandgivenreasonableadministrativeautonomy.ThereisaneedthustoapproachandinfluenceuniversityadministrationsandMoEto liftup theadministrativestructureofveterinaryschools inEthiopia;

• Thereisaneedforestablishmentofaveterinarystatutorybodythatwouldregulatethequalityofveterinaryeducation(accreditation)andprofession-alservicesinthecountry;

• Thereisanurgentneedtore-considerthecurrentnumberofveterinaryschoolsandalsotheannualenrollmentrateinEthiopia.Thiscallsforde-velopmentofastrategicplanforthehumanresourceneedsofthelivestockindustryinthecountryanddeterminingthecorrespondingnumberofvet-



erinaryschoolsandannualenrolmentrates.ItisimportanthencetocreateaforumcomprisingrepresentativesofMinistryofEducation,MinistryofAgriculture,EVAandotherstakeholderstodealwiththisissue;

• Therequirementforveterinariansis,amongothers,afunctionofthelevelofintensificationofthelivestockproductionsystems.EVA,veterinariansandallotherstakeholdersoftheprofessionshouldworkhardtopromoteintensificationoflivestockproductioninEthiopia;

• There isstillagoodpotential forveterinarianstobeengaged inprivateveterinarypractices.Itisimportantthustopromoteprivatizationofvet-erinaryservices/practicethroughprovisionofloans,enhancingtheentre-preneurshipskillsofveterinariansandpolicysupport;

• Graduatesneedsupporttobelinkedwithcareeropportunities.Itisimpor-tantthustoestablishcareersupportunitswithinveterinaryschoolsand/orEVA;

• Thepracticalskillofveterinariansspeciallygraduatesofveterinaryschoolsinthepast3to5yearsneedtobeenhancedbyCPD;

• Facilitate the preparation, approval and implementation of legislativeframeworksthatenforcetheprivatesectorinvolvedinthelivestocksectorlikemodernlivestockfarms,foodprocessingindustriesandothersetctohireveterinarians;

• EVA,veterinariansandotherstakeholdersoftheprofessionshouldworkhardtopromotetheimportanceoftheprofessionamongthecommunity,policymakersanddecisionmakers.

• The implementation of these resolutions would be the responsibility ofEVA,other stakeholdersof theprofessionandall veterinarians.EVA isexpectedtoplayaleadingroleinthisregard.

On One HealthThehumanpopulationof thecurrentworld facesmanychallengesthatre-quiresolutionsatagloballevel.Thespreadofinfectiousdiseasesthatemerge(orre-emerge)fromtheinterfacesbetweenanimalsandhumansandtheeco-systems inwhich they live is one these challenges.Theexponentialgrowthinhumanand livestock populations, rapid growth of theurbanpopulation,rapidly changing farming systems, closer integrationbetween livestockandwildlife,forestencroachment,changesinecosystemsandglobalizationoftrade



inanimalandanimalproductsaretheseveraltrendcontributingtothespreadofinfectiousdiseasesthatneedglobalsolution.Basedontheabovefacts

• Onehealthapproachisnotachoicebutanecessity• Thehealthproblemoftheworldparticularlyoftheruralcommunitiescan

besolvedthroughonehealth• Tostartwithfocusingonneglectedzoonoticdiseaseswillhaveadual-effect

onhumanaswellasanimals• Healthyhuman-animal-ecosystemrelationshipisvitalfortheworldweare

livingin

Tothiseffectthealreadystartedonehealthactivitieswithinnationalandre-gionaluniversitiesshouldbestrengthened:

• Cheapandeffectivebed/pensidediagnosticsarerequired• Increaseawarenessofthediseasesandtheonehealthapproachshouldbe

addressedatalllevels• Centreofexcellenceforzoonoticdiseasesshouldbeestablishedwiththe

requiredcapacities• Buildonexistingteamsandrelationshipsworkingofthevariousdimen-

sionofhealthinamultidisciplinaryapproach• Partnershipatlocal,regionalandinternationallevelsisvitalfortheimple-

mentationofonehealthfocusingonneglectedzoonoticdisease• Integrationofonehealthconceptintheuniversitylifesciencecurriculum• Asanentrypointtoonehealthapproach,rabiescouldbeconsidered

zoonoses epidemiology in Ethiopian Livestock

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