Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive

Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection

2001-03

Web-based network management configuration for

the Indonesian Eastern Fleet Wide Area Network.

Sipahutar, Halomoan.

http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10841

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California

THESIS

WEB-BASED NETWORK MANAGEMENT CONFIGURATION FOR THE INDONESIAN EASTERN

FLEET WIDE AREA NETWORK

by •

Halomoan Sipahutar

March 2001

Thesis Advisor: Associate Advisor:

John Osmundson Rex Buddenberg

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

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Master's Thesis

4. Web-Based Network Management Configuration for the Indonesian Eastern Fleet Wide Area Network

6. AUTHOR(S) Halomoan Sipahutar

5. FUNDING NUMBERS

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Naval Postgraduate School Monterey. CA 93943-5000

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11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. 12a. DISTRD3UTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

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13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) This thesis presents a model of an integrated wide area network using web-based

network management to support fleet operations of the Indonesian Eastern Fleet. It surveys possibilities for improving the Indonesian Eastern Fleet's computer communications network systems to provide a fast, reliable, and effective way of gathering and distributing information to all fleet units. A standardized LAN infrastructure and the use of an appropriate network hardware and software was recommended to achieve connectivity of all main naval base LANs in an integrated WAN. This thesis provides a design of the Indonesian Eastern Fleet WAN that was tested using a leading edge simulation tool, EXTENDv4. A feasible sized WAN communication architecture was modeled utilizing scaling techniques, which simulated the operation of the Indonesian Eastern Fleet WAN that linked six Fast Ethernet LANs configuration in a one worksheet PC wide screen. A reliable wide area network design using ISDN 128 Kbps and Tl line 1.544 Mbps has been proved in this thesis by executing tests and simulation runs using EXTENDv4 software simulation program.

14. SUBJECT TERMS EXTENDv4 Software Simulation Program, Local Area Network, Wide Area Network, Web-Based Technology, Web-Based Network Management,

15. NUMBER OF PAGES 206

16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF REPORT

Unclassified

18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE

Unclassified

19. SECURITY CLASSD7ICATION OF ABSTRACT

Unclassified

20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT

UL NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)

Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18

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11

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

WEB-BASED NETWORK MANAGEMENT CONFIGURATION FOR THE INDONESIAN EASTERN FLEET WIDE AREA NETWORK

Halomoan Sipahutar Lieutenant Colonel, Indonesian Navy

B.S., Indonesian Naval Academy, 1982

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT

from the

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL March 2001

Author:

Approved by:

If Halomoan Sipahutar

•te—ry

John Osmundson, Thesis Advisor

Rex Buddenberg, Assocrate-Advisor

Dan Boger, Chairman Information Systems Academic Group

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IV

ABSTRACT

This thesis presents a model of an integrated wide area network using web-based

network management to support fleet operations of the Indonesian Eastern Fleet. It

surveys possibilities for improving the Indonesian Eastern Fleet's computer

communications network systems to provide a fast, reliable, and effective way of

gathering and distributing information to all fleet units. A standardized LAN

infrastructure and the use of an appropriate network hardware and software was

recommended to achieve connectivity of all main naval base LANs in an integrated

WAN. This thesis provides a design of the Indonesian Eastern Fleet WAN that was

tested using a leading edge simulation tool, EXTENDv4. A feasible sized WAN

communication architecture was modeled utilizing scaling techniques, which simulated

the operation of the Indonesian Eastern Fleet WAN that linked six Fast Ethernet LANs

configuration in a one worksheet PC wide screen. A reliable wide area network design

using ISDN 128 Kbps and Tl line 1.544 Mbps has been proved in this thesis by

executing tests and simulation runs using EXTENDv4 software simulation program.

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VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION 1 A. BACKGROUND 1 B. PURPOSE 2 C.' SCOPE AND THE ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY 3 D. METHODOLOGY 3 E. THESIS OUTLINE 3 F. EXPECTED BENEFITS OF THIS THESIS 5

II. PROBLEM DEFINITION 7 A. MISSION 7 B. THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE INDONESIAN EASTERN FLEET

INFORMATION SYSTEMS 7 1. The Need for Connectivity 7 2. Effective Local Area Networks (LANs) and an Integrated Wide

Area Network (WAN) 8 3. Improved Access to the Internet and Other Information

Services 8 4. Minimize Costs 9

C. THE INDONESIAN EASTERN FLEET NETWORK 9 D. DESIGN GOALS 10

III. COMPUTER COMMUNICATION NETWORK .". 13 A. DATA COMMUNICATION NETWORKING 13 B. PEER-TO-PEER AND SERVER BASED NETWORK 15 C. NETWORK TOPOLOGY 16

1. Bus Topology 16 2. Star Topology 17 3. Ring Topology 17 4. Star Bus Topology 17 5. Star Ring Topology 18

D. PASSING DATA ACROSS A NETWORK 18 1. Layer 1 - Physical Layer 19 2. Layer 2 - Data Link Layer 20 3. Layer 3 - Network Layer 21 4. Layer 4 - Transport Layer 21 5. Layer 5 - Session Layer 21 6. Layer 6 - Presentation Layer 22 7. Layer 7 - Application Layer 22

E. NETWORK SHARED MEDIUM 22 1. Cabling System 22

a. Twisted-Pair Cable 23 b. Fiber-Optic Cable 23

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2. Wireless System 24 a. Infrared Transmission 24 b. Laser Transmission 25 c. Narrowband Radio Transmission 25 d. Spread-spectrum Radio Transmission 25

3. Cabling System versus Wireless System 25

IV. DESIGNING THE INDONESIAN EASTERN FLEET LANS INFRASTRUCTURE 27 A. NETWORK ANALYSIS 27 B. THE STANDARD LAN ARCHITECTURE: ETHERNET

TECHNOLOGY...... 29 1. THE IEEE 802.3 ETHERNET NETWORK 30

a. The Features 30 b. Constructing the Ethernet Network 31 c. The Ethernet Frame Operations 32

2. Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps) Network 34 3. GIGABIT ETHERNET (1000 Mbps) NETWORK 36 4. Making the Technology Choice for the Design 36

C. DEFINING THE LAN CONNECTION SYSTEM 37 D. DEFINING NETWORK PROTOCOL 38 E. CONFIGURING NETWORK COMPONENTS 41

1. Network Interface Card (NIC) 41 2. Hubs 41 3. Switches 42 4. Routers 42

F. SELECTING A NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM 43 1. Windows NT 4.0 Server 43 2. Novell NetWare 44 3. Windows 98/ME 45 4. Windows 2000 Server 45

G. DATA BACKUP SYSTEM 46 H. IMPLEMENTING THE NETWORK 47

1. Standardization 47 2. System Administration 48

V. WEB-BASED WIDE AREA NETWORK DESIGN 51 A. REMOTE ACCESS SERVICE (RAS) 51 B. CARRIERS 53

1. Analog Telephone lines 53 2. Digital Lines 54

C. WIDE AREA NETWORK LINK OPTIONS 55 1. Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 55 2. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 56 3. Tl Line 57 4. T3 Line 57 5. OC-3Line 57

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6. 0C-12Line 58 7. OC-48Line 58 8. OC-192Line 58 9. The Analysis of WAN Connection Options 59

D. WAN CONNECTIVITY DESIGN 60 1. Connecting LANs to the Internet in a Packet Switching

Network 60 2. WAN Connectivity Plan 61

H. WIDE AREA NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM 65 I. WEB SERVER 65

1. Web Server Software 66 2. Web Browser Software 66 3. Middle ware Network Protocol 67 4. How Web Browsers and Servers Work 67

J. APPLICATION SERVER 68 K. DATABASE SERVER 69 L. MANAGING THE WIDE AREA NETWORK USING WEB-BASED

TECHNOLOGY 70 1. The Advantages of Using Web-Based Technology 70 2. Network Management 71 3. Web-Based Network Management 73 4. Implementing WBEM 75

M. TRAINING PROGRAM 78

VI. PROPOSED WAN DESIGN USING EXTEND-4 SIMULATION SOFTWARE PROGRAM 81 A. ESTIMATING NETWORK TRAFFIC DATA REQUIREMENTS 81

1. Surabaya Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) 82 a. Surabaya Main Naval Base LAN 82 b. The Indonesian Eastern Fleet Headquarters LAN. 83 c. Juanda Naval Air Base LAN 83

2. Ujung Pandang Main Naval Base LAN 83 3. Bitung Main Naval Base LAN 83 4. Jayapura Main Naval Base LAN 84

B. NETWORK MODELING AND SIMULATION 84 1. Generating the Message 86 2. Ethernet Bus 90 3. Initial Local Area Network Configuration 91 4. Interconnecting the Indonesian Eastern Fleet Wide Area

Networks 95 C. TESTING AND SIMULATION RUN 103

VII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 113

APPENDIX A. NETWORK DESIGN MODEL 117

APPENDIX B. NETWORK TRAFFIC TESTS AND SIMULATION RUNS DATA 129

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LIST OF REFERENCES 183

INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST 185

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Simplified Network Model. [From Stallings, 2000, p.10] 14 Figure 2. The OSI Reference Model 19 Figure 3. Computer Network Performance Components 28 Figure 4. The Ethernet Frame Format 32 Figure 5. Fast Etherlink 100 BASE-T XLK NIC 34 Figure 6. RAS Connection 52 Figure 7. Ethernet Backbone and Internet Connection 62 Figure 8. The Indonesian Eastern Fleet Regional Map 63 Figure 9. WAN Connectivity Plan 64 Figure 10. Web-based Network Management 77 Figure 11. High Level View of the Origin Message Hierarchical Block 86 Figure 12. Detailed View of the Origin Message Hierarchical Blocks 87 Figure 13. Generator Program Block 87 Figure 14. Generator Dialog Box 88 Figure 15. Set Attribute Block 88 Figure 16. Set Attribute Dialog Box 89 Figure 17. Input Random Number Block 90 Figure 19. High Level View of the Ethernet Bus Hierarchical Block 91 Figure 20. Detailed View of the Ethernet Bus Hierarchical Blocks 91 Figure 21. Initial Local Area Network Configuration 92 Figure 22. Flow of the Internal Messages within the Origin Node and the Ethernet

Bus 93 Figure 23. High Level Resend Delay Hierarchical Block 94 Figure 24. Detailed View of Resend Delay Hierarchical Block 95 Figure 25. The Indonesian Eastern Fleet WAN design 96 Figure 26. Surabaya Main Naval Base LAN 97 Figure 27. The Indonesian Eastern Fleet Headquarters LAN 98 Figure 28. Juanda Naval Air Base LAN 99 Figure 29. Ujung Pandang Main Naval Base LAN 100 Figure 30. Bitung Main Naval Base LAN 101 Figure 31. Jayapura Main Naval Base LAN 102 Figure 32. Simulation Set Up Dialog 103 Figure 33. Delay Within Surabaya Main Naval Base LAN Using ISDN 128 Kbps 104 Figure 34. Delay Within Surabaya Main Naval Base LAN Using Tl Line 1.544 Mbpsl05 Figure 35. Delay Within the Indonesian Eastern Fleet Headquarters LAN Using

ISDN 128 Kbps 105 Figure 36. Delay Within the Indonesian Eastern Fleet Headquarters LAN Using Tl

Line 1.544 Mbps 106 Figure 37. Delay Within Juanda Naval Air Base LAN Using ISDN 128 Kbps 106 Figure 38. Delay Within Juanda Naval Air Base LAN Using Tl Line 1.544 Mbps 107

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Figure 39. Delay Within Ujung Pandang Main Naval Base LAN Using ISDN 128 Kbps 107

Figure 40. Delay Within U. Pandang Main Naval Base LAN Using Tl Line 1.5 Mbps 108 Figure 41. Delay Within Bitung Main Naval Base LAN Using ISDN 128 Kbps 108 Figure 42. Delay Within Bitung Main Naval Base LAN Using Tl Line 1.544 Mbps... 109 Figure 43. Delay Within Jayapura Main Naval Base LAN Using ISDN 128 Kbps 109 Figure 44. Delay Within Jayapura Main Naval Base LAN Using Tl Line 1.544 Mbps 110

xn

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. The Features of Ethernet Technology 30 Table 2. Fast Ethernet Functionality 35 Table 3. Ethernet Specifications (IEEE 802.3). Oracled Application Server 35 Table 4. Criteria for Selecting Network Protocol 40

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to thank and show appreciation to several people for their assistance

in making this thesis a valuable learning experience. The great pleasures of finishing up

this thesis is acknowledging the support of people whose names may not appear in the

thesis, but whose cooperation, support, friendship and patience were crucial for me to

accomplish this thesis.

I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my primary thesis advisor Prof.

John Osmundson, whose patience and wisdom led to the successful completion of this

thesis and to associate advisor Prof. Rex Buddenberg for his assistance in building the

wide area network design and for his keen insight in providing fine tuning of the thesis.

I also would like to extend my special thanks to my family, my wife Linda Maria

Martens, my daughters Tarida Herrera Sipahutar and Cynthia Romauli Sipahutar who

sacrificed a great deal of family time to enable me to complete this Master's Degree

pursuit, and my mother Ruspita Br. Sinaga who was always encouraging and praying for

me.

It has been a humbling experience, honor, and privilege to attend NPS and,

ultimately, I praise God for never leaving nor forsaking me while here at the Naval

Postgraduate School.

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I. INTRODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND

The Indonesian Navy consists of integrated weapon systems that include

warships, aircraft, naval bases and Marines. The responsibility of the Indonesian Navy is

vast, and encompasses 17,506 Indonesian islands widely scattered from west to east.

Indonesia has 1,222,466 square miles of sea area and 782,665 square miles of land area

inside the unified archipelago country. The Indonesian Navy has two fleets: the

Indonesian Western Fleet, responsible for the western region of Indonesia's sea territory,

and the Indonesian Eastern Fleet, responsible for the eastern region of Indonesia's sea

territory.

Computer communication network in the Indonesian Eastern Fleet are supported

from the four main naval bases: Surabaya, Ujung Pandang, Bitung, and Jayapura, which

are designed to connect remote naval bases and all naval units dispersed through the

entire eastern region. Information systems play an important role in enabling the

Indonesian Navy to execute fleet operations all over the country. The Indonesian Eastern

Fleet has identified that improvements in its information systems especially its network

infrastructure and connectivity are required in order to obtain an effective and efficient

naval fleet. The Indonesian Eastern Fleet Network has communication system resources

such as telephone, radio-link, microwave-link and satellite systems. Those existing

communication system resources are still not linked for optimal data communication

exchange to computer systems in local area networks (LANs) or in an integrated wide

area network (WAN). This thesis will recommend a method for implementing an

integrated wide area network using web-based network management to utilize the

existing computer communication systems in the Indonesian Eastern Fleet.

The arrival of the information age has led to an explosion of distributed users,

databases and communications networks in the military sector as well as in the

commercial sector. Computer networks today have evolved into complex and often

tangled systems. The primary reasons for networking computers are to share

information, to share hardware and software, and to centralize administration and

support. Effective local area networks (LANs) and an integrated wide area network

(WAN) are required to achieve connectivity of the Indonesian Eastern Fleet Network.

Organizations adopting LANs and WANs must also adopt clear techniques and

tools to tame these beasts. The organizations that become over reliant on their networks

could experience devastating results if down time were encountered. The network

administrator's job has become increasingly critical to manage and control the operation

of the network. Network management can be defined as the processes and techniques

that ensure an organization's network is operating properly and efficiently. The

Indonesian Eastern fleet requires the appropriate system to manage and control its

network. The implementation of a web-based network management appears to be well

suited to support the Indonesian Eastern Fleet's missions and operations. There is a

wealth of knowledge that can be effectively captured and transferred wherever needed

within the Indonesian Eastern Fleet Network.

B. PURPOSE

The objective of this thesis is to present a model of an integrated wide area

network using web-based network management to support fleet operations of the

Indonesian Eastern Fleet. It surveys possibilities for improving computer

communications systems to provide a fast, reliable, and effective way of gathering and

distributing information to all fleet units. This thesis recommends a standardized LAN

infrastructure and the use of common network hardware and software to support web-

based network management of the Indonesian Eastern Fleet Network. It reviews current

technologies and provides an assessment for future use.

C. SCOPE AND THE ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of this thesis is limited to the following:

• A review of computer and communications networks, and a study research in designing the Indonesian Eastern Fleet Wide Area Network

• An in-depth review of web-server-based technology and Internet Information Server (HS) 5.0

• An in-depth review of network management and security

• An evaluation of how computer and communications networks using web- based network management can be used effectively to support successful fleet operations

• Web-Based Wide Area Network design using the EXTEND-4 simulation software program

D. METHODOLOGY

The methodology used in this research consists of the following steps:

• Conduct an in-depth search and review of available books, magazine articles, documents, and other library information resources regarding computer networking, web-server technology, network management, and information technology management to acquire the ability to propose a successful information technology strategy

• Develop and administer a user requirements study

• Conduct a search of the Internet and websites for information from military and commercial sources

E. THESIS OUTLINE

This section provides an outline of the different parts of this thesis that explores

the general concept of web-based network management and the specific client application

for improving the computer communication network systems in the Indonesian Eastern

Fleet.

Chapter I: Introduction - provides a brief description of the development of

computer communication systems in the Indonesian Eastern Fleet, the object of this

thesis, and the organization of the study.

Chapter II: Problem Definition - describes the need for connectivity in the

Indonesian Eastern Fleet Network to support successful fleet missions and operations.

Chapter DI: Computer Communication Network - provides an introduction to the

fundamental concepts of networks that is needed as a framework for understanding the

concepts of network infrastructure, design and implementation.

Chapter IV: Designing Local Area Networks Infrastructure - provides the

fundamental guide lines for designing LANs infrastructure, recommends a standardized

LAN architecture, LAN connection options, and the selection of a network operating

system.

Chapter V: Web-Based Wide Area Network Design - discusses WAN connection

services, linking the network, and implementing an integrated WAN. Recommends the

appropriate choice of WAN links service, WAN Hardware and Software. The last part of

this chapter discusses managing the WAN using web-based technology.

Chapter VI: Describes the proposed WAN design using the EXTEND-4

simulation software program.

Chapter VII: Conclusion.

F. EXPECTED BENEFITS OF THIS THESIS

This thesis will become the foundation of web-based technology studies in the

Indonesian Eastern Fleet to achieve the needed network management improvement. The

integrated wide area network is expected to support the Indonesian Eastern fleet in

making critical changes in how they do business, and ultimately result in increased

readiness, contributory support, and overall effectiveness. Central to these benefits is the

establishment of a standardized network infrastructure and making significant changes to

business practices that will fully utilize the available technology.

The overall benefit of implementing a web-based wide area network is improved

fleet readiness through a better computer communications network, real-time fleet

support, training and information exchange, and a more responsive method of managing

requests for support from the Fleet. Implementing a web-based network management

enables the improvement of the organization through more efficiently sharing and

gathering information. It enables users to combine knowledge and experience of the

entire organization and to fully exploit information technology systems for strategic

purposes.

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II. PROBLEM DEFINITION

A. MISSION

The mission and operation of the fleet can be conducted successfully if there is

sufficient support from its existing system. The mission of the Indonesian Eastern fleet is

to conduct daily sea operations to enforce the law at sea and to maintain sovereignty in

the entire eastern sea territory of Indonesia. Coordination and communications systems

are crucial to successful operation and to accomplishing the mission. An integrated

decision making system and real time access to all relevant data and information are

essential to successful fleet operations. This is the point at which information technology

infrastructure becomes important; especially the establishment of the Indonesian Eastern

fleet wide area network.

A reliable computer communication system is expected to provide an effective

method to accomplish the fleet's missions and provide contributory support. It is an

essential tool for carrying out the Indonesian Eastern fleet's mission given the

complexities of coordinating the fleet. Naval base and naval unit location, unit placement

and composition, and communication systems operations are among the factors affecting

the fleet operations strategy. All of these components could be better administered with

an integrated wide area network computer communications system.

B. THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE INDONESIAN EASTERN FLEET INFORMATION SYSTEMS

1. The Need for Connectivity

The Indonesian Eastern Fleet requires connectivity as a central concept in

computer and communications networks. A military organization such as the Indonesian

Eastern Fleet relies on applications like database management systems, electronic mail,

and integrated decision-making systems for supporting fleet operation. Any collection of

independent computers in all office units in the Indonesian Eastern Fleet need to be able

to communicate with one another over a shared network medium. Connectivity provides

a means to individually address any device on a network. One aspect of information

technology enhancements for the Indonesian Eastern fleet has been the implementation of

a plan to establish a wide area network (WAN).

2. Effective Local Area Networks (LANs) and an Integrated Wide Area Network (WAN)

The Indonesian Eastern fleet needs a global, high-speed, interactive computer-

network with adequate capacity for voice, video, and a wide range of data

communication among its operational units including naval bases, warships, and aircraft.

The suitable network would facilitate "just in time" transmission of Indonesian navy

policies and positions as well as statements by navy leaders.

The Indonesian Eastern Fleet needs a network system that provides quick access

to information via real time databases no matter what the time differences between fleet

headquarters in Surabaya and all units in the entire eastern fleet operational area. This

wide area network would enhance collaboration on regional strategies and policies across

geographic boundaries at no additional cost.

3. Improved Access to the Internet and Other Information Services

The Indonesian Eastern fleet needs the link of computer communication systems

that provides improved access to the Internet and other information services. The

network would also result in substantial savings. This rapid, interactive network would

provide fast and cost-effective services that will improve the Indonesian Eastern Fleet's

information system technology.

4. Minimize Costs

The improvement of Information Technology systems needs a lot of budget

available. However, we need to minimize cost that will be spent on designing and

building the network, so it will meet the Indonesian Eastern Fleet's budget allocation.

C. THE INDONESIAN EASTERN FLEET NETWORK

Local area networks (LANs) are currently being established in Surabaya main

Naval base. The Indonesian Eastern Fleet headquarters is located here from where the

communications systems for the entire eastern fleet area are managed and controlled.

There are three LANs that are being established in Surabaya: the Indonesian Navy

Eastern Fleet headquarters LAN, Surabaya main Naval base LAN, and Juanda Naval air

base LAN. In the near future, local area networks are planned to be established in Ujung

Pandang, Bitung and Jayapura. These local area networks will be connected together as

an integrated wide area network. The improved Indonesian Eastern Fleet network system

is required to effectively communicate within the Indonesian Eastern Fleet organization

as well as with their Navy counterparts.

The use of computer systems in gathering and distributing information is essential

to the daily operations of fleet units. Most operational and administrative offices in the

Indonesian Eastern Fleet are equipped with computer systems. The fleet's four main

naval bases and their remote naval bases are widely dispersed geographically. This wide

dispersion has made it difficult and costly to integrate all the bases into a wide area

network, whether by cable, satellite, or dial-up phone.

Computer communication networks are supported from the four main Naval bases

in an integrated WAN and are designed to connect remote naval bases dispersed through

the entire eastern region. The problem regarding long distance among those widely

dispersed naval bases could be solved using web-based technology. An integrated WAN

would be able to efficiently connect computer and communication systems in those

diversified main naval bases and their remote naval bases. Fleet contributory support to

the Navy gaining commands, administrative requirements, and training and exercises will

be fulfilled more efficiently using an improved Indonesian Eastern Fleet Network.

D. DESIGN GOALS

The goal of this thesis is to recommend standardized local area network and wide

area network configuration that will meet the requirements of the Indonesian Eastern

Fleet. The primary goals for the new systems are efficiency, speed and high reliability.

By interconnecting all of the Indonesian Eastern fleet's computer communication systems

in an integrated web-based wide area network, we gain several advantages, such as

improved efficiency, increased productivity, saving effort, seizing opportunities and

reduced costs.

The integrated web-based wide area network should be able to take advantage of

information systems support by linking all the existing computer and communication

systems resources in all of the Indonesian Eastern Fleet units. It should also be managed

by a proper network management system to ensure the network operation always run

properly. With improvements in information systems technology, the Indonesian Eastern

fleet can have effective and rapid access to various strategic planning systems. This

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includes force structure and the development of Command, Control, Communications,

Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) capabilities.

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III. COMPUTER COMMUNICATION NETWORK

This chapter introduces the fundamental concepts of networks as a framework for

understanding the concepts of network infrastructure, design and implementation.

Networking deals with the technology and architecture of the communications networks

used to interconnect communicating devices. A network consists of computers and other

devices, the physical connection between them, and the additional hardware and software

required to enable them to communicate with each other. Why are computer networks

important? What motivates people to connect computers together? Sharing is the chief

motivation for networking computers. A network enables us to share resources such as

files, software application, and devices (hard disks, printers, modems, and so forth).

Having a computer communication network enables our organization to work, cooperate

and communicate with great efficiency.

A. DATA COMMUNICATION NETWORKING

The fundamental purpose of a communications system is the exchange of data

between two or more parties. Electronic communications provide the means for the

transmission, reception and processing of information between two or more locations

using electronic circuits [Tomasi, 1998].

Many problems appear when multiple communicating devices are directly

connected point-to-point. It is very expensive to string a dedicated link between two

devices that are separated by thousands of kilometers. The other problem occurs when

each node requires a link to many of the others at various times. The solution to this

problem is to attach it to a communication network. A network is a group of computers

13

and various devices (such as printers and routers) that are joined together in a common

network medium.

Switching node

Wide area network

Source Trans- mitter

Traas- misston svstem

Receiver ^ Destination

,' Local area network

Figure 1. Simplified Network Model. [From Stallings, 2000, p. 10]

Figure 1 illustrates the two major types of computer communication networks

distinguished by their size and location, as a local area network (LAN) and a wide area

network (WAN). A local area network (LAN) is the basic building block of any

computer network. It is a group of interconnected computers located relatively close to

each other which permits users to share information and resources. A LAN can range

from a simple network with two computers connected by a cable, to a complex network

14

with hundreds of connected computers and peripherals throughout a major corporation.

Within a building or campus-style corporate complex, a LAN would be used for:

• Interactive Computing: The LAN supports flexible database access and resource sharing among groups of users

• Switching among multiple host computers: LANs allow virtual circuits from a user to several computers

• Broadcast and flexible addressing: A LAN allows messages to be received by some or all users in a system

A wide area network (WAN) has no geographical limit. It can connect computers

and other devices on opposite sides of the world. A WAN is made up of two or more

LANs connected together. LANs support transmission over relatively short distances,

while WAN's packet-switching technology support transmission in a large geographical

area.

B. PEER-TO-PEER AND SERVER BASED NETWORK

Both peer-to-peer and server based exist as the configuration of the end systems

of the networks. A peer-to-peer network is where each computer on the network is both a

client and a server. All computers are equal, and each workstation functions

independently in its administration and operation. A client on the network can access any

other client's files, no single person is assigned to administer the resources of the entire

network. Users are responsible for making shared resources available, maintaining

applications and data on their own computers, installing and upgrading applications, and

deciding who gets access to their shared resources.

In a server-based network, one or more computers act as servers and provide the

resources to the network. The other computers are the clients and use the resources

provided by the servers. A server-based network has a network administrator responsible

15

for managing the network. Shared data files, programs, and resources are centralized to

one or more specially configured computers called a server. All network administration,

security, and maintenance are managed by the network administrator. Client/server

computing uses a powerful server to store data. The client workstation can process some

or all of the requested data. The data is secure and easy to maintain because the file

services are in one location on the server.

Centralization provides reliability and consistency in network administration.

One advantage of server-based network is better performance, several computers can

process applications in parallel. We can distribute application programs to the client

computers and the database is processed by the server computer.

C. NETWORK TOPOLOGY

Network topology has an important role in designing a network. A topology is

the physical layout of computers on a network. Topologies can be physical (actual

wiring) or logical (the way they work). A network's topology is a map of the

arrangement of its nodes and connections between them. There are several network

topologies that we can choose among for the Indonesian Eastern Fleet network:

1. Bus Topology

In the bus network topology, we connect each node to the network along a single

piece of network cable, called a bus. The bus provides the path for the data, and devices

tap into the bus along its length to communicate with other devices. Data travels from a

node out onto the bus until it reaches the ends of the cable. At each end of the bus, a

device called a terminator is installed to prevent data signals from reflecting back onto

the bus and causing errors. When the transmitted data hits the terminator, it does not go

16

any farther. The disadvantage of this topology is that if the single cable acting as the bus

is severed at any point, the entire network goes down. Bus topology is used in the

Ethernet LANs configuration.

2. Star Topology

In the star network topology, the computers network nodes are connected to a

central device called a hub. Small LANs with less than eight nodes usually need only

one hub. Larger networks may require many hubs, and hubs can be connected to each

other to tie all the nodes together into a single network. Hubs are used to centralize the

data traffic and localize failures. If one cable breaks, it will not shut down the entire

network.

3. Ring Topology

The ring network topology is made up of an unbroken circle of network nodes.

Each node is directly connected to its two immediate neighbors. The data is passed from

one computer to another around the circle. If the ring is broken at any point along the

way, the entire network stops functioning. This problem is solved in FDDI LANs

configuration by using double-linked rings. Token Ring LANs and FDDI LANs

configuration use the ring network topology.

4. Star Bus Topology

The star bus is a combination of the bus and star topologies by linking several star

topology networks with linear bus trunks. It will not affect the rest of the network if one

computer goes down. However if a hub goes down, all computers on that hub are unable

to communicate, and if this hub is linked to other hubs those connections also will be

broken.

17

5. Star Ring Topology

The star ring topology is a combination of the star and the ring topology. Both

the star ring and the star bus are centered in a hub that contains the actual ring or bus.

Linear-bus trunks connect the hub in a star bus, while the hubs in a star ring are

connected in a star pattern by the main hub.

D. PASSING DATA ACROSS A NETWORK

Windows 95/98/ME, Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000, and other network

operating systems have implemented a layered, modular networking architecture. That

architecture is based on an industry standard called the Open System Interconnect (OSI)

Reference Model.

The OSI model defines an approach to networking in which each layer is

responsible for a very specific portion of the networking function. It provides a

framework for understanding the software and hardware components of networks and

how they interact with each other.

Figure 2 depicts the OSI reference model that passes the data from one layer to

the next in its journey from source to destination. It describes the flow of data in a

network from the lowest layer, representing the physical network connection, to the

highest layer, representing the services used directly by applications.

The data begins its journey at the highest layer on Node A and travels down until

it reaches the physical network. The information travels over the physical network and

arrives at the lowest layer on Node B. It then travels up on Node B until it reaches the

application layer. On its way up through the Node B layers, the control information that

18

was added on Node A is stripped off, layer by layer, until the application receives the

original data that was sent by the application on Node A.

NODE A NODE B Virtual

Communication ^ ._

Application JLayer ^ —►

Application i^ayer

M

i

^

k.

r

Presentation Layer Presentation Layer ^ —►

^ _,.

i

r

Session Layer Session Layer ^ --►

^ r

Transport Layer Transport Layer ^ —►

^

i

i

i

r

a ir

Network Layer Network Layer ^ —►

^ I

Data Link Layer Data Link Layer ^ --►

Physical Network

i

r

i

i

k.

r

Physical Layer Physical Layer A

Figure 2. The OSI Reference Model.

The explanation below shows the roles and responsibilities of each layer in the

OSI reference model:

1. Layer 1 - Physical Layer

The physical layer is responsible for transmitting raw binary data on the network

cable. This layer is the closest to the network hardware and includes both the physical

19

specifications of how network nodes are connected, and the electrical details of how raw

data bits are transmitted and received over the connection medium. It defines how data

bits are represented when they are transmitted on the cable. A repeater operates

exclusively at the physical layer of the OSI model. The data packets handled by the

repeater are exactly the same coming in as they are going out. All other network devices

that transmit or receive information on the network also operate at this layer.

2. Layer 2 - Data Link Layer

The Data Link layer packages the raw stream of data into data frames for

transmission. A frame is a manageable, logical chunk of information that includes the

data to be transmitted as well as information about its source and destination. It also

includes information that helps the recipient of the transmission detect whether the data

arrived intact. The data link is responsible for preparing data frames for transmission,

receiving data frames, managing the network access method, and assuring error-free

node-to-node communication.

The Data Link layer is divided into two sublayers: Logical Link Control (LLC)

and Media Access Control (MAC). The LLC manages connections between network

nodes and controls the flow of data frames. The MAC sublayer manages the network's

access method. In an Ethernet environment, the MAC sublayer implements the

CSMA/CD access method. The MAC sublayer isolates the access method management

functions from the other functions of the data link layer. It also ensures an error-free

communication path between nodes by retransmitting data frames and throwing away

duplicate frames when necessary. ATM, Frame relay and X25 are designed to

20

interconnect point-to-point links. They do not have any MAC protocols and this is one of

the reasons that terrestrial WAN protocols are suited to radio WANs.

3. Layer 3 - Network Layer

The network layer is concerned with packet switching. It addresses data

transmissions and translates logical into physical addresses. The network layer

determines the route of each packet from the sender to the receiver. The Internet Protocol

(IP) operates at the network layer and it is stateless and connectionless.

Routers also operate at the network layer and they can route packets across

several networks. A router can reach into a data packet, reading and interpreting its

embedded addressing information. It uses this information to update its routing tables for

the next packet that comes along.

4. Layer 4 - Transport Layer

Transport layer provides transparent transfer of data between end points.

Transport Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) operate at

transport layer. All state of connections resides in the transport protocol. TCP is a

transport protocol that does error checking and ensures all packets are delivered

efficiently, without error, and processed in the same sequence in which they were sent.

UDP is a transport protocol that provides application programs with connectionless

communication service but does not error checking.

5. Layer 5 - Session Layer

The session layer is concerned with network management by handling password

recognition, logon and logoff procedures, and network monitoring and reporting. The

session layer enables application processes on two different nodes to establish,

21

communicate over, and terminate an end-to-end connection called a session. The session

layer focuses on managing the entire dialog between the two processes by controlling

who transmits when and for how long. Just as the transport layer ensures in-sequence

delivery of packets, the session layer ensures in-sequence delivery of messages.

6. Layer 6 - Presentation Layer

The presentation layer controls the formats used to exchange data between

network nodes. It translates application data into a commonly recognized form at the

sending node, and translates the data from the common form to an application-specific

form at the receiving node. It controls how the network presents itself to applications

which is include character set conversion, data compression/expansion, encryption and

decryption, file format translation, and graphics command expansion.

7. Layer 7 - Application Layer

Network programs found at the Application layer include electronic mail,

database managers, file-server software, and printer-server software. The application

layer handles messages, remote logons, and network management statistics.

E. NETWORK SHARED MEDIUM

Network shared medium is used to transmit data over the network and this is an

essential element of a computer communication network. Nowadays, transmission media

can take the form of cabling system and wireless system. The main types of media

available for use in implementing a LAN is as follows:

1. Cabling System

The vast majority of networks today are connected by some sort of wiring that act

as a network transmission medium that carries signals between computers. Many cable

types are available to meet the varying needs and sizes of networks. The majority of

22

networks are connected by one of two major classes of cable: twisted-pair (unshielded

and shielded) cable or fiber-optic cable.

a. Twisted-Pair Cable

Twisted-pair cable consists of two insulated strands of copper wire twisted

around each other: unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) and shielded twisted-pair (STP) cable.

(1) Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) Cable. UTP cable consists

of two insulated copper wires, and it has four individually twisted pairs of wires in a

common sheath. There are five standard categories of UTP to ensure consistency of

products for customers:

• Category 1 UTP can carry voice but not data transmissions

• Category 2 UTP is rated for signals of 4 MHz with a data rate of 4 Mbps

• Category 3 UTP is rated for signals of 16 MHz with a data rate of 16 Mbps. It supports 10 Mbps Ethernet, 16 Mbps Token ring, and lOOVGAnyLAN with a maximum length of 100 m per segment.

• Category 4 UTP is rated for signals of 20 MHz with a data rate of 20 Mbps. It consists of four twisted pairs of copper wire.

• Category 5 UTP is rated for signals 100 MHz or less and supports 100 Mbps Fast Ethernet. Individual cable runs should not exceed 100 meters, including the patch panel and patch cable.

• Category 5 Enhanced UTP is rated for 200 MHz with a data rate of 200 Mbps. Category 5 Enhance UTP is now being used in most new constructed LANs.

(2) Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) Cable. STP cable uses a

woven copper-braid jacket that is more protective and of a higher quality than the jacket

used by UTP. STP also uses a foil wrap around each of the wire pairs. This gives STP

excellent shielding to protect the transmitted data from outside interference, which in turn

allows it to support higher transmission rates over longer distances than UTP.

23

b. Fiber-Optic Cable

Fiber-optic cable is the best choice when the network needs to transmit

data at very high speeds over long distances in a very secure media. At the present time,

fiber is commonly used in campus networks at all levels above the desktop computer

communications.

The Fiber-optic cable principles of operation are different than a copper

cable. Copper cable transfers information in the form of transverse electromagnetic

waves while optical fibers carry digital data signals in the form of modulated pulses of

light. This is a relatively safe way to send data because no electrical impulses are carried

over the fiber-optic cable. This means that fiber-optic cable cannot be tapped as easily,

and its data cannot be stolen as easily. Fiber-optic cable is good for very high-speed,

high-capacity data transmission because of the purity of the signal and lack of signal

attenuation. Currently industries are using OC-192 (10 Gbps) for their network

transmission. However, because fiber is point to point it cannot be used for bus

topologies.

2. Wireless System

Wireless technology uses either optical or radio techniques to transmit data.

Computers operating on a wireless network function similar to cable networks, except

that the network interface card (NIC) is connected to a wireless transceiver instead of a

cable. A wireless bridge can connect buildings that are situated as much as 40 kilometers

(about 25 miles) apart. Cellular communication, satellite stations, and packet-radio

communications are adding mobility to networks. Wireless LANs use four techniques

for transmitting data:

24

a. Infrared Transmission

Infrared networks transmit and receive data using a high-intensity infrared

light beam. Infrared transmission has a line-of-sight limitation. If someone walks

between the two computers, the wireless connection is broken until there is a clear path

again.

b. Laser Transmission

Laser networking technology is similar in concept to infrared. It requires

an unbroken direct line of sight between sender and receiver. People or objects that get

in the way will block transmission. Laser technology is more expensive than infrared.

c. Narrowband Radio Transmission

Narrowband radio uses an approach similar to a radio station. The sender

and receiver use a specific radio frequency.

d. Spread-spectrum Radio Transmission

Spread-spectrum radio transmission broadcasts its transmissions over a

range of radio frequency instead of just one. It divides the available frequency into

channels. All the wireless nodes in the network synchronize to a specific channel.

3. Cabling System versus Wireless System

A wireless system is convenient, does not require wiring, and is certainly more

flexible than a traditional cable network. On the other hand, a wireless system is

relatively high cost and its transmission systems relatively slower than CAT-5 UTP cable

or fiber optic cable. The fastest data transmission speed over a wireless LAN at the

present time is 23.5 Mbps [Computer Magazine, Oct. 2000], while a cabling system LAN

using CAT-5 UTP transmits at 100 Mbps; and fiber optic cable in a Gigabit Ethernet is

even faster.

25

So, if our network investment is measured in terms of the cost and bandwidth,

wireless networking offers the lowest value. Due to its high cost and transmission speed,

wireless is a good alternative only if we have a real need for it. A cabling system is

more appropriate for use in the Indonesian Eastern Fleet network as its LAN shared

medium.

26

IV. DESIGNING THE INDONESIAN EASTERN FLEET LANS INFRASTRUCTURE

This chapter forms the foundational guidelines for designing and implementing

the Indonesian Eastern Fleet LAN's infrastructure. In designing LAN infrastructure, it is

necessary to know the concepts associated with designing the logical layout of our

network, as well as the issues involved with creating the physical network infrastructure.

Understanding the end user requirements is important because end users will interact with

the application running on their network. We must learn what the end user needs,

determine which software will best provide that functionality, and finally build software

distributions of public domain programs that meet all user requirements for network-

based operations. The Indonesian Eastern Fleet network's most important end users are

computer operators, naval units personnel, and fleet support facilities personnel.

Defining an appropriate technology design and selecting a useful network operating

system will determine the performance and the capability of the network.

A. NETWORK ANALYSIS

Network analysis is needed in designing the Indonesian Eastern Fleet network in

order to fully understand our design environment. This involves identifying, gathering,

understanding system requirements, and developing performance thresholds to determine

specified services for the network. The computer network designed must meet the needs

of the organization. The Indonesian Eastern Fleet's network goals are to:

• Network the existing computers so that they can more efficiently share information and network resources

• Provide a full access Internet connection

• Provide video conferencing facility

27

• Provide hypermedia technology including: text, graphics, image, audio, and archive

• Improved fleet readiness through an improvement in information systems technology

• Minimize cost

The network analysis process begins by defining the requirements of our network.

Next these requirements will be matched to the existing telecommunication features

available and then determine what steps are needed to develop the network. At a

minimum, we should consider requirements of the network that consists of:

• The number of users

• The size of the facility

• The environment (office, manufacturing, out-of-doors)

• Performance Characteristic, which include:

Storage (disk drive) performance Processor (CPU) performance Memory performance (access time) Bus performance (bus capacity and arbitration mechanisms) Operating system performance

Information about any of these components can be helpful in estimating the overall performance of computer network as seen in figure 3 below.

Operating System Processor

COMPUTER BUS

Network Interface Disk Drive

Memory

Other Peripherals

Figure 3. Computer Network Performance Components.

Location information. It helps to determine the relationships between

components of the system.

28

B. THE STANDARD LAN ARCHITECTURE: ETHERNET TECHNOLOGY

A network's architecture specifies the desired structure of the network. Its

purpose is to provide an organization with a framework for more informed decision-

making and a guide for ongoing planning. It includes some specification of standards,

distribution of system functions and how the components relate to one another.

A standard architecture is critical to the establishment of the Indonesian Eastern

Fleet Network. The architecture's main purpose is to provide guidance and structure for

implementing the network. It helps to define the information technology strategy. A

uniform strategy is needed to insure that all LANs are implemented similarly. This will

help to insure that the LANs will function effectively when incorporated into the

Indonesian Eastern Fleet Network. The LAN architecture is one part of the overall WAN

network architecture. Without a standard LAN architecture, it will be difficult to manage

and connect the collection of disparate systems. A uniform approach that conforms to

published guidance on standardization will result in a more viable network.

The network architecture can be selected based on its topology, access method,

signaling method, or support of a particular type of transmission medium. Although

there is no one best network for users, Ethernet represents a diverse mixture of

technological characteristics. In the 1980s the IEEE published Project 802. This project

generated standards for design and compatibility for hardware components that operated

within the OSI physical and data-link layers. The standard that pertains to Ethernet is the

IEEE 802.3 specification. Ethernet network architecture strikes a good balance between

speed, cost and ease of installation.

29

1. THE IEEE 802.3 ETHERNET NETWORK

a. The Features

Talking about the Ethernet features begins with the topology. The

traditional topology such as a linear bus or another topology such as a Star Bus can be

used. The IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Network relies on Carrier Sense Multiple

Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) as its access method to regulate traffic on the

main cable segment. If two or more computers happen to send data at exactly the same

time, there will be a data collision. When that happens, the two computers involved stop

transmitting for a random period of time and then attempt to retransmit. Each computer

determines its own waiting period; this reduces the chance that the computers will once

again transmit simultaneously. Commonly, many computers on the network attempt to

transmit data (multiple access); each one first listens to detect any possible collisions. If

a computer detects a possible collision, it waits for a random period of time before

retransmitting (collision detection). CSMA/CD is known as a contention method because

computers on the network compete for an opportunity to send data. Nowadays users

should not aware when they are using a contention access method because current

implementations are very fast. CAT-5 UTP cable transmits at 100 Mbps and this

problem was solved. Table 1 below describes the features of Ethernet technology that we

can use to determine our plan in building the local area network infrastructure.

Feature Description

Traditional topology Linear bus Other topologies Star bus Type of architecture Base band Access method CSMA/CD Specification IEEE 802.3 Transfer speed 10 Mbps or 100 Mbps Cable type Cat-5 UTP

Table 1. The Features of Ethernet Technology.

30

b. Constructing the Ethernet Network

In constructing an IEEE 802.3 Ethernet network either the 10-Mbps IEEE

Standards or the 100-Mbps IEEE Standards can be used. A 10 Base-T and a 100 Base-T

network can be constructed with network interface cards (NICs), UTP cable, and one or

more hubs. Each is installed in the expansion slot of a computer and wired on a point-to-

point basis to a hub port. When all the ports on a hub are used, one hub can be connected

to another to expand the network, resulting in a physical star, logical bus network

structure.

In the definition process of standardization development, both the Ethernet

media access control (MAC) and the physical layer require adjustments to permit 100

Mbps operational support. The 10 BASE-T and 100 BASE-T standard supports an

operating rate of 10 Mbps at a distance of up to 100 meters (328 feet) over UTP cable

without the use of a repeater. The wiring hub in an Ethernet network functions as a

multiport repeater: it receives, retimes, and regenerates signals received from any

attached station. The hub also functions as a filter; it discards severely distorted frames.

All hubs that conform to IEEE 10/100 BASE-T specifications perform a

core set of tasks in addition to receiving and regenerating signals. 10/100 BASE-T hubs

test each port connection, detect and handle excessive collisions, and ignore data that

exceeds the maximum 802.3 frame size.

Hubs can monitor, record, and count consecutive collisions that occur on

each individual station link by using a management agent. Since an excessive number of

consecutive collisions will prevent data transfer on all of the attached links, hubs are

required to cut off or partition any link on which too many collisions have occurred. This

31

partitioning enables the remainder of the network to operate in situations where a faulty

NIC transmits continuously.

c. The Ethernet Frame Operations

Ethernet breaks data down into frames. A frame is a package of

information transmitted as a single unit. It is used to deliver data between computers. An

Ethernet frame can be between 64 and 1518 bytes long, but the Ethernet frame header

uses at least 18 bytes. Every frame contains control information and follows the same

basic organization.

PREAMBLE DESTINATION SOURCE TYPE DATA FRAME

ADDRESS ADDRESS CHECK

SEQUENCE

8 bytes 6 bytes 6 bytes 2 bytes 46-1500 bytes 4 bytes

Header Payload

Figure 4. The Ethernet Frame Format.

The Ethernet packets begin with a Preamble that consists of eight bytes and is

used for synchronization. The first two fields in the frame carry 48-bit addresses, called

the destination and source addresses. The IEEE controls the assignment of these

addresses by administering a portion of the address field. The IEEE does this by

providing 24-bit identifiers called "Organizationally Unique Identifiers" (OUIs), since a

unique 24-bit identifier is assigned to each manufacturer that wishes to build Ethernet

interfaces. This 48-bit address is also known as the physical address, hardware address, or

MAC address. The destination address can be a single workstation's address, a group of

32

workstations, or even several groups of workstations. The source address tells the

workstation receiving the message where it came from.

As each Ethernet frame is sent onto the shared signal channel, all Ethernet

interfaces look at the first 48-bit field of the frame, which contains the destination

address. The interfaces compare the destination address of the frame with their own

address. The Ethernet interface with the same address as the destination address in the

frame will read in the entire frame and deliver it to the networking software running on

that computer. All other network interfaces will stop reading the frame when they

discover that the destination address does not match their own address.

The Type field designates which type of format the data is using. Without this

information, it is impossible to decipher the packet when it arrives. The Data field is

strictly limited; it can hold only a minimum of 46 bytes and a maximum of 1,500 bytes.

Frame-Check Sequence provides a mechanism of error detection. It contains a check

system of the rest of the frames which allow receiver to detect error.

Computers attached to an Ethernet can send application data to one another using

high-level protocol software, such as the TCP/IP protocol suite used on the worldwide

Internet. The high-level protocol packets are carried between computers in the data field

of Ethernet frames. The system of high-level protocols carrying application data and the

Ethernet system are independent entities that cooperate to deliver data between

computers.

33

Figure 5. Fast Etherlink 100 BASE-T XLK NIC.

2. Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps) Network

One version of Ethernet technology that widely used is the 10 Mbps twisted-pair

category. Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps) is a more recent Ethernet standard which operates

over twisted-pair and fiber optic media and has become the accepted standard. Fast

Ethernet transmits data much faster than Ethernet, and it also has some other advantages

when used in the LAN architecture. These include moderate throughput, numerous

vendors, strong commercial support, reliable multi-vendor interoperability and

availability in a fiber version.

Fast Ethernet LAN specifications include 100 BASE-TX and 100 BASE-FX.

Each specification maintains the use of the MAC protocol used by earlier Ethernet/IEEE

802.3 standards, CSMA/CD. 100BASE-T specifies 100-Mbps operations using the

CSMA/CD protocol over two pairs of category 5 UTP cable. 100BASE-FX changes the

LAN transport media to fiber optic cable.

34

IEEE Media

Specifications

Cable Support Connector Coding

Support Scheme

100BASE-TX

100BASE-FX

Category 5 UTP (2-pair wire) RJ-45

62.5/125-micron fiber-optic cable RJ-45

4B/5B

4B/5B

Table 2. Fast Ethernet Functionality.

Fast Ethernet 100BASE-TX is inexpensive compared to 100Base-FX because

category 5 UTP cable is cheaper than fiber-optic cable. Even though data transmitted

over fiber-optic cable is very fast and secure, data transmitted using category 5 UTP

cable is already fast enough and good enough to meet the Indonesian Eastern Fleet

Network requirements. The Ethernet specifications (IEEE 802.3) of the 10Base2,

lOBaseT, and 100BaseTX are explored in Table 3.

10Base2 lOBaseT 100BaseTX Topology Bus Star bus Star bus Cable type RG-58 (thinnet

coaxial cable) Category 3, 4, or 5 unshielded twisted-pair cable

2-pair Category 5 UTP or STP

Connection to NIC

BNCT connector

RJ-45 RJ-45

Distance 0.5 meters between computers (Max 185 m)

100 meters (328 feet) between the computer and the hub

100 meters (328 feet)

Maximum cable segment length

185 meters (607 feet)

500 meters (1640 feet) 100 meters (328 feet)

Maximum computers per segment

30 (There can be a maximum of 1024 computers per network.)

1 (Each station has its own cable to the hub. There can be a maximum of 12 computers per hub and a maximum of 1024 transceivers per LAN without some type of connectivity.)

N/A

Table 3. Ethernet Specifications (IEEE 802.3).

35

3. GIGABIT ETHERNET (1000 Mbps) NETWORK

Gigabit Ethernet provides a data transmission capability of 1000 Mbps and

supports the CSMA/CD access protocol. Similar to 10 Base-T and Fast Ethernet, Gigabit

Ethernet can be used as a shared network through the attachment of network devices to a

1-Gbps repeater hub. It provides 1-Gbps ports to accommodate high-speed access to

servers. Gigabit Ethernet operations require workstations, bridges, and routers to use a

network interface card to connect to a 1-Gbps network. The maximum distance

obtainable for Gigabit Ethernet when transmission occurs using a 1330-nanometer (nm)

frequency on single-mode fiber is 3000 meters [Ref.: Held, 1998]. Data transmission on

1000BASE-T Gigabit Ethernet using category 5 UTP cable has a maximum distance of

100 meters, as does 100 BASE-T Fast Ethernet.

There are presently only a very few organizations that can be expected to require

the use of a 1-Gbps shared media network. However, the use of Gigabit Ethernet can be

expected to play an important role in providing a high-speed network in the future.

4. Making the Technology Choice for the Design

Based upon the need to have good results in network performance, all LANs in

the Indonesian Eastern Fleet Network should be implemented as a Fast Ethernet (100

Base-T). This will provide a consistent approach and ensure that the network meets

current needs while supporting future growth. Fast Ethernet has sufficient bandwidth to

support an increase in network traffic and advances in network technology.

High-Speed Gigabit Ethernet 1000 Mbps is still not widely accepted and is too

expensive to be implemented. Fast Ethernet is at the leading edge of Ethernet technology

and offers significant advantages over 10 Mbps Ethernet. Fast Ethernet, operating at 100

36

Mbps, which is ten times faster than 10Base-T Ethernet, is a reliable LAN technology

designed to meet high demands for network bandwidth. Network managers also benefit

from Fast Ethernet by leveraging the familiarity of the underlying Ethernet technology

and the protection offered for investments in applications, cabling, and management

expertise.

Fast Ethernet delivers high performance and familiar technology. Another benefit

arises from the fact that Fast Ethernet products are becoming increasingly inexpensive.

For all of those reasons, Fast Ethernet 100 Base-T LAN is the most appropriate choice for

the standard LANs architecture for the Indonesian Eastern Fleet Network.

Implementation of Fast Ethernet 100 Base-T will provide a responsive and uniform

network environment.

C. DEFINING THE LAN CONNECTION SYSTEM

The local area network (LAN) is a communication network that interconnects a

variety of devices for information exchange. Network nodes can consist of workstations

with network interface cards (NICs), hubs, bridges, routers and servers. The idea of a

shared medium is a key concept when planning a LAN. The infrastructure is the physical

wiring of the LAN, over which all network devices communicate. A properly designed

infrastructure can be flexible enough to support current and future networking needs.

Cable and hardware infrastructure quickly become the primary limiting factors in most

LANs.

Connections in the older networks were mainly 10Base2 (Thinnet), 10Base5

(Thicknet), category 3 (CAT- 3), unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and shielded twisted pair

(STP). Modern local area networks use mainly category 5 (CAT-5) UTP cable. The

37

CAT-5 UTP cable is installed point to point between the workstation and the electronics

that make up the network, such as a hub or a switch. The CAT-5 UTP cable terminates to

an DDF, and an individual cable should not exceed 100 meters long. The CAT-5 UTP

cable has four pairs of wires with a lay length of eight twists per foot. It is rated for

signals of 100 MHz or less and supports 100 Mbps Fast Ethernet.

The fiber-optic cable connects all the electronic devices throughout the campus to

an MDF. The MDF houses the enterprise category network equipment, such as switches

capable of switching packets and routers with multiple ports connecting the enterprise

together. Fiber-optic cable uses reflected photon (light) energy instead of an

electromagnetic charge to transmit its signal. This makes it resistant to electromagnetic

interference.

Since efficiency and cost are the main issues in implementing an effective local

area network, it is recommended that any new cable installations use CAT-5 UTP cable

for future growth. Installation of CAT-5 UTP where new cabling is required allows

maximum flexibility for future expected requirements.

D. DEFINING NETWORK PROTOCOL

Protocols are the system of rules and procedures that govern communication

between two or more devices. Many varieties of protocols exist at all layers of the OSI

model. Not all protocols are compatible, but as long as two devices are using the same

protocol, they can exchange data. A network protocol is a set of language and set of rules

that nodes agree to use to communicate over the network [Gregg, 1999]. When several

computers are networked, the rules and technical procedures governing their

communication and interaction are called protocols.

38

NetBEUI is not a routable protocol. It does not contain enough information to

send packets from one network to another. NetBEUI is a network protocol that is used in

all Microsoft networking products including MS-DOS and all versions of Windows and

Windows NT. The NetBEUI protocol works well on old and lower-end computers

running MS-DOS.

Internetwork packet exchange/sequenced packet exchange (IPX/SPX) is the

network protocol that is usually used on Novell NetWare networks. However, it can also

be used as the main protocol in a pure Microsoft network. IPX/SPX is not routable. It

operates at the application and session layers of the OSI model.

Transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) is routable. It enables

users to connect and communicate across networks that use different hardware

architectures and run different operating systems. TCP/IP can be used to communicate

on pure Microsoft networks, or on mixed networks with products such as IntranetWare

and UNIX. TCP/IP provides reliable data delivery service by setting up end-to-end

connections between two systems that need to exchange data. To do this, it establishes a

virtual network between the two computers across all routers in the affected network.

TCP uses the Internet Protocol (IP) as the transport to deliver information across the

network. The main advantage of TCP/IP is its flexibility. Every operating system

platform now supports it. TCP/IP is the default protocol for Unix and the preferred

protocol for the NetWare and Windows operating system.

39

CRITERIA FOR SELECTING NETWORK PROTOCOLS

Characteristics NetBEUI EPX/SPX TCP/IP

Capability to transmit across routers No Yes Yes

Best for corporate intranet No No Yes

Best for large networks No No Yes

Best for pure Microsoft networks (no routing) Yes No Yes

Best for pure Microsoft networks (with routing) No No Yes

Best for small LANs Yes Yes Yes

Best for WANs No No Yes

Ease of client configuration High Low Low

Ease of network administration High High Low

Interoperability with NetWare No Yes No

Interoperability with the Internet No No Yes

Interoperability with UNIX No No Yes

Performance for application server Low Low High

(client/server)

Performance for file and printer sharing Medium High Medium

Performance on small networks High Medium Medium

Table 4. Criteria for Selecting Network Protocol [Gregg, 1999]

The Data Link Control (DLC) network protocol enables the network to

communicate with certain network printers. The DLC protocol operates in the data link

layer and corresponds to the logical link control (LLC) sublayer. When using DLC to

communicate with a network printer, the DLC protocol need to be installed on the

computer that is acting as the print server for the network printer. Other nodes that send

jobs to the print server can use any standard protocol, and do not need to have DLC

installed.

40

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a transport layer component that provides data

delivery service in the TCP/IP protocol stack. UDP is a connectionless protocol and does

not check to see if the packet arrived at its destination. This protocol is used to transmit

packets that are time sensitive, or when it is not important to know if they have arrived at

their destination. UDP is commonly used in audio and video applications.

E. CONFIGURING NETWORK COMPONENTS

In the following sections, many of the key networking components are discussed

that are likely to be considered in our network design process. Small and simple

networks use only cables and network adapters attached to the computers and other

devices. However, as the network grows in size and complexity, it needs other

networking devices to tie everything together correctly.

1. Network Interface Card (NIC)

The network interface card (NIC) is a layer 1 device and is the only device on the

network that is actually installed inside the machine. Workstations, servers, print servers,

and gateways all have NICs. NICs provide the connection point to a network. Each type

of NIC is specially designed for a specific type of network such as Ethernet, Token ring,

FDDI, or ARCNET. Newer NICs usually have RJ-45 connectors on them. A standard

NIC would be a 10/100 Mbps PCI Ethernet card with an RJ-45 connector. Windows

95/98/ME and Windows NT 4.0 will auto detect most NICs. Before installing the card it

is important to ensure that the latest driver is installed on the machine.

2. Hubs

A hub is a layer 1 device that repeats a signal to all the hub ports that can connect

to network segments or devices. A hub may have as few as 4 ports, 8 ports, 12, or 24

port models. The unit has female RJ-45 connectors on the front that may attach directly

41

to a computer by means of CAT 5 cable or it can attach to a patch panel with an RJ-45

patch cable. The connectivity with other devices is indicated by a link light at the front

panel of the hub. A popular 10/100 autosensing Ethernet hub supports legacy systems

and provides growth for greater speed. Hubs are a critical component in most networks,

so we need to safeguard them to avoid network down time. In networks containing more

than a couple of nodes, it is best to install the hub devices out of the way, preferably in a

wiring cabinet or closet.

3. Switches

A switch is a layer 2 device that separates a network into segments. It is essential

for large Ethernet networks because it eliminates the collisions that are frequent with

shared networks. Switches support hierarchical network designs and can connect

different architectures. A switch repeats data but, unlike a hub, only to the recipient/port

specified by the MAC address.

In a campus area networks, each device (end system) connects to a workgroup

switch over a point-to-point CAT-5 UTP cable and shares the media with any other

device. This allows for a full-duplex connection between the switch and the device.

Workgroup switches are hierarchical in design. They are connected to individual

workstations and also to a large enterprise switch. This large enterprise switch connects

to Servers and to the WAN via the router. A switch can segment a network into its ports,

and forward the packets between those ports at the same time (simultaneously).

4. Routers

The router is used to connect to remote offices or the Internet and is installed as a

device on the network. An Internet router is usually the gateway address in the TCP/IP

42

protocol parameters. It is an OSI layer 3 device that routes packets to the proper

destination on the basis of the destination network address in the packet. A router will

have one or more serial ports with a Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit (CSU/DSU)

connected to it and one or more LAN ports connected to a switch or hub. A router is

configured with the local subnet address information and the address information of the

router to which it is connected on the WAN port.

F. SELECTING A NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM

There are several network operating system servers available, such as Windows

NT 4.0 Server, Windows 2000 Server, Novell NetWare, and Windows 98/ME. Due to

geographic separation of the organizational units and the high cost of training

administrators, the capability to centrally manage the network is an important aspect of

limiting the total cost of ownership. The advantages of using a Windows 2000 Server

include increased flexibility, scalability, reliability, management capabilities and security.

Migration to Windows 2000 provides a common operating system environment and

meets the Indonesian Eastern Fleet recommendation on standardization.

Below are the features of network operating systems that are commonly used at

the present time:

1. Windows NT 4.0 Server

Windows NT 4.0 Server is a full scale network operating system. Its robust

security and management features make it a good candidate for medium and large size

network environments, but it also requires the knowledge and the management of a

network administrator.

43

Windows NT 4.0 Server is a genuine network operating system. Its services are

especially optimized to give the best service for its clients and the Windows NT 4.0

Workstation can be used as a client side operating system. Windows NT 4.0 Server was

designed from scratch to perform the roles of a real network operating system with

features like preemptive multitasking, multiprocessing, multiplatform support, secure file

systems and fault tolerance. A window NT 4.0 Server machine can play many roles in a

network. It can be a file server, a database server, or a web server. It performs all of

these duties with great success. Windows NT 4.0 Server's minimum hardware

requirements are Intel Microprocessor 80486 or higher, 120 MB disk storage, 16 MB

memory, and a VGA display or higher resolution. It also can support three kinds of

Reduced Instruction Set Chips (RISC) microprocessors. These are MIPS, Digital Alpha,

and Power PC Alpha with 150 MB minimum disk storage, 16 MB memory, and a VGA

display or higher resolution.

2. Novell NetWare

Novell NetWare is a widely accepted network operating system that has started to

lose market share against the Windows NT Server. Novell NetWare 5.1 is specially

designed for organizations that need a cost effective and reliable network operating

system. In the file server role, it is accepted as the fastest server available for medium to

large networks, but it only runs programs written for Netware.

The minimum hardware requirements for Novell NetWare are a 486 Based PC or

above, 64 MB RAM, and at least 200 MB of free hard disk space.

44

3. Windows 98/ME

Windows 98/ME is not designed to perform a server role but its rich network

features make it very suitable for small-scale network environments. It also can handle

32-bit applications. Unfortunately, however, features like overhauling system security,

multi-user environment support, and secured file system structures are weaker than the

other operating systems. Windows 98/ME minimum requirements are 486/66 MHz

based Computer/Processor, 16 MB of memory (RAM), 225 MB of available hard disk

space, and a VGA or higher-resolution display.

4. Windows 2000 Server

Windows 2000 Server is the newest version of Windows NT. Windows 2000

Server delivers powerful, comprehensive management services for managing the servers,

networks, and client systems. Windows 2000 Server has an interoperability with existing

systems by providing migration paths from any number of existing systems, devices, and

applications. The minimum system requirements for Windows 2000 Server are as

follows:

133-Mhz Pentium or higher central processing unit (CPU)

A maximum of four CPUs per computer are supported

256 MB of RAM recommended minimum

128 MB of RAM minimum supported

A hard disk partition with enough free space to accommodate the Setup process. The minimum amount of space required is 1 GB'

Windows 2000 Server comes along with Active Directory, an Internet standards-

based directory service that uniquely enables flexible policy-based management of

systems. Active Directory is a directory service that is scalable, built from the ground up

using Internet-standard technologies, and fully integrated at the operating-system level.

45

It allows a single point of administration for all published resources, which include files,

peripheral devices, host connections, databases, web access, users, other arbitrary objects,

services, etc [Microsoft, 1997]

Active Directory simplifies administration and makes it easier for users to find

resources. Using Active Directory, hierarchical information structures can be built that

make it easier to control such things as administrative privileges and also make it easier

for users to locate network resources such as files and printers. Hierarchical information

structures form a tree structure that reflects all organizational resources. Compared to

Windows NT 4.0 that scales quite well up to 100,000 users, Active Directory can scale up

to over one million users in a single domain by using indexing technology and advanced

replication techniques to speed performance.

G. DATA BACKUP SYSTEM

The network administrator is responsible for creating a backup plan which assures

that the organization can easily recover data if data security is breached. There are three

methods used for backing up data and files on a network. These are differential backup

or incremental backup, copy, and full backup. A differential backup, also known as

incremental backup or daily backup, is used to backup selected files when the content of

a file has changed. The backup system reviews the date and time of the file, which

indicates the last time the file was updated and compares it with the file. If they differ,

then the backup system copies the file. Otherwise, the file is not backed up. A copy

backup is used to back up selected files. A full backup copies all the files on a server

regardless of whether they changed or not since the last backup. The network

46

administrator chooses the backup method based upon the efficiency of the backup

schedule and the capacity of the backup medium.

All backup software modules must be installed on a server to guarantee the

quality of backed-up data. The magnetic tape backup can be used as a common type to

provide an effective backup system for our network. A magnetic tape backup is reliable,

inexpensive, and has enough capacity to backup the entire network on a single tape.

H. IMPLEMENTING THE NETWORK

1. Standardization

One of the most important aspects of implementing our LAN infrastructure is

planning. It is necessary to ensure that every aspect of the implementation has been

addressed. Implementation of the Indonesian Eastern Fleet LANs infrastructure begins

by establishing standard network architecture to achieve compliance with the Indonesian

Eastern Fleet network requirements, compatibility with the naval main bases and fleet

units, and to establish an effective and highly reliable network. A standard architecture is

needed to provide direction for information technology managers and to define the

Indonesian Eastern Fleet information technology strategy.

The IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Network architecture, using Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps)

technology, is designed to be implemented on the Indonesian Eastern Fleet's LANs

infrastructure. The standardization of network architecture is a critical aspect to

implementing an integrated network that is interoperable with other Indonesian Navy

networks or with other branch services networks.

Ensuring hardware compatibility is important because each piece of hardware on

the network must be able to communicate with other hardware on the network.

47

Minimum hardware requirements represent values that are sufficient only to allow the

system to start. To obtain the best performance out of our network, the appropriate

hardware compatibility that meets the Indonesian Eastern network's requirements and

allocated budget needs to be determined.

2. System Administration

There are three parts of IT support that make our information technology systems

success: network operations, system administration, and install/configure/troubleshoot

categories. IT support for information systems is a large part of the life cycle costs.

System administration in the Indonesian Eastern Fleet network should conduct a

network operations center for monitoring and controlling the operation of our wide area

network, and providing reports for a distributed system. A network operations center is

responsible for day-to-day operation of the WAN. This accomplished through the

monitoring of online statistics including traffic patterns, congestion reports and data from

SNMP clients. Many software packages exist which aid in the recognition of network

problem areas.

The right choice in selecting a network operating system determine how well the

network operation supports distribution and gathering information all fleet units. The

implementation of centralized management by using Windows 2000 network operating

system is key to improving the Indonesian Eastern Fleet network system. This one step

forward in computer communication systems by implementing effective LANs will

improve the Indonesian Eastern Fleet information technology systems.

For effectiveness and efficiency, the network operations center (NOC) should be

established in the Indonesian Eastern Fleet headquarters LAN in Surabaya.

48

Centralization is a good strategy to support information systems to all fleet units. The

network operations center manages the Indonesian Eastern Fleet wide area network to

ensure its up and run properly. However, all other LANs should also have their own

network administration unit in each LAN that managed by a local network administrator.

We still need decentralization to manage and maintaining the network locally in each

LAN. The synchronization between all LANs and the Indonesian Fleet NOC would

provide good result in network traffic management as we will prove and evaluate in our

network design using EXTENDv4 simulation software program.

The Indonesian Eastern Fleet NOC responsible for communication with the

Internet Service Provider, telecommunication carrier company, and contractors in order

to obtain and maintain the good quality of the network. By default the role of the NOC

falls to the information technology unit coordinated with command, control and

communication unit to always provide good service and network maintenance to the

network users.

49

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50

V. WEB-BASED WIDE AREA NETWORK DESIGN

Local area network (LAN) is a convenient way to connect machines in a building

or in a close proximity. Each location might have its own LAN, but these were isolated

from the rest of the organization until someone figured out a way to connect them

together into a wide area network (WAN). There are several transmission techniques that

can be used, but the simplest is with a modem and a telephone line.

A WAN covers longer physical distances than a LAN. The WAN makes it

possible to put the entire organization on the same network no matter how scattered its

nodes. The network could be spread across a state, an island or around the whole

country. Thus, it is possible for a military organization such as the Indonesian Eastern

Fleet to put into operation their own wide area network tying together all naval units in

the eastern territory of Indonesia. Implementing web-based technology on the WAN

would greatly improve the efficiency of the Indonesian Eastern Fleet information

systems.

A. REMOTE ACCESS SERVICE (RAS)

Remote Access Service (RAS) provides the capability of dialing into our network

from a remote location, and acting as a remote node on the network. RAS is often

referred to as Dial-up Networking, which communicates with other devices in the

telecommunication system using modem at each end of the connection. Both a RAS

client and a RAS server require their own modems. The RAS server modem answers a

call from a RAS client modem to establish the remote network connection.

51

<^pN Remote access client

Remote access server

Network server

Figure 6. RAS Connection.

RAS supports three connection protocols: Serial Line Interface Protocol (SLIP),

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), and Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP). SLIP

does not support dynamic IP addressing or NetBEUI or IPX protocols, it cannot encrypt

logon information, and it is supported only by RAS clients. PPP overcomes many of the

limitations of SLIP. It supports the IPX, NetBEUI, AppleTalk, and DECnet protocols. It

also supports encrypted passwords. PPTP provides a way to route IP, IPX, or NetBEUI

point-to-point protocol packets over a TCP/IP network.

Using a RAS connection is not always the best choice to achieve network

expansion. RAS is used if it is determined that our bandwidth requirements are not

greater than 128 Kbps, if a dedicated full-time connection is not required, or if system

costs must be kept down. It is not good to use RAS if a higher bandwidth is needed than

52

that provided by an asynchronous modem or if a dedicated full-time connection is

needed.

Virtual private networking (VPN) enables us to securely access our network

across the Internet. RAS is very expensive if long-distance is used for access, especially

if access is needed for lengthy periods. If there is an account on the Internet using a

national ISP that provides unlimited access via local phone, there is a way to securely

transmit data over the Internet, and make it all seem as if our network was directly dialed

into. It uses Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) to encase the data in a secure

tunnel and transmits it over the Internet to its destination site. Like RAS, VPN uses Dial-

up Networking to establish the network connection. VPN can also be used over

dedicated analog lines to maintain a permanent network connection to the Internet - and

between our organization's websites.

B. CARRIERS

1. Analog Telephone lines

A modem is useless unless it can communicate with another component. All

modem communication takes place over some kind of communication line. There are

two types of analog telephone lines that can be installed as a modem's carriers for our

network: dial-up connection telephone lines and dedicated (leased) telephone lines.

In dial-up connections each session requires that our modem dial a phone number

to establish a new session. They are slow and can be unreliable for transmitting data.

The quality (speed and reliability) of a session is only as good as the telephone network

circuits connected for that particular session. The longer the distance covered by the

connection, the less consistency seen in the quality from one dial-up session to the next.

53

However, for some organizations it may be practical to temporarily use a dial-up

communication link between sites for a certain amount of time each day to transfer files

and update databases.

Dedicated lines provide full-time, dedicated connections that do not use a series

of switches to complete the connection. The quality of the line is often higher than the

quality of a telephone line designed for voice transmission only. They typically range in

speed from 56 Kbps to 45 Mbps or more. PT. TELKOM and PT. INDOSAT, Indonesian

telecommunication state-owned companies, provide long distance connection across the

sea to the entire country using a satellite system. A leased analog line is faster and more

reliable than a dial-up connection. However, it is relatively expensive because the carrier

is dedicating resources to the leased connection whether or not the line is being used.

2. Digital Lines

Organizations can turn to digital data service (DDS) lines when requiring faster

and more secure transmissions than analog telephone lines provide. The primary

advantage of digital lines is transmissions over them are nearly 99 percent error free.

Digital lines are available in several forms, including DDS, Tl, T3, and switched 56.

Since DDS uses digital communication, it does not require modems. Instead, DDS sends

data from a bridge or router through a device called a Channel Service Unit/Data Service

Unit (CSU/DSU). This device converts the standard digital signals that the computer

generates into the type of digital signals (bipolar) that are part of the synchronous

communication environment. Either analog lines or digital line is a point-to-point links.

We use circuit switching network (PSTN, ISDN) over these telecommunication origin

54

lines, and we use packet switching network (Frame relay, ATM,) over the Tl and T3

lines.

C. WIDE AREA NETWORK LINK OPTIONS

LANs are not adequate for all fleet units communications. There must be

connectivity between LANs and other types of environments. Using components such as

bridges and routers, along with communications service providers, a LAN can be

expanded from an operation that serves a local area to encompass a wide area network.

Most WANs are combinations of LANs and other communications components

connected by communication links called WAN links. WAN links can include: packet-

switching networks, fiber-optic cable, microwave transmitters, satellite links and cable

television coaxial systems.

LAN connectivity and communications in an integrated WAN will involve one of

the following transmission technologies:

1. Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

Circuit Switching is used in telephone networks. In a circuit-switching network, a

dedicated communication path is established between two stations through the network.

Data generated by the source station are transmitted along the dedicated path as rapidly as

possible. At each node, incoming data are routed or switched to the appropriate outgoing

channel without delay.

The same network that our telephone uses is available to computers. One name

for this network is the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). PSTN is the most

common communication service available in the world, including Indonesia. PSTN

channel has W (bandwidth) = 4 Khz, S/N (Signal to noise ratio) = 30 dB or ratio 1000 : 1,

55

and C (maximum data rate) = 40 Kbps. The fact that the PSTN was designed primarily

for voice-grade communication makes it slow. Dial-up analog lines require modems that

can make them even slower. Since the PSTN is a circuit-switched network, the

connection quality is inconsistent. Any single communication session will be only as

good as the circuits linked for that particular session.

2. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

ISDN was the circuit switching that designed to be the digital successor to the

existing public switched telephone network (PSTN). As a dial-up services, ISDN

requires a basic monthly fee based on connect time or the volume of data transmitted.

However, as computer and telecommunication systems improved, the telecommunication

carrier cooperated with the Internet Service Provider (ISP) companies to provide the

ISDN lease services. In that case, it is necessary to pay more than the regular dial-up

ISDN service. ISDN is a standardized telecommunications network architecture

providing multi-channel, integrated end-to-end connectivity. It is one of the concepts

developed to answer the demands of universal services: transmission of voice, video,

data, facsimile, image, and graphics information over digital channels.

Traditional data transmission uses a modem to convert data for the analog

channel. With ISDN, digital data transmission does not need to be converted. An ISDN

channel consists of 64 Kbps data channels (B=bearer) and 16 Kbps packet signaling

channels (D=delta). Services are offered as a basic rate 2B+D (two B channels and one

D channel), or a primary rate 23B+D (23 B channels and one D channel). ISDN is offer

by Telkom Ltd., Lintas Arta Ltd., and Info Asia Ltd. in Indonesia using a transmission

56

data rate of 128 kbps, and transmitted through all over the country across the sea using

satellite systems by Indosat Ltd. (state owned company).

3. Tl Line

Tl is the high-speed digital line that uses two-wire pairs (one pair for

transmitting, and the other for receiving) to transmit a full-duplex signal at a rate of 1.544

Mbps. It can be used to transmit digital voice, data, and video signals. Tl line is made

up of 24 distinct channels and samples each channel 8000 times per second. Using this

method Tl can accommodate 24 simultaneous data transmissions. Each channel sample

incorporates eight bits. Since each channel is sampled 8000 times per second, each of the

24 channels can transmit at 64 Kbps. This data rate standard is known as DS-0. The

1.544 Mbps rate is known as DS-1. DS-1 rates can be multiplexed to provide even

greater transmission rates, known as DS-1C, DS-2, DS-3, and DS-4.

4. T3 Line

T3 is a digital leased line similar to Tl, but it operates at much higher data rates.

T 3 line is achieving data rates up to 45 Mbps. The cost of T3 line is much more

expensive than Tl line. A T3 line represents a bandwidth equal to about 672 regular

voice grade telephone lines, which is wide enough to transmit full motion, real-time

video, and very large databases over a busy network. A T3 line is typically installed as a

major networking artery for large corporations and universities with high volume

network traffic.

5. OC-3 Line

OC-3 is the ideal solution for customers who seek ultra-fast connectivity for their

mission-critical Internet needs. OC-3 connection line operates at 155 Mbps bandwidth

57

using fiber optic cable. This reliable, high-speed service is ideal for Internet Service

Providers, large content providers, search engines, and Web hosting.

6. OC-12 Line

For the ultimate in high-speed connectivity, we can choose OC-12 service. Users

obtain greater bandwidth flexibility with a 622 Mbps connection. OC-12 service allows

customers to sustain numerous simultaneous users on their corporate Web sites and

provides users shorter download times. Customers currently using OC-3 service can

expand their bandwidth by simply upgrading to OC-12 service, rather than ordering

multiple OC-3 lines.

7. OC-48 Line

OC-48 operates at 2.4 Gbps. OC-48 fulfills the growing need to service hand-offs

in the backbone space with industry leading in-service velocity and reliability. OC-48

connection had robust reliability. It can be used to support a long distance intercity

telephony trunks and as large campus backbone.

8. OC-192 Line

OC-192 delivers up to 9.6 Gbps of capacity, the highest fiber capacity

commercially available in the marketplace. Having provided over 90% of the industry's

lOGbps multi-wavelength systems, OC-192 is the leading high-capacity optical

networking system in the world. OC-192 delivers a virtually error free end-to-end bit

error ratio of 10-15, a competitive edge for networks that carry mission-critical data

traffic. OC-192 is the reliable connection line at the present time. This connection line is

still not offer by network provider and telecommunication companies in Indonesia.

58

9. The Analysis of WAN Connection Options

The array of WAN connection choices available will be trimmed down based on

our region and what services our telecommunications carrier provides. Once we know

what is available, the selection boils down to our specific application and its cost. The

issues behind WAN connection options are transmission data rate, capacity, and cost.

Analysis of the WAN connection options:

• PSTN. The cost of PSTN is very cheap. However, the reliability is very low compare with other services. PSTN connection service use modem communication and it is very slow.

• ISDN. This connection service operates fast enough to link all LANs in the Indonesian Eastern Fleet WAN effectively. The reliability is good; the network provider is responsible for transmission error. The cost is inexpensive and meets the network low cost requirement.

• Tl Line is more expensive compare to PSTN or ISDN but it is fast and reliable and can be used for connecting the Indonesian Eastern Fleet WAN effectively

• T3 Line is an advanced network connection technology that operates at 45 Mbps, much faster than Tl line. However, the costs is much more expensive than Tl line.

• OC-3 connection line is a high speed and secure service based-on fiber optic cabling system. High speed data transfer is possible due to the virtually unlimited bandwidth of fiber optic. However, this connection service is very expensive.

• OC-12 line is faster than OC-3. It operates on fiber optic cable at 155 Mbps. Fiber optic cable also makes our network secure and is considered to be virtually error free. The cost of this connection is more expensive.

• OC-48 line is much more expensive than OC-12 and operates at 2.4 Gbps. It is an emerging technology based on fiber optics. It is highly reliable but is very expensive.

• OC-192 is the newest connection line with a very high speed transmission. However, this connection line still not offered by the network provider in Indonesia at the present time.

The main goals in making technology choices for the Indonesian Eastern Fleet

WAN design in this analysis are low cost, effectiveness, and efficiency. From the array

59

of analysis we come to conclusion that ISDN is the most appropriate choice for the

Indonesian Eastern Fleet WAN design. ISDN meets the Indonesian Eastern Fleet

network requirement for low cost, reliability, and capacity. We recommend that

eventually, as finances permit, the Indonesian Eastern Fleet migrate to Tl Lines 1.544

Mbps for its WAN connection service. This fully digitized channel will answer the

demands of multirate signal voice, data, video, image, and graphic information.

D. WAN CONNECTIVITY DESIGN

1. Connecting LANs to the Internet in a Packet Switching Network

A WAN is constructed from many switches to which individual routers connect.

The initial size of a WAN is determined by the number of sites and the number of

computers connected. The basic electronic switch used in a WAN is called a packet

switch because it moves complete packets from one connection to another. A packet

switch contains two types of input/output (I/O) connectors: one type is used for other

packet switches, and the other is used to connect to computers. In packet switching,

packets are relayed through stations in a computer network along the best route currently

available between the source and the destination. Each packet is switched separately.

Wide area network interfaces are incorporated into remote bridges that are

designed to provide an internetworking capability among all geographically dispersed

LANs linked by a WAN. ISDN connection service links all LANs in the Indonesian

Eastern Fleet WAN. The basic concept behind ISDN is end-to-end digital connectivity,

or a completely digital signal all the way from the sender to receiver and vice versa. The

Cisco 1003 ISDN router connects remote sites with Ethernet LANs to a WAN using

ISDN at speeds up to 128 Kbps; with 4:1 data compression, raw throughput speeds up to

512 Kbps [Ref. Tittel, 1996]. The Cisco 1003 has a built-in ISDN Basic Rate Interface

60

(BRI) port, a 100Base T Ethernet port, a console port, and an external Personal Computer

Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) slot for a Flash ROM card. This

plug-and-play product is designed to be installed easily by non technical personnel at

remote sites. The Cisco 1003 ISDN router supports two software feature sets, based on

the Cisco Internetwork Operating System (Cisco IOS). One set includes IP routing and

transparent bridging. Both software sets support Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP),

compression, dial-on-demand routing (DDR), and a host of other powerful features for

optimizing WAN bandwidth and cost. Figure 7 illustrates the Ethernet Backbone and

Internet Connection configuration for the Indonesian Eastern Fleet Network.

2. WAN Connectivity Plan

Figure 8 is a map of the eastern region of Indonesia in which all naval units of the

Indonesian Eastern Fleet conduct daily sea operations to maintain sovereignty and law

enforcement at sea. Figure 9 shows our "WAN connectivity plan" designed to link all

Fast Ethernet LANs in the Indonesian Eastern Fleet network using ISDN connection

service as an integrated web-based WAN.

61

INTERNET

PACKET SWITCH ISDN LINES 128 Kbps/Tl Lines 1.5 Mbps

BACKBONE CABLE

BACKBONE INTERFACE

ROUTER SWITCH

PATCH PANEL

INTER SUBNET ROUTING

ETHERNET INTERFACE

CAT-5 UTP CABLE 100 Mbps

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INTRA SUBNET ROUTING

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Figure 7. Ethernet Backbone and Internet Connection.

62

Figure 8. The Indonesian Eastern Fleet Regional Map.

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64

H. WIDE AREA NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM

As mentioned in the previous chapter, Windows 2000 Server is the appropriate

choice for the Indonesian Eastern Fleet's web-based WAN operating system. It

integrates user's desktops with the Internet, thereby removing the distinction between the

local computer and the Internet. Windows 2000 Server includes Microsoft Internet

Information Server (HS 5.0), a secure Web-server platform used to host Internet Web

sites on network servers.

Windows 2000 Server ensures network security by authenticating users before

they gain access to resources or data on a computer or the network. It provides local

auditing for files, folders, printers, and other resources.

Networking and communication services are the main goals of the Indonesian

Eastern Fleet network. Windows 2000 Server provides built-in support for the most

popular network protocols, including TCP/IP and IPX/SPX. It provides dial-up

networking, which lets mobile users connect to a computer running Windows 2000 with

the capability of 256 simultaneous sessions.

I. WEB SERVER

Web servers make information available on a computer connected to the Internet,

and web browsers show us information stored on a web server over the Internet. A web

server receives requests for information from a client via the Internet and after processing

these requests and checking their validity, retrieves or generates the desired information

and transmits it back to the client. Every computer on the Internet that contains a web

site must either have a web server or upload the web site files to a computer that has a

web server.

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1. Web Server Software

Most large network systems use an Apache server while the smaller systems

primarily use Microsoft's Internet Information Server 5.0 (US 5.0). The Apache server

delivers the ultimate in flexibility and extensibility. Its modular design allows a Web

administrator to build an application-specific binary, especially for the requirements of

that installation.

Considerations in choosing a web server include how well it works with the

operating system, its ability to handle server side programming and publishing, search

capability, and web site construction tools that may be included. The software to be used

for a web server is closely related to the hardware platform that will host the web server.

Microsoft provides HS 5.0 bundled with Windows 2000 Server, which means that we do

not have to purchase it as an additional software package. US 5.0 is a high performance

web server containing many improvements compared with the previous HS versions. In

addition, ES 5.0 provides performance application protection security enhancements. For

these reasons US 5.0 is the most appropriate web server for the Indonesian Eastern Fleet

network.

2. Web Browser Software

A web browser is a program that is used to view and to access web pages that

exist on various web sites. The web browser has the job of processing received pages,

parsing HTML code, and displaying the page to the user. The browser will attempt to

display graphics, database tables, forms, formatted text, or whatever the page contains.

The most popular web browsers now in use are Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape

Navigator, and Mosaic. The types of computing platforms we use can influence the

66

selection of an appropriate browser. So, first we have to check the operating systems that

run under the respective hardware platforms and the versions we need. Another

consideration is the browsers' Java-capability. It is better to test web pages using

multiple browsers to ensure the final output appears as intended.

3. Middle ware Network Protocol

A necessary aspect of setting up an Internet environment in a company is to select

a specific protocol for use on the corporate network. The protocol that is widely used for

Internet technologies is known as the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

(TCP/IP). This protocol can operate on Ethernet local area networks, on various Wide

Area Networks (WANs), and even over standard telephone lines that are connected to a

modem.

4. How Web Browsers and Servers Work

The basic task of a web browser is to retrieve a web page from a specific location

in cyberspace then display the page according to the rules of HTML. The Uniform

Resource Locator (URL) of a web page is its address on the net. Another program,

known as a web server, is waiting at this address. When a user types a URL into a web

browser, the browser "travels" to the address and "asks" the web server for the desired

web page. If the server has the page, it "gives" it to the web browser via a TCP

connection. The web browser then displays the page to the user. In the client/server

programming model a server awaits and fulfills requests from client programs in the

same or other computers. A given program (application) in a computer may run as a

client which requests services from other programs and as a server of requests from other

programs.

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J. APPLICATION SERVER

There are some choices of application server such as IBM WebSphere

Application Server 3.02, Oracle9i Application Server, Netscape Application Server and

ColdFusion that commonly used at the present time. Application servers provide the

foundation for integrating browser, server, and database technologies into web

applications. It gives developers a tool for creating dynamic web applications and

interactive sites.

ColdFusion uses a flexible server-side markup language that seamlessly

integrates with HTML called ColdFusion Markup Language (CFML). CFML gives the

ability to control the behavior of applications, integrate a wide range of server

technologies, and generate the content that is returned to the web browser. When a page

in a ColdFusion application is requested by a Web browser, it is automatically pre-

processed by the ColdFusion Application Server. Based on the CFML in the page, the

Application Server executes the application logic, interacts with other server

technologies, and then generates an HTML page and returns it to the web-server. The

web-server returns the page to the user's web browser.

IBM WebSphere Application Server is an e-business application deployment

environment built on open standards-based technology. We can use Java servlets,

JavaServer Pages and XML to quickly transform static web sites into vital sources of

dynamic web content. IBM WebSphere Application Server offers qualities of service

such as scalability, performance, security, and availability.

We also can build and modify web-sites and applications using Oracle9r. We can

create personalized portals, manage and secure our website infrastructure.. Once our

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Web site is deployed, Oracle9/ Application Server has built-in reporting and ad-hoc

query and analysis functionality to derive business intelligence. This enables us to make

rapid and accurate decisions to improve operating efficiencies.

Considerations in defining an application server include how well it works with

the operating system (Windows 2000) to meet the Indonesian Eastern Fleet network

requirements in effectiveness and efficiency. One advantage of Cold Fusion is that a

developer does not need to know any scripting language to be able to create effective

Web database applications. The tags that start with CF prefix are Cold Fusion tags. The

Cold Fusion Server handles these special tags. For the purpose of this network design the

author suggest the Indonesian Eastern Fleet network use ColdFusion Server 4.5

Professional running on Windows 2000 Server with Internet Information Server 5.0.

K. DATABASE SERVER

IBM DB Universal Database, Microsoft SQL Server 2000, and Oracle Database

are the widely used database server software in most corporate and organizations at the

present time. Databases simplify the collection and maintenance of data and facilitate

querying and displaying data in a wide variety of formats. Using tables, a lot of

information that is related in simple or complex ways can be organized and managed.

Since we chose Windows 2000 Server as our network operating system, we can

use Microsoft SQL Server 2000 as the database server software for the Indonesian

Eastern Fleet network. SQL 2000 server has good support for Web standards and

systems management. Microsoft SQL 2000 is robust and can be use properly in large or

medium network such as in the Indonesian Eastern Fleet network. It also offers users an

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XML environment and a data mining feature in Analysis Services which can be used to

discover information in OLAP cubes and relational databases.

L. MANAGING THE WIDE AREA NETWORK USING WEB-BASED TECHNOLOGY

1. The Advantages of Using Web-Based Technology

The Internet is a global grid of networks enabling computers to directly and

transparently communicate and share services throughout much of the world. Using a

computer and an Internet Service Provider (ISP) connection, we can get access to the

entire worldwide public data network without restriction. If we have the proper

equipment on our computer, we can also provide information to the rest of the world.

Web based information systems help unify all forms of documents, data, sound, pictures,

movies, messages and computer applications in ways we never imagined before [Ref.

Harler, 1999]

An effective and efficient network will provide reliable information systems as

required to support the Indonesian Eastern Fleet operations. Web-based technology gives

the advantages by providing efficiency to achieve the main goal of the Indonesian

Eastern Fleet. Various operating systems are used in diversified Indonesian Eastern Fleet

office units, including Windows 3.1/ 95/98/ME and Windows NT 4.0/Windows 2000.

Using Web-based technology, a variety operating system can be linked together. Web-

based technology is designed for use in a networked environment, containing desktop

computers using various operating systems. It is device-independent and works well in a

cross-platform environment. The main requirement is that the network supports TCP/IP

communications.

70

Web-based technology can be used productively for improving communications

between widely separated work groups-especially those that operate on interconnected

LANs spread across the sea in the entire eastern fleet region. Connectivity is the key

word in using web-based technology. Its ease of access provides the ability to get to key

management sites from anywhere in the eastern region. The use of web-based

technology makes it possible for the Indonesian Eastern Fleet to save money and operate

their units more efficiently by letting widely dispersed desktop computers share mission

essential resources.

2. Network Management

The main goal in managing the WAN is to control, monitor, and run the network

in such a way as to insure its proper operation. We must attain a reliable end-to end

service to ensure the network users share information and transfer data. Network

management system are divided by the International Organization for Standardization

(OSI) into five functional areas:

• Fault management

• Performance management

• Configuration management

• Accounting management

• Security management

Fault management is the function of detecting, isolating, and correcting faults in

the system. The network manager has the ability to quickly detect problems and initiate

recovery procedures. Fault management is very important because time is a critical

factor in supporting information systems to all naval units via the network.

71

Performance management is the function of monitoring and controlling the

system's resources. Managers have to monitor and control that the network has the

capacity to accommodate users' needs using performance management tools.

Performance can be measured by error rates, percentage utilization, overall throughput,

and response time.

Configuration management is the function of manipulating hardware and software

while still maintaining the system. It is the process of keeping in touch with all network

devices. Configuration management helps the network manager to compare the running

configuration with that stored in the system.

Accounting management is the function of tracking the system's resources and

charging them to users. Accounting management gathers network statistics to help the

network manager makes decisions regarding the allocation of network resources.

Security management is the function of protecting the system from human error,

direct probing, subversion, penetration, and abuse of authority. It adopts proper

encryption techniques and security logs.

The network manager is able to communicate with element of the network and

monitor and control the running network by using network management protocols. The

network management protocol most commonly used to manage a WAN is Simple

Network Management Protocol (SNMP). SNMP is widely used and many vendors of

network components design their products to support SNMP. It provides the tools

needed to gain management information from the network, and is conform to the OSI

seven-layer model. SNMP combines:

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•

•

Management Information Base = MDB. It is a database of configuration and statistical information on the network device. NUB collects all the objects that SNMP can manage.

A Management station

A management agent. The management agent is resident in the network components such as hubs, bridges, routers, and hosts, providing the management station with important information.

SNMP exchanges network information through messages (Protocol Data Units =

PDU) that can be seen as an object containing variables with both titles and values. The

operation of SNMP can be broken into three basic commands: get, set, and trap. These

commands utilize the MEB to obtain and manipulate data pertaining to objects. Get

allows a manager to obtain data from an object. Set allows a manager to change or

update data from an object. Trap sends data automatically from an object to a manager

when certain thresholds are exceeded. Through the use of MBs, SNMP agents can be

installed that allow managers to monitor specific objects. SNMP has the advantages of

its simple design and ease to implementation in large networks.

Besides SNMP there are some other network management protocols such as

Remote Network Monitoring (RMON), and Switch Monitor Management Information

Base (SMON).

3. Web-Based Network Management

In order to use the WWW infrastructure for network management, Hyper Text

Transport Protocol (HTTP) is used as an interface layer between the devices that use

SNMP. HTTP servers provide information that can be retrieved by web-browsers using

HTTP protocol. HTTP is a stateless information retrieval protocol based on a TCP/IP

suite. The retrieved information can be specified in several formats including graphics,

text, binary, and Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML). HTTP does not replace such

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network protocols as SNMP. In order to manage network resources using HTTP it is

necessary to have an application which speaks both HTTP and SNMP. This can be

achieved in two ways by extending standard HTTP servers and creating a proxy

application which allows it the issue of SNMP protocol requests using HTTP. It is

relatively easy to implement since the HTTP server transparently handles the HTTP

protocol. Existing character-based network management applications can easily become

Web-aware since it is straightforward to enrich the textual output with HTML tags.

Web-based network management using Java is common and widely used at the

present time. The Java management application programming interface (JMAPI)

supports SNMP and is based around the Java programming language. It takes the

advantage of the same extensions and capabilities of Java. It consists of a manager

browser in the Network Management System (NMS), and an intelligent Java engine in

the agent. The manager browser monitors and controls network elements in the network.

The communication between the NMS and the agent is carried out by Java classes using

TCP sockets.

Web-based Enterprise Management (WBEM) is another model that merges

SNMP with HTTP. WBEM is an initiative based on a set of management and Internet

standard technologies developed to unify the management of enterprise computing

environments. It provides the ability for the industry to deliver a well-integrated set of

standards-based management tools leveraging the emerging web technologies such as

HTML and XML. WBEM facilitates the use of the same terms and formatting in

management applications so that the applications can communicate and users can more

74

easily compare information from different application and devices. It comes with three

elements:

• HyperMedia Management Protocol (HMMP): an object-oriented management protocol implemented on top of HTTP

• HyperMedia Object Manager (HMOM): a data model to incorporate different information sets

• HyperMedia Management Schema (HMMS): an object oriented data model for representing the managed environment

4. Implementing WBEM

The smoothly run wide area network is essential to the operation of the

Indonesian Eastern fleet mission critical. We cannot tolerate a lot of down time occurred

in our network system. Therefore, network management is a fundamental requirement of

our network. The network management keeps our network devices up and running.

SNMP and the network management consoles including WBEM are useful tools.

In order to implement WBEM in our network we have to have management agents reside

in all network components. We can use HP Open View to help us manage our network

by giving a clear view of its components, including not only hardware such as routers and

hubs, but SNMP objects such as applications and databases as well. We should create

customized views to reflect our organization's information needs. Performance and trend

reporting show us in real-time how our systems are performing. Using HP Open View as

a network management tool allows the management agents reside in the network

components such as hubs, bridges, routers, and hosts. A management agent plays an

important role in network management systems by providing the management station

with important information. Our legacy gear such as radio transmitter would also have

agents in them. Further, our telecommunication stuff such as ISDN switches would have

75

telco-proprietary management interfaces using the functionalities of HP Open View

network management tool.

The implementation of WBEM needs tools that identify and solve performance

problem of our network. The tools must monitor, diagnose, trend and even predict server

performance. HP OpenView delivers integrated tools to solve those performance

problems. In addition to managing devices like routers, bridges, and hubs, the HP

OpenView Extensible SNMP Agent allows us to manage applications, printers, users, and

databases that are central to business success. Network managers can configure new

SNMP objects without programming. With support of all types of management

information base (MTJB) objects, we can completely customize network and systems

management to include objects that meet our needs.

Web-based network management systems using the functionalities of complex

platforms such as HP OpenView allow managers to specifically obtain or manipulate the

desired information by simply typing the required data sets. Web-based interfaces can

supplement the network management system by allowing managers to access information

in another format on top of such products as HP OpenView by simply selecting an option

in OpenView's drop down menu.

The use of a web-based network management tool provides the ability to manage

objects directly from a web-based management station. The web-pages are accessed via

an ordinary web browser, such as Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator, that interfaces

with HP Open View-Network Node Manager (HP-NNM). HP-NNM manages objects on

the network and would feed the status of the objects via MDBs.

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Figure 10. Web-based Network Management

By using "automated device discovery and layout" HP-NNM discovers TCP/IP

and layer 2 devices on both LANs and WANs and presents this information in a graphical

format. It continuously monitors the network for new devices and for the status of

previously discovered equipment [Green, 1999]. It also has user interface based on

Java™ that provides easy access to network maps and enables management of data from

anywhere on the web. The purpose of its map is to illustrate the structure of the network

and the status of devices and segments.

WAN connectivity can be achieved in a manner which optimizes economy and

design. The management and maintenance of the Indonesian Eastern Fleet network is

simplified through standardization. Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

clients and WAN management applications using HP Open View are valuable tools to

assist personnel in the management of a WAN. The web has emerged as a new

paradigm in information access and display, becoming the preferred method for accessing

77

corporate data over the network. Web technologies can serve as an excellent

infrastructure for simple and powerful tools to address the current problems of network

management systems. Web-based tools can provide portability across platforms and a

good framework for network management application architecture. Managing the WAN

can significantly benefit from the use of web-based technology, such as easy-to-reach

information, operation reuse, and consistency in presenting and accessing information

and objects.

M. TRAINING PROGRAM

The site network administrators require training in network administration

particularly in troubleshooting problem area. A clear path for troubleshooting and points-

of-contact needs to exist and be understood by local administrators. The majority of

network errors encountered throughout the implementation phase have been unrelated to

WAN connectivity. This would reduce the burden of the WAN administrators.

Training program should be conducted in order to ensure the network always

running well because its managing by the right personnel that has been trained properly.

Network management needs the implementation of the process of using hardware and

software by trained personnel to monitor the status of network components. They also

monitor line facilities, question end users and carrier personnel, and recommend actions

to alleviate outages and improve communications performance as well as conduct

administrative tasks associated with the operation of the network. The training program

for network administrators designed such a thing so that they knows the system's features

and the functions and has knowledge about how to use and maintain the network

management system.

78

Beside network administrators, the network operators also should be trained.

Network operators responsible for operating the network in each LAN. They report the

condition, status and operation of the network regularly to a network administrator. The

trained network operators would recognize that WAN connectivity is exists or not.

People who will be trained should be the potential personnel that is required to

support their unit organization and has a background in computer skills. The training

program will take place in the computer training facility in the Eastern Fleet Training

Command in Surabaya. Personnel that would be trained should be the military personnel

from information technology units and also from command, control and communication

units of each main naval base.

For network administrators, their ranks should be First Class Petty Officer until

Ensign (E-6 until 0-1). Windows 2000 MCSE certification exam should be used as a

quality measurement for a network administrator and the training program should be

executed based upon its syllabi. After completed the training these personnel are

qualified as the network administrator which has a responsibility to maintain a set of

procedures, software, and operations in order to keep a network operating near maximum

efficiency. The success of any information system in each LAN depends on the skills of

network administrators.

The ranks for network operators would be Third Class Petty Officer and Second

Class Petty Officer (E4 and E5). The trained Second Class Petty Officer would

responsible for operating HP Open View tools. Their place of work would be in the

Indonesian Eastern Fleet Network Operation Center in Surabaya. Third Class Petty

79

Officer would responsible for all network devices and they would be placed in each main

naval bases LAN.

The qualification process is based on their experience and ability in computer

communication systems. The selection process for network administrators and network

operators personnel could bring an improvement to Navy's return of investment. This

training program is a career cycle for all personnel that had been trained, not just once.

The well trained personnel would have value added that support his job and promotion.

Network management required complex and continuously program including training to

provide the optimal solution in improving the Indonesian Eastern Fleet information

technology systems.

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VI. PROPOSED WAN DESIGN USING EXTEND-4 SIMULATION SOFTWARE PROGRAM

This chapter explores the use of modeling and simulation as a tool in designing

and evaluating the Indonesian Eastern Fleet network system. The author has developed a

wide area network (WAN) design model using an object oriented modeling and

simulation tool called EXTEND-4 made by Imagine That, Incorporated. EXTEND-4 is

used to measure specific performance variables in a quantitative fashion. It is an easy to

use graphical simulation tool that allows a user to model complex discrete or continuous

systems while varying performance parameters. EXTEND-4 makes it easy for the user to

recognize and configure Graphical User Interface (GUI) icons with predefined properties

that are adaptable to represent steps and links in a process.

A. ESTIMATING NETWORK TRAFFIC DATA REQUIREMENTS

The network traffic data requirements were used as a source to compute the flow

of network messages all over the WAN for modeling and simulation. Each LAN in this

network design uses Fast Ethernet 100BaseT LANs architecture that shares a network

media 100 Mbps CAT-5 UTP cable. All LANs are linked by ISDN 128 Kbps WAN

service and connected by the Cisco 1003 ISDN router. As the second alternative we use

Tl line 1.5 Mbps to offer the best solution for network performance.

The messages are delayed in the Ethernet LAN by 100 Mbps CAT-5 UTP

bandwidth, and in the wide area network by the WAN connection bandwidth. Currently

the Indonesian Eastern Fleet network exhibits worst case delays of approximately 10

minutes. There is no set requirement on e-mail traffic; delivery within a few minutes is

81

desirable although a few hour delays are usually acceptable. Video is presently sent only

within the headquarters LAN and delays are consistent with medium quality video. Data

transfer delays are currently approximately 3 to 5 minutes going from one Indonesian

Eastern Fleet LAN to another Indonesian Eastern Fleet LAN. Any new network must

meet, or preferably reduce, these data latencies.

Network traffic involves email traffic volume, video conferencing network traffic,

and data transfer traffic volume which are counted per one workday which is equal to 12

hours. The result of this sum in Mega bits is multiplied by 8, to convert to Mega bytes

per day, and then divided by (12hours x 60 minutes x 60 seconds) to provide the result of

message sizes in bytes per second that would be sent to destinations all over the WAN.

In this network model 45 computers are represented as one node. Thus, for

example, the Surabaya main Naval base LAN that consists of 225 computers has a total

of 225 nodes: 45 = 5 nodes. Network traffic for one node is the aggregated traffic of 45

computers. This simplification was done in order to keep the network model reasonably

sized. There are total 24 origin nodes and 24 destinations in our WAN design. The detail

lists are shown at the estimated network traffic data of the Indonesian Eastern Fleet WAN

design as follows:

1. Surabaya Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

a. Surabaya Main Naval Base LAN

Ethernet LAN transmission data rate = 100 Mbps

WAN Bandwidth using ISDN = 128 Kbps, using Tl line = 1.5 Mbps

Total computers = 225

Total nodes = 225: 45 = 5

Email traffic volume = 26 Mbits per day

Video conferencing network traffic = 2340 Mbits per 30 minutes per day

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Data transfer (text, image, graphic) traffic volume = 68 Mbits per day

Average total traffic rate = 7040 bytes per sec

b. The Indonesian Eastern Fleet Headquarters LAN

Ethernet LAN transmission data rate = 100 Mbps

WAN Bandwidth using ISDN = 128 Kbps, using Tl line = 1.5 Mbps

Total computers = 315

Total nodes = 315: 45 = 7

Email traffic volume = 40 Mbits per day

Video conferencing network traffic = 2730 Mbits per 35 mnts per day

Data transfer (text, image, graphic) network traffic = 96 Mbits per day.

Average total traffic rate = 8290 bytes per sec

c. Juanda Naval Air Base LAN

Ethernet LAN transmission data rate = 100 Mbps

WAN Bandwidth using ISDN = 128 Kbps, using Tl line = 1.5 Mbps

Total computers = 90

Total nodes = 90: 45 = 2

Email user traffic volume = 10 Mbits per day.

Video conferencing network traffic = 1170 Mbits per 15 mnts per day

Data transfer network traffic (text, image, graphic) = 24 Mbits per day

Average total traffic rate = 3480 bytes per sec

Ujung Pandang Main Naval Base LAN

Ethernet LAN transmission data rate = 100 Mbps

WAN Bandwidth using ISDN = 128 Kbps, using Tl line = 1.5 Mbps

Total computers =180

Total nodes =180: 45 = 4

Email user traffic volume = 20 Mbits per day

Video conferencing network traffic = 1950 Mbits per 25 mnts per day

Data transfer network traffic (text, image, graphic) = 50 Mbits per day

Average total traffic rate = 5840 bytes per sec

3. Bitung Main Naval Base LAN

• Ethernet LAN transmission data rate =100 Mbps

83

B.

WAN Bandwidth using ISDN = 128 Kbps, using Tl line = 1.5 Mbps

Total computers =135

Total nodes = 135: 45 = 3

Email user traffic volume =15 Mbits per day.

Video conferencing network traffic = 1560 Mbits per 20 mnts per day

Data transfer network traffic (text, image, graphic) = 36 Mbits per day

Average total traffic rate = 4660 bytes per sec

Jayapura Main Naval Base LAN

Ethernet LAN transmission data rate = 100 Mbps

WAN Bandwidth using ISDN = 128 Kbps, using Tl line = 1.5 Mbps

Total computers = 135

Total nodes = 135: 45 = 3

Email user traffic volume =15 Mbits per day.

Video conferencing network traffic = 1560 Mbits per 20 mnts per day

Data transfer network traffic (text, image, graphic) = 36 Mbits

Average total traffic rate = 4660 bytes per sec

NETWORK MODELING AND SIMULATION

We use the blocks from the EXTEND-4 standardized libraries of process objects.

These blocks are designed to facilitate the rapid development of simulation models of

queuing systems by dragging and dropping them from the library to the model

workspace. The three most-used libraries that come with the basic EXTEND-4 package

are Generic, Discrete Event, and Plotter Libraries [Diamond, 1997]. The Generic Library

is used for continuous modeling and the Discrete Event library is used for discrete event

modeling. The Plotter library holds all the common types of plotters used in our models.

Some of these plotters are specific to continuous or discrete event models, while others

can be used with either. Models can be built to simulate discrete events or continuous

flow problems. The different libraries that are built into the application are generally

84

application are generally designed specifically for one or the other. However, many

objects within the libraries are interchangeable with either type of model

EXTEND-4 uses two main types of blocks in its simulation program: item blocks

and attribute blocks. Item blocks receive and process discrete events or items that pass

through them. Attribute blocks receive and process attribute values associated with

items, although the items do not specifically transit through these blocks. The flow of the

model is determined by the order of the connections between blocks of the model.

The actual moving of items between blocks is done through a messaging

communication structure using item connectors and connections. This messaging system

allows modelers to place blocks in a more intuitive sequence. Discrete event blocks send

messages to each other during the course of a simulation run. These messages are used

for communication regarding whether items are available, whether they have been taken,

and whether a block is free to receive items.

In this network design, the blocks are grouped together as a hierarchical block and

represented as custom blocks in the model workspace. A hierarchical block is unique. It

has some characteristics of a block and some characteristics of a model worksheet.

Hierarchical blocks have two windows: the layout pane window, which can be seen by

double-clicking on a hierarchical block, and the structure window. The structure window

contains another view of the layout pane, and we build a new hierarchical block or make

changes to an existing hierarchical block's icon, connector position, and so forth. When

a hierarchical block is opened by double-clicking on it, the layout of the submodel can be

seen in the hierarchical window.

85

The first step in building the network model is to develop the model of each local

area network (LAN). EXTEND-4 provides the blocks necessary to construct the LAN

model using communications component logic that was built based upon the Carrier

Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Fast Ethernet LAN architecture

using the CAT-5 UTP 100 Mbps cabling system. All LANs are linked up together as an

integrated wide area network (WAN) using the ISDN 128 Kbps/Tl Line 1.5 Mbps. The

model descriptions are intended to provide a basic working knowledge of the model.

1. Generating the Message

The messages for the network traffic come from the origin message hierarchical

blocks in each LAN. Figure 10 shows the high level hierarchical block of messages

originating at node 1, and Figure 11 shows detailed view or the layout of the submodel in

the node 1 hierarchical window.

This is where message originating at node 1 and having undergone a collision are requeued fortransmitta!

Figure 11. High Level View of the Origin Message Hierarchical Block

Node 1 represents the first 45 workstations at the Surabaya main Naval base

LAN. The Surabaya main Naval base LAN has 225 computers that can be substituted to

5 nodes: Node 1, Node 2, Node 3, Node 4, and Node 5.

86

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Figure 12. Detailed View of the Origin Message Hierarchical Blocks.

Each node generates messages that consist of e-mail, video conferencing, and data

transfer with a certain amount of average message traffic rate already discussed in the

previous section. The messages are generated by the "Generator" program block in these

nodes with a certain message size that are defined by the Set Attribute program block.

The generator provides items for a discrete event simulation at specified interarrival

times. Each block has a dialog box that allows for customization of its performance

parameters. The parameters for the distribution arrival times are set in the dialog box. At

the first run of the Simulation, the exponential random distribution with frequency 1

second is used. For the second run of simulation, frequency 0.5 second is used. Figure

12 shows the generator program blocks and Figure 13 shows its dialog box.

Figure 13. Generator Prosram Block.

87

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Figure 14. Generator Dialog Box

The "Set Attribute" block sets the specific attribute of items passing through the

block. A "Get Attribute" block reads these attributes as the objects pass through the

model, facilitating routing of the objects. Up to five attribute names and values may be

assigned to an item with this block. The attributes may add to or replace existing item

attributes. The amount of network traffic message size is specified with the value input

connector at the dialog tab, and this is the message size that will be sent to all destinations

over the network. Figure 14 shows the Set Attribute program block, and Figure 15 shows

its dialog box.

SetA(5)

IDlfl Figure 15. Set Attribute Block

säfBrfcsnC

[ Attributes | Animate ") Comments |

Assiqns the foIlouMnq attributes to items passing through. Attribute name: Ualue:

ittflp

Hfeflg^l Cancel

messize [destination I Istart time I

jNone I

i iNone f

7848 17

8.38435336184

0 Retain other attributes O Erase other attributes

Figure 16. Set Attribute Dialog Box

The probabilities of the messages that will arrive at each destination is set by the

input random number block. The input random number generates random integers or real

numbers based on the selected distribution. The type of distribution can be selected from

among Uniform, Beta, Binomial, Erlang, Exponential, Gamma, Geometric,

HyperExponential, LogLogistic, LogNormal, Negative Binomial, Normal, Pearson type,

Poisson, Triangular, Weibuli, and Empirical. [Diamond, 1997]

In our network design the type of distribution used is the "Empirical table". All

message's destinations are appointed by its origin nodes. As mentioned previously, there

are a total of 24 origin nodes and 24 destinations in the Indonesian Eastern Fleet WAN

design that consist of the Surabaya main Naval base LAN = 5 nodes, the Indonesian

Eastern Fleet headquarters LAN = 7 nodes, the Juanda Naval Air base LAN = 2 nodes,

the Ujung Pandang main Naval base LAN = 4 nodes, the Bitung main Naval base LAN =

3 nodes, and the Jayapura main Naval base LAN = 3 nodes. Each node sends the

89

messages to all 23 destinations (not including itself) with a probability = 1: (24 - 1) = 1:

23 = 0.043478.

Figure 16 shows the Input Random Number program block, and Figure 17 shows

its dialog tabs. The values of our message destinations are entered in the first column of

the dialog tabs, and the probability (=0.043478) of that value is entered in the second

column. The value column contains the various values that will be output. Probability

describes the chance that value will occur. The probability only needs to have the proper

values relative to each other, since Extend scales them automatically.

Figure 17. Input Random Number Block

.^Extend

ZtfZBZl • Input Random Number Distributions [Distribution fitting "j Comments ] I

Generates random numbers according to a distribution. Distribution: [Empirical table

Typical use: jGenerai purpose

Empirical values are: [Discrete I Value PrnhshiliJv Sirf

0 2!0JM34?82S08698sgg 1 3:0J3«47S2S08896!a;:g 2 '■$ÖJM347£26C>88S6: ' o S:Ölk54?S2eS^'Ä-. • a 6;diM34752«K»9S|ÄI

N members for N = 288 DUse block seed •

. Figure 18. Input Random Number Dialog Box

2. Ethernet Bus

The messages are sent to the network via the Ethernet bus. Due to the 100 Mbps

bandwidth (using Cat-5 UTP cable) the messages are delayed in the local area network

90

(LAN), represented by the activity delay program block. Each node senses the network

and transmits only if the network is free.

1 if busy 0 if free

«Channel 11

C$£n it get a 1 Close if ge; a 0

Hi

Figure 19. High Level View of the Ethernet Bus Hierarchical Block

ChanneIDetector40ut

Con1 q. Con30utl

J ChanneISwitch2lr>

Figure 20. Detailed View of the Ethernet Bus Hierarchical Blocks 3. Initial Local Area Network Configuration

Message traffic generated from an origin node flows to the "first in first out"

(FIFO) queue block (see figure 20), and then is sent to the Ethernet Bus in each channel

where there is a sensor and detector to implement the channel access protocol of Carrier

Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD).

In the Ethernet bus (see figure 18 and 19) the messages pass through the activity

service block. The "Activity Service" block acts as a gate. It passes an item only when

the demand connector is connected and certain conditions exist at the demand input. This

block serves as a conditional wait. It accumulates demand based on the values at the

demand connector. When the demand input is 1 (greater than > 0.5) or when an item is

pulled in at demand, the item input connector allows the items through

91

•gODE 2

This is where message originating at node 2 and having undergone a collision are requeued for trarjsmittai

Each node senses the network and transmits only if *e network is free

l.,B After being delayed if messages collide, messages that have both messages are undergone collisions delayed and sent are sent back to their | back to their origins for originating nodes retransmiaal

Figure 21. Initial Local Area Network Configuration

this block. If this is 0, the items will not be allowed through this block.

After passing through the activity service block, the message will come to the

"Get Attribute" block. It displays attributes on items, then passes the items through. The

attribute value is shown in the dialog and output at the A connector. As items are passed

through the block, the block can either read or remove an attribute, and that attribute can

be specified as the first attribute in the list or a named attribute. The name of the attribute

to read should correspond to one of the names set in the Set Attribute block.

Whenever the Get Attribute reads the attribute "message size", the items in the

Ethernet Bus continue flowing via the FIFO queue to the Activity delay. In the Activity

Delay the message is delayed due to the bandwidth 100Mbps. If no collisions occur,

92

messages are sent to the combine block and continue to flow to the destination in the

wide area network via the Cisco 1003 ISDN router. The CSMA/CD protocol is invoked

to control all the different types of message transmissions.

This is where message Open if get a 1 originating at node 1 Close if get a 0 and having undergone a collision are requeued for transmitta!

to WAN Destinations

LftAfl

Figure 22. Flow of the Internal Messages within the Origin Node and the Ethernet Bus.

If there is a collision, messages are delayed and messages that have undergone

collisions are sent back by the throw block to their origins for retransmittal. Figure 21

illustrates flow of the internal messages within the original node and the Ethernet bus in a

local area network.

Internal messages must be sensed and detected. Both the sensor and detector

work the bandwidth delay in the Ethernet Bus hierarchical block. If a message is being

delayed, the sensor and detector will transmit the information.

The "Select Discrete Event Output" selects the input item to be output at one of

two output connectors based on a decision. The item at the input is passed through the

selected output. The dialog has options for changing the outputs after a given number of

items have passed and selecting based on the select connector. The outputs are selected

93

based on the choices in the dialog. In this network design we define that if it is 0,

messages will route to destinations in the network. If it is 1, a collision has occurred and

the message has to be retransmitted.

0 = route to destination

LOW

If messages collide, both messages are delayed and sent back to their originating nodes

1 Bw H After being delayed messages that have undergone collisions are sent back to their origins for retransmittal

Figure 23. High Level Resend Delay Hierarchical Block

When messages collide, both messages are delayed and sent back to their

originating nodes. A retransmitted message is resent to the identified catch block through

the Resend Delay hierarchical block. Figure 31 shows the high level view of Resend

Delay hierarchical block, and Figure 32 shows the detailed view of Resend Delay

hierarchical block.

94

!Con2!

4 Con10u1

System Bandwidth

Figure 24. Detailed View of Resend Delay Hierarchical Block

4. Interconnecting the Indonesian Eastern Fleet Wide Area Networks

Each LAN can be consists of two nodes, three nodes, four, and so forth. Once

LANs are created, they can be interconnected to construct WAN communication

architectures of virtually any size. Next Figures show the Extend-4 simulation model

workspace of the Indonesian Eastern Fleet WAN design that consists of:

Figure 25 shows high level view of the Indonesian Eastern Fleet WAN design

Figure 26 shows detailed view of Surabaya main Naval base LAN

Figure 27 shows detailed view of the Indonesian Eastern Fleet headquarters LAN

Figure 28 shows detailed view of Juanda Naval air base LAN

Figure 29 shows detailed view of Ujung Pandang main Naval base LAN

Figure 30 shows detailed view of Bitung main Naval base LAN

Figure 31 shows detailed view of Jayapura main Naval base LAN

95

» « s s « »-. « ■» <» —

Figure 25. The Indonesian Eastern Fleet WAN design

96

Figure 26. Surabaya Main Naval Base LAN

97

Figure 27. The Indonesian Eastern Fleet Headquarters LAN

98

Figure 28. Juanda Naval Air Base LAN

99

Figure 29. Ujung Pandang Main Naval Base LAN

100

ili%^44rr5

Fiaure 30. Bitung Main Naval Base LAN

101

Figure 31. Jayapura Main Naval Base LAN

102

C. TESTING AND SIMULATION RUN

This section provides results of testing and simulation runs of our wide area network

design. A simulation was run using the initial network depicted in Figure 24. All

simulations run for a specified time. Extend-4 determines the duration of a simulation

based on the values entered in the Simulation Setup dialog (see Figure 31); the duration is

the period from the start time to the end time.

Discrete euent j continuous ] Random numbers ) Time unite jf

Figure 32. Simulation Set Up Dialog

A Run was executed for 100 seconds simulation time which constituted about 660

seconds real time, and 350 seconds simulation time which constituted about 2040

seconds real time. We executed two simulation runs in each simulation setup. The first

run of simulation we used a frequency distribution of 1 second that we set in the

Generator program block at each origin node. At the second run we use frequency

distribution 0.5 second. All communications that started and ended within an origin

nodes and the Ethernet bus showed a delay equal to the message size divided by the

103

bandwidth. The "Solid Blue" line indicates the bandwidth delay and the "Gray Pat

Green" line indicates the average bandwidth delay. The charts depict the delay according

to time for each LANs. The vertical axis depicts the delay incurred for each message.

The horizontal axis displays the simulation time.

The charts on the figures 32 through figure 57 show some significant spikes in

time delay during the messages flows in the network using WAN connection service

ISDN 128Kbps and using Tl Line 1.544 Mbps.

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A total of four simulation runs were conducted. The data is summarized in the

plots and charts provided in Appendix A; the charts contain detailed message traffic

reports for randomly selected nodes. Run 0 was programmed for duration of 350

simulation seconds using a frequency distribution of 1 second, which took 2040 seconds

real time to accomplish. Run 1 was programmed for duration of 350 simulation seconds

using frequency distribution 0.5 second, which took 2150 seconds real time to

accomplish. Run 2 was programmed for a duration of 100 simulation hours using a

frequency distribution of 1 second, which took 660 seconds real time to accomplish. Run

3 was programmed for a duration of 100 simulation seconds using a frequency

distribution 0.5 second, which took 660 seconds real time to accomplish.

The final results of the simulation showed that the wide area network

communication architecture which consists of six FAST ETHERNET 100 Mbps LAN

110

configuration had minimal delays that caused by messages collisions and the load of the

network traffic. The worst case of maximum bandwidth delay (indicated by solid blue

lines) along the wide area network traffic is 5 minutes. However, these maximum

bandwidth delays still within requirement limitations for the flows of network traffic of

the Indonesian Eastern Fleet WAN.

Tl Line 1.544 Mbps provides better results on the average bandwidth delay

(indicated by the gray pat green lines). All charts showed TILine's average bandwidth

delay is smaller than ISDN's average bandwidth delay which mean the network traffic is

working effectively without too much messages collisions and delays. It was occurred

because the Tl line 1.544 Mbps provides 12 x faster speed and the network is working

more efficiently. The result of the tests and simulation runs indicated that the Indonesian

Eastern Fleet WAN design either using ISDN 128 Kbps or Tl Line 1.5 Mbps is reliable

and has a good performance in its network traffic management.

Ill

THIS PAGE INTENTIONAULY LEFT BLANK

112

VII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

An improvement in information systems will increase productivity, speed, and

effectiveness of the Indonesian Eastern Fleet in accomplishing their tasks and missions.

The Indonesian Eastern Fleet has to deal with many issues related to the fast

improvement of the information technology systems. The existing information structure

of the Indonesian Eastern Fleet must be optimized to handle fleet missions and tasks.

The Indonesian Eastern Fleet network's communication system resources such as

telephone, radio communications, microwave-link and satellite systems are still not

linked for optimal data communication exchange to computer network systems in LANs

or in an integrated WAN. Implementation of an integrated WAN using web-based

technology is the best solution to utilize the existing computer communication systems in

the Indonesian Eastern Fleet.

The linkage of all main naval base LANs using ISDN WAN connection service

provides a reliable computer communication network that can be used by the Indonesian

Eastern Fleet to support all naval units in the eastern region with great effectiveness.

ISDN connection service is inexpensive compared to other WAN connection lines such

as Tl, T3, OC-3, OC-12, OC-48, or OC-192. However, it is already met the

requirements of the Indonesian Eastern Fleet network. We can migrate easily to a Tl line

1.544 Mbps connection service in the near future if the budget allocation is available in

order to achieve better network performance and speed. Tl Line 1.5 Mbps provides

robust and reliable network configuration to support the main goal of the Indonesian

Eastern Fleet information systems.

113

The Indonesian Eastern Fleet should use a standardized LANs architecture to

provide a responsive and uniform network environment. We recommend Fast Ethernet

100 Mbps LANs configuration as a standardized LANs infrastructure for the Indonesian

Eastern Fleet network. Fast Ethernet LANs configuration operating at 100 Mbps using

CAT-5 UTP provides a reliable LAN technology that meets high demands for network

bandwidth.

To obtain the best performance of our network, we need to determine the

appropriate hardware and software compatibility that meets the Indonesian Eastern Fleet

network's requirements and allocated budget. Inexpensive is the keyword in designing

our network. However, effective local area networks (LANs) and an integrated wide area

network (WAN) are required to achieve connectivity of the Indonesian Eastern Fleet

Network. Web-based network management using HP Open View should be implemented

to monitor and control the operation of the network to ensure that they always run

properly. SNMP was recommended to allow future growth toward remote WAN

monitoring to assist fleet operations. Using the Web brings efficient communications and

provides faster action in carrying out the tasks and missions.

There are great advantages and benefits in designing and evaluating the

Indonesian Eastern Fleet WAN using EXTEND-4 software simulation program. Using

EXTEND-4 we measure specific performance variables of our network design in a

quantitative fashion. The result of simulation runs of network traffic that consists of

email traffic volume, video conferencing network traffic, and data transfer traffic volume

indicates that the WAN communication architecture that consists of six FAST

ETHERNET 100 Mbps LAN had minimal delays caused by messages collisions and the

114

load of the network traffic. Tl line 1.544 Mbps connection service provides better

results on the average bandwidth delay compared to ISDN 128 Kbps. Tl line has faster

transmission than ISDN resulting in less messages collisions and network traffic working

more fluently without too much bandwidth delay. The worst case of maximum

bandwidth delays showed at the delay within Jayapura main Naval Base LAN using

ISDN 128 Kbps (figure 42) along the network traffic is 5 minutes. This maximum

bandwidth delay is still within requirement limitations of our WAN traffic flows.

From a total of four simulations run that we conducted, we concluded that the

Indonesian Eastern Fleet WAN design either using ISDN 128 Kbps or Tl line 1.5 Mbps

was reliable and had good performance in its network traffic management. In this

simulation, an increase in delay can readily be seen at the last LAN, which is Jayapura

LAN, which showed that the delay climbed sharply caused by the load of the network

traffic. We recommend the users of the Indonesian Eastern Fleet WAN define their

destination address by priority in order to avoid the network traffic jam and overloaded

messages traffic at the busy working time.

The basic configuration of the Indonesian Eastern Fleet wide area network has

been built and tested in this thesis. The implementation of web-based network

management will maintain and manage our network to run properly and to operate in

optimal condition. An area of future research is designing and building mobile platforms

networks for supporting operational fleet units including warships and aircraft. Life

cycle costs that involve personnel and training need to be included in future research in

order to obtain the main goal of an effective and efficient naval fleet. Strategic

management needs to take a strong and active leadership role in developing all of the

115

infrastructure to gain a benefit from information technology. The improvement of

information technology occurs rapidly and we cannot avoid its influence to our systems.

Information technology systems, especially computer communication networks, always

improve and keep changing to give performance with time.

116

APPENDIX A. NETWORK DESIGN MODEL

This appendix contains the high level view and detailed view of our local area

network design model. The functionality within the model are shown by the low-level

design model. Each block is displayed along with the detailed design of the block on the

ensuing page. We displayed hierarchical blocks design to layer the model of all blocks.

This appendix illustrates the configuration model of messages traffic flow in our Fast

Ethernet local area network to all destinations in the wide area network.

117

Model

Node 2

Node 3

Node 4

Node 5

Catch

Surabaya main naval LAN

5 NODE LAN

* 225 computers *?040Bpsmsg

H do a»

To Node 11

To Node 12

To Node 13

To Node 14

To Node 15

To Node 18

To Node 11

To Node 18

To Node 19

To Node 20

►Throw

High Level View of LAN Configuration Model

118

to w ,©

Fast Ethernet LAN Configuration Model

119

count Catch

This is where message originating at node 1 and having undergone a collision are requeued fortransmittai

Catch

L.OWO

Catch

L.OWB

Catch

This is where message originating at node 5 and having undergone a collision are requeued fortransmittai Catch

Network Origin Nodes

120

nnnn rm

xn!ioTori,Tnr Hi?h Level View of LAN Channel Link Sensor

Detailed View of LAN Channel Link Sensor

121

This is where message originating at node 1 and having undergone a collision are requeued fortransmitt;

Each node senses the network and transmits only if the network is free

l**M

IstChn Link

uun

Initial Messages Traffic Flow

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T

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Max. length: \ 2 1 arrivals: .1498

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FIFO Queue for the Arrivals and Departures Messages

122

Delays message due/(Channel Detector40ut I

Con30ut

Bandwidth Delay Within the Ethernet Bus by CAT-5 UTP 100 Mbps

| d&tend

J flctiuity (attribute 1 Cost 1 Besults ) Animate \Comments

EMI

flctiuity delay that interacts mit» attributes. OK

Belay |7.848888e-885| time «nits Cancel

F Delay is the attribute: [messize W Utilize blocking R "T" connector is true/false

,JSÖ= -231

Activity Delay Dialog Box

123

LAN Select Output

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Bottom output is chosen bg "select* = T

Invalid "select" tralue: Ichooses top output

<*■ Decision is made before item enters Select block C item enters Select block before decision is made

Stocks?* ;8

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Cancel

Select Output Dialog Box

124

After being delayed messages that have undergone collisions

are sent back to their origins for

retransmittal

Messages Thrown for Retransmittal

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Sends items to a Catch block without using connections

OK

For Catch block group: [NODE 1 HcaBcel

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C Specify Catch block by attribute ualue

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Helpl J&.

Throw Block Dialog Box

125

Messages that <

are sent through the

system to the destination

Get Attribute Messages Destination and the Router

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attribute name: idestination t

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OK

Cancel

If no attribute is <• a nollalue found, the output is: C the number = m !~ Set item uaiue to attribute (copy item)

; I- "delta" treats missing attributes as a change ■ T~ Do not retain attribute value between items

USSS _1T 111ÜZ35

Get Attribute Dialog Box

126

LOWB

Bandwidth Delay Within the WAN by ISDN/T1 Line Connection Service

127

THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

128

APPENDIX B. NETWORK TRAFFIC TESTS AND SIMULATION RUNS DATA

This appendix contains the result of our network traffic tests and simulation runs.

The graph displays the delay experienced within each of the tested network design over

the period of the model. The data shows the arrival time of the message and the delay

associated with the message using ISDN 128 Kbps, and Tl line 1.544 Mbps.

129

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182

LIST OF REFERENCES

Bernard, Ryan, The Corporate Intranet, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996.

Bradley, Allen, Ethernet for Industrial Control, An Ethernet White Paper, http://www.ab.com/networks/enetpaper.html, Rockwell Automation, 1998.

Chandler, David M, Running a Perfect Web Site, Que Corporation, 1995.

Comer, Douglas E., Internetworking with TCP/IP Volume III, Prentice Hall PTR, 1994.

Diamond, Bob, EXTEND-4 Simulation Software for the Next Millennium, Extend User's Manual v4, Imagine That, Inc., 1997.

Green, John, What is HP OpenView, http://www.openview.hp.com/Call.asp?contexID=510&link=librarv, 2000

Gregg, Kenneth, Windows Networking Basics, IDG Books Worldwide, Inc. Foster City, 1998.

Gralla, Preston, How the Internet works, QUE, Macmillan Computer Publishing, 1999.

Harler, Curt, Web-Based Network Management, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, 1999.

Held, Gilbert, Ethernet Networks, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1998.

Hewlett Packard Company, Integrating HP OpenView Network Node Manager 6.1 and Microsoft Terminal Server, http://www.openview.hp.com/Uploads/integrating hp openview nnm 6- 1 microsoft.pdf, February 24, 2000

Keogh, Jim, MCSE Networking Essentials Exam 70-058, Prentice Hall PTR, 1999

Kroenke, David M., Database Processing, Sixth Edition, Prentice Hall PTR, 1998.

Litwin, Paul, Intranet & Web Databases for Dummies, IDG Books Worldwide, Inc., 1997.

Madron, Thomas W, Local Area Networks New Technologies, Emerging Standards, John

Maran Graphics, Teach Yourself Networking Visually, IDG Books Worldwide, Inc., 1997.

183

McCabe, James D, Practical Computer Network Analysis and Design, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc., 1998.

Microsoft Corporation, Microsoft Internet Information Server, Academic Learning Series, Redmond, Washington: Microsoft Press, 1998.

Microsoft Corporation, Microsoft Windows NT Network Administration, Academic Learning Series, Redmond, Washington: Microsoft Press, 1998.

Microsoft Corporation, Microsoft Windows 2000 Server, Academic Learning Series, Redmond, Washington: Microsoft Press, 2000.

Microsoft Corporation, Networking Essential Plus, Academic Learning Series, Third Edition, Redmond, Washington: Microsoft Press, 2000.

Reeves, Scott, Network +, CCNTExam Cram, The Coriolis Group, 1999.

Rose, Marshal T., The Simple Book, An Introduction to Networking Management, Prentice Hall PTR, 1996.

Seifert, Rich, Gigabit Ethernet, Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., 1998.

Stallings, William, Data & Computer Communications, Sixth Edition, Prentice Hall PTR, 2000.

Spurgeon, Charles, Ethernet: The Definitive Guide, OReilly and Associates, 1999

Strebe, Matthew, MCSE Internet Information 4, Study Guide Third Edition, S YBEX, Network Press., 2000.

Schatt, Stan, Understanding Local Area Networks, Fourth Edition, Sams Publishing, 1993.

Tittel, Ed, ISDN Networking Essentials, AP Professional, 1996.

Tittel, Ed, ISDN Clearly Explained 2nd Edition, AP Professional, 1997.

Tittel, Ed, MCSE NT Server 4 Exam Cram, Third Edition, The Coriolis Group, LLC, 2000.

Tomasi, Wayne, Electronic Communications Systems, Third Edition, Prentice Hall, 1998

Turban, Efraim, Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, Fifth Edition, Prentice Hall, 1998.

184

INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST

1. Defense Technical Information Center 2 8725 John J. Kingman Road, Suite 0944 Ft. Belvoir, VA 22060-6218

2. Dudley Knox Library 2 Naval Postgraduate School 411 Dyer Road Monterey, CA 93943-5101

3. Prof. JohnOsmundson(Code CC/OS) 1 Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93943

4. Prof. Rex Buddenberg (Code IS/BU) 1 Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93943

5. Letkol Laut (P) H. Sipahutar 1 Jl. Solo No. 2 Kompleks Rumdis LANUDAL Juanda Surabaya, Indonesia

6. Aspers Kasum TNI 1 Mabes TNI Cilangkap Jakarta Timur, Indonesia

7. ASPERS KASAL 1 Mabes TNI-AL Cilangkap Jakarta Timur, Indonesia

8. ASOPS KASAL 1 Mabes TNI-AL Cilangkap Jakarta Timur, Indonesia

9. ASRENA KASAL 1 Mabes TNI-AL Cilangkap Jakarta Timur, Indonesia

185

10. Karo Humas Kermalugri Departemen Pertahanan Jl. Medan Merdeka Selatan Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia

11. Pangarmatim Mako Armada RI Kawasan Timur Ujung Surabaya, Indonesia

12. Komandan LANTAMALIH Mako Pangkalan Utaraa TM-AL III Perak Surabaya, Indonesia

13. Komandan Lanudal Juanda. Mako Lanudal Juanda Surabaya, Indonesia

186