YUGOSLAVIA, TITO AND THE " PARTISANS"

Lo"t"IS .o\DAII'IC

Y~~~~~\\~' tbe\-~;:!e:! p'!!~~~ ~~:o~11~P~~ 6~ of a eapitulatiOil ~ment •lith th" Oennao HigbComm&Dd. ~!0011 of the k'lv .. mml'lll, 111ith the king and his cutourac:e. fl,o:J 11•• -utcy,l.,..,-inll' it to bit>, eh11011 and the enemy. But the YUI!osla\ J>OOp!t• did not eapitulate. tn~tud, they sre WTitilll'-"fthem • .,.t IDAf(lliHI'ent('hapter~~in thehi~tory(lf human UAnd••ur.

Tb•· ch•P~t l'tiAJiy Letrin• on Mlll"Cb 'l7. 111·11. 'll"hen tlw Yuro$t.n. sa~T<•uud.-d on all ~ide~~ by the AID, •uddenly onr­tl\N<w thti-1' EO\Pmm,.nl in lk>luade, a dietatonhip which b·o day'!~ Nrlil'f' had R£tt,.J a pa.et v1ith Hitler. In the )!al't'b r<·~ti•Hl of •·nllnhuratinn. and the April nofuMlto yield to fo~. tir ,,_ ~~ of th•· ~tn-root Partisan-Liberation movement, wbi..J.1 t·llrril' within it.<elf Dl(ol"'' moaniog and promiee for l.be fl.ltW'It llLaa anythiotr •·Lie of ..-hil'h r now know.

llurinJt' th~ thl'l'f' ye..n betwt'E!n the t•·o Aprilll, the Yugoela• peOple ha•·" foUjfbt lh<> !ort•upatiun foree. tooth and nail, hy Uay anJ loy niltlll. with bloud, blutr. in~nuity IUid C'OllJ"'Ct' To-da1 the :\atroua.l Libc:ra.tion .\.rmy and P&rtiMn JX,tachmooh .,f Yug!ll'lavia. i.ltltt<·r kuo.,·n u Partisalll!l, number i.M'l"'et~ll 250,000 &n~ 31XJ.UOO. Tbt•y ba•·e freed ap])rotimlltely half of Yuphnia; th1y ban• vith~tood lli.J: major Axia oft'ensive~<.

'"""' .,. .. .,. flt:htillll' mon> :\"uilrool)51banarethecombined Fifth and Eighth .\rm$1 in ltaly. ,\I)C•nrdilllt to Brili~h 10urce• tNy ~about 'l .\xia divi~<ion~ pinned do111'J1 a"11Y from oth{'l' !ronli. That 1h1.1 YuK<"''' l'arti!I&D~ have already rontributed h~l"ily 1.0 •·iciW)' u~ thto .\D~ i~ no longer opton to que.;tion

But thii L• only tht' halt of it. The people of Yugo&lavia ha"' estahlillh11l a pro\·iai.ml:li gohrnment. the ~ational Couneil uf I.Jtoer .. tion. which IW'I.i in the liberated ll.r(oU. lt i11 the tlnit fl'\'fl CQ'I'f!nliD!tll in Hitl•·r·~ t:uropt>an fortreP; ita democratoe P<•hciolt IU\ol Pl"'ll-.'flllDillt' furni~h the llr,;t cone...,le Dle&!IU!'el in -upifod E11rGpe tu put the ~Pour F'rt>OOom~" into action.

How w11ld a Amall. undM·cloped, p1'11('tirally unarmed fiWJitly. on•rrun and OI:'I"Upied by the A:a:is, II('('Ompli~h the ino•n..-lible? Perh•l)$ IK.-au"" the people. thro'li'll u they were into a~haotie whirlpool (Jf iuuo~rion and int.emal ~trife. or dilii'DI>-

TilE DALIIOUS IE REYIEW

tion and insecurity, of brutality, theft. •tar,·ation. kidn&Jlpin¥ aud murder. di!l('owred an infinitely powerful motive and nwthod, and an extraordinarily abltl leader. The rnotiH~ is rlnuble: to rid the land of the 1\II.Zis. theircollnbotaton and all thl'ir work\!: and to l\'make Yuto~lavia into a country whetfl 1'\erybody will have the chan~e to dev~:lop to hi'l fullesteapu.city. The method is the application of militant dtmocrocy. The leader is Jollip llrowvieh. known to the world ru; Tito.

F'oralong time the Welt bdievcd that Yugmta.via'samuin,~t n-•istance wu due to (:em•ral Dradua :\likhailovich, miniucr nf wa.r in the Yugos~v gOI·errunent.-in..exill'. During the llll>t ,.ixtnontbs.howe~er. thef~Wbbtwebegun l.neml'rgeintheJJTfl811. aud with them, the retWll\8 for the fal~o "hulld-up" of Mik­hailovieh.

To undel'lltand what ha@ \)('ol'n going Oil. "''-' have to Uike a quiek look at pre-wnr Yugoslavia. Sineu l\.129 the country h11d bf.en a dictatol'l:!hiJI with all th(l trimmillp: all e:J[II'l'm~y Nllltrictcl fra.nehii!O, n la.r~. wel!-organi~M u'<'rf't Jmlice. 11 divido-aud-ruleU'Chniqucl'l·hit'b bre111'eddiseordaud JM't-.e~:ution ILIDOng national aud rt•ligiou~ gtoUpii, •ettin11 Serhmn again~t Croatian and Slovellian. setting Roman Catholie against r;n'f'k Orthodox.

Thrre were other limm of clca."a.gf· Yugo~la\·ia '' ttn a!{ricultural t"ountry. B.bout I'>(] per <'<'nt. of whose pooplr are p.:Mants. Thel'l'wa:;aterrille!,'l<Pbt•t\\'('(:nthcpo,erty(>fthl' Jl"a.s&Dtf> aml tb<J h1xury of the ~mall and oorrupt ruling cla•­The rohng {'!a...., hil{h('r goHnlment oftldsl~. army om("{'r~. clergy, politk•ian•. mtrchant• carod little about th~ir "l'lflll'l'; ill fact the peasant.~ 1\'l'n! r .. ferred to a.• "<'atlh• without tail~. •• But the UpJI<.'r {'la>.s wa~ not tntircly it• uwn mn..ter f'itht•r ful'('iWJ diplomatir pre<.•ul'll!l, fon-ifCll •·apita.l and int~re..t~. twitchr·d a good many Hlrings in Yugu>lana .. \ mrm rouldn't ~limb to the top uule. he hlid tho "right ~mnt'l·lion~" at home and ahro111d .. \nd.in the ..ernmble to'I<'IU'd !ute-. be had to imitate tho "rigltl poople": halwltollxploit hi" own t'OUntry­llWII. That 1>.11~ inevit .. ble in tbe life of the pre-wa.r Balkan~.

There.,..~.~; another r~tor. Pr~ti\·ally tJI the army om~n wtre Serbian". So 1\'t!re most of the key men ill government and bu~ines!. To tb- men, Serbia~. \\'ail the heart, the central eore, of Yugo~lavia. To them, the country ,-;as only a "Gff'ater Serbia," and they had little use for ('r<;>lltittnli nn<l Slovcnian~. This "Orea~r &>rbia" fantuy had a lot to do with the :\lik·

YUOOSU.\'IA, T ITO AXD "PARTIS.\NS''

hailo.-icoh lt~nd. -itluow;ly <-·tonstru<'led l>y the government­in-e~le.

t:nd~r the apJI&I'Cntly ,ntooth dictatorial 8urf&<'e. pre-war 'litlf'o;la~ia 'fi'M tom in oountll'"" directions by all sorts of ooll­llioeting. divitling tof('~; l'(lki<.mal and religiou~ diserimination. craft. OOITU IIt !}OiiticJ, capital-labor ~tn1ggles. car[l<lt-haggina, oppre.<•ioo. P.S>ialll'iiiMion. llut there 'fl'ero al110 democratic f-whit·h had lung IM!4'n !!IlK~ in ad~. UJihilllitruarle tot a 11mrkahlto oon~titution. for a bill of rightij, for union. And thenwe""tht'plainpooplf',the~atbulkofthepopulAIIon. •bOil& Nfu.<al to gile up i:l the hai'kbone Rlld the ~ulr.<tancl' of lht' l"utiaan mon·m<'nt.

WbM the <'Oilllll')' omcially oo\lap!IC'd on April li, many tooldien ud om('l'l';l of thl' capitulating 11.11ny ml'h.ed away ll'ith lJleU' run• in\0 tbl' mountnin~ and II'CMxiH. And. as the in\'Mion ~. riviliall~ 11110 m!'ltorl into the wood~. Little p-onpt uf J)IIOple sprang up ewrywhE're. 1poradieally and 1pontaneou~ly, detenoi.nad to fight the OO('Upation with 11verything they had -mo.tly pitchforlu. knivt'!!, bare hattd8, indomitable courage aad a burning iO~. Uruup11 fonned in tbe citie. too. and Yariowl natinnal ll'&d•·n ~n to try to orgauize tbP struggle for frel!dom

T•o prinl'ipal I'OIIist&nr<' movement~ got ~tnrted about t.H-tinw,dirt"O-'IIytl.ftE'rtbeeountl')''ac(>llapse. Among the1101dil'ft in the hill~ 11i'IJI Druha Mikhailo\'idt. then a o:olonel aad lbe. ebie.f ofll<'f<r •toll at IIU'gt'. Hf< organi~ IKIIIl6 of the toldi81'11azttl. wi~h th~m a~ a nuo·l~u•. setal>uut re<>ruitint:ch·ilian~. Ht~ b aaiO tn ban' had at toll<' tim~ a fol'fil or 300,000 m~o. Uut bia lllloin t~tit:al idt'lll ... -a~ to h"ld toff •~ mueh .. t~ible from lrhlinc lha in\·atil'l'll, and to oonl'eotrat" on traioinK an army •lioh •ould go in!<) ll'tion wht·n and if the Anglo-.\nwrican• .aaoald open a l'&m!»!ign in Yugt-.hwia.. Mikhailovich's politieal kill..-... ria:bt in line "·ith that nf the govemment--in-£'~\('; to Ntuna to tb11 .-.-ar ~me in Yug..-.;lavt., 'fl'hich II'U to ~ll!.ol'l!ofa"GrMterSerhia"thantover.

,.._. ~ 1-.> idii!IA did not satisfy the Yug011lav JK'Ople it IIDJI1 d.Dun•tral.fd by the hi"tory and pm. .. l'nt •tatus of the Jll.k!WJoviob-the royal government- mOHml'nl. Let u~ •wDitlleBriliahbavettlP.Yahoutit. SineetheBrili'h u4 ~ pvernmenh havl'l done tl\'erything J)O~~ible to t.ek dtl Yuroelav rovt"nunen~in-(:xilE', they cannot be &C<'USed

TilE DALIIOUSIE REVIF.W

of undue prt'judiee ag&illJI~ )likbailovieh &nd piU'tiality for the Partillallll.. lbther latdily and .,;jtb tome reluetanee, they have reaently admitted that, in the 1II1JI'Ib of ) lr. Chun.'hill, "Of coune, the partisana of .Manhal 'l'il.o are the only people •bo are doing any efreetive fighting ap.ina~ the German~~ now:· Tba\ " no'lli'" ia slightly mi&leadior; it U ..,-ell o••cr two ylliU'll ~~.moo :\likhailo•lch ha.s done 4/lY e!l()(:tive fl~hting againBt the OennaiU. hll!tee.d. and again in )lr. Cburehill'a words. "R-ome of bit; oomruanden made all<.'<.lmruodatioD.i "'ith l t.alian and German troops." "Partisan &etivitie-r; u~\ hi1 eommand<'n' aetoom.modatiollJI with the enemy. He endea•·ored to ~upp~ thtl01."

'l'hi• mean~ that 11010•• ol M.ikhail<lvich"• commanden toollaborated .nth the '\ur. and Fa.-i•ta. Thtoy did so, for une thing, to obtain .,..ll&pon.• .,.-Jth whi~h to "supp1'8!1" tbt P&rtlsans. )likhailo•ich ha8 rc~tedly opened battle apirat them, tryinglli~ beott to •ipeout •·hat hecaliOO "theCooununist bandit~!." The depth of the ~hum wpara.ting him from his peop]l'' l 1'1'10\'"'ru"nt i.f markt>d by a famoWI PartU.n ~tory. In Oct.oht•r '41. before 'l'ito'• DIUll€' .,..., a houo<ehold and fox-hole

word, the Partillall leader vi~itod Mikhailorich twi~. in an atteropttocoordioatetbeir.._.paratemlitt&ll~. :\likbailovl<>h i& aaid to have thought him a R\UII!ian rcnt•ral and, when infonneJ of tho troth MUle time later. to haveexclatmed, "If I'd lmuwn who he .. ...,. l y;ould ban~ ;,hot. the lW. •·

Moreo•·'ll', it IDWI~ be -.dmitted that until the 'nmm11r of '43 neither the Brit~h Foreign Of!iOt>. through "'l'hi .. h ~ th11 di..>pat.che~ releuod by the govef'IUllent.-io-«~:ile, nor tht British and AmerictLD pr~. ma.U11 any etr<lrt to correct that \-ie.,.. Happily. of late the pieture hM cban~- .\ocon!ing to Britioh llgure.. :\tikb.ailo•-ieh't fon:-.-. now number bE-t..-ren 6,000 and 111.000 men. They are :1-lmollt eompletf'ly in&et.i\·t. left aJone in eertain mountain araa. ~likhai.lovil:-h'a dar u the herok sa.vior of hi~ Jlt'OI)Ie fi..u.lod ou~ Ut futility. fanaticiua andfratriei.Je.

The rou.rso of the Parti.an-Liberaiion mo\·ement ia far more atupieioWI. 11 developOO from the spontanooua guerrilla I'Mi.l;lanl'e of tho people 11'ho, when the eounb'y fell. bep.a pouring into the •ood• and mot.llltaina-all kinda of people· Serbumlll. Croatiaua, Slo•·eni.luu, Bo>!niaus, MIICOOoniaoa. Montooegrins; Catholie., Orthodox, M011lema, J11W11; peopkl ot different partie.; Dcmocrata. lndependentt, Agrarian•, Soeiali•t.. Communis-tl; men and women, boys nnd girlt; J)('&~ts, worken,

Yt"OOSU\"1.\, TITO .-\ND "PARTISANS''

.nun, ~. ~hen., fl!!.hennen, lawyer., hoWie1ri\·et with babit8. doetoro.. prie~~l.f> - poople by the thou~~and11, tben t...a .. t thna~~~ado.. thl'll bundr...d~ of thoull&lldJ.

Thi'Y arm""! tb .. m-el.ves hy raidin~ IO<'~I ~odarmeril'!', ut' hili~ a G.-man or ltahan and takm~ h1a ll"etopon•. In K1'111r1Q'P\"Itt ,,..,, rueu with I'Olply rifiN held up lt'Tl quilllil!£ ~ ud -te .,ft' with th•·ir KIJOI •?d hullet11.. Som• 'l"hl'l'<' e!><!.' " !hOU'<all•l l{ll~mlla'l, armOO w1th "ll'"ooden 11\lli'Pt, fell •poq • H~~n~~l!.l. ,~n Ly nio.-ht, in. !>rd,.,. '" 1'·1. arm~. EvPl'yWbt·n• the CIIPITiolall ~ tlwo m\ad<>r. tmlplflg at IUm.•littin&; b11 Llfroat hPhind a heol~t~·· """'"op;ngdu..-n on hln• at uu~peel.ed tllliu• a~~<l pla<'No. blowing up bi1 "UJ>ply train~, ~~~ tots pnvilinrtA. and ai"N:>)'ll '"'-IJ>inl!! th('ru8f'h-f!ll to _I.U mumUtll\11 cof war. it ll"a&. noot an•l l>ranrh. thl' ma• UJ>r•-mg of • Pf'OPIO\. .\nd it 11.- ~aine.-1 a Jl<"li>lo's m"wmt'nt

nn April?.!. '!I. th·•• <Jay~ altf'r \"u~...JB\ia"o ~apitulation. tM h ~.Uoual J..il....,.ti••n F'ront ... ...., f""''l'd in Slu•eo.•"· 8mullt&nt10U ly, l<..,.,rd tbto f'Ud uf .\l'ril. 1'1to ~n to try tu t.riDr- Mort Cif uuion uut tlf the eountry'1 !'N'thing I'~

T1lo,l Jo>S'ip l!rwo\'ich ,. . .._, •-~n foQUippM for the ta..;k. H<' .-u burn LD I Mill I<! 11 Jl<l\">'tly-.stril'l;.en JM'&I;BDI family_ Hill fathlor ••• l'n.tian. bill m"lh11', :Sion•nian. Ju 1914 h11 ..-o.s draltM int•l th" .\uo.trn--llun~au anny. Taken pri»>UI'f" and _,ID Ru,.ia, hfl joined the ('ornmuni~t.-. and follf(ht in 1hn Ru.aan Ut<voluti<>n. 111 19:.!~ bt> Tt"IUmtd to YugOII]avi.a. t-Ill~ h~ ,.r th• n>eta.l "'"r~oer~· union. t.o .. k th"' uudo>rground .- .:>f Tito oth<t Yult(!l>la•· Comlnuni~t Party had '-'n OUt• Jawed 10 I !I!\ I. t"hl' Yllillnlat<'T h"' "'~'~~' am-.;tOO by thto Relf(Tilode roerizM"s -nt t>nlio·<", und<'no'f'tll thf'ir ~pt'<·i-.1 Ornnd of t<Jrtllr@, •d tpent four y<'a.r.> in 11ri11on. On hi:c r~!f!IIIS(', he ~ent ahrood &pia. •hero ba brlt><""<l lo OZ'J:lllliU> tbto lnl-f'rnatiun-.1 Rri!tadM vll-hel'lpiUlilh Ci\·il War. t'inully her.-tnmed to \"ugo.!avia, to ll"'l*l't &~t&in•t ''~ T;(l.

Addfd 1-<1 thit h&rd--•on t•xperient't'. inqliuable to Yugo;.la\' ......._, T11u hao; quahtitM whi<>h 110ul<t make him an OU1· ....aiar lel.dH in any ltllln"• lanf(llagl'. lie h.., that euriou~ w.d~~.ebiU'll(' l<>r.intec.,"l'ityandprinl'ipiE>..-hieh Amlrioaa:IM.Il''flll<!." H•· i~ a man of heart and undo,r~~tanding. loY'Id Uld lnJ>ot""l loy hi- fullul'l"lft. lligh oflll'iala of 1IK> Allil'l! .at~ bellbo'" uneanny genfoJ·lli~hip. '!'bat be hu rallied logdher .,_..,. i.u -.11 bruwbl'fl of Yugoslav life indi~t~ the qualit)

'l'IH~ DALHOl'SlE REY!Jo:W

ot hi~ ~latf:sllllloiUhip. :\!(>lit important or aU. bo~e\'er, hi' ..aw from the beginninlt' that t!Us iJ!a people'• war. and he roul:"ht it &<"('Qnlinf(ly. Thi~ is the one poillt on whil"h 'l'i\.0 i.; eompletely un~umpn>mi.o.ing. To the~~ or the world. perhap11 h11 ~igm•l :ij•hievement or Jong-n.nf(e ioHuent>e i. thl' d<'ruon~trauon that Co>mmuni"b ll!fd non-C'ommuni,.lfl'an III'Qrk ell'<.:di•·ely tlljlether

In \lay of '11. Tito. aln.oady batlly wantN by Himmler. who knew hi~ n>e<>rd, made hi~ ~·ay to a B<:>lgratle flat. through ~~~~ Jmtrollod by :-.'azis witli tommy-guns. to confer ~·ith lfl. hr.n Hib&r. wid('!y known u a pi"'Orf"'...ivfl membfr of the Democratil.' p&r"ty, and a few other leat.lera. A programme wu dntm up; !<O'en'l prodiUllaliooR II('OOD 11ppet1red on city ll"lllll. Th8 news beKan to spl1lll.t.l. ln Jun<' thl' PartiSIUlll opened &('ti\·o fl~bting.

On1r the ~ummer. IU! organization nnd military (&('tit"& improwd, more and more of the originally Wllated guerrilla banill< camfl t.ogethtll' to harry the \;a.:.i• on &n inuea.sina: ecale. H<'pri ... t& only .ent mQnl and more people in to111·n and •ill&fte, mountain and fo'"t. to join the J'arti.an11. In AUb'llBI the Supl'l.'mll <'ommand ~·as morwaniz.ed to include all Yu,rotola>ia. By ~ovt'lnber of the following yNI.r, the mon•met1~ h&d gro~·n -a •lronst that the Partill&n~ e~ted a regular army from th~ previou~ looee guerrilla unita. At the ~~ame time, a.n "Antt­•• ...,.i~t Aost>mhly tor the Pooplf''l Libe-ration in \'ugowla>"":ia" e~tedexaeutiveand li'gi,Ja.th·epn.M'<Ildurei!fOrg<J\'I'nl.inl!'lhr liherat.ed lll'I'IU!. In D('('emOOr '-13, a fonnal provisional gm·ern­IDf'Ut ••• e«tabli~hed. the l\ational C'ounl'il of Liil«ation Of what might be eaUed ib eahinet. the Xational CommittH of l..iberation, Tito i• pr...,.idfllt. Hf' i~ abo Manhal of Yuro­~ho.,·ia.. Supr~me Commander of the Xational Libellltion .-\nny and Partilllln Detaehmento or YngQII\avia. and a Commandrr­in-Chi,...f of thl' Allie!'. An ,\nglo-.\meriran mi.Won. headfd by Briga.dier-(;{'Ul'rtl }'iuroy H. R. Mael..ean, has beo:n witll Tito for ~~everal month~. A So>i<'l mi»inn of 2:.! o!ll('t'n. und~r Lieutcnaot..(ienl'ral Kornt'yeJY. a ..,ell-known Ru...Pan Arl:n1 commlltlllcr. Mrin'<l. f'Brly in \llln'h 'H Tbl'ft' i~ a Yugmla,· mi!r<ion in ('airn. a><•ii{Ued to the AUiPd headquarten for tbl i\liddlt> Eo.~t.

Tito's milit.&ly ami pOlitieal idea. 11re aptly ~ummed up iD the f'artiun-l.ibention ~"ronl lllogan: "Death to Fa.aci~m. Liberty to the Poople." 'l'hf' Pvtisan~didn't 'OI'ait for an AD,. AmtJri<'lln inva>Uon: thlly went oo the prineiple: "Hit the X~ ~·herever and whenever you llnd him." Thill taket higbly

Yl'tiOSI.A\'L\. TITO ,\:\D "I'AHTI~.\~S"

J~~ubil'-' tr'"'ps; in IL yea.r uno briJ(nde CU><"I'{l(l 2.-'iOO miles nu foot, -.nntbl'r ha• mareh"ol ;:; mil~~ in 3U hounro\'l'r mnuntaim>ua territory with uno• bait·hour 5lnp. Tilo u..ro the regular army !<t bold tha CiMman~ alnn~t tlw fr(>nt while hi~ JrUerrilho. unitij bh Uie.111 in lM I'Nlr with ~"ift, ll'rribl;> pundlt'l. Somt• M hi~ Partian dPL&I'hmtonta tu'\• now HR:hting mile,; v•ithin Austria &Dd Hungary.

Tbe anny. a• W(> hrwe •t>en. hiLl! I he hroade•t po~~>ihle lrn'"· hi. opMIIo ewTyb..H'Iy who i• "'illinR: l.u fight ).;ui•. Ita rank& an SUed with people or all religion~. nalionahtie-. !Wllitieal tllad• (ell''-'PI th11 tlie-hard ~upporten1 or the pre>-wnr regimll). 0Yw half -.~ per <'('Ut at!' &·rbian. AOOm one-quarter IU'O ,._, a f.,. uf "·hom are e.ompany eummandcN. Thl'y dn·,~ ud l(bt likt~ tho ml'n, and endure the l>llme hnrd~hipH.

TH blllk of the army'• equipment 11'11.11 eaptured from tho ....,, allboqh 11 fe'lll' Parti!!an factorillf' are tnrning out mine-s . .-~M and lltllllll ammunition, ami Allied ouppliCH have now ..... \otriridl'in. Sincf'thcMtnyhll.lpracti .. a.llynoairforel' • .... o.r-.asdidn't needanti..airl'ra.l't weapon,.: and the Partisan• ban liU~ 1ritb whi~h to ward on: Ge1'1Dan air atta<"b. Thl'y ban 11 r .... aati·tank ~tun~ and a ~mnll numOOr of tank•. ~"'lwl 61wklU,rt~~pt!tn'tl •t.,..k. The army i~ moderott'ly 11tl'll N)UipJii:'<l wtU. ri11ea and emall nrm~, hut n•ry defleient in artillery. To ,.S their muimum lllh'l'th·enOI!I! in the wll.r, the l'nrtillnn8 Mill I!'YW]'tbing: plant'll. tank~, arnu. food. ml'dical •uppli;·•. amle~lotb.in,-.

Tbey wear a min~J eonJ{h>nwmtinn of g&rrnent~. What t&ailorm~ thl'y p.-..; haw i>e<•n eaptul"'ld Ol' J)il'ked up 1>00\f'-­

M: O.rman. Italian, l'~ta.<bi. llunlft,riAn. Bul~riau, pre-1n1r YIICOilav, ev"'n Ariti~h hnttl<l dr··~. In this pnWhed-up moth1y tU 1111.17 t.-.ueb io common ;,. the rod lh·(l.point«< ~t.ar in Ol'l'I'Y f'llnbl,a e.p. Tbt! ~~o~~mu star, addt><l to the old \'ugoAilll' 6"1."· ...- thel'arti..an Ha~. which i• fluwn with tholl(t of thn 1·ariou~ fi!Pou. Peopko takl' fur grauh'<l that the ~tar ill of RU!llliBn dlrinticm, and it i8 probably true: but one Partisan fighl•·r

~ =~~~~'-'~}h~~}~11n~~;t~\~~~;i:':d~i~t;~~;~ &.,. i\ is Uut nwminr star. llanira. "whieh ;~always red."

,..__nu .alari"• in thl' Pnrti'llln army. and no indueti .. n _...._ 'l'heal[t!limiti• Jl toG.S. Ht'!'ruil.ilover ISgt>ttwo lto.n'rilahutnlctionho•fnrelht•yarl•N'adyforaction;und{'r ll,...,.andrill«lfurthroow~k•. Offiel'l'l!,bowever,arotraiotd fir Wo JQOD.thl in 0011 nl seveTa.l militory ~ademie~~ 1'ito hu ....

THE DALHOUSIF. RE\TlEW

Casualties inea~itated for further flghtiuc an &Migned to do war ~~rork in their home village10, or to an organiu.tion ea.Ued ''Mili~ry For<lft in the RN.r." Very n!l!t'ntly. aeven.l thousand 110ldien and !!hiliallil han1 been <lent for recuperation t"l!aropa in the Middle Ea&t.

As a rull:'. the Partisane O¥t twiee a day. ~·ood iM "Very -··~-plenty of meat. but little brH.d and pvla~, no fall. sugar e>r oo!T('('. DurinK 110nu• of thl' t<:>ugb~t momt'nt.l, 'l'ito 1uod hw mldi<'n. h&H! •nb8i4ed on ra~~r meat, 11'&\e. and gi'a"''.

Once an Allied uml'er .-ith lht-m ha.-t to the f<•r 21 boW'> on three appl111. Whtu foOO runa N)fo('ially •h<~rt, thl' mNJ Not lint, tb~:>n the Oifo<'l'f'K, then thf' hid! rnmDl.L!Id.

On the mart'h, in battle. and at re-t, the Pnrti><1u1 anni('IO lli .g. Blood-l'urdlin~r I'ODI'!~ abou' 11·hat tb<>}' •ill do to the S"tuia; "<<D~ of lh<l futurt', about hu11· lh<·y willrt'build 'fulo(o­·bvia; topi~J .. on($\ike the onto a year a1:0 whi<-h ran ·o ChetnikJ. IIE!rYIIIllll of thelt.alillW!'. you l'am1ot S&"\'8 the llll.l.iau ra.tlnladt from d•..,tru•·tion:· Tht•y ~ing abvut Titu: "Comrade Titll, 0 \\'bite \'iolet, the whole ol our yrouth tollowa you:' Thei r fawllite i1 the old haunting Sla•'ic air. "Acy, !;la.-.. in •:in the depth of heU threaten~. 0 Slav•, you are 1till alivfl."

Euh Parti~an bripde !1~ it• <'haplllin~- ~lo..lem, JewiW., Ortbotlox. Catholie. The bearuf'd patrillN'hl mareh and fllt"hl WJtb th6 troop!'. .\t one point during thE" (ll'rUUln "lift}! o<T<!D...i.-e" 'rito, his Hilt"h Command. and four di\'iDollll ,.,-ere e<>mpletely en••if'f'led by <1'\'t'n German and flw! satellit.e di.-i­-·. ns. For a WN!k the eirel~ tight .. ol'd. 1'h<'n th<;> !ierbian prieot. \'ladimir Zeehevirb (no•· rnini~t .. r ~·( the inUorior). eoUI'etOO 6110wounded 11'"ho 11'E!m I\'Oi.ng 1.o di•· anyway and ouna~htld through the German linf'!t. P('rhafl"' this iu<'i<lent nplaiiU< the Par~n i•.>p.n: ''.\ hflud is 11'\~rth & tll·i~:a<h-.''

Although the battalion i~ the bll.•io: fhtl•ling unit. the IQCial un it is the «~mpany. ToJ I!IIL"h ('<)luJ)any. a~ well IIJi to larp:N and emaller unit>, i~ atta<.'hNI a puli!ii'!UI ~ •·ho rep~li the libt-ration mon•mt'llt ~a whole. not any parti~ular party, These om~ prHide at till' ''''"-'~ly me('t.ing of ~h oompany. 11t whieh Mmplaint• IU't' nired. po.>litieal and militllry rtralt'IQ· analyzed, and a thouli!Uld suhjO'('I• <li"<'n""-"ti. Al-o, bel'om11.11d after ~··t'ry battle, the N>mpany m,...t~ to enn;!•· in uplt.nation, ><UW'"tion, prai'l<:l or eritici~m of that partJ<'Ular action .

The cultural edueaticon <'om~nittN" .. J..dOO !Jy -b f'Ompany ...,,~ that e•·eryl.tody ran read an<l writ•·· pre]Jnre~< leetu"". di~tribute& 11·hat boob nre ayailal.fr. Somt toDIJJ&lliN ban theiro11•n monthly new-f>ap··r.: thcn·a.r~>h.a.tu, !ionaud divi•ioo

,.,_. 1111 RI. Efti"Yoae around li~tt'M avidly lo the daily ndio bu.lilotina. The avtnp Partio;an 110ldier ;,. f'I.'IDAI'kahly nl informed in f'OD~id~bl .. detail aa to event~ in thfl 1'\C~>I of Lh" ••>rh!. Tito hrn-lf h.,. a ~peri&l radio lf'nief> of th@ wwtd·~ l'n:-.: flll' on@ lhiD!l'- b~ kno•t;s e:raetly what has b+>en priatood in .\.ml'ril'a abnut Yu~"hl.\ia.

What i~ «<inl: •Jn in th~< arrny i1 in many way~ htLrdly dUtingui~hahle fmrn l'I"IL:tt i~ ~:oinr on awonrc ei•·ilia1111. And ill this Yu::olllla\ia i>t alm•,.\ uniqul'l. tor wu n•ual.ly hringa • •piritual rulf dil"idiaz thP lh:htil'lg mm from th• l>f'<'P"' a~ tteme. Thetul!. pro<luet .. ran im• .. itahlt• di~t•rity in c:rroen<'n<:>e whio.b aii'MM l'~ll tile rt~U~ot ima~utiw. ~ro ...,. ,. id••! ID th~ P(IIIDI"""' 'll"b.w.o· hattle lines an> f:~.Mhe,t away fro>Ul horn!' ~nil. It U aal"1'011"tr in ""'llnlri•.'IJ who..• a.nuie. llrbt un tlwlir ,,,.-n tlllri\Orio!ll. hslf'>Wth •·an I~· ehN"k....J hy ,olronJ;! unity of purpt><t'. ~a coal 10 •alu11.1:>l" and eumpt•llin~ that iL tra~ml4 Lhe ..._ bootw""'n <"ivilian 11.nd military e~{"·ril'Dl'l'. Ro far • Wartd War 11. t!w gulf i~ wrd~'><t in thl'l l'nil.-d ::>1-att'OI, 11ar!'U11'NLinH.usaia.

1-11 Yaroda•·ia"• l...iheratio.>n ruowment thl'n- H no ~piritual ruJlbM11'l'ol'Jl army and non-t.rmy. Tbl! ti•ilian populatiun h~ ..tr..t .. mllr"h, and in almv,t the t<aJUe w11y, a,; the filhtiu~ r--. Th""' it tht• tl~t inl<'rt'<Hln.8 betWI'eU lht·m. the ~ lliaularity in o>xpo•rio'tlte: there is id~ntity ut purpol8l'; aad t~ rh1ef ,..,...pon of huth i$ tlw •hining know!~ •!f ••hat th7 are. IQifltllill'l", fighting fnr. '•Death tu t'a"CL~m. Libtorty 14 &hel't'(lple" i• ali•·in!l"reality tu 10lrli<'l'i!llldl'i\ilian alikl'

Tltd b• ~tahlil.h..J. unin•,..J ~nffrago:o, and the ~n·rnm<·nt Nl'rieluo ito~wl>rk from the bt>ttom up. \ten aud "'ometa in die YiJlace dt'<"l di.<tri<'l rvmmitt- to gonom lorally. Th~ liiCIDin .... '""'"'fur repn«>ntatJ\"t'11 to ~onal oommitt0te. ~ wbona '-"'" ell!lt't..-1 del~t~ to thn date Muncil<c. The ,otatl' ~. "'""! rt"p~tatin!!l to the Kuional Courwil. a !all­_... bodJ' equival ... nt t.o CoDgn~S~ or the Briti.;,h P11.rlinment. "- National Co.>un<•il ei.!'Crt..i a kintl of Senatl'. at p~nt -..-1 uf 67 m..ro~ of 11>hieh I nn Uibar ;, pn!!<id11nt . ..... Na&icRW (~unril al .... eleo:-t1 a p~id<'nl, and liw• '~ ,...._.._~&.inrtbethe(ll'ineipalnationalgrou~. The .., - ill thl' ~n·rnml'nt -the Jl"l"ident, •iee-preaidenl.ii, ...._.~'lit all anti-fa>~ei~t furt'('!J in \'ugo.lnvia. Six .. Bcb6an. llv" '-"' ( 'roa.tian. tlln!e are Slm·enian. one Q Jlo,nian ... - U Monkt!P!Oin (he ia a Serbit~.~~ by nationality).

Alola« .;te Ulli''"'"' sufl'ra.t::"t'. Tito hu in~tituted 1tate lilllooltl wllieh adult• mu11t altend "ll"hen not actually figl1ting.

Then>l&alsoaal.lr.U' theatrewho&eaetor.;goou tour in t)Qlitical ~k~!<:'hOI ,.,. Wl•ll aa other p\aya. The Liberatiou monmwnt i• Urhting ilmnr11.11oo a~ bard a>< '\tui~. Jn ~~Cbool. pr- a.nd lheat.r(', in thll llol'my. in village and town. poop I I' &re learninjl,' hy exptorienee what unity and O•tuality Clll\ be liko. And they learn fa~t. By thill timo the poople of the Liberatiou Front are politically mature. Tb<ly know 11·hat f!Wli.Hm i~ and is not, and what liberty i~ a.nd is not. With eyes turne-d to the futuro, they intend to make Yu~s\·ia a soei&l. eeonomie and politieal dem~ra••y. They llJ"C prepa.rocl to eoopemte, and perhapti to fedt>rate. with other nations aiming at the same gual. A~ a ~t&rt, Tito i~ iu eou~taut touch witb libt'ration mO\ement& m Albania. Bulgaria, (;..-•u !llld Italy.

From th(' OO(rinninK the t•artisan movement h~ drnon n1ueh of it11 inspiration from the U.S.S.R. The Rus'lian militaJ"y tl.'('()rd hu brought joy and hop41 to tha Yugo11.lav@, and the t•roud knowled~rethat, in addition toflghtinRthe~az.illon tht>ir own nooouut. they were he.lpinll' Ru"'lia by kooping w many ,\xis foreftl away from the Ru..ian front. Yugo~l&\"1 {Sla.>t uf the South) have always Colt a doop kimhip 11·ith the SlaH in theKorth.

Hut it i~ not only that; the Parti,...ns know ho•• r;u~·fully 1ho Sovil't Union hu handiOO illl minority prol)lems-- a 1ital point in Yugollla1ia. They lmow also that the U.S.S.R. hu freNI Itu»Sia from IH!!!lern encr~l1ment. and that ib aim is to develop Hu~~iau rl)l!()ure(lll, human 1u well Ill material. for tht> ben .. Ht of the people tbewsehCi!. Ho~>·ever, Yugotil&\""11 are looking in other dir~tion~ too. In fact. they are lookinR aOOut Mfar.andufll.rahead,utheycan>IOO. Theyintendtobll.lW' their new OQ"<tem of K'J'·ernment on prinriplee derh·ed from the IWI'ernment~ or Switr.llrhmd, thll U.S.A. and the t.S.~ H. l"]) until a few yeiLTil l>efore the wa.r, Aml·rica I>'M tho prime IIOUI"t'@

of in~piration; but lhat rnther fadPd l>eeause of our cquin~eal forl'igTLJ)Qliey.

Tho P"'(lple's movement in Yugo~lavi.a ha;~ N•·ered quito• a lot of gn~und in th~ la1t throo yeara. it atartt'd from se.ratrh

a pei\Jlle. a leader and an idea. Thl.' idea. a very old one. hu fur eenturit!l'l Bhed lightl).(!ro!<H the lllrbul<'nt ··orld. bec>konin~e" man onward over broken ground, through dawn and throu1111 darkn-, throu~th cloud and through fear. ltillthecand.,.t, noble..tideahehuyeti'Oilceil•od:thellUentialkin~hip.equality andvalueofallhUJnanbt'ings. lnsofara.sapoopleandalender release and a.u,e:men~ eaeh other'" ltr(lllgt.h to draw ne.rer to the iden.theygointhedireetionofman'shighOIItpromi!lt'".llmlgin• new heart to those who 1lumble and falter along the way.