What is the best design for a building in termsof flexibility and privacy?

Major Project Research

Emma Schmidt1201701

Interior Architecture and Property Development

University Of Wolverhampton

School of Technology

Supervisor: Colin Orr

Module Leader: Dr. David Heesom

21/01/2015

6AT005

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ABSTRACT

This report analyses how different shaped houses and different

areas within hotels have different needs in terms of

flexibility and privacy. Four different house shapes have been

looked at to give a good range of different concepts. L-shaped

housing is extremely flexible and private and has very

positive attributes with the only negative point being

possible expansion and solar gain if the site is too small.

Rectangular shaped housing is good for privacy between the

social and sleeping parts of the houses and is able to be

reasonably flexible within the social part of the house. On

the other hand, privacy for the whole house from the outside

may not be that good due to three sides of the garden being

unattached to the house. The fact that it is a rectangle means

that part of the house at all times of the day will have not

much natural light. Courtyard housing is good in terms of

flexibility between internal and external spaces and within

the social area of the house. Privacy however is extremely bad

as the entire house is able to be seen by the general public

and the external space is accessed by the public in order to

gain access to the house itself. Linear housing is

particularly good for privacy as only the front of the house

will be seen by the public. Also, all external space is

enclosed by the house itself. Natural lighting is poor within

this type of house. Flexibility is good within this house as

the bedrooms come straight off of the social space but privacy

within the house is minimal therefore, and the internal space

does not flow well.

Hotels have a variety of different flexibility and privacy

needs for different areas within them. Bedrooms need to be

completely private and have no need for flexibility as they

will not be used for anything else. Meeting rooms need to be

private from other users in adjoining rooms and from the

general public, they will need to have some level of

flexibility to be used in different ways and for different

numbers of people. Social areas do not need to be private as

they are open to everyone but may need some moveable barriers

to give users some privacy within the area. In terms of

flexibility they need to be very flexible so that they can be

used in a variety of different ways and for different numbers

and types of people.

Table of Contents1.0 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES............................................12.0 INTRODUCTION...................................................1

3.0 WAYFINDING.....................................................24.0 HOUSES.........................................................2

4.1 L-Shaped Houses................................................34.2 Rectangular Shaped Houses......................................4

4.3 Courtyard Houses...............................................54.4 Linear Houses..................................................6

5.0 CASE STUDY 1...................................................86.0 HOTELS.........................................................9

6.1 Meeting Area...................................................96.2 Social Areas..................................................11

6.3 Sleeping Area.................................................127.0 CASE STUDY 2..................................................13

8.0 CONCLUSION....................................................149.0 REFERENCES....................................................16

9.1 Websites......................................................169.2 Books.........................................................17

9.3 Images........................................................1810.0 APPENDIX.....................................................19

1.0 AIMS AND OBJECTIVESThe aim of this report is to investigate how different shaped

houses and different areas of a hotel affect user comfort.

This is going to be looked at in terms of flexibility and

privacy. The way in which this is going to be conveyed is by

looking at different house shapes and hotel areas. Windows and

doors are going to be covered, as is wayfinding and light. The

way in which this is going to carried out is by analysing four

different shaped buildings and different areas within a hotel.

Two case studies will also be looked at, one on a house that

reiterates the findings and one hotel that does the same. The

report will close with a conclusion summing up the findings

and recommendations for how the findings can be applied to the

chosen major project building.

2.0 INTRODUCTION“We shape our buildings… thereafter they shape us.” (Winston

Churchill, 1943)

The design of buildings can really make a difference when it

comes to how functional a building is able to be. If a

building is designed and then built in the wrong way, it may

be hard for people to use it with ease. “People have always

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wanted the same things from buildings: firmness, commodity and

delight.” (Groak (1992, P6)) However, in modern times, on top

of those requirements people have other concerns such as,

“comfort, environmental awareness and energy

efficiency.”(Groak (1992, P7)) Each building must blend the

following three routes; light, site and function. This is

achieved by the placement of horizontal and vertical openings

– entrances, windows, internal courtyards and staircases.

This report is going to look at four different shaped houses

in order to find out what design concepts work well and which

ones are less good for day-to-day use. It will also be

looking at hotels because they are buildings in which people

live on a short-term basis, but for this part of the topic it

will concentrate on areas where people eat, meet and sleep. It

will look specifically at flexibility, privacy, windows and

doors and the way in which the shape/design of the building

encourages people to interact with each other and with the

building itself. This research topic has been chosen in order

to gain a greater understanding of building design and try and

come up with as best a building design as possible by taking

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the concepts that work well for each type of building or area

and blending them together.

Four different types of houses were chosen to give a better

understanding of the use and function of a house for different

people as it is hard to make generalised comments about houses

as they are much more open to different needs than hotels in

the areas that are being looked at in this report.

3.0 WAYFINDING“Wayfinding encompasses the information-gathering and

decision-making processes people use to orient themselves and

move through space” (Hunter, S (2009)) “Successful design of

wayfinding systems allows people to (1) determine their

location within a setting; (2) determine their destination;

(3) develop and plan to take them from their location to their

destination; and (4) execute the plan and negotiate any

required changes.” (Hunter, S (2009)) Wayfinding is not that

important in houses as they are used by a very small number of

people who most of the time know their way around already. In

hotels however, new people will be using the building all the

time and, therefore, excellent wayfinding is necessary for a

smooth and stress-free stay.

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4.0 HOUSESA growing need for social togetherness, as well as ecological

awareness, has produced a new interest in the home. Homes have

become much more social places for large numbers of people to

gather at once and for holding more formal events which

require large rooms for entertaining other people. This

creates a need for more spacious, open rooms and a demand for

more floor space per house. “Flexible housing is housing that

can adjust to changing needs and patterns, both social and

technological.”(Schneider and Till (2007, P4)) It allows users

a “degree of choice as to their layouts.”(Schneider and Till

(2007, P5))

4.1 L-Shaped HousesL-shaped patio houses with “one arm of the ‘L’ containing the

living rooms while the other accommodates the bedrooms,

oriented and arranged around a small private patio”(Colquhoun

and Fauset (1991, P49)) keeps the entertainment areas together

and open and sections the bedrooms off, making the house more

functional. A plan of a typical L-shaped house layout is shown

in Appendix 1.

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L-shaped houses have an open plan living space which allows

the area to be flexible and useable in many different ways,

from everyday living to hosting large parties. The building

has a separate sleeping area which is private from the open

plan living space if it is wanted. As L-shaped houses are

usually over one floor it is good for disabled access and

movement, as is the fact there are fewer barriers to navigate.

The garden is private as it is partially enclosed on two sides

by the house itself and by a wall on the other two sides.

There would be lots of windows and doors facing the garden for

easy access to the outside which will give the house an open

feeling and make the internal spaces look larger. This will

increase the natural light going into the building and

decrease electricity bills for the owners. As the garden -

facing side of the house is very open, an increased

interaction with the outside will happen which will improve

personal wellbeing. Social interaction with the building

itself and with people in the house will be excellent because

the use of internal and external space is so open and

accessible. L-shaped houses are “the most flexible housing”

(Berg, L (1997, P29)) as they could be “built in phases”

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(Berg, L (1997, P29)) and are “easy to expand”. (Berg, L

(1997, P29)) This type of housing provides intimate privacy

within the house and means that houses can be built in high

densities without affecting this in any way.

However at very high densities “the courtyard becomes too

small to allow adequate solar access.” (Courtyard Housing

(Morton, L, 1990)) There will also be “a limited flexibility

in expanding plans.” (Courtyard Housing (Morton, L, 1990))

For maximum energy efficiency the best orientation for this

type of house is to have the corner of the courtyard furthest

from the building facing south so that the house gets the most

amount of sunlight possible.

L-shaped houses are the best combination of interior and

exterior space working together to create a spacious social

area with excellent privacy levels where necessary. They will

need to be orientated correctly to work efficiently though.

4.2 Rectangular Shaped HousesRectangular houses with the downstairs containing the social

aspects of the house and the sleeping parts upstairs are the

most common housing design. The downstairs can be open plan or

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not depending on the design of the particular house. Most

rectangular houses have rear access and garaging at the side

of the house, with front and rear gardens which is attractive

to people with families. A plan of a typical rectangular

shaped house layout is shown in Appendix 2.

Open plan living is possible downstairs in these houses with a

separate sleeping area upstairs, or vice versa. Having the

sleeping area on a separate level creates a completely private

floor which is an advantage to this building design. This

building type is reasonably good for social interaction as it

has a whole floor for social use and access to a garden.

These types of buildings, usually being over two levels,

create a problem for disabled people in terms of access to the

top floor. The garden may not be private as three sides are

not attached to the house and may not be able to be protected

by a fence or hedge. This may therefore make the house itself

less private. Only some windows and doors will be able to face

the garden which means less access to outside spaces from all

parts of the house. There will be less natural light entering

the house, meaning that one side will always be darker, no

matter how the building is orientated. There will be less

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interaction with the outside from some areas of the house and

from the upper level; even when the outside is able to be

seen, it cannot be accessed directly. This type of house

“cannot easily provide the desired privacy at densities of

less than one-quarter acre.” (Courtyard Housing (Morton, L,

1990, P2))

Rectangular houses are the “best combination of efficiency and

useful interior space.” (Berg, L (1997, P29)) but they are not

very good for flow between the inside and outside or for

natural light saturation to some parts of the house.

4.3 Courtyard HousesA u-shaped house with the garden being a courtyard inside the

u-shape is the third housing design that is going to be looked

at. Entry to the house is through the courtyard. “Residents

get outdoor space that is usable at all times of day” (After

2,000 years, courtyard houses are all the rage again

(treehugger, 2013)) and it provides “lots of natural

ventilation.”(After 2,000 years, courtyard houses are all the

rage again (treehugger, 2013)) A plan of a typical courtyard

house layout is shown in Appendix 3.

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Open plan living downstairs with a separate sleeping area

upstairs is how these houses are usually designed. There is a

separate floor for sleeping which is good in terms of privacy.

Lots of windows and doors face the courtyard which will give

the building an open feel and make the spaces feel larger.

Social interaction will be excellent as it is open and easily

accessible. With this type of property, a southerly

orientation, or as close as possible to south will mean the

courtyard will be warm enough to use in the spring and autumn

rather than just in the summer and the property will be more

protected from winter weather. There will be good interaction

with the outside but it will feel less natural than a proper

garden.

Having the accommodation over two floors provides a problem

for disabled access. The courtyard is very public and so the

building is less private that way. Not much natural light will

come in from the courtyard as it is enclosed. The rooms

upstairs in the house, although looking out onto the

courtyard, will not be able to directly access outside space.

Courtyard houses are a good combination of interior and

exterior space and are good for flow between the inside and

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outside but are bad in terms of privacy, especially to the

exterior space available.

4.4 Linear Houses“Single-storey linear patio houses which have a central family

core and separate areas for parents and children around a

series of patios extending the full length of the plot”

(Colquhoun and Fauset (1991, P50)) is the final housing design

that is going to be looked at. The houses have narrow fronts

and two long, continuous party walls. Places are “separated

into noisy and quiet areas, tidy and untied areas etc.”

(Colquhoun and Fauset (1991, P52)) Buildings should be

“divided into domains, each having different requirements,

particularly in term of privacy.” (Colquhoun and Fauset (1991,

P52)) A plan of a typical linear house layout is shown in

Appendix 4.

The biggest advantage of patio housing is that is has a “high

level of privacy.” (Colquhoun and Fauset (1991, P52)) Open

plan living is possible to a certain extent, although the

courtyards throughout the house will interrupt the flow.

Disabled accessibility is good as the whole building is over

one floor. There is extremely good privacy from the outside as

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the house is long and thin, so the front is very narrow. The

outside space is completely private as it is totally enclosed

but this means that there will be poor light into the

building. This type of housing provides privacy within the

house and means that houses can be built in high densities

without affecting this in any way.

The sleeping areas are not in a separate part of the house and

come off of the living area so they are not very private but

it means that the space is very flexible in terms of use.

There will be poor interaction with external spaces as the

courtyards will not make people feel that they are completely

outside. Social interaction, both publically and privately

will be poor.

Linear houses are a successful housing design in terms of

social interior space and privacy but they are not very good

for natural light saturation and outdoor space.

After looking at four different types of house and analysing

the advantages and disadvantages, not one house shape is

positive in all aspects. That said, the house shape that

blends flexibility and privacy the best is the L-shaped house.

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This is because the social area of the house is open plan and

so is able to be used freely with easy access to the garden

from all parts of the house. The shape of the house means that

the garden is protected by the house on two sides and by a

wall on the other two sides and also that the bedrooms are in

a separate area of the house to the social area provides good

levels of privacy.

5.0 CASE STUDY 1A case study will now be looked at to see how an L-shaped

house is used in reality and the advantages of this house

shape.

Kingo Houses –

The house is “a square module in which the dwelling area

constitutes the two sides of the angle while a screen wall

forms the two opposing sides.” (The Kingo Houses, Helsingor,

Denmark (Guide to Uzton, 2014)) The house has a “courtyard

with two wings, one for living, the other for sleeping,

enclosing a courtyard.” (Brick Bulletin (Think Brick, 2009))

The house has “a living room and study in one section, and the

kitchen, bedroom and bathroom in the other.” (Kingo Houses (e-

architect, 2010)) Taken into consideration was “privacy,

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shade, view and enclosure.” (Brick Bulletin (Thick Brick,

2009)) It combined the influences of “Danish farmhouses and

Chinese and Islamic courtyard dwellings.” (Brick Bulletin

(Thick Brick, 2009)) The building was “humane, socially

responsive, related to the landscape” (Between Earth and Sky

(Carter, A, 2009)) and was inspired by nature. Functionality

was what was important when designing the house with the

ability for people to add to it when they had more money. The

bars across the windows are for “decoration and provided

privacy for the occupants.” (Day in Denmark-Kingo Houses

(Adventures of Euro Kurt, 2011)) The design focused on the

house being immersed in nature so that it “didn’t detract from

the landscape.” (Day in Denmark-Kingo Houses (Adventures of

Euro Kurt, 2011))

After looking at this case study and what the findings have

shown, the Kingo Houses have used the L-shaped style of

building to create successful living spaces. The building is

divided up into two sections, one for living and one for

sleeping and this, as indicated in the research, makes the

building more functional. The garden is kept private by the

use of a wall on the two sides not surrounded by the house

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meaning that the house itself is also much more private. The

building is socially, economically and environmentally aware

and has the ability to improve and expand on these issues if

or when necessary.

6.0 HOTELS“As business and leisure travel become more inter-twined,

today’s hotels must accommodate the overlapping desires and

needs of the traveller.”(Rutes, Penner and Adams (2001,

Foreword)) Hotels need to be a “place to work, relax, gather,

entertain the family, eat, drink and shop.”(Rutes, Penner and

Adams (2001, Forward)) Hotels need to take into account human

diversity in order to be successful. The design of a hotel

needs to reflect the image the hotel wants to give to guests

and operate with the local surroundings.

6.1 Meeting AreaMeeting areas in hotels need to be flexible as many different

sized groups may use them and they may need to be used in a

variety of different ways such as for a meeting, presentation

or more relaxed talk. The separation between rooms needs to

be sound proof to create completely private areas as if more

than one group is in at the same time they will not want to be

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able to hear each other. The rooms also need to be private

from the general public as the meetings do not want to be

interrupted by people accidently walking in. A general area

for all users for drinks and snacks should also be provided

away from other users. Windows should be used if possible as a

lack of natural light can drain people’s energy levels. These

need to be able to be covered for extra privacy or be blacked

out for presentations if necessary. Doors should be in the

corners of the rooms for easy escape in the case of an

emergency as people “exit faster when the exits are located in

the corners rather than the middle due to the minimisation of

conflict points.” (Ants have the answer for smooth human

traffic flow: study (The Hindu, 2013)) Human traffic flow is

smoother if people can follow the lines of walls to get to the

door.

With regard to the separation between the different rooms,

consideration needs to be made in terms of whether to use

fixed or moveable walls. Fixed walls will mean knowing the

size of the rooms and always maintaining an area for drinks

and snacks. It will also guarantee that doors to enter and

exit rooms will be in the best place possible for human

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traffic flow. The sound proofing between rooms will be higher

as specialist materials can be installed when building the

walls. All of the rooms will be suitable shapes and no area

will be wasted by changing the sizes of the rooms. Moveable

walls however will mean that clients will be able to have

exactly the room size and shape that they require and will not

either have to squeeze into a space or use a space that is far

too large for the number of people. It means that the meeting

space is much more flexible and can be used much more easily

for other uses if needed. Although flexibility is an

advantage, fixed walls have more benefits and will make a

better use of the space overall.

Signage is important and needed from the entrance of the hotel

all the way to the meeting rooms. The signage needs to be easy

to see and clear to read. It needs to be able to be read by

all types of people, including those with visual impairment

and at a height that is visible to those in wheelchairs.

Meeting areas need to have a variety of room sizes for

different group sizes. The bigger the demand for meeting

spaces within the hotel, the more rooms and variety need to be

provided. The use of the rooms needs to be flexible so that

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the room can be used successfully for meetings, presentations

etc. An area for users to have breaks is needed with the

provision of food and drink. Doors and windows should be

considered carefully so that the room can be used as

productively as possible. Fixed walls are more suitable than

moveable walls.

6.2 Social AreasThe eating area needs to be flexible and open plan with the

ability to section off certain areas for large or private

parties. It needs to be visible to the public and easy to find

intuitively from the entrance of the building. The doors

should be in corners of the room for easy flow in an

emergency. A large front door should be used and an open

reception area for visibility to the rest of the floor.

Windows need to be considered carefully because if the view

outside is not attractive or pedestrian flow is heavy

externally, the windows may be better small or with some sort

of covering to shield those indoors from the outside. If the

view is good though then it may be a good idea to have big

windows. The eating area should be able to be used at all

times of the day as different people eat at different times,

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either out of habit or convenience. If the hotel caters for

lots of travellers then self-service is a better option where

portion sizes can be controlled by the individual. It must

have a “bright and airy feel” (Rutes, Penner and Adams (2001,

P290)) and “will permit the mood to vary from light and casual

at breakfast to more formal at dinner.” (Rutes, Penner and

Adams (2001, P292)) A bar should be provided for drinks

throughout the day and a small lounge for people to sit

nearby. A flexible arrangement of tables for different party

sizes needs to be considered and adaptable lighting for mood

changes throughout the day.

In large hotels, one big dining room may not work as the

number of people eating at different meal times may vary and

if only a small number of people come to eat in a large space

it may feel intimidating. In this circumstance, moveable

partitions are a good idea to section off part of the room and

make the available eating space smaller. Sometimes, all that

may be needed is some sort of screen to give privacy to

customers whilst eating or to separate large parties from the

rest of the diners. Having lots of small, fixed rooms is not

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ideal as the space needs to be as flexible as possible to

cater for different numbers of people and different meals.

6.3 Sleeping AreaBedrooms take up “between 65 and 85 percent of the total floor

area in a hotel,” (Rutes, Penner and Adams (2001, P257))

therefore, major planning needs to take place in order to

maximise space and save money. “The guest-room and guest

bathroom make a more lasting impression on the lodging guest

than does the exterior architecture or the lobby or any other

single interior space.” (Rutes, Penner and Adams (2001, P267))

There is no need for flexibility in the sleeping area as each

person has a completely separate room which does not need to

be changed or moved. The spaces are very private and needs to

be that way as this is an individual space. All rooms must

also be lockable so no one other than that particular guest

can have access to the space. Each room has its own bathroom

which adds another layer of privacy for the user.

The windows need to be a good balance as if they are too big

there will be a lack of privacy for users but if the windows

are too small a lack of natural light will be a problem. The

views outside the windows also need to be considered as if it

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is not very attractive externally then the user may not want

to see outside.

Signage is important and needed from the entrance of the hotel

all the way to the bedrooms. At the end of each corridor,

labels with the room numbers that each corridor contains and

the direction in which to walk must be present. The signage

needs to be easy to see and clear to read. It needs to be able

to be read by all types of people, including those with visual

impairment and at a height that is visible to those in

wheelchairs.

Rooms for disabled people need to be either on the ground

floor or be placed by a lift. The rooms may need to be

flexible in terms of accommodating for the number of guests

per room with a sofa bed. This depends on the target market of

the particular hotel. Style, comfort and technology are the

three main considerations for all guest rooms.

7.0 CASE STUDY 2A case study will now be looked at to see how a hotel is used

in reality and the advantages of a well-designed hotel.

Four Seasons Hotel, New York -

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The lobby creates a warm arrival space and “offers guests a

variety of positions from which to view others – and be viewed

– magically turning the massive space into an intimate

experience.” (Rutes, Penner and Adams (2001, C-3) The foyer is

“surrounded by a multiterraced waiting, seating and light-

dining area where hotel guests and New Yorkers alike may enjoy

tea, drinks and conversation in a salon-like setting.” (Rutes,

Penner and Adams (2001, P170)) It is a completely public

space. The hotel has 370 oversized rooms which offer

“minimalist wood, creating a soothing, clean-lined space

fashioned in light browns, creams and whites” (What is the

design style of Four Seasons Hotel New York? (Forbes Travel

Guide, 2014)) which creates a warm, stylish feeling. Over one-

third of the bedrooms are “devoted to the bath and dressing

room.” (Rutes, Penner and Adams (2001, P170)) The lobby can be

viewed from The Garden restaurant and Ty lounge meaning that

those rooms can be accessed straight from the lobby with no

obstructions. As the building is so tall, the views are

incredible of “Central Park and the cityscape.” (Four Seasons

Hotel New York (NewYork.com, 2014)) It also has a fitness and

spa which offers guests treatments and programs in a variety

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of locations, both inside and out. The hotel also has special

equipment for any children staying including sleeping and

entertainment items.

After looking at this case study and what the findings have

shown, the Four Seasons Hotel is so successful because it has

thought about and applied the positive findings talked about

in this report. The lobby, dining room and lounge are all open

to the public and are large open spaces but have been cleverly

made to feel quite private and intimate in the right places

for users. This is done with the use of different levels and

some sort of screen, whether a plant placed in a good position

or a low wall.

8.0 CONCLUSIONThe findings in this report conclude that each type of house

has advantages and disadvantages to it depending on a person’s

needs. A house with lots of natural light and exterior space

is preferable and a need for privacy is a must. Houses that

are easily dividable into private and social areas are

recommended with the social areas having as much flexibility

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as possible for different uses. The more inclusive the design

is able to be for all people the better.

When it comes to hotels, different parts of the hotel need to

have different levels of privacy. Bedrooms need to be

completely private from everyone other than the specific user.

Meeting rooms need to be private from the general public but

not from anyone wanting to use the facilities. Eating areas

need to be completely public for anyone to be able to use but

may need some level of privacy within the specific area for

large parties. The reception of a hotel needs to be open and

easy to use with clear indications where other parts of the

hotel are located so as not to confuse customers meaning the

more open the better.

The building chosen in the related major project is going to

be L-shaped as this affords the best shape in terms of

privacy, sectioning and light saturation as concluded in the

report above. It is going to be changed into a hotel. Each

section of the hotel will need to be considered and designed

appropriately so that users have a comfortable and relaxing

stay. Privacy, flexibility, signage and ease of use are the

things that most need to be considered.

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9.0 REFERENCES

9.1 WebsitesAalborg University (2009) Between Earth and Sky [online].

[Accessed 30th December 2014]. Available at:

<http://vbn.aau.dk/files/18037260/Kyoto-paper.pdf>

Adventures of Euro Kurt (2011) Day in Denmark – Kingo Houses

[online]. [Accessed 31st December 2014]. Available at:

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<http://eurokurt.blogspot.co.uk/2011/03/day-in-denmark-kingo-

houses.html>

Arch Daily (2008) L House [online]. [Accessed 10th December

2014]. Available at: <http://www.archdaily.com/242734/l-house-

architects-collective/>

e-architect (2010) Kingo Houses Denmark [online]. [Accessed

29th December 2014]. Available at: <http://www.e-

architect.co.uk/denmark/kingo-houses>

Forbes Travel Guide (2014) What is the design style of Four

Seasons Hotel New York? [online]. [Accessed 29th December

2014]. Available at: <http://www.forbestravelguide.com/new-

york-city-new-york/hotels/four-seasons-hotel-new-york/what-is-

the-design-style-of-four-seasons-hotel-new-york>

Guide to Utzon (2014) The Kingo Houses, Helsingor, Denmark

[online]. [Accessed 29th December 2014]. Available at:

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9.3 ImagesColquhoun, I and Fauset P (1991) Housing design in practise. Longman

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10.0 APPENDIX

1.

Page | 29

Lee, N (2014) Signature Plan. Houseplans [online].

[Accessed 30th December 2014]. Available at:

<http://www.houseplans.com/plan/2507-square-feet-2-

bedroom-2-5-bathroom-0-garage-country-farmhouse-38105>

2.

3.

Page | 30

Hallmark Homes (2014) Two Storey Design Details. Modular Today

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<http://www.modulartoday.com/floorplans/Hallmark-Modular-

Homes-T132032-1.html>

4

4.

Co

Page | 31

Strutt and Parker (2012) Electro- pop Pioneer Gary Numan Sells U.K.

Country House and Decamps to Santa Monica (CA). Europe Real Estate

[online]. [Accessed 30th December 2014]. Available at:

<http://traum-taenzerin.blogspot.co.uk/2012_04_01_archive.

html>

lquhoun, I and Fauset P (1991) Housing design in practise. Longman

Scientific and Technical, P51.

Page | 32