World History Study Guide

5101 World History

Student Guide

Unit 6

Unit 6 - Assignments

Daily AssignmentDay

5101 - World History

Date

Excelsior Charter Schools

www.excelsior.com

Read Chapter 13, Section 1, pages 406-410 in your textbook. Complete Workbook Chapter 13, Section 1, Primary Source. Complete Workbook, Chapter, Section 1 Quiz. Complete workbook Chapter 13, Section 1 Terms and Names.

11/24/2014

Read pages 411-415, in your textbook. Complete workbook - Chapter 13, section 2, Reteaching Activity. Complete workbook, Chapter 13, section 2, Guided Reading.

21/27/2014

Read pages 416-423 in your textbook. Complete Chapter 13, section 3 quiz in your workbook. Complete Chapter 13, section 3 Guided Reading in your workbook. Complete Chapter 13, section 3 Primary Source, The Zimmerman Note. Questions 1 and 2 only, in your workbook.

31/28/2014

Read pages 424-427 in your textbook. Complete Chapter 13, section 4 Reteaching Guide in your workbook. Complete Chapter 13, section 4 Guided Reading in your workbook.

41/29/2014

Complete Weekly Quiz in your workbook.51/30/2014

Start Chapter 14. read pages 433-439. Complete Chapter 14, section 1 quiz in your workbook. Complete the Chapter 14, section 1 Reteaching Activity in your workbook. Complete Chapter 14, section 1 History Makers.

61/31/2014

Read pages 440-447 in your textbook. Complete Chapter 14, section 2 Reteaching Activity in your workbook. Complete the Chapter 14, Section 2 Quiz in your workbook.

72/3/2014

Read pages 448-452 in your textbook. Complete Chapter 14, section 3 Quiz in your workbook. Complete Chapter 14, section 3 Reteaching Activity in your workbook.

82/4/2014

Read pages 453-457 in your textbook. Complete Chapter 14, section 4 quiz in your workbook. Complete Chapter 14. section 4 Reteaching Activity in your workbook.

92/5/2014

Complete your weekly quiz in your workbook.102/6/2014

Read Chapter 13 Chapters in Brief and complete the 5 questions at the end.112/7/2014

Complete Chapter 13 Bulding Vocabulary in your workbook.122/10/2014

Read Chapter 14 Summary, Chapters in Brief in your workbook and answer the 5 questions at the end.

132/11/2014

Complete Chapter 14 Building Vocabulary in your workbook.142/12/2014

Complete your Weekly quiz in your workbook.152/13/2014

Review all three weekly quizzes.162/18/2014

Take Unit Test172/19/2014

Printed 6/21/2013 @ 12:13:09 PM

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The Great War

Name Date

PRIMARY SOURCE The Murder of Archduke FranzFerdinandby Borijove Jevtic

On June 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary’s Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinatedby Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia. This excerpt from an eyewit-ness account by a fellow conspirator in the assassination plot explains why theattack took place, what happened during the attack, and how Princip, the 19-year-old Serbian assassin, was captured. Why did the Archduke’s plan to visitSarajevo on June 28 prompt such a violent response?

Section 1

The little clipping . . . declared that the AustrianArchduke Franz Ferdinand would visit

Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia, June 28, to directarmy maneuvers in the neighbouring mountains. . . .

How dared Franz Ferdinand, not only the rep-resentative of the oppressor but in his own personan arrogant tyrant, enter Sarajevo on that day?Such an entry was a studied insult.

June 28 is a date engraved deeply in the heartof every Serb. . . . It is the day on which the oldSerbian kingdom was conquered by the Turks atthe Battle of Amselfelde in 1389. It is also the dayon which in the second Balkan War the Serbianarms took glorious revenge on the Turk for his oldvictory and for the years of enslavement.

That was no day for Franz Ferdinand, the newoppressor, to venture to the very doors of Serbia fora display of the force of arms which kept usbeneath his heel.

Our decision was taken almost immediately.Death to the tyrant!

Then came the matter of arranging it. . . . Buthere Gavrilo Princip intervened. Princip is destinedto go down in Serbian history as one of her greatestheroes. . . .

The fateful morning dawned. . . .When Franz Ferdinand and his retinue . . .

passed Gabrinovic . . . he threw his grenade. It hitthe side of the car, but Franz Ferdinand with pres-ence of mind threw himself back and was uninjured.Several officers riding in his attendance wereinjured.

The cars sped to the town hall. . . . After thereception in the town hall General Potiorek, theAustrian commander, pleaded with Franz Ferdinandto leave the city, as it was seething with rebellion.The archduke was persuaded to drive the shortestway out of the city and to go quickly.

The road to the maneuvers was shaped like theletter V, making a sharp turn at the bridge over theRiver Nilgacka. Franz Ferdinand’s car . . . was forcedto slow down for the turn. Here Princip had takenhis stand.

As the car came abreast he stepped forward fromthe curb, drew his automatic pistol from his coat andfired two shots. The first struck the wife of the arch-duke, the Archduchess Sofia, in the abdomen. Shewas an expectant mother. She died instantly.

The second bullet struck the archduke close tothe heart.

He uttered only one word; ‘Sofia’—a call to hisstricken wife. Then his head fell back and he col-lapsed. He died almost instantly.

The officers seized Princip. They beat him overthe head with the flat of their swords. They knockedhim down, they kicked him, scraped the skin fromhis neck with the edges of their swords, torturedhim, all but killed him.

from Borijove Jevtic, “The Murder of Archduke FranzFerdinand at Sarajevo, 28 June 1914” in the New YorkWorld, 29 June 1924. Reprinted in John Carey, ed.,Eyewitness to History (New York: Avon, 1987), 441–443.

Activity Options1. Recognizing Point of View Draw an editorial

cartoon about the Archduke’s assassination fromthe point of view of a Serbian nationalist or a cit-izen of Austria-Hungary. Display your cartoon inthe classroom.

2. Writing for a Specific Purpose Write a news-paper headline about the assassination ofArchduke Franz Ferdinand and share it withyour classmates.

CHAPTER

13

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2

CHAPTER 13 THE GREAT WAR

Name ______________________________________________________________ Date ______________________

CHAPTER 13 Section 1 (pages 407–410)TERMS AND NAMESmilitarism Glorifying war andpreparing for itTriple Alliance Military agreementbetween Germany, Austria-Hungary,and ItalyKaiser Wilhelm II Emperor ofGermanyTriple Entente Military agreementamong Britain, France, and Russia

Marching Toward WarBEFORE YOU READ

In the last chapter, you read about political changesaround the globe.

In this section, you will learn about the First World War.

AS YOU READUse this chart to take notes on the causes of World War I.

Rising Tensions in Europe(pages 407–408)

Why didn’t peace last in Europe?Many people in Europe had joined groups to workfor peace. However, developments would soonlead Europe into war.

One of those developments was nationalism—adeep feeling of attachment to one’s own nation.This force helped unify the people of a country. Italso created competition between countries.

By 1900, six nations were rivals for power inEurope. These nations, called the Great Powers,were Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain,Russia, Italy, and France. They competed econom-ically, and they competed for neighboring land.

Imperialism was another force that helped leadto war. France and Germany were each seeking tocontrol of parts of Africa. They almost came to wartwice in the early 1900s. Mistrust was a hugeproblem.

The third factor leading to war was a growingarms race. Each country in Europe—except GreatBritain—built a large army. Glorifying war andpreparing for it is called militarism.

1. What were three factors leading to war?

World War I

Nationalism

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3

CHAPTER 13 SECTION 1

Tangled Alliances (pages 408–409)

What caused countries to fear one another?Growing rivalries led the nations to make militaryalliances. Prussia’s chancellor, Otto von Bismarck,feared that France would want revenge for itsdefeat in the Franco-Prussian War. He set out toisolate France. In 1879, he formed a TripleAlliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy. He alsosigned a treaty with Russia.

Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany did not want toshare power with Bismarck. He forced Bismarck toresign and followed his own foreign policy. He letthe agreement with Russia end. Russia soon allieditself with France. This alliance meant thatGermany would have to fight enemies on its east-ern and western borders if there were a war witheither country. Wilhelm II then moved to make theGerman navy larger.

Britain grew alarmed. It began to build moreships. It also entered into the Triple Ententealliance with France and Russia. The six GreatPowers had now formed two camps—Germany,Austria-Hungary, and Italy against Britain, France,and Russia.

2. What two groups of nations developed?

Crisis in the Balkans (pages 409–410)

What part did the Balkans play in the increasing tensions?Meanwhile, trouble was brewing in the Balkans, insoutheastern Europe. The Ottoman Empire con-trolled this area. But it was breaking apart. BothAustria-Hungary and Russia wanted some of thisland.

The kingdom of Serbia was also in this region.It wanted to bring other Slavic peoples who lived inthe Balkans under its control. In 1908, Austria-Hungary seized Bosnia and Herzegovina. Theselands had Slavic peoples. This action angered theSerbs. However, their Russian allies were unwillingto support them, and they backed down.

By 1914, the situation was different. Serbia hadgained land in other parts of the region and feltstrong. Austria worried that Serbia might interferewith its control of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

In June 1914, a Serbian killed Archduke FranzFerdinand, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.Russia came to Serbia’s defense. Soon most ofEurope was at war.

3. How were the Serbians involved in the start ofWorld War I?

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4

The Great War

Name Date

RETEACHING ACTIVITY Europe Plunges into WarSection 2

Reading Comprehension Find the name or term in the second column that bestmatches the description in the first column. Then write the letter of your answer(s) inthe blank.

____ 1. World War I alliance that included Great Britain,France, and Russia

____ 2. Alliance that included Germany, Austria-Hungary,and Italy

____ 3. Countries that composed the Central Powers at the start of the war

____ 4. Countries that composed the Allied Powers at the start of the war

____ 5. The region of France that became a bloody stalemate

____ 6. German battle strategy that called for a quickdefeat of France in the west and then attackingRussia in the east

____ 7. Battle strategy in which soldiers fought from deeppits dug into the earth

____ 8. New warship introduced by the Germans that used underwater missiles

____ 9. Stretch of battlefield along the German andRussian border

____10. New weapon that caused blindness, blisters, and choking

CHAPTER

13

A. Western Front

B. Triple Alliance

C. Eastern Front

D. poison gas

E. Germany, Austria-Hungary

F. trench warfare

G. submarine

H. Schlieffen Plan

I. Triple Entente

J. Great Britain, France,

and Russia

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5

Unit 4, Chapter 13

Name Date

GUIDED READING Europe Plunges into WarSection 2

A. Analyzing Causes and Recognizing Effects As you read this section, note theeffects of each of the actions or situations (causes) listed below.

B. Summarizing On the back of this paper, identify each of the following:

Schlieffen Plan Central Powers AlliesWestern Front trench warfare Eastern Front

CHAPTER

13

Causes Effects

1. Russia mobilizes along the German border.

2. Germany declares war on France.

3. The Allies defeat the Germans in the Battle of the Marne.

4. Machine guns, tanks, poison gas, and airplanes are used in battles along the Western Front.

5. Russian forces attack both Austria and Germany.

6. The Allies are unable to ship war supplies to Russia’s ports.

mwh10a-IDR-O413_P2 12/15/2003 11:25 AM Page 2

W History Un 6 Stu Guide

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7

The Great War

A. Following Chronological Order As you read about the effects of the war on coun-tries throughout the world, make notes to answer questions related to the time line.

Gallipoli campaign begins.

Germany announces a policy ofunrestricted submarine warfare.

British intercept the Zimmermann note.

United States enters the war.

Lenin seizes power in Russia.

Germany and Russia sign Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

Allies and Germans fight Second Battle of the Marne.

World War I ends.

B. Clarifying On the back of this paper, define or explain:

unrestricted submarine warfare total war rationing propaganda armistice

Name Date

GUIDED READING A Global ConflictSection 3

CHAPTER

13

Jan.1917

Feb.1917

April1917

Nov.1917

March1918

July1918

Nov.1918

1. What was the purpose of the Gallipoli campaign?

2. Why did the United States enter the war?

3. Why did the czar’s government collapse?

4. What did this treaty accomplish?

5. What was the significance of this battle?

6. What events signaled the final defeat of the Central Powers?

Feb.1915



8

The Great War

Name Date

PRIMARY SOURCE The Zimmermann NoteBerlin, January 19, 1917

On January 19, 1917, Arthur Zimmermann, the German foreign secretary, sentthe following coded telegram to the German ambassador in Mexico. British intel-ligence agents decoded the telegram and passed it on to the U.S. government.How do you think Americans reacted when this telegram was published onMarch 1?

Section 3

On the first of February we [Germany] intendto begin submarine warfare unrestricted. In

spite of this it is our intention to keep neutral theUnited States of America.

If this attempt is not successful we propose analliance on the following basis with Mexico: That weshall make war together and together make peace.We shall give general financial support, and it isunderstood that Mexico is to reconquer the lostterritory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. Thedetails are left for your settlement.

You are instructed to inform the President ofMexico of the above in the greatest confidence assoon as it is certain there will be an outbreak of warwith the United States, and we suggest that thePresident of Mexico on his own initiative shouldcommunicate with Japan suggesting adherence atonce to this plan; at the same time offer to mediatebetween Germany and Japan.

Please call to the attention of the President ofMexico that the employment of ruthless submarinewarfare now promises to compel England to makepeace in a few months.

Zimmermann.

from Henry Steele Commager, ed., Documents of AmericanHistory, vol. II, (New York: Crofts, 1947), 308.

Discussion QuestionsAnalyzing Issues1. According to this telegram, what did the German

government decide to begin on February 1, 1917?2. What did Zimmermann propose if the United

States went to war with Germany during WorldWar I?

3. Making Predictions If this telegram had notbeen intercepted by British agents, what do youthink might have happened? Cite evidence fromyour textbook to support your opinion.

CHAPTER

13

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9

The Great War

Name Date

RETEACHING ACTIVITY A Flawed PeaceSection 4

Sentence Completion Select the name or term that best completes the sentence.Write the name or term in the blank.

Fourteen Points Austria-Hungary war guilt clauseGreat Britain mandates OttomanLeague of Nations Palace of Versailles Woodrow WilsonFinland GermanyGeorges Clemenceau United Nations

1. Location of meetings to determine conditions of peace after World War I:

__________________________________________________________________________

2. Represented the United States at the Paris Peace Conference:

__________________________________________________________________________

3. Represented France at the Paris Peace Conference:

__________________________________________________________________________

4. Wilson’s proposal for achieving a just and lasting peace:

__________________________________________________________________________

5. Proposed international association whose job would be to keep peace among nations:

__________________________________________________________________________

6. Part of the Treaty of Versailles that placed responsibility for the war solely on Germany:

__________________________________________________________________________

7. Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia were formed from this empire:

__________________________________________________________________________

8. Palestine, Iraq, and Transjordan came under the control of this country:

__________________________________________________________________________

9. One nation, formerly part of Russia, that became independent:

__________________________________________________________________________

10. Term for postwar territories expected to be governed by the League of Nations:

__________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER

13

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10

Unit 4, Chapter 13

GUIDED READING A Flawed PeaceSection 4

A. Analyzing Issues As you read this section, take notes to answer the questions about the peace settlement that left many nations feeling betrayed.

B. Summarizing On the back of this paper, define or identify each of the following:

Woodrow Wilson Georges Clemenceauself-determination League of Nations

CHAPTER

13

Name Date

Wilson’s goal of achieving a just peace differed from the peace objectives of France and Britain.

1. What were the guiding principles of Wilson’s Fourteen Points?

2. What were the concerns and aims of France and Britain?

The legacy of Versailles was one of bitterness and loss.

6. Why did the United States reject the treaty?

7. How did this rejection affect the League of Nations?

8. Why did many countries feel bitter and cheated as a result of the treaty?

After heated debate and compromise, the Treaty of Versailles is signed.

3. In what ways did the treaty punish Germany?

4. How did the treaty change the world map?

5. How was Wilson’s Fourteenth Point incorporated into the treaty?



11

World History Unit 6 Student Guide

Name__________________________________________________ Date__________________

Day 5 Quiz

Words to Know: Define each word or name, and then form a sentence using the word or name.

Remember that when you define a word DO NOT use the word in the definition. Note: You are

responsible to know ALL words and names from you packet.

1. Militarism

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

2. Triple Alliance

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

3. Triple Entente

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

4. Central Powers

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

5. Allies

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

6. Western Front

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

7. Schlieffen Plan

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

8. Trench Warfare

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

9. Eastern Front

Definition: __________________________________________________________________


Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

10. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

11. Total War

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

12. Rationing

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

13. Propaganda

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

14. Armistice

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

15. Fourteen Points

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

16. Self-Determination

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

17. League of Nations

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

People and Places To Know: Describe the role of each person and name THREE significant facts

about them or what they have done. Name THREE significant facts about each place.

1. Woodrow Wilson

Role: ______________________________________________________________________

Three Facts: ________________________________________________________________


___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

2. Georges Clemenceau

Role: ______________________________________________________________________

Three Facts: ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

3. Treaty of Versailles

Three Facts: ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

4. Central Powers

Three Facts: ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

5. Kaiser Wilhelm II

Three Facts: ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

In Your Own Words:

1) In your opinion, which was most important influence in setting the stage for World War I-nationalism,

imperialism, militarism, or the alliance system? Explain.

._____________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

_

Multiple Choice:

1. Which THREE nations belonged to the Triple Entente?

a. Italy e. Greece

b. Serbia f. Germany

c. Russia g. Great Britain

d. France h. Austria-Hungary

2. Which THREE nations belonged to the Triple Alliance?

a. Italy e. Greece


World History Unit 6 Student Guide c. Russia g. Great Britain


3. Which nation annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908?

a. Italy e. Greece




4. Which TWO non-Balkan nations competed for dominance of the Balkans?

a. Italy e. Greece




5. Which nation greatly regretted its loss of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany in 1870?

a. Italy e. Greece




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14

Revolution and Nationalism

Name Date

RETEACHING ACTIVITY Revolutions in RussiaSection 1

CHAPTER

14

Reading Comprehension Find the name or term in the second column that bestmatches the description in the first column. Then write the letter of your answer(s) inthe blank.

____ 1. Czar who turned Russia into a police state

____ 2. Under Russian Marxism, the group of workers who wouldrule the country

____ 3. Radical Marxist group willing to sacrifice everything forchange

____ 4. Main leader of the Bolsheviks

____ 5. Another name for the Revolution of 1905 in St.Petersburg

____ 6. Alleged healer who Czarina Alexandra allowed to makedecisions in Nicholas II’s absence

____ 7. Another term for temporary government

____ 8. In Russia, local councils consisting of workers, peasants,and soldiers

____ 9. Revolutionary leader who commanded the Bolshevik Red Army

____10. New name for the Bolsheviks after the revolution

A. Bloody Sunday

B. Bolsheviks

C. provisional government

D. Soviets

E. Leon Trotsky

F. Lenin

G. Communist Party

H. Alexander III

I. Rasputin

J. proletariat



15

Vladimir Lenin was one of the century’s mostimportant leaders. Unhappy and disillusioned

with the Russian monarchy, he led a group calledthe Bolsheviks in a revolution that gave him controlof the largest nation in the world.

Born in 1870, Lenin was raised by two educatedparents in a happy family. He showed intelligenceand skill with classical languages. While in histeens, two shocks jolted his world. First, his fatherwas threatened with losing his job by the govern-ment. Second, Lenin’s older brother was hangedfor conspiring against the czar. Within two years,Lenin had read the work of Karl Marx and believedthat Russia needed a Communist revolution.

Lenin then began to write and to recruit newfollowers. He was arrested and served 15 months inprison followed by three years of exile in Siberia.When that ended in 1900, he traveled abroad,where he spent much of the next 17 years. Duringthis time, he sharpened his ideas about Marxism.

Marxism said that industrial workers, called theproletariat, were in a struggle against capitalists, thepeople that owned businesses. Eventually, Marxsaid, the workers would overthrow the capitalistsand form a new society called communism. However,Russia consisted mainly of peasants and only had asmall number of industrial workers. Marxists won-dered how a workers’ revolution could occur.

Lenin saw the role of the party as essential, andhis group became known as the Bolsheviks. TheBolsheviks, he said, would lead the people to therevolution they needed. However, many Marxistsfound it difficult to accept Lenin’s iron rule. In 1912,he forced those who disagreed with him out of theparty.

World War I brought another crisis. Communistsall over Europe ignored class loyalty and chose tofight for their country instead. They joined theirnations’ armies to fight each other—not the capital-ists. Lenin said that the war would help capitalistsprofit while workers suffered. He urged thatCommunists “transform the imperialist war into acivil war.”

As the war continued, the Russian people suf-fered terribly. In March 1917, hungry, angry workersand soldiers overthrew the czar. Lenin and his sup-porters won permission from Germany to travelthrough German lands back to Russia.

Lenin accepted the new temporary governmentbut said that it was not revolutionary enough. Heurged that power go to the soviets, which werecouncils of workers set up in many cities. His posi-tion grew dangerous. He was branded a Germanagent and was forced to live in hiding in Finland.From that base, he issued a stream of writings urgingimmediate Russian withdrawal from the war andfor the government to give land and bread to thepeople. These cries gained popularity. In lateOctober, he returned to Russia, disguised for hissafety. He persuaded the party’s leaders that it wastime to overthrow the provisional government butwatched with alarm as no steps were taken. Finally,on November 7, 1917, the Bolsheviks overthrewthe temporary government. The soviets chose the47-year-old Lenin as their leader.

Lenin quickly made peace with Germany, givingup large chunks of Russian territory. A civil war,though, still raged in Russia between the Bolsheviksand their opponents. However, Lenin’s leadershipensured that the new government would survive.

With peace came the question of how to rule thenew state. The country was named the Union ofSoviet Socialist Republics, and the Bolsheviksrenamed themselves the Communist Party. In Lenin’slast years, he struggled to prevent Stalin from gainingpower. Lenin became ill and died in 1924.

Questions1. Drawing Conclusions What is the danger of

Lenin’s idea of party leadership?2. Making Inferences Why did the Germans allow

Lenin and his associates to return to Russia?3. Determining Main Ideas What obstacles did

Lenin have to overcome to achieve his revolution?

HISTORYMAKERS Vladimir LeninRussian Revolutionary

“There is no other man who is absorbed by the revolution twenty-four hours aday, who has no other thoughts but the thought of revolution, and who evenwhen he sleeps, dreams of nothing but revolution.”—another Communist,speaking of Lenin

Unit 4, Chapter 14

Name Date

Section 1

CHAPTER

14



16

Unit 4, Chapter 14

Name Date

RETEACHING ACTIVITY TotalitarianismCase Study: Stalinist Russia

Section 2

CHAPTER

14

Multiple Choice Choose the best answer for each item. Write the letter of your answer in the blank.

____ 1. Lenin’s successor, who worked to controlevery aspect of life in the Soviet Union,wasa. Joseph Stalin.b. Leon Trotsky.c. Nicholas II.d. Rasputin.

____ 2. A government that takes total, centralizedcontrol over all aspects of public and pri-vate life is an example ofa. dictatorship.b. monarchy.c. totalitarianism.d. socialism.

____ 3. Totalitarian leaders used all of the follow-ing methods of control excepta. propaganda.b. indoctrination.c. censorship.d. free elections.

____ 4. Stalin’s campaign of terror designed toeliminate anyone who threatened hispower was calleda. a pogram.b. the Great Purge.c. the Terror.d. the Russian Revolution.

____ 5. A group of officially-sponsored atheistswho spread propaganda attacking religionwas thea. Bolshevik Party.b. Red Army.c. Great Purge.d. League of the Militant Godless.

____ 6. A system in which the government makesall economic decisions is called a. a command economy.b. a dictatorship.c. a totalitarian economy.d. communism.

____ 7. Stalin’s proposals for the development ofthe Soviet Union’s economy were calleda. economic blueprints.b. Ten-Year Plans.c. Five-Year Plans.d. command economics.

____ 8. The agricultural revolution in the USSRcombined privately-owned farms intolarge, government-owned farms calleda. communist collectives.b. collective farms.c. experimental farms.d. plantations.



17

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19


Name Date

RETEACHING ACTIVITY Imperial China CollapsesSection 3

Clarifying Write T in the blank if the statement is true. If the statement is false, writeF in the blank and then write the corrected statement on the line below it.

____ 1. In the early 1900s, China experienced an inner conflict between modernization and adhering to the traditional ways.

__________________________________________________________________________

____ 2. The Kuomintang, or Nationalist Party, was against modernization and nationalization.

__________________________________________________________________________

____ 3. As president of the new republic, Sun Yixian wanted to increase foreign control in the county, support democracy, and ensure economic security for all Chinese people.

__________________________________________________________________________

____ 4. The May Fourth Movement was a reaction against the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, in which Allied leaders gave Japan territories China had expected to receive.

__________________________________________________________________________

____ 5. Mao Zedong was one of the founders of the Chinese Communist Party.

__________________________________________________________________________

____ 6. Sun Yixian and the Communist Party set up a government in south China.

__________________________________________________________________________

____ 7. Jiang Jieshi headed the Kuomintang after Sun Yixian died in 1925.

__________________________________________________________________________

____ 8. Mao Zedong became president of the Nationalist Republic of China in 1928.

__________________________________________________________________________

____ 9. The “Long March” refers to the 6,000-mile flight of the Chinese Communists from the Nationalist forces

__________________________________________________________________________

____10. The Japanese invasion of China forced a temporary truce between Mao’s and Jiang’s forces.

__________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER

14



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21

Unit 4, Chapter 14

Name Date

RETEACHING ACTIVITY Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia

Section 4

Sentence Completion Select the name or term that best completes the sentence.Write the name or term in the blank.

Amritsar Massacre Indian National CongressSalt March civil disobedienceMustafa Kemal Rowlatt ActsGovernment of India Act Reza Shah PahlaviAbd al-Aziz Ibn Saud Mohandas K. GandhiMuslim League

1. Two groups committed to ridding India of foreign rule: ______________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

2. Laws passed by Britain that allowed the government to jail Indian protesters

without trial for as long as two years: ____________________________________________

3. The killing of nearly 400 Indians who were protesting the Rowlatt Acts:

__________________________________________________________________________

4. Leader of the independence movement in India: __________________________________

5. The deliberate and public refusal to obey an unjust law: ____________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

6. Peaceful protest march to the seacoast led by Gandhi: ________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

7. 1935 law that provided for limited democratic elections but not total independence

in India: ____________________________________________________________________

8. Brilliant commander who led Turkish nationalists in fighting back the Greeks and

their British backers: __________________________________________________________

9. Persian leader who changed the country’s name to Iran: ____________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

10. Member of a once-powerful Arabian family who began a campaign to

unify Arabia: ________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER

14



22


Name__________________________________________________ Date__________________

Day 10 Quiz




1. Proletariat

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

2. Provisional Government

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

3. Soviets

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

4. Communist Party

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

5. Totalitarianism

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

6. Great Purge

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

7. Command Economy

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

8. Five-Year Plans

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

9. Collective Farms

Definition: __________________________________________________________________


Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

10. May Fourth Movement

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

11. Rowlatt Acts

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

12. Civil Disobedience

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

13. Salt March

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________



1. Mustafa Kemal

Role: ______________________________________________________________________

Three Facts: ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

2. Mohandas k. Ghandi

Role: ______________________________________________________________________

Three Facts: ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

3. Amritsar Massacre

Three Facts: ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

4. Long March

Three Facts: ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

5. Jiang Jieshi

Three Facts: ________________________________________________________________


___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

6. Mao Zedong

Three Facts: ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

7. Sun Yixian

Three Facts: ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

8. Kuomintang

Three Facts: ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

9. Joseph Stalin

Three Facts: ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

10. Rasputin

Three Facts: ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

11. Lenin

Three Facts: ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

12. Bolsheviks

Three Facts: ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

In Your Own Words:

1) Why did the Bolshevik Revolution succeed after earlier revolutions had failed?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________


Matching:

Select the letter of the term, name, or phrase that best matches each description. Note: Some letters may

not be used at all. Some may be used more than once.

a. soviet

b. Duma

c. pogrom

d. Rasputin

e. Karl Marx

f. Lenin

g. Nicholas II

h. Bolsheviks

i. Mensheviks

j. Sergey Witte

k. World War I

l. Alexander III

m. Bloody Sunday

n. Russo-Japanese War

o. Trans-Siberian Railway

p. provisional government

q. March Revolution (1917)

r. New Economic Policy (NEP)

1. This was Russia's first parliament.

2. He was the last Romanov czar of Russia.

3. He was the major leader of the Bolsheviks.

4. This is another name for the Revolution of 1905.

5. This was overthrown by the Bolshevik Revolution.

6. This group masterminded the revolution in November 1917.

7. This type of organized violence against Jews was encouraged by Alexander III.

8. This man's influence on Czarina Alexandra led a group of Russian nobles to murder him.

9. This general uprising forced the czar to abdicate.

10. For Russia, this ended with the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which cost Russia a large chunk of

territory.

11. This was the influential local council of workers, peasants, and soldiers, formed by social revolutionaries

in cities such as Petrograd.

12. After the assassination of this man's reform-minded father by revolutionaries, he determined to strengthen

"autocracy, orthodoxy, and nationality" in Russia.

The Great War

Name Date

CHAPTERS IN BRIEF The Great War, 1914–1918CHAPTER OVERVIEW Strong national feelings and strong armies produced com-petition between European nations and led to war. The system of alliancesturned a local conflict into a general European war and then a world war.Horribly brutal, it changed the lives of millions and transformed Russia when ithelped cause a revolution.

Summary

Marching Toward WarKEY IDEA In Europe, military buildup, nationalistic feel-ings, and rival alliances led to a continental war.

In the later 1800s, many people in Europe joinedgroups to promote peace. They met several

times between 1843 and 1907 to urge their cause.While this movement for peace was building, sowere other developments. These other factorswould soon plunge Europe into war.

One of those factors was nationalism—the deepfeeling of attachment to one’s own nation. Thisforce helped unify the people of a country. It alsohelped promote competition between countries. By1900, six nations were rivals for power in Europe.These nations, called the Great Powers, wereGermany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia,Italy, and France. They competed economically,and they competed for neighboring land.

Imperialism was another force that helped leadto war. France and Germany, each seeking controlof parts of Africa, almost came to war twice in theearly 1900s. Such competition bred mistrust.

The third factor leading to war was a growingarms race. Each country in Europe—except GreatBritain—built a large army. Generals in each countrymade complex plans to be able to mobilize theirarmies or rush troops to battle as quickly as possible.

Growing rivalry led the nations to make allianceswith one another. Fearing that France would wantrevenge for its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War,Otto von Bismarck set out to isolate France. In1879, he formed a Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy, and a treaty with Russia.However, when Wilhelm II became kaiser, oremperor, of Germany, he did not want to sharepower. He forced Bismarck out and followed hisown policy. He let the agreement with Russiaexpire, and Russia quickly allied itself with France.This alliance meant that Germany would have tofight enemies on east and west borders if there werea war with either country. Wilhelm II then moved tomake the German navy larger. Britain grew alarmed

and began to build more ships of its own. It made aTriple Entente alliance with France and Russia. Thesix Great Powers had now formed two camps:Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy against Britain,France, and Russia.

Meanwhile, trouble was brewing in the Balkans,in southeastern Europe. The Ottoman Empire,which controlled this area, was breaking apart.Both Austria-Hungary and Russia wanted some ofthis land. The kingdom of Serbia, which was in thisregion, wanted to bring other Slavic peoples wholived in the Balkans under its control. In 1908,Austria-Hungary seized Bosnia and Herzegovina.These lands had Slavic peoples, and the Serbs wereangered. However, their Russian allies were unwill-ing to support them, and they backed down.

By 1914, the situation was different. Serbia hadgained land in other parts of the region and feltstrong. Austria worried that Serbia might interferewith its control of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Amidthese tensions, a shot rang out. In June 1914, aSerbian shot and killed the heir to the throne ofAustria-Hungary. Austria-Hungary declared war onSerbia, Russia came to Serbia’s defense, and soonmost of Europe was at war.

Europe Plunges into WarKEY IDEA One European nation after another wasdrawn into a large and industrialized war that resulted inmany casualties.

The system of alliances turned the war betweenAustria-Hungary and Serbia into a wider war.

Russia moved against Austria-Hungary. Figuringthat Germany would support Austria-Hungary,Russia moved troops against Germany as well.Germany declared war on Russia. Soon after, it alsodeclared war on France, Russia’s ally.

Germany had a plan for winning the war on twofronts. It called for a rapid push through France, aquick defeat of that nation, and a turn to face Russiain the east. To capture France quickly, Germany

CHAPTER

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Unit 4, Chapter 13

moved through Belgium, which was a neutral coun-try. Britain was outraged by this and declared waron Germany. France, Britain, and Russia were laterjoined by Italy, which broke from Germany andAustria-Hungary. They were called the Allies.Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire joined Germanyand Austria-Hungary. They were called the CentralPowers.

After the German army moved almost to Paris,French defenses strengthened and stopped them inSeptember 1914. Both sides became bogged downin a bloody conflict. Soldiers dug deep trenches intothe ground, protecting themselves with barbed wireand machine guns. Inside the trenches, they lived inmud, suffered the lack of food, and were killed orwounded by exploding bombs. Attacks were evenworse. Generals still hoped to win ground withmassed attacks of huge armies. But, when soldiersleft the trenches to storm enemy lines, they facedpowerful weapons. Machine guns, tanks, poison gas,and larger pieces of artillery killed hundreds ofthousands of soldiers. This was the war in France,which was called the Western Front.

The war on the Eastern Front showed moremovement at first—but it was equally destructive.Russian armies attacked both Germany andAustria-Hungary. After some early success, theywere driven back in both places. One reason wasthat Russia did not have a fully industrial economy.It could not keep troops supplied. Still, Russia hada huge population and could send millions to war.The large Russian army provided a constant threatto Germany, preventing it from putting its fullresources against the allies in the west.

A Global ConflictKEY IDEA World War I spread to several continents andused the full resources of many governments.

The war moved into Southwest Asia when theAllies hoped to take a part of the Ottoman

Empire called the Dardanelles. That would allowthem to capture Constantinople—the Ottomancapital—and send supplies to Russia through theBlack Sea. The attack failed with great loss of life.In another thrust at that empire, a British officernamed T. E. Lawrence helped lead an Arab revoltagainst Ottoman rule. As a result, the Allies wereable to capture several important cities inSouthwest Asia.

Japan took German colonies in China and thePacific Ocean. The Allies also captured three of thefour German colonies in Africa. People in the Allies’colonies joined in the war effort. Some worked forthe Allied cause. Others fought in the armies.

The British had used their strong navy to blockall supplies from reaching Germany. In response,the Germans increased their submarine attacks onships that brought food and supplies to the Allies.U.S. President Woodrow Wilson had protested thispolicy before, and did so again. When Americanships were sunk, the American people grew angry.Then the British intercepted a secret message fromGermany to Mexico. It offered to help Mexicoregain land lost to the United States in the 1840s ifMexico allied itself with Germany. This and thesubmarine attacks turned many Americans againstGermany. In April 1917, Congress declared war onGermany.

By that year, the war had had a terrible impact,killing millions and radically changing the lives ofmillions more—people at home as well as soldiers.This “Great War,” as it was called, was a total war.It demanded all the resources of the countries thatfought it. Governments took control of factories,telling them what to produce and how much of it tomake. Governments rationed food and other goods,limiting how much people could buy and hold.That way they were sure to provide needed suppliesto the armies in the field. They used propaganda togenerate support for the war. They also took stepsto put down any dissent against the war.

With so many men in the field, women played agrowing role in the economies of the countries atwar. They worked in factories, offices, and shops.They built planes and tanks, grew food and madeclothing. These changes had an impact on people’sattitudes toward what kind of work women could do.

In 1917, the United States entered the war, andRussia left it. Suffering during the war chippedaway at the Russian people’s support for the czar.In March, he stepped down. The new governmenthoped to continue fighting the war, but the Russianarmies refused. Just months later, a new revolutionstruck. Communists seized Russia’s government.They quickly made a treaty with Germany, givingup huge amounts of land in return for peace. InMarch 1918, Germany tried one final attack. Onceagain, the German army nearly reached Paris. Thesoldiers were tired, and supplies were short, though.

Name The Great War continued

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The Great War

The Allies—now with fresh American troops—drove the Germans back.

Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire surrendered.In October, a revolution toppled the emperor ofAustria-Hungary. In November, Kaiser Wilhelm IIwas forced to step down in Germany. The new gov-ernment agreed to stop fighting, and on November11, 1918, Europe was finally at peace.

The war had made a great and terrible mark onthe world. About 8.5 million soldiers had died andanother 21 million had been wounded. Countlesscivilians had suffered as well. The economies of thewarring nations had suffered serious damage, too.Farms were destroyed and factories ruined. Oneestimate said the war had caused $338 billion indamage.

Along with this death and destruction, the warhad an emotional cost. People felt disillusionedsince all the suffering did not seem to have a pur-pose. The art and literature of the years after thewar reflected a new sense of hopelessness in people.

A Flawed PeaceKEY IDEA After winning the war, the Allies dictated aharsh peace that left many nations feeling betrayed.

Many nations sent delegates to peace talks inParis. The main leaders were Woodrow

Wilson of the United States, Georges Clemenceauof France, and David Lloyd George of Britain.Germany and its allies and Russia were not present.

Wilson pushed for his peace plan called theFourteen Points. He wanted to end secret treatiesand alliances and give people the right to formtheir own nation. He also hoped to set up a worldorganization that could police the actions of nationsand prevent future wars.

Britain and especially France had different views.They had suffered greatly in the war and wanted topunish Germany. After long debates, the leadersfinally agreed on a peace settlement called theTreaty of Versailles.

The treaty called for a League of Nations—theworld organization that Wilson wanted. It wouldinclude 32 nations, with the United States, Britain,France, Japan, and Italy making up the leadership.Germany and Russia were left out of the League.The treaty took away German land in Europe andtook away its colonies. Limits were placed on thesize of Germany’s armed forces. Finally, Germany

was given complete blame for the war, whichmeant it would have to make payments to the Alliesfor the damage caused.

Germany’s former colonies were given to theAllies to govern until they decided which were readyfor independence. Poland, Czechoslovakia, andYugoslavia were all declared independent. Finland,Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania—once part ofRussia—were made independent nations as well.The Ottoman Empire was broken up. The Ottomanskept control only of Turkey.

The treaty never made a lasting peace. This wasin part because the United States Senate neverapproved either the treaty or joining the League ofNations. Also, Germans bitterly resented the treaty,which placed all the blame for the war on them.Colonial peoples in Africa and Asia had hoped thatthey could win their independence. They were angrywhen the treaty did not allow for that. Japan andItaly were also upset with the treaty. They had bothjoined the war in hopes of winning more land andwere disappointed by getting few territorial gains.

ReviewAnalyzing Causes and Recognizing Effects1. What factors led to World War I?2. Why did a revolution occur in Russia?3. Summarizing What was the war like on the

Western Front?4. Analyzing Issues How did the war change the

countries that fought it?5. Forming and Supporting Opinions Discuss

the weaknesses of the Treaty of Versailles.

Name The Great War continued

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The Great War

Name Date

BUILDING VOCABULARY The Great War CHAPTER

13

____ 1. militarism

____ 2. Western Front

____ 3. Eastern Front

____ 4. trench warfare

____ 5. propaganda

____ 6. total war

____ 7. rationing

____ 8. Fourteen Points

a. the battlefields of northern France in World War I

b. system in which a government limits the amounts of itemspeople can buy

c. Wilson’s plan for achieving a just and lasting peace after World War I

d. a type of warfare in which opposing armies fight each otherfrom parallel trenches

e. a stretch of battlefield along the German and Russian border in World War I

f. war in which countries devote all their resources to the war effort

g. policy of glorifying war and keeping an army prepared for war

h. one-sided information designed to persuade

A. Matching Match the description in the second column with the term or name in the first column. Write the appropriate letter next to the word.

B. Completion Select the term or name that best completes the sentence.

C. Writing Write a paragraph summarizing the causes of World War I and identifying the two sides using the following terms.

Kaiser Wilhelm IISchlieffen Plan

armisticeWoodrow Wilson

Georges Clemenceauself-determination

Treaty of VersaillesLeague of Nations

Triple Alliance Triple Entente Central Powers Allies

1. The President of the United States during World War I was .

2. The guiding principle behind the Fourteen Points was , which meant allowing people to decide for themselves under what government they wished to live.

3. The was an international association whose goal was to keep peace among nations.

4. The harsh peace settlement dictated by the Allies at the end of World War I was the .

5. An agreement to stop fighting is called an

6. The German battle strategy that called for attacking and defeating France in the west and then rushing east to fight Russia was called the .



28


Name Date

CHAPTERS IN BRIEF Revolution and Nationalism,1900–1939

CHAPTER OVERVIEW Old problems in Russia produced a revolution that resultedin the first Communist government. Joseph Stalin took control of the SovietUnion and became a dictator. Nationalists tried to gain control of China, but thecountry was plunged into decades of fighting. Nationalists pushed for self-government in India and won that right in Turkey, Iran, and Saudi Arabia.

Summary

Revolutions in RussiaKEY IDEA Unrest in Russia erupted in revolution to produce the first Communist government.

In 1881, reforms in Russia stopped when the czarwas killed by radical students. The new czar,

Alexander III, took back control of the Russian gov-ernment. He cracked down on anyone who seemedto threaten his government. He also oppressed allnon-Russian peoples who lived within the Russianempire, especially Jews.

In 1894, his son Nicholas II became czar andcontinued the strong rule. He launched a programaimed at building up Russia’s industry. Russiaquickly became a leading producer of steel in theworld. However, this rapid industrial growthbrought problems. Working conditions were poor,wages were low, and children were forced to work.Workers grew angry and often went on strike.Revolutionary groups wanted to topple the govern-ment. Some followed the teachings of Karl Marx.In 1903, they argued about how to carry out theirrevolution, and they split into two groups. Onegroup—the Bolsheviks—was led by VladimirLenin. He fled Russia a few years later to await abetter time to push his ideas.

Russia suffered a huge defeat at the hands ofJapan in a war that started in 1904. In early 1905,the Russian army killed hundreds of hungry work-ers who had peacefully gathered to ask for relief.Strikes spread in protest, and Nicholas was forcedto allow some reforms to take place.

The suffering caused by World War I was thefinal blow against the czar’s rule. In just the firstfew months of war, Russia had four million soldierskilled, wounded, or captured. As the war worsened,the czar lost control of Russia. Soldiers refused tofight, prices shot sky high, and people starved. InMarch 1917, almost 200,000 workers took to the

streets of one city to protest high prices. Soldiersshot into the crowd. Later they fired at theirofficers and joined the protest. The czar was forcedto step down. A year later, he and his family wereexecuted. A government led by AlexanderKerensky was formed.

Kerensky hoped to keep Russia in the war. Thedecision cost him the support of soldiers whowanted to fight no longer and workers and peasantswho wanted an end to food shortages. Across thecountry these forces formed local councils calledsoviets. In some cities, the soviets actually hadmore real power than the government.

In the midst of this unrest, Lenin returned toRussia determined to bring about his revolution.His slogan “Peace, Land, and Bread” was soontaken up by many people. In November 1917,armed workers took control of government offices.The Kerensky reign was ended.

To win the peasants’ support, Lenin ordered allfarmland be given to them. Workers were givencontrol of the factories. Soon Lenin agreed to apeace treaty with Germany. It gave away largeamounts of Russian land, but it ended the war.Then, forces opposed to Lenin’s revolution—sup-ported by the Allies who fought Germany—tried todefeat Lenin’s army in battle. The civil war lastedthree years. The fighting and the famine that fol-lowed it killed 15 million Russians. In the end,though, Lenin’s Red Army won.

In 1921, Lenin launched a new plan to rebuildthe Russian economy. It allowed for some privateownership of property, relaxing Lenin’s desire forcomplete state control. He also changed the gov-ernment to form a new nation—the Soviet Union.It would be run by the leaders of the CommunistParty. By the late 1920s, the Soviet economy hadcome back. Farms and factories were producing asmuch as they had before World War I.

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Unit 4, Chapter 14

TotalitarianismCase Study: Stalinist Russia

KEY IDEA After Lenin died, Stalin seized power andtransformed the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state.

The term totalitarian describes a governmentthat takes complete control over all parts of life

in a country. This includes both public and privatelife. To keep everything under control totalitariangovernments use several tactics. These include:police terror, propaganda, and persecution. Thecase study uses Joseph Stalin and Russia to showhow a totalitarian state operates.

Joseph Stalin joined Lenin’s revolutionary movement. Over time, he slowly built up his power.When Lenin died in 1924, Stalin took control of theCommunist Party. He was less interested thanLenin in promoting revolution around the world.He wanted to increase the power of the SovietUnion. To achieve that, he built a totalitarian state.Government had total control over its people’s lives.

Stalin kept tight control by creating a powerfulsecret police. In the mid-1930s, he turned againstenemies—both real and imagined—within theCommunist Party. Thousands were arrested andsent to exile or killed. Stalin also used propagandato keep control. Official literature praised the govern-ment and its success. Any writings that expressed adifferent view were seized and their authors pun-ished. Stalin’s government also moved against reli-gion. Churches were destroyed, and church leaderskilled or sent into exile.

Stalin built a command economy—one in whichthe government makes all decisions of economiclife. He pushed to complete the work of makingthe economy fully industrial. All resources weredevoted to this effort. As a result, the Soviet peoplelacked food, housing, and clothing for many years.The plan did not meet Stalin’s goals, but the indus-trial part of the economy did grow.

Stalin also launched a farming revolution. Thegovernment took control of the farms that peopleowned. It put them together in large, government-owned farms called collective farms. When peasantsresisted, millions were killed, and millions morewere sent to Siberia. With these brutal methods,Stalin got farm output to rise.

Stalin completely changed Soviet society. Womenenjoyed equal rights—though rights were few. Theyfilled all kinds of jobs on the farms and in factories.

They studied for careers that had been closed tothem before. People in general were more educated.

Imperial China CollapsesKEY IDEA After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, nationalistsand communists struggled for power.

Unrest also plagued China. Many Chineseresented the great control that foreign nations

had over their economy. Some wanted to modernizeChina so it could regain power. One of the leadersof this push was Sun Yixian. His group was calledthe Kuomintang, or Nationalist Party. In 1912, heled a revolt that toppled the Qing Dynasty and wasmade the president of the new republic.

Sun had three main principles. He wantedpolitical and economic rights for all Chinese peopleand an end to foreign control of China. Sun turnedover his presidency six weeks later to Yuan Shikai,who became a military dictator. After Yuan died in1916, civil war broke out. The people suffered ter-ribly from famine and brutal attacks. Sun could notreorganize his Kuomintang.

China’s leaders hoped to win the support of theAllies during World War I. They declared war onGermany. When the war ended, though, they weredisappointed. Instead of giving China freedomfrom foreign influence, the Treaty of Versaillesmerely changed masters. The parts of China thathad been controlled by Germany were handed overto Japan. Angry Chinese protested.

In the 1920s, rebels began to look to Marxismand the Russian Revolution for a solution to China’sproblems. The Communist Party in China wasorganized. One of the leaders was Mao Zedong.The Communists joined with the Kuomintang. Sundied in 1925, and Jiang Jieshi became leader of theKuomintang. Many in the party were business peo-ple. They now feared Communist ideas about gov-ernment control of economic life. Jiang agreed withthem.

Jiang did not move against the Communists atfirst. In 1927, though, his forces struck againstthem. Only a few Communists survived, and theywere forced into hiding. In 1928, Jiang becamepresident of China. Soon China was torn by a civilwar between the remaining Communists andJiang’s forces.

The Communists, under Mao Zedong, movedto south-central China. They built an army of peas-

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ants that struck quickly against Jiang’s forces. In1933, Jiang’s army completely surrounded them.But the Communists sneaked away on a famousLong March of 6,000 miles to the north. Thousandsdied, but the Communists survived, hiding in caves.

At the same time, China had other problems. In1931, Japan invaded the part of China calledManchuria. They took control there and six yearslater began a new invasion of other areas. Theywere able to quickly seize large parts of the country.With this new threat, Jiang and the Communistsagreed to join together to fight the Japanese.

Nationalism in India andSouthwest Asia

KEY IDEA Nationalism triggered independence move-ments to overthrow colonial power.

Many Indians of the upper classes were edu-cated in British schools. They learned the

Western ideals of nationalism and democracy. Theyalso grew angry at British domination of Indian life.Some formed into two groups, the Congress Partyand the Muslim League.

More than a million Indians served in theBritish army in World War I. The British promisedto make changes to the government of India thatwould give the Indian people greater control oftheir own nation. After the war, though, returningIndian soldiers were once again treated as second-class citizens. Reforms were not made. WhenIndians protested, the British Parliament passed alaw that allowed protesters to be jailed without atrial. Indians were further enraged. About 10,000Indians gathered to protest this act. The Britishhad also banned such public meetings, but thecrowd was mostly unaware of that fact. Britishtroops fired on the crowd, killing several hundred.The massacre at Amritsar sparked further protests.

Mohandas K. Gandhi became the leader ofIndia’s protest movement. He organized a wide-spread campaign of noncooperation with theBritish and passive resistance to unjust laws. Heasked Indians to stop buying British goods, attend-ing British schools, paying British taxes, or voting inBritish-run elections. He also convinced his follow-ers to take these actions without using violence.

British jails filled with thousands of Indians whobroke British laws in order to protest them.

Indians resented a British law that forced them tobuy salt only from the government. Gandhi organizeda huge march to the sea to make salt by evaporatingsea water. At a related march, police beat many peo-ple protesting the salt tax. In 1935, the British finallygave in. They passed a law that allowed local Indianlimited self-government. Though they had met somesuccess, Indians had other problems. Tensionsbetween Hindus and Muslims were high.

Other changes took place in Southwest Asia.Mustafa Kemal, a military commander, became theleader of a new republic in Turkey. He took manysteps to modernize society and the economy inTurkey. He loosened Islam’s hold on Turkish law.Another commander led a revolt in Persia that wonindependence from Britain in that land. He alsomodernized his country, and he changed its nameto Iran. In both Turkey and Iran, women gainednew rights. A new leader also emerged in Arabia.He united different groups into one kingdom,which he called Saudi Arabia. While he took stepsto modernize life in his land, he kept the traditionalpractices of Islam strong.

Starting in the 1920s, Southwest Asia saw amajor new economic change. Western companiesdiscovered large reserves of oil in several countriesin this part of the world. Oil brought huge sums ofmoney to these countries. The desire to tap intothis wealth also persuaded Western countries to tryto gain power in the area.

Review1. Drawing Conclusions How did the problems

of the early 1900s lead to the RussianRevolution?

2. Comparing and Contrasting CompareKerensky’s and Lenin’s plans.

3. Summarizing In what ways was Stalin’s govern-ment an example of totalitarian rule?

4. Analyzing Causes and Recognizing EffectsHow did the Treaty of Versailles add to China’sproblems?

5. Determining Main Ideas Explain Gandhi’sideas of noncooperation and nonviolent protest.

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Unit 4, Chapter 14

Name Date

BUILDING VOCABULARY Revolution and NationalismCHAPTER

14

1. Joseph Stalin instituted totalitarianism in Russia through a campaign of terror called the (a) Great Purge (b) Amritsar Massacre (c) Long March.

2. The leader of India’s independence movement who advocated the tactic of civil disobedience was (a) Mustafa Kemal (b) Mohandas K. Gandhi (c) Sun Yixian.

3. The radical group of Russian Marxists who supported a small number of committed revolutionaries was called the (a) proletariat (b) Bolsheviks (c) soviet.

4. The event that initially fueled India’s independence movement was the (a) AmritsarMassacre (b) Long March (c) Great Purge.

5. In Marxist philosophy, the industrial class of workers is called the (a) soviet(b) provisional government (c) proletariat.

A. Multiple Choice Circle the letter before the term or name that best completesthe sentence.

B. Evaluating Write T in the blank if the statement is true. If the statement is false,write F in the blank and then write the corrected statement on the line below.

C. Writing Using the following terms, write a brief conversation about the economybetween two Russian workers in 1929.

totalitarianism command economy Five-Year Plan collective farm

____ 1. After the Russian Revolution, the Bolsheviks renamed their party the Kuomintang.

________________________________________________________________________

____ 2. The Chinese leader Sun Yixian wanted to establish a modern government based on nationalism, democracy, and economic security.

________________________________________________________________________

____ 3. Joseph Stalin was the Bolshevik leader who became known as the “Father of the Revolution.”

________________________________________________________________________

____ 4. Rasputin was a Chinese Communist Party leader who fought against Jiang Jieshi and theNationalists in a bloody civil war.

________________________________________________________________________

____ 5. Mustafa Kemal, the first president of the new Republic of Turkey, worked to transform Turkey into a modern nation.

________________________________________________________________________



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Name__________________________________________________ Date__________________

Day 15 Quiz




1. The Armenian Massacre

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

2. Valentine Fleming

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

3. Earnest Hemmingway

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

4. The Gallipoli Campaign

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

5. Aviation in World War I

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

6. Influenza

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

7. The Communist Manifesto

Definition: __________________________________________________________________

Sentence:___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________



1. Tiananmen Square

Role: ______________________________________________________________________


Three Facts: ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

2. Ukrainian Kulaks

Role: ______________________________________________________________________

Three Facts: ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

3. 1984

Three Facts: ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

4. “Bloody Sunday” in Russia

Three Facts: ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

5. The Soviet Union

Three Facts: ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

6. Wilfred Owen

Three Facts: ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

7. Shirley Millard

Three Facts: ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

8. All Quiet on the Western Front

Three Facts: ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

9. Poison Gas

Three Facts: ________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

In Your Own Words:

1) Why did nationalist activity in India increase dramatically after the end of World War

I?____________________________________________________________________________


______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

__

Matching:

Select the letter of the term, name, or phrase that best matches each description. Note: Some letters may

not be used at all. Some may be used more than once.

a. Iran

b. India

c. Turkey

d. Saudi Arabia

1. Which nation was formerly known as Persia?

2. In which nation did the Salt March take place?

3. In which nation did the Amritsar Massacre occur?

4. Which nation was unified by Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud?

5. Which nation's Congress Party endorsed civil disobedience?

6. Which nation's movement for independence was led by Mohandas K. Gandhi?

7. At the end of World War I, which nation was all that remained of the Ottoman Empire?

8. Before World War I, which nation was divided into British and Russian spheres of influence?

9. In which nation did Reza Shah Pahlavi embark on a program of modernization after seizing power?

10. Which nation's existence was threatened by an invasion of Greek soldiers after the end of World War I?

11. Which nation's nationalist revolt was triggered by Great Britain's post-war attempt to take control of the

whole nation?

12. Which nation continued to be ruled strictly by Islamic law despite all of the changes it underwent in the

postwar period?

13 In which nation did Mustafa Kemal embark on a program of modernization after becomming the republic's first president

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