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ALL INDIA LEGAL FORUM

COMPETITION PREPARATION BOARD

Credits:

Patron-in-Chief: Aayush Akar

Editor-in-Chief: Shubhank Suman

Senior Manager: Rakshita Sharma

Manager: Ayesha Afrose

Editorial Coordinator: Abhavya Rabra

Researchers:

1. Priya Kumari

2. Yatin Sharma

3. Srivalli Chowdary

4. Urvashi

5. Komal Bhati

Editors:

1. Ayesha Afrose

2. Jigisha Agarwal

3. Gowthami Nalluri

4. Ananya Giri Upadhya

5. Tejaswi Sade

6. Raamesh

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FOREWORD

More has been said about the writing of lawyers and judges than of any other group, except,

of course, poets, and novelists. The difference is that while the latter has usually been

admired for their writing, the public has almost always damned lawyers and judges for theirs.

If this state of affairs has changed in recent times; it is only in that many lawyers and judges

have now joined the rest of the world is complaining about the quality of legal prose. My best

wishes to all these student contributors, for their future endeavors.

My best wishes and assurance to the readers that this will add a lot to the knowledge after

reading this White Book and I assure you that it would be of great help sort during your

Judiciary Preparation. It is not just for the legal fraternity but for anyone who has an interest

in the field of law and wants to opt for the Judiciary Examination.

By Rakshita Sharma

Senior Associate, All India Legal Forum

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PREFACE

May there be Peace in Heaven, May there be Peace in the Sky, May there be Peace in the Earth, May there be Peace in the Water, May there be Peace in the Plants, May there be Peace in the Trees, May there be Peace in the Gods in the various Worlds, May there be Peace in all the human beings, May there be Peace in All.

PEACE, PEACE, PEACE.

Our age-old culture prays for peace and happiness for one and all. Family is the first and oldest social group. It has played an important role in the stability and prosperity of the civilization. Almost everything of lasting value in humanity has its roots in the family. Peace and harmony in the family are important for the all-around development of children. This White Book on How to Prepare for Judiciary Examination by All India Legal Forum is aimed at bringing about desired sensitivity in all duty holders and scribes. We are glad to be a part of the All India Forum. Here’s an introduction to our team :

◆ Patron- in-Chief: Aayush Akar

◆ Editor-in-Chief: Shubhank Suman

◆ Senior Manager: Rakshita Sharma

◆ Manager: Ayesha Afrose

◆ Researchers:

• Priya Kumari Yatin Sharma Srivalli Chowdary Urvashi Komal Bhati

◆ Editors:

• Ayesha Afrose • Jigisha Agarwal • Gowthami Nalluri • Ananya Giri Upadhya • Tejaswi Sade • Raamesh

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DISCLAIMER

Team All India Legal Forum has made all efforts to summarize the important aspects of how

to prepare for Judiciary Examination retrieved from the current pursuing candidates and from

the candidates those who have cleared.

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OVERVIEW

The White Paper is an essential aid for aspirants of judicial service examinations conducted

by the High Courts. It provides exhaustive theory and notes on each subject that is a part of

the syllabus, be it the Preliminary or the Mains examination. The paper comprehensively

covers major legislative developments and landmark judicial pronouncements. It also

contains questions from previous year examinations.

Key Features:

Maps the syllabus of judicial service examinations administered by several High

Courts.

Provides in-depth theory, reference guides, schedules, and motivation for preparation.

Is based on the most recent pattern of judicial service examinations.

Covers the syllabus comprehensively.

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S.No Table Of Contents Page No.

1. Basic Ideology 9 - 48

a. What is the Judiciary Exam? 10

b. The Syllabus of the Judiciary Exam 14

c. State-Wise Pattern 23

d. Subjects Covered - Prelims and Mains 30

e. Judicial preparation on evaluating the

self-interest

45

2. Study Materials 49 - 96

a. Question Papers 50

b. Bare Acts 62

c. Landmark Judgements 56

d. Current Affairs 82

e. Newspaper & Magazines 93

3. Reference Books 97 - 126

a. Constitutional Law 98

b. Criminal Law 103

c. Criminal Procedure Code 111

d. Jurisprudence 117

e. Evidence Act 123

4. Method of Study 127 - 150

a. How To Prepare for Judiciary Exam? 128

b. Tips And Tricks to Crack Judiciary

Prelims and Mains Exam

130

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c. How To Prepare and Face the Personal

Interview of Judiciary Exam?

133

d. Synopsis of important areas 135

e. Time Allotment 144

f. When To Start Preparing for Judiciary

Exams?

146

g. Motivation, Consistency and Patience 148

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CHAPTER 1-

BASIC IDEOLOGY

“Do not overestimate the competition and

underestimate yourself.”

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WHAT IS THE JUDICIARY EXAM?

There are three organs of government: legislative, executive, and judiciary. While the

legislative organ makes the law, the executive implements it, and the judiciary punishes

those who break it. To ensure the rule of law, we have a judicial system that provides the

mechanism of courts which a citizen can approach when the law is violated.

The role of the judiciary in the functioning of democracy is critical. It comprises: -

a) Dispute resolution – The judiciary resolves disputes between citizens, between

citizens and the government, between state governments, and between the Centre and

state governments.

b) Judicial review – The judiciary has the power to strike down a particular law passed

by the Parliament if it believes that it violates the basic structure of the Constitution.

c) Upholding the law and enforcing fundamental rights – Every citizen of India can

approach the court if he/she believes that there is a violation of fundamental rights.

To ensure independence of the judiciary and impartiality of judges, the judicial system

provides for non-interference and no misuse of power by other branches of the government.

The courts do not work under or on behalf of the other branches. It is challenging to remove a

judge, who is moreover appointed with little interference by the other branches. There is not

only separation of powers between the branches of government, but also division of powers

between different levels of the judiciary, best protecting citizens’ rights.

There are two branches of the legal system: criminal law and civil law.

1) Criminal Law:-

- Deals with conduct that the law defines as offences, such as theft, murder.

dowry harassment, abduction.

- Usually begins with the First Information Report (FIR) and the police

investigating the crime, after which a case is filed in the court.

- If found guilty, the accused can be sent to jail and/or fined.

2) Civil Law:-

- Deals with any harm or injury to the rights of individuals, such as

disagreement over the sale of land, purchase of goods, rent, and divorce.

- Begins with a petition filed before the relevant court by an affected party only.

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- The court provides the specific relief asked for (such as an order to vacate the

property and pay rent, in a rent matter).

The Judiciary: -

Joining the judiciary is an excellent path for those with a legal degree, as it combines public

service and the accompanying satisfaction with intellectual stimulation and respect from

society. It not only allows one to stay closely connected with the law throughout one’s career,

but is also complemented by several perks, such as rent-free accommodation, fuel

allowances, sponsored electricity and water, and so on. Judicial officers are nearly always

posted in district headquarters and not in remote areas unlike other civil officers, permitting

them a more agreeable lifestyle.

How to Become a Judge?

There are two ways to enter the judiciary. One is to start a legal practice and follow and hope

to be elevated to the bench. The other is to compete via examinations. Members of the

subordinate judiciary, that is, the Provincial Civil Service – Judicial (PCS – J, popularly

called the Judicial Service) occupy the offices of assorted courts until the district level.

Lower Judiciary Services:-

The judicial service has two entry levels. The primary level is for fresh graduates through

associate degree tests conducted by various state public service commissions or the judicature

in urban centres. The course of study for these exams is often found on the website of the

commissions and includes law subjects besides English, General Knowledge, and the native

language of the state. The prescribed degree entry through this avenue assures you secure

employment and time-based promotions.

Higher Judiciary Services:-

The second avenue is the Higher Judicial Service (HJS). This service is open for lawyers who

possess the prescribed litigating experience (usually seven years). For this, candidates ought

to appear for a competitive examination, the course of study of which is analogous to the

aforementioned Lower Judicial Services. The advantage in the HJS is that one gets posted as

an Additional District Judge, which significantly hastens promotions.

The subordinate judiciary features a mounted quota (which varies with every judicature) for

elevation to the High Court. Towards this end, the prospects of HJS members area are higher

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since they get senior posts at a younger age. The flip side is that it is comparatively tougher to

clear the HJS (seats being lesser). Having practiced for a number of years, a lawyer might

find it tough to prepare for an examination as opposed to one who has recently graduated.

A candidate should consider, before competing for the Judicial Services, the fact that the

probability of a member of the lower judiciary climbing the ladder is rather remote. While

this may not be the right choice for someone who harbours dreams of switching to a

judicature or Supreme Court position, it offers a secure and safe career with a snug pay.

Eligibility Criteria:-

- The candidate must be between 22-35 years; age relaxation is provided for certain

communities such as Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

- The candidate must hold an undergraduate degree in law from any recognised

university (in India or abroad).

- The candidate must be enrolled as an advocate under the Advocates Act, 1961.

- The candidate must be a citizen of India.

- The candidate must not be a criminal offender.

- Language proficiency depends on states pattern, but English is mandatory.

Note: the above criteria might vary from state to state.

Pay Scale of a Judge:-

The pay scale depends on the post and years of experience. The salary of a high court civil

judge is Rs 40,000 at minimum and around Rs One Lakh on average, including perks and

allowances.

Need of an All India Judicial Service: -

1) Huge vacancy of judges - At present, there are over 10,000 posts vacant in the lower

judiciary across India.

2) Delay in accomplishment - There are over three crore pending cases in the lower

judiciary, and the primary reason for that is the delay by states in conducting exams.

3) Insufficient finances in state government - state judicial services do not attract the

best talent due to insufficiency in salaries, rewards, and compensation.

4) Shortage of quality judicial officers - There has been a continuous decline in the

quality of justice delivery that, by extension, affects the upper judiciary.

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5) Subjectivity - Currently, the judicial appointments suffer subjectiveness, corruption,

and discrimination on the part of the Collegium. There is an urgent need to establish

an impartial system of recruitment to reflect the social reality and diversity of the

country. The system ought to be transparent and accessible and cannot be left to the

discretion of the small Collegium.

Benefits of an All India Judicial Service:-

1) Accountability and transparency – An All India Judiciary Service will make the

judicial system professional, accountable, and equitable.

2) Recruitment of the best talent – All India Judiciary Services will ensure that the

recruitment method is precise, streamlined, and objective so that the best young talent

is attracted. Also, the likelihood of promotion of the district court judges to the high

courts at an early stage would increase. This will increase the overall potency and

efficiency of the judiciary and reduce pendency of cases

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THE SYLLABUS OF THE JUDICIARY EXAM

We will be discussing the following essential subjects for the preparation for judicial service

examinations:

Constitutional Law

Indian Penal Code

Civil procedure Code

Code of Criminal Procedure

Indian Evidence Act

Contract Law

Law of Torts

Transfer of Property Act

General Awareness and Current Affairs

Constitutional Law:

The Constitution of India is said to be the supreme law of the land. It provides a framework

of procedures and powers and duties of institutions and sets out fundamental rights, directive

principles, and citizen’s duties. Constitutional law aggregates enacted law, case laws, and

usage, which determine the composition of and exercise of power by the governing body.

Every person preparing for judicial services examination (or even any person whose goal is to

participate in administration) should have a proper and adequate acquaintance with the

principles of constitutional law. An in-depth understanding of constitutional law for judicial

services exams is necessary. Reading the bare acts is insufficient; one should also peruse

reference books to understand interpretations.

Topics to focus upon:

Adaptation and enactment of constitution

Writs

Chair or tenure of the authorities

Additions of schedules and amendments

Commissions

Appointments and oaths

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Retirement age for officers

High courts

The Supreme Court

State and Central governments

Councils

Ordinance and powers

Fundamental rights

Case laws and briefs

Parts of the Constitution etc.

Questions on these topics are highly anticipated. Books such as Constitution of India by V.N.

Shukla and Constitutional Law by M P Jain may be referred.

Indian Penal Code:

The Indian Penal Code was enacted to provide a general penal code for the country. Although

there are additional governing statutes for various offences, the IPC is fully comprehensive

on the matters on which it declares the law and is the main criminal code of the country. It

includes all relevant criminal offences, such as offences against the state, kidnapping, murder,

offences against the public, rape, offences related to religion, etc. All aspirants of the judicial

services exam should have a good command of this subject as it holds an important place not

only in the exam but also in the administration of justice. While preparing the IPC, one

should simultaneously focus on the section of an offence and on punishment of that offence.

Important sections:

Sections 1-8

Sections 19-26

Sections 34-40

Section 52

Section 52A

Section 53

Sections 76-106

Sections 107-120

Section 121

Section 124A

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Sections 141-149

Section 159

Section 179

Section 182

Section 191

Section 268

Sections 292-295

Sections 299-309

Sections 319-338

Section 339

Section 340

Sections 349-351

Section 354

Sections 359-362

Sections 375-378

Section 383

Sections 390-391

Section 396

Section 399

Section 403

Section 405

Section 410

Sections 413-415

Sections 441-446

Sections 493-499

Section 503

Section 506

Section 509

Section 511

Questions directly from the headings are often asked. So, along with an in-depth

understanding of the subject, you should have a good command of the headings.

Civil Procedure Code:

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This Code regulates the law relating to the practices and procedures followed in the civil

courts. It regulates every action in the civil court till the execution of the order. While

preparing CPC, one should focus on the significant amendments in the Code (such as in

1976, 1999, and 2000), along with important case laws and reliefs. While studying sections,

one should emphasise its contents. While preparing orders, one should be thorough with the

rules contained in each particular order. Previous years’ papers may be referred to in order to

understand the nature of questions asked.

Important Sections:

Section 2

Section 6

Section 9

Sections 10-35

Sections 55-56

Sections 77-79

Sections 96-112

Sections 113-115

Sections 151-153

Important Orders:

Orders 1-10

Orders 14-17

Orders 20-21

Order 26

Orders 32-35

Orders 39-47

Code of Criminal Procedure:

The CrPC is a procedural law that provides the process for the punishment of those who

offend the substantive criminal law, including establishing guilt and imposing the prescribed

punishment. While preparing the CrPC, one should mainly focus on the bare acts, including

the headings and illustrations. Analyse previous years’ papers to understand which provisions

are focussed upon and then prepare them. However, do not skip case laws.

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Important Sections:

Section 2

Section 6

Sections 9-13

Sections 30-31

Sections 41-54

Sections 56-57

Sections 61-88

Section 102

Sections 106-110

Sections 125-130

Sections 154-176

Sections 177-189

Section 195-199

Sections 200-204

Sections 211-259

Section 300

Section 304

Section 307

Section 311

Section 313

Section 315

Section 366-368

Section 395

Sections 436-439

Sections 460-461

Section 468

Section 482

Indian Evidence Act:

The Indian Evidence Act deals with the admissibility of evidence in courts. It sets the rules

for the oaths and affirmations and how the court should proceed with witness examinations.

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While preparing the Indian Evidence Act, going through case laws would help one

understand how the Act is applied. Focus on the subject matter, how the facts were proved,

and by whom. Study the bare acts and go through the index as well.

Important Sections:

Sections 3-11

Sections 14-17

Section 21

Section 22A

Sections 24-28

Sections 31-32

Sections 40-45

Section 47

Sections 51-60

Sections 62-63

Section 65

Sections 74-75

Sections 90-91

Sections 110-119

Sections 122-124

Sections 132-134

Sections 141-143

Section 145

Sections 151

Section 157

Section 167

Contract Law:

The Indian Contract Act, 1872 regulates the law related to contracts in India. It provides for

promises made by parties to become legally binding. This Act protects the parties by

providing compensation on breach of contract by the other party. While preparing contract

law, focus on understanding the basic concepts as they can be a little complicated. For this, it

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is crucial to learn and analyse bare acts and case laws. Questions from previous years’ papers

can help you understand how different concepts can be asked in the form of questions.

Important Sections:

Sections 2-6

Sections 10-18

Sections 20-30

Sections 31-36

Section 62

Sections 68-75

Sections 124-126

Section 129

Section 134

Section 135

Section 138

Section 139

Sections 148-153

Section 172

Section 173

Section 176

Section 182

Section 197

Law of Torts:

In India, the law of torts is relatively new. Containing codifying statues and statues governing

damages, the law of torts governs civil wrongs. A tort is “an act or omission which gives rise

to an injury or harm to another person amounting to a civil wrong for which the court can

impose liability”. The law of torts holds people accountable for their wrongs and discourages

others from committing such wrongs, thereby maintaining order in society.

While preparing the law of torts for the judicial services exam, learn the various definitions

and the objectives behind every law of the subject. Focus on the essential elements for each

tort as this holds great importance. Go through illustrations to understand how the elements

play an essential role in torts. Study important case laws to understand the evolution of the

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law of torts and its role in society. Analyse previous years’ papers to understand the nature of

questions, thereby helping your study of the subject.

Important topics:

Damnum Sine Injuria and Injuria Sine Damnum

Assault, Battery, and Mayhem

Rules of strict liability

Rules for absolute liability

Vicarious Liability

Development of Absolute Liability

General defences

Medical and Professional Negligence

Nuisance

Trespass

Malicious Prosecution

Defamation

Volenti Non-fit Injuria

Relevance of motive in torts

Transfer of Property Act:

The Transfer of Property Act,1882 provides uniform regulations for transferring property

between parties, including provisions for constitution a transfer and its conditions. This does

not apply to transfer by operation of law but only when the transfer is between two parties.

While preparing the Act, focus on the bare acts to understand and learn the conditions and

essentials of transferring property. Go through previous years’ papers to select important

topics and understand the pattern of questions.

Important Sections:

Section 3

Sections 5-14

Section 19

Section 21

Sections 25-28

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Section 35

Sections 52-58

Sections 60

Section 67

Section 96

Section 100

Sections 105-112

Section 118

Sections 122-128

Sections 130

General Knowledge and Current Affairs:

While preparing for the current affairs and general knowledge section, always focus on topics

revolving around law, such as latest amendments, laws which were disposed of, new

committees, and latest appointments in judicial institutions. Focus on important news events

nationally and internationally. Generally, essay questions revolve around this topic.

It is the second stage exam which is descriptive type questions.

The subjects included in this stage may vary according to state. Most

probably, there might be 4 to 5 subjects in the mains exam.

Marks for the qualification varies from state to state, and

The marks are considered for the final merit list.

1. INTERVIEW

The final stage of the selection where the candidates are tested based on

their general knowledge, personality, and aptitude.

The candidates who will successfully pass the mains exam are only

eligible for this round, and this rule is the same for all the states.

In few states like Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Nagaland, Mizoram,

Maharashtra, and Jammu & Kashmir, the exam pattern is the same.

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STATE-WISE PATTERN

1. Arunachal Pradesh

Pre:

It consists of multiple-choice questions.

The exam is for 100 marks.

Mains:

Four papers are held, out of which the 2nd paper is objective, and others are

subjective.

Each paper holds 100 marks, and the total marks of the mains exam are 400.

Each paper is for 2 hours.

Viva voce:

Viva voce is conducted for 50 marks, and the candidates must score 20 to get

selected for the post.

2. Bihar

Pre

It consists of two papers, and the total mark of the papers is 350.

The total time is given for paper 1 hour 90 minutes, and paper 2 is 120 minutes.

Mains

It consists of 8 papers, out of which 3 are optional and 5 mandatory subjects

and

The total mark of the exam is 1050.

Viva voce

It is conducted for 100 marks.

3. Chhattisgarh

The exam is divided into three parts:

Pre:

100 questions for 100 marks, the time duration is of 2 hours.

Mains:

Framing of issues and writing of judgment in Civil Cases for 40 marks

Framing of charges and writing of judgment in Criminal Cases for 40 marks

Translation: English to Hindi (10marks), Hindi to English (10marks)

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Interview/viva voce: It is of 15 marks.

4. Goa

Pre

The paper is of 100 marks.

The passing student will be eligible for the mains exams

Mains

This contains 2 papers,

Both papers are conducted for 100 marks each,

The total time duration for each paper is 2 hours,

Viva voce

5. Delhi

Pre

It is an objective paper,

It contains 200 MCQ questions, and the total mark of the exam is 200.

For every wrong answer, there will be a negative marking of 0.25%.

Mains

It is a descriptive type paper.

This round consists of 4 papers, out of which 3 of them are of 200 marks each

and 1 paper is of 250 marks.


Viva voce


6. Himachal Pradesh

Pre

The exam consists of 3 papers, and each paper carries 100 marks.

The format of the paper is objective-type questions.

The total time duration for the paper is 3 hours for all three papers.

Mains

Total 5 papers are conducted in this exam, and it carries 850 marks in total.

Paper 1, 2, and 3 contains 200 marks each, and they are law subject papers.

Paper 4 is English composition, and it is 150 marks, and paper 5 is language

and 100 marks.

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Viva voce

7. Haryana

Pre

A total of 125 MCQs are asked in this paper, and the total mark of the paper is

500.

The paper is conducted for 2 hours.

Mains

Total 5 papers are held including, civil law I, civil law II, criminal law I,

English, and language (Hindi in Devanagari script)

The total mark of the paper is 900, out of 5 papers 4 of them are of 200 marks

each and language paper is of 100 marks.

Viva voce


8. Jharkhand

In its pre-exam, they follow the pattern of the Chhattisgarh state.

Mains :

The candidates passing the pre-exam are only eligible for this exam.

4 subjective papers are held, and each of them is for 100 marks, and the total

marks of the mains exam are 400 marks.

viva – voce:

It holds 100 marks

Passing marks for the same is 25% for the general candidates and 20% for the

reserved or SC/ST candidates.

9. Karnataka

Pre

It consists of 3 sections.

The total marks for the paper are 100, and 100 objective questions are there in

the paper.

Mains

It is a written paper consisting of 4 papers.

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Each paper is of 100 marks, so the total marks of the mains exam are 400

marks.

Viva voce

The candidates are tested on their general knowledge, some principles of law,

and suitability for the appointment as a judge.

10. Kerala

Pre

This examination contains three parts, and also the total mark of the paper is

200.

It contains one hundred MCQ questions.

2 marks are given for each correct answer, and 1 mark will be detected for

each wrong answer.

The total time duration is for 2.5 hours.

Mains

It contains 4 descriptive papers.

Each paper carries 100 marks.

The total time duration is 3 hours for every paper.

Viva voce

It carries 50 marks in total.

11. Madhya Pradesh

Pre

The exam consists of 150 MCQs, which is 150 marks total.

The total time for the exam is 2 hours.

Mains

This round has 4 papers, and each paper is of one hundred marks, and the total

time given for each paper is 3 hours.


1st paper: civil law and procedure, 2nd paper: criminal law and procedure, 3rd

paper: writing skill, court practice, translation, current legal knowledge, and

4th paper: judgment writing.

Viva voce

This round contains 50 marks.

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12. Odisha

Pre

It consists of one objective paper with a total score of 100 marks.

There are 100 MCQ questions, and each question carries 1 mark.

Negative marking is of 0.25% on each wrong answer.

The total time duration is of 1.5 hours.

Mains

The format of the paper is subjective.

It consists of 3 optional subject papers and 2 compulsory subject papers.

The total mark of all the exams is 150 marks.

The total time duration for optional papers is 3 hours each, and for compulsory

subjects, the time duration is 2.5 hours each.

Viva voce

The total mark for this round is 100.

13. Punjab

Pre:

It is held for 500 marks consisting of 125 questions.

The exam is multiple-choice questions.

Duration is 2 hours for the exam.

Mains

The candidates who have secured 50% marks in pre-exams and reserved

category candidates must secure 45% marks, and then only they are eligible

for the mains exam.

The exam consists of 5 subjects, civil law I, civil law II, criminal law III,

English, and language (Hindi in Devanagari script)

Out of which 4 subjects exams are of 200 marks and language is for 100

marks.

Viva voce

This round carries 100 marks, and the candidates must secure 50% to get

selected.

14. Rajasthan

Pre

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It is an objective exam consisting of 100 questions.

Total marks for the exam are 100, and the total time duration is 2 hours.

Mains

Total 4 papers are there in this round.

2 papers are of law subjects, it is of 100 marks each and time duration is 3

hours for each paper, and

2 are of language Hindi and English. It is for 50 marks each and time

duration is 2 hours for each paper.

Viva voce


15. Sikkim

The examination in this state consists of two stages:

1) Written

The written paper is of 2 parts.

Part 1 and part 2 both carry 200 marks each.

The total time duration of both papers is 3 hours each.

2) Viva voce

It consists of 100 marks, and the candidates must secure 40 marks to get

selected for the post.

16. Uttarakhand

Pre

The exam consists of 2 parts.

Part 1 consists of 50 objective questions, and the exam are of 50 marks.

Part 2 consists of 150 questions, and the exam are of 150 marks.

Time duration for completing both the part is 3 hours.

Mains

It contains 6 subjects, and it is conducted for 950 marks in total.

The subjects are divided in the following way:

1) The present-day contains 150 marks and the total time duration is 2 hours

for this paper.

2) The language contains 100 marks, and the time duration for this is 2 hours.

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3) Law papers 1, 2, 3, these papers contain 200 marks each, and the time

duration for each paper is 3 hours.

4) Basic knowledge of computer operation practical examination, it contains

100 marks and time duration for the same is 2 hour.

Viva voce

It contains 100 marks and the time duration is 1 hour.

17. Uttar Pradesh

Pre

It consists of 2 papers

Paper 1 consists of objective type questions, and it is for 150 marks,

Paper 2 consists of objective-type questions, and it is for 300 marks.

The time duration for both papers is 2 hours.

Marking for both is like; 2 marks for each correct answer, and 0.5 marks will

be deducted from every wrong answer. Unattempted will not be considered as

wrong or correct.

Mains

Total 5 papers are held in mains exam, and each of them is for 200 marks.

3 hours time duration for each paper.

Viva voce

18. West Bengal

Pre

It is an objective paper consisting of 200 marks.

The time duration of the exam is 150 minutes

Mains

This exam contains 8 compulsory subjects and three optional subjects, which

are to be chosen by the candidates from the list of optional subjects.

All the papers will be of 100 marks each.

The total time duration of the exam is 3 hours.

Viva voce

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SUBJECTS COVERED - PRELIMS AND MAINS

1. Delhi State Judiciary 2020-21

a. Prelims

1. English

2. General Knowledge

3. Aptitude

4. Power of expression of the candidate

5. Contract Act

6. Code of Civil Procedure (CPC)

7. Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC)

8. Indian Penal Code (IPC)

9. Specific Relief and Limitation Act

10. Partnership Act

11. Principles Governing Arbitration Law

12. Evidence act

b. Mains

Part I – GK and language

Part II – Civil law-I

1. Law of Torts

2. Hindu Law

3. Mohammadan Law

4. Indian Contract Act

5. Indian Sale of Goods Act

6. Specific Relief Act

7. Delhi Rent Control Act

8. Indian Partnership Act

Section III – Civil law-II

1. Law of Evidence

2. Civil Procedure Code (CPC)

31 | P a g e

3. Law of Limitation and Law of Registration

Section IV – Criminal law

1. Indian Penal Code (IPC)

2. Criminal Procedure Code (CPC)

3. Indian Evidence Act

2. Bihar Judicial Service Exam 2020-21

a. Prelims –

1. Elementary General Science


3. Hindu Law

4. Muhammadan Law

5. Law of Evidence and Procedure

6. Constitutional and Administrative Law of India

7. Law of Transfer of Property and Principles of Equity

8. Law of Trusts and Specific Relief

9. Law of Contracts

10. Law of Torts

11. Commercial Law

b. Mains –

Compulsory

1. General knowledge

2. General English

3. General Hindi

4. Elementary general science

5. Law of Evidence and Procedure

Law of Evidence and Procedure, Indian Evidence Act (1 of 1872), Civil

Procedure Code (5 of 1908), Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996), Code of

Criminal Procedure, 1973(2 of 1974), Provincial Small Cause Courts Act),

1887 IN

Optional (Any 3 from 5)

32 | P a g e

6. Constitutional and Administrative Law of India

7. Hindu Law

8. Muhammadan Law

9. Law of Transfer of Property and Principles of Equity

10. Law of Contracts

11. Law of Torts

12. Commercial Law

3. Uttarakhand Judicial Service Exam 2020-21

a. Prelims-

Paper 1 - General Knowledge

Paper 2 - Indian Penal Code, Transfer of Properties Act, Code of Criminal Procedure,

Principle of Hindu Laws and Principle of Muslim Laws, Evidence Act, Civil

Procedure Code.

b. Mains

1. The Present Day

2. Language

3. Law

Paper I – Substantive Law

Paper II – Evidence & Procedure

Paper III – Revenue & Criminal

4. West Bengal Judicial Services Examination 2020-21

a. Prelims-

1. English Composition

2. General Knowledge, Current Affairs and Test of Reasoning

3. Indian Penal Code

4. Indian Constitution

5. Law of Contracts

6. Law of Torts

7. Laws of Evidence

8. Civil Procedure Codes

33 | P a g e

9. Criminal Procedure Code

10. Personal Law

11. Law of Limitation

b. Mains

Compulsory Papers:

1. English Composition

2. Bengali/Hindi/Urdu/Nepali/Santali composition, essay and translation from

English into Bengali/Hindi/Urdu /Nepali/Santali



5. Civil procedure Code



8. Law of Contracts and

9. Law of Torts

10. Transfer of Property Act

Optional Papers (Any three to be chosen):

1. Hindu Law

2. Muhammadan Law

3. Jurisprudence and principles of legislation

4. Indian Law relating to Companies and Insurance

5. Principles of Equity including the Law of Trusts and Specific Relief

6. Partnership Act

7. Law of Limitation

8. Law of Prescription

9. The Indian Constitution

10. Constitutional Law

11.

5. Rajasthan Judicial Service Exam 2020-21

a. Preliminary –

34 | P a g e

1. Law: Same syllabus as prescribed for the Law Papers I & II for the Main

Examination.

2. Hindi

3. English

b. Mains

Law Paper (I)


2. Code of Civil Procedure

3. The Indian Evidence Act

4. The Constitution of India

5. The Limitation Act

6. The Transfer of Property Act

7. The Specific Relief Act

8. Interpretation of Statutes

9. The Rajasthan Rent Control Act, 2001

10. Order/Judgment Writing

Law Paper (II)


2. Code of Criminal Procedure


4. The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015

5. The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (Chapter XVII)

6. Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005

7. The Probation of Offenders Act, 1958

8. Framing of Charge /Judgment Writing

Language Paper – 1

Hindi Essay

Language Paper – 2

English Essay

35 | P a g e

6. Tripura Judicial Service Exam 2020-21

a. Prelims


2. English



5. Law of Torts

6. Constitution of India





b. Mains

1. English

2. General knowledge

3. LAW PAPER-I

Indian Contract Act

Code of Civil Procedure

Constitution of India


4. LAW PAPER-II

Law of Torts

Indian Penal Code

Criminal Procedure Code

Indian Evidence Act

7. Punjab Judicial Service Exam 2020-21

a. Prelims

General knowledge, current legal issues, Indian and Constitutional history and

governance. Along with this, the syllabus for the prelims consists of the same syllabus

covered under Papers I to IV under the Mains examination.

36 | P a g e

b. Mains Exam

Paper I: Civil Law-I

1. The Indian Contract Act

2. The Indian Evidence Act

3. The Code of Civil Procedure

4. The Punjab Courts Act


6. The East Punjab Urban Rent Restriction Act

7. The Indian Partnership Act

8. The Sale of Goods Act

9. The Transfer of Property Act

Paper-II: Civil Law-II

1. Hindu law

2. Muslim Law

3. Limitation and Registration law

4. Customary law

Paper III: Criminal Law

It includes all acts and other legislation coming under criminal law in India. For

example - the Indian Penal Code, the Indian Evidence Act and the Code of Criminal

Procedure.

Paper IV: English

Paper V: Language

8. Maharashtra Judicial Service Exam 2020-21

a. Prelims



3. Civil Procedure Code



6. Law of Contracts

37 | P a g e

7. Evidence Act


9. Maharashtra Rent Control Act

10. Limitation Act

11. Sale of Goods Act

12. Partnership Act

b. Mains

Paper-I


Civil Procedure Code

Law of Contracts

Specific Relief Act

Sale of Goods Act & Partnership Act

Paper-II


2. Evidence Act


4. Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes [Prevention of Atrocities] Act-1989

5. Protection of Civil Rights Act – 1955

6. Writing an essay on Current Legal Topic

9. Orissa Judicial Service Exam 2020-21

a. Prelims

(a) Constitution of India

(b) Limitation Act

(c) Transfer of Property Act

(d) Code of Civil Procedure

(e) Contract Act

(f) Code of Criminal Procedure

(g) Evidence Act

(h) Indian Penal Code

38 | P a g e

(i) Law of Succession (Indian Succession Act and Hindu Succession Act)

(j) Specific Relief Act

b. Mains

Compulsory Papers

Paper-1 - General English

Paper-2 – Procedural Laws

(a) The Code of Criminal Procedure

(b) The Code of Civil Procedure

(c) The Indian Evidence Act

Optional Papers.

A candidate may choose any three subjects among the following:

(i) Law of Crime & Law of Torts

(ii) Personal Law

(a) Hindu Law

(b) Mohammedan Law

(iii) Law of Property

(a) Transfer of Property Act, 1882

(b) Specific Relief Act, 1963

(c) Indian Limitation Act, 1963

(iv) Law of Contract

(a) Indian Contract Act, 1872

(b) Sales of Goods Act, 1930

(c) Partnership Act, 1932

(d) Negotiable Instrument Act, 1881

(v) Jurisprudence and Constitution of India

10. Madhya Pradesh Judicial Services Exam 2020-21

a. Prelims


2. Indian Contract Act, 1872

39 | P a g e

3. Specific Relief Act, 1963

4. Code of Civil Procedure, 1908

5. Transfer of Property Act, 1882

6. Limitation Act, 1963

7. MP Accommodation Control Act, 1961

8. MP Land Revenue Code, 1959

9. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973

10. Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881

11. Indian Evidence Act, 1872

12. Indian Penal Code, 1861


14. Computer Knowledge

15. English

b. Main Exam

Question paper I





5. Specific Reliefs Act, 1963 (I, II and VI to VIII)

6. Limitation Act, 1963 (Parts II & III)

Question Paper II

1. Writing on Social Issue

2. Writing on Legal Issue

3. Precis Writing

4. Translation (Hindi to English)

5. Translation (English to Hindi)

Question Paper III

1. MP Accommodation Control Act, 1961

2. MP Land Revenue Code, 1959


40 | P a g e




Question Paper IV

1. Framing of Issues- 10 marks

2. Framing of Charges- 10 marks

3. Judgement or Order (Civil) Writing for Civil Judge II Class level

4. Judgement or Order (Criminal) Writing for Judicial Magistrate First Class Level

11. Kerala Judicial Services Exam 2020-21

a. Prelims

Part A



3. Negotiable Instruments Act \



6. Kerala Building (Lease and Rent Control) Act

Part B




Part C


2. Legal G.K

3. Reasoning

4. Verbal Reasoning

5. Non-Verbal Reasoning

6. Mental Ability

41 | P a g e

b. Mains

Paper-I

English Grammar, General Essays, Translation of Malayalam Depositional,

Documents to English and vice-versa, Precise writing.

Paper-II

Part A

Indian Contract Act, Transfer of Property Act, Limitation Act, Specific Relief Act,

Easements Act, Kerala Building (Lease and Rent Control) Act, Hindu Succession Act,

Indian Succession Act – Parts Y VI &X, Dissolution of Muslim Marriage Act.

Part B

Kerala Court Fees and Suits Valuation Act, Stamp Act Kerala, Kerala State Legal

Services Authorities Act, The Kerala Panchayath Raj Act -Ch. X, XI, XXIA & XXIII,

Kerala Municipality Act - Ch. IX, X, XXIV & XXV, Negotiable Instruments Act

(except Ch. XVII), Registration Act.

Paper-III

Part A

Indian Penal Code, Indian Evidence Act, Abkari Act, Negotiable Instruments Act -

Ch. XVII, Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act.

Part B

Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, Kerala Police Act, Probation

of Offenders Act, Forest Act, N.D.P.S. Act (provisions relating to bail and trial by

Magistrates).

Paper IV

Part A

Code of Civil Procedure, Civil Rules of Practice, Kerala Civil Courts Act, Order in

Interlocutory Application/ Framing of issues/Judgment writing (Civil).

Part B

Code of Criminal Procedure, Criminal Rules of Practice, The framing of charges/

Order in Miscellaneous Criminal Petitions.

42 | P a g e

12. Gujarat Judicial Services Exam 2020-21

a. Prelims

Part – A

1. The Indian Penal Code, 1860

2. The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973

3. The Indian Evidence Act, 1872

4. The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881

5. The Gujarat Prohibition Act, 1949

Part – B

1. The Code of Civil Procedure, 1908

2. The Limitation Act, 1963

3. The Indian Contract Act, 1872


Part – C

General Knowledge, English Language, Test of Reasoning, Numerical & Mental

Ability and Basics of Computer Applications.

b. Main Exam

Paper-I: Criminal




4. The Probation of Offenders’ Act, 1958


6. The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005

7. The Gujarat Prevention of Gambling Act, 1887

8. The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956

9. Pre-conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex

Selection) Act, 1994

43 | P a g e


11. The Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969

Paper–II: Civil




4. The Indian Partnership Act, 1932

5. The Specific Relief Act, 1963

6. The Gujarat Court Fees Act, 2004

Paper–III: Gujarati language

13. Gujarat Judicial Services Exam 2020-21

c. Prelims

Part – A





10. The Gujarat Prohibition Act, 1949

Part – B





Part – C

44 | P a g e

General Knowledge, English Language, Test of Reasoning, Numerical & Mental

Ability and Basics of Computer Applications.

d. Main Exam

Paper-I: Criminal




15. The Probation of Offenders’ Act, 1958


17. The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005

18. The Gujarat Prevention of Gambling Act, 1887

19. The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956

20. Pre-conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex

Selection) Act, 1994


22. The Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969

Paper–II: Civil




10. The Indian Partnership Act, 1932

11. The Specific Relief Act, 1963

12. The Gujarat Court Fees Act, 2004

Paper–III: Gujarati language

45 | P a g e

JUDICIAL PREPARATION ON EVALUATING THE SELF-INTEREST

During law faculties, students typically understand their capabilities and interests that

facilitate them to pick a specific field when completing their law degrees. Several law

students dream of turning into a choose, the foremost honoured position within the entire

system. There are many attributes related to a choose. A number of them embody wonderful

legal information, logic power and therefore the skills of being impartial and honest whereas

delivering a judgment.

The judicial services communication is Associate in Nursing entrance takes a look at 2 levels

– the primary one is for lower judicial services for the law graduates. This communication is

conducted by the State Public Service commissions in their several states; however, in some

states, the High courts conjointly conduct it like city and Madhya Pradesh.

The other is for the upper judicial services, principally for the active lawyers WHO are active

as Associate in Nursing advocate for a minimum of seven (7) years. The prescribed length of

follow could Varey in numerous states.

The initial and foremost downside Janus-faced by a student is a way to ensure

communication. So, several legal consultants advise prying the past year papers because it

helps the scholars to urge a good plan concerning the paper pattern. Therefore the necessary

sections or queries on that they have to allow additional stress on.

Secondly, time management happens to be a challenge for many scholars. They often find

themselves giving longer to different sections that cause direction, and so they're enabled to

finish their papers at the given time. To avoid this, students should follow the previous year

papers with correct nowadays assigned to each section. This can facilitate them in enhancing

their speed and avoiding direction throughout exams.

Keeping a target for every day and achieving it consequently can profit a great deal within the

whole preparation. This can conjointly facilitate evaluating one’s progress.

Judiciary is a worthy choice for the scholars WHO need to enter into public services and need to

try to one thing for the state by turning into a neighbourhood of the Indian system. Cracking

judicial exams and turning them into a choice isn't a cakewalk. It needs efforts and patience.

Thus, students WHO are making ready for judicial exams should have self-discipline in

46 | P a g e

themselves. Throughout the examination preparation, they need to be honest with themselves

concerning the extent of preparation. They need to devote their most time to studies and manage

their time rigorously. Being thorough with the clean acts is often advisable. Correct designing,

discipline, and continuous exertions ultimately cause success in judicial exams.

Candidates should prepare an idea of action and implement identical diligently. Besides

information on the topic, one should even be attentive to current affairs. “Candidates ought to

initial perceive the course of study and so begin their preparation. They must produce a

correct study setup. Reading newspapers and magazines may be a should,” says academic. K

Madan of city Law Academy.

What was your strategy for making ready notes for Self-Study?

Stared together with your textbooks, used Textbooks to organize for most subjects like IPC,

CPC, Cr.P.C. One may also use the textbooks that he/she had used for school. The note-making

method is as old fashioned as our usual note-making method, highlight points that are necessary

for you. In her note-making method, whenever she studied any topic, she left the house for

additional notes that may be additional from law news sources, for Judgments, etc.

She created positive that her notes are specific and short notes for most exams so that once

the occasion comes, she will surf all the notes. Throughout making ready for her city

Judiciary, ‘Live Law’ was useful as therein Judicial Exams, several queries are supported

recent Judgements.

The same strategy helped her to require the Haryana and Rajasthan Judicial Exams too. And

there's no thumb rule that one should opt for employment; going for coaching simply

smoothens the road a small amount. Several students cleared the Judiciary with none

facilitate from employment.

Judicial Services Examination– Scope:

The position of choice is that the most revered post within the Indian system. Candidates

appointed through Judicial Services Examination get pleasure from a secure and cosy tenure.

A career in judicial services has 2 levels. Initial is that the lower judicial service for

contemporary graduates hand-picked through Associate in the Nursing entrance examination

conducted by the several State Public Service Commission (UP, MP, Rajasthan etc.) or the

high courts (Delhi). Associate in Nursing entry through this assures time-bound promotions

47 | P a g e

and secured tenure. The second level is Higher Judicial Services for active lawyers. The

chosen candidates get announce as extra District Judges, that and their promotion is quicker.

Candidates appointed as Civil choose (junior division) have the powers of Judicial jurist

(Second Class) and people promoted to Chief Judicial jurist have the powers of Judicial jurist

(First Class). Candidates appointed as extra District Associate in Nursingd Session choose to

announce to court and exceptional cases to the Supreme Court.

Judicial service may be a worthy choice for people who aim to serve the general public with high

social esteem. It offers a secure and safe career with a cushty compensation package.

Even though nine to twelve months is the perfect time to organize for the communication,

however, I believe a candidate should begin making ready for it throughout his second year

of the integrated five-year Bachelor of Laws course and from the first of a 3-year LL.B.

course. The present trend is that candidates begin making ready for Judicial Services

Examinations solely when completing their LL.B. degree. If they start their preparation early

through self-study mode, there'll be no demand for any employment. The candidates ought to

create it a habit to scan newspapers and legal magazines that cowl model question papers,

interviews of the chosen candidates.

Rankers View:

MP Judicial Examination topper,2017 Sonale Gupta (Rank 1) – Topper of Judicial

Services Examination 2017 same that point management and self-discipline are the key

factors to reach Judiciary exams. She accustomed to practising queries often to allow quality

content and avoid the direction of your time. She believes in operating laborious as exertions

can solely cause success.

Delhi Judicial Examination Topper 2015, Vinod Joshi (Rank 29) – For him, one should

not simply keep it up finding out bundles of books while not correctly analysing the

communication pattern. Daily newspaper reading and revision of clean acts in conjunction

with case laws can facilitate a great deal.

UP Judicial Examination Topper 2016, Divyakant Singh Rathore (Rank 48) – in line

with him, one ought to create a technique in line with his comfort and implement identical.

He believes in self-studies because it helps in elucidative the ideas well.

48 | P a g e

UP Judicial Examination Topper 2016, Aakash Shareman (Rank 5) – Examination needs

a great deal of exertions and dedication. So, students, if ranging from scratch can like a

minimum of two years of preparation, whereas students carrying on with their preparation

from the start will crack the communication among half-dozen months.

Delhi Judicial Examination topper 2017, Gurpreet Kaur (Rank 2) –Reading interviews

of toppers facilitate in boosting oneself and motivates moreover. Patience and exertions are

the critical factors for achievement. One should prepare a correct calendar and work

consequently.

Rajasthan judiciary topper 2018, Siddhant Saxena (Rank 5) – A selective study approach

should be adopted. Candidates should attempt their maximum to achieve an honest command

over language and writing skills because it carries marks. Students should prepare their notes

themselves and revise them consequently. Although the competition is obtaining harder still,

Brobdingnagian exertions and honesty to oneself can cause you to stand apart.

49 | P a g e

CHAPTER-2

STUDY MATERIALS

"Study the past if you want to intuit the future"

50 | P a g e

QUESTION PAPERS

(STATE WISE LIST)

NAME

OF

THE STATE

LINKS TO REFER

ANDHRA

PREDESH

MAINS

1. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lPgYNPLzP

pIdSIl74T59OzT847pOlcqB/view

2. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LqKekeA4x

3gaIiJkgY1-

AoBAzUPBYem8/view?usp=sharing

3. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1yrlP05m16

EiM3V2vuG1npdf53_pAGfy-

/view?usp=sharing

PRE

1. https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_Nkbq

xMriejaGN1WktzelFCcWM

2.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1l1ir21CTL2

lzjveymTlPr4Wk4n9QCGi7/view?usp=shari

ng

3. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ml7CU7mo

bE0yxTeehmS278RNWYLnkpZU/view?us

p=sharing

ARUNACHAL

1. http://ghconline.gov.in/Recruitment/ExamP

apers/APJS/Grade-II-2018/Pre-18.pdf


apers/NJS/Grade-I-Nov-2015/preli-2015.pdf


51 | P a g e

PRADESH PRE apers/APJS/Grade-III-2019/Pre-2019.pdf


apers/APJS/Grade-III-2020/PreliExam.pdf

BIHAR

MAINS

1. https://cdn.toprankers.net/docs/bihar-cj-

civil-judge-law-paper-2016-compressed-

0253faf73253c.pdf.

2. https://cdn.toprankers.net/docs/general-

knowledge-law-compressed 3.

3.https://drive.google.com/open?id=1tFLAr

k_hN9SbEWQCtqbKH5bBd-AVD3v1

PRE

1. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Lno4wMG

C6FAASE6t0dUEKm4dmv1Su1em/view?u

sp=drivesdk

2. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1JqGJlDIDU

zxRmgm0LHKiuF1tfecTNegH/view?usp=d

rivesdk

3. https://cdn.toprankers.net/docs/bihar-pcsj-

prelims-civil-judge-2000-to-2016-exam-

papers-compre-0253faeab83cd.pdf

ASSAM

PRE


apers/AJS/Grade-I-2019-I/Pre-2019.pdf


apers/AJS/Grade-I-2019/Pre-2019.pdf


apers/AJS/grade-I-2018/Pre-2018.pdf

1. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1_YxRlR2eg

vQsJV2YU6K0OR4ozAcYZsd4/view?usp=

drivesdk

52 | P a g e

CHATTISGARH

MAINS

2. https://drive.google.com/file/d/13JAqu4sEm

j5d2TI4mhakoW4ZUX0Grn5o/view

3. https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_NkbqxM

riejMk9UMzNiLWtuMmc/view

PRE

1. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YATl-

mepkz4MYtPJMxqIzBnow96dLRqN/view?

usp=drivesdk

2. https://drive.google.com/file/d/17Hlfj-

Ryvuyg7sxlbRBG2EgwydyMWmCb/view?

usp=drivesdk

3. https://drive.google.com/file/d/15iAfMcEIL

5UnU3NCoFqMUOQDESs8v1ud/view?usp

=drivesdk

TELANGANA

MAINS

1. https://files.freshersnow.com/download/tela

ngana-high-court-civil-judge-old-paper-pdf-

download/

2. https://files.freshersnow.com/download/ts-

high-court-civil-judge-law-paper-i-pdf-

download/

3. https://files.freshersnow.com/download/tela

ngana-high-court-civil-judge-old-paper-pdf-

download/

PRE

1. https://cdn.toprankers.net/docs/jcj-screning-

26-06-2011-0253e965c39f8.pdf

2. https://cdn.toprankers.net/docs/jcj-sreening-

12-07-2015-0253e969186db.pdf

3. https://cdn.toprankers.net/docs/jcjst2904201

2-0253e96696ce8.pdf

1. https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BzQbOchj

53 | P a g e

GUJRAT

MAINS

LyKQV2I2SnFzelBYYVU


LyKQRnFYUjhFVmJQeDg


LyKQdTEwcUFCQ1FBTGc

PRE

1. https://drive.google.com/open?id=1trV4-

QCjGI68jrRehxW5yWeby7GYNtox

2. https://drive.google.com/file/d/13wfJJEvJus

2cZ96Luo69So_LIwcdqAuf/view?usp=driv

esdk

3. https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BzQbOc

hjLyKQZ2pqbi1CMXROYmM

HARYANA

MAINS

1. https://drive.google.com/open?id=1DxkRO1

JZlYpe00mmUHy9GPAbIttVnXDA

2. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1dCnxcM3B

_kfVsoxLZpnT0R3Rp37u7Z42/view

3. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1BodobdzvD

EfT3OKHT731e4cKlqyAh-Lm/view

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1XFOM5GH

ki_rvZyM0-C7hSaT-KUCxu6ln/view

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-

7I2HdKQyIJST8UrtZSWsSWAptsnCiG-

/view

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cveej2bUIq

QSY54geoig2VK-JQy9GwgM/view

PRE

1. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1MhLhf3eT

UDeQ0QBq0cfzNswhP6dWPVWW/view?u

sp=drivesdk

54 | P a g e

HIMACHAL

PRADESH

PRE

1. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-

V3rydU3E_pGmyP2HsZ7eN53YcM_YKlE

/view?usp=drivesdk

2. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1CDK3eoP4

L5Rub_wvGCkrBPI6jH2FqS7S/view?usp=

sharing

3. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1CDK3eoP4

L5Rub_wvGCkrBPI6jH2FqS7S/view?usp=

sharing

JAHARKHAND

PRE

1. https://drive.google.com/open?id=1UVpltzj

gey5oJJG14lKCVxrXiNf6afLe

2. https://drive.google.com/open?id=1e0YflPH

7AVBg0bisjETuh4rY1P32bOEj

3. https://drive.google.com/open?id=1iwOCQ0

CAcMJuH2C21nLE2O7R-YeA9xAt

KARNATAKA

MAINS

(2011-2009)

(UNSOLVED)

1. https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BzQbOchjL

yKQdlNkbE10dHc2SjA/view?usp=sharing

&resourcekey=0-

xC8NuCkkkuwyAY_7jneQHA


yKQT1I3RGdJM1hLX28/view?usp=sharin

g&resourcekey=0-

HlyVeUK1JgDKz_0xnep9xg


yKQWGZPR2YyaTJZR28/view?usp=shari

ng&resourcekey=0-

omJ5kFo3GC_2ehMu95V2RA

PRE 1. https://cdn.toprankers.net/docs/2015-9-law-

officer-industries--0253e93533a9d.pdf

55 | P a g e

PRE

1. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1fwF2ptxCb

thi9n4K7onKifIZg0xSYSxx/view

2. https://files.aglasem.com/download/kerala-

judicial-service-answer-key-2019-prelims-

exam

3. https://files.aglasem.com/download/kerala-

judicial-service-2017-prelims-exam

MADHYA

PRADESH

MAINS

2019-2017

(unsolved)

1.

https://mphc.gov.in/PDF/web_pdf/CJQP/4th%20Pa

per%20of%20C.J.%20Mains-2019.pdf

2.

https://mphc.gov.in/PDF/web_pdf/CJQP/4th%20Q

P%20CJ_2018.pdf

3.

https://mphc.gov.in/PDF/web_pdf/CJQP/4TH%20

PAPER%20CJ%20MAINS-2017.pdf

PRE

1. https://mphc.gov.in/PDF/web_pdf/RE/outp

ut.pdf

2. https://mphc.gov.in/PDF/web_pdf/RE/Mod

el%20Answer%20for%20CJ-2018.pdf

3. https://drive.google.com/open?id=1-

(2015)

(SOLVED)

2.

KERALA

MAINS

(all the three

sets are in this)

1. https://career.aglasem.com/kerala-munsiff-

magistrate-question-paper/

56 | P a g e

2019- 2017

(solved)

Nzcfib0eutOMJlQdngzHaiWGDGogDn1

MAHARASHTRA

MAINS

(all the

papers are

embodied

here)

1.https://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=AwrPhSwl9M5g

yVoAJFW7HAx.;_ylu=Y29sbwNzZzMEcG9zAzI

EdnRpZAMEc2VjA3Ny/RV=2/RE=1624204453/

RO=10/RU=https%3a%2f%2fwww.delhilawacade

my.com%2fhome%2fstate-judicial-service-past-

papers%2fmaharashtra-judicial-services-question-

papers%2f/RK=2/RS=Gx3sokzWyu5j3YM1dfjAk

DqoqfA-

PRE

(2016, 2014)

1. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bZEz1DsN

ptI8xKtdiW2l3TO2TCjCqb6W/view?usp=d

rivesdk

2. https://r.search.yahoo.com/_ylt=AwrPhSwl

9M5gyVoAJFW7HAx.;_ylu=Y29sbwNzZz

MEcG9zAzIEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3Ny/RV=

2/RE=1624204453/RO=10/RU=https%3a%

2f%2fwww.delhilawacademy.com%2fhom

e%2fstate-judicial-service-past-

papers%2fmaharashtra-judicial-services-

question-

papers%2f/RK=2/RS=Gx3sokzWyu5j3YM

1dfjAkDqoqfA-

3. https://cdn.toprankers.net/docs/jmfc-2016-

p1-02553289edd3a.pdf

4. https://cdn.toprankers.net/docs/civil-judge-

9-mharashtra-2014-0255328e1f186.pdf

1. https://jobschat.in/wp-

content/uploads/2018/09/OJS_MAIN_0714

57 | P a g e

ODISHA

MAINS

15_LC.pdf


content/uploads/2018/09/OJS_PRELIM_20

11.pdf


content/uploads/2018/09/ojs_prelim_2012.q

UES_.pdf

PRE

(unsolved)

1. https://cdn.toprankers.net/docs/ojs-2018-

02536caa671e7.pdf


025367ea1c36b.pdf


025367e1819fa.pdf

PUNJAB

MAINS


content/uploads/2019/04/general-english-

new.pdf

2. https://recruitmentindia.in/wp-

content/uploads/2019/04/Punjabi-

Language-Supplement2.pdf


content/uploads/2019/04/Punjabi-

Language-Supplement.pdf

PRE

1. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1w6r8P5D8

O4NbsV8kLBXWYrB5UDYd8kJ2/view?u

sp=drivesdk


content/uploads/2019/04/OJS-2012-Law-

of-Crime-and-Law-of-torts.pdf


58 | P a g e

content/uploads/2019/04/Reasoning-new-

1.pdf

TAMIL NADU

PRE

1. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1njlhi31HP9

-

u2oUVw3JhNc65mHDwuOBN/view?usp=

sharing

UTTAR PRADESH

MAINS

1. https://drive.google.com/open?id=1LUSnD

uNN9N9Ni290M5M3dd6DY9oBcKfq

2. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zDmyhvkJ

HwJRqIgYeo9Uf8SzvpTO8MjZ/view?usp

=drivesdk

3. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1acJHvKc-

V9hb4Qx6A24oPq0oyuYOCDpo/view?usp

=drivesdk

PRE

1. https://drive.google.com/open?id=1v8v-

5HZWWVrenh4KFfOyTTCk5RLsdACV

2. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1O7qKmkVr

Cj8asswHKhQQvthjijlSQdQp/view?usp=dr

ivesdk

3. https://drive.google.com/open?id=1l_pd2nJ

x3_1C6XsQsSVpDf5P6ul2YDna

1. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1C9yWIVR

8p_w99M8e_octPjw5Pks8hsDY/view?usp=

drivesdk

2. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ATjwNE15

ii5hFJQLm9YTYlRs19nJ6kMj/view?usp=d

rivesdk

59 | P a g e

UTTRAKHAND

MAINS

3. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-lpD-

ejI1nlTV1N_tx5gfrz3ZmmDTJFM/view?us

p=drivesdk

PRE

(2019,2016,

2018)

1. https://cdn.toprankers.net/docs/pcs-jd-sju-

set-a-1-1-uttarakhand-2019-prelims-

02552552faad9.pdf

2. https://cdn.toprankers.net/docs/pcsj-

question-paper-uttarakhand-prelims-2018-

02552551adc3f.pdf

3. https://cdn.toprankers.net/docs/series-a-

uttarakhand-prelims-2016-

025525501a879.pdf

WEST BENHGAL

MAINS

1. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1q41cdo58-

I4sojEVunKOgjpR5jy2PjQ9/view?usp=sha

ring

PRE

1. https://drive.google.com/file/d/13OKYoNiu

SxwqxHOFwbEpJoCU5u29TRZ2/view?us

p=drivesdk

2. https://drive.google.com/open?id=16RCa0c

oeeOSVpvlh66vXjNuT_bCbM3ir


content/uploads/2018/04/pyqp_2019090513

4056_WBJSP-2016.pdf

1. https://hcmimphal.nic.in/PreviousQuestions

/MJS%20III-2014-15-Questions/MJS-III-

Mains-Law%20Paper%202-2014-15.pdf


/MJS%20III-2015-Questions/MJS-III-

60 | P a g e

MANIPUR

MAINS

Mains-Law%20Paper%201-2015.pdf



Mains-Law%20Paper%201-2015.pdf

PRE


/MJS%20III-2019-

Questions/paperI%202019Pre.pdf



Preliminary-Law-2015.pdf


/MJS%20III-2019-

Questions/paperII%202019Pre.pdf

NAGALAND

MAINS.


apers/NJS/Grade-III-2018/Pre-2018.pdf


apers/NJS/Grade-I-Nov-2015/preli-

2015.pdf


xMriejRGdhOWNTTDZSNVU

PRE


xMriejQ3RucS1JdFNKSGM

2. https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_NkbqxM

riejTjRWTlhDQU5rZWM/view?resourceke

y=0-Popil9lsz5ZYRJ_9n92EgQ

1. https://drive.google.com/open?id=12KJoO2

W8ti6aQA2jT0iyWhudzUr3xbf-

2. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-

61 | P a g e

DELHI

MAINS

_gZnapQKWsZiJGHtsqGLmUhOdCv4Hos

/view?usp=drivesdk

3. https://drive.google.com/open?id=12KJoO2

W8ti6aQA2jT0iyWhudzUr3xbf-

PRE

1. https://cdn.toprankers.net/docs/delhi-

judicial-service-prelims-paper-2018-1--

0253fb541a6ee.pdf

2. https://cdn.toprankers.net/docs/delhi-

judicial-service-prelims-paper-2019-

compressed-0253fb1025d52.pdf

3. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hvnoaacP0

PiioNx-

nj5phugKFP7a0IiT/view?usp=drivesdk

RAJASTHAN

PRE

1. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1pORpkkyo

c1AjQJY6PS0Dt12WnOigz1WU/view?usp

=drivesdk

2.https://drive.google.comhttps://drive.google.com/

file/d/1xekwD4AifP06FoiirBZxi8a1VrH9q3Ps/vie

w?usp=drivesdk/open?id=1OF5VJqkPsZwogaERd

x0r0qHd6pkWQX6d

3.https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xekwD4AifP06F

oiirBZxi8a1VrH9q3Ps/view?usp=drivesdk

62 | P a g e

BARE ACTS

SUBJECT LINK OF BAREACT

Indian Penal Code,

1860

https://www.advocatekhoj.com/library/bareacts/indianpenalcode/index.php?Title

=Indian%20Penal%20Code,%201860

Indian Contract Act,

1872

https://www.advocatekhoj.com/library/bareacts/indiancontract/index.php?Title=I

ndian%20Contract%20Act,%201872

Indian Evidence Act,

1872

https://www.advocatekhoj.com/library/bareacts/indianevidence/index.php?Title=

Indian%20Evidence%20Act,%201872

Code of Civil

Procedure, 1908

https://www.advocatekhoj.com/library/bareacts/codeofcivilprocedure/index.php?

Title=Code%20of%20Civil%20Procedure,%201908

Code of Criminal

Procedure, 1973

https://www.advocatekhoj.com/library/bareacts/codeofcriminalprocedure/index.p

hp?Title=Code%20of%20Criminal%20Procedure%20Act,%201973

Indian Partnership

Act, 1932

https://www.advocatekhoj.com/library/bareacts/partnership/index.php?Title=Indi

an%20Partnership%20Act,%201932

Specific Relief Act,

1963

https://www.advocatekhoj.com/library/bareacts/specificrelief/index.php?Title=S

pecific%20Relief%20Act,%201963

Limitation Act, 1963 https://www.advocatekhoj.com/library/bareacts/limitation/index.php?Title=Limit

ation%20Act,%201963

The Arbitration and

Conciliation Act, 1996

https://www.advocatekhoj.com/library/bareacts/arbitrationandconciliation/index.

php?Title=Arbitration%20and%20Conciliation%20Act,%201996

Transfer of Property

Act, 1882

https://www.advocatekhoj.com/library/bareacts/transferofproperty/index.php?Tit

le=Transfer%20of%20Property%20Act,%201882

63 | P a g e

Negotiable

Instruments Act, 1881

https://www.advocatekhoj.com/library/bareacts/negotiableinstruments/index.php

?Title=Negotiable%20Instruments%20Act,%201881

64 | P a g e

IMPORTANT SECTIONS


121, 121 A, 122, 124, 144, 147, 153A, 166, 171G, 192, 209, 218, 260, 264, 273, 283,

300, 301, 304B, 322, 3399, 340, 358, 359, 363A, 378, 380, 390, 405, 410, 414, 415,

464, 466, 477A, 489C, 510


2, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 30, 31, 41-54, 56, 57, 59, 61-69, 70-88, 93, 97, 102, 106-110,

125-130, 132, 133, 144, 154-190, 195, 196, 198-204, 211-262, 265A-265L, 300-304,

307, 311, 313, 315, 320, 366, 368, 395, 401, 436-439, 460, 461, 468, 482


2, 6, 9-35, 39, 46, 52, 55, 56, 60, 77-80, 82, 89, 91, 92, 96-115, 144, 148, 151-153


2-6, 10-18, 20-36, 62, 68-75, 124-126, 129, 134, 135, 139, 148-153, 172, 173, 176,

182, 197


3-11, 14, 15, 17, 21, 22A, 24, 25-28, 31, 32, 40-45, 47, 51-60, 62, 63, 65, 74, 75, 90,

91, 110-119, 122, 123, 124, 132, 133, 134, 137, 141, 142, 143, 145, 151, 157, 159,

167

6. Specific Relief Act, 1963

1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 14A, 15, 16, 20, 20C, 21, 23, 26, 27, 31, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39,

40, 41


3, 5-14, 19, 21, 25-28, 35, 38, 41, 52-56, 58, 60, 6, 81, 92, 96, 100, 105-112, 116, 118,

122-130


4, 5, 6, 13, 92, 118

65 | P a g e

LANDMARK JUDGEMENTS

Table of Cases:

Subject Case laws

Constitutional law 1. Keshavananda Bharati v. Union of

India

2. Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India

Tort law 3. MC Mehta v. Union of India

4. Bhim Singh v. State of J & K

Indian Contract Act 5. Mohoribibi v. Dharmodas Ghose

Indian Evidence Act 6. Queen-Empress v. Abdullah

7. State of Orissa Vs. Damburu Naiko

and another

Indian Penal Code 8. Bhimrao v. State of Maharashtra

9. Hiralal Mallick v. State of Bihar

KESHAVANANDA BHARATI V. UNION OF INDIA

Citation: 1973 AIR SC 1461

Facts:

The petitioner, in this case, was Keshavananda Bharati. In the Kasoragos district of Kerala, a

Hindu monastery ‘Edneer Mutt’ was located. Keshvananda owned some land in the Mutt. In

1969, the Kerala state government came up with Land Reforms Amendment Act. By the

provisions of this act, the government got the right to acquire some of the lands of the Mutt

whose chief was Keshavananda Bharati. On 21 March 1970, Bharati filed a petition in the

Supreme Court of India under Article 32 of the Indian Constitution to enforcement of his

fundamental rights guaranteed to him under Article 14, Article 19(1)(f), Article 25, Article

26, Article 31.

66 | P a g e

Even when this petition was under the consideration of the court, the state government of

Kerala enacted another act i.e. the Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 1971.

After the case of Golaknath v. State of Punjab, various amendments were brought in by the

Parliament to nullify the effects of this judgement. In this case, the petitioners challenged two

such constitutional amendments that are 24th Amendment and 25th Amendment.

24th Constitutional (Amendment) Act, 1971 empowered the Parliament to amend any part of

the Constitution even if it violated the fundamental rights. 25th Constitutional (Amendment)

Act, 1972 took away the essence of the right to property of citizens. It permitted the

acquisition of private property by the government for public use in return for compensation

payable. The petitioner challenged the validity of both these amendments.

Issues before the Court:

Whether the 24th Constitutional (Amendment) Act, 1971 constitutionally valid or not?

Whether the 25th Constitutional (Amendment) Act, 1971 constitutionally valid or not?

What is the extent of the power of the Parliament to amend the Constitution?

Judgement:

The Supreme Court of India delivered this landmark judgement by a majority of 7:6. The

court upheld the entire 24th Constitutional Amendment Act. However, the bench observed

that the 1st and 2nd part of the 25th Constitutional Amendment Act was intra vires and ultra

vires respectively. It was held that the Parliament has the power to amend any provision of

the Indian Constitution in order to fulfill its socio-economic obligations that were guaranteed

to the citizens as given in the Preamble provided the condition that such amendment will not

change the basic structure of the Constitution.

MANEKA GANDHI V. UNION OF INDIA

Citation: 1978 AIR SC 594

Facts:

The petitioner, Maneka Gandhi’s passport was issued on June 1, 1976, under the Passport

Act, 1967. On July 2nd, 1977, the Regional Passport Officer, New Delhi had ordered her to

surrender her passport by a letter posted. The petitioner was also not given any reason for this

order of the External Affairs Ministry, citing public interest. Therefore, the petitioner had

filed a writ petition under Article 32 of the Constitution of India stating the seize of her

67 | P a g e

passport as a violation of her fundamental rights; specifically Article 14, Article 19 and

Article 21 guaranteed by the Constitution of India.

Issues before the Court:

Whether the Fundamental Rights are absolute or conditional and what is the extent of the

territory of such Fundamental Rights provided to the citizens by the Constitution of India?

Whether ‘Right to Travel Abroad’ is protected under the umbrella of Article 21?

What is the connection between the rights guaranteed under Articles 14, 19 and 21 of the

Constitution of India?

Determining the scope of “Procedure established by Law”.

Whether the provision laid down in Section 10(3)(c) of the Passport Act, 1967 violates

Fundamental Rights and if it is, whether such legislation is a concrete law?

Whether the Impugned order of Regional Passport Officer is in contravention of principles of

natural justice?

Judgement:

The court held that:

To seize the passport according to clause (c) of section 10(3) of the Passports Act,

1967, the authority is required to record in writing the reason of such act and on-

demand furnish a copy of that record to the holder of the passport.

The Central Government never disclosed any reasons for confiscating the passport of

the petitioner. She was told that the confiscation was done in the interest of the

general public. But it was found that her presence was felt required by the respondents

for the proceedings before a commission of inquiry. It was clearly shown that the act

was not really done in the public interest.

In Article 2, the phrase “procedure established by law” is used instead of “due process

of law” which is stated to have procedures free from arbitrariness and irrationality.

There is a clear infringement of ‘Audi alteram partem’ which is a basic ingredient of

principles of natural justice. Hence, it cannot be condemned as unfair and unjust even

when a statute is silent on it.

It is correct that fundamental rights are sought in case of violation of any rights of an

individual and when the State had violated it. But it does not mean, Right to Freedom

of Speech and Expression is exercisable only inside the boundary of India. Just

68 | P a g e

because the action of the State is restricted to its own territory, it does not mean that

fundamental rights are also restricted in the same manner.

Fundamental rights protect certain rights related to human values even if they are not

explicitly written in the Constitution. For example, Freedom of the press is not

specifically mentioned in Article 19(1)(a) but it is covered under this article.

The right to go abroad is not a part of the Right to Free Speech and Expression as both

have different natures and characters.

A.K Gopalan’s case was overruled stating that there is a unique relationship between

the provisions of Article 14, Article 19 and Article 21 and every law must pass the

tests of the said provisions. The court held that these provisions are not mutually

exclusive and are dependent on each other. Earlier in the A.K Gopalan case, the

majority held that the provisions in these articles are mutually exclusive.

The court held that the scope of “personal liberty” is not to be interpreted in a narrow

sense. It has to be understood in the broad and liberal sense. Therefore, Article 21 was

given an expansive interpretation. The court obligated the future courts to broaden the

horizons of Article 21 to cover all the fundamental rights and avoid interpreting it in a

narrower sense.

The right to travel abroad, as held in the Satwant Singh case, is within the scope of

rights given under Article 21.

Section 10(3)(c) of Passport Act 1967 does not violate Article 21 and Article 19(1)(a)

or 19 (1)(g). The court stated that the said provision of this act is not in contradiction

of Article 14 also because it provides an opportunity to be heard. The court rejected

the contention of the petitioner and held that the phrase “in the interests of the general

public” is not vague.

The court held that Section 10(3)(c) & 10(5) is an administrative order. Therefore, it

can be challenged on the grounds of mala fide, unreasonable, denial of natural justice

and ultra vires.

69 | P a g e

M C MEHTA V. UNION OF INDIA

The Shriram gas leak case was a watershed moment in environmental activism. In this case,

the Supreme Court attempted to restore public trust in the judiciary by correcting a mistake

made a year ago in the Bhopal gas tragedy case.

CITATION: 1987 AIR SC 1086.

FACTS:

Shriram Food and Fertilizer Industry was a subsidiary of Delhi Cloth Mills Limited. It was a

private company which used to manufacture caustic chlorine and oleum gas. A social activist

lawyer, M.C Mehta, a social activist lawyer, filed a writ petition seeking the closure of the

Shriram Food and Fertilizer Industry because it was located in a densely populated area of

Delhi. Whereas the petition was still awaiting confirmation, on December 4th and 6th, 1985,

a major leak of petroleum gas occurred from one of Shriram Food and Fertilizers Limited's

units in Delhi, resulting in one death and numerous health issues. The Inspector of Factories

and the Assistant Commissioner of Factories issued two orders to close the plant on the 7th

and 24th of December, respectively, under the Factories Act (1948). Shriram also filed a writ

petition (No. 26 of 1986) to have the two orders overturned. Along with the original petition

of M.C. Mehta, the Delhi Legal Aid and Advice Board and the Delhi Bar Association filed

for compensation on behalf of the gas leak victims, and it was pleaded not to allow the

Shriram industry to restart.

ISSUES BEFORE THE COURT:

First, a three-judge panel heard the case. They allowed the reopening of the closed

establishment under certain conditions. The case was then referred to a five-judge bench due

to the constitutional importance of the issue.

ISSUE 1

Whether Shriram be allowed to restart production of caustic chlorine and oleum?

Whether or not it would be a violation of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution.

The petitioner requested that the Court order Shriram Industry to permanently close. It posed

a threat to the lives and health of those living in close proximity to the industry, as it would

70 | P a g e

be a violation of the fundamental right guaranteed by Article 21. The right to a healthy and

clean environment is not explicitly stated in the Indian Constitution, but it can be derived

implicitly from the right to life. The Constitution's directive principles of state policy call for

the improvement of healthcare. They also direct the government's efforts to improve people's

health and lifestyles. Despite the fact that these directive principles of state policy are not

legally binding, State possesses the duty to act in accordance with these guidelines.

ISSUE 2

What is the extent of an enterprise's liability if it manufactures a hazardous or inherently

dangerous substance that has the potential to endanger the health of the community as a

whole?

It was argued that the nature of the Shriram industry's activity was dangerous and had the

potential to endanger the health of the community as a whole. It was determined that the

company must have absolute and non-delegable liability to ensure that no harm is caused to

people as a result of the dangerous activity they are engaging in, and they must be held

accountable for this.

ISSUE 3

Whether Shriram Industry be considered a "state"? Whether it falls within the purview of

Article 12 of the Indian Constitution, making it liable under Article 21?

The court ruled that the Shriram industry's work of chemical manufacturing was of public

interest under state industrial policy, which was initially supposed to be carried out by the

government, but Shriram industry was allowed to carry out these activities under the

government's supervision and in accordance with their rules and regulations. The court ruled

that activities that are necessary for society to function should be considered governmental

functions.

ISSUE 4

Is Shriram Industries liable to pay compensation under Article 21?

The petitioner argued that all victims should be compensated because all compensation

applications are filed on the grounds of the right to life that also guarantees the right to a

71 | P a g e

healthy and clean environment. It was the Shriram Industry's absolute responsibility to take

all necessary safety precautions and ensure that there was no risk to the health of the

community as a whole.

However, the Court later decided not to adjudicate the case.

JUDGEMENT:

The decision was handed down on December 19, 1986. The Supreme Court decided not to

rule on whether Shriram Industries should pay compensation under Article 21. They

instructed the Delhi Legal Aid and Advise Board to file a comprehensive action in an

appropriate court on behalf of all those who asserted to have suffered as a result of this

incident within two months of the date of the judgement. It was also noted that the amount of

compensation must be proportional to the extent of the community's harm. It should also be

proportionate to the ability of the Shriram industry in order to have a deterrent effect. The

court also ordered Shriram to follow all of the recommendations of the Nilay Choudhary and

Manmohan Singh Committees, and issued a strict warning that failure to do so would result

in the industry's immediate closure.

BHIM SINGH V. STATE OF J & K


FACTS:

Mr. Bhim Singh, a Jammu and Kashmir MLA, was the petitioner in this case. On the night of

September 9th and 10th, 1985, the station house officer of Quiz Kunda police station arrested

him. According to the charges levelled against him, a case was filed against him under

Section 153A of the Ranbir Penal Code for delivering a seditious speech at a public meeting

near the parade ground in Jammu on September 8, 1985. He was not brought before the

Magistrate until September 13th. There was a voting session in the legislative assembly, and

the petitioner was unable to vote because he was not permitted to attend. However, the person

for whom he intended to vote won.

ISSUES:

Whether the detention of Mr. Bhim Singh was illegal and can be qualified as false

imprisonment?

72 | P a g e

In which cases can the State be held liable for tortious acts of its servants?

ARGUMENTS ADVANCED FROM THE SIDE OF THE PETITIONER:

Petitioner has refused that he was brought before the Magistrate on September 11, 1985.

Petitioner has also denied being brought before the Sub Judge on September 13, 1985, and

has even denied being examined by any doctor for the purpose of obtaining a Medical

Certificate, which was then used to obtain a one-day remand from the Sub Judge.

Petitioner admits that on September 14, 1985, he appeared before the Sub Judge of Jammu

and was remanded in judicial custody for two days. He also admits that on September 16,

1985, he was brought before the Additional Sessions Judge and granted bail.

Petitioner has also claimed that while in police custody he has been further harassed by the

police.

ARGUMENTS ADVANCED FROM THE SIDE OF RESPONDENT:

Shri M.M. Khajuria, Inspector-General of Police, and Shri M.A. Mir, Superintendent of

Police, Anantnag, contended that on September 10, 1985, the Police Control Room sent a

notice to the Superintendent of Police to arrest Bhim Singh. After being arrested, the

petitioner was taken to the District Headquarters. He was given adequate water, food, and

other necessities. On September 11, 1985, the Executive Magistrate First Class signed a

remand allowing the petitioner to be held in police custody for two days. On the expiration of

this two-day remand, on September 13, 1985, a one-day remand was obtained from Sub-

Judge because Bhim Singh was ill (Medical Certificate attached). Following the expiration of

this remand, on September 14, 1985, the petitioner was produced before the Sub Judge and

was granted two days of judicial custody. The petitioner was then brought before the

Additional Sessions Judge on September 16, 1985, and was granted bail.

JUDGEMENT:

The police officers acted in an autocratic manner, according to the Court. The court went on

to say that if an MLA's personal liberty is taken away in this manner, one can only imagine

what will happen to lesser mortals. Furthermore, the court reminded police officers of their

73 | P a g e

responsibilities, stating that they are the keepers of law and order. They are expected to have

the highest regard for citizens' personal liberty. The court also acknowledged that the police

officers were merely minions, and that the real "responsibility lay elsewhere" in the

government's upper echelons. The respondent, the State of Jammu and Kashmir, was ordered

by the court to pay the petitioner 50,000 rupees.

MOHORIBIBI V. DHARMODAS GHOSE

CITATION: 1903 UKPC 12.

FACTS:

Dharmodas Ghose, a minor, was the respondent in this case. He was the sole owner of his

real estate. His mother was appointed as his legal guardian by the Calcutta High Court.

Dharmodas Ghose mortgaged his own immovable property in favour of the appellant in this

case, Brahmo Dutta. He was a minor at the time he did this because he had not reached the

age of majority. He obtained this mortgage deed for Rs. 20,000 at a yearly interest rate of

12%. Brahmo Dutta was a loan shark. He obtained a loan for Rs. 20,000. Kedar Nath was in

charge of the entire management of Brahmo Dutta's business. He acted as Brahmo Dutta's

attorney.

The mother of Dharmodas Ghose sent a notice to Brahmo Dutta on the date that such

mortgage deed was started, informing him of Dharmodas Ghose's minority. Despite knowing

that Brahmo Dutta was a minor, the defendant's representative, Kedar Nath, acted on behalf

of the moneylender and gave money to the plaintiff. He did so despite knowing that the

plaintiff is unable to perform or enter into a contract. He was also aware that the plaintiff

lacked the legal capacity to mortgage the property that belonged to him.

Dharmodas Ghose and his mother filed a case against Brahmo Dutta on September 10, 1895,

claiming that Dharmodas' mortgage was started when he was a minor. As a result, the

mortgage was null and void. As a result, the contract should be cancelled. Brahmo Dutta had

died while this petition was being processed. The executors then litigated the appeal or

petition. The plaintiff contended that the defendant had dishonestly misinterpreted his age.


74 | P a g e

Whether the contract between the appellant and the respondent was void under section

2, Section 10 and Section 11 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 or not?

Whether the appellant has to return the amount of loan which he had received from

the respondent under such mortgage?

Whether the mortgage commenced by the appellant was voidable or not?

ARGUMENTS ADVANCED FROM THE SIDE OF THE APPELLANT:

At the time of the contract's execution, the respondent was a major.

Neither the appellant nor his agent received any notification that the respondent was a minor.

Because the respondent intentionally misrepresented his age, he is not entitled to seek any

relief.

Section 115 of the Indian Evidence Act of 1872 prohibits the respondent from claiming that

he was a minor at the time of the mortgage's execution.

The respondent is required to repay the amount advanced under Sections 64 and 38 of the

Indian Contract Act (1872) and Section 41 of the Specific Relief Act (1877).

ARGUMENTS ADVANCED FROM THE SIDE OF RESPONDENT:

Brahmo Dutta and his agents Kedar Nath were aware of the respondent's true age. The

respondent's mother informed the appellant of his age. Despite being aware that the

respondent lacked the legal capacity to enter into a contract, the appellant entered into it on

purpose.

The contract is null and void because the respondent was a minor at the time the mortgage

was executed.

JUDGEMENT:

In this case, the trial court ruled that the contract entered into by Brahmo Dutta and

Dharmodas Ghose was void. The court explained the reason for this, stating that this contract

was completed by a person who was a minor at the time of the mortgage's execution.

75 | P a g e

Brahmo Dutta was dissatisfied with the trial court's decision and decided to file an appeal in

the Calcutta High Court. The Calcutta High Court's decision, on the other hand, was

consistent with the trial court's decision. The appeal was dismissed by the High Court. The

appeal was then taken to the Privy Council by Brahmo Dutta. However, the Privy Council

dismissed his appeal as well. The Privy Council ruled that no contract could be entered into

between a minor and a major. As a result, the contract is null and void.

Along with the judgement, the Privy Council established the following principles:

Any contract with a minor or an infant is null and void from the start.

Section 64 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 applies only when the parties to the contract are

competent to make such a contract. This section does not apply in cases where no contract is

made (One party or both are not competent to enter into the contract).

Legal acts performed by an agent or a representative imply that such acts are performed with

knowledge of his principal.

QUEEN-EMPRESS V. ABDULLAH

CITATION: 1885 SCC ONLINE ALL 55.

FACTS:

Abdullah was accused of murdering Dulari, a prostitute, by severing her throat with a

RAZOR. Dulari, who had her throat cut, was taken to the police station and then to the

dispensary one morning. She was awake until the morning. The windpipe and the anterior

wall of the gullet had been cut through, according to the post-mortem report. When Dulari

was brought to the police station, her mother questioned her in front of a sub-inspector. She

was then questioned again by the sub-inspector, deputy magistrate, and assistant surgeon.

She was unable to speak, but she was conscious and able to communicate information

through gestures and signs. The Magistrate questioned Dulari about the person who had

injured her. Dulari, however, was unable to speak the name due to her injury. The magistrate

then mentioned the names of several people one by one and asked her if any of them had

injured her. Dulari made negative and affirmative gestures to express her agreement and

disapproval. The magistrate then inquired as to whether Abdullah had injured her. Dulari

76 | P a g e

waved her hand and made the affirmation sign for this name. The magistrate took note of this

statement. Following that, she was asked if she had been injured with a knife or sword. Dulari

gave a negative response to this question. Following this, the magistrate inquired as to

whether a RAZOR had been used to injure her. She made an affirmative sign in response to

this question. The magistrate was able to record Dulari's dying declaration by gathering

information from him through signs and gestures.


Can such questions and signs, taken together, be properly regarded as “verbal

statements” under Section 32 of the Evidence Act, or are they admissible under any

other sections of the same Act, when a witness is called and deposes to having put

certain questions to a person, the cause of whose death is the subject-matter of the

trial, and which questions have been responded to by certain signs?

Whether mere signs can be regarded as “conduct” within the meaning of Section 8 of

the Evidence Act?

JUDGEMENT:

A four-judge panel heard the case: Sir W. Comer Petheram, Oldfield, Brodhurst, and

Mahmood JJ. The evidence was relevant under section 32 of the Evidence Act as a dying

declaration, according to a majority of three judges to one. However, one judge, Mahmood,

J., held that the conduct in question was relevant under section 8 rather than section 32.

Petheram, Chief Justice and one of the three majority-holding judges, proceeded on the

assumption that in order to attract section 8, the conduct must be directly influenced by the

facts and not by the interposition of words spoken by third parties. According to him, the

"conduct" must be relevant first, and then any statement that influences that conduct becomes

relevant. Dulari's signs and gestures in this case were a non-indicative behaviour. As a result,

the signs and gestures made were irrelevant, as would any statement influencing irrelevant

behaviour.

However, Mahmood, J. disagreed with this reasoning and held that nodding the head or

waving the hand is not a word. As a result, he set aside section 32. (1). According to him, this

section could only apply to "a written or verbal statement."

77 | P a g e

The learned judge ruled that it was subsequent behaviour and charged Abdullah with Dulari's

murder. The court then issued a landmark decision, ruling that if a person is unable to write

or speak a declaration of death due to severe injury, he can indicate his dying declaration

through any gesture or signal. There is no specific form for recording a dying declaration.

Despite the fact that it is written, it can also be expressed through gestures, conduct, or signs.

The questions taken with her assent or dissent were found to be sufficient to constitute a

"verbal statement" as to the cause of death of Dulari under Section 32 of the Evidence Act.

The meaning of the term "verbal" in Section 32 of the Evidence Act should be extended

beyond that of "a word.

STATE OF ORISSA VS. DAMBURUNAIKO AND ANOTHER


FACTS:

The prosecution's case is that on a fateful day, the victim Bhotruni and other girls, PWs. 2 to

4, travelled to Papadahandi to witness the Dasahara festival. Around 4:00 p.m. PW. 1, the

victim, was ahead of them on their way home. When they got inside the forest, the appellants

and two others gagged PW. 1's mouth and kidnapped her, covering her eyes with a piece of

cloth and threatening to kill her if she cried out.

They forced her to lie down on the ground and raped her one by one. PWs 2 to 4 returned to

Papadahandi and reported the incident to the police. PW. 5, the constable, joined them. They

found the victim’s eyes covered with a piece of cloth and that she was crying. She was taken

to Papadahandi. She laid the complaint. They arrested the accused on 31 October, 1977 in the

identification parade conducted by the Executive Magistrate.


The respondents were acquitted by the High Court because PW.1 refused to rely on them to

identify those respondents and there was no corroboration for her evidence. In the absence of

gang rape, the victim may sustain multiple injuries. As a result, she was a willing participant.

They brought this matter before the Supreme Court in the form of a special leave petition.

78 | P a g e

JUDGEMENT:

The court determined that corroboration of the rape victim's evidence was not required. If her

testimony inspires confidence in its veracity, that alone would be enough to convict the

accused. We do not need to see PW's evidence corroborated. 1. She was a simple village girl

who will not leave out her assailants and falsely implicate other innocent people with the

claim that she was raped by them. Furthermore, it stated that even if they seek corroboration

of her injuries to her private parts, the doctor's medical evidence and her first information

report provide such corroboration.

The court wholeheartedly accepts her testimony as truthful. Thus, the appeal was accordingly

allowed. The court wholeheartedly accepts her testimony as truthful. As a result, the appeal

was granted. The High Court's decision and the respondents' acquittal order were overturned.

The trial court's judgments, convictions, and sentences, which were affirmed by the Sessions

Courts, were restored, and the respondents were ordered to surrender and serve their

sentences.

BHIMRAO V. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA


FACTS:

On October 8, 1991, around 3 p.m., all of the accused, along with some others, formed an

unlawful assembly with the common goal of murdering one Prabhakar Gawande. They went

to his house with that object. Then some of them broke into the house and assaulted

Prabhakar, inflicting serious injuries on him. He died six days later as a result of his injuries.

PROCEEDINGS:

In that case, while acquitting 16 of the accused, the learned Sessions Judge of Akola

convicted accused No.1 under Section 302 IPC along with certain other charges and

sentenced him to life imprisonment. In dealing with others, they were primarily found guilty

under Section 302 read with Section 149. Surprisingly, they were only sentenced to 8 years in

prison. In the appeal, the High Court upheld A-1's conviction under Section 302 and, in the

79 | P a g e

case of some of the other accused persons who were also appellants before him; it changed

the conviction to one under Section 304 Part II read with Section 149 and sentenced them to

7 years R.I. While hearing the appeals before the Supreme Court, the High Court changed

their conviction to one under Section 326 read with 149. They were sentenced to three years

of solitary confinement.

The Supreme Court dismissed the appeals of A-1, who was convicted under Section 302, and

other appellants whose sentences were reduced to those under Section 304 Part II. The

appellants before the Court in this case are only those accused who have been convicted

under Section 326 read with Section 149.

ARGUMENTS ADVANCED FROM THE SIDE OF THE APPELLANT:

Shri U.R. Lalit, learned senior counsel appearing for the appellants in these appeals

contended that the High Court erred in concluding that the original common object of the

unlawful assembly was only to assault Prabhakar, for which these appellants had gone to his

house, and that the High Court erred in finding them guilty of an offence punishable by

imprisonment. His contention was that these appellants could only be charged with the

offence punishable under Section 352 read with 149 IPC. This, the learned counsel argued,

was based on the High Court's own decision.

ARGUMENTS ADVANCED FROM THE SIDE OF STATE:

Dr. R.B. Masodkar, learned counsel for the State, argued that the High Court erred in

dividing the common object of a single unlawful assembly into two parts, and that the

appellants and the other members of the unlawful assembly who entered the house and

assaulted the deceased did not share the common object. According to the learned counsel,

the common goal of all members of the unlawful assembly was to kill Prabhakar, and with

that goal in mind, all members of the unlawful assembly went to the deceased's house

carrying deadly weapons. As a result, it is correct to conclude that all members of the

unlawful assembly have some common object.

JUDGEMENT:

We are inclined to hold that the High Court correctly found that the original common object

of the unlawful assembly was only to assault deceased Prabhakar, and that the said common

80 | P a g e

object was changed only in regard to those members of the unlawful assembly who entered

the house; however, we are unable to accept the High Court's later finding that the appellants'

common object was changed only in regard to those members of the unlawful assembly who

entered the house, will still be liable for conviction under Section 326 read with 149 IPC.

Because there is no evidence to the contrary, it is safe to assume that the members of the

original unlawful assembly only shared the common goal of assaulting deceased Prabhakar.

They cannot be attributed to a subsequent change in the common object of those members

who entered Prabhakar's house and caused him severe injuries. The members who were

standing outside the deceased's house had no way of knowing what happened inside. As a

result, it can be concluded that the appellants will be punished only for sharing the original

common object, which is only to assault the deceased, as contended by the appellants' learned

counsel. Thus, they are held guilty of an offence punishable under Section 352 read with

Section 149 only. The court awarded them a sentence of 3 months rigorous imprisonment.

HIRALAL MALLICK V. STATE OF BIHAR


FACTS:

In this case, the appellant was Hiralal Mallick. He was 12 years old at the time and had a feud

with the victim, Arjan Mallick, over an earlier attack on his father. The appellant was armed

with a sharp weapon, and he and his elder brothers struck the victim several times on vital

body parts. The victim died as a result of this.

PROCEEDINGS:

All three brothers were charged with homicide and convicted under Section 302 read with

Section 34 of the Indian Penal Code. The trial judge imposed a life sentence on each

defendant in an impartial manner. All three filed an appeal with the Supreme Court. The High

Court took note of some peculiarities and directed that the convictions under Section 302

(read with Section 34) IPC be converted into one under Section 326 (read with Section 34)

IPC, thereby reducing the punishment awarded to the appellant's other two brothers to

rigorous imprisonment for 8 years. The appellant's tender age of 12 years at the time of the

81 | P a g e

crime was taken into account by the court, and the court commuted the boy's sentence to

rigorous imprisonment for four years.

ISSUE:

The main issue before the court was whether the appellant can get defence under Section 83

of IPC or not.

JUDGEMENT:

The court upheld the appellant's conviction and stated that Section 326 of the Indian Penal

Code must be reluctantly upheld. The Court rejected the child's defence and convicted him,

reasoning that the accused's act of stabbing the victim with a sharp weapon demonstrated that

the accused was mature enough to understand and judge the nature and consequences of his

actions.

82 | P a g e

CURRENT AFFAIRS (2020-21)

SERIA

L NO.

MONTH

AND

YEAR

SOURCE / BOOK

OF CURRENT

AFFAIRS

DESCRIPTION

1.) JANUARY

2020

THE HINDUSTAN

TIMES

Under Article 131 of the Indian Constitution,

Kerala and Chhattisgarh have recently filed a

suit in the Supreme Court challenging the

constitutional validity of various central laws

such as the Citizenship Amendment Act

(Kerala) and the National Investigation

Agency Act (Chhattisgarh).

2.) JANUARY

2020

THE TIMES OF

INDIA

Every year on January 4th, world Braille day

is observed to commemorate the birth

anniversary of Louis Braille. Louis invented

Braille, a written language for the blind.

World Braille Day is observed by the United

Nations and other international organisations.

In November 2018, the United Nations passed

a resolution commemorating the day.

3.) JANUARY

2020

THE LATEST LAWS The Supreme Court has issued its decision on

a slew of petitions challenging restrictions on

internet access and movement in Jammu and

Kashmir. Since the revocation of Article 370

on August 5, 2019, many parts of Jammu and

Kashmir have been in lockdown, with no

83 | P a g e

Internet and movement restrictions. Article

19(1) (a) of the Constitution states that

freedom of speech and expression via the

internet is a fundamental right.

4.) JANUARY

2020

THE HINDUSTAN

TIMES

The central government recently told the

Supreme Court that state governments were

free to decide whether to implement the 10%

economic backwardness reservation in jobs

and admissions. The 103rd Constitutional

Amendment Act of 2019 added Articles 15(6)

and 16(6) to the constitution to allow for EWS

reservation among the general category. The

Centre filed an affidavit in the Supreme Court

stating that the Centre has no role in deciding

the reservation policy of the state government

and that the state government is free to

implement a 10% quota for EWS or not.

5.) JANUARY

2020

THE HINDU Vidhi, a legal think tank, has revisited the All

India Judicial Services (AIJS) proposal. The

14th report of the Law Commission in 1958

was the first to propose the establishment of

all-India judicial services (AIJS). The

requirements of AIJS:

1.) To fill up vacancies;

2.) To enrich the quality of justice;

3.) Address lacunas of state mechanism

4.) To attract best talent

5.) Cooperative federalism

84 | P a g e

District judges and subordinate judiciary are

currently appointed by the respective state

governments.

1.) FEBRUARY

2020

THE LIVE LAWS According to Articles 16(4) and 16(5) of the

Constitution, there is no fundamental right to

reservation in appointment and promotion.

The court determined that Articles 16 (4) and

16 (4-A) are enabling provisions, granting the

state government the discretion to consider

providing reservations if the circumstances

warranted it.

2.) FEBRUARY

2020

NDTV NEWS The Union Ministry of Finance has issued

new rules establishing uniform standards for

the appointment and service conditions of

members of various tribunals. The ‘tribunal,

appellate, and other authorities (qualifications,

experience, and other conditions of service of

members) rules, 2020' were drafted by the

Ministry of Finance in accordance with

Section 184 of the Finance Act of 2017.

3.) FEBRUARY

2020

THE INDIA LEGAL

LIVE

The Supreme Court has directed all states to

issue notifications for the establishment of

"gramme Nyayalayas" within a month, and

has asked the High Court to expedite the

process of consultation with state

governments on this issue. 114tg According to

the Law Commission's report (1986), gramme

Nyayalayas (mobile village courts) should be

established at the grass-roots level to provide

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access to justice to the most marginalised

sections of society, specifically to reduce

barriers to access in terms of distance, time,

and associated courts.

1.) MARCH

2020

THE BAR AND

BENCH

The president appointed Ranjan Gogoi, a

former Chief Justice of India, to the Rajya

Sabha. The president has used his powers

under Article 80(1) (a) to appoint 12 people

with special knowledge or practical

experience in fields such as literature, science,

art, and social science. Within six months of

his retirement as India's 46th Chief Justice,

Ranjan Gogoi was nominated to the Rajya

Sabha.

2.) MARCH

2020

FREE PRESS

JOURNAL

The Union Ministry of Electronics and

Information Technology have issued a white

paper titled "strategy for national open digital

ecosystem (NODE)." This whitepaper

highlights key NODE elements and describes

the paradigm shift from previous approaches

to digital governance or ‘Gov. tech.' It

establishes design principles that can assist in

realising the full potential of an open digital

ecosystem to have a transformative impact

across sectors.

3.) MARCH

2020

THE LIVE LAWS The Central Government has notified the

Protection of Children from Sexual Offenses

(POCSO) 2020 Act, which puts the

amendments to the POCSO Act into effect.

The modification increase the minimum

86 | P a g e

punishment (including death penalty)

Converts assault resulting in the death

of a child and assault committed

during a natural disaster or other

violent situation into aggravated

penetrative sexual assault.

Define pornographic purpose broadly.

Include pornographic material storage.

1.) APRIL 2020 NEWS TODAY The five-judge constitutional bench of the

Supreme Court ruled that providing 100

percent reservation for scheduled tribes in

scheduled areas of a state is not permissible. It

is discriminatory and unconstitutional because

it violates Articles 14, 15, and 16 of the

constitution. Andhra Pradesh is a state that

issued an order in 2000 providing 100 percent

reservation to ST, with 33 percent reserved

for women, for the position of teacher.

2.) APRIL 2020 THE BAR AND

BENCH

The president issued an epidemic disease

(Amendment) ordinance in 2020 to amend the

epidemic disease act of 1897 in order to

protect health care service personnel and

property, including their living/working

premises, from violence during an epidemic.

1.) MAY 2020 THE HINDU The administration of Jammu and Kashmir

has issued guidelines for the distribution of

domicile certificates on May 18, 2020. The

J&K grant of domicile certificate (procedure)

Rules 2020 were created through an

87 | P a g e

amendment to the Jammu and Kashmir civil

services (decentralisation and recruitment)

Act 2010. If the rules are broken, the

competition faces an unprecedented penalty of

Rs. 50000.

1.) JUNE

2020

THE LIVE LAWS The Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) has

proposed decriminalising some compoundable

offences under the limited liability partnership

(LLP) Act. These offences include minor,

procedural, or technical infractions. The goal

of this initiative is to make it easier for law-

abiding LLPs to do business in India. The

government identified 20 sections of the LLP

act in a public draught.

1.) JULY

2020

THE INDIA LEGAL

LIVE

The Consumer Protection Act of 2019 went

into effect, replacing the previous 1986 act.

The previous act had the following significant

flaws: -

Enabled access to justice through a

single point of contact.

Does not include e-commerce

retailers/platforms.

Was out of step with new market

dynamics;

There was no provision for the

authority to act unilaterally.

1.) AUGUST

2020

THE LIVE LAWS The repeal of Articles 370 and 35A, as well as

the administrative reorganisation of Jammu

and Kashmir, took place one year ago in

88 | P a g e

August.

1.) SEPTEMBER

2020

THE BAR AND

BENCH

The election commission recently decided to

revise the timeline for the public disclosure of

criminal antecedents by candidates and

political parties that nominate them for

elections.

1.) OCTOBER

2020

THE INDIA LEGAL

LIVE

India ranks 94th out of 107 countries in the

category of severe hunger. India was ranked

102 out of 117 in 2019. The chart is topped by

Belarud, China, and Turkey, among others.

1.) NOVEMBER

2020

THE LATEST LAWS Haryana's assembly passed the Haryana

pachayati raj (second amendment) bill, 2020,

granting the right to recall members of

panchayati Raj institutions.

1.) DECEMBER

2020

THE INDIAN TIMES The Attorney General of India recently

emphasised the importance of improving

women's representation in the judiciary. There

are only two women judges on the Supreme

Court out of a total of 34, and India has never

had a female chief justice.

1.) JANUARY

2021

THE BAR AND

BENCH

Many saw the Supreme Court's decision to

stay the implementation of three farm laws as

an act of judicial activism/overreach. The

Supreme Court has engaged in judicial

activism in the following cases:

89 | P a g e

- Directing the Centre to create a new

policy to handle drought.

- Directing the Centre to set up a bad

loans panel.

- Reforming board for the control of

cricket in India.

The National Judicial Accountability

Commission Act of 2014, which sought to

ensure transparency and accountability in the

higher judiciary, was declared invalid.

1.) FEBRUARY2

021

THE LIVE LAWS In a suo moto writ petition (Prajjawala case)

filed in December 2018, the Supreme Court

(SC) ordered that the Centre develop

necessary guidelines to eliminate child

pornography, rape, and gang rape images,

videos, and sites from content hosting

platforms and other applications. Following

that, meity drafted Information Technology

(Intermediary guidelines) rules 2018 to

replace the rule notified in order to strengthen

the legal framework and hold social media

platforms accountable under the law.

2.) FEBRUARY2

021

THE HINDUSTAN

TIMES

The Supreme Court denied a petition urging it

to reconsider the constitutionality of Section

124 A of the Indian Penal Code, which deals

with sedition. The IPC was written in 1837 by

Thomas Macaulay, a British historian and

statesman, but it was mysteriously erased

when it was passed in 1860. In 1860, Sir

James Stephen made an amendment by

90 | P a g e

inserting Section 124 A. Under this law, Bal

Gangadhar Tilak, Annie Besant, the Ali

Brothers, Maulana Azad, Gandhi, and many

others were imprisoned.

1.) MARCH

2021

THE LATEST LAWS Recently, the Supreme Court requested a

response from the Centre on a Public Interest

Litigation (PIL) seeking gender and religion

neutral uniform grounds of succession and

inheritance for citizens of the country. This is

the fourth PIL filed in the last three months on

issues that, taken together, constitute the

scope of the Uniform Civil Code's Coverage

(UCC). A uniform civil code (UCC) is a

single body of law that governs all Indian

citizens in personal matters such as marriage,

divorce, judicial separation, custody,

adoption, and inheritance. According to

Article 44 of the Constitution, the "state" is

responsible for ensuring that citizens

throughout India have access to a uniform

civil code.

2.) MARCH

2021

THE WIRE The Government of the National Capital

Territory of Delhi (Amendment) Act

(GNCTD) 2021 was recently enacted. It

fosters harmonious relationships between the

legislative and executive branches. The 2021

Act modifies the GNCTD Act of 1991 by

granting certain powers and responsibilities to

the legislative assembly and the lieutenant

governor (LG), in accordance with the NCT's

constitutional scheme of government.

91 | P a g e

According to the Centre, there was no

structural mechanism in the 1991 Act to

ensure that the rules were implemented on

time.

3.) MARCH

2021

THE INDIA LEGAL

LIVE

The National Bank for Financing

Infrastructure and Development (NaBFID)

Bill, 2021, was passed by the legislature. The

bill proposes to establish NaBFID, a

development financial institution (DFI), to aid

in the development of long-term non-recourse

infrastructure financing. NaBFID will be

established as a corporate body with an

authorised share capital of one lakh crore

rupees, which will be held by the central

government, multilateral institutions,

sovereign wealth funds, pension funds,

insurers, and financial institutions, among

others.

1.) APRIL

2021

THE HINDU The NITI Aayog intends to release a first-of-

its-kind Online Dispute Resolution (ODR)

handbook in India. ‘Courts should be viewed

as a service, not a location.' Online Dispute

Resolution is now a reality. ODR plays a

critical role in achieving the ideal of ‘access to

justice' for all enshrined in the Indian

Constitution.

2.) APRIL

2021

THE TIMES OF

INDIA

On National Panchayati Raj Day, India's

Prime Minister launched the distribution of e-

property cards under the SWAMITVA

scheme. It intends to update the ‘Record of

92 | P a g e

Rights' in revenue/property registers and issue

property cards to rural property owners.

1.) MAY

2021

THE BAR AND

BENCH

The Centre has requested that Whatsapp's new

privacy policy be withdrawn. The government

has also sent a notification to the messaging

platform in this regard. According to the

government, Whatsapp's new privacy policy

contradicts the value of information policy.

The right to privacy is a fundamental right of

every citizen, as stated in Article 21 of the

Indian Constitution.

93 | P a g e

NEWSPAPERS

1. The Hindu: An English-Language daily newspaper, The Hindu is a trusted newspaper for the

preparation of current affairs and G.K for various competition papers. Headquartered

in Chennai, The Hindu is an excellent source of the recent developments and

happenings around you. It majorly focuses on National news, that holds great

importance in the judicial service examination. This paper proves to be beneficial as it

is works on providing authentic information to its audience and avoids publishing

trivial and unnecessary events hence, saving your valuable time. The Hindu editorials

are one of the best, you should never skip the editorials. They not only provide news

about a topic, but also discuss various aspects of the topic as learning the facts won’t

be sufficient, you should understand the relevance and debate around the particular

issue.

Link to the site: https://www.thehindu.com/

2. The Indian Express:

An English-Language newspaper, The Indian Express is another great source of

current affairs and G.K., people often tend to study both The Hindu as well as The

Indian Express for their preparation of the G.K. and current affairs. Both these

newspapers are equally reliable and informative. The main factor that differentiates

these two is that The Indian Express is an easy-to-read newspaper i.e., the language

used in this paper is quite simple and can be understood easily.

A few other key differences between these two papers can be:

The Indian Express focuses on governance, politics and economy. It covers a wide

range of topics. On the other hand, The Hindu avoids news that is unnecessary, it

focuses on issues concerning the nation.

Link to the site: https://indianexpress.com/

3. State Newspapers:

Other than studying an English newspaper, to have an upper hand you can also study

the newspaper of the state you are preparing for. Often questions are asked relating to

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the local events or proficiency in the language is checked, both of which can be

prepared by reading that particular state’s newspaper.

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MAGAZINES

1. Pratyogita Darpan:

Pratyogita Darpan is one of the most recommended monthly magazines for the

preparation of G.K. and current affairs for the exam. It is an extensive magazine that

would not leave any topic for to miss in your preparation. Also, that topics are

covered in depth for the overall coverage of the said subject. It provides authentic and

to the point information to the candidates.

Link to the site: https://www.pdgroup.in/

2. Frontline:

Frontline magazine is a product of The Hindu Group of publications. This English-

Language magazine is a current affairs magazine focusing on both national and

international issues. It also focuses on issues relating to states, which can be beneficial

in the preparation. This magazine covers topics from various areas and is quite

exhaustive.

Link to the site: https://frontline.thehindu.com/

3. Legal Era:

The Legal Era magazine is one of the best magazines for legal news in India. Aiming

for the legal literacy in the county, this magazine deals with all the latest legal issues

and developments in the country, covering all the law affairs. While preparing for

judicial service examination, one should be aware of all the legal developments

around them and this magazine could make that possible for you.

Link to the site: https://www.legaleraonline.com/

4. Law Exam Times:

The Law Exam Times magazine is specially made for the judicial service

examination. It contains matter for both preliminary as well as the mains examination.

This magazine can be a good addition to your preparation as it is made keeping in

mind the judicial service examination, all the issues discussed are relevant to your

preparation. It can be ordered on Amazon and Flipkart.

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5. Lawyer Monthly:

The Lawyer Monthly magazine aims to provide latest legal news and legal issues in

discussion. It is a monthly magazine. This magazine focus on bringing legal news

from all the different areas and sectors, making it easy for the candidates to cover the

legal developments around all the sectors without going through the hardship to

search it by themselves.

Link to the site: https://www.lawyer-monthly.com/about/

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CHAPTER- 3

REFERENCE BOOKS

"I see, these books are probably law books, and it is an essential part of the justice dispensed here

that you should be condemned not only in innocence but also in ignorance."

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CONSTITUTIONAL LAW

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Description:

The title of the book is Constitutional Law of India, which is authored by J.N Pandey. The

publisher of this book is Central Law Publication. This book contains a basic knowledge and

helps a person throughout. Sri Jai Narain Pandey, the author of this book is a teacher of law at

the University of Allahabad. He has long sensed the need for a convenient volume that gives

university students an integrated understanding of the Constitution. He has made this attempt

in that direction. The book’s structure is excellent. In the Constitution of India, a successful

attempt has been made to bring about a synthesis between the concepts of individual freedom

and social justice. It is for this reason that the attainment of social, economic, and political

justice, along with the liberty and equality of its citizens is enshrined in the preamble as the

objective of the Constitution.

Constitutions are either unitary or federal, according to the standard classification used by

political scientists. In a Unitary Constitution, the power is centralized in one government viz.

the central government. The provinces are subordinate to the Centre. In the Federal

Constitution, the federal and state governments, on the other hand, have a division of powers

in the Constitution, and both are independent in their own sectors. The Indian Constitution is

both unitary and federal in nature. It is a harmonious mixture of the both. The French

revolution watchwords were Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. The old concept of social

justice permeated the Bolshevik upsurge which overwhelmed the old older in Russia. The

Indian Constitution is an organic document that outlines the powers and functions of the

various governmental entities, as well as their interdependence. It is modified on the pattern

of a federal structure with a strong basis in favour of the Centre. It establishes parliamentary

democracy with a legislature-controlled executive. Like American Constitution, it has armed

the judiciary to test the validity of parliamentary legislation on the touchstone of the

Constitutional Provisions.

The scope of this book is very wider. The constitution is the supreme law of the land and

naturally during the course of the last 22 years a number of commentaries written by eminent

men of law and learning have come out on the constitution. This book contains a brief

description of each and every article and with case commentaries. The Indian constitution has

divided the powers between the Centre and the State in terms of union list, state list, and the

concurrent list as mentioned in schedule VII. The original Constitution had 395 articles

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divided into 22 parts and eight schedules.1 It came into force on January 26, 1950, the day

India commemorates as Republic Day each year. Due to 100 amendments, the total number

of articles has risen to 448.

Critical Analysis:

The Constitution of India guarantees to its citizens certain fundamental rights: right to

equality, right to freedom of speech and religion2, right to property and the right to

constitutional remedies – rights which are essential for the development of human

personality. In this, the Indian Constitution has gone a step forward than the bill of rights

incorporated in the Constitution of U.S.A. The source of the book is various judgements

given by the Supreme Court, High Court and district court, parliamentary proceedings and

various bills or acts, notification of the official gazette. The main source of the Constitution

Book is Bare Act of the Constitution of the India. The Book contains all the landmark

judgements of the cases like A.K. Gopalan vs. State of Madras,3 Kesavananda Bharti

Sripadagalavaru vs. State of Kerala,4 Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India,5 Golak nath v. State

of Punjab,6 Minerva Mills Case,7 Shah Bano’s Case.8

In terms of the federal principle, the procedure for altering the constitution is strict. Neither

the central government nor the state government can unilaterally modify the Indian

Constitution. As a result, the Indian constitution is inflexible to the point that articles relating

to the federal structure can only be changed by a combined decision of the Centre and the

States. The book contains all the chapters and provisions like The Emergency Provisions, the

Amendment of the Constitution, the Union List and the State List, Citizenships, Fundamental

Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy, the Municipalities and the Panchayats, the

Scheduled and Tribal areas. This book elaborates all the topics and chapters with case

analysis. This book describes all the perspective of the Indian Constitution. The Constitution

in a living document that helps the governing system function. Its flexibility in its

amendments. The text of the Indian Constitution has been brought up to date in this book by

containing all changes enacted by parliament, as well as the Constitution (One Hundredth

1 M.C. Jain Kagzi, The Constitutional of India (6th edn, India Law House 2001). 2 The Constitution of India 1950, art 19(a). 3 (1950) SCR 88. 4 AIR 1973 SC 1461. 5 AIR 1978 SC 597. 6 AIR 1976 SC 1643. 7 AIR 1980 SC 1789. 8 1985 2 SCC 556.

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Amendment) Act, 2015. The facts of gained and transferred territory between the

governments of India and Bangladesh are provided in Annexure.

This book is a classic for the law students and competitive examinees. Some of the cases

decided by the supreme court of vital constitutional importance are worth to be mentioned in

this book. The research of this book is really comprehensive. The strongest and most

persuasive points is that it covers all the aspects of the Constitution with brief analysis and

with landmark cases and case analysis. This book is highly recommended if anyone is a

beginner or brush into their basics and throughout guidance. The content is feasible and easy

to understand, the author uses very simple words and no frequent dictionary necessary. The

weakest points and unconvincing point of the book is that this book is very lengthy. A student

has taken a long time for reading one chapter and to understand it. The book is easy to

understand. The stereotypical characters are used in the books. The author while dealing with

the content also referred the relevant provision of the other Constitutions like U.S.A, U.K.,

Australia and Canada wherever necessary.

Evaluation:

This book makes a significant addition to the field, because the constitution is the

fundamental law of the land, constitutional law is a topic of critical importance. Eminent and

distinguished authors have written authoritative books on this lively subject. The country’s

highest judicial authority has also issued authoritative declarations on some of the most

intricate and essential sections of the Indian Constitution from time to time. In my opinion,

however, the books on the Indian Constitution being in Commentary style do not adequately

fulfil the need of the students as they fail to give a coherent and integrated picture. As a Law

Student, I have felt the need of a textbook succinctly explaining the basic principles of the

Indian Constitution. As a result, in this book, an attempt is made to articulate the underlying

concepts of the Indian Constitution as well as to comment briefly on its basic structure.

This book is primarily meant for LL. B and LL. M students of the Indian Universities. It is

thought, however, that it will be beneficial to individuals preparing for numerous competitive

examinations. The usefulness of the book is judged by those for whom it is meant. The author

said that “I shall consider my labour to have been amply rewarded if the ook could be helpful

to the students of law in appreciating the essential characteristics of the Indian Constitution.

Any suggestions for improvement of the book shall be gratefully welcomed by the author. I

crave the indulgence of the readers of any error or imperfection which might have, despite the

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best possible endeavour, crept into this work.” I have read a few chapters of this book, and I

think Sri Pandey has done a good job of presenting the essential features of the Constitution

in a concise but clear manner. The author has also noticed the important authoritative

pronouncements of the Supreme Court at appropriate places.

This book must be read by all the students who want to understand the Constitution of India.

It is written in a very lucid language; it can be read by all law students as well as for those

preparing for the Judiciary. The book has been updated to include the most recent revisions

and case laws. I hope this book will help you with your studies and this is a very good book

and valuable for law students. The price of the book is a little bit high, but the matter is good

so it doesn’t like that your money will go in vain. It is value for money. The front cover of the

book and wrapping around it also appreciated. This book is also very good for those who are

not law students but want to know about the Constitution of India. This book also helps in

making notes for various Competitive exams. A good book for clearing concepts also.

The content is practical and simple to comprehend. I hope the book will prove useful not only

to the university students but also to those who are in the profession of law. According to me

and some law students the rating of this book is 4.7 out of 5.

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CRIMINAL LAW

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Description:

Title: KD Gaur: Criminal Law-Cases and Materials, 9th Edition

Author: K D Gaur

General subject area: Indian Penal Code

Purpose and scope of the book: The purpose of this book is to provide the reader with a

thorough understanding of the Indian Penal Code.

Structure of the book:

1. Criminal Law in Ancient India

2. Criminal Law in Modern India

3. 1.1 Introduction to IPC

4. 1.2 Commentary

5. 2.1 THE CONCEPT OF CRIME

6. 2.2 THEORIES OF CRIME: NATURAL LAW VIS-À-VIS POSITIVE LAW

7. 2.3 TRUE CRIME IDENTIFIED

8. 2.4 PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY

9. 2.5 STRICT LIABILITY

10. 3.1 Introduction

11. 3.2 Burden of Proof

12. 3.3 Mistake of Fact

13. 3.4 Judicial Act

14. 3.5 Accident

15. 3.6 Necessity

16. 3.7 Duress

17. 3.8 Infancy

18. 3.9 Unsoundness of Mind

19. 3.10 Intoxication

20. 3.11 Consent

21. 3.12 Communication made in Good Faith

22. 3.13 Trifles cannot be Offences

23. 3.14 Private Defence

24. 3.15 Private Defence of Body

25. 3.16 Private Defence of Property

26. 4.1 Vicarious Liability under the Indian Penal Code, 1860

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27. 4.2 Vicarious Liability under Special Statutes

28. 4.3 Liability of Master

29. 4.4 Liability of Corporations for Criminal Wrongs


31. 5.2 Liability on the basis of Common Intention

32. 5.3 Liability on the basis of Common object

33. 5.4 Common Intention

34. 5.5 Criminal Conspiracy

35. 5.6 Common Object

36. 5.7 Distinction between Section 34 and Section 149 of Indian Penal Code, 1860


38. 6.2 Abetment

39. 6.3 Criminal Conspiracy

40. 6.4 Criminal Attempt

41. 6.5 Attempt to Murder and Attempt to Commit Culpable Homicide

42. 6.6 Attempt to Commit Suicide

43. 7.1 Punishment: Meaning, Aims and Objects

44. 7.2 Theories of Punishment

45. 7.3 Causes of Crime

46. 7.4 Punishments under the Indian Penal Code, 1860

47. 7.5 Compensation to Victims of Crime

48. 7.6 Movements towards Worldwide Abolition of Death Sentence

49. 8.1 Offences Affecting Life

50. 8.2 Culpable Homi

51. 8.3 Murder

52. 8.4 Constructive Culpable Homicide

53. 8.5 Death Sentence

54. 8.6 Homicide by Negligence

55. 8.7 Dowry Death

56. 8.8 Abetment of Suicide

57. 8.9 Hurt

58. 8.10 Wrongful Restraint

59. 8.11 Wrongful Confinement

60. 8.12 Kidnapping and Abduction

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61. 8.13 Kidnapping for Ransom

62. 8.14 Trafficking and Exploitation of a Trafficked Person

63. 8.15 Selling or Buying of Minors for Prostitution

64. 8.16 Sexual Offences

65. 8.17 Rape and the Law

66. 8.18 Special Category of Cases of Rape that attract Severe Punishment

67. 8.19 Rape and Sexual Assault in Other Countries

68. 8.20 Leading Cases on Rape


70. 9.2 Crimes against Women—Legal Provisions

71. 9.3 Sexual Harassment at Workplace

72. 9.4 Male Sexual Harassment

73. 10.1 Introduction to Chapter XX OF IPC

74. 10.2 Fraudulent Conduct in Marriage

75. 10.3 Bigamy

76. 10.4 Adultery

77. 10.5 Enticement with Criminal Intent

78. 11.1 Introduction to Chapter XXA of IPC

79. 11.2 Protection of Women from Domestic Violence

80. 12.1 Defamation

81. 13.1 Introduction to Chapter XXII of IPC

82. 13.2 Criminal Intimidation

83. 13.3 Insult

84. 13.4 Annoyance

85. 14.1 Introduction to Chapter XVII of IPC

86. 14.2 Offences against Property

87. 14.3 Theft

88. 14.4 Extortion

89. 14.5 Robbery and Dacoity (Gang Robbery)

90. 14.6 Criminal Misappropriation

91. 14.7 Criminal Breach of Trust

92. 14.8 Receiving of Stolen Property

93. 14.9 Cheating

94. 14.10 Fraudulent Deeds and Disposition of Property

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95. 14.11 Mischief

96. 14.12 Criminal Trespass

97. 15.1 Introduction to Chapter XVIII of IPC

98. 15.2 Forgery

99. 16.1 Offences against the State

100. 16.2 Sedition

Critical Analysis:

Sources used by the author:

The author, in this book, used a number of sources. Some of the major ones among them are:

1. Allen, Legal Duties, 40 Yale Law Journal

2. DD Basu, Constitutional Law of India, 5th Edition

3. Dr. Hari Singh Gour’s Penal Law of India, 11th Edition

4. Forty-second Report of the Law Commission of India on Indian Penal Code, 1971

5. Glanville Williams, Criminal Law, 2nd Edition

6. Gour Hari Singh, The Penal Law of India, Vol. 1, 10th Edition, 1983

7. Gour Hari Singh, The Penal Law of India, Vol. 1, 9th Edition, 1972

8. Indian Penal Code 1860

9. J W C Turner, Russell on Crime, 12th Edition

10. J W Cecil Turner, Kenny’s Outlines of Criminal law, 19th Edition, Cambridge

University Press, 1966

11. James Madison, The Federalist, § 51, New York, The Modern Library, 1937

12. Jerome Hali, General Principles of Criminal Law, 2nd Edition, 1960

13. John Lewis Gillin, Criminology and Penology ... Third Edition

14. John Smith, Smith and Hogan Criminal Law, 10th Edition, London: Lexis Nexis

Butterworths, 2003

15. JS Mill, Utilitarianism, 1861, Everyman’s Library, London, JM Dent, 1940

16. KD Gaur, ‘White Collar Crime and Its Impact on Society’, Journal of the Bar Council

of India, Vol. 5 (4), 1976

17. KD Gaur, Criminal Law Cases and Materials, 5th Edition (2008)

18. KD Gaur, Text Book on Indian Penal Code, 4th Edition (2009)

19. Kenny’s Outlines of Criminal Law, 19th Edition, JWC Turner, Appendix

20. KS Pillai, Principles of Criminology, Madras, 1924

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21. Law Commission of India, 42nd Report, 1971

22. Monrad and Kadish, Criminal Law and Its Processes, 1962

23. Peter Brett, An Inquiry into Criminal Guilt, Sydney: Law Book Co of Australasia,

1963

24. R Garofalo, Criminology, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1914

25. Ratanlal and Dhirajlal, The Law of Crimes, 23rd Edition, 1991

26. Ratanlal and Dhirajlal, The Law of Crimes, 24th Edition, 1997

27. RC Nigam, Law of Crimes in India, Vol. I, 1965

28. RC Nigam, Principles of Criminal Law, Vol. I, 1965

29. RC Nigam, Principles of Law of Crimes, Vol. I

30. Russell on Crime, Vol. I, 12th Edition, 1964

31. Sir James Stephen, Liberty, Equality and Fraternity, 2nd Edition

32. Smith and Hogan, Criminal Law, 5th Edition, 1983

33. SS Huda, Principles of Law of Crimes in British India, Calcutta: Butterworth, 1903

34. SS Huda, Principles of Law of Crimes in British India, TLL, 1902

35. SS Huda, The Principles of the Law of Crimes in British India, TLL, 1902

36. Stephen James, History of Criminal Law of England, Vol. II, 1883,

37. Stephen, Digest of Criminal Law, 8th Edition

38. Trevor Nyman, The Dilution of Crime, (1981) 56 ALJ 506

39. Twenty-ninth Report of the Law Commission of India, 1966,

40. VR Krishna Iyer, Perspectives in Criminology, Law and Social Changes, Allied

Publishers, 1980

41. W Cecil Turner, Kenny’s Outlines of Criminal law, 19th Edition, Cambridge

University Press, 1966

42. Winfield, Province of the Law of Torts TLL

Research of the author is comprehensive or not:

The research done by the author is comprehensive. He used various types of sources which

include books by Indian and international writers, law journals, law commission reports,

various case laws and statistical data.

He is in line or against the sources mentioned:

The author used various sources in his book. He is in line with most of the sources, but gives

his own interpretation and understanding to make it clearer to the reader.

The strongest point in the book:

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The strongest point in the book is the case laws mentioned along with the topics which make

the reader understand them well. In the case laws, the views of the judges are mentioned,

which makes the reader able to know how the judges have interpreted the provision in

question.

The weakest point in the book:

The weakest point in the book is the use of unnecessary static data provided in every topic in

the form of tables or pie charts and maps. For a law student, such data do not play an

important role.

Evaluation:

Thesis:

The Constitution of India provides its citizens with certain rights and freedoms. These rights

and freedom are ascertained through a formal set of rules and regulations which determines

the conduct of all the citizens of the land. The book Indian Penal Code is a legal classic that

aims to educate Indian citizens about their rights and laws, as well as the penalties of

breaking these laws.

This book, written by KD Gaur, proves an entirely different approach to study the Indian

Penal Code. It focuses on emerging issues as well as legislative and judicial developments. A

section-wise flow is maintained in the entire book. On every topic, at appropriate places,

significant changes in the well-established rules pertaining to the law of crime and

developments made have been referred. Along with this, the relevant statutory changes have

been incorporated in this book. Further, important decisions given by the Courts in India,

which have either reformed the direction of legal principles or thrown new light on existing

principles have been thoroughly examined. The interface of the Indian Penal Code with the

Criminal Procedure Code and the Indian Evidence Act has also been examined, which serves

to provide interesting insights into the Indian Penal Code’s entire corpus.

Concluding remarks:

This book, authored by KD Gaur, presents the most unique, authentic, and unbiased

explanation of the rules and regulations, and is immensely popular among the legal fraternity,

from law professors to judges, administrators, and police officers. This book is of vital

importance for the students of law in India. In this book, the most trusted and original

interpretation of each law is provided along with proper case studies. It helps in providing a

clear understanding of each situation to the reader. This guidebook is for everybody who

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wants to pursue a career or want to gain knowledge about criminal law and justice in Indian

land.

The quality and standard of the book are further underlined by the fact that this book has been

not only practised but followed by every person involved with criminal law and justice in

India. It also includes the graphical and tabular representation of data related to the topic in

question. Indian maps are also used so that the reader can understand the data easily. It

presents the latest and current update of the criminal law scenario in India to the law

practitioners, academicians and students.

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THE CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

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Description:

Title: The Code of Criminal Procedure

Writers: Ratanlal and Dhirajlal

Copyright: 2020

Authored by Ratanlal and Dhirajlal, this book titled as ‘The code of Criminal Procedure’ was

first published in 1930. The latest edition of this book was published in November 2019 and

the copyright year is 2020. This book is a section wise commentary on the Criminal

Procedure Code and Criminology. The purpose of this book was to provide a detailed

analysis of the subject and help the readers understand the subject better. This book was

written by keeping in mind that it should stand helpful for the students as well as the

professionals in the field of law.

This book is written as a section wise commentary on the Code. The section wise distribution

of the book helps the readers find easily the preferable case laws regarding the particular

section. Hence, the chapters of the book are divided into groups of sections rather than being

divided on the basis of the topic in discussion.

To provide you with an overview of the book the contents of the book are as follows:9

1. Preliminary (section 1-5)

2. Constitution of Criminal Courts and Offices (section 6-25A)

3. Power of Courts (section 26-35)

4. A - Powers of Superior Officers of Police (Ss. 36-40)

B - Aid to the Magistrates and the Police

5. Arrest of Persons (Ss. 41-60A)

6. Processes to Compel Appearance (Ss. 61-90)

A – Summons

B - Warrant of Arrest

C - Proclamation and Attachment

D - Other Rules Regarding Processes

7. Processes to Compel the Production of Things (Ss. 91-105)

A - Summons to Produce

9 https://lawbookshop.net/ratanlal-dhirajlal-code-criminal-procedure.html

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B - Search-warrants

C - General Provisions Relating to Searches

D – Miscellaneous

7-A. Reciprocal Arrangements for Assistance in Certain Matters and Procedure for

Attachment and forfeiture of Property (Ss. 105A-105L)

8. Security for keeping the Peace and for Good Behaviour (Ss. 106-124)

9. Order for Maintenance of wives Children and Parents (Ss. 125-128)

10. Maintenance of Public order and Tranquillity (Ss. 129-148)

A - Unlawful Assemblies

B - Public Nuisances

C - Urgent Cases of Nuisance or Apprehended Danger

D - Disputes as to Immovable Property

11. Preventive Action of the Police (Ss. 149-153)

12. Information to the Police and their Powers to Investigate (Ss. 154-176)

13. Jurisdiction of the Criminal Courts in Inquiries and Trials (Ss. 177-189)

14. Conditions Requisite for Initiation of Proceedings (Ss. 190-199)

15. Complaints to Magistrates (Ss. 200-203)

16. Commencement of Proceedings before Magistrates (Ss. 204-210)

17. The Charge (Ss. 211-224)

A - Form of Charges

B - Joiner of Charges

18. Trial before a Court of Session (Ss. 225-237)

19. Trial of Warrant--cases by Magistrates (Ss. 238-250)

A - Cases Instituted on a Police Report

B - Cases Instituted otherwise than on Police Report

C - Conclusion of Trial

20. Trial of Summons-cases by Magistrates (Ss. 251-259)

21. Summary Trials (Ss. 260-265)

21-A. Plea Bargaining (Ss. 265A-265L)

22. Attendance of Persons Confined or Detained in Prisons (Ss. 266-271)

23. Evidence in Inquiries and Trials (Ss. 272-299)

A - Mode of Taking and Recording Evidence

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B - Commissions for the Examination of Witnesses

24. General Provisions as to Enquiries and Trials (Ss. 300-327)

25. Provisions as to accused persons of unsound mind (Ss. 328-339)

26. Provisions as to Offences Affecting the Administration of Justice (Ss. 340-352)

27. The Judgment (Ss. 353-365)

28. Submission of Death Sentences for Confirmation (Ss. 366-371)

29. Appeals (Ss. 372-394)

30. Reference and Revision (Ss. 395-405)

31. Transfer of Criminal Cases (Ss. 406-412)

32. Execution, Suspension, Remission and Commutation of Sentences (Ss. 413-435)

A - Death Sentences

B - Imprisonment

C - Levy of Fine

D - General Provisions Regarding Execution

E - Suspension, Remission and Commutation of Sentences

33. Provisions as to Bail and Bonds (Ss. 436-450)

34. Disposal of Property (Ss. 451-459)

35. Irregular Proceedings (Ss. 460-466)

36. Limitation for Taking Cognizance of Certain offences (Ss. 467-473)

37. Miscellaneous (Ss. 474-484)

The first Schedule - Classification of Offences

Second Schedule - Forms

Summary

Subject Index

Analysis:

The Procedural Criminal Law is placed in the Concurrent List of the Constitution of India.

According to Article 246(2), the legislating power of the said law lies with both the

Parliament and the State Legislature. Hence, the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 has

amendments made by both the State Legislature as well as the Parliament. Therefore 23

editions of the said book contain a detailed commentary, evolved through the years. Hence,

the book has received overwhelming responses from researchers, professionals, students,

teachers in the field of law. Not only that it was received well, even with the bar and the

bench.

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Key features of the book:

This book has the reputation of being the most authoritative book published on the

Code of Criminal Procedure. An integrated approach has been adopted for writing this

book.

This book refers to the provisions of Indian Penal Code, 1860 and The Indian

Evidence Act, 1872 if necessary for making the complex topic easy to understand.

The number of editions published in this book assures how extensively and

exhaustively this book has been revised through all the amendments bought to the

said Code. Along with retaining the previous notable case laws, this book has also

incorporated the latest and important cases of the High Courts and Supreme Court

through its various editions.

This book stands authentic and is critically analysed and easy to read.

One of the beneficial points of this book is that it provides summary at the end of

topics, offering a quick overview to the readers.

This book incorporates those appraisals of judgments of the courts, which bought

changes and led to the development in the legal position.

Points to be kept in mind:

Even though welcomed well by the professionals, this book can sometimes be too

explanatory for those who already have a good base on the subject.

The section wise distribution of the chapters can be beneficial for many, but not for

those who are more accustomed to topic wise explanation. If you prefer to study your

subject topic wisely then you can look for some other options.

This book is considered an evergreen legal classic, serving its readers authenticity and

reliability for almost a century now. Extensive yet easy to read, it helps its reader in better

understanding of the complex principles. In the latest edition, this book has been

meticulously updated to incorporate all the latest and important amendments, case laws and

developments in the law relating to the said subject, yet retaining the original style and

excellence of the book. Taking notice of the number of editions (23 for now) of this book,

one can see what a wealth of knowledge this book is. The illustration and explanations are

lucid and comprehensive in a very systematic manner. Hence, making it a valuable source of

knowledge of the Code of Criminal Procedure.

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To conclude, I would like to say that the detailed analysis, easy to read explanations,

incorporating all the latest developments make this book a very good choice to study the

Code of Criminal Procedure.

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JURISPRUDENCE

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Description:

Title: V.D Mahajan’s jurisprudence and legal theory fifth edition

Author: V.D Mahajan’s

General subject area: jurisprudence

Description and scope of the book: V.D. Mahajan's work is a lawful work of art and

has gone into serval versions and reproduced various occasions. Written in an extremely

basic and clear language it covers the subjects of Jurisprudence and Legal hypothesis

altogether.

Contents of the book

1.Nature and scope of jurisprudence

2. The nature of law

3. kinds of law

4. Classification of law

5. Law and morals

6. State and sovereignty

7. Administration of Justice

8. source of law

9. Legislation

10. Precedent

11. Custom

12. Professional Opinion and Religion

13. Legal rights and Duties

14. Ownership and Possession

15. Persons

16. Title

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17. Liability

18. Law of Property

19. The law of Obligation

20. The law of procedure

21. Legal theory

22. Analytical Legal Positivism

23. Pure Theory of law

24. Historical School of law

25. The Philosophical School of law

26. Sociological School

27. American Realism

28. The Scandinavian Realists

29. Natural law

Critical Analysis:

Source used by author:

The writer in this book utilized various sources. A portion of the significant ones among them

are the object of this book isn't just to clarify the guideline of Jurisprudence yet in addition of

Legal hypothesis. An itemized investigation of the equivalent has been endeavored in this

version. I have drawn generally on crafted by "Salmond, Prof. R.W.M. Dias, Lord Lloyd,

Allen, Hall, Hart, Roscoe Pound, Paton and others I am incredibly obliged to every one of

them. Toward the finish of each part, I have given proposed readings which will be found

valuable.

This book manages Analytical Legal Positivism, Pure Theory of Law, Historical school of

law, Philosophical school of law, Sociological school, American Realism, The Scandinavian

Realists and Natural Law are new increments. Parts on Nature and Scope of Jurisprudence,

the idea of law, Kinds of law, law of ethics, Administration of Justice, Legislation, Precedent,

Custom, Legal Rights and Duties, Ownership and Possession, people and responsibility have

120 | P a g e

been modified. There is not really any part which has not been reworked. This has added to

the utility of the book. This release epitomizes the most recent explores in the field of law in

different pieces of the world. It is trusted that the new release will be invited by every one of

those for whom it is implied.

Research of the author is comprehensive or not:

The content toward the start of every part gives a far-reaching perspective on the law

identifying with each sort of record. The book incorporates conveyancing points of reference

as for practically a wide range of reports which are to be drafted. A few kinds of

arrangements are to be found in the section on arrangements. Bonds, easements, trades,

family settlements, endowments, employ buy arrangements, leases and so on likewise figure

in the book. The drafting of important movements has in this manner been made incredibly

simple. The structures which are remembered for the book will be found of general need by

one who is needed to draft records.

He is in line or against the source mentioned:

The writer of the book has different source in his book he is the line with a large portion of

the sources however gives his own logical information regarding the matter and thus the book

is finished with full basic investigation of the subject containing different perspectives on the

recognized law specialists organized under suitable heads on every one of the essential ideas

which underline frameworks of law. This release profits by the ideal reappraisal of materials

and their exacting importance to the subject. Without a doubt, this book will be helpful for

prepared reference to the understudies of law and the experts the same. Overall, the book

merits reading for complete comprehension of the subject and henceforth it's anything but a

legitimate spot in the library of law.

The strongest point in the book

There is a lack of composing by Indian creators on statute and legitimate hypothesis. V.D.

Mahajan's book makes an important commitment in topping off this hole. While examining

every hypothesis the writer has confirmed the subject concerning exceedingly significant

authors and theoreticians on every one of them. The wide running references on every point

are important for any further examination regarding the matter. This is an exceptional book in

legitimate writing from which the understudies can get every one of the materials associated

with this subject. Various references, conversations on different lawful speculations including

121 | P a g e

worldwide hypotheses are given. This book will be valuable to the understudies of law,

library of the schools, attorneys and all other people who are associated with this subject.

The weakest point in the book:

The most vulnerable mark of this book the writer predominantly was not referenced about

An ineffectively planned proposal

Insufficient or unfocused subject sentences

Discounting subject

An insufficient end

An inadequate conclusion Evalution:

Thesis:

The sections in this work have been dedicated to the investigation of nature, extension,

grouping and wellsprings of law, including the idea of power and organization of equity;

legitimate ideas and the fundamental idea identifying with procedural law; and lawful

hypotheses containing elaborate conversations on the different schools of law. The book is

finished with full basic investigation of the subject containing different perspectives on the

recognized legal advisers orchestrated under fitting heads on every one of the fundamental

ideas which underlie most frameworks of law.

Notwithstanding an extremely helpful subject file working with simple reference, the writer

has taken consideration to give a genuinely not insignificant rundown of 'recommended

readings' toward the finish of every section to empower further examination regarding the

matter.

This special book in legitimate writing will be exceptionally valuable to the understudies of

law, library of the schools, attorneys, and all other people who are associated with this

subject.

Conclusion:

This book composed by V.D mahajan's gives the most prestigious student of history. He is

noted for his commitments to the investigation of history. He has composed a few books on

history which incorporate Ancient India, Political hypothesis, Adhunik Bharat ka Itihas,

Madhyakalin Baharat, Prachin Bharat ka Itihas, and History of Modern Europe. This is book

is valuable for few rehearsing legal counselors and just as understudies in lawful

122 | P a g e

organizations, however that it will arrive at the more extensive circle of scholastic in country

who intrigued themselves with regards to a scholarly investigation of law and lawful

standards. This manual for every individual who needs to seek after a profession or need to

acquire information about law and furthermore law and ethics, wellspring of law, legitimate

rights and obligations, commitments and system. The quality and standard of this book

additionally underlined by the Legal law and Case laws cited cutting-edge, various

assessments of learned men regarding the matter have been broke down, looked at and

remarked and no point has been left immaculate making it independent. furthermore, each.

this is a higher work of standard.

This is a one-of-a-kind book in the legitimate writing and from which the understudy can get

every one of the materials associated with the subject. Various references, conversations on

different lawful speculations including the worldwide hypotheses are vital. Far reaching

assortment of the different recognized law specialist on the fundamental legitimate standards

masterminded under suitable heads. It likewise incorporates the strategies and lawful

hypothesis and essential standards which underlie most frameworks of law. A valuable

element of the distribution is the solicitation to the peruse who feels intrigued by a specific

head of law to enter upon in exploration and study all alone by diving into standard chips

away at the subject which are identified toward the finish of every section under the head

"recommended Readings" At last, emphatically trust the book will be helpful not exclusively

to understudies in lawful foundation yet that will contact you the more extensive circle of

scholastic and rehearsing attorneys and other inspired by law.

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THE EVIDENCE ACT

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The law of evidence or the rules of evidence is a subject that particularly deals with legal

principles that govern the proof of facts in a legal proceeding. These principles help in

determining which evidence can be considered by the trier for making the finest decisions.

Well, sometimes this subject can be a little difficult to understand because of the minute

complexities it possesses.

Batuk Lal’s law of evidence is considered to be a legal classic for students and faculties

because of its simplified way of writing.

Description:

Batuk Lal is a well-known author and advocate in the field of law. He has written many

books in this genre which includes his books on CPC, CRPC, TPA, etc. and one of his most

appreciated works is his book on the law of evidence. The book is published by a central law

agency with its latest 23rd edition released in November 2020. It comprises all the 167

sections which are systematically grouped into 3 parts which are further subdivided into 11

chapters. This division of parts is done precisely according to the relatability of the various

provisions. Such as

- all the sections which talks about the relevancy of facts are inclined in the first part which is

“RELEVANCY OF FACTS”,

-Then all the sections which are related to proving those facts are grouped in the 2nd part

which is “on proof “

-lastly, sections that provide understanding regarding the production and effect of the

evidence are clubbed in the last and final part 3 “PRODUCTION AND EFFECT OF

EVIDENCE”

Since the Indian evidence act consists of abstracts and abstracts rules which are not easy to

understand, thus the author made sure that the principles are supported by well-defined

illustrations, leading case laws, and important decisions by the supreme court and the high

court. The book is intended primarily for the students preparing for L.L.B and for students for

various competitive examinations e.g. I.A.S, combined services, P.C.S (executive and

judicial), etc.

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Crytical Analysis:

In the words of MR. Batuk Lal, this book is self-sufficient in all aspects and leaves nothing to

be desired. Well, not sure about that, but this book definitely displays a very profound and

strong writing.

1. Each section is supported by illustrations that are based on our day-to-day life, to enable

the students to understand and grasp the difficult principles of the law of evidence.

2. Secondly, it is followed by a series of comments (commentaries) which provides a detailed

description of the entire section. It also states the different possibilities that might take place

in a particular situation with regard to that section.

For example, section 6 is about Res Gestae, so the comment section will also include the

various situations where the principle of Res Gestae can or cannot applied. That is, whether

the statements given by a rape victim or an F.I.R can be incorporated under the preview of

Res Gestae? Etc.

3. Along with this, we can see a smart usage of the case laws, the case laws perfectly fit with

the situation and further he tried to draw conclusions on the basis of case laws because of

which it becomes easy to understand both the case and the concept. A wide range of case

laws has been incorporated, yet they considered the fact that they should limit the size of the

book in the interest of the students and only important cases have been discussed to avoid the

bulk. Along with this recent case laws judgments are also used.

4. Use of tables. The important differentiation is marked in tabular form, this provides a

better understanding of the terms which are often mistaken to be the same.

5. No technical jargon- the author's style of writing was dealt with magnificent lucidity in a

very clear and simple language to be easily understood. This can help the students to clear

their concepts and to get a better understanding of the subject.

6. Use of flowcharts- the author has used flowcharts for explaining concepts, because of

which it becomes easier for the reader to remember different points and minute details.

7. This book can be a smart choice for competitive exams. Because every section was

explained precisely yet detailed enough to understand properly.

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8. Well, sometimes the length of the book can also be a problem since its latest edition has

701 pages. So, if someone wants to study the subject in a more concise way, then this book

might not be that helpful

9. Since the style of writing is very simple, so it might not be a book for people who are

looking for an extraordinary book or a book that uses legal maxims to explain its concepts.

Conclusion:

So basically, Batuk Lal’s Law of Evidence is an exhaustive section-wise commentary

covering judgments of the Supreme Court, Privy Council, and the High Courts. It contains

commentary in a very precise and to the point manner with a sharp and critical analysis of the

judgments. Updated with the latest changes in Law, this book is an excellent resource for

both practicing lawyers and academicians. In order to make it more interesting and easier to

understand the author tried to incorporate tabular representations and flowchart discussions.

So, overall, it’s a good book for clearing your concepts and for a better understanding of the

subject.

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CHAPTER- 4

METHOD OF STUDY

“Learn your topic through self-study through

scrupulous analysis and learn about your goal”

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HOW TO PREPARE FOR JUDICIARY EXAM?

How To Prepare for Prelims Exam:

When you get the warning with respect to the prelims, you should begin getting ready for

Prelims; Revising Bare Acts (just) is Sufficient for Prelim's Preparation. At any rate, Judicial

Exams need healthy Preparation, which incorporates Bare Acts in addition to notes. Yet, for

Prelims, as soon as you are told about it, begin being knowledgeable with the Bare Acts for

example Knowing every one of the Sections and clarifications, and so on is vital.

furthermore, General Knowledge, that incorporates thinking about Latest Case Laws. In case

you're certain about the starter, that will support your certainty about the Main Exam, also.

Main Points:

You ought to get ready for the prelims assessment on the rudiments of figuring out

procedure for example start from tackling MCQs and sneakily move to address Bare

Act questions like the long answer questions. This is on the grounds that you have

effectively pre-arranged an inquiry bank of both major and minor themes.

A starter assessment is a passing test, you should give as many speed tests as you can

from test arrangement and other such practice books. This will assist you with

upgrading your speed and precision to settle the starter assessment.

Allude to the strongly suggested Judiciary Exam Books that are according to the most

recent schedule and example.

Begin rehearsing thorough test arrangement through which your capacity to finish the

test and your speed will increment.

You should be intensive with the course of action of the Bare Act. Set up the file and

design of the subjects of prelims assessment. By setting up this record and

construction of every part of the legal executive test schedule for prelims become

simple for you to distinguish that from which point the inquiry has come.

You should rehearse legal executive test question paper online to upgrade your speed

and exactness.

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How To Prepare for Mains Exam:

To prepare prelims exam The main advance is Making an Ideal Time Table and keeping

Targets. start the day promptly toward the beginning of the day to study and attempt to keep

up Targets for every month. spaces for study time split among breakfast and Lunch.

Likewise, we should add relaxation time for planning schedule. Considering GK was kept

toward the day's end when the Brain is depleted to allow any Study Material.

Main Points:

You should rehearse answer writing in a period bound way. Long replies of 10 pages

are not acknowledged by the specialists. They acknowledge thorough answers with

the point answer.

You need to rehearse in any event 2 to 3 answers per day with a clock. By utilizing a

clock close by, you know how long you are requiring to settle one inquiry.

Likewise, practice at any rate 2-3 inquiries from the inquiry bank arranged.

The primary key to clear mains assessment is to rehearse answers and keep in touch

with them in an extensive answer.

You should rehearse Judiciary Examination Question Paper to upgrade your speed

and precision.

You should be intensive with the contemporary lawful and socio-legitimate issues for

Essay composing. Since in exposition keeping in touch with you are approached to

compose an article on current social issues so you should know all the insight

concerning current social issues. Likewise, realize how to relate this exposition point

with the law by knowing the lawful data too.

Regardless, you’re both the tests of methodology Law or Substantial law turn out

poorly or any of them doesn't works out in a good way worry don't as well. You

actually get an opportunity to recuperate by scoring merchandise marks in Judgment

composing and Translation.

You may have scored less stamps in method or considerable law than in judgment

composing and interpretation. However, you need to recollect that the signs of

judgment composing and interpretation will be supplanted by the characteristics of the

method and significant law.

Try not to hang tight for the prelims test result to begin concentrating from the mains.

half of the applicants follow switch readiness carefully.

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TIPS AND TRICKS TO CRACK JUDICIARY PRELIMS AND MAINS EXAM

1. Do Smart work:

First of all, Evaluate Yourself and only you can do that. You should know your solid

subjects and your powerless regions. The key is to make solid subjects more grounded and to

make the powerless ones moderate or normal.

Assess the Exam that you are focusing on. You should realize which subjects/themes have

high need in the test. Go through the past question papers (Its worth the time) and make

notes. Rundown down the significant/profoundly redundant themes. So you don't burn

through your time later contemplating something that has extremely low weightage, while

settling on the spaces which can yield more checks.

2. Make Legitimate Procedure and Afterward Begin Perusing

After you recognize significant subjects, your next target is to get ready for them in a

legitimate manner. In the first place, make an appropriate timetable like adhere to

these guidelines:

Try to gain some new useful knowledge and add to your notes regular

Learn whatever you have composed today

Revise old work every day. Regardless of whether you need to skip stage one and two

then, at that point additionally overhaul at any expense.

So, you need to refresh yourself step by step yet key to progress is corrections,

finishing the prospectus isn't an as troublesome assignment all things considered to

keep it in your brain.

There are individuals who comprehend and learn things very well however the

fundamental issue with them is that they fail to remember everything when. There

could be no other choice to do if besides by reconsidering it's anything but an

everyday schedule, toward the beginning, you may figure out it exhausting and

tedious, however when the day for your test will come, your certainty and execution

will be a lot higher than others.

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3. Give your earnest attempts to plan notes for mains and prelims assessment:

As we have effectively begun prelims is only a passing test for mains, and the

imprints got by the applicants in primary assessment is meant last determination.

Consequently, in the event that you need to satisfy your fantasies to turn into a Judge

you need to score great imprints in the mains. Presently mains assessment is abstract

sort. Also, you need to compose long responses for the inquiries posed in assessment

in this way, give your earnest attempts to get ready notes for the mains from the

absolute first day of your planning. Require recent years question papers and get

ready notes for every one of the inquiries posed there. While getting ready notes you

need to remember that your answer ought to be, for example, to draw in the analysts

to peruse the appropriate response and power them to give great markers in mains

test.

4. Tips for Improve your English language

English is one such subject in which understudies can score more stamps. There are

numerous situations where the general score has been expanded because of the

imprints in English. Thus, here are a couple of master tips and ideas for better

readiness and scoring more checks in English Language.

Improve your General Knowledge and English Vocabulary by understanding news

and observing any news channel at any rate for 30-35 minutes in a day. This aides in

running over new words and improving your jargon. Afterward, you can track down

the significance of these words and know their utilization in day-by-day life. Peruse

publications of any paper. You can discover at any rate 5-6 new words in the article.

Discover the significance and know their use.

There is a fantasy that subsequent to breaking prelims, we will start with the English

planning. In any case, this isn't accurate. Guarantee to start the planning admirably

ahead of time by protecting in any event 1-2 hours consistently for English. Follow

any one book which clarifies the whole schedule and syntax. Comprehend the

essential language well so you are knowledgeable in words and tenses. Compose an

article by picking any irregular theme and know your mistakes.

5. Main topics to prepare and crack the mains and prelims examination

First do self-study to acquire information in your psyche large numbers of wannabes

are confounded whether to take instructing for the legal assistance test or not training

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isn't useful if u take training likewise, we need to do same thing there will legitimate

arrangement without appropriate arrangement taking training isn't valuable to any

competitor fundamentally we ought to have great instructors out there with inventive

educating technique. Id you discover an instructing focus with these characteristics,

then, at that point go ahead for It. Else self-study is ideal to progress and break the

test.

1. Prepare bare acts well

2. Prepare punishment provided in IPC

3. Prepare landmark case laws (very important)

4. G.K and current affairs

5. Main’s test comprises of 4 subjects.

6. Common and protected law

7. Article composing, synopsis, and interpretation

8. Criminal law and nearby laws

9. Judgment composing

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HOW TO PREPARE AND FACE THE PERSONAL INTERVIEW OF

JUDICIARY EXAM?

Your insight has effectively been tried, through your assessments, consequently the meeting

round is to pass judgment on your character. So know the fundamentals of the law and the

current undertakings. the Current Affairs, Case Laws, late news, family foundation, and so

on As one has effectively concentrated sufficient material on case laws and Laws all in all, so

modification will work, and keeping up General Knowledge and Current undertakings is

vital. We have to do additionally attend meeting, the Interviewers were sincere and ensured

she was agreeable. It is fitting to be quiet and not go around aimlessly, in the event that you

don't have the foggiest idea about the response to any question, simply be modest and let it

out.

Guidance:

Alongside planning, there is likewise a requirement for inspiration and looking for direction

concerning whether the arrangement that is being completed is on the right track or not. In

this manner direction from a legal official or an effective applicant who has showed up for

the test can be useful. Their systems may not be received by the others however their

techniques can go about as a point of reference for outlining and altering new procedures.

These are a portion of the procedures that can be embraced by any competitor showing up for

Judicial administrations. These methodologies can make a way to break the assessment and

hold a noteworthy post in the Indian Judiciary.

Conclusion:

Please follow the tips given above our strength is our success so don’t give up… In spite of

your solid endeavors, in the event that you fall flat, ascent and hit back with more noteworthy

power. Eventually, you need to comprehend those individuals like you and me are the ones

who finish these tests and individuals like you and me are the ones who don't. It is dependent

upon you and your activities that choose in which bunch you will be.

Realize that by the day's end, acceptable life for yourself, your folks, your better half, and

your children matter the most. On the off chance that you have the information, you will

discover a direct to guarantee bliss in your family.

Even following three-four years of thorough examinations, on the off chance that you were

unable to meet all requirements for a test, you can utilize.

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Predominantly follow the tips and mysteries of fruitful applicants in legal executive test and

mercifully pick great and valuable reference books to plan be solid from inside and

investigate out to method of prevail in a tests not just legal executive assistance test in any

aggressive tests

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SYNOPSIS OF IMPORTANT AREAS

1. Indian Penal Code, 1860:-

India's official criminal code is the Indian Penal Code (IPC). 10It is a comprehensive code that

aims to cover all aspect of criminal law. The code was developed based on the suggestions of

India's first law commission, which was constituted in 1834 under the Charter Act of 1833

and led by Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay.

- It went into effect in British India in 1862, during the early years of the British Raj.

However, until the 1940s, it did not automatically apply in the Princely states, which

had their own courts and legal systems.

- The Code has been revised several times since then, and it currently includes

additional penal sections. The purpose of this Act is to provide India with a general

penal code. Despite not being the original goal, the Act does not repeal the penal laws

in place in India at the time it was enacted. This was done because the Code does not

cover all of the offences, and it was probable that some offences that were not

intended to be exempted from legal repercussions were nevertheless left out.

- Despite the fact that this Code consolidates all of the legislation on the issue and is

exhaustive in the areas in which it announces the law, many more criminal acts

governing specific offences have been enacted in addition to it.

10 The Indian Penal Code, 1860 (Act 45 of 1860), s. 1.

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- There are 511 sections in the Indian Penal Code of 1860, which is divided into 23

chapters. The Code begins with an introduction, then goes on to explain the terms and

exceptions used throughout, covering a wide range of offences.11

-

2. The Constitution Of India :-

The Indian Constitution is the country's supreme law. The constitution establishes a

framework that defines the fundamental political code, structure, procedures, powers, and

responsibilities of government institutions, as well as people' fundamental rights, directive

principles, and responsibilities. It holds the record for being the world's longest written

constitution. It confers constitutional supremacy (rather than parliamentary supremacy, as it

was enacted by a constituent assembly rather than Parliament) and was ratified by the people

through a preamble statement. The constitution cannot be overridden by the legislature. It

was approved by India's Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949, and went into effect

on January 26, 1950. The Dominion of India became the Republic of India once the

constitution superseded the Government of India Act 1935 as the country's primary

governing document. Article 395 of the Constitution ensured constitutional autochthony by

repealing past acts of the British parliament.12

The constitution establishes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic,

guarantees justice, equality, and liberty to its citizens, and strives to encourage fraternity. The

original 1950 constitution is kept in a helium-filled case in New Delhi's Parliament House.

During the Emergency in 1976, the phrases "secular" and "socialist" were added to the

preamble. The 26th of January is Republic Day in India, when the country commemorates its

founding document. The Constituent Assembly, which was chosen by elected members of the

provincial assemblies, produced the constitution. The 389-member assembly (reduced to 299

following India's partition) worked on the constitution for nearly three years, holding eleven

sessions over a 165-day period.

Dr. B. R. Ambedkar was a renowned constitutional specialist who had examined the

constitutions of over 60 different countries. Ambedkar is known as the "Father of the Indian

Constitution." Sir Benegal Narsing Rau, a civil servant who served as president of the United

Nations Security Council and became the first Indian judge on the International Court of

Justice, was nominated as the assembly's constitutional adviser in 1946. The constitution of

11 The Indian Penal Code, 1860 (Act 45 of 1860). 12 The Constitution of India, art. 395.

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India is the world's longest for a sovereign country. It comprised 395 articles in 22 parts and

8 schedules when it was enacted. It is the world's second-longest active constitution, after the

Constitution of Alabama, with around 145,000 words. The constitution consists of a preamble

and 470 articles divided into 25 parts. It has been revised 104 times, with 12 schedules and

five appendices; the most recent amendment took effect on January 25, 2020.13

13 The Constitution of India, art 1 to 5.

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3. The Code Of Civil Procedure, 1908:-

The Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, is a procedural legislation in India that governs the

administration of civil cases. The Legislative Council of India enacted the Code of Civil

Procedure, 1858, to provide uniformity to civil procedure, and it obtained the Governor-

assent General's on March 23, 1859. The Code, on the other hand, did not apply to the

Presidency Towns Supreme Court or the Presidency Small Cause Courts.

It was replaced by the Code of Civil Procedure Code, 1877, 14because it

failed to meet the challenges. However, it fell short of meeting the deadline, necessitating

further revisions. The Code of Civil Procedure of 1882 was enacted in 1882. With the

passage of time, it became apparent that flexibility was required for timeliness and efficacy.

To address these issues, the Code of Civil Procedure was adopted in 1908. It has endured the

test of time despite being altered several times. In the year 2002, the Code of Civil Procedure

was significantly revised. The main goal of the amendment to the code was to ensure that

civil cases authorised by the Act were resolved quickly.

Civil procedure code (Amendment) Act, 2015

The Civil Procedure Code (Amendment) Act, 2016 was enacted in response to the

establishment of the Commercial Court and its requirements. These rules apply to

commercial disputes over a certain amount of money. The act established that the provisions

of the Civil Procedure Code as revised by the Act will take precedence over any High Court

rules or amendments made by the state government. The Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 was

further amended in the year 2018.

The Code is split into two portions: the first has 158 sections, and the second contains the

First Schedule, which contains 51 Orders and Rules. The sections cover general concepts of

jurisdiction, whereas the Orders and Rules outline the procedures and methods that govern

civil proceedings in India.

14 The Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (Act 5 of 1908), s. 1.

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4. The Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1974:-

The Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC), often known as the Code of Criminal Procedure, is

India's main legislation governing procedure for the administration of substantive criminal

law. It was passed in 1973 and took effect on April 1, 197415. It provides the machinery for

criminal investigations, the apprehending of suspected criminals, the gathering of evidence,

the determination of the accused's guilt or innocence, and the imposition of punishment on

the guilty. It also addresses public disturbance, crime prevention, and the upkeep of the wife,

child, and parents.

Classification of offences under the code :-

15 The Code of Criminal Procedure Act, 1973 (Act 2 of 1974).

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Cognizable and non cognizable case:-

The first schedule of the code defines cognizable offences as those for which a police officer

may arrest without a court-ordered warrant. Only after being officially authorised by a

warrant can a police officer make an arrest in a non-cognizable case. Non-cognizable

offences are generally considered to be less serious than cognizable offences. Cognizable

offences are recorded under section 154 of the Criminal Procedure Code16, while non-

cognizable offences are reported under section 155 of the Criminal Procedure Code17. Section

190 Cr.P.C. empowers the Magistrate to take cognizance of non-cognizable offences. The

Magistrate has the authority under section 156(3) Cr.P.C. to order the police to register the

case, investigate it, and cancel the challan/report.

Summon and Warrant cases :-

If the matter is a summons case, a Magistrate taking cognizance of an offence is required

under Section 204 of the code to issue summons for the accused's attendance. If the case

looks to be one that requires a warrant, he may issue one or both. A summons-case is defined

as a case relating to an offence that is not a warrant-case, according to Section 2(w) of the

Code. A warrant-case is defined in Section 2(x) of the Code as a case involving an offence

punished by death, life imprisonment, or a sentence of more than two years in prison. The

Criminal Procedure Code governs the entire country of India. Article 370 of the Indian

Constitution limits Parliament's ability to legislate in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

Though, as of 2019, the Parliament has repealed Article 370 in Jammu and Kashmir, making

the CrPC valid throughout the country.


The Indian Contract Act, 187218 which regulates Indian contract law, prescribes the law

relating to contracts in India. The Act is founded on English Common Law principles. It is

relevant to all Indian states. It establishes the conditions under which commitments made by

contracting parties are legally enforceable. A contract is defined as an agreement that is

16 The Code of Criminal Procedure Act, 1973 (Act 2 of 1974), s. 154. 17 The Code of Criminal Procedure Act, 1973 (Act 2 of 1974), s. 155. 18 The Indian Contract Act, 1872 (Act 9 of 1872), s. 1.

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enforceable by law under Section 2(h) of the Indian Contract Act. 19The Act contained 266

sections when it was first enacted.

- Sections 01 through 75 of the General Principles of Contract Law

- Sections 76 to 123 of the Contract for the Sale of Goods

- Contracts relating to Partnership – Sections 239 to 266 Contracts relating to

Indemnity, Guarantee, Bailment & Pledge, and Agency – Sections 124 to 238

- The Indian Contract Act is currently divided into two parts:

- Part 1: Sections 1 to 75 of the General Principles of Contract Law

- Part 2: Deals with Special Contracts, such as Indemnity Contracts, Bailment

Guarantee Contracts, and Agency Pledge Contracts.

6. The Indian Evidence Act, 1872:-

The Imperial Legislative Council of India passed the Indian Evidence Act in 1872, during the

British Raj, and it contains a set of regulations and related concerns governing admissibility

of evidence in Indian courts of law. The Indian Evidence Act was enacted and adopted as a

ground-breaking judicial legislation in India, changing the entire system of notions pertaining

19 The Indian Contract Act, 1872 (Act 9 of 1872), s. 2.

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to admissibility of evidence in Indian courts of law. Until then, evidence rules were based on

the traditional legal systems of India's various social groupings and communities, and they

differed for different persons depending on caste, community, faith, and social status.

The Indian Evidence Act established a uniform body of law that applied to all Indians. The

statute is largely founded on Sir James Fitzjames Stephen's steadfast labour, which may be

referred to as the "founding father" of this comprehensive piece of legislation. The Indian

Evidence Act of 1872, also known as Act No. 1 of 1872and referred to as the Indian

Evidence Act of 1872, includes eleven chapters and 167 sections and was enacted on

September 1, 1872. India was part of the British Empire at the time. Since its inception more

than 125 years ago, the Indian Evidence Act has mostly remained unchanged, with the

exception of a few minor revisions from time to time.

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7. The Negotiable Instrument Act, 1881: -

The Negotiable Instruments Act of 188120 is a British colonial-era law in India that is still in

effect today, essentially intact. Rather than carrying currency worth the value of the Cheque,

we prefer to carry a small piece of paper known as a Cheque. There was no safeguard in

place before to 1988 to prevent the individual issuing the cheque from doing so if he did not

have adequate funds in his account. Of course, a civil liability is incurred when a check is

returned unpaid. A criminal remedy of penalty was incorporated into the Negotiable

Instruments Act, 1881, by amending it with the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1988, in order to

provide promptitude and punishment against defaulters of the Negotiable Instrument.

In June 2020, India's Finance Ministry recommended decriminalising a range of white-collar

offences, including check bouncing under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, in

order to improve the ease of doing business and lower incarceration rates. Several trade and

business organisations, including the Confederation of All-India Traders (CAIT), the Indian

Banks' Association and Finance Industry Development Council (FIDC), and the Federation

of Industrial and Commercial Organisations, have spoken out against the idea (FICO).

20 The Negotiable Instrument Act, 1881 (Act 26 of 1881), s. 1.

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TIME ALLOTMENT

The syllabus of the Judiciary exams is very wide. Also, every state has its own exam due to

which the syllabus is also different. If a candidate opts to appear for more than one state

exam, he or she has to prepare more. Time management is an important skill that is necessary

for preparing for the judiciary exam. There are some important subjects which cover an

important part in every state exam. A candidate must give special emphasis on those parts

like the Constitution of India, Code of Criminal Procedure, and Code of Civil Procedure,

Indian Penal Code and Indian Evidence Act. These subjects must be given more time as they

are having more weightage in every state exams. The minor subjects of the syllabus are the

Indian Contract Act, Specific Relief Act, and Transfer of Property Act. After the major

subjects, these should be given time. The remaining time must be divided among the subjects

which are important for the state exams for which the candidate is appearing.

The time of each subject should be further divided into 3 main portions:

1. Read bare acts thoroughly (Half of the time allotted to the subject)

2. Solve multiple choice questions on the topic which you have studied (One-fourth of

the time allotted to the subject)

3. Solve essay type questions on the topic which you have studied (One-fourth of the

time allotted to the subject)

Constitution of India, 2.5

Indian Penal Code, 2.5

Indian Evidence Act, 2

CPC, 2

CrPC, 2

Indian Contract Act, 0.5

Special Relief Act, 0.5

Transfer of Property Act , 0.5 Time (In hours)

Constitution of India

Indian Penal Code

Indian Evidence Act

CPC

CrPC

Indian Contract Act

Special Relief Act


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Apart from these 12.5 hours, a candidate must give 1 to 1.5 hours to study general

knowledge, recent judgements and newspapers.

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WHEN TO START PREPARING FOR JUDICIARY EXAMS?

Introduction:

The Provincial Civil Service Judicial Examination or the Judicial Services Examination

Which is basically an examination conducted specially for the recruitment of civil judge post.

Every year millions of students pursue law as their career and while completing their studies

in law school, they explore different career options and one among them is the position of

judge. The position of judge is one of the most honorable and respectful positions in the

entire legal system. Thus, every year thousands of students give this examination in their

respective states.

With the increasing number of opportunities and enhancement in the learning environment

the amount of competition has increased over the period of time. Now a days, such career

positions are taken even more seriously and then a series of questions and queries comes up.

One of such question is “when exactly should someone start preparing for this examination?

Well, it is very subjective since it completely depends upon person to person. Ideally it is

suggested that the preparation should be commenced 2 or 1 year before the examination. But,

then again it will depend upon one’s ability to learn and understand things because some

people might be able to prepare for it in just 3 to 4 months.

Evaluation:

Most aspirants start preparing for a judicial exam while they are pursuing their studies in law

school. Well, this can be a great help because most of the subjects are the same like, CRPC,

CPC, IPC, IEA, etc. for both places and you can cover some major areas for the examination

while studying for your regular graduation course. This will increase your efficiency,

effectiveness and understanding towards different subjects. Through this we can conclude

that the basic preparation for judicial examination starts from the law school itself.

Also, there is nothing to worry about the preparation if you follow a correct study plan

(whichever suits you) on regular basis. That is regular practice is very important with respect

to the examination. Along with this, try setting goals on regular basis and make sure that you

achieve those by the end of the day.

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Then latter, allot time for each subject according to your convenience. Remember to allot

more time to the subjects which you are week at.

As said before, no one can absolutely guarantee the time at which someone could start

preparing for the examination, since it obviously depends upon the ability of an individual.

Yet, one thing remains permanent and that is regular practice. Along, with this an aspirant

can start developing certain habits from prior,

1. Like reading newspapers to know the whereabouts of the world and working on

static general knowledge.

2. Secondly, you can a develop a habit of reading articles, novels, books, and

newspapers so as to increase your reading speed, improve your vocabulary, and

mastering the control over the language.

3. Further, you can adopt a study plan to evaluate the time that can be taken to prepare

for the examination. That is, distribute the timings for each subject and calculate the

time period you may require to complete each subject, like wise you can calculate

the total time that you may require to prepare for the examination.

4. Another thing, which is advised by a lot of professors is to follow the reverse theory

of study. It refers to start preparing for the “mains” exams before than the

“preliminary”.

Conclusion:

Yet, the most important thing that should kept in mind is that one should begin and continue

it with all the passion, determination and hard work which is required to clear this

examination. In addition to this, each candidate should make sure that they have a proper plan

of action which they should abide by and accomplish accordingly. Try to make learning a

even more fun practice and patiently deal with the course.

So, all the best with that.

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MOTIVATION, CONSISTENCY AND PATIENCE DURING YOUR PREPARATION

If you are reading this article it means that either you are feeling scared and are looking for

motivation before you start preparing for the judicial services examination or that you’ve

already started your preparation and somewhere during it you’re feeling lost and

demotivated. Feeling scared or demotivated is okay but let that affect your preparation is not.

Today we are going to discuss a few points on how to stay motivated, patient, and focused

during your intensive preparation to clear the judicial services examination.

You should try to start preparing early for this exam. Starting your preparation early can be

beneficial in many ways. First, it gives you ample time for both studying your subjects as

well as for revising them. Second, when you start preparing early you have time to analyze

the mistakes you are making and learn from them, early preparation gives you more chances

to make mistakes and the more you make mistakes the more you get to learn from them.

When you start preparing for this exam, look at the preparation itself as a “preparation exam”

and your competitor in the preparation exam is yourself. Compare your progress weekly, try

to prepare better than how you were doing the previous week. While starting your preparation

you may put in fewer hours of effort but you have to increase that with time cause your

course is not a light reading that you want to be doing. To cover the vast syllabus you have to

put sincere efforts to cover it. You have to value the time you have for preparation, divide the

time span between your preparation of the syllabus and revision. Remember what Geoffrey

Chaucer said, “ Time and tide wait for none”. Hence, you have to use the precious time of

your preparation wisely. The hours that you spent watching television or the hours you spent

scrolling through your social media will not be handed back to you when you sit regretting

about it later. Build a disciplined routine and good habits to help you make the most of your

day. You have to be disciplined during your preparation, for discipline will help you prepare

more efficiently and effectively.

Starting your preparation is actually going to be easy, being consistent with it is what is going

to be hard. Being consistent with your preparation is going to be both very important as well

as very tough. You may put in a large number of hours in your preparation for few days or for

few weeks but what matters is if you can be consistent with putting in the same amount of

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hours during your whole preparation. For eg, you may study for 8-9 hours for two days and

then study 1-2 hours for the next two days, the inconsistency here will lead you to forget what

you read earlier, or disturb the pace of your preparation. Consistency provides you with

momentum as well as motivation. Putting constant sincere efforts over the period of your

preparation will surely be fruitful. To be consistent, you should avoid procrastinating.

Procrastinating your preparation will procrastinate the rewards as well. Every time you don’t

feel like doing a task, remind yourself why you are doing this and do it anyway. After

completing that task you will actually feel motivated to do more, for there is no bigger

motivation than achievement You have to push your limits in order to achieve your goals.

Provide yourself with the right environment, surround yourself with people who inspire you,

motivate you to do better.

There will be times when even after putting sincere efforts consistently, you may lack behind

either in your preparation or in your examination. But you have to be patient enough to wait

for your turn. For ‘slow and steady wins the race’, it’s okay if you’re proceeding slowly, what

matters is that you are proceeding. Remind yourself of how far you’ve come and how far you

want to go. You should not worry about the future instead do your best in the present, for the

efforts you put in the present will shape your future. Start expecting problems and

disappointments and learn from them rather than letting them take you down.

You must have come across people who can study for a longer period of time than you, learn

more information and retain it, and always score well. What do you think they never lose

their motivation? Or they never feel exhausted? Well, just like you even they feel

demotivated and exhausted sometimes. So, then how come they score so well? The answer is

very simple they gain their motivation back. This is one of the mantras you have to abide by

during your preparation. Even when you’re preparing well there can be instances that can rob

you of your confidence and motivation, for eg., scoring less in your mock exams, unable to

learn a hard topic, losing your focus, etc but you have to fight them and keep a hold on your

motivation. For things as small as this won’t actually affect your preparation but losing your

confidence will. Realize what is your potential, whats strengths you hold. Only you can push

yourself forward, bring back the motivation you need cause you are your own motivator. Be

focused on your goals, don’t let anything affect your preparation and confidence.

Lastly, along with sincerely preparing for the examination, give yourself time to relax as

well. Overexerting yourself will over time hinder your preparation. Give yourself time to

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breathe, enjoy yourself a little. Watch a movie sometime or go for a walk. Have a proper,

nutritious diet to maintain a healthy body. For an unhealthy body would not corporate for

long with you.

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CONCLUSION

This paper is a guide for Judicial Service Examination is a comprehensive guide covering all

important areas of law which form part of the syllabus of the revered Higher Judicial Service

Examinations. Several question papers with answers, theoretical as well as analytical and

based on the pattern of the examination conducted, have been included. The answers are

supported with relevant case-law thereby making the book an indispensable guide for anyone

preparing for the services. In this paper, several Judgments and references have been included

to cover the recent developments as well as to keep the readers abreast of changing trends in

the examinations. This White Paper is an essential guide for the Judiciary exam Preparation.

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