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School of Engineering

Waste Minimization in Construction

Name Vidit Adhikari

ID Number 15879846

Paper Name Engineering Resource Efficiency

Assignment #2. Waste Minimization in Construction

Number of words (excluding appendices)

2917

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VIDIT ADHIKARI May 31st, 2015 ………………………………………………………….. ………………….. ………… Signature Date

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Engineering Resource Efficiency

Title

Waste Minimization in Construction Applicant Details: Name: Vidit Adhikari Student ID: 15879846 Course: Engineering Resource Efficiency Auckland University of Technology  

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CONTENTS      1.  Executive  Summary                 4    2.  Introduction                   5          2.1  Life  Cycle  Waste  Model               5          2.2  Waste  Linkage  Model                 6          2.3  Model  Analysis                   7    3.  Discussion  with  Major  Stakeholders             7            3.1  Perspective  Model                   8            3.2  Client  Perspective                 9            3.3  Construction  Manager  Perspective             10            3.4  Builder  Perspective                 12            3.5  Post  Construction                 14    4.  Discussion  Findings                 15    5.  Points  to  improve  Waste  Minimization  in  Construction       16    References                     17    

             

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1.  EXECUTIVE  SUMMARY    Executing  best  practice  Waste  Minimization  and  Management  (WMM)  on  construction  projects  helps  to  reduce  substantial  quantities  of  construction  waste  sent  to  landfill  and  make  a  considerable  involvement  to  sustainable  expansion.  Implementing  good  practice  WMM  is  always  beneficial  for  the  project  in  terms  of  Cost,  Time,  and  Quality.  Assessment  of  construction  waste  in  the  beginning  of  any  project  helps  the  major  stakeholders  to  construct  a  site  waste  management  plan  and  to  mitigate  the  construction  waste  in  desired  time  to  achieve  the  cost  efficient  project  life  cycle.  Some  of  the  key  benefits  of  good  practice  Waste  Minimization  and  Management  includes:    

• Reduce  material  and  disposal  cost  during  project  life  cycle.  • Maximize  competitive  advantages  through  differentiation.  • Improve  performance  against  corporate  social  responsibility  objectives.  • Minimize  carbon  emission.  • Achieve  the  planning  requirements.  • Set  other  qualities  of  sustainable  design.  

   The  main  grail  of  this  assignment  is  to  discuss  the  waste  linkage  model  with  major  stakeholders  (client,  construction  manager,  builder)  to  extract  their  views  that  how  this  waste  linkage  model  will  help  them  to  achieve  the  best  practice  Waste  Minimization  and  Management  during  the  construction  life  cycle.  This  assignment  construct  a  perspective  model  by  the  means  of  waste  linkage  model,  explain  the  different  perspective  step  by  step,  shows  discussion  finding,  and  assess  the  point  that  assist  the  improvement  of  Waste  Minimization  in  construction  industry.            

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2.  INTRODUCTION  (A  Brief  to  Group  Model)    Managing  waste  is  a  team  effort.  Practicing  waste  minimisation  in  any  particular  industry,  helps  improve  performance  through  cost,  time  and  material  savings  and  enhances  the  company’s  reputation.    This  paper  will  give  a  brief  description  of  waste  management  specific  to  the  building  construction  industry  and  possible  process  improvements  as  to  how  it  could  be  minimised.  Out  of  the  four  methods  that  was  discussed,  waste  minimization  is  one  of  the  most  important  and  is  proven  to  be  an  effective  approach  in  controlling  waste  in  the  construction  industry.  Waste  minimization  should  be  implemented  not  only  at  the  construction  stage  but  should  be  practiced  all  throughout  the  buildings  life  cycle.        The  high  cost  of  disposing  waste  made  the  project  managers  and  contractors  to  re  think  to  produce  less  waste  which  has  an  added  benefit  of  less  cost  in  removing  the  waste.    The  aim  of  all  the  client’s  project  managers  and  contractors  should  be  to  achieve  best  practice  of  waste  management.  With  a  little  change  in  current  working  practice,  the  key  benefits  of  waste  management  are  given  below:        ·                  Cost  savings    ·                  More  efficient  operations      ·                  Lower  environmental  impact      To  Improve  the  model  waste  hierarchy  should  be  followed  to  keep  up  to  the  standards  of  good  waste  management  with  the  most  important  aim  of  minimizing  the  total  quantity  of  construction  waste  produced  from  a  project.  The  next  step  is  to  manage  the  waste  that  is  produced  in  an  effective  way.  This  will  reduce  quantity  of  waste  send  to  landfill.  This  will  also  help  in  recovering  the  material  in  many  ways  of  waste  streams  for  either  reuse  or  recycling.  From  the  start  to  the  end  of  a  life  cycle  of  a  project  we  should  have  to  find  ways  in  minimizing  and  managing  various  wastes.  To  achieve  this  goal,  we  must  introduce  waste  management  at  the  start  of  the  project  and  also  where  there  is  more  scope  to  influence  the  outcome.      2.1  LIFE  CYCLE  WASTE  MODEL    

 

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2.2  WASTE  LINKAGE  MODEL      

   

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     2.3  MODEL  ANALYSIS      

• Identified  the  main  groups  where  waste  occurs  during  the  life  cycle  of  a  project  and  we  listed  the  types  of  waste  occurring  under  each  group.    

 • Then  we  analysis  where  the  source  of  the  waste  was  generated,  to  

understand  where  the  potential  lies  to  control  the  waste.      

• The  revised  model  identifies  the  dependency  link  to  show  at  which  stage  the  potential  exists  to  most  effectively  control  the  waste.  

 • This  shows  that  central  to  dependency  for  all  groups  was  the  

procurement/  design  phase,  this  is  the  most  influential  group,  central  to  all  other  groups.    

 • It's  this  stage  that  the  ability  lies  to  influence  all  the  other  groups  and  

make  the  most  impact  and  control  the  life  cycle  waste  of  a  construction  project,  including  the  end  of  life.  

           3.  DISCUSSION  WITH  MAJOR  STAKEHOLDER    In  construction  projects  the  main  stakeholders  that  have  the  major  affects  are  Client,  Construction  Manager  (Design  Team),  and  Builders  (contractors  and  sub-­‐contractors).  This  assignment  is  to  discuss  the  group  waste  linkage  model  with  the  major  stakeholders  to  extract  their  perspective  and  to  construct  a  perspective  model,  to  know  how  this  waste  linkage  model  assists  them  to  set  requirements,  plan  the  project,  and  complete  the  construction  phase,  considering  the  best  practice  Waste  Minimization  and  Management.      

   

               

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3.1  PERSPECTIVE  MODEL  (Wrap-­‐3016)              

       

   

           

     

         

   

           

 

       

Client  

Set  Requirements  

Construction  Manager  

Detect  Key  Opportunities  

Planning  

Design   Procurement  

Post-­‐Construction   Construction  

Tenders/Contracts  

Builder   Target  Indicators  

Spot  Waste  Routes  

Site  Training   Responsibilities  

Create  Reports  

Monitor  Waste  

Management  

Review  Performances  

and  Experiences  

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3.2  CLIENTS  PERSPECTIVE  (Wrap-­‐2372)                                            Waste  Linkage  Model  helps  clients  to  set  their  waste  management  requirements.  Model  aids  the  client  to  develop  Site  Waste  Management  Plan  (SWMP)  with  the  design  team  to  minimize  cost,  time  and  to  improve  the  quality  of  work.  This  site  waste  management  plan  assists  to  develop  the  targets  for  waste  reduction  and  recovery  based  on  the  valuation  of  structure  and  class  of  waste  arising.  Also  model  provides  information  to  achieve  the  targets  during  the  construction  activities  ,  as  well  as  assists  to  monitor  the  actual  level  of  waste  reduction  &  recovery  during  the  construction  as  per  the  targets  set.  Key  elements  as  per  the  client’s  perspective  that  this  waste  linkage  model  assists  during  the  construction  of  project  includes:    

• Assists  to  provide  a  mandate  for  action  of  all  project  as  a  corporate  objective  for  waste  minimization  &  management  for  the  policies  including  environmental  and  procurements.  

• Assists  to  determine  the  team  (design  or  construction)  that  apply  the  waste  management  methods  during  the  project  to  reuse,  recycle,  and  reclaim  the  materials.  

• Assists  to  allocate  the  time  and  recourses  to  plan  and  to  implement  site  waste  management  plan  during  construction.  

• Assists  to  establish  the  applicable  construction  methodology  like  refurbishment  or  demolition.  

• Assists  to  set  a  transitory  and  comprehensive  design  that  aims  to  evade  the  waste  production  during  the  construction.  

Design  

Client  

Set  Requirements  

Detect  Key  Opportunities  

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3.3  CONSTRUCTION  MANAGER  PERSPECTIVE  (Wrap-­‐2372)                                                  The  design  and  works  procurement  stage  responsibilities  depends  on  the  procurement  route  adopted.  When  discussed  with  the  construction  manager  the  waste  linkage  model  helps  to  develop  a  step  by  step  route  for  the  procurement  process  considering  the  waste  minimization.  The  steps  includes:    1.  Detect  Key  Opportunities  :  Waste  minimization  is  an  integral  element  for  discussion  within  the  building  project  team  (design  teams  and  contractors).  The  procurement  stage  represent  the  key  opportunity  in  a  project  to  consider  and  implement  waste  minimization  and  management  (WMM)  practices.  Some  of  the  key  aspects  of  WMM  includes:    S.No.   ASPECTS   PRACTICES   OUTCOMES  1   Design  

Solutions  a.  Building  Form          b.  Design  Flexibility      c.  Design  Complexity    

1.  Eliminate  unnecessary  elements.  2.  Reduce  off-­‐cuts  during  construction.  3.  Ensure  compatibility  between            market  supply  and  specification.    1.  Ensure  flexibility  for  future  expansion,              adaptation,  and  dismantling.    1.  Reduce  complexity  of  design.  2.  Reduce  quantity  of  material  required.  

2   Demolition      

1.  Avoid  disposal  of  reusable  material.  2.  Increase  use  of  reclaim  material.  

Procurement  

Construction  Manager  

Detect  Key  Opportunities  

Planning  

Tenders/Contracts  

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3   Logistics   a.  Logistic  plan      b.  Just-­‐in-­‐time        delivery      c.  Consolidation            Centres  

1.  Ensure  material  requirements.  2.  Efficient  material  delivery  &  storage          management.  1.  Improve  material  movement.  2.  Improve  material  storage  and  site          congestion.    1.  Effective  supply  chain.  2.  Safe  and  effective  material  flow.  

4   Material  Procurement  

a.  Material  ordering    b.  Material  Storage    c.  Take-­‐back            schemes  

1.  Reduce  surplus  material.    1.  Prevent  damage  and  theft.    1.  Return  of  surplus  material.  

5   Packaging   a.  Reduce  and  Reuse   1.  Minimal  packaging  and  also  segregate          packaging  for  reuse.  

   2.  Planning  :  The  site  waste  management  planning  (SWMP)  should  be  done  during  the  design  and  procurement  phase  of  any  project  to  address  the  waste  route.  SWMP  provides  an  information  like  the  waste  streams  that  assist  to  take  strategic  decisions  regarding  the  supply  chain.  The  significant  features  of  Site  Waste  Management  Plan  includes:    

• Identify  the  waste  stream  that  further  helps  to  develop  the  potentials  for  reuse  and  recycle  the  material  remained.  

• Identify  the  most  significant  way  to  maximize  reuse  &  recycle  rates  and  realistic  recovery  rates.  

• Identify  the  site  where  the  material  could  be  reused  or  recycled.  • Consider  appropriate  practices  like  segregation  of  waste  material,  and  the  

measures  that  raise  the  awareness  of  site  operatives  to  reduce,  recycle,  and  reuse  the  waste.  

• Assist  to  construct  the  methods  for  measuring  and  auditing  the  construction  waste.  

   

3.  Tenders/Contracts  :  To  achieve  a  good  waste  minimization  and  management  during  the  whole  construction  process  it  is  cost  efficient  to  identify  those  potential  contractors  that  supports  the  objectives  of  Client  as  well  as  the  Construction  Manager  and  help  them  to  develop  the  waste  minimization  practices  further.  There  should  be  tender/contracts  requirements  for  good  practices  Waste  Minimization  and  Management.  The  tender/contract  requirements  includes:    

• The  contractor  that  sets  quantitative  targets  for  waste  recovery.  • The  contractor  that  commits  continual  improvement  targets  for  waste  

reduction.  • Use  of  any  demolition  protocol  if  required.  

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• A  Site  Waste  Management  Plan  that  includes  the  measurement  of  waste  generated  and  waste  disposed.  

• Tenders  should  be  on  the  basis  of  optional  amount  to  segregate  waste  streams.  

• Contractors  should  report  the  quantity  of  different  waste  streams  they  managed.  

• Sub-­‐contractors  should  be  equally  liable  as  the  main  contractor.      3.4  BUILDER  PRESPECTIVE  (Wrap-­‐2372)              

 

     

                           Discussion  with  the  builder  helps  to  extract  the  perspective  how  to  achieve  a  good  practice  waste  minimization  and  management  during  the  construction  phase  of  the  project.  This  includes  the  target/performance  indicators,  responsibilities,  spotting  the  waste  route,  training  to  reduce  waste,  and  the  monitoring  of  the  site  waste  management  plan  during  the  construction.  Step  by  step  explanation  is  as  follows:    1.  Target  Indicators  :  To  meet  the  best  practice  waste  minimization  and  management  there  should  be  targets  based  on  key  performance  indicators  considering  the  past  experiences.  This  permits  to  establish  sustained  performance  in  the  area  of  waste  management  during  the  construction  which  has  further  business  profits.  Some  of  the  targets  that  can  be  established  are:    

• Recovery  of  waste  material  to  reuse  and  recycle.  

Construction  

Builder  

Target  Indicators  

Responsibilities  

Spot  Waste  Routes  

Site  Training  

Monitor  Waste  

Management  

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• Reuse  of  material  on  site.  • Reduction  in  tonnage  of  waste  per  unit  of  construction  activity.  

   2.  Responsibilities  :  It  is  required  for  a  team  or  an  individual  to  have  responsibilities  for  site  waste  management  plan.  To  achieve  best  waste    minimization  and  management  the  teams  or  individuals  should  be  assigned  with  responsibilities  that  includes:      

• Documentations  presenting  agreement  with  legal  requirements  as  the  duty  of  care.  

• One  person  responsible  for  over  all  waste.  • Responsibility  for  individual  areas  titled  to  individuals.  • Discussion  to  create  opportunities  for  recycling.  • Agreements  with  high  recycling  levels.  • Agreements  with  sub-­‐contractors  on  how  to  manage  waste.  • Agreements  with  set  targets  and  regular  reviews.  

   3.  Spot  waste  routes  :  Identification  of  waste  arising  and  their  succeeding  management  is  one  of  the  best  method  to  follow  the  site  waste  management  plan  and  to  achieve  the  best  practice  waste  minimization  and  management.  Some  means  to  identify  waste  route  and  to  mitigate  those  waste  during  the  construction  are:    

• List  waste  in  site  waste  management  plan  before  the  commencement  of  site  work.  

• Identify  opportunities  to  recycle/reuse  prior  to  construction.  • Include  waste  management  in  design  or  prefabrication.  • Reuse  inert  materials.  • Reuse  concrete,  soil  on  or  off  site.  • Reuse  site  area  for  all  materials.  • Recycle  metals  and  high  value  materials.  

     4.  Site  training  :  To  achieve  best  practice  waste  minimization  and  management  it  requires  a  well  educated  internal  staff.  It  requires  a  precise  training  for  the  key  staff  responsible  for  the  waste  management  at  site  to  enable  them  to  train  others  and  collecting  feedbacks  from  site  workforces  to  better  inform  the  site  waste  management  plan.  Workforce  training  includes:    

• General  information  on  waste  in  site  induction  and  discussions.  • Detailed  training  for  on-­‐site  environmental  issues  for  responsible  staff.  • Feedback  welcomed  with  relevant  incentives.  

   5.  Monitor  waste  management  :  Monitoring  waste  management  during  the  construction  phase  helps  to  compare  the  estimated  quantity  of  waste  developed  

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during  the  structuring  of  Site  Waste  Management  Plan.  Waste  measurement  could  include  cost  of  waste,  type  of  waste,  quantity  of  waste,  and  reasons  producing  the  waste.  Monitoring  helps  to  extract  the  performance  of  the  site  that  further  helps  to  take  actions  required,  if  any,  to  get  back  on  track.  Monitoring  includes:    

• Skip  cost  monitored,  action  taken  if  too  high.  • Use  auditing  tools  to  log  and  generate  data.  • Volume/tonnage  with  reviews  for  action.  

   3.5  POST  CONSTRUCTION                                                Review  of  performances  and  experience  should  be  done  throughout  the  project  process.  Implementing  Site  Waste  Management  Plan  (SWMP),  to  achieve  good  practice  Waste  Minimization  and  Management,  and  reviewing  should  be  done  at  least  periodically  throughout  the  project  to  ensure  the  effectiveness  of  the  SWMP.  Any  experience  or  the  lesson  learnt  should  be  recognized  and  attended  in  future  projects.  Project  experience  at  company  level  includes:    

• Develop  general  company-­‐wide  SWMP  models.  • Mixing  of  SWMPs  with  existing  plans  and  measures.  • Equating  performance  and  setting  on-­‐going  standards  and  goals  for  waste.  • Continual  improvement  of  SWMP  models  and  processes  from  medium  to  

long  term.        

Review  Performances  

and  Experiences  

Post-­‐Construction  

Create  Reports  

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4.  DISCUSSION  FINDINGS    The  development  of  Site  Waste  Management  Plan  and  execution  of  it  should  be  adopted  at  all  construction  sites  to  achieve  best  practice  Waste  Minimization  and  Management.  After  the  discussion  and  analysis  with  Client,  Construction  Manager,  and  Builder  some  limitations,  that  affects  the  practices  to  achieve  the  good  Waste  Minimization  and  Management,  arose.  Also  discussion  identifies  the  measures  those  should  be  adopted  to  overcome  the  limitations  and  attain  good  practice.  (Wrap-­‐2372)    Key  Constraints   Implication   Measures  to  Overcome  Lack  of  Client  Requirements  

Lack  of  contractual  responsibility  may  not  induce  to  implement  good  practice  

Client  and  Construction  Manager  to  spread  awareness  regarding  the  Waste  Management,  to  achieve  most  effective  and  financially  beneficial  WMM  and  site  operations.    

Site  location   Unable  teams  to  find  proper  recycling  industry/market  in  interior  locations  

Include  as  tender  requirement  for  waste  management  contractor  to  provide  cost  effective  recycling  service.    

Project  type   Projects  that  offer  less  waste  recovery      

Identify  the  waste  streams  that  offer  quick  wins.    

Space-­‐on-­‐site   Small  sites  obstruct  the  segregations  of  waste  

Target  the  key  waste  streams,  place  requirement  for  contractor  to  segregate  waste  off-­‐site,  implement  each  floor  waste  segregation  plans.    

Project  Timescales   Projects  having  high  construction  rates  and  tight  programs  may  overlook  the  good  practice    

Spot  and  plan  the  material  streams  that  offers  quick  wins,  implement  most  effective  strategies  from  previous  successful  projects,  appoint  waste  management  contractors  to  avoid  extra  pressure  on  contractors  and  sub-­‐contractors.    

Contract  variations   Procurement  procedures  that  do  not  knowingly  penalize  clients  for  making  design  variations  can  increase  levels  of  unplanned  wastes    

Effective  planning  should  be  done  at  the  early  stage  of  the  project  so  that  unplanned  waste  raised  can  be  mitigate  adequately,  spot  design  areas  that  are  not  fully  prepared  and  overcome  them  in  time.  

 

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5.  Points  to  Improve  Waste  Minimization  in  Construction  (GMV)        

1. Confirm  contractors  and  sub-­‐contractors  are  instructed  on  project  objective  for  waste  minimization.    

2. Establish  a  company,  waste  management  team  or  site  milestones  to  measure  the  waste  minimization  targets  and  their  results.  

 3. Assign  clear  and  accessible  space  for  segregation  of  waste  raised  at  

construction  site.    

4. Involve  all  employees  and  workers  with  discussion,  site  trainings,  and  canteens  poster  campaigns  at  achieve  good  practice  Waste  Minimization  and  Management.  

 5. Broadcast  waste  performance  figures  on  site  and  working  areas  

(corporate  offices).    

6. Equate  waste  minimization  performances  internally  (own  company)  and  externally  (other  companies).  

 7. Techniques  like  SMARTWASTE  should  be  used  to  identify  key  waste  

products,  causes  of  waste,  and  waste  disposal  methods  (current  and  future).  

 8. Reuse  as  much  as  waste  possible  at  site  like  bricks,  concrete,  and  steel.  

 9. Identify  new  techniques  to  use  waste  products.  

 10. Site  teams  should  use  weekly  updates  and  monthly  meeting  to  establish  

the  modes  to  reuse,  reduce,  and  recycle  the  waste  produced  at  site.    

11. Improved  methods,  to  store  materials  like  insulation,  to  prevent  the  materials  from  weather  damage  and  thefts.  

 12. Segregate  materials  that  can  be  recycled.  

                     

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REFERENCES    Wrap-­‐3016.  Responding  to  waste  minimization  and  management  requirements.  Retrieved  from  http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/WRAP_3016_Construction%20Guidance  

Wrap-­‐2372.  Achieving  good  practice  Waste  Minimization  and  Management.  Retrieved  from  http://www2.wrap.org.uk/downloads/achieving_good_practice_waste_minimisation_and_management.  

 Greenwich  Millennium  Village  (GMV).  Reduction  of  site  construction  waste,  recycling  and  reuse  of  materials.  Retrieved  from  www.smaertwaste.co.uk/smartaudit/downloads/gmv_Site_Guide.pdf.