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ZO
leh
SHING MINAMTE THU
KHAM GO PAU
1
A Sunga Kihel Thute
Laibu sung kihel thu te leh zon-olna
1. Thu patna (2)
2.Mi masa pen te (4)
3. Tibet mi masa pen te (Frist Tibetans) (4-7)
4. Kam tangthu leh zak suksuk kammal thupite (7-10)
(1) Vanleng tanu (8)
(2) Man Dawng tangthu (8)
(3) Ihpu ihpa-te sal in na kiman in kulhpi na kiciang sak (8)
(4) Su Bin Tai Tangthu (8)
(5) Khu, Khul, Lai kuahawmte pan piang (8)
(6) Pasian, Phaya leh Siampu dawithoihna (8)
(7) Topa kammal zatna (8)
(8) Muh-Khau tangthu (10)
5. Shing-mi tawh akizom Dynasty te (10-11)
(1) Xia(Hsia) Dynasty (10)
(2) Shang Dynasty (11)
(3) Zhou(Chou) Dynasty (11)
(4) Qin (Chin) Dynasty (11)
6. Chiang (Qiang, Khiang, Kiang) minam te (12-14)
7. Shing-mi, Qiang-mi leh Zo-mi et-kak na (15)
(a) Kampau, kammal et-kakna (15)
(b) Ih muhtheih pak tatzia leh ngeinate et-kakna (16-17)
8. Kammal thupi te leh a gennopna (16-20)
(1) Topa (17)
(2) Zo (18-20)
(3) Sum leh Dangka (21)
(4) Lai (21)
(5) Dahpa te nupa (21)
(6) Min mai a kibulh "Ngah (Kawl kam)" (22)
(7)Shing Ai (22)
9. Zo Kingdom leh Kh'iang Kingdom (23-24)
(a) Zo Kingdom (23)
(b) Kh'iang Kingdom (24)
10. Banghang Zo leh Kh'iang(Khang) kingdom te minthang lo (24)
11. Minam khenna (25)
12. Kawlgam lutkhit a hongpiang nammin lawhnate (26)
13. Kanbeh nawnloh ding leh Kan laiding Ngaihsut piakna (28)
14. Shing mite Tibet pan Lalna leh BC hun laipan Mihing
te kizelhna (32-33)
2
Thu masa
Εi Zomite in a diakdiak in beh leh phung gui leh zam te a thupisak mite ih hihi.
Ih khangte kan lehang ih beh leh ih gui khang 25 ciangbang ciatbek ciamteh zo in ih
kantoh zawhnawn lohteh Zo mai-ah Pu ci-in ih minam bupin ih behlap ciathi. Ih pu ih
pa te in leitung ah, “Singhawm suanghawm sungteng pan a piang kuamah omlo hi.”
acih mah bangun gui kinei ciatin lai tawh a ciamteh zo minamte a sau to in, laitawh a
ciamteh lote a tom hi. Ei mite zong laitawh ciaptehna omlo ahih manin ih khang ih
simteh a tom pawl hong hipah hi. Ahi zongin leitung ah mi khempeuh ih pianhun leh
pianna pu leh pa a kibang hipah lel hi.
Khuahun, tenna, nek leh dawn cihte kum tul then tampi bang hong sawtteh
ih ki lamdannte zong hong khangin ih mel ihsa, ih thagui thatang, ih guh ih tangte ki
lamdang ciatin a vom, a kang, a san in kikhen a, ei a san lakpan zong pau leh ham
ngeinateng , nek leh dawn, mel leh sa cihte nakpi takin hong ki lamdang toto hi.
Anthropologist te muh na ah minam khatin amau kia a tang ten uh leh a pau a ham, a
ngeinate uh kum tul tampi kem cing zo ci-uh hi. Tua ahih manin ei Zomite zong
khamtung gamah kuamah tawh kisawh ki zomlo in teng ih hih manin amau cihmah
bangin ih pau ih ham ih ngeinate kumtul tampi mah kem cing zo hihang.
Tua ahih manin ih guipi ih kanciang ih kampau, mel, ngeinate pan kankul hi. A
nihna ah a ki gen suksuk kamtangthu (tangmi) in zong kikan theihi. Kei zong hih geel
mah bulphuh in ih gui koipan hong kipan taktak hiam cih ka na kan hi.
Ka neulai a ka zakngei tangthu (tangmi) te lakah ih pu ih pate sal in kimanin
suangtum lianpite tawh kulhpi ciangsak hi cihleh ei mite in in tua tang lai pek in
laisiam mipil te hi-in savun tung ah thu leh la ciaptehnate a neingei ih hihna thute a
hihi. Hih thugil pi nihte in ei mite zong ih pu ih pa khangpan mi mawkmawk ih hihloh
lam hong phawksak a, kankhiat toh beh ding hong lunglut sak semsem hi.
Ih pu ih pate sal in kimanin suangtum lianpite tawh kulhpi kiciang sak cihtawh
kisai in 1953 kumin ka pa Dal Za Khup, ka Nu Dim Khawm leh ka nau Ci Cin (ngeklai
pian) tetawh Mandalay ka pai-lai un ka pa in Mandalay kyong (kawllai) le kulhpi hong
etpih hi. Tua ciangin ken “Pa a kulhpi te uh suangtum pipi hilo tawh kilam hilo in
leisek vive kiciang hilo maw ka cihleh ka pa in kuan suangtum lian pipi tawh kibawl ci
ahia hong cihi. Ken ka pi-in hong ci ka cih leh ka pa in na pi -in a muhngei kei lohpi ci-
in hong dawngkik hi. 1968 kum pawlin Kawlpi zato veengteng ah ka vakleh Kale
kulhpi suangpek te a kiciang kamuh khak ciang hih hikei lailai mawk ei ci-in ka
3
ngaihsun hi. 1987-88 kumChin Shi-Huangti in khul, khu, lai a teng Shing (Sing, Tsing)
mite sal-in galkap in kulhpi (chin wall) ciang sakhi.
Kei leh kei ka kituatna ah ih pu ih pate in leitung ah a pil masa pen, a khangto
masa pen minam hi-in tanglai in Sen te pil mahmah a kicihte ei pupa te siamna a hih
zawklam leh Kawlgam sungah ih pu ih pa te in kum za tampi mah saklam leh
khanglam kumpi gam, gam nih in na om ngei uh cih thute a mukhia in ka kituat hi.
Ka mit hoihloh manin kanbeh theilo ka hih manin khangthak te in hih laibu
tungtawn in nong kanbeh dinguh kong hanthawn hi.
Hih laibu piankhiat nading in a bupi, a hampi ciapteh sate laitawh sim theih
dingin hong bawl sak Tulsa a om Pa Dong Kam (Bth) leh laibu khatin hong piankhiat
theih nading in hong sepsak Japan a sangkah Tg Pau Sian Lian (PhD candidate) te
tungah a kigen zolo in ka lungdam mahmah hi.
4
MI MASA PENTE
Mihingte piankhiat na tawh kisai thuktak leh ki ciantak a kantel mipil
(anthropologist) tampite in hih leitung ah mihingte banghun pawlin omkhin a, koisan
koimun tengah teeng masapen in, koici pun, koici lal uh cih na kan ciat uhhi. Tuni ciang
a muhkhiatna uh ah, tuma kum (100000-200000) pek in Africa gampi nisuahna lam
munteng ah leitung mi masapen te, teng masa ding hi, ci-in na ummawh uhhi.
Africa gampi sungah pawlkhat tengsuak in tua mite (Africanoids) ki ci hi.
Tuma kum 60000 pawlin Africa gampi sungpan pawlkhat hong pusuak uh a, India tuipi
i nitumna saklamteng hongtun ciang pawlkhat to pai-in Europe dong kizel uh a tua nam
khempeuh (Caucasiod) nam ki cihi. India tuipi kiangah khawl lo in Asia gam laizang dong
a paisuak zong pawlkhat om a, tuanamte (Mongoloids) nam ki ci-in leitung ah mi nampi
thum in khen uhhi.
India tuipi kiangpan a saklam a lal to (Caucasiods) namte dinmun, teenzia,
khawlzia leh khantohzia te akan uhciang tampi mu khiathei in tua te sungpan French
gamsung Lascaux khul aa kisuai limte carbondating abawl uhciang kum 16000 sawtkhin
ahih man in Europe sung a ding a masapen lakah khat hi ci-uh hi. Tuamah bangin Asia
gam dong a lal to Mongoloids namte sungpan Tibet gamsung ateng masa pen mite ii
dinmun, teenzia, khawlzia leh khantotzia te a kan uhciang Tibet mi masa te suaih
suangtum tung a sakol tung atuang mihing lim in tuma kum 20000-30000 sawtkhin zo
hi cih mipil te'n mukhia uhhi. Tua ahih man in Africa gampan a lal India tuipi kimpan
Europe dong a kizel mite sangin Asia gam laizang dong alal mite in pil masa zaw, siam
masa zaw, khuamu masa zaw hi cih kimu theihi. Tibet mi masapente in Asia gampi
sungbek hilo in leitung bup ah a tei masa pen, a pil masa pen te hi cih kimu thei hi.
TIBET MI MASAPEN TE (FRIST TIBETANS)
Tang lai-in a lom lal uh ciang khelam mah zang ding uhhi. Africa gampi pan
a saklam ni suahna ahi India tuipi kim leitang teng zui in tuapan Asia gam laizang
zuansuak ding uhhi. Koi bangdan tawh lal, koimun koilam teng zui cih ih theihlian loh
hangin tu laitak Tibet gam kham mun ah Tibet mi masa te tuma kum 20000-30000
matham in teng khin ding uhhi. A maute in leitung mundang a teng mite sangin
hunkhat lai in kum 10000 valbang pil masa zaw, siam masa zaw, tei masa zaw hi cih
kimu theihi.
Tibet mi masate in minam khenpi khat ahi Mongoloids nam-in aki ciapteh
hang Asia gam laizang dong tungphei lo-in, lamkal khamgam ah a khawlsuak mite hizaw
5
dinghi. Tibet mi masapente hi ung aci Shing-mite gen, apian khiatna tangthu sungah
singlak a om zawngkuh leh So-Thang (Zo-Thang) min a nei, suanglak dawi numeite
omkhopna pan in a piangkhia hi ung ci hi. Hih nupa-te omkhopna mun pen Yar Lung
kuam, Tsangpo gun khanglam teng hi, ci-uh hi.1
Tibet mi masapen te tawh kisai a thupi mahmah thu ciaptehnate sungah,
Amdo mun ah Ri-pa(mualmi) te leh Thang-pa(zangmi) te teng uh hi. Minyak mun teng
ah Rtsa-mi (Lopa mi-grass Men) te leh Shing-mi (Woods Men) te teng uh hi.2 Bonley
ciaptehna ah Ri-pa leh Thang-pa lehbulh khading in ka-um hi. Bang hanghiam cihleh
Tibet mite zat Thang, Zo-mi te zat Thang leh Lai-mi a ki cite zat Thlang cih te in zang
cihna hilo in, mual cihna hizaw hi.
Tibet minam te tawh kampau leh ngeina a kibang phial, Ch'iang,(Kh'iang),
Qiang, Jyarung, Lo lo, Nakhi te leh mi namtawm zawdeuh tampitak Sengam leh Tibet
gamgi gei khammun nisuahna lam ah tengkhawm ngeingai uhhi.3
Bonley muhkhiat ciaptehnate a khial ahih loh hang sak nitumna lampan Turkish namte, sak nisuahna lampan Mongol, Manchuria leh kum tampi lai pek in Tibet khamgam pan Sengam a lal Tibet mi masa pente tawh sisan kihelna pan hong piangkhia Ch'iang minam te kihel ahih man in hih ciaptehna in Sen kumpi masapen a pianzawh BC 220 khitciang a Tibet te te'ndan, khawldan hipan ding hi.
Chiang (Qiang, Kh'iang) minam pi sungah minam neu 150 val bangpha uh
a, Tibet mi masa pente tawh apau, aham, a ngeina uh 80% bang kibang hi, ci uhhi. Tibet
gam laizang ateng mite in Ch'iang te, gamdang mite na ci uh hi.4
1988 kum Kawlgam Zangkong khua, Kawlgam Socialist Party laibusaal pan
kasim Tibet laibu khatsung a ka ciaptehna teng hong atkhia nuam ing. Tuni dong tua
laibu kazon kikkik hang laibu atpa min ciamteh khalo kahih man-in muzo nailo hi ing.
Anonymous lai-at pa ci-in ciamteh phot ni. Tua laibu kasim ciang BC 100 pawlin
Sengam, Sian City kim a thu te Senmi tangthu ciamteh khat ciaptehna hiding in ka um
hi. Tuma kum tul tampi, Sen kumpi kici a om ma in, Sengam ah Shing minam te in
mualpi nih ah kuahawm inn tampi bawlin teng uhhi. Tua mualte nih kikal a om kuampi
ah zong teng uhhi5.
1.Bonley, Tibet Civilization
2.Bonley, Tibetan Civilization p21
3. Bonle, Tibetan Civilization p24
4. Stein, Tibetan Civilization
5. Anonynious writer
6
Shing minamte thu Sen tangthu at-pa ciaptehna te manglai tawh a kilet
kikna ah tua Sengam a teng Sing minam te in singlak zawngkuh leh suangdawi numei
Sothang (Zo-thang) te Yar Lung kuam kim-ah a kitenna pan Shing mite piang in
khamtung ah teeng uh hi. Khamtung a ten lai un gansa ben, lokhawh leh gankhawi in
nungta uh hi. Ki maituah galkap a ut loh uhhang, galguk siam mahmah uh ahih man in
minam dangte in kihta thei mahmah uh hi, ci hi. Shing mite in
Sing = Julgle, wood
Mi = People, Man (Men)
Kham = Plateau (Lei sang zaw)
Tung = On, Top a cihna ahi hi.
Hih Shingmi te in Tibet gam khamtung nisuah nalam pan Sengam lam lal
phei in kum tampi teeng uhhi. Shing mi te in Lai- (Hlaing - Cave a cihna) mual khat leh
Khu- (Gu- Khul - Cave a cihna) mualpi, mualpi nih ah teng uhhi. Shing minam a tam
zawte in Zo (So, Jo, Yo) a cih creator, heavenly God (Na khempeuh a bawl vantung
Pasian) bia in Phaya (dawi) zong bia uh hi1. Dawi (Phaya) Moe Phaya (Sky god=
vantung dawi) bia tampen hi. A kum pipa uh amin in samlo in topa ci in sambek uh hi.
Shing minam te'n To-Pa a cih uh a khiatna in
To = Upper place, Upper rank (A sangzaw na mun, a za lian/gol)
Pa = Father, Man na ci uh hi.
Sen kumpi masa pa Shi-huangti hong thahat ciang Shing mite sal in man in,
galdo sak a kulhpi ciangsak hi. Shing mi te'n simmawh bawlsiat thuaklah a hih manin a
te'n na uh kuahawm innte nusia in 1/3 te Tibet ah ciahkik a 2/
3 te Sengam leh Asia gam
sungteng ah ki thehthang in bumang uhhi. Archeologist te muhna ah Paletolitic
Suanghiam zat-hun (Stone Age) pawlin Sen gam saklam, Mongolia, Manchuria te in
sungpua kibang Mongoloids nam khenkhat hikhawm uhhi. Sen gam khanglam a teng
te Australoids namkhen hi mang uhhi. Tu laitak Sen mi te in Mongoloids pan a kakhia
(sungpua kibanglo) Mongoloids namte ahi uh hi. Howells genna ah Sen gam Peking
khul miguh te in America Indiante tawh sungpua (geno-pheno) kibang nam te ahi uh
hi2 ci hi. Russia Anthropologist, Cheboksaror in Noelitic hun Kansu (Gansu) han misi
guhte in Mongoloids bulpi tawh kibang hi ci in, Jettmar in Kansu han misi guh te in
Americaniods te hi ci in, tua te in Tibetan pu leh pi te hiding hi ci uhhi3.
1. Warren W. Smith; The story of Tibetan nationalism and Sino-Relation
2. W. Howells; Origins of The Chenese people
3. Jettmar; The Origins of Chinese Civilization
7
A tung a mipil te muhkhiat na ah Tibet mi masate, Siberia gam teeng te,
America (S/N) a tengte, Americanoids ci-in Mongoloids khenpi pan khenneu in khenkik
uhhi. Sen gam khanglam aa teeng teng zong Australoids namte ci-in khenneu in kikhen
khia hi.
KAM TANGTHU LEH ZAK SUKSUK KAMMAL THUPI TE
Mihingte piankhiatdan thukan pilna lampan a muhna ah minam khatin
amau leh amau bek tengin, midangte tawh a ten khopkei nakleh a ngeina, a kampau,
annek tuidawn dan cihte kumtul tampi tak kemcing zohi, na ci uh hi. Khamtung mibup
ih-et ciang Zogam saklam a tengte in Zogam khanglam leh a lailam a tengte sang
kampau, ngeina cihte kum tampi laih hetlo in kemcing zawding hi. Banghang hiam
cihleh Yaw, Asho, Miu, Khami(Khumi), Chin pong leh Cho(Sho) te in nidang lai AD 700
ma pawlin Pyu, Kanza, Mon cihte leh kawlte tawh kizom zawhi. Matu, Mara, Zotung,
Zophei, Senthang, Laimi, Zomi, Mizo, Kuki (Thahdo) cihte in kawlgam sung a teng
minam dangte tawh kizopna neilo hi. Khamtung gam saklam neh aa teengte in kuamah
tawh kihel lo in Irrawady gun leh Chindwin gun kikal Shwebo khua saklam khempeuh
nisuahna lampan Sen gamgi dong, sak nisuahna pan Hmitnge gun lutsukna, khang
nisuahna lampan Rubby mine (Moguk) mual ciang azai, Zo kingdom sat in nateng uhhi.
Shan te Shangam ah AD 900-1000 pawl hongtung in hong thahat semsem hi.1 Shan-te
in nitumna lamah gam hongkeek takciang saklam khamtung mite in zanggam nusia in
khamtung gam ah kidona omlo in galtai ding uh a Yaw te in zaang leh kham kikal ah
sukpai ding uh hi.
Khamtungmi khempeuh phial in galtai hiden napi in, atu ata khangthakte
theihding in guallelhna, zawngkhalnate imcip in, gualzawhnate a gen suksuk mite ihi
hi. Tua hangin ih thangthu kitat in kizom theilo hi. Saklam nehdeuh khamtung mite in
Christian biakna hongtun ciang ih tanglai ngeinate nusia vat in khangthakte'n ih ngeina
nangawn a thuktak in ki thei nawnlo hi.
Dr.JH. Cope in Zolai simbu hong bawlsak in, tan 4 zolai simbu ah akhang
akhang a a na kigen suksuk kam tangthu te pawlkhat hong ciapteh sakhi.Tua kam
tangthu ciaptehna te tu-in ihzat theih kulta hi.
1. Lowell. Julia; The Great wall P6
8
(1) Vanleng tanu thu/
Hih tangthu pan ih muhkhiat kik theih ding in ah, hih tangthu anei mite in
van ah a lengthei abawl thei ngei minamte ahihi. Mihing khut tawh a kibawl van a a
lengthei masa pen in AD 1550 Italy tuipi gei a, a kikhah laileng hi ci-in ki ciamteh hi. Sen
te tangthu ah nidang lai pekpek in Sengam a a teng minam khat in sunnih zannih bang
van ah lengthei in mi a tuang thei vanleng bawlthei hi. Bang tawh, bangci bawl cih ki
theilo hi. Kulh kiciang khuapi sungpan khausaupi tawh zom in galte omna mun leh a
phazah cih te a theihna ding, galvilna in zanguh hi. Sen kumpi te khanma Sengam ih
ten lai eimi te in vanleng bawlpa maw, bawl leh tuan a thuahpa maw ii tanu thu, ihpu
ihpa ten siam leh lamdang sa in, a mangngilh theih loh thu a hihman in a gen suksuk
uh kam tangthu hi dinghi.
(2) Man Dawng thu
Hih kam tangthu pan in eimi sungah sik cih kammal tuma kum tul tampi
pekpan na kizang khinzo hi cih ih phawkding kisam hi. Hih kam tangthu sungpan ih
laktheih ding in ah Man Dawng te innkuan ten na inndawl 7 sik kongkhakpi 7 ki thuah
ding cileng, inn mawkmawk hilo ding a, inn golpha mahmah khat hiding hi. A kawmte
cipek peuh, singpek peuh hilo dinghi. A inn umna in kawmte ah, a muanhuai mahmah
sik kongkhak pi azat mah bangin a tawmpen in a inn umna a sah a kiciang suang hi
hamtang dinghi. Ih minam khempeuh in tuabang inn ih nei kei phial zongin Man
Dawngte innkuan in a lian mahmah a kho mahmah innpi lamin, tua innpi sungah teng
uhi cih kimu theihi. A inn uh lian mahmah kho mahmah ding hi. Inn lamdan pilna zong
a neingei minam a hihlam uh (ih hihlam) kimu khia theihi. Tua banah sik suang panin a
kizangthei sik a pian dong a bawlthei minam ih hihlam zong kimu khia theihi. Kong khak
dingin sik pum sik pek bawlsiamna pilnate a nei minam ih hihlam kimu khia theihi.
Kongkhak bek thamlo-in sik tawh kisai na tampi zong bawlkhiatna pilna a neihkhit lam
dinguh ki mukhia theihi.
(3) Ihpu ihpa te sal in kiman in kulhpi na kiciang sak
Hih kam tangthu pen mundang pan kazak hilo in keima pi, Pi Niang Khaw
Hau (Sukte), Pu Do Za Kham zi, Kam Hau tusawn kiangpan nitak lupma sial a hong gen
theihzel tangthu khat ahi hi. Cope topa at tangthu khempeuh ka pi in thei hi. Kapi hong
gen tangthu te lakpan mulkim huai kasak mahmah khat in, tanglai in ihpu ihpa te sal in
hong ki matsak hi. Kulhpite ciangsak in a cianding uh singtum, suangtum golpi pite
savun khau, gam khau tawh kai uh a, a kaih zawhloh ciang leh a to a suk te ah a khaute
kitat in singtum, suangtuum in ihpu ihpa te nikhat in tampi delhlum hi. Khutme kheme
tampi mah kitan in, nitak nitum khuamial kuan sim nupi te'n lawh leh ciangte tawh
kaikhawm zel uh a lawhkhat ciangkhat dimden ci hi. Tua gute thuak zolo in gal kitai hi.
9
Lawh leh ciang tawh a kitawm a kitan tiltel ihpu ihpa te khutme kheme te dan hong
genlai-in ka mitkha ah ka bawl a in ka cik zia mahmah hi. Ei mi sungah hih tangthu leh
hih tangthu dan mah a thei ki-om kiukiu hi. Hih tangthu sung ih-et ciang ei lungkimna
kihel lo, saltan na hangin ihpu ihpa te'n kulhpi na ciang ngei a tua gam, tua mun pan
zong gal kitai hi, cih kimu thei hi.
(4) Su Bin Tai tangthu
Hih tangthu zong kapi honggen tangthu sungpan khat hi in, Su Bin Tai
tangthu a cihphet in ka nuihza mahmah a Pi a zun koici thakding ci-in ka dong pahpah
se hi. A tangthu gui ka ciapteh theih nawnloh hang Florida, NOVA University te laibu
sal ah khanglui Sen thangthu kazon na pan Su Bin Tai thu kamu hi. Su Bin Tai pen BC
475-256 (Warring State) sungpan a khangkhia minam it, minam hu, galsiam, galhang,
sakol tungtuan siam mahmah numei khat hi ci in ki ciamteh hi. Tanglai ihpu ihpa te'n
hih Su Bin Tai thu na mangngilh theilo ahih man in ih taangthu kan na ah thupi dingin
ka-um hi. Tu laitak mikang te kiphuak tawm tangthu (fable) a hi, the big tortoise cih
thute zong Shing te tangthu pan a kila kik na hihi.
(5) Khu, Khul, Lai kuahawm te pan piang
Tedim gam, Falam gam, Hakha gam a teng khamtung mite in khul
kuahawm pan ahi zongin, lai kuahawm pan ahi zongin tua te pan piangkhia hihang cih
kamtangthu ih nei ciathi. Hih tangthu in tanglai thu te ihkan nading tangthu hoih
mahmah khat hi cih ihmu thei hi.
(6) Pasian, Phaya leh Siampu dawi thoihna
Ka neulai in Tedim khua nitumna lam Tedim pan taikhat valdeuh a gamlat
na, kanu lampan kapu te khua (Gawng Khua) ah ka hawhden a, khua siampu ahi Pu Tun
Za Thang in dawithoih in a awtciang Pasian Phaza ci hi. Tua laitak in Phaza a cihteh kawl
aw ngahlo ka sakha hi. Tua a lawh suksuk Phaza dawi cihna kammal zong ih thangthu
kanna ah a kizang thei mahmah kammal ahi hi.
(7) Topa Kammal Zatna
Mangkang te hongkhan ciang “to” cih kammal ki zangkik in, mikang bup
“to-te” kici a, mimal min lawhciang amin nungah topa ki behlap hi. Tuni dongciang mah
a ki lo suksuk lai hi. Gentehna in Cope topa, Carson topa ki ci hi. Tua Topa kammal in a
zahtaak huai eisang a zalian zaw te lawhna ahi hi. Christian hun hongtun ciangin ihbiak
Pasian zong lian mahmah sang mahmah ahih man in Topa Pasian cih lawhna ih vawh
hi. Haka aa Church Pastor Rev. Van Hre bangin thu a nget ciang ka Topa ka Pathian mah
ci tanghtangh thei hi. Khamtung saklam Lai leh Zo minam te zat kammal khat ahi hi.
10
(8) Muh-Khau taangthu
Tang lawki lai in mi a sih takciang a kha uh misi khua a tu'n theihna dingin
muh-khau kici khau zangneu khat ki kengsak hi.
SHING-MI TAWH A KIZOM DYNASTY TE
No Dynasty Lovell, Julia Xiandai Hanyu
1. Hsia (Xia) Dynasty Ca 2140-1711 BC Ca 2072 - 1600 BC
2. Shang Dynasty Ca 1711-1066 BC Ca 1700 - 1025 BC 3. Zhou (Chou) Dynasty Ca 1066-256 BC Ca 1025 - 256 BC
4. Qin (Chin) Dynasty Ca 211 -206 BC Ca 221 - 206 BC Lovell, Julia tuatna, muhna leh Xiandai Hanyu i tuatna muhnate ki
lamdang ahih hang Xiandai a sang Lovell aa zangzaw phot ni.
1. Xia(Hsia) Dynasty (Ca 2140-1711)
Shanxi nitumna khanglam leh Shaanxi bup ah kiptak a teeng Tibet te tawh a
ngeina a kibang mahmah Qiang minam te in Sengam ah Hsia kumpi gam kumpi gui na
phut masa hi1. Tangthu gen a, a kigen suksuk bek hi in BC 2059 a suak Xia Yu ii phut
kumpi gam ahi hi. Xia Dynasty (Yang City) ah kumpigui a kizom in 16 or 17 in uk hi. A
mibup in 13.5 million pha hi.2 Xia kumpi masa pen pa hunpek lai in
(1) Huang Hu gun tuikhang den in lo kikho theilo a, tui a khang lo dingin a ma pilna
tawh tui khiakhia thei hi. (2) Galkap thakhauh mahmah nei ta hi.
(3) Saguh tung laiat ciamteh ta hi.
(4) Sakol leng nei khin in Compass zong neita hi.
(5) Sumngo tawh na deih bangin bawlthei ta uh hi.3 Sumngo laidal lai atna-in zangtheita
uhhi.
(6) Ni, kha, aksi etna tawh kisai pilna siam mahmah ta uh-a tua tungtawn in mai lamah
piangding thute zong genkhol thei uhhi.
BC 2000 ma hizah apil asiam khin Tibet mite in Sen gam leh leitung a dingin
a ki zangthei minam te ahi uh hi. Aai san dan zong siam khinzo uh hi.
1. Eberhard Wolfram, A history of China-16
2.Duan Chang Qun, Xi Under King Yu
3. N.S.Gi II
11
2. Shang Dynasy (Ca1711-1066)
Xia kumpi 16th or 17th pa zi, a mel hoih mahmah in khel mahmah hi. A
gamsung mi te'n thuak zolo in Zi Lii in lehdo a Tang kumpipa minpua in Shang Dynasty
hong piang hi. Khakhat ni 30 kha 12 ni ciaptehna hongbawl uhhi. Tupek, buh at na, gan
lokhawhna cihte zangta uh hi. Shang kumpi hunsung in Xia kumpi hunlai aa mipilte mah
zang suksuk hi. Shang hunsung in Tibet minamte in Shaaxi bup, S/W Shanxi dim in
teeng lai uh hi.
3. Chou (Zhou) Dynasty (Ca 1066-256)
Turkish minam sungpan a makai pa Wu Wang leh Qiang minam te ki
pawlkhawm in Shang te do uh a, na zo uh hi. Wu Wang in kumpi sem in Tibetan te
minphatna, leitang leh nasep lian te pia hi. A khuapi Shaanxi, Sian City ah phut hi. Hih
hun ciangciang Tibet minam te in ukna kumpi za a ngahloh uh hangin, kumpi innsung
leh a gamsung tengah hamsatna lianpi thuaklo in 2140-256 BC ciang mipil thudot zanei
leh khua-uk in om uh hi. Great Wall Chou(Zhou) abawl hang, a gammi te deihna,
lungkimna tawh bawl hi. Sila sal man in semsak lo hi. Tibet minam te in hihhun sung
koimah lalkhiat kul lo in teengsuak thei uh hi.
4. QIN (CHIN) DYNASTY
(221-206 BC)
Gansu leh Shaa Xi mun kikal pan hong khangkhia minam hi in Zhou(Chou)
kumpi te nakpi tak nawngkai sakden uhhi. 256 BC pan Zhou te thanem mahmah kik ta
hi. Qin te'n 475BC a kipan minam gam 7 te a banban in zo in 222BC in Chao(Zhao) te
Dai khua kikapna ah zo uh hi. 221BC in Chin Shi Huang (Shi Huang Ti/di) in Sen kumpi
masapen sem hi.
Chin Shi Huang (Shi Huang Ti/di) hun sungin Tibet minam khempeuh leh
adang mite in mat leh hen thuak uhhi. Tibet minam ahi General Mei’n Ti’en (Meng
Tian) in a minam ahi Tibet(Qi) minamte nusia in a minam galkap 90000 tawh Sen
kumpipa nabel a Sen kumpi thahat tuam mahmah hi. General Meng Tian makaihna
tawh galkap sila 300000 in Turkish nam Xiang-nu(Hun) te bang Sen gam sungpan nitum
nalam Takistan , Tajiskistan dong (Km 4000) tanbang bengkhia hi. A ciahkik lamciang a
benmang mite a lutkik zawhloh na dingin Sen kulhpi zong 214-213 BC in na ciangsak hi.
Hih galkap mangpa in a minam pih Qi te leh adang Tibet nam khempeuh
zothal mang in, sila in man hi. Hih a sila mat sungah Shing-mi te zong tampi tak kihel
12
hi. Hih Sen kumpi pa hun in kumpi pa tawh a kipawl thei Tibetan mipil pawlkhat zong
a kumpi inn sungah zangsuak hi. BC 2140-214 sung Sengam kumpi ki ukna sung khem
peuh, gamsung thu leh kumpi thuvaihawm te sungah Tibet minam te ki helden hi.
Chin Shi Huang (Shi Huang Ti) kumpi hun in Sen gam sung Confucius sang
pan mipil te leh a minam zui a laisiam mipil 460 val phum lum hi. A gamsung a om
saguh tung ki at lai te, savun tung a ki at lai te, sumgo laidal te leh a mun mun a om
tangthu ciaptehna khempeuh zong a munmun ah kaikhawm sak in ni 30 sungin haltum
ding thupia hi. A thupiakna a zuilo a om leh a innkuanpih teng tawh thahlup dingin
thupia lai hi. Tatsia leh gilo mahmah ahih man in a gammi te in a min leh kumpi pa
cihdan in samlo in Ui ci-in minpia uh hi. 206 BC in Chin Shi Huang (Shi Huang Ti) kumpi
pa si hi.
CHIANG (QIANG, KHIANG, KIANG) MINAMTE
Sengam Hsia (Xia) State leh Xia dynasty aphut masa pen Qiang minam te
pen apau, aham leh a ngeina te uh Tibet mite aa tawh kibang mahmah hi. Tua minam
te in Shanxi leh Shaanxi tengah tengin,Shanxi nitumna khanglam leh Shaanxi bup
bulphuh in teng uh hi.1 Xia kumpi uksung (Ca 2140-1711BC)2 Hsia Dynasty (Ca 2070-
1600 BC)3 Lovell leh Xiandai te ii tuatna (kum 68) ki lamdang hi. Bangbang a hizong Sen
gam sungah lal in, a teeng khinsa Tibet mi masa Shingmi, Thangpa etc…te tawh ahong
kite'n napan minam neu 150 val a kigawmna Khiang minam a hongpiang ahihi. Tibet
mite tawh a ngeina, pau leh ham te 80% bang kibang ci uh hi. Qiang mite in zong First
Tibetan te piankhiat dan mahbang in taang tangthu nei in, Suangdawi numei mun ah
Tuu kang bulh uh hi.4 Qiang minam te in Sen gam aa Tibetan Dynasty pen BC 2000
mapek in phutkhin zo ahih man in Chiang minam te piankhiat na ahi Tibet mi masa pen
te Sen gam ah tua ma thamtham in na teng zihziah khinding uh hi.
1. Wolfram Eberhard, A History of China ,16
2. Lovell, Julia The Great Wall
3. Xiandai Hanyu, Dictionary of Modern Chinee, 1980 Appendix -Two
4. Bonley, Tibet Civilization -29
13
Mongolia mi Manchuria mite Turkey minam Xiang-nu or Hun te leh
Tibet minam te tawh si leh sa kizop, kihelna pan a hongpiang Tibet namte mah ahi hi.
Ahi zong in Tibet gam laizang aa teeng mite in Qiang te gamdang mi5 naci uh hi.
Hih Tibetan kahbia te pung mahmah dingin ih tuat zongin atawmpen
kum 5000 sungbang hunla ding hi. Tua hi leh, BC2100+5000=BC7100 pawlin Tibet
mimasa pen te teenna mun ah Hun, Mongul, Manchuria mite lal ciatding uhhi. Tibet
mite in Tibet gampan in a tuan ma, a tawmpen kum 5000 bangmah nateeng khol leh a
nunung pen Tibet mi masa pen te in BC Ca 7100 peuhmah in Kansu,Shanxi, Shaaxi te
ah teengkhin ding, lal ta dinguh hi. Tua matham in zong lalkhin thei zawlai dinguh hi.
Shang kumpi hun (Ca 1711-1066), Zhou(Chou) kumpi hun (Ca 1066-256BC) sungteng
nangawn in Tibet minam te Hsia hun matham a teenna mun tekmah ah lalkhia lo, galtai
na neilo in na teng suaksuak uhhi . Shanxi,Shaanxi munte ah teengsuak thei ahih man
in, BC hunlai in kum 3000 bang khotak in nateeng uh hi cih kimu thei hi.
Qiang mite in Tibet kahbia minam hi in, Shing minamte in Tibet mi masapen te
ahi uh hi. Qiang mite kammal ki mukha lo in, a ngeina te uh leh tulian in koi-ah teenguh
cih kimu thei hi. Minam kinai na, guikhat hihna te, etpak in kampau, ngeina etc... tawh
kimu thei in, khangthak hunin DNA cih te tawh zong kizong kikthei hi. Shing minamte
kiangpan Sen te'n a ngahkhiat uh philosophy, a kibanglo te kop philosophy pilna
(Dualism), aai sandan etc…..a ngahkhiat uh mah bangin, Tibet Qiang minam te tungpan
zong Shang te Zhou(Chou)te, Chin kumpi te in tampi mah ngahsuk suk hi. Hih kumpi ki
ukna sungah zong Tibet mite mah a bulpi in pangciat uh cih kimu thei hi.
Qiang minam te in Shang kumpi te do den uh a, a sawtna ciang Zhou(Chou)
Turkish minam Makai Wu Wang6 tawh kipawl uh a 1122BC in do in zo uh hi. Chou
kumpi pa'n Qiang te min phatna, kumpi ki ukna sungah za, leitang uk theihna te tawh
pahtawi na pia hi7. Hih Tibetan-Qiang minam te in Shang dynasty,Tang kumpipa (Ca
1675-1646BC) hun in, Shanxi pan Henan ciangdong ah tenguh a, saguh tungah lai-at
siam mahmah ta uh hi naci hi.8
5. Stein, Tibetan Civilization 1972
6. Bonley, Tibet Civilization
7. Prusek, Chinese Statelets and Northern Barbarious P38
8. G.Pulleyblank, The Orgains of Chinese Civilization
14
Qiang te'n a ngeina te uh tudong a kepcing lai man un, Sen kumpi in minam
56th na in a ciapteh zawh sawt nailo hi. AD 94 kumin Qiang minamte sungah minam
neu 150 val pha ci uhhi. Tuhun in Qiang mi 200,000 bek omlai in saklam Qiang te 30,000
leh Sichuan aa teeng te 170,000 pha in apau aham, a ngeina te uh tawmtawm ki
lamdang ta hi. Sen minam dangte tawh kihel lo, amau leh amau bek a tuam ten vilvel
te'n a taanglai ngeina, apau aham te uh kum tul tampi tak kemcip zo zawdeuh uhhi.
Tuma kum 4000-5000 pawlin Shing minam te tawh aki thuah a kizom kha ahi ih
muhtheih pek tuhun Qiang minam te ii ngeina pawlkhat in,,
(1) Qiang mite in a bulpi in numei in pasal khatbek nei in, pasal in zikhat sang a tamzaw
neithei hi.
(2) Ni nungzui ki tendan nei uh hi. Ki ten na ah ki it na bulphuh uhhi. Nidang lai in anu/pa te
in gawm uh a, a ki ngai temah ki tengsak uh hi.
(3) Nausuah sihna cih te ah hih ding /tan ding nei in, a diakdiak in naupaai laitak hih lohding,
pai loh na ding cih te(tan) hau phadiak uh hi.
(4) Nau min a phuah uh ciangin sa mah go in, sa si taksak uh hi.
(5) Nau ngeek suakcil te leh nausia te mihing si in ciamteh/ tuatlo in, kua ma theihloh kaal
lei kuavang , leihawm (or) lei tosuk pak in khiasuk phumsuk, kunvui uh hi.
(6) Zu (Wine) zang mahmah uhin, palpi paakteh keu te za in tep uh hi.
(7) Savun khuangtum aa, aphuah uh thulu nei late, sakhawm in laam uhhi.9
Tibet mi masapen te hi ung a ci Shing-mi te kamzat, pau aki at sunsun te leh
eimi te kamzat, paute, a khiatna dongin kibang sitset hicih ih theikhin hi. Qiang minam
te dan leh a dante zong ei aa mahtawh a kibang tampi mah om cihzong ihmu thei hi.
Qiang mite leh Shing-mite pau leh ngeina te 80% kibang ci, cileng Qiang mite thu Sen
taangthubu sungte ah tampi tak om ding hi. Shing-mite aa zong a hoihkhop khatmah
kimu theilai ding hi. Pau, kammal leh a khiatna te ihmuh zah tungtawn in Shingmi te
leh ei Zomi te aa, a lamdang liang in 100% kibang ahih lam ihmu thei hi.
9. Wikipedia, Qiang People1. Wikipedia, Qiang People
15
SHING-MI, QIANG-MI LEH ZO-MI ET- KAKNA
Shing-mi ihcih te in Tibet mi masapen te lakpan minam khat hi in, Qiang-
mi ihcih te in Tibet kahbia te ahi uh hi. Tibet Kahbia ihcih in Tibet mi masa te lakpan
Shing minam te ihgen nopna ahi hi. Ih simsak mah bangin Tibet mi masapen Shing mite
pau, kammal leh ngeina te, Tibetan Kahbia ahi Qiang mite ngeina pawlkhat leh Zomi
te atawh et-kak dingin kong teelkhia hi. Chin, Kuki sung kihel te khempeuh aa tawh
etkak zo leng hoihding ahih hang hun sawtla lua ding ahih man in Zopau bulphuh in ih
en-kak ding hi. Ngeina, tan zia cihte zong Zo ngeina zia leh tong mah tawh en-kak ni. Ih
muh sunsun ih zakkhak, ih simkhak sunsun te panbek in et-kak theiding hi hang. Hizah
ciang ih muhkhak zong ei a ding ahoih mahmah thu mongkhat a mukha suak hi hang.
Banghang hiam cih leh kampau awsuah tawh minam agui akan kik ten "mi" "Pa" "tui"
cihte pan in a ki naideuh a ki gamla zawdeuh namkhat leh namkhat a kikak hunding
dongin tuat toto uhhi. Linguishtic survey of India laibu sung bang ah "mi"or"miu"
people or Man (Men) a zang khempeuh Tibet pan hi ci-in ngaihsun pah uh hi. Qiang
mite in khamtung ah teeng ngei ung na cilo in Shing mite in khamtung ah ka teeng
masa uh hi a cihna uh in ei Zomi te a dingin a thupi, a thuthuk khat mahmah ahi hi.
Kampau, Kammal Leh Awsuah Et-kakna
No FIRST TIBETAN SHING MI ZO-MI A KHIATNA MANGLAI IN
1. SING,SHING SING,SHING JUNGEL, WOOD
2. MI MI MAN (MEN), PEOPLE
3. SING-MI SING-MI WOOD-MEN
4. KHAM KHAM HIGHER GROUND
5. TUNG TUNG ON, TOP
6. KHAMTUNG KHAMTUNG PLATEAU
7. TO TO UPPER PLACE, UPPER RANK
8. PA PA FATHER. MAN
9. TOPA TOPA LORD, SUPERIOR
10. PHAYA PHAYA God
11. ZO,SO CREATER, HEAVENLY GOD
12. ZO KNOW ANCESTOR
13. AI AI DIVINE
14. KHU, GU,KHUL KHUL CAVE
15. LAI, HLAING LAI (Laimi ten) CAVE
16. GU, HLIANG GU,HLAING (Burmese) CAVE
17. SING-AI
16
Ih muhtheih pak Qiang mite tatzia, ngeina leh Zomi te aa et-kakna
No Qiang mite Zomi te
1. Zikhat, Pasal khat Ki bang 2. Ni nungzui Kibang
3. Nau paai laitak tanziatam Kibang 4. Sago, nau minphuak Kibang
5. Nausia, ngeksih te vuizia Kibang 6. Zu(Wine) zang mahmah Kibang
7. Paalpi teh keu za in teep Buukteep, Tuibuuk muam
8. Savun khuang tum Kibang 9. Thulu nei laphuak, lamkawm Kibang
Qiang mite ngeina in Tibet mi masa te ahi Shing-mi te a pan a laak uh hi in,
BC hun laipek in 80% bang kibang ci ahih man in Shing mite ngeina a ki at-na mukha
zen leng Zomi te a tawh a bangci kibat zentam cih ka ngaihsut ciang kan tohtoh huai sa
mahah ing.
Qiang mite in Zo (Craetor Heavenly God) bia/bialo cih, ih theiloh hang a
mau hunsung mah in Sengam kumpi peuhpeuh lei pan hilo,vantung pan(T'ien) piakna
tawh a ngah hi ci-uh hi. Pa t'ein = Pathian=Pasian cihnopna te kibang hi. Ukna,
muhkholhna, hihzawhna cihte vantung pan a kipia cihna hi. Banghang Sen mi te'n Kawl
mite Mein T'ien hong ci uh hiam cihzong a kanhuai lai thukhat ahi hi.
Shing mite in Tibetan mi masapen te lak ah Tibet khamtung a cihna mun,
tuhun kham province a cihna ah a teeng masapen te ahi uh hi. A te'n zawh uh tuma
kum 30000 sang tamzaw tham ding cih kimu thei ihi. Sakol tung a mituang lim, suang
tung a kisuai lim te a kum a tuatkik uh ciang tuma kum 20000-30000 pek lai a kisuai hi
ci hi. Hi bang a suai theikhin mite in nak khantoh, nakpil mahmah ta ding hi.
Qiang minam te in Tibet mi masapen te Sengam a tunkhit zawhpek Turkish,
Mongol, Manchu minam pi (3) te tawh sisan kigawmna pan hong piangpan ahi hi. Tibet
mi masapen te sungah Shing mite zong kihel ahih man in Qiang mite ii pau,nngeina te
leh a pilna te Shing mite tungpan leh adang Tibetan mi masapen te kiangpan Qiang
mite in a ngaihkhiat uh hizaw ding hi.
Shing mite in a ukpi (kumpi) pa uh Topa ci-in sam aa, Zo (So,Yo,Yaw)
vantung Pasian, na khempeuh a bawl Pasian nabia uh hi. Qiang mite biakna a ki-at na
ka mukha nai kei hi. 2140 BC Xia Dynasty a kipan 256 BC dong taangthu sung te leh
saguhlai ciaptehna te ah Shing-mi min tawh kihelna om khollo in Qiang-mi min tawh
kihel zaw hi.
17
Tibet kahbia Qiang mite in tuu leh keel cingin lopa hinna te ah vak kawi
kawi uh hi. Shing mite in Sen gam ah phung pang kulluh in, kuahawm inn in bawl a
kiptak khotak in teeng uh hi. Khul (Khu, Gu, Lai,Hlaing) mualpi nih ah Shing mite te'n
na kuahawm inn 35000 val om hi. Shing mite 214-213BC in Chin Shi Huang kumpi pa'n
sal in man in Chin kulhpi ciangsak hi. Tua kulhpi ciang lak ah Me'in Tein( Meng Tein)
minam te Tibet minam ahih uh hang kihel lo ding hi. Tua minam te in Chin Shi Huang
kumpi pa a pawlpih te ahi uh hi. BC 214-213 in Sing mi 1/3 in khamgam zuan kik nawnlo
in a kinaizaw a hi Min Yak Province ah gal na taikik uh hi. Sing mi 3/2 in Sengam leh
Asian gamsung tengah galtai in bumang uh a ki thehthang uh hi. Sengam ah Han kumpi
te hongkhan ciang Qiang mi honpi khat in AD kipat pawlin khamgam ah gal na tai uh
hi.
KAMMAL THUPI TE LEH A GENNOPNA
1.Topa
Tibeto Burman Chiang minam te leh Turko, Mongul, Tuyu, Hun (or) Asha
aki ci minam te Sen gam sungah hong teengkhawm in zi leh ta in ki zauten uh a, tua
minam nihte sungtuak pan Tubbat "Topa" a kici minam khat hong piangkhia hi, ci uh
hi1. Topa cih kammal in Tibet mi masapen hi ung a kici Shing mite in a minam makai
pa, kumpi, a ukpi pa uh a sapna kammal ahi hi. Chiang, Kh'iang, Ki'ang minam te in
Tibet mi masapen a hi Shing-mi te leh Turkish nam Hsiaung-nu(Hun)te Mongol minam
te, Manchuria minam hih minam (3) te tawh kite'n na pan hong piangkhia pan ahi uh
hi. Hih hun pen BC 3000-4000 matham hi ding hi. Bang hanghiam cih leh Xia, Hsia
Dynasty aphuh lai in Qiang minam te kihel khin hi. Tua pan Tibetan Qiang te ci-in Sen
tangthu bu saguhlai ciaptehna te ah kigelh suksuk ta hi. Qiang te leh Mongul Turkish
kahbia te kitenna pan a hong piangkhia Topa cih kammal a zang minam khat BC beilam
leh AD kipat lam Turkish nam Hun te hong khankhit hun in a hong piangkhia hipan ding
hi. Hih Topa minam te zat Topa cih kammal in Tobbat pan sang in, amau minam te pian
ma, kum tul tampi pek a kipan Shing mite zat Topa cihnopna tawh kibang zawding in
ka ngaihsun hi. Shing-mi te in Topa cih kammal zangkhin in Topa a cihciang TO (A
sangzaw mun, A sangzaw za = Upper rank Upper place) hi in Pa a cih uh ciang (Pa,
Mi=Father, Man) ahi hi. A khiatna zong ei Zomi te cih nopna mah tawh na kibang sitset
hi.
1. Bonley, Tibet Civilization
18
Tibet khamtung gam ah teeng ung, tuapan Sengam khul, lai kuahawm inn
te bawl in teeng ung. Ka kumpi pa uh Topa ci-in sam ung a ci, Shing mite in Chin/ kuki1
te leh a diakdiak in Zomi te pian na gui ahih loh phamawh hi. A ukpa a makaipa uh Topa
ci-in a sam minam te in, amau leh amau zong ZO minam kahi uh hi, ki ci hi2.
2. ZO
Zo-mi te in ZO ii khiatna lian a theih nawnloh hang in thupi sak mahmah a
minam mi zong Zo mah ci uh hi. A hi zong in a minam min uh ahi ZO banghun in koi
munpan kizang masa pen cih kikan zo nawnlo hi. "Fan Cho a diplomat of the Tang
Dynasty of China mentioned in AD 862 a kingdom in Chindwin valley whose princes
and chiefs were called Shou (ZO)" Sen gam Tang kumpi (618-907 AD) hunlai gamdang
kizopna palai khat ahi Fan Cho in AD 862 in Chindwin (Tuikaang gun) kuam ah kumpi
gamkhat om in, tua gam mite in a kumpi te leh a ukpi te uh Shou(ZO) ci-in nasam uh hi
ci-hi. AD 1783 Father Vincentius Sangermano, in the book" A description of the
burmese Empire" described them as "A petty nation called JO (YAW). AD 1783 in Father
Vincentius Sangermano in kawl kumpi tangthu a ciaptehna laibu sungah JO(YAW) a kici
gamneu khat om hi cih na ciamteh hi.
Tuma kum 30000 matham in Tibet mi masa pen te in So-thang (Zo thang)
cih kammal, min na zangkhin uhhi. Tibet gam ah Buddah biakna a tunkhit in Dalai Lama
5th in Tibet mi masa pen te piankhiatna zawngkuh pen in Vantung Pasian kileem in a
hong kumsuk leh suanglak aa om a siangtho nu (The holy one) te ki ten na pan nau (6)
hong nei hi ci hi. Numei bangzah pasal bangzah cih atlo hi. Zo(So) a khiatna ah
suangtum, suangpi (akip a kho a belhhuai) a cihna ahi hi
Tibet ah Budah biakna a tunkhit Tibet kumpi masapen pa in AD 600-650
kum in Nepal zi leh Sen zi, zinih na nei in a zite in Budah Pasian lim khattuak na keng
uh hi. Tua Budah Pasian lim tegel (JO) ci-in minvawh uh hi.
Zo cih kammal lawhdan So, Jo, Yo, Yaw Yao, cih bangin kilo ki-at hi.
Mundang gamdang a gamla pek genteh keileng Tedim gam sungbek ah zong Suangpi
kual leh akiim apam te in Yo ci-in a aw-suaksak uhhi. Bangbang ahi zong hih ih at na ah
Zo ci-in at phot ni.
Chin/Kuki minam pi sungteng ah Zo kammal nammim, khuamin cihte ah
kizang in ki thupi ngaihsut mahmah hi. A diakdiak in Tedim gamsung bangah behgui
kikan to ki kanto in, a kithei zawh nawnloh ciang Zo mai ah Pu behlap in, Puzo pan na
ki ciamteh hi. Zo cih a khiatna taktak Chin/Kuki te lak ah ih thupi bawl hang a khiatna,
a cihnop na lian kuaman tel nawnlo hihang cih phawkciat ni.
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Zo (Creator, Heavenly God) Vantung Pasian, na khempeuh a bawl Pasian ih
biakna pan a nungtolh minam te ih hihlam hong kilang sak mahmah hi.
Kuki minam pi te lak ah Pasian cih kammal zong a kizang mahmah khat ahi
hi. Tedim gamsung bangah Pasian, Pathian cih ki zangkhawm in mundang te ah Pathien
cih awkaih tawh na kilo hi. Hih kammal zong ei mite ading taangkam mahmah leh a
manpha mahmah kammal khat ahi hi.
Sanggam Zhou (Chou) Dynasty kipat BC Ca 1024 pawl aa kipan a kumpi te
uh a mawkmawk hilo in Vantung pan a kipia ukna, zawhna, hihtheihnate angah mipa
hi cih upna na nei uh hi. A kumpi pa (Tianzi= the son of heaven) (tian= heaven) wide
Giles ii romanization ah (tian=ti'en=heaven) te'in ci-in na atzaw hi.
Mein minam te makai pipa zong van pan kipia za cihna in amin Meng (Mein
Tein) na ci hi. Ti'en pen anung leh amai ah koihbeh thei uh hi. Vantung pan a hong kipia,
hong paisuk, hih theihna te hong piaktheih mah bangin, hong lakik thei aa, zong a
banban in hong piasuk thei khat om in Pati'en na ci uh hi. Pa a cih a khiatna in Pa, mi
(Father, Mi) a cihnopna mah na hi hi. Sengam kumpi te thu sung ah a diakdiak in Zhou
( Chou) kumpi te in Trukish nam ahih hang a gamsung ukna leh a kumpi ukna sungah
lungdam kohkikna in Tibet mite mah a tamzaw nazang hi. A mipi atam zaw zong Tibet
minamte mah ahi hi. Tua a hih man in Pasian upna zong Tibette kiangpan Zhou(Chou)
kumpi te'n angah hizaw khading hi.
Shing-mi a kihel Tibet mite upna ah vantung pasian, Zo pasian cihte na
khauhpai mahmah khin hi. Kumpi innsung mipil khempeuh phial zong Tibetan te mah
na hi suksuk hi. Pasian a khiatna in vantung a om pa, ukna anei pa cihnopna ahi hi.
Frist Tibetan, Tibet mi masa pen te ahih kei leh Shing-mi te cih ihgen phet
in ei Kuki Chin(Zomi) te pi leh pu thu, ii pian na guipi ci ci-in ngaihsun pahpah ni. Tibet
mi masa pen te, Shing mi te biak Zo, vantung a om Pasian, na khempeuh bawl pasian
in leitung ah ahong kum, a hong paisuk ciang Mu khaugui tawh hong tuaksuk in tua
khaugui mah tawh vantung kahto hi. Mu khaugui (Mu Cord) in mihing te ih Mu=nu
gilsung ah ih om laitak aa laigui(Cord) a kizop dan hi in khauzang mawkmawk hi tuak lo
hi. Zo Pasian a hongkum ciang in a sangpen mun ah kumbek hihtuak hi. Tang lawki lai
in ei mite in zong misi khua zuat nading Mu khauzang misi te kikeng sak hi. Sikha te in
a kulkul na ah tua khauzang in misi khua zuan thei bek ci uh hi.
Ih Zo Pasian biakna pan Zomi te nungtolh in vantung a om, na khempeuh
abawl Pasian cih ih theih nawnloh hang tua Zo Pasian in a sangpen khua a kilang pen
na mun ah kum cih up ngeina hangin a nunung lamciang Tau(mual) ki bawlhi .
20
Zogam ah mualsang tamlua ahih man in khuagei nai mun a kidawh, a
kilangh deuh mun te ah suangtau(mual) bawl in a kisam biakpiakna khempeuh zong
aih bawlpah hi. Tuhun ciangin a singka kibawl te muatmang in suangpek gol mahmah
leh suang a kiphut te bekpeuh ih muthei lai hi. Khamtung ih tunkhit ciang Zo Pasian
biakna pan ki nungtolh in, ih muhna pan a sangpen mun Zo ki-ci hi. Zo ihcih nakleh
avot, anel, guahtui tamzawkna deuh, vaimin, anteh, theipuam apal lohna mun in ki
ciamteh ta hi khading in ka-um hi.
3. Sum leh Dangka
Zomi te in sum ih cihciang (money) ih cihna hi in, dangka ih cihciang Kawlte
Kyat, India te Rupee, Mang te Dollar cih lawhna, ciaptehna dan a ihzat ahi hi. Tuhun
ciang midang te sum leh dangkasan te ki mukha, kizang khabek in Zomi te sum leh
dangkasan te eimi sungah a mukha om in ka-um nawn kei hi. Prof: Luce ii muhkhiatna
ah Kawl te kammal zat Dernga pan Zomi te'n Dangka cih alak hilo zaw in, East
Pakistan(Bangadesh) te Tangka cih kammal leh kawl te Derga cih kammal te in Zomi te
Dangka kammal pan a ngahkhiat uh hi na ci hi. Tuhun Zomi te'n ihsum, ih dangka,
ihmuh ngeiloh hang ihkep suksuk ahi, sum leh dangka cih kammal te in ih taangthu kan
kik na ding in thupi mahmah hi cih phawk kik ni.
1990 Paletwa ka omlai Township Co-Operative Society Secretary U Kyaw
Win (Khumi) in kasung pa in khutpi maisang a neu zawdeuh ih taanglai sum (Kyi-pya)
khat nei in, tua sum san pek tungah tuktum teipi sau mahmah khat tawi, dial kaih teng
milim tuang hi ci-in hong gen hi. Kei zong tua sumsan munuam leh deih kahih man in
Kyat 500 tawh a ngending ka paisak leh a sungpa khualzin ahih man in ka ngahkha kei
hi. Sum namnih om in, sumngo leh sumsan ih ci hi. Ei Zomi te in sumsan tawh dangka
pek bawl in a tungah Zo galkap pahtawina lim a suang Zomi te ih hihlam phawkding ka
deih hi. Ih dangka san pen Kawlte (Kyi-ni) a cih (Copper) tawh kibawl a hih manin a
simna pan dangkasan pek bangzah ci-in ih sim hi. Sum san pekneu a kizatna a om nawn
loh ciang laidal kizang in tua laidal te ihsim ihlawh ciang dal (1,2) ki cilo in ih zat ngeisa
mah ki zuisuk suak aa pek (1,2) cih lawhna mah ihzat paisuak lam phawkhuai theihhuai,
ciapteh huai mahmah hi.
Sum, dangka, dangkasan pek (1,2) lawhna te in midang lawhna akawm ki
hilo in, ei a leh ei a, a neingei, azang ngei ei minam lawhna mah tawh a lo ngei ihhih na
in, Hih leitung ah Zomi te taanglai in bangzah ciang hingei cih ih hihna hong kiphawk
kiksak ngiat hi.
21
4. Lai (Alphabet)
Lai cih kammal zong tangtawng pan ih ngahsuk kammal ahi hi. Tuma
kumtul tampi lai in ihpu ihpi te in lai neingei in thu leh la te savun tung na ciamteh uh
ahih man in savunlai na ci uh hi.
Ei khangpan khang (5,6) ciang ah zong ih savun lai koici ki-at cih kuaman
thei nawnlo in, ihneih ngei lambek a kithei suksuk ahihi. Tapidaw hong tunkhit
Laisiangtho tangthu te savun tung ki ciamteh, death sea scroll te ih zak ciang bekin
savun tung lai a ki ciapteh theihlam cian takin kithei pan-in, ei ading a lamdang hi
nawnlo hi.
Ahih hang Tapidaw biakna hong tunma pek in ihpu ihpa te in savun lai ih
neihngei lam, hong gen suksuk kammal in ih minam aa ding bangzah tak in manpha
hiam cih phawkkik ciat lehang hoih dinghi. Tua lai te phengkoih lo ding uh a, a tawmpen
gua-lawng sungah sin in koih hamtang ding uhhi. Tua ih savunlai pen ganhing a hi "Ui"
in bel ne hetlo ding a, a gilo mahmah Chin Shi Huangti (221-206 BC) Sen kumpi masa
pen pa, a gam mi te in "Ui"ci in sam a hihman in ih savunlai zong hih "Ui" a cih uh a gilo
mahmah tua kumpi pa ii thu piakna tawh kihal tum hiding hi.
A ngaihsut huai thukhat-in ih pu ih pate zat savunlai cih pen savun tawh
kibawl ahih samhang laigelhna ah kizang hita ahih manin ui duh liang dingin sa gimnam
kei zong hinawn lo dinghi. Tua ban panin a ciapteh huai thu leh la te a ciaptehna ahih
manin ui gengen loh naupang te I muhtheih leh sawktheih ziauhziauh dingin zong koih
hetlo dingin limkep mahmah kha dingin zong upmawh huaihi.
5. Dahpa te Nupa
Ihpu ihpi te hong gen suksuk tanglai thu ahi Dahpa Khuang leh amau nupa
te thupan pawlkhat ensuk ni. Hih Dahpa te nupa hun pen Zomi te kawlgam sung ih
tunkhit Zo kingdom hunsung hi ding in ka-um hi. Hih tangthu sungah kiteng, innlam,
inntuan in tanginn lupna pi gei ah tap om in, suangtum thum ciang khat a kigawm thuk
nih kinei hi. Thakhat thu in annbel nih kisuang thei hi. Dahpa zong a zi sawlna tawh
gamlak ah pai in thuk ding suangtum (6) zong hi khading hi. Thuk ding in ciahpih in, a
phuh thuksuang te a zi in amuh ciang kapu kapa te hauhna te hilo hiam ci-in nuam
mahmah hi. A zi pen suang manpha a enthei leh a lei a zuak ngei innkuan sungpan a
khangkhia a hihlam kimu thei hi. BC 200-AD1000 sungteng thu hi leh bang suang, bang
leisung sumpiang nam cih ngaihsun to laidih ni.
Zo Kingdom ciaptehna en leng nitumna lam, khang lam, nisuahna lam cih
te a ki ciapteh hang a saklam bangtan zaito cih ki ciamteh lo hi. Ka neulai in ka pi in
kimawlna khat hong hilh in
22
Gal aa singsat kik kik kua.......Kei mah na Pu Sarang pa
Bang na Ui nang?....... Bepi taak nawi ka ui nang
Atung a Sarang cih kammal pen Kachin te'n hausa a cihna a hihman in Zo
kingdom saklam in Kachin te tawh kigi zawng, khuakhat phial in kiteng khawm khading
hi.
Kachin te pau kammal leh Zomi te kammal 350 bang a malmal in kibang
sitset hi cih Kachin lak akhang eimi te gen kaza ngei hi.
Tua ahih leh Dahpa thuksuang nam te in
1. Phakan kim a om Kyauk Sein
2. Mogok suang Padamia (ruby mine)
3. Kawlin kim aa khuainun bang aa, a kaikhia khamte
Hih nam (3) om na in Zo kumpi gamsung ahih man in Dahpa thuksuang
nam te in bangnam a hi tam? Dahpa te nupa in adeih bangbang ngahthei in, ni (7) sung
tong zawzen ci hi.
Hih munah zong ngaihsut ding khatin Dahpa te thu ih etteh Zo kingdom
gamhuang zaidan dingzong ki ngaihsun theihi. Saklam pan koiciang hiding hiam, cih
ngaihsut hithei pah hi.
6. Min mai ah "Ngah"
Tuni ciang dong Rakhine gamsung a teeng Zomi pasal peuhmah in a min
mai ah kawllai alphabet a mal ngana "Ngah" koih uhhi. Ngah tawh min a kipat nakleh
Chin te hi cipah lianlian uhhi. Rakhine te cihna ah Kawlgam sungah min mai-ah “Ngah”
kithuah peuhmah leh minam dangte hilo-in Chin te mah hipah lel hi uhteh, Kawl
tangthu a ih sim “Ngah” mintawh kipan galhang tampite zong no, Chin te hipah lel
uhteh hong ci sitset uh hi. Gentehna-in Ngaya Mankan, Ngalon Let Phel, Nga Htwee
Yu, etc...
7. Shing Ai
1997 pawl-in tanglai Sen gam a teng Shing minam te aisan dan ci-in Kawllai
tawh a ki at thulu laikhat ka simkha ngei hi. Lai atpa atna sungah Shing-mi te Ai sandan
(Shing-Ai)1 na ci hi. Hih thulu tawh kisai in lai-at pa at na ah Yin and Yang (Alin &
Ahmaung) ci ahih man in Kawl te'n (Baydin) Shing minam te'n Ai a cihna hi cih kimu
thei pahhi. Tulai Zomi ten Ai, Aisan cih kammal bek nei in Yin leh Yang
(Khuazing & khuavak) tawh koi ci ai kisan cih a mansuah ih hi ta hi. A piangding thu te
genkholh, sehkholh, gelhkholh theihnate ah ni, kha leh aksi te ki heizia pan zong
genkhol thei leh Yin (khuamial), Yang(khuavak, nitang) aki lamdang nih te kopkhat
lakna, pilna tawhzong genkholh theihna pilna a neihkhit lamuh kilang hi. Cihnopna ah
mei leh tui, avot leh asa, van leh lei, a niam leh asang etc......
23
Hih Shing Ai cih kammal nih Kawl te lawhdan leh atdan tawh ih etkak ciang
Shing pen Shing in lo theilo, at-lian theilo in Shing pen (Chin) Ai pen zong (Aiang) ci in
(Chin-Aiang) suaksak uhhi. Kawl awsuah lian mah Kawllai in a ki at, a ki ciamteh thei
bek ahihi. Kawl te in kua minam hongcih ciang Shing ci in dawngkik le hang, ih min man
Shing cih lianin lo theilo uh ahih manin amau awsuah tawh kinai pen “Chin” cih tawh,
a lawh lamuh kimu theihi. Tua ahih manin ei minam min Shing zong Chin cihmah tawh
hong ciamteh, hong lo ding cih kuama nialtheih ahih lohlam hong mukhia sakhi.
A mau at-dan ciapteh dan leh a awsuah dan uh hileh Chin-Aiang pen Chin
te bual cihlian ding hi. Ai (Baydin) cih kammal zong ihpu ihpi, ih guipi pan ihngah suksuk
kammal ahih manin tanglai tangthu kankik nading ah a manpha mahmah muh khiatna
khat ahi hi.
ZO KINGDOM LEH KH'IANG KINGDOM
1. Zo Kingdom
Zo kingdom zaina pen, “The whole of the hill country east and north east
of the capital, toward the Rubby mines, the upper course Myitnge and the Chinese
frontier. Ava khuapi nisuahna leh sak nisuahna mualtung gam khempeuh, Moguk
suangkhuk ciang dong leh nisuah na sak nisuahna lampan Myitnge gun lutsuk na leh
Sen gamgi dong zai hi,” ci-in na ki ciamteh hi. Ava mangpa hunsung in zong minam
dang kuamah tawh kikap kidona omlo in kawlgam sungah Zo kumpi gam zaitak in a om
lam kimu thei hi.
Zo kumpi gam in, bang ciangzai cih te ih theikhin a Zo kumpi gamsung a om
Zomi te in Sengam Khu, Khul, Gu, Lai, Hlaing, kuahawm te pan tai 1200 kim khawllo in
a taisuak te ahi hi. Tu lai Sengam Shaan Xi gam pan Kawlgam sung ih lut ciangin
Kawlgam ii nitum na lampan ki lutlo ding a, sak nisuahna lampan kilut ding hi. Kawlgam
sungah Chin, Kuki a hong cih khempeuh BC 200 kim in a lomlom in kilut khin ding hi.
Zo Kingdom sungah Matupi gam pan a saksiah khempeuh, India lam aa te zong kihel
in, Yaw te tawh kumpi gamkhat satkhawm in ki omkhawm ding hi. A hun pen (BC 200-
AD1200) ciangbang hi thei ding hi.
Banghang hiam cih leh Shan te in Shan gam sungah, Thai te in Thaigam
sungah AD 900 khit leh AD1000 kim in Yangze gun kimpan a hong lalphei pan uh hi ci
in tangthu tampi ah ki ciamteh hi. Shan te gamkekna zui in Zo kumpi gam sung a teng
mi khempeuh in ni tumna lam ah lal pheiphei in, a nunung pen te AD 1400 pawl in
Khampat khua nusia dinghi. Tua mah bangin Yaw minamte in Zo kingdom pan 1. Myatmingala Magazine 1996-1997
24
Chindwin gun nitumna lam tengah paisuk in tulai Sagaing leh Magwe
division sungteng mual asang luatloh na leizaang na mun tengah a kikhin suk hiding
uhhi. Rev. Howard Malcolm in zong a nuai a bang in na ciamteh hi." The Zo is on the
lower wather of the Khyendwin not far from Ava; the district is sometimes called Yo or
Jo.” Ci-in na gelhhi.
2. Khi'ang Kingdom
Asho, Khumi, Miu te kihel in Mindat, Kanpalet leh Chittagong lam a teng
Zomi te in BC 200 kimpan AD 1550 ciangdong Kh'iang kingdom sungah tengkhawm
ding uhhi. Hanthawady Bayintnaung a sih ciang in Kawlgam sung a om gam neuneu
kingdom 20 leh Ayudiya te'n Pegu ah Bayintnaung gal in pai uhhi. Bayintnaung in kei
honguk ngeikei ci-in Khiang kumpi pa (Zo kumpi pa) in gal nuamlo ahih man in
Hanthawady Pegu leh Ayudiya te kipawl in sim uh aa zolo hi. AD 1270 in Pagan
mualsuang tungah Chin cih lai ki-mu masa pan hi.
Midang te nawngkai saklo, vado masa lo in amau kumpi gam sungah a
mau leh a mau thahat takin om uh ahi man in Kawlgam tangthu te sung kihel lo hizaw
kha dinghi. Banghang hiam cih leh Kawlgam, Thaigam a uk kumpi minthang
Bayintnuang tungah a nunung pen zahtak piakna sigal ding asap uhhang Zo kumpi pa
in na thusim lo, paikul na salo lel hi. Kawlgam sung aa khang Puy, Mon, Shan te tawh
Khiang kumpi kido ngei vetlo khading ahih man in tangthu sungah a kihel nading thu
omlo hi.
BANGHANG ZO LEH KHI'ANG KUMPI GAM TE MINTHANG LO
Sen gam Khul, Lai, Khu, Gu, kuahawm te pan eimi te taikhia in Kawlgam
sung ih tun khitciang Zo (Yaw) kingdom leh amun kician ihtheih loh K'iang
(Chin=Ash=Sho) kingdom (2) a om lam ihtheih kul hi.
A tunglam kumpi gam pen Shan te hongkhan na zui in a nunung pen Ca
1400 AD in Khampat khua nusia in khamtung gam in Zo (Yaw) kumpi gam bei hi.
Khanglam kumpi gam pen AD 1576 Bayintnaung sihkhit ciang Ayudiya, Hanthawady
leh Taungoo kingdom (3) kigawm in sim uh a zawh uh ciang a kumpi ukna a beipan ahih
lam Thai te tangthu tuamtuam pan leh Movie (Kingdom of War) te pan ki mukhia thei
hi.
Bangbang a hi zongin Kawlgam sungah eimi te kumpi gam nih, amasa pen
southern kingdom BC 200 pan AD 1576 dong, a nihna northern kingdom pen BC 200
pan Ca AD 1200 dong om cih kikan thei tahi.
Kawlgam sung ihtun zawh ih tangthu ahi hi. Tibet khamtung a teng Shing
minam te in akim apam te vado lo hi. Gal kido, kisim cih nei ngei vetlo hi. Galguk siam
mahmah ahih man in akim apam te in zong kihta thei mahmah hi. A hizongin amau a
25
do, a sukha a om leh a nungciang galguk tawh phula kik denhi. Shante hangin khamtung
gam ihtun khitciang, ih te'n na nunung Khampat leh Kawlpi kikal a om Shan mi te galguk
tawh phula kikin, a bawng leh a lawi te uh ki kaihsak zelhi. Tua te thuaklah in kalal uh
hi ci-in Tamu saksiah a teng Shan pawlkhat te in genhi.
AD 650 ma ciang Pyu te a minthan hang eimi te tawh ki nawngkai na omlo
hi. Mon te zong hongkhang in kido kikapna omlo hi. AD 1044 pawlin Pagan kumpi
Anawratha hongkhang in kido kikapna omlo hi. Kumpi gam tawh a om Rakhine te leh
a sakdeuh a om ei Zomi a hi Miu, Khami, Khumi te tawh zong kido kikap a om loh hang
a gamla zaw a om Kawl kumpi leh Rakhine kumpi te kisim in kido uh hi.
Ih gual lelhna te ihtu ihta te theihding deihlohna leh ahi phalo tatna zong
sulsel hat mahmah minam ih hihman in, ih tangthu man taktakte kithei zo nawnlo hi.
Ih hamsiatna ah Kawlgam galkap kumpi in tangthu a man atkhiat ding kankhiat ding
deihlo, phallo, thapia lo ahih hang zong ahi hi.
MINAM KHENNA
Kawlgam, Chittagong Hills, Tibet gam Sen gam leh Asia a teng Shing mite
in minam khenpi Mongoloids ii a mengkhat ahi Tibet minam pi sung kihel hi. Hih Shing
minam te in Qiang, Chiang, Khi'ang nam sungpan a piangkhia hilo ahi man in Chiang
leh Tibeto- Burma Chiang tribes pan hilo hi. Shing mite BC 214-213 in a lomlom in ki
thehthang in Asia gam sungteng ah galtai in bumang uhhi. Kawlgam, India leh
Bangladesh gamsung atung Shing minam khempeuh amau leh amau a kilawhna minam
min leh midang te lawhna min neiciat uhhi. Midang te tamzaw, thahat zawuh ahih man
in midang te lawhna paisuak zaw a, Kawlgam sungah Chin ci-in, India gam ah Kuki na
ci uh hi.
Kawlgam taangthu kan Daw Khin Myo Chit in" The word Chin was foreign
corruption of the ancient Burmese word Khin (or) Khyen meaning together. The above
subtribe people who are known to foreinger by various names such as, Chin, Yaw,
Lushei Chin, Khuang Sai, Thado, Naga and Kuki Chin are in reality one and the same
Zo(Yaw) or Tibeto- Burman race"
Hih mun ah Daw Khin Myo Chit in Asia gam sungteng ah kizel a, ateng Shing
minam te in Tibet mi masa pen ahih lam na thei khalo ahih man in Tibeto-Burman pan
a kakhia aci ahi hi. Tu ciangciang kei muhna ah tuabang in a kakhia hilo zaw in Shing
mite leh adang Tibet mi masa pen te sungpan Qiang te leh Tibeto-Burman Chiang te a
kakhia zaw ahihi. Chin cih lawhna pen Pyu or Kawl te'n Shing cih a lawh theihloh na
pan a hong piangkhia hizaw dingin ka-um hi.
26
Shing minam dangte a hilo, Kawlgam sung atung Shing minamte in
Kawlgam saklam ah Zo kumpi gam sat hi. Khiang kumpi acih pa ii sat kumpi gam khat
mah Kawlgam khanglam nehdeuh ah kum tul tampi sung kumpi gam in om cih Thai te
tungpan ih theikhin hi. Amau leh amau kuate kici cih leh Kawl, Mon ten bang cisap uh
cih kanbeh ding kisam laibek hi.
Sengam Shaanxi state bup leh Shanxi state (South west) te ah aki lomte'n
lai in zong lawhna omkha ding hi. Sengam pan BC 214-213 pawlin ki taikhia a Kawlgam
sung ih tunkhit ciang Zo kingdom sung ki omkhawm in khuapi 36 kipha hi ci in ka zangei
hi. Zo kingdom sung a teng khempeuh a minam zong Zo hipah ding hi. A diakdiak in Zo-
mi aki ci te in Zo-mi acih uh ciang All Chin, khamtung mi khempeuh cihna hi in, tuamah
bangin Lai-mi cihciang All Chin cihnopna mah hipah hi. Tanglai pekpek hun in, Zo-mi ki
ci-in ukpi Kam Hau hunciang a ma uksung leitawhtan saklam khempeuh Kam Hau-mi
hongci hi.
Hun hong kikhel in Zogam sung sub-division (7) hong kisuah ciang Tedim
gam, Falam gam, Haka gam, Matu gam ci-in a mite zong Tedim-mi, Falam-mi, Haka-mi,
Matu-mi ci-in tawlpi khat kizang hi. Tua mah bangin BC 213 khit AD 1400 ciangdong Zo
kumpi gamsung ateng mi khempeuh Zo minam ih hihlam ihtheih kulhi. Zo-mi
khempeuh honguk mangkang kumpi ten India ateng te Kuki leh Kawlgam a om te Chin
hong ci uh hi. Ei leh ei ki lom lawhna minam min in Zo ahi hi.
KAWLGAM LUTKHIT A HONG PIANG NAMMIN LAWH NATE
Tibet khamtung a cihna mun ah ih om lai in, ih nammin in Shing hi in,
midang te in zong Shing, ei leh ei zong Shing mi ih ki-ci hi. A hang tuamtuam tawh Sen
gam pan kawlgam sung, Zo kumpi gam sungah ih omkhit hun tawlkhat khitciang, ei leh
ei ih ki lawhna, midangte hong lawhna ih nammin tampi ki lamdang hi.
Zomi te tangthu a kan mi namdangte in Kawlte tawh kikap kido ngeilo a
hihman in Lawm cihna in Chin, Kawl te tawh ki-it takin tengkhawm, khawlkhawm
ahih man un Khin, Khyen cihna pan in Chin, bawmpua mite cihna in Chin na ci uhhi.
Tua te pan in Chin ninam cihna ngah uh hi na ci uh hi. A hihhang in tua te pan hilo zaw
ding a Kawl te in Shing cih awsuah ngahlo leh a lai uh tawh zong Shing cih ki at thei lian
lo ahih man in Shing pen Chin in honglo in hong ciamteh hizaw ding hi.
Kawlte in Shing te Chin ci-in a lawh mah bangin, Zo kumpi gamsung a om
Shing mi te zong kum hong sawtciang amau leh amau ki lawhna hong ki lamdang hi.
Sen gam pan Kawlgam sung Zo kumpi gam phut in, tua kumpi gamsung a teng Shing
mi khempeuh Zomi ki ci ding a, a nammin in ZO hi dinghi. A nammim ZO, a mi te Zomi
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cih lawhna in ki lomlawh na hi in, tua ZO cih nammin sungah zong minam min lawhna
tuamtuam hong piangkhia lai hi.
Zomi a ki ci te in Sengam Khul kuahawm pan hong paikhia te uh ahih hang
apai khiatna Khul kuahawm minpua zawlo in Shing mi te biak a hi Zo Pasian min
puasuak zaw uh a Zomi a kici uh hi ding hi. Zotung-mi te in a pai khiatna uh Khul leh Lai
kuahawm min pua zawlo in a te'n na uh ahi, a sangzaw a tungnung zawmun te leh
Shing-mi te biak Zo pasian min gawmin Zotung a ki ci-hi ding a tuamah bangin Zophei
te in zong a ten na a phei dide mun te leh Shing mi te biak Zo pasian min mah gawmin
Zophei a kici hi ding hi. Sengam Lai kuahawm pan a paikhia hi ung a kici te in amau leh
amau Lai-mi hi ung ki ci in tua te in tuhun in Falam gam, Hakha gam leh ThanTlang
kuam teng ah teng phadeuh uh hi. Paletwa gam leh Rakhine gam saklam a teng te in
Sengam Khu kuahawm pan in piangkhia hi ung a cihloh uh hangin a paikhiatna uh
kuahawm min Khu pua in Khu-mi kici uh hi ding hi.
Khu-mi te in a nammin lawhna nih nei in adang khat in kha-mi hi in Kham-
mi cih nopna hi ding hi. BC 222 in Sen kumpi masa pen pa in Daai khua na zo gawp a
tua pan a suakta Zhao(Yao) mi te in a khuamin uh puasuak in Daai minam a ki ci uh hi
ding hi. ZO cih nampi sungpan ih theiloh ihkan zawh nailoh nammin lawhna tampi tak
omlai hi. Tua te kan tohtoh ding thupi mahmah hi.
2010 in Zo-mi te minam leh mimal a kankhia Joshua Project muhkhiatna
ah nammeng tampi leh mimal tampi mah ki phata hi. Hih kan khiatna sungah a kihel
khalo Zo minam leh mimal zong om khathei ding hi. Minam phazah zong a tawmzaw a
tamzaw om khathei ding ahih hang Zo-mi te tangthu mong ciapteh na khat ahih man
in a thupi mahmah khat a hi hi.
Joshua Project pen leitung bup a minam tuamtuam phazahte a kan
kawikawi Christian biakna kipawlna khat ahihi. 1995 kumin kipan uh a nidang in AD
2000 project cihmin tawh leitungbup a minam tuamtuam te lakah Pasian um/umlo
phazah kician takin a kantel kipawlna khat ahihi. Table ah ih et-teh, Zomi tawh kipan in
minam tuamtuamte minte tawh a zopna hang pen Zomi Baptist Convention min hangin
Zomi cih min tawh apat uh hikha dingin ka umhi.
No Minam Mimal
1 Zomi, Tedim 236,000
2 Zomi, Falam 139,000 3 Zomi, Haka 126,000
4 Zo 51000 5 Zomi, Zotung 50000
6 Zomi, Mro 44000
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7 Zomi, Khumi 43000
8 Zomi, Khumi Awa 42000 9 Zomi, Daai 37000
10 Zomi, Mun, Chin bok 37000 11 Zomi, Senthang 33000
12 Zomi, Chinbon 28000
13 Zomi, mara,Lakher 25000 14 Ngawn 21000
15 Yaw 20000 16 Zophei 20000
17 Zomi, paite 13000
18 Zomi, Siyin,Sihzaang 12000 19 Yos 6700
20 Zomi, Bawm 3800 21 Zomi, Bual Khua 2500
22 Zomi, Tawr 900
Kan behnawn loh ding leh Kan Lai ding Ngaihsutpiakna
Kanbeh nawnloh dingte
Ei mite tanglai a piankhiatna ih bul Chin nam, Yao (Zhao) minamte a
hikhatam ci-a, a ngaihsun a genkhia mi pawlkhat zong omhi. Kei kankhiatna leh ka
muhna ah Sen gam a Chin a kici minamte pen Sen gam Gansu (Kansu) le Shaanxi state
kikal Chin munpan BC 256 pawl in hong thahat minamte hi-in amaute zat pau leh ham
ki-ciamteh sunsunte pen ei-a tawh kibang khat zong omlo hi. Tua Chin minamte makai
Chin Shi Huangti in Sen kumpi masa pen hi-in tua min lawhna pan ni tumna lamte’n
China gam Chinese mite na ci-uh hi.
Sen gam tangthu a ki atna tangthu tampi takah tua Chin mun pan a
mite in ngongtat in a hai han (barbarian) minamte hi-a kumpi pa Chin Shi Huangti zong
gam gina zong a nei meello, a minthang lo minam pan hi na cihbeh lai uhhi.
Yao (Zhao) minamte pen Shi Huangti hun lai zawhhak a sak mahmah
BC 222-221 pawl in Dai khua a nunung pen kikap na-ah a guallel minamte hi-in tua hun
a kipan Sen gam laizang mualdawn ah a bu minamte ahi uhhi. Tua minamte in AD 1611
kumin Sen gam a uk Ming kumpite do-in zo dektak uh-a lel-in Ming kumpi te’n
delhmang uh ahih manin, Sen gam khanglam Laos leh Vietnam gam dong a tung
minamte ahi uhhi. Tua Yao (Zhao) minam te-in communist lehdo langpan in America
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te tawh kipawl ahih manin communist te-in a zawhteh USA gamah gambel-in Laos,
Vietnam minam min pua-in tul tampitak USA tung uhhi. Hih Yao (Zhao) minamte pau
leh ham kiciamteh sunsun te enle hang ei pau tawh kibang kammal khat mahmah zong
omlo hi. Kawlte a tawh kinai pen kammal in “bawng” a cihteh “nauh” ci-uhhi.
Yao (Zhao) minamte Africa ah zong kimu khia thei-in tua minamte a
meel a sa te uh ih etteh pau leh ham zong hunbei liangin kan vet kul nawnlo hi. Tua
ahih manin Chin pan ih hi khadiam, Yao pan ih hi khadiam a cikhate in hunbei beh kul
nawnlo hi.
Kanbeh dingte
Kawlgam sungah Pagan kumpi Anawratha (AD 1044) thu leh a ukna
gam ki-at, suaih ciang Kawlgam tangthu gelhte-in tu laitak a kizang Kawlgam limpi beba
mah zang-a, “pa tha mah Myanmar nai ngan daw” cih a gelhuh teh tu-a Kawlgam lim
mah na zangpah uhhi. Ei ciatin zong tua danin mukha simkha ih hih man in tuadan lian
ki sakha pahhi. Tu ciangciang kei muhkhiatna bul phuh leng AD 1044 ma leh tua khit
deuh Kawlgam sung Kawl a hilo minam dang kumpi lamte gen keileng ei Zomite tawh
kisai Kawlgam sak lam leh khang lam ah kumpi(kingdom) gamnih a omlam ih thei
khinciat hi.
Kawlgam tangthu mantak in en lehang a bup huamin suaihtheih, at
theihding hi hetlo hi. Tua ahih manin saklam Zogam tangthu pen Sen tangthu bu te
sungpan ahi zongin khanglam Zogam tangthu le Thailand te-at tangthu te sungpan
kanciat unla a diakdiak in southern kingdom thu le ciaptehna te Bayint naung hun leh
a sih khit Thai-te tangthu at laibu te pan tampi tak kimu thei dinghi. Thai te bawl movie
te sungpan pawlkhat kimu thei khinhi. Mai lamah kanciatin seminar tuamtuamte neih
tohtoh ding kisam hi.
1819 ma-in Chin, Kyin, Kuki te tangthu a-at Assam comissionar pa-in
Chin, Kyin, Kuki minamte in Indo-China pan a hong paikhia minamte a hihi, ci-in na
ciamteh hi. Tua bang a cihtheih na thupen tua hun lai-in Assam ah a tengkhin Khasi
minamte in Khamer minamte hi-a Naga minam pi sagih lakah khat-a kihel Mon
minamte in Kawlgam Mon minamte mahtawh kibanghi. Tua minam nihte in Indo-China
minamte hi-in Chin, Kyin, Kuki te-in Tibet pan in Sen, Sen pan in Kawlgam leh India ah
a tung minamte ih hihi.
Assam commisionar pa’ ngaihsutdan a sim kha te-in thakhat thu-a
ciapteh theih dingin hong genkhia ka hihi. Ei mite-in leitung minam pi khen Mongoloid
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minam pi khen nate sungah a hong ki koihhang Sen gam saklam Mongoloid leh
Manchuria lam khempeuh primary Mongoloid lam hi-in Sen gam laizang ah teng Sen
minamte in secondary Mongoloid te hita uhhi. Sen gam khanglam leh a nuaisiah a
tuikulh te Australia gam dong a om mite Mongoloid nampi tetawh kibang lo ahih manin
Australoid te na kici tahi. Tua mah bangin eimite zong tu laitak a Sen gam sak lam-a a
teng Mongo-Manchu minamte tawh kibang lo in, Sen gam Asia gam a teng minam
dangte tawh zong kibang lo-in Tibetanoid ci-in kikhen hi.
Kei ngaihsut na-ah south le north America ah teng masa pen ahi native
American (American Indian) te leh Siberian a teng te minamte leh Eskimo minamte
khempeuh te in zong Tibet pan tu ma kum 20000-30000 kikal-in a lal khia minamte hi
dingin ka umhi. Ei mite in Mongolia leh Manchuria pan Sen gam tungin Sen gam pan
Kawlgam a tung ih hih loh lam leh Tibet pan Sen gam, Sengam pan Kawlgam leh
Kawlgam pan India le Bangladesh dong a lal suk minam te ih hihzawk lam ih theihding
kisam hi.
Sing minam (Sing-mi) te thu nidang ciang na kan uh ciangin amaute
tenna Tibet ih khang ni suahna lam ah mulo zaw in Tibet gam sak lam leh a laizang
ciangah na muzaw kha ding uhhi. A hangin BC 214-213 Chin wall, Chin kumpi pa in
kulhpi a cian hun a, a galtai Sing mi khempeuh in Sing mite-in amautawh a kinai Tibet
gam saklam ah na gal tai ding uhhi. Lai, Khul, Khu kawhawm te pan BC 221 kimin teng
te-in Sing minam te sal a mat leh hen pan in a suakta khempeuh in Sen gam leh Asia
gam sungteng ah gal tai-in eimi te-in Kawlgam sung a tungkha minam te ih hihi.
Si Huangti khuapi tu laitak a Xhian (Sian, Xian) city gei a om Terracotta
galkap a cih uh han mun 1974 kumin lokho khat in na mukhia hi. Hih Terracotta cih pen
tungman tawh kibawl lim hi-in Shi Huangti in a sih khitteh a kha a kem cing dingin
tungman tawh ki-em galkap lim 8000, sakol 520 tawh a kithuah sakol leng 130, gal dona
sakol 150 te na bawl sakhi. Tua limte khat bawl nading in mikhat in hun tampi a lakkul
dinglam leh a vanzat ding limte tangthu kante’n na tuat uh a, tua buanlim em lim a
bawl khutsiamte khempeuh zong khat mahmah sit lo-in ki that mang hi, kici hi.
Tua hun laitak-a, a pil khutsiam mipilte a tam zaw-in Tibetan te ahih
manin tua lakah ih pu ih pate zong a kihel zahzah thahthuak ding uhhi. Tua limte a
bawldan tu lai-a mipilte-in a kankan uhteh inghang nai tawh a kibawl mel zepna tampi
a zat lam uh mukhia hi.
Thangzang ah a teng ka pu Do Za Kham (1870-1979) in ka neulai 1954-
55 kikal singhang nai tawh kheivom khei san bawltawm in za-ik tem bul leh a pai a hi
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zongin thauvui leh a naseh puaknang saki-te zutin a zeplam ka muhi. A zut laitak neh
leng na ci uh thak ding hi, hong neh kei-un hong cihi, a keu khitteh lawng pan in hong
cihi. Sing hang nai zat pilna tu in kuamah in ih theihnawnloh hang, singhang nai pilna
pen tuma kum 2000-3000 laipek khawng a pilnate a zang suksuk minam ih hihlam kimu
theihi.
Eimi te tangthu tuanthu tawh kisai thu man le picin theih nading in BC
2600 – 85 dong a tanglai Sen gam tangthu bu 2000 val bang a gelhkhia Sima Tan tapa
Siama Qian laibu te pelhloh in zongin simkik phatphat nading kong hanthawn hi.
Tu hun Kawlgam, India leh Bangladesh a teng eimi namte agam amun
zui-in lomlawh leng India gam Manipur state a tengte khempeuh Kuki, Mizo ram a
tengte Mizo, Bangladesh Chit tagong hilltracts a tengte Chin, Kawlgam Chin state leh
Arakan state a tengte khempeuh Chin, Sagaing, Magwe, Pago a tengte Yaw leh Asho
Chin ci-in lomlawh photin India gam a tengte Kuki, Kawlgam a tengte Chin ci-in lompi
nihin a khen hile hang Kawlgam tangthu a gelh DawKhin Myo Chi8t in Chin cih minam
minlawhna pen “kyen” (Cen-Kawlpau) kawllte’n lawm a cihna “kyen (cen) phaw) pan a
ki laih suk lawhna hikha dinghy, ci-in ka ngaihsun hi.
Daw Khin Myi Chit ma, AD 1900 ma-in laibu ki-at te ah Chin cih pen
“kyin” tawh na ki-at in a diakdiak in Bangladesh leh Kawlgam kikal a teng mite in
ciapteh na omhi. Tua siksan in, awsuah leh laimal bulphuh in Daw Khin Myo Chit in
“kyen” cih kawlpau in lawm leh gual cihna lawhna pan Chin cihlawh na a hong
piangkhia hi dinghy ci-in a umhi. Kawlgam tangthu kan leh leitung mundang tangthu
kan te pawlkhat in Zomi te-in Chin a kici Zomite leh Kawl mite kido na neingei lo-in ki-
it kilem takin tangtawng pekpan tuni ciangdong tengkhawm ahih manun Kawl pau (ta-
nge-chin) a lawh napan Chin minam cihlawhna angah hikha dinghy cih a um hi.
Tangthu kan a dang pawlkhate-in bawm pua uh ahih manin Chin cih
kammal anagah uh hikha dinghi, ci uhhi. Hih bawmpua ngaihsutna pen koipan hong
hiam cih ka ngaihsut ciang Bih Ta Nu khua sum bawlna phualpi (business centre) ahih
lai-in tu-a AD 650 pawlin Chin te-in bawm pua-in thausuang, sai ha, sai mei, sai khe,
cingpi ki, cingpi sa, cingpi site bawmtawh pua-in Bi Ta Nuh khua-ah hong zuak uh-a tu-
a Thailand gampan sumngo sum san tawh kibawl bel, dak cihte van le van sumbawl
kikhek, van lei van zuakna te neikhin hi ci-in, Thai tangthu kan te in ci-uh hi.
Van puak nading-a bawm puakna hangin Chin min cihna eimi te-in
ngahtuan hetlo dingin ka muhi. Banghang hiam cihleh Kawlgam gengen loh leitung
bup-ah savun tawh kibawl, sing, sik tawh kibawl vante a kizat ma-in eimi te leh leitung
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mi khempeuh ihpuak dan ih zatdan kibang lo ding a bawm vive mah kizang dinghi. Tua
ahih manin bawm zatna pan minam min piangthei ngeilo dinghi. Bawm zatna tawh
minam min a kiphuak hileh Kawlgam sung a om mikhempeuh Chin kici pah dinghi.
Shing Mite Tibet gampan China gam lalna
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BC 200,000 hunlai a kipan mihingte kizelhna
