Untitled - FishAdapt Project
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Transcript of Untitled - FishAdapt Project
rmwdum
aus;Zl;wif&Sdjcif;
þvufawGUoif½d k;ñ Tef;wrf;taMumif;
EAFM oif½ dk;trsdK;rsdK;
yg0ifwufa&mufolrsm;twGuf pGrf;&nfjrSifYwifa&;
txl;ta&;ygaom EAFM oif½dk;nTef;wrf;tusOf;csKyf
tcsdefZ,m;
&nf&G,fcsufrsm;
twdkaumufpmvHk;rsm;
a0g[m&rsm;
usrf;udk;pm&if;
oifcef;pmrsm;
1/ ig;vkyfief;u@\ Ncdrf;ajcmufrSKESihfjyóemrsm;/
2/ ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrSKESihf a*[pepftajcjyKjcif;/
3/ EAFM qkdonfrSmrnfonfYt&menf;? rnfonfYtwGufaMumifU aqmif&Guf&
oenf;/
4/ EAFM \ Oya'orsm;/ 5/ EAFM az:aqmif&ef BudK;yef;rSK/ 6/ EAFM pDrHcsufrsm;? rl0g'ESihf vufawGYaqmif&GufrSKtMum; qufpyfrSK/
7/ EAFM vkyfief;tqifYqifYtay: NcHKiHkoHk;oyfjcif;/
8/ tpjyKvkyfief; (u) (startup A) – vkyfief;pwif&efjyifqifjcif;/
9/ tpjyKvkyfief; (c) (Startup B) – ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,f yg0ifywfoufolrsm;\
aqmif&Gufcsuf/ 10/ tqihf 1.1? 1.2 ESihf 1.3 ?FMU udk t"dyÜm,fowfrSwfjcif;ESihf e,fy,f
twdkif;twm pl;prf;avhvmjcif;/
11/ tqihf 2.1? 2.2 ESihf 2.3? jyóemrsm;ESihf yef;wdkifrsm;udk azmfxkwf
owfrSwfí OD;pm;ay;jcif;/
12/ tajctaerSefudkppfaq;jcif; (1)/
13/ tqihf 3.1 ESihf 3.2? &nfrSef;csufrsm;? tñ Gef;rsm;ESifY pHcsdefpHñ Tef;rSwfrsm;/
14/ tqihf 3.3? 3.4 ESihf 3.5? pDrHcefYcGJrSKvkyfief;rsm;? Oya'pnf;urf;
vdkufemjcif;? b@ma&;ESihf EAFM pDrHcsuf tNyD;owfjcif;/
15/ tqihf 4.1? pnf;urf;ESifYtnDaqmif&Gufjcif;? qufoG,fjcif;ESihf yg0if
aqmif½Gufjcif;
16/ tajctaerSefudkppfaq;jcif; (2)
17/ tqihf 5.1 ESihf 5.2? apmihfMuyfMunhf½SK? qef;ppftuJjzwfjcif;ESifU oifYovdk
ajymif;vJ,ljcif;
aemufqufwG J (Appendix)
zwf½SKavhvm&ef tBuHjyKwkdufwGef;aompmtkyfrsm;
oif½kd;nTef;wrf;ay:aygufvmyHk
ig;zrf;vkyfief; pDrHccefYcGJa&;udk a*[aA'pepfcsOf;uyfenf;jzihf aqmif&Guf&efvdktyfyHkudk ,cktcg
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Oyrm- 2012 wGifusif;ycJhaom Rio+ 20 nDvmcH/ þcsOf;uyfrSKonf OD;wnfaom ig;rsdK;pdwf a&&Snf zrf;,l
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pepfESihf qHk;jzwfcsufcsonhfpepfodkY OD;wnfonf/ ,if;odkY&&Sd&ef tkyfcsKyfrSK abmiftwGif;rS wdk;wuf
aumif;rGefatmif aqmif&Gufjcif; jzpfonf/
a*[pepftajccHí ig;vkyfief;rsm;pDrHcefYcGJrSKudk aqmif&Gufjcif; (EAFM) Training course oif&dk;
nTef;wef;onf atmufazmfjyyg a'oqdkif&mtzGJUtpnf;BuD;rsm; yl;aygif;aqmif&GufMujcif;rS jzpfay:vmonf-
• EdkifiH&SpfEdkifiHygaom UN-FAO b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfa'o tPÖ0ga*[aA'pepfBuD; BOBLME ya&m*suf/ GEF, NORAD ESihf SIDA wdkYrS axmufyHh&ef b*Fvm; yifv,fatmfa'o
ywf0ef;usifESihf ig;vkyfief;rsm;wdk;wufa&;twGuf a'oqdkif&m pDrHcefYcGJrSK?
• tar&duef oEåmausmufwef; w&d*HtpjyKaqmif&Gufjcif; (USCTI) - ,if;udk USAID u
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ig;vkyfief;ESihf tpma&pm &du©mzlvHkrSKtwGuf tm;xkwf aqmif&Guf Muonf/
• tm&Sypdzdwf ig;vkyfief;aumfr&Sif (APFIC) a'oqdkif&mtzGJUtpnf;wpfckjzpfí EdkifiHaygif;
(21)EdkifiH yg0ifonf/ tm&Sypdzdwfa'o&Sd ig;vkyfief;rsm;? a&owÅ0garG;jrLa&;? qufpyf&m
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EAFM oif&dk;ñ Tef;wrf;tm; oufqdkif&m a'opGrf;&nfzGHUNzdK;a&;pH vdktyfcsufudk &&dS&ef oufqdkif&m a'o
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oif½kd;ñ Tef;wrf;udkqGJonf/
Oyrmrsm; -
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a*[pepftajccHí vufawGUtaumifxnfazmfa&; a'oqdkif&m twdkifyifcHtvkyf½kH aqG;aEG;yGJ?
oD&dvuFmedKifiH? udkvHbdkNrdkY? 18-22 arv? 2009 ckESpf/
• 31 Budrfajrmuf tm&S-ypdzdwf ig;vkyfief;aumfr&Siftpnf;ta0;? *Ds*sLNrdKU? udk&D;,m; or®w EdkifiH?
pufwifbm 6-8 2010?
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aeMuaom tPÖ0gt&if;tjrpfrsm;?
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txufyg tvkyf½HkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif bHk&ifzGihfcHpm;csufrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf-EAFM ESihf
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r&Sif;vif;/ &Edkifaomud&d,m wefqmyvm (pepf)ESihf toHk;csEdkifacsrSmra&&mESihf t"du pdefac:csufwpfck
usefaeonf/ ¤if;rSm pmawGYrS vufawGUodkY taumifxnfazmfjcif;?
BOBLME ya&m*sufESihf CTI wdkYrSwpfqihf ydkrdkus,fjyefaom tm&S-ypdzdwf a'oBuD;wGif EdkifiHaygif;pHk
aqmif&GufcJhaom tpDpOfrsm;jzpfvmcJhonf/ EAFM udk vufawGUtoHk;csa&; aqmif&Guf&ef? xdkYtwl
pGrf;&nfjrihfrm;a&;enf;vrf;rsm;udk yHkpHcsrSwf taumiftxnfazmf&ef oHk;oyfcsufrsm;? enf;vrf;rsm;udk
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apmapmydkif; 2010 ckESpf arvuyif BOBLME ya&m*sufESihf USAID – CTSP tzGJUBuD; (2)ckrS
tjrKawtzGJUi,f (2)zGJUonf befaumufNrdKUwGif a'oqdkif&myl;aygif; tzGJUrsm;ESihfawGUqHkí tm&S-ypdzdwfa'o
EAFM oif½dk;ñ Tef;wrf;wpfck a&;qGJwnfaqmuf&ef wdkifyifcJhMuonf/ þjzpfpOfonf aemufvmonhf
(2)ESpftwGif; jzpfay:wdk;wufvmí oifMum;avhusihfa&; rdk*sL; (Module) rsm;udk Nygiel Armada, Robert
Pomeroy ESihf Derek Staples wdkYjyKpka&;qGJMuonf/ þtm;xkwfrSKaMumihf Coral Triangle Initiatives (CTI) twGuf EAFM oif½d k;ed'gef; (EARM 101) wpfckjzpfvmNyD; NOAA rS OD;aqmifí (1)ywfMum EAFM 101 oifwef;(3)ckudk tif'dkeD;&Sm; EdkifiHwGif 2012 {NyD arvwGif zGihfvSpfEdkifcJhonf/ xdkYtwl NOAA ESihf CTSP wdkYrS
OD;aqmifí ]]acgif;aqmifrsm;? trSKaqmifrsm;ESihf qHk;jzwfcsufcsolrsm; (LEAD) twGuf EAFM oifwef;}}
wpfckudk 2012 arvwGif rav;&Sm;EdkifiHwGif pwifprf;oyfí 2013 ckESpfwGif wDarm? zdvpfdydkif? tif'dkeD;&Sm;ESifh
aqmfvrGef;uRef;pkwdkYwGif zGifhvSpfEdkifcJhonf/
wpfcsdefwnf;wGif BOBLME ya&m*sufu EAF tay:tajccHí rQa0zrf;qD;Muaom ig;tkyfpkrsm; twGuf
]]a'oqdkif&m ig;vkyfief;rsm; pDrHcefYcGJa&; tMuHay;tzGJY udkzGJUcJYonf/ xdkYtwl BOBLME uyif IMA Int. rS
ynm&Sifrsm;tulnDjzihf t*FvefwGif tajcjyKaom EAFM (5)&uf oifwef;twGuf oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;wdkYudk rlv
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txufyg oif½d k;(2)ckvHk; jzpfay:wdk;wufvma&;twGuf pwifaqmif&GufMu&mwGif EAF vrf;ñ Tefcsuf
rsm;twdkif;ESihf FAO \ 2003 aemufydkif;toHk;csvmaom ud&d,m (pepfrsm;) wdkYudk tajccHí enf;pepf
vrf;ñ Tefcsuftwdkif; aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/ FAO \ 2003 aemufydkif; enf;pepfrsm;qdk&müvnf; EAF – Nansen Project enf;pepfrsm; (t"dutm;jzihf tmz&duESihf um&DbD,Ha'owdkYrS prf;oyfcJhaom enf;pepf) rSwpfqihf
&,lonf/ xdkYtwl FAO ESihf SPC uJhodkYaom tzGJUtpnf;BuD;rsm;rS &&Sdonfh tcsuftvuf enf;pepfrsm;udk
&,lonf/ 2012 ckESpf? ESpfv,fydkif;wGif rQa0Edkifaomqk (enf;pepf) rSmydkí ay:vGifvmonf/ BOBLME
Project u IMA Int. ud k EAFM \ pGrf;&nfzGHUNzdK;a&;vkyfief;pOf (oifwef;) 2ckudk pkpnf;&efodkYr[kwf
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yxrqHk;aom EAFM yl;aygif;avhusihfa&;ñ Tefwrf;jzpfay:wdk;wufa&; (Writeshop) (a&;om;jyKpk tvkyf&Hk
aqG;aEG;yGJ)udk Edk0ifbmv? 2012 wGif xdkif;EdkifiH zl;cufNrdKY½Sd BOBLME Project ½Hk;wGif usif;ycJhygonf/ 2013
ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif 'kwd, (Write shop) udk zdvdydkifEdkifiH? reDvmwGif usif;ycJhygonf/ yl;aygif;oifwef;
twGuf oif½dk;txkyf (oif½dk;) wpfckudk jyKpkazmfxkwfí yxrqHk;aom r&Sdrjzpf EAFM (essential EAFM) ]]prf;oyfoifwef;}} ESihf ]]oifwef;q&mrsm;twGufoifwef;}} wGif oif½dk;ñ Tef;wrf;tjzpf toHk;cscJhygonf/
,if;oifwef; wdkYudk rav;&Sm;EdkifiH udkwmuifembvlNrdKUwGif 2013 ckESpf? ZGefvwGif zGihfvSpfcJhygonf/
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aqmif&GufcJhygonf/ (Version 2 Munhf)/ þoif½dk;udk 2014 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif SEAFDEC XmewGif
usif;ycJhaom oifwef;(tvkyf½Hkoifwef;)wpfckwGif toHk;jyKcJhygonf/ oifwef;q&mrsm; twGuf oifwef;\
oif½dk;ñ Tef;wrf;ESihfvnf; csdwfqufcJhNyD; tao;pdwf tacsmowfjcif;udk aqmif&Gufí Version 3 (wwd,rl)udk
xkwfvkyf&efjzpfonf/
oif,lESdKifonfY EAFM oif&dk;nTef;wef; trsdK;rsdK;
vGefcJhaom (10)ESpfcefYrSpí EAFM ESihfqdkifaom vrf;ñ TefcsufESihf t&if;tjrpfypönf;? vrf;ñ Tefcsufrsm;?
ynm&yfaqmif;yg;rsm;pmtkyfrsm; yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhNyD; e,fy,frsm;pGmrSyg0ifwufa&mufolrsm;taejzifY oif,l
Edkifonf/ ,if;wdkYudk vGwfvyfpGmaqmif&Gufaeaom odyÜ Hynm&Sifrsm;? wuúodkvfrsm;? odyÜ HESifYzGHYNzdK; wdk;wufa&;
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(Oyrmwuúodkvf)u yHkrSefydkYcsaom oifwef;rsdK; jzpfonf/
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rsm;? ig;zrf;qD;rSKESifh&&SdrSK? vlrSK
pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mtcsuf
tvufrsm;
Center for Development Innovation,Wageningen University, Netherlands (FAO ESihfyl;aygif;aqmif&Guf)
(www.wageningenur.nl/cdi
ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrSK EAF tygt0if
ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrSKtajccHrlrsm;
ESihf vkyfief;pOfrsm;
Australian Natural Centre for Ocean Resources and Security (ANCORS), University of Wollongong, Australia (www.ancors.uow.edu. au)
Quantitative EAF (Q-EAF) (tcsuftvuf? owif;
tajcjyK)
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Universite' Paris Marie Curie, France (www.mares-eu-org)
pDrHudef;
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a'o EAF? odyÜHenf;us tajccH
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Int. Center for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (www.iamz.ciheam.org) Zaragoza, Spain. EU-CREAM Project rS aqmif&Gufí (7)Budrf
ajrmuf EU \ FAO ESihf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufaom
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rsm;? EAF pDrHcefYcGJa&;vkyfief;pOf?
EAF \vlrSKa&;? pD;yGm;a&;
twdkif;wm? ykl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJjcif;?
EAF udk taxmufuljyK edKifonfY
odyÜ Hynm? vufawGUaqmif&Guf
aeonfY EAF? avUvmcJYonfY
udpö &yfrsm;
Int. Center for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (www.iamz.ciheam.org) Zaragoza, Spain. EU-CREAM Project rS aqmif&Gufí (7)Budrf
ajrmuf EU \ FAO ESihf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvkyfief;
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(http://www.eafnansen-org/nansen/en)
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a'ocHoifwef;q&mjzpfoifwef;
rsm;twGuf a*[pepf tajccH..
ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJa&;/ oifwef;/
þoif½dk;\a,bl,s
&nfrSef;csuf rSm tzGJU0ifEdkifiH
rsm;\t&m&Sdrsm;^tmPmydkif rsm;
pGrf;&nfzGHUNzdK;a&;ESihf vkyfief;wGif
xda&mufrSKudk jr§ihfwifa&;
jzpfonf/ EAFM taumifxnf
azmfEdkifiHrsm;udk qdkvdkonf/
SEAFDEC
yg0ifwufa&mufolrsm;twGufpGrf;aqmif&nfjrifYrm;a&;
rwlnDaome,fy,ftvdkuf yg0ifwufa&mufoltrsdK;rsdK;\ pGrf;aqmif&nfzGHYNzdK;a&;twGuf enf;vrf;
trsdK;rsdK;ESifY oifaxmufulypönf;trsdK;rsdK; vdktyfonf/ þpmtkyf (Essential EAFM) wGif t"duOD;wnfcsufrSm
tv,ftvwftqihf pDrHcefYcGJolrsm;? ig;vkyfief;ESihfywf0ef;usif a&;&mXmewdkYrS 0efxrf;rsm; wdkYESihftwl
pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;a&;ESihf pDrHudef;Xmersm;rS 0efxrf;rsm;twGufjzpfonf/ txl;ojzihf jynfe,f ^ wdkif;tqihfESihf
c½dkif a'otqihf wdkYrSjzpfNyD;? ,if;wdkYe,fajr&Sd ig;vkyfief;ESihf ywf0ef;usifa&;&mwdkYudk tkyfcsKyfa&;? pDrHcefYcGJa&;
wdkYudk wm0ef ,l&olrsm;jzpfonf/ þ Essential EAFM pmtkyfonf tm&S-ypdzdwfa'o wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif
a'oESihf udkufnDatmif jyKjyif,l&mwGif vG,fulatmifpDrHxm;onf/ tvGefus,fjyefYaom OD;wnfcsuf
tkyfpkrsm;twGuf &nf½G,faom þoif½dk;ñ Tef;udk jyefí yHkpHjyif&efrvdktyfyg/ odkY&mwGif tBuHjyKvdkonfrSm
oifwef;ydkYcsaom EddkifiH\oD;oefYa'o? oD;oefYtajctae? txl;ojzihf a'ocHoifwef;om;wdkYxHrS&aom
tcsuftvufrsm;udk xnhfoGif;oihfonf/ xdkYtjyif oD;oefYEdkifiHwpfck? oD;oefYa'owpfckESifh qdkifaom
ig;vkyfief;ESihf ywf0ef;usifa&;&mOya'? pnf;urf;rsm;udkvnf; owdjyKoihfonf/ þoif½d k;ñ Tef;wrf;udktajccHí
EAFM pDrHcsufwpfckudka&;qGJEdkifNyD;? ,if;pDrHcsufudk xyfírGrf;rHaqmif&Gufjcif;jzihf xdkpDrHcsufudk rdrdEdkifiHwGif
vnf;aumif;? EdkifiH(2)ck e,fedrdwfjzwfausmfí vnf;aumif;? taumiftxnfazmfEdkifonf/
tvGefqufpyfaeaom EAFM oifwef;wpfckjzpfonhf LEAD ac: acgif;aqmifrsm;? trSKaqmifBuD;rsm;?
qHk;jzwfcsufcs&olrsm;twGuf oifwef;\ &nf½G,fcsufrSm t&m&SdBuD;rsm;taejzihf EdkifiHawmftqihfrS a'o
tqihftxd EAFM taumiftxnfazmfa&;wGif bmaMumifh? bmvJ? b,fvdkvJwdkYudk od&Sdem;vnf&ef
tcsif;csif;aqG;aEG; wdkifyifEdkif&efjzpfonf/ Power Point jzifhwifjyxm;aom EAFM ESihfywfoufaom
]]a,bl,stjriftusOf;csKyf}}? pmwpfrsufESmjzihf azmfjyxm;aom ]]r&Sdrjzpf EAFM tusOf;csKyf}}? ]]rmwdumESihf
&nfrSef;csufrsm;}} wdkYudk tjrihfqHk;tqifh qHk;jzwfcsufcs&olrsm;u toHk;jyKEdkifonf/ (Essential EAFM pmtkyf\
vufpGJusrf;^&nfñ Tef;usrf;tjzpfvnf; &&SdEdkifonf)/ a'ocH ig;vkyfief;vkyfudkifolrsm;udkvnf; EAFM ESihfywfoufaom todÓPf A[kokwudk ar;EdkifNyD;? tokwfvdkufoifwef;ay;Edkifonf/ xdkodkY aqmif&Guf&ef
secretarial of community SPC, 2010 rS pkpnf;xkwfa0aom ]]ypdzdwf uRef;EdkifiHrsm;twGuf vrf;ñTefcsufrsm;}}
pmtkyfudkoHk;Edkifonf/ a'otajccHaom ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrSKudk a*[pepf½SKa'gifhrS csOf;uyfjcif; uJhodkYaom
pGrf;&nfzGHUNzdK;a&;oifwef;twGuf pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk NGOs rsm;uxkwfa0cJhygonf/ (Oyrm-WWF
Malaysia)/ xdkYtwl awmifESihf ta&SUawmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;twGuf BOBLME Project rS BuD;MuyfaxmufyHhrSKjzihf
International Collective in Support of Fish workers (ICSF) u pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;? ypönf;rsm;xkwfa0onf/
yHkpH 1.1/ Essential EAFM oif½dk;ñTef;wrf;\ tpdwftydkif;rsm;ESihf qufpyfypönf;rsm;udk azmfjyaompepf
yHkMurf; (oif½dk;tpdwfydkif; (Product) wpfckonf yg0ifwwfa&mufolrsm; (audience) wpfckpD twGuf
jzpfonf)
EAFM udka'owGif; jzefYxkwfjcif;
Essential EAFM oif½dk;ñ Tef;wrf;udk ,cktcg BOBLME EdkifiHrsm;ESihf CTI (Coral Triangle Initiative) EdkifiH
rsm;wGifydkYcsrnf/ xdkYtwl ydkrdkus,fjyefaom tm&S-ypdzdwfa'o EdkifiHrsm;vnf; ygonf/ þoif½dk;ñ Tef;wrf;udk
yl;wGJwm0ef,laqmif&GufMuaomXmeBuD;rsm;? wuúodkvfrsm;wdkY\ Websites wGif electronic format tjzpf
&,lEdkifonf/ oufqdkif&m EdkifiHtoD;oD;rS oifwef;q&mrsm; (wenf;tm;jzihfqdkvdkonfrSm ( Training of
Trainers, TOT ) oifwef; wufa&mufcJhNyD; wwfajrmufcJholrsm;) taejzihf þoif½ dk;udkvufawGU ydkYcsEdkif
vdrhfrnf/ tMuHjyKwdkufwGef;vdkonfrSm tenf;qHk;oifwef;q&m (2)OD;ESifh taxmufuljyKolrsm; yg0if&ef
jzpfonf/ (tu,fíoifwef;q&mrsm;onf ig;vkyfief;? ywf0ef;usifa&;&mwdkYESihfywfoufaom odyÜ HtajccH
r&Sdygu jzpfonf)/ tem*wfwGif þoif½dk;udk ig;vkyfief;oifwef;ausmif;rsm;? a'owGif;& wuúodkvfrsm;
atmuf&Sd ig;vkyfief;r[mXmersm;wGif ydkYcsvdrhfrnf[k jrifa,mifrdonf/ ta&SUawmiftm&SwGif EAFM tNrJwrf;rSwfwdkifwpfcktjzpf xdkif;EdkifiH SEAFDEC XmewGif wnfaxmifcJhNyD; jzpfonf/
EAFM ESihfywfoufaom pm½ Gufpmwrf;ypönf;rsm;udkatmufyg Websites wdkYwGif &&Sd Edkifonf/
www.apfic.org www.boblme.org www.pifsc.noaa.gov/cred
r&Sdrjzpfta&;ygaom EAFM
r&Sdrjzpfta&;ygaom EAFM oif½ d k;ñ Tefwrf;onf oifwef;om;rsm;udk ig;zrf;vkyfief;a&&Snf
wnfwHha&; pDrHcefYcG J&ef EAFM pDrHcsufwpfcka&;Edkif&ef vdktyfaom twwfynmudkay;onf/
þoif½ d k;onf oifwef;om;rsm;udk atmufygwdk Yudk wwfuRrf;aprnf
• ig;vkyfief;udkyd kí tvHk;pH kpDrHcefYcG JEd kifjcif;?
• ig;vkyfief;jyóemrsm;? pdefac:csufrsm;udk yd kíajz&Sif;Ed kifjcif;?
• toHk;jyKoltkyfpk (ig;vkyfief;tkyfpk) rsm;tMum; tjiif;yGm;rSKwdk Yudk avsmhcsjcif;?
• tjcm;yg0ifywfoufolrsm;ESih fyl;aygif;aqmif&GufEd kifjcif;?
• aiGaMu;t&if;tjrpf&Edkifonhfenf;vrf; azmfxkwfEdkifjcif;/
oifwef;om;rsm;onf EAFM oabmw&m;udk avhvmEd kifNyD; rdrdwdk Ya'otwGuf EAFM pHrHcsufrlMurf;jyKpkEd kif&ef EAFM ykHpHcGuf (template) wpfckudk oifwef;umvwGif vufawGU oif,lrnf/
olwdk Yon f EAFM \ rlrsm;ESih f yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcG J jcif;udk od&S dem;vnfvmvdrhfrnf/ xdk Y jyif u@toD;oD;
tMum; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;udkem;vnfvmrnf/ xdk Ytwl xda&mufaomqufoG,frSK? tusd;aqmifrSK?
tjiif;yGm;rSKajz&Sif;jcif; wdk YESih fywfoufaom tavhtusihfudk &&Sdrnf/
oifwef;\ a,bl,s&nfrSef;csufrsm;
oifwef;om;wdkYonf ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrSKudk a*[aA'pepf½SK;a'gifhrS csOf;uyfjcif; oabmw&m;ESihf
vdktyfyHkudk od&Sdem;vnf&ef? ig;zrf;vkyfief; ydkía&&SnfwnfwHha&; EAFM pDrHcsufa&;qGJEdkif&ef? taumifxnf
azmfEdkif&efESihf apmihfMuyfMunhf½ SKEdkif&ef vdktyfaom twwfynm? todynmrsm;udk &&SdMu&efjzpfonf/
wufa&mufolrsm; (oifwef;wuf&efoihfolrsm;)
þ Essential EAFM oif½d k;onf atmufygyk*¾dKvfwdkYtwGuf OD;wnfonf/ tv,ftvwftqihf
pDrHcefYcGJolrsm;? ig;vkyfief;ESihfywf0ef;usifa&;&m0efxrf;rsm;? qufpyfaom pD;yGm;a&;? zGHUNzdK;a&;ESihf pDrHudef;Xme
0efxrf;rsm;? txl;ojzihf wdkif;^jynfe,f tqihfESihf c½dkifa'otqihf0efxrf;rsm;? wenf;tm;jzihf rdrdwdkY
tvkyfvkyf&m a'o&Sd ig;vkyfief;ESihfywf0ef;usifa&;&mudp ö wdkYudk wm0ef,l&olrsm;jzpfonf/
e,fy,ftwdkif;wmESihfqufpyfywfoufrSK
þoifwef;udk rnfonhfig;vkyfief; odkYr[kwf ig;arG;jrLa&;vkyfief;wGifrqdk toHk;csEdkifonf/ atmufyg
vufpGJpmtkyfESihf Power Point wifjycsufrsm;wGif oif½dk;onf ]]tm&Surf;&dk;wef;ESihf tPÖ0gjyif a*[pepf}}
tay: OD;wnfazmfjyxm;onf/ OD;wnfazmfjycsufESihf Oyrmrsm;udk ajymif;vJvdkufjcif;jzihf þoif½dk;udk
ukef;wGif;ydkif;a*[pepf (jrpf? acsmif;? tdkif)? urf;a0;a*[aA'pepf odkYr[kwf ig;arG;jrLa&; (a&wGif pdkufysdK;
arG;jrLa&;) twGufyg toHk;csEdkifonf/ pDrHcefYcGJa&;tpDpOfESihfywfoufaomrlrsm;ESihf enf;vrf;rSm twlwl
yifjzpfonf/
oifwef;zGJYpnf;wnfaqmufyHk
þoif½dk;\tpdwfydkif;wGif a&&SnfwnfwHhaom ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJa&;twGuf EAFM bmaMumihf vdktyfyHkudk
&Sif;jyxm;onf/ EAFM pDrHcsufwpfcka&;qGJcsrSwfjcif;jzihf EAFM udkrnfodkY vkyfEdkifyHk? pDrHcsufudk taumif
txnf azmfyHk? apmihfMuyfMunhf½ SKjcif;? qef;ppftuJjzwfjcif;ESihf pDrHcsufudk oihfavsmfovdk jyKjyifajymif;vJ
EdkifyHkwkdYudk &Sif;jyxm;onf/
oifMum;rKSenf;pepf
þoif½dk;onf oifwef;om;rsm; t"duyg0ifvkyfudkif&aom oif½dk;jzpfonf/ oifwef; q&mrsm;\ ydkYcsrSKudk
jznhfpGufap&ef oifwef;om;wdkY ESpfa,mufwpfwGJ? tkyfpktvdkuf wpfa,mufcsif;tvdkuf oD;oefY pDpOfxm;aom
vufawGUavhusihfa&;udk vkyf&rnf/ þvufawGU avhusihfa&;rsm;onf avhvmoif,la&;udkydkí
cdkifrmuspfvspfap&ef pDpOfxm;onf/ oifwef; q&mrsm;taejzihf twwfEdkifqHk; wu,hftjzpfrSef? a'owGif;
Oyrmrsm;ESihf ydkYcs&efjzpfojzihf oifwef;om;wdkYxHrS wuf<upGm yg0ifaqmif&GufrSKtay: tm;xm;Muvdrhfrnf/
oif,ljcif;ESihfjyefvnfwkHYjyefjcif; (jyefvnfwifjyjcif;)
aeYpOfapmihfMuyfMunhf½ SKjcif;ESihf jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;wdkYudk jyKvkyfojzihf oifwef;om;rsm;xHrS wkHYjyefrSK
(jyefvnfwifjyrSK) wdkYudk jzpfEdkifvQif oif½dk;ñ Tef;wrf;yHkpHxJwGif xnhfoGif;rnf/ oifwef;rpwifrDESihf oifwef;
NyD;aemuf qef;ppftuJjzwfjcif;? xdkYtwl ÓPfprf;ar;jcif;wdkYjzihf oifwef;q&mrsm;taejzihf wdk;wufrSK
tajctaeudk tuJjzwf Edkifonf/
oif½dk;ypönf;rsm; (oif½dk;wGifyg0ifaomtaMumif;t&mrsm;)
þvufpGJpmtkyfwGif EAFM jzpfpOfwpfqihfpDudk oD;oefY&nf½G,fowfrSwfxm;aom rdk*sL;yHkpH (Module) jzihf &Sif;jyonf/ tvkyfpmtkyf (work book) udk jzpfpOfwqihfpD taMumif;rSwfpkrsm;a&;&ef toHk;csEdkifonf/
csdwfqufxm;aom Tool kit wGif (People) ESihf (Technical) wdkYudk EAFM jzpfpOftqihfqihfwGif ud&d,m
(enf;pepf) tjzpftoHk;cs Edkifonf/ þoif½ dk;ñ Tef;wrf;udk aumif;pGmoif,lavhusihfNyD;aemuf oifwef;om;
rsm;onf þvufpGJ pmtkyfud k electronic yHkpHtjzpf vnf;aumif;? Power Point wifjycsufrsm;ESihf Tool kit wdkYudk vufcH&&Sdygrnf/ xdkYtwl tjcm;t&eft&if;tjrpf (ypönf;) rsm;vnf; &&Sdygrnf/
oifwef;q&mrsm;(oifwef;ydkYcsolrsm;)
oifwef;q&mrsm;udk EdkifiHwumtawGUtBuHK&SdMuaomtusdK;aqmifolrsm;u avhusihfay;xm;cJhygonf/
olwdkYudk a'oqkdif&m ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrSKudk us,fus,fjyefYjyefY em;vnfxm;Muaom yk*¾ dKvfrsm;u taxmuf
tuljyKMuonf/
ta&;ygaom EAFM oif½dk;&nfrSef;csufrsm;ESihftcsdefpm&if; oif½dk;a,bl,s&nfrSef;csuf
a*[pepfudktajccHonfY ig;vkyfief;qdkif&mpDrHcefYcGJrSK (EAFM) \ oabmw&m;ESihf vdktyfcsufudk
od&Sdem;vnfvmrnf/ ig;zrf;qD;jcif;vkyfief;a&&SnfpDrHcefYcGJ&ef EAFM pDrHcsufudk a&;qGJowfrSwfjcif;? taumif
txnfazmfjcif;ESihf apmihfMuyfMunhf½SKjcif;wdkYtwGuf vdktyfaom twwfynmrsm;? todynmrsm;udk &&Sdrnf/
þoif½dk;onf (5)&ufMum oif½d k;jzpfonf/
yxraeY - EAFM qdkonfrSmtb,fenf;ESifY tb,fYaMumifYoHk;&oenf; em;vnfvmap&ef
'kwd,aeY - EAFM odkYajymif;vJaqmif&Guf&mwGif bmawG yg&Sd&rnfudk od&Sdem;vnf&ef
wwd,aeY - EAFM pDrHcsuf vkyfief;pOfrsm;twGuf aqmif&Guf&ef
pwkw¬aeY - EAFM pDrHcsufrsm; taumifxnfaz:a&;aqmif&Guf&ef
yOöraeY - tzGJYvdkuf EAFM pDrHcsufrsm;udk wifjyMu&efwHkYjyefcsufrsm;&,l&ef
yxraeY ( Day 1 ) - bmaMumifYvJ? bmvJ
oifwef;om;rsm;rdwfqufjcif;ESihf oif½dk;a,bl,stjrif
þavhusihfcef;NyD;aemuf yg0ifwufa&mufolrsm;taejzifY atmufygwdkYudk &&Sdrnf od&Sdrnf/
• rdrdudk,fwdkifrdwfqufí þoifwef;tay: oif\arQmfvihfcsufrsm;ESihf &&SdvmrnfYtusdK;
• þoifcef;pm\ OD;wnfcsufrsm; &nfrSef;csufrsm;udkazmfjycsuf?
• oif\ig;vkyfief;u@ESihf qufpyfaeonfY a*[apepftay: &ifqdkifae&onfY Ncdrf;ajcmufrSKrsm;ESihf
jyóem rsm;udk azmfxkwf owfrSwfjcif;/
ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJjcif;ESihf a*[pepftajcjyKjcif;
þavhusihfcef;NyD;qHk;NyD;aemuf yg0ifwufa&mufolrsm;taejzifY atmufygwdkYudk &&Sd od&Sdrnf
• ig;zrf;qD;jcif;vkyfief;ESifY &ifqdkifae&aom Ncdrf;ajcmufrSKrsm;? jyóemrsm; udkajz&Sif;&ef vdktyfonfY
pDrHcefYcGJrSK topf wpfckvdktyfaMumif; oabmaygufvmrnf?
• vlrSKtzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif a*[pepfonf rnfuJYodkYtusdK;jzpfxGef;aprnfYtaMumif; od&Sdvmrnf?
• a*[pepfudktajccHonfYenf;vrf; qdkif&m (EA) \oabmw&m;taMumif;udk od&Sdem;vnfvmrnf?
• a*[pepfudktajccHonfYenf;vrf; toHk;csjcif;jzihf&&Sdaom tusdK;aus;Zl;tcsdKUudk azmfjywwfvmrnf/
EAFM qdkonfrSm rnfonfYt&menf;
þavhusihfcef;NyD;qHk;NyD;aemuf yg0ifwufa&mufolrsm;taejzifY atmufygwdkYudk &&Sd od&Sdvmrnf
• EAFM qdkwmbmvJudk od&Sdem;vnfvmrnf?
• EAFM toHk;jyKrSKaMumihf &&SdaomtusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;udk azmfjywwfvmrnf?
• tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;udk EAFM u rnfuJYodkYtm;jznhfay;edKifaMumif;udk &Sif;jywwfvmrnf?
• vltzGJUtpnf;trsdK;rsdK;wdkY\ &nf&G,fcsufrsm; ½ SKyfaxG;rSKrsm;udk od&Sdem;vnfvmrnf/
EAFM \Oya'orsm;
�oifcef;pmNyD;qHk;NyD;aemuf atmufygwdkYudk od&Sd &&Sdvmrnf
• EAFM wpfck\ tajccHrlrsm;ESifY FAO \ wm0efod ig;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf usihf0wf (CCRF) wdkY
qufpyfrSK&Sdjcif;udkvnf; od&Sdvmrnf/
EAFM qdkwmbmvJESihf oifb,favmufvkyfNyD;NyDvJ?
oifcef;pm NyD;qHk;onfhtcgwGif atmufygwdkYudk od&Sd &&Sdrnf
• EAFM tpdwfydkif; (3)ck t& Ncdrf;ajcmufrSKrsm;? jyóemrsm;udk jyefoHk;oyfEdkifrnf?
• EAFM udpötcsdKUudk aqmif&GufaeNyD;jzpfaMumif; od&Sdvmrnf?
• vuf&Sdig;vkyfief; vkyfaqmifcsuftavhtusihfrsm;udk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;ESifY rnfonfY EAFM udk
vkyfaqmifcJYNyD;aMumif; azmfxkwfowfrSwfEdkifrnf?
• EAFM qdkif&mtawGYtBuHKESifY uGm[csufrsm;udk azmfxkwfowfrSwfEdkifrnfjzpfNyD; a&SYquf
aqmif&Guf&ef jzpfedKifajc&SdonfYenf;vrf;rsm;tMum; uGm[csufrsm;udkazmfxkwfEdkifrnf/
'kwd,aeY ( DAY 2 ) – rnfodkYaqmif&GufrvJ
EAFM az:aqmif&efBudK;yef;rSK
oifcef;pmNyD;qHk;onhftcgwGif atmufygwdkYudk od&Sdem;vnfvmrnf -
• tcsdefMumjrifYvmonfESifYtrQ EAFM odkY ajymif;vJvkyfaqmif&ef tpdk;&wpf&yftaejzifY rnfodkY
pHerlem jyKedKifonfY EAFM tm; avYvmedKifrnfjzpf?
• ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmMumjrifYvmonfESifYtrQ EAFM odkYajymif;vJvkyfaqmifonfY jzpfpOfwGif yg0ifonfY
&dk;&Sif;aom vkyfief;aqmif&GufrSKqdkif&m wdk;wufrSKtm; em;vnfoabmaygufvmrnfjzpfonf/
• EAFM twGuf wdusowfrSwfxm;onfY trsdK;tpm; r&SdaMumif;? EdkifiH? tajctae? ½dk;&m
,Ofaus;rSKtay: tajccHyD; oD;jcm; vkyfaqmifonfY enf;vrf;&yf jzpfaMumif; od&Sdvmrnf?
• edKifiHwpfedKifiHtaejzifY EAFM odkY ajymif;vJvkyfaqmifrSKtm; rnfonfYtqifYwGif
a&muf&Sdaeonfudk pDppfqHk;jzwfEdkifrnf/
• edKifiHwpfedKifiHtaejzifY EAFM odkY ajymif;vJvkyfaqmif&mwGif &ifqdkifBuHKawGY&rnhf pdefac:rSKrsm;tm;
azmfxkwf owfrSwfEdkifrnf/
EAFM pDrHcsufrsm; - rl0g'ESihfvufawGYaqmif&GufrSKrsm;tMum;qufpyfrSK
oifcef;pm NyD;qHk;onhftcg atmufygwdkYudk od&Sdem;vnfvmrnf-
• rl0g'rS vkyfief;aqmif&GufrSKodkY ajymif;vJvkyfaqmif&mwGif xda&mufrSK&SdonfY tpDtpOfa&;qGJjcif;
ESifY pDrHcsufrsm; vdktyfcsuf&SdyHkudk em;vnfoabmaygufvmrnf/
EAFM vkyfief;tqifYqifYtay:NcHKiHkoHk;oyfjcif;
oifcef;pm NyD;qHk;onhftcg atmufygwdkYudk od&Sdem;vnfvmrnf-
• EAFM vkyfief;pOf\ t"duusonfYtqihfrsm;tm; azmfjyEdkifNyD; EAFM udk rnfuJYodkY pDrHcsuf
csrSwf&eff? taumifxnf azmf&efESihf apmifMuyfMunhf½SK&efwdkYudk azmfjyEdkifrnf?
• EAFM vkyfief;pOf\ pDrHcsufa&;qGJa&;qdkif&m tqihfrsm;udk azmfxkwfowfrSwfEdkifrnf?
• EAFM pDrHcsufESihf tuRrf;w0ifjzpfvmrnf/
tpjyKvkyfief;
(u) vkyfief;pwif&efjyifqifjcif;
oifcef;pm NyD;qHk;onhftcg atmufygwdkYudk od&Sdem;vnfvmrnf-
• EAFM vkyfief;pOfpwifjcif;ESifY yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJjcif;twGuf vdktyfonfYtpysdK;wm0efrsm;tm;
owfrSwf Edkifonf?
• ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folrsm;udk rnfuJYodkYazmfxkwfEdkifrnf/
(c) ig;vkyfief;&yfeSD;EG,fyg0ifywfoufolwdkY\ aqmif7Gufcsuf
oifcef;pm NyD;qHk;onhftcg atmufygwdkYudk od&Sdem;vnfvmrnf-
• ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folrsm;ESifY xdawGYqufqHedKif&ef yg0ifaqmif&GufrSKqdkif&m enf;vrf;rsm;tm;
owfrSwfEdkifrnf?
• ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folrsm;ESifY tpnf;a0;rsm;usif;y&ef rnfodkYpDpOfaqmif&Guf&rnfudk od&Sdem;vnf
vmrnf?
• yl;wGJpDrHcefYcGJa&;\ tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;udk od&Sdvmrnf/
wwd,aeY ( DAY 3 ) – pDrHcsufa&;qGJjcif;ESifY ppfaq;aqmif&Gufjcif;
tqihf (1) ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJa&;,lepf (FMU) \ t"dyÜm,fowfrSwfjcif;ESifY e,fyg,ftwdkif;twmpl;prf;jcif;
oifcef;pm NyD;qHk;onhftcg atmufygwdkYudk od&Sdem;vnfvmrnf-
• FMU t"dyÜm,fowfrSwfjcif;? e,fy,ftwdkif;wmrSef;qjcif;wdkYudk od&Sdem;vnfNyD; vufawGUvkyfudkif
vmEdkifrnf?
• arQmfrSef;csuf xm;&SdrSKtay: em;vnfoabmayguf&efESifY &&SdvmonfY arQmfrSef;csuftay:
oabmwl vufcHedKifrnf/
tqihf (2) jyóemrsm;ESihf yef;wdkifrsm;udk azmfxkwfowfrSwfíOD;pm;ay;jcif;
tqihf 2.1 rS 2.3 txd
oifcef;pm NyD;qHk;onhftcg atmufygwdkYudk od&Sdem;vnfvmrnf-
• FMU &Sd jyóemrsm;udk azmfxkwfowfrSwfEdkifrnf?
• BuKHawGY&rnfY tcuftcJrsm;tm; qef;ppfaqmif&Gufjcif;tm;jzifY OD;pm;ay; jyóemrsm;tm;
aqG;aEG;edKifrnf/
• EAFM pDrHcsufqdkif&m yef;wdkifrsm; jzpfxGef; ay:aygufedKifrnf/
tajctaetrSeftm;ppfaq;jcif; (1)
oifcef;pm NyD;qHk;onhftcg atmufygwdkYudk od&Sdem;vnfvmrnf-
• FMU yef;wdkifrsm;ESifYywfoufNyD; tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif tcGihftvrf;rsm;ESifY tuefYtowf rsm;tm;
azmfxkwf Edkifrnf?
• OD;wnftkyfpk (focus group discussions, FGDs) aqG;aEG;rSKjyK&mwGif yl;wGJpDrHcefYcGJrSKjyKonfY
rdwfbuftzGJYESifYtwl vkyfief;&yfrsm;tqifajyacsmarTYrSK &SdaponfY uRrf;usifrSKtm; toHk;jyKEdkifrnf?
• EAFM aqmif&Gufjcif;aMumifY ay:aygufvmrnfY tjiif;yGm;rSKqdkif&m pDrHcefYcGJ&efvdktyfrSKtm;
od&SdvmNyD; enf;pepftrsdK;rsdK;udk vufawGU toHk;csEdkifrnf/
tqihf (3.u) ? &nfrSef;csufrsm;? tñTef;udef;rsm;ESifY pHcsdefpHñTef;rSwfrsm;
tqifh 3.1 ESihf 3.2
oifcef;pm NyD;qHk;onhftcg atmufygwdkYudk od&Sdem;vnfvmrnf-
• pDrHcefYcGJrSK qdkif&m &nf&G,fcsufrsm; jzpfxGef;ay:aygufvmrnf/
• &nf&G,fcsufESifYqufpyfonfY tnTef;udef;rsm;? pHcsdefpHnTef;rsm; jzpfxGef;ay:aygufvmrnf/
tqihf (3.c) ? pDrHcefYcGJrSKvkyfief;rsm;? Oya'pnf;urf; vdkufemjcif;? b@ma&;ESihf EAFM pDrHcsuf
tNyD;oyfaqmif&Gufjcif;
tqihf 3.3 rS 3.5 txd
oifcef;pm NyD;qHk;onhftcg atmufygwdkYudk od&Sdem;vnfvmrnf-
• pDrHcefYcGJrSKqdkif&mvkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;tm; oabmwlnDjcif;ESifY tqdkygoabmwlnDxm;&SdonfY
vkyfief;aqmif&GufrSKrsm;tm; yg0ifywfowfolrsm;taejzifY rnfuJYodkY vdkufemusifYoHk; &rnfudk
od&Sdrnf/
• pDrHcsufwGif b@ma&;qdkif&m vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; yg0if&rnf/
• az:jyyg udpö&yfrsm;tm; pkpnf;í EAFM pDrHcsufudktNyD;owfaqmif&GufEdkifrnf/
pwkw¬aeY ( DAY 4 ) aqmif&Gufjcif;ESihfppfaq;jcif;
tqihf (4) ? pDrHcsuftaumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Gufjcif;
tqihf (4.1) ? pnf;urf;ESifYtnDaqmif&Guf? qufoG,f? yg0ifaqmif&Guf
oifcef;pm NyD;qHk;onhftcg atmufygwdkYudk od&Sdem;vnfvmrnf-
• taumifxnfaz:rnfYvkyfief;pDrHcsuf jzpfxGef;ay:aygufvma&;aqmif&GufedKifrnf/
• EAFM pDrHcsufudk w&m;0ifftwnfjyK csrSwfaqmif&Gufjcif;jzifY rnfodkY t"dyÜg,fzGifYqdkrnfudk
tESpfcsKyfaz:jyedKifrnf/
• qufoG,fa&;r[mAsL[mwpf&yf jzpfxGef;ay:aygufvmrnf/
tajctaetrSefppfaq;jcif; (2)
oifcef;pm NyD;qHk;onhftcg atmufygwdkYudk od&Sdem;vnfvmrnf-
• EAFM pDrHcsuf taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Gufjcif;\ tajctaet&yfay: ppfaq;edKifrnf/
• taumiftxnfaz:rSKonf EAFM t"durlrsm;ESihf udkufnDrSK&Sdr&Sd udk xnfYoGif;pOf;pm; Edkifrnf?
• vuf&SdwGif ywf0ef;usiftm; taxmufuljyKrSK &Sdae ygovm;udk vufawGUususk ppfaq;Edkifrnf?
• FMU yef;wdkifrsm;ESifYywfoufNyD; tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif tcGihftvrf;rsm;ESifY tuefYtowf rsm;tm;
jyefvnfoHk;oyfedKifrnf/
tqihf (5) ? apmihfMuyfMunhf½SK? tuJjzwfjcif;ESifY oifYovdkajymif;vJ,ljcif;
tqihf 5.1. ESihf 5.2
oifcef;pm NyD;qHk;onhftcg atmufygwdkYudk od&Sdem;vnfvmrnf-
• yef;wdkifESifY &nf&G,fcsufrsm;a&mufatmif pDrHcefYcGJrSKvkyfief;pOfrsm;tm; rnfuJYodkY aumif;rGefatmif
aqmif&Gufrnfudkk apmihfMuyfMunhf½SKEdkifrnf?
• rnfonhft&mudk apmihfMuyfMunhf½SK&rnfudk odvmrnf? bmaMumihf? b,ftcsdef rSmvJ? b,fvdkvJ?
b,folvkyfrSmvJ qdkonfudk em;vnfoabmaygufvmrnf?
• apmifMuyfMunhf½SKaom owif;rsm;? vkyfaqmifcsuftpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk qef;ppf tuJjzwf vmEdkifrnf?
• pDrHcsufudk jyefvnfoHk;oyfí vdkufavQmnDaxGatmif jyifoqifedKifrnf/
yOöraeY ( DAY 5 ) wifjyjcif;? oif,lwwfajrmufrSKudkazmfjyjcif;
oifwef;om;tzGJUvdkuf tcsuftvufwifjy&ef jyifqifjcif;
oifcef;pm NyD;qHk;onhftcg atmufygwdkYudk od&Sdem;vnfvmrnf-
• FMU tkyfpk EAFM pDrHcsufrsm;udkwifjyNyD;jzpfaernf/
oifwef;om;rsm;rS wifjyjcif;
• FMU tkyfpk EAFM pDrHcsufrsm;udkwifjyNyD;jzpfaernf? odkYr[kwf ydkrdkus,fjyefYonfY tzGJYodkY pDrHcsufESihf
ywfoufonfY enf;vrf;rsm; wifjyNyD;jzpfaernf/
• wifjycsufrsm;tay: wkHYjyefrSKudk &&SdNyD;jzpfaernf?
• tjcm;olrsm;\ wifjycsufrsm;tay: tjyKoabm wkHUjyefrSKrsdK;udk jyKvkyf NyD;jzpfrnf/
oif½dk;nTef;wrf; jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;ESifY wpfOD;csif;pD\ vkyfief;tpDtpOfa&;qGJjcif;
oifcef;pm NyD;qHk;onhftcg atmufygwdkYudk od&Sdem;vnfvmrnf-
• þoif½dk;nTef;wrf;rS t"duoif,lrSKudk aqG;aEG;NyD;jzpfrnf?
• vlwpfOD;csif;twGuf vkyfief;pDrHcsufESihf XmetwGuf aemufvmrnfhvkyfief;tqihfrsm;udk a&;qGJ
csrSwfNyD;jzpfrnf/ rlvtvkyf&Sd&modkY jyefoGm;aomtcg aqmif&Guf&ef jzpfonf/
oifwef;tuJjzwfjcif;
oifcef;pm NyD;qHk;onhftcg atmufygwdkYudk od&Sdem;vnfvmrnf-
• aemufqHk;oifwef;\ tuJjzwfyHkpHrsm;udk jznhfNyD;jzpfvdrhfrnf/
oifwef;NyD;qHk;jcif;ESihf atmifvufrSwfay;tyfjcif;
oifcef;pm NyD;qHk;onhftcg atmufygwdkYudk od&Sdem;vnfvmrnf-
• oifwef;qif;atmifvufrSwfudk oif&&SdNyd;jzpfvdrhfrnf/
twdkaumufpmvHk;rsm;
APFIC Asia Pacific Fishery Commission
ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations
BOBLME Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project
CBFM Community Based Fisheries Management
CBFMP Community Based Fisheries Management Plan
CCA Climate Change Adaptation
CCRF Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
COASTFISH Sustainable Coastal Fisheries and Poverty Reduction Initiative
CTI Coral Triangle Initiative
CTSP Coral Triangle Support Partnership
EA Ecosystem Approach
EAF Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries
EAFM Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management
EAFM LEAD EAFM Leaders, Executives and Decision Makers (training course)
EBM Ecosystem Based Management
EBFM Ecosystem Based Fisheries Management
EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FIP Fisheries Improvement Plan
FMP Fisheries Management Plan
FMU Fisheries Management Unit
GEF Global Environment Facility
ICM Integrated Coastal Management
IOTC Indian Ocean Tuna Commission
IMU Integrated Management Unit
IPB Faculty of Fisheries at Bogor University, Indonesia
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
ITQ Individual Transferable Quota
IUU Illegal Unregulated and Unreported
IWM Integrated Watershed Management
LME Large Marine Ecosystem
LMMA Locally Managed Marine Area
MCS Monitoring, Control and Surveillance
MOU Memorandum of Understanding
MPA Marine Protected Area
MSP Marine Spatial Planning
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA
NORAD Norwegian Agency for International Development
PEMSEA Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia
PI Program Integrator
PM&E Planning Monitoring & Evaluation
PSC Project Steering Committee
RFMAC Regional Fisheries Management Advisory Committee
RFMO Regional Fisheries Management Organization
SEAFDEC Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Centre
SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
SPC Secretariat of the Pacific Community
TAC Total Allowable Catch
TDA Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis
TOT Training of Trainers
TROM Target Resource Oriented Management
TURF Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries
USAID US Agency for International Development
USCTI US Coral Triangle Initiative
Glossary (ynm&yfqdkif&ma0g[m&rsm;)
toHk;tESKef;rsm;\a0g[m&pm&if;
Modules wGif NyHK;aeaomyHkwpfyHkHawGUygu xkdpum;tokH;tESKef;rSm a0g[m& pm&if;wGif &SdaMumif;
azmfñ Tef;onf/
Acidification - tufqpfwdk;vmjcif;
ork'´&mxJ tufqpfwdk;vmjcif;qdkonfrSm ork'´&m\ pH udkavsmhcsaom jzpfpOfudk qkdvdkonf/ Oyrm
avxkxJrS CO2 yifv,fa&xJaysmf0ifjcif;? odkYr[kwf obm0jzpfpOfrsm; t&jzpfap? vlwdkYvkyfaqmifrSK
aMumihfjzpfap? yifv,fa&xJodkY tjcm;"mwkypönf; a&muf&Sdvmjcif; wdkYjzpfonf/ Acidification onf rnfonhf
trSwfrS rnfonhftrSwfodkYjzpfap pH avsmhusjcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ (Wood Hole Oceanographic Institution;
http://www. whoi.edu/OCB-OA/page.do?pid=112096).
Adaptive Management - oihfavsmfovdk jyKjyifajymif;vJ,lEd kifaom pDrHcefYcG JrSK
,ciftoHk;jyKcJhaomrl0g'rsm;? usihfpOfrsm;rS&&Sdvmaom tajzrsm;rS oifcef;pm,lí pDrHcefYcGJrSKrl0g'rsm;?
usihfpOfrsm;udk pOfqufrjywfwdk;wufap&ef pepfwus jyKvkyfaom vkyfief;pOf/
Artisanal fishery - wpfEdkifwpfyd kifig;vkyfief;? tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;
orm;½dk;us ½dk;&migzrf;avSrsm;? ig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm;udkd toHk;jyKíaqmif&Gufaom tao;pm; ig;vkyfief;?
(Small scale artisanal fishery udkMunhfyg)/
Benchmark - pHcsdefpHñTef;trSwf
wdkif;wm&efESihfqHk;jzwf&ef ]]pH}} (pHtrSwf)wpfck/ oifrnfodkYoGm;rnf (target) ?oifb,fu vmcJhonf
(baseline) odkYr[kwf oifroGm;vdkaomae&m (limit) wdkYudk azmfjyonf/
Benthic - a&atmufMurf;jyifwGif&S daom
a&xkwpfck\ atmufMurf;jyifwGif&Sdaom odkYr[kwf ywfoufaom/ a&atmufMurf;jyifwGif aexdkif
&SifoefMuaom ouf&Sdrsm;rSm tPÖ0gtpmuGef,ufwGif ta&;BuD;onf? atmufyg rsdK;pdwfwdkYyg0ifonf/
*Pef;rsm;? ausmufykpGefrsm;? c½k? urmponfrsm;? yifv,fa&arSmfyifrsm;? ,if;wdkYudk vlwdkUutpm;tpmtjzpf
odkYr[kwf tjcm;toHk;0ifypönf;tjzpf zrf;,l xkwf,l Muonf/
Biodiversity - ZD0rsdK;pH krs dK;uGJ
tqihftrsdK;rsdK;&Sd rwlnDuGJjym;aom ouf&Sdrsm;/ tqihftaejzihf genes rS ecosystem txd (gene →
species population → community → ecosystem) / Biodiversity qdk&mü pkpkaygif; rsdK;pdwf ta&twGufudk
aygif;½Hkomr[kwf? atmufygo½kyfvu©PmwdkYudkyg xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;onf/ rsdK;wkef;aysmufuG,fjcif;? tcsdKU
rsdK;pdwfavsmhoGm;jcif;? wdk;vmjcif;? tjcm;rsdK;pdwfrsm; 0ifa&mufae&m,ljcif;? rsdK;pyfujym;jzpfoGm;jcif;?
Zmwd&yfajrqkwf,kwfjcif;ESihf a*[aA'pepf jzpfpOf ajymif;vJjcif;/
Biota - ouf&Sdpkpkaygif;
a'owpfck&Sd tyif (flora) ESihf taumif (fauna) tm;vHk;pkpkaygif;? Biota onf ecosystem \
tpdwftydkif; wpfckjzpfonf/ (biotic component ESihf abiotic component owdjyK)/
Capture fisheries - ig;zrf;vkyfief; (zrf;qD;onhfvkyfief;)
obm0twdkif;&Sdaeaom ig;rsm;udk ud&d,mtrsdK;rsdK;? enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzihf zrf;,ljcif;? (Oyrm '½GwfqGJydkuf?
ydkuf? 0dkif;ydkuf? axmifacsmuf(NrH§K;)? twm;tqD;(wm;ykduf)? ig;vkyfief; (fishery) [laom pum;&yfrSm
arG;jrLxm;aom ig;rsm;(aquaculture) odkYr[kwf obm0t½dkif;wGif&Sdaom ig;rsm;udkzrf;,ljcif; (capture
fishery) udkqdkvdkonf/
Climate - &moDOwk
&Snfvsm;aomumvwpfck (yHkpHtm;jzihf ESpf 30)twGif;&Sd rdk;av0otajcae yQrf;rQjcif;jzpfonf/
oifarQmfrSef;onfrSm climate oif&&SdonfrSm weather, (IPCC, 2001)
Climate change - &moDOwkajymif;vJrSK
od&SdawGUjrifEdkifaom &moDOwktajctaeajymif;vJjcif; (Oyrm-pm&if;Z,m;aA' cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;
enf;jzihf) &moDOwkqdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;\ yQrf;rQudef; (mean) ESihf odkYr[kwf uJGjym;jcm;em;rSKrsm;\
tajymif;tvJwdkYrSm &Snfvsm;aomtcsdefumvwpfck (&mpkrsm;pGmodkYr[kwf ydkaomumv) wGif jzpfysuf
aeonfudkqdkvdkonf/ (IPCC, 2001)
Climate change Adaptation (CCA) - &moDOwkajymif;vJrSKESih f vdkufavsmnDaxGjyKjyif,ljcif;
&moDOwk tajymif;vJaMumifh communities (ecosystem atmufwpfqifh) rsm;? a*[aA' pepfrsm;u
oihfwifhrQwapaom? tqifajyatmif aqmif&Gufay;aom? tcGihfaumif;&,l apaom? vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;
vkyfEdkif&ef ulnDay;aomvkyfief;pOf/
Coastal and marine spatial planning - urf;ajcESih f tP Ö0gjyifa'ot0ef;t0dkif; ({&d,m) pDrHcsuf
urf;ajcESihf tPÖ0ga&jyifwGif vlom;wdkY\ {&d,mtvdkuf? tcsdeftvdkuf vkyfaqmifcsuf rsm;\ ysHUESHUrSK
(tajctae)udk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm? pDpOfay;&efjynfolwdkY yg0ifaom vkyfief;jzpfpOf wpfckjzpfonf/ &nf½G,fcsufrSm
a*[aA'? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrSKa&;½SKa'gifh toD;oD;\ &nfrSef;csuf rsm; aygufajrmuf&efjzpfonf/ ,if;udpöudk
oD;oefYEdkifiHa&; jzpfpOfwpfckrSwpfqifh aqmif&Guf&onf/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif tPÖ0gjyif{&d,m (t0dkif;t0ef;)
pDrHcsuf (MSP) ESihf tjyeftvSef aqmif&Guf&onf/ (Ehler and Douvere, 2009)/
Co-management - yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcG JrSK
ig;vkyfief;rsm;ESihf yifv,furf;ajca'o t&if;tjrpfrsm; pDrHcefYcGJ&efwm0efESihf tmPmrsm;udk
t"duyg0ifywfoufolrsm;ESifh tpdk;&rsm;Mum; rQa0aqmif&GufMuaom tpDtpOfjzpfí tmPmcGJa0rSK
tqihfqihf yg0ifonf/ (a'o? c½d kif? wdkif;? EdkifiHawmf ponf)/
Code of conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) - wm0efodig;vkyfief;rsm;usihf0wf
ukor*¾ FAO tzGJUBuD;rS a&;qGJcsrSwfxm;onhf apwemh0efxrf;vrf;ñ Tef (rvdkufem rae&r[kwf)
pmtkyfjzpfonf/ ig;vkyfief;rsm;ESihf ig;arG;jrLa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk a&&Snfwdk;wuf wnfwHhap&ef rnfuJhodkY
aqmif&Guf&rnfhrlrsm;yg0ifonf/
Community based management (CBM) - a'ocHtzGJUpnf;tajccHaom pDrHcefYcG JrSK
a'ocHrsm;u aqmif&Gufaom pDrHcefYcGJrSKpDrHcsufESihf taumiftxnfazmfrSK wdkYjzpfonf/
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) - ZD0rsdK;pH krs dK;uGJnDvmcH (EdkifiHrsm;Mum; oabm wlnDcsuf)
1990 ckESpfwGif usif;ycJhaom Rio Earth Summit wGif EdkifiHaygif; 150 rS acgif;aqmif rsm;u
vufrSwfxdk;cJhMuonf/ a&&SnfwnfwHhaom zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrSK (sustainable development) &&Sda&;jzpfonf/
Biodiversity qdkonfrSm tyifrsm;? taumifrsm;? ouf&Sdrsm;ESihf ,if;wdkY a*[aA'pepfrsm;xuf ydkí
us,fjyefYonfqdkonfudk oabmwlvufcHMuonf/ vlom;wdkYtaMumif;? pm;eyf&du©mvHkNcHKa&;udpö? aq;0g;?
av^a&aumif; av^a&oefY? aexdkifcdkvSHK&m ae&mESihf oefY&Sif;usef;rmaom ywf0efusiftaMumif;udp örsm;
ygyg0ifonf/ (CBD website http:// www.cbd.int/convention/)
Demersal - a&atmufMurf;jyifESih f Murf;jyifteD;ESih f ywfoufaom/
Oyrm - a&atmufMurf;jyifESihf Murf;jyifteD;aeaom ig;rsm; (pelagic tay:,H rsufESmjyif rsm;wGif
aeaomig;rsm;ESihfuGJ)/
Demersal fishery - a&atmufMurf;jyifESih f teD;aeig;rsm;udk zrf;aomig;vkyfief; (Pelagic fishery
ESihfrwl)/
Development - vlom;b0om,m0ajyma&;udk wdk;wufaponf/ (atmufwGifMunhfyg)/ owdjyK&ef -
Sustainable development rSm a&&SnfwnfwHh&rnfh development jzpfonf/
Ecological well-being - a*[pepfaumif;rGefa&;/
a*[aA'pepf\ usef;rma&;? ZD0rsdK;pHkrsdK;uGJ? taxmufuljyK taqmufttHkrsm;? ouf&SdwdkY
taetxdkifrsm;? tpmuGef,ufrsm; aumif;rGefonhftajctae/
Ecosystem - a*[pepf
tweftoihfNyD;jynhfpHkaom pepfwpfckjzpfí ,if;pepfwGif tyifrsm;? taumifrsm; (vltygt0if)? micro-
organisms (rsufpdjzihfrjrif&aom ouf&Sdrsm;) oufrJhrsm;? (ouf&Sd tpdwfydkif;rsm;? oufrJhtpdwfydkif;rsm;)
yg0ifaom ywf0ef;usifwpfck jzpfonf/ xdkYtwl ,if;wdkYtm;vHk;tcsif;csif; qufpyfywfoufwkHYjyefrSKrsm;
yg0ifon/ (SPC, 2010)
Ecosystem Approach (EA) - a*[pepf½S Ka'gihfrS csOf;uyfjcif;
ajr? a&ESihf ouf&Sdt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk bufpHkpDrHcefYcGJaom r[mAsL[mwpf&yfjzpfí xdef;odrf;jcif;?
wm&SnfcH&ef toHk;jyKjcif;wdkYudk omwlnDrQ&&Sdap&ef aqmif&Gufay;onf/ (CBD, 2000) / rsm;aomtm;jzihf
a*[aA'pepf tajcjyKpDrHcefYcGJrSKESifh tjyeftvSef a&moHk;onf/
Ecosystem – based management (EBM) - a*[aA'pepftajcjyKpDrHcefYcG JrSK
ZD0aA'qdkif&m? vlrSKa&;qdkif&m? pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m tcsufrsm;udk NyD;jynhfpHkaom r[mAsL[m wpfcktwGif;
xnhf0ifpkpnf;ay;aom pDrHcefYcGJrSKvkyfief;abmifwpfck jzpfonf/ &nf½G,fcsufrSm obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;
umuG,fa&;? wnfwHhcdkifNrJa&;udk wdk;wufapa&;? ZD0rsdK;pHkrsdK;uGJESihf xkwfvkyfrSKudk wkd;wufapa&;wdkYjzpfonf/
EBM onf a*[aA'pepf taqmufttHk? ,if;pepf\ vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;? t"dujzpfpOfrsm;udk
umuG,fa&;udk tav;ay;aqmif&Gufonf/ oD;oefY a*[aA'pepfwpfcktay:ESihf ,if;pepftay:
oufa&mufrSK trsdK;rsdK;udkvnf; ae&mtajccHí tm½Hkpdkufaqmif&Gufonf/ xdkYtwl pepfrsm;tcsif;csif;
tjyeftvSefqufpufyHk (Oyrm - av? ajr ESihf yifv,frsm;tMum;) wdkYudk uGufuGufuGif;uGif;ay:vGifatmif
&Sif;jyonf/ xdkYtwl a*[aA'qdkif&m? vlrSKa&;qdkif&m? pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mESifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;qdkif&mudk
pkpnf;aqmif&Gufonf/ azmfjyygtcsuftm;vHk;wdkY wpfckay:wpfck jyif;xefaom tjyeftvSef rSDcdkrSK&Sdonfudk
todrSwfjyKonf/ (COMPASS Scientific Consensus Statement) / EBM udk rsm;aomtm;jzihf EA ESihf
tjyeftvSefa&moHk;onf/
Ecosystem approach to fisheries management. EAFM a*[pepftm; tajccHonfY
ig;vkyfief;rsm;pDrHcefYcG JrSK
OD;wnfzrf;qD;onhf rsdK;pdwfrsm; a&&SnfwnfwHha&;twGufom tm½Hkpdkufaom ig;vkyfief;rsm; pDrHcefYcGJrSK
pepfrsm;rS a&SmifxGufí ydkrdktv;HkpHkaom csOf;uyfrSKjzihf aqmif&Gufaom pDrHcefYcGJrSK pepfjzpfonf/ EAFM onf
a*[pepfaumif;rGefapa&;ESifh vlom;b0om,m0ajyma&;wdkYudk ñ SdESKdif;rQway;aom pepfrsm;ESihf qHk;jzwfcsuf
csrSwfa&; jzpfpOfodkY OD;wnfonf/ wdk;wufaom tkyfcsKyfrSKabmiftwGif;rS aqmif&Gufonf/ (qdkvdkonfrSm
Sustainable development &&Sd&efvufawGUusaom enf;vrf;wpfckjzpfonf)/ EAFM onf tPÖ0g a*[aA'
pepfrS us,fjyefYaomxkwfvkyfrSK? 0efaqmifrSK tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;udk aemifvmrnhf tem*wf rsdK;qufopfwdkU
twGufvnf; xdcdkufrSKr&SdapyJ? ,ckvuf&Sd vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ rsm;jym;vSaom vdktyfcsuf? vdkvm;csuf
rsm;udkvnf; jznhfqnf;aqmif&Gufay;onf/ (Garcia et al., 2003; FAO, 2003, 2011)/
Ecosystem approach to fisheries management Plan (EAFM Plan) - a*[pepftajccHaom EAFM pDrHcsuf
ydkívufcHEdkifaom? ydkía&&SnfwnfwHhaom? a'ocHwdkUtwGuf ydkítusdK;aus;Zl; &Sdaom ig;vkyfief; wpfck
jzpfvma&;twGuf &nfrSef;csufrsm;? pkaygif;pDrHcefYcGJrSK tpDtpOfrsm;udk tusOf;csKyf azmfjyxm;aom vkyfief;
pDrHcsufabmifwpfckjzpfonf/
Ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) a*[aA'pepftajcjyK ig;vkyfief; pDrHcefYcG JrSK
a*[pepfudktajccHaom ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrSK tpdwfydkif;wpfckjzpfí u@wpfck tay:wGifom
OD;wnfxm;onf/ ig;vkyfief;wdkY\ usef;rma&;ESihf xkwfvkyfrSKwdkYtay: ywf0ef;usifoufa&mufrSKESihf
ig;vkyfief;u tPÖ0ga*[aA' pepfqdkif&m tcsuftm;vHk;ay: oufa&mufrSK (2)ck pvHk;tay: EBFM u
xnYfoGif; pOf;pm;onf/ rMumcP EBFM ukd EAFM ESihf tjyeftvSef a&maxG;oHk;pJGonf/
Ecosystem goods and services a*[pepfxkwfvkyfrSKrsm;ESih f 0efaqmifrSKrsm;
a*[pepfrsm;rS vlwdkY&&Sdaom tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;udkqdkvdkonf/ Oyrmrsm; - tpm;tpm ESihf a&&&Sda&;
0efaqmifrSKrsm;? a&BuD;jcif;? a&m*gxdef;csKyfjcif;uJhodkY xdef;csKyfaom 0efaqmifrSKrsm;? ,Ofaus;rSK a&;&m
0efaqmifrSKrsm;? Oyrm- pdwfydkif;qdkif&m? ,Ofaus;rSKqdkif&m tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;? ulnDyHhydk;aom 0efaqmif rSKrsm;?
Oyrm- "mwfajrMoZmrsm;vnfywfjcif;? pGefYypönf;rsm;zsufqD;ypfjcif; - txufyg tcsufrsm;onf urÇmay:&Sd
ouf&SdwdkY\tajctaeudk xdef;odrf;umuG,fay;onf/
Facilitator - tusdK;aqmif&Gufol
tm;vHk;vufcHEdkifaomtajz (&v'f) wpfckck&&Sd&ef vlrsm;tcsif;csif; tjyeftvSef qufqH&mwGif (Oyrm-
tpnf;ta0;yGJwpfckwGif) pDrHaqmif&Gufol/
Fish finders - ig;&Smud&d,mrsm;
pD;yGm;jzpf ig;vkyfief;BuD;rsm;wGif ig;tkyfpkrsm;&SmazG&ef toHwkefESKef;jrihf pufud&d,m rsm;udk
oHk;Muonf/ pufud&d,mrS toHudkatmufodkY vTihfxkwfvdkufNyD; a&atmufMurf;jyif odkYr[kwf ig;tkyfpkrS
yJhwifoHjyefvnfonf/ oabFmESihf ig;tkyfpktuGma0;udkvnf; odEdkifonf/ pufud&d,m (2)rsdK;udk oHk;onf/
wpfrsdK;rSm (echo sounder) jzpfí toHonf atmufwnhfwnhfodkYoGm;NyD; a&atmufMurf;jyif odkYr[kwf
ig;tkyfpk&Sd&m a&teufudkazmfjyonf/ (Encyclopedia Britannica; http://global brittanica com/EB
checked/topic/208570/fish-finder) Fisheries management - ig;vkyfief;rsm;pDrHcefYcG JrSK
ig;zrf;&mrS vlom;wdkY&&Sdaom tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm; wdk;wufvmap&ef bufpHkvkyfief;pOf wpfckjzpfonf/
atmufygvkyfaqmifcsufwdkYyg0ifonf/ (1) owif;tcsuftvufrsm;pkjcif;? (2) cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;? (3)
pDrHcsufcsjcif;? (4) wdkifyifaqG;aEG;jcif;? (5) qHk;jzwfcsufcsjcif;? (6) t&if;tjrpfrsm;ae&mcscGJa0jcif;? (7)
ig;vkyfief;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk tkyfcsKyfaomOya' pnf;urf;rsm;a&;qGJcsrSwfjcif;? taumiftxnfazmfjcif;ESihf
pnf;urf;xdef;jcif;wdkY yg0ifonf/ t"du&nf½G,fcsufrSm t&if;tjrpfrsm; xkwfvkyfrSKudk qufvufaqmif&Guf
Edkif&efESihf ig;vkyfief;\ tjcm;aom &nfrSef;csufrsm; aygufajrmuf&efjzpfonf/
Fishery management Unit (FMU) - ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcG JrSK,lepf
ig;vkyfief;rsm;pDrHcefYcGJ&mwGif a*[pepfudktajccHa&; acgif;pOfatmufwGif aqmif&Gufaom
{&d,mwpfck\a*[aA'pepfESihf ig;vkyfief;jzpfonf/ FMU onf oD;oefY ig;vkyfief;wpfck jzpfEdkifonf/ Oyrm
- '&GwfqGJydkufvkyfief; ? odkYr[kwf oD;oefYt&if;tjrpfwpfck? Oyrm-ykpGefzrf;jcif;? odkYr[kwf yx0D0if
ae&mwpfck/
Fishery resource - ig;vkyfief;t&if;tjrpf
zrf;aomig;rsm;udkqdkvdkonf/ ig;qdk&mwGif c½k? urmrsm;? ykpGef*Pefrsm;? a&aeowå0grsm;vnf; ygonf/
Fishing right - ig;zrf;cGih f
oD;oefYig;zrf;vkyfief;wpfck aqmif&GufEdkif&ef cGihfjzpfonf/ cGihfqdk&mü e,fajrtoHk;jyKcGihf (territorial use
right TURF) wenf;tm;jzifh qif;&Jaomtao;pm; ig;vkyfief;orm;rsm;twGuf 0ifa&mufzrf;qD;EdkifcGihf jzpfí
0ifa&mufrSK uefYowfonhfpepfygonf/ (Oyrm -ig;zrf;cGihf jyKonhf &ufrsm;? vlwpfOD;csif; ajymif;vGJ
,ledkifaomcGJwrf; (individual transferable quota, ITQ)
Food security - pm;eyf&du ©mzlvHkrSK
yHkrSef&aom? vHkavmufaom tpm&&SdrSK? oihfavsmfaom? vHkavmufaomtpm&&SdrSK? tajccHvdktyfaom
tm[m&&&Sda&;twGuf tpmpm;jcif;? tpmjyKjyifcsufjyKwfjcif; ponfwdkY yg0ifygonf/
Food web - tpmuGef,uf
qufpyfywfouf? rSDwnfaeMuaom tpmuGif;quf (food chains) rsm; pepfudk qdkvdkonf/
Goal - yef;wdkif
yef;wdkifqdkonfrSm pDrHcefYcGJrSKjzihftm;xkwfí a&&SnfwGif&&Sdvdkaom &v'fwpfck jzpfonf/
Good governance - aumif;rGefaomtkyfcsKyfrSK
Governance t"dyÜm,fowfrSwfcsufudk atmufwGifMunhfyg/ atmufygwdkYyg0ifaom tkyfcsKyfrSK qdkvdkonf/
(1) trsm;oabmwlnDrSK&,ljcif;? (2) yg0ifywfoufvkyfudkifjcif;? (3) wm0ef,ljcif;? (4) yGihfvif;jrifomjcif;?
Oya'? pnf;urf;vdkufemjcif;? (6) jyefvnfwkHYjyefjcif;? (7) rQwjcif;ESihf tm;vHk;yg0ifjcif;? (*)
pGrf;&nfjynhf0jcif;ESihf xda&mufjcif;/
Governance - tkyfcsKyfrSK
Oya'? pnf;urf;rsm;udk csrSwf&efESihf taumifxnfazmf&ef xda&mufaom zGJUpnf;jcif; rsm;ESihf
tpDtpOfrsm;udkqdkvdkonf/ atmufygvkyfaqmifcsufwdkY yg0ifonf/ pDrHjcif;ESihf taumiftxnf azmfjcif;
pepfrsm;? jynfoljynfom;rsm;ESihf tkyfcsKyfaom tzGJUrsm; rdrdwdkYvdkvm;csuf rsm;udk azmfxkwfaomjzpfpOfrsm;?
tzJGUpnf;pepfrsm;? rwlnDrSKrsm;udk ñ SdESdKif;ay;jcif;? w&m;0if vkyfydkifcGihfrsm;udkvkyfí wm0ef0wå&m;twdkif;
aqmif&Gufjcif; ponfwdkYyg0ifonf/ aumif;rGefaom tkyfcsKyfrSKqdk&mwGif pnf;urf;Oya' vdkufem&efESihf
pnf;urf;xdef;odrf;&ef vHkavmufaom t&if;tjrpf (vl? aiG? ypönf;)ESihf vHkavmufaom tpDpOfrsm; &Sdjcif;
wdkYvnf; yg0ifonf/
Habitat – ig;aeig;xdkifrsm;
ig;ESihftjcm; a&t&if;tjrpfouf&Sdrsm; (tyif+taumif) aexdkif&mywf0ef;usifjzpfonf/ ,if; ouf&SdwdkY
ywfvnfESihf ,if;wdkYtay:oufa&mufrSKrsm; tm;vHk;yg0ifonf/ Oyrm-a&t&nftaoG;? Murf;jyif&Sd tyifrsm;?
qufpyfrsdK;pdwfrsm; (tpm&&Sda&;tyg0if)/
Human well-being - vlom;b0om,m0ajyma&;
vlYtzGJUtpnf;\ usef;rma&;? ynma&;? pm;eyf&du©mvHkNcHKrSK? EdkifiHa&;toHESihf EdkifiHa&;vTrf;rdk;rSK?
aexdkif&mywf0ef;usif? pD;yGm;a&;vHkNcHKrSKESihf ab;tEå&m,frS vHkNcHKrSKwdkU tm;vHk;\ tajctaeaumif;udk
qdkvdkonf/
Indicator - tñTef;
a*[aA'pepf\ oD;oefYtpdwftydkif;wpf&yf\ vuf&Sdtajctaeudk wdkif;wmaom Variable (trsdK;rsdK;uGJjym;rSKñ Tefjy) wpfck? (Pointer) vufwHwpfck? odkYr[kwf tñ Tef;udef;(index) wpfckjzpfonf/
Benchmark (pHtrSwf) wpfckESifh ESdKif;,SOfaomtcgwGif &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESihf vkyfaqmifcsuf qufpyfrSKudk
indicator uazmfjyonf/
Integrated Management - bufpHkpDrHcefUcG JrSK
pDrHcefYcGJa&;udk cGJjcm;vkyfief;wpfckpDtjzpfvnf;aumif;? rsOf;NydKifyHkpH odkYr[kwf tqihfvdkuf yHkpHjzihf
vnf;aumif;? aqmif&Gufjcif;r[kwfyJ? tm;vHk;NydKifwlESihf twlwuG yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufonfh jzpfpOfjzpfonf/
bufpHk&nfrSef;csufrsm;? yef;wdkifrsm;udk wpfNydKifwnf; aygufajrmufap&efjzpfonf/ yx0D0iftaexm;&
odkYr[kwf pDrHcefYcGJrSK {&d,mt& OD;pm;ay; twdkif;twmay:rlwnfí bufpHkaqmif&Gufonf/ Governance
½SKa'gihfrSMunhfvQif u@aygif; pHkwGif vkyfudkifonfudkqdkvdkonf/
Integrated coastal management (ICM) - urf;&dk;wef;a'obufpHkpDrHcefYcG Ja&;
,if;onf urf;&dk;wef;a'o{&d,mwpfcktm; pDrHcefYcGJ&ef a*[pepf tajccHí aqmif&Gufjcif; jzpfonf/
pOfqufrjywfoGm;aeaom jzpfpOfpepfwpfckjzpfí tPÖ0gjyifESihf urf;&dk;wef;{&d,mwdkYwGif jzpfay:aom
jyóemrsm; (NydKifbufjyóemrsm;) udk pDrHcefYcGJ&ef pepfusaom vkyfief;pOf wpfckjzpfonf/
obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm; trsdK;pHktoHk;jyKjcif;wdkYudk pDrHcefYcGJ&efvnf;yg0ifonf/ ICM \ vufawGU usihfpOfrsm;
taejzihf xda&mufaomtkyfcsKyfrSK? wuf<upGmyl;aygif;aqmif&GufrSK? vufawGUusaom ñ§ dESdKif;rSK r[mAsL[mrsm;?
a&&SnfwnfwHhaom aiGaMu;t&if;tjrpfrsm;? tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ pGrf;&nfwdk;jr§ihfjcif;rsm;yg0ifonf/ ICM \
pDrHrSK atmufwGif qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf&mwGif urf;ajcESihf tPÖ0gjyif{&d,mwdkUudk a&&SnftoHk;jyKEdkif&ef
zGHUNzdK;vmap&efESihf umuG,f&efwdkYyg0if onf/
Integrated watershed management (IWM) - a&a0ukef;wef;bufpHkpDrHcefYcG Ja&;
a&t&if;tjrpfrsm; pDrHcefYcGJa&; r[mAsL[mwpf&yf wdk;wufjzpfxGef;vm&ef oihfavsmfaom tvkyf
abmifwpfckjzpfonf/
Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported fishing (IUUF) - w&m;r0ifaom? pnf;urf;rvdkufemjcif;ESih f
owif;yd k Y&efysufuGufaom ig;zrf;jcif;vkyfief;
a'owGif;qdkif&m ig;vkyfief;rsm;pDrHcefYcGJa&;tzGJU (Regional Fisheries Management Organization, RFMO) wGif tzGJU0ifjzpfaom EdkifiHrsm;rS ig;zrf;oabFmrsm;u Oya'udkcsdK;azgufí ig;zrf;jcif;odkYr[kwf EdkifiHwpfck\
a&jyifwGif cGihfjyKcsufr&SdyJzrf;jcif;wdkYonf w&m;r0if ig;zrf;jcif;jzpfonf/ owif;ay;ydkYrSK r&Sdaom
ig;zrf;jcif;qdkonfrSm zrf;rdaomig; (trsdK;tpm;? yrmP) udk oufqdkif&m EdkifiHtmPmydkifodkYr[kwf RFMO odkY
owif;rydkYjcif;? trSeftwdkif; owif;rydkYjcif;wdkY jzpfonf/ rxdef;csKyfaom ig;zrf;jcif; qdkonfrSm EdkifiHr&Sdaom
(razmfjyaom) ig;zrf;oabFmrsm;? RFMO tzGJU0ifEdkifiHrsm;\ tvHudkrvTihfxlxm;aom ig;zrf;oabFmrsm;
jzpfMuí Oya'? pnf;urf;vdkufem&ef rvdk[k ,lqMuonf/ (FAO, 2002)
Large-scale Industrial fishery - pD;yGm;jzpftBuD;pm;ig;zrf;vkyfief;rsm;
BuD;rm;aomig;zrf;oabFmrsm;? BuD;rm;aomig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm;? acwfrDqef;jym;aom enf;pepf?
tm;aumif;aompuf (tif*sif) BuD;rsm;jzihf ig;zrf;jcif; (ig;vkyfief;BuD; tpdwftydkif; wpfcktaejzihf yg0ifonf)
jzpfonf/ ig;zrf;oabFmwdkYudk udk,fwdkifzrf;oluydkifqdkifonf odkYr[kwf ukrÜPDBuD;rsm;u ydkifqdkifonf/
Limited access – vkyfief;aqmif&GufrSK tcGif Ytvrf;? uefYowf{&d,m
t&if;tjrpfxdef;odrf;&ef ig;zrf;avS oabFmrsm;? odkYr[kwf a&vkyfom;rsm;\ ta& twGufudk uefYowf
xm;aom ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrSK pepfwpfckjzpfonf/
Management goal - pDrHcefYcG JrSKyef;wdkif
vdkvm;aom &v'ftajzwpfckjzpfí us,fjyefYaomoabm&Sdonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzihf oD;oefY
taMumif;t&mwpfckygonf/ (Oyrm- ywf0ef;usiftwGufyef;wdkif odkYr[kwf a'ocH ig;zrf; olrsm;twGuf
yef;wdkif)? yef;wdkifrsm;udk rsm;aomtm;jzihf ta&wGufyrmPjzihf razmfjyEdkifyg/ atmifjrif&ef tcsdef owfrSwf
csufvnf; &Sdrnfr[kwfyg/ (Vision and objectives Munhf)
Management actions - pDrHcefYcG JrSKvkyfief; aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;
pDrHcefYcGJrSK&nfrSef;csuf&&Sd&ef oD;oefYvkyfaqmifcsufrsm; (xdef;csKyfrSKrsm;) jzpfí ig;zrf;ud&d,m xdef;csKyf
jcif;? ig;zrf;{&d,mESihf tcsdefydwfjcif;^&yfpJjcif;? (MPA Munhf)? ig;zrf;&ef tm;xkwfrSKtay: t0if txGuf
xdef;csKyfjcif;? a*[aA'pepfudk uRrf;usifpGmudkifwG,f ukvm;zefxdk;jcif;? odkYr[kwf tkyfcsKyfrSKvkyfaqmifcsuf
rsm;udk xdef;csKyfjcif;wdkYyg0ifonf/
Mariculture - a&iefa'opdkufysdK;arG;jrLjcif;? tP Ö0gpdkufysdK;arG;jrLjcif;
yifv,fouf&Sdrsm;udk ,if;wdkY\ Zmwd&yfajrwGifvnf;aumif;? ,if;wdkYudk pdkufysdK;^arG;jrL&ef wnfaqmuf
xm;aom ae&m^ypönf;rsm;? Oyrm- a&uefrsm;? avSmiftdrfrsm;? NcHi,frsm;? tumt&efNcHrsm;? wdkifuDBuD;rsm; -
wGifpdkufysdK;^arG;jrLjcif;? pDrHcefYcGJjcif;ESihf zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfjcif; (harvest) jzpfonf/ FAO \ pm&if;Z,m; t&
a&owå0g\ b0puf0ef;tpydkif;wGif a&csdKa&iefpyfESihf a&csdKwGif arG;jrLcJhaomfvnf; aemufqHk;tqihf
(zrf;qD;&mwGiff)wGif a&iefwGif arG;jrLygu Mariculture jzpfonf/ (FAO Aquaculture a0g[m&pm&if;)
Marine Protected Area (MPA) - tP Ö0gumuG,f{&d,m
yx0Dtaetxm;t& wduspGmowfrSwfxm;aom ae&mwpfck\obm0? qufpyf a*[aA'pepf
0efaqmifrSKrsm;ESihf ,Ofaus;rSKwefbdk;rsm; (IUCN) udk a&&Snfxdef;odrf;&ef umuG,f jcif;jzpfonf/ w&m;0if
jzpfap? tjcm;xda&mufaomenf;rsm;jzihfjzpfap todtrSwf jyKxm;aom? txl;&nf½G,faqmif&Gufxm;aomESihf
pDrHcefYcGJxm;aom {&d,mwpfckjzpfonf/ MPA wGif tkyfcsKyfrSKyHkpH trsdK;rsdK;yg0ifonf/ (a'ocHrsm;tajcjyK
MPA {&d,m)wdkY twlvHk;0ig;rzrf;&? raumuf& owfrSwfxm;aom yifv,f{&d,myg0ifonf/ (Dudley,
2008; IUCN-WCPA, 2008)
Marine Protected Area Network - tP Ö0gumuG,f{&d,muGef,uf
MPA rsm; umuG,f{&d,mrsm;wdkYudk pkaygif;í yl;wGJaqmif&Gufjcif; NydKifwl aqmif&Guf jcif;wdkY jyKvkyf onf/
MPA pau;t&G,ftrsdK;rsdK;umuG,fonhftqihf(tajctae) trsdK;rsdK; yg0ifonf/ ae&mwpfckpDrS
raqmif&GufEdkifonfh yef;wdkifrsm;udk aygufajrmuf&ef MPA tm;vHk;u pkaygif;? NydKifwlaqmif&Gufonf (IUCN –
WCPA, 2008)
Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) - tP Ö0ga&jyiftydkif;tjcm;tvdkuf{&d,m pDrHcsuf
Coastal and marine spatial planning udkMunhfyg/
Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) apmihfMuyfMunhf&SKjcif;ESih f qef;ppftuJjzwfjcif;
pDrHcefYcGJrSKvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk tujJzwfonfh jzpfpOfjzpfí oifYovdkjyKjyifEdkifaom pDrHcefYcGJrSK&&Sda&;
jzpfonf/ yl;aygif; M&E qdkonfrSm yg0ifywfoufolrsm; þvkyfief;pOfwGif yg0ifvmjcif;udkac:onf/
Monitoring, Control and Surveillance (MCS) - apmihfMuyfMunhf½S K jcif;? xdef;csKyfjcif;ESih f axmufvSrf;jcif;
Oya'rsm;? pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk vdkufemap&ef taxGaxGvkyfief;pOfjzpfonf/
Management objective - pDrHcefYcG JrSK&nfrSef;csuf
pDrHcefYcGJrSKvkyfaqmifcsufrS rnfonhft&m&&Sdrnfudk &nf½ G,fonf/
Objectives - &nfrSef;csufrsm;
atmifjrif&ef &nfrSef;aomt&mjzpfonf/ wdk;wufrSK? atmifjrifrSKudk wdkif;wmEdkifaom tñ Tef;rsm;ESihf
csdwfqufoihfonf/ &nfrSef;csufudk azmfaqmif&mwGif &v'fonf taygif; (positive) odkYr[kwf tEkwf
(negative) jzpfEdkifonf/ (Vision and goal udkMunfh)
Open access – 0ifa&mufcGih fzGih fxm;jcif;? bHkig;zrf;uGuf
rnfolrqdk ig;zrf;EdkifcGihfay;xm;aom pepfwpfckjzpfí ig;zrf;avSta&twGuf? a&vkyfom;ta&wGuf
uefYowfrxm;yg/
Outcome - tajz? &vm'f
pDrHcefYcGJa&; vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;aMumihf ajymif;vJoGm;aomtajctae? pdwfxm;ESihf tjyKtrlwdkYudkk
qdkvdkonf/ &v'f (tajz) wpfckudkk wdkif;wmjcif;jzihf jyefoHk;oyfEdkifonf/ odkYr[kwf tcsdef,lí apmihfMunhf
avhvmjcif;jzihf odEdkifonf/
Pelagic - a&jyif (a&atmufMurf;jyiftay:vTmrS tay:,HtvTmxd)
Pelagic species - yifv,fa& tay:,HtvTmrsm;wGifaeaom rsdK;pdwfrsm;/
Precautionary approach (or principle) – BudKwifumuG,frSKenf;vrf;
a&&SnfwnfwhHaom zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrSK\ us,fjyefYaomabmiftwGif;rS tajccHusaom tpdwftydkif;
wpfckjzpfonf/ ywf0ef;usifysufpD;qHk;½SHK;rSKudk wm;qD;umuG,f&efudpöwGif tvGefqdk;0g;í jyefjyifí r&Edkifaom
ysufpD;qHk;½SHK;jcif; Ncdrf;ajcmufrSKrsm;ESihf &ifqdkif&onhftcgrsdK;wGif odyÜ Howif;tcsuftvufrsm; rjynhfpHkrSKudk
taMumif;jyí vkyf&rnhftvkyf? (tukefoufomrnhf tvkyf) udk aemufodkY ra&TUqdkif;&efjzpfonf/ (UNCED,
1992)
ukvor*¾\ ]]EdkifiHrsm;jzwfausmfwnf&Sdonhf ig;tkyfrsm;ESihf a0;vHpGmtajymif;ta&TYjrihfrm;aom
ig;tkyfrsm;}} nDvmcH (UN 1995) wGif ig;vkyfief;rsm;ESihfywfoufaom rl0g'udk atmifygtwdkif; t"dyÜm,f
owfrSwfonf/
]]owif;tcsufvufrsm;rSm raocsm? ,HkMunfpdwfcszG,fr&Sd? rjynfhpHkaom tcgrsdK;wGif EdkifiHtoD;oD;
wdkYonf ydkíowdxm;&ef vdktyfonf/ ig;rsm;xdef;odrf;jcif;ESihf pDrHcefYcGJjcif;udk aemufodkY a&TUqdkif;&jcif;?
ratmifjrifjzpf&jcif;wdkYrSm odyÜ Howif;tcsuf vufrsm;rjynhfpHk jcif;aMumifh jzpf&onf[k taMumif;rjyoihfyg/
(UN, 1995)
owdxm;csOf;uyfjcif;\ tudkif;tcuf (2) ck (t"dutcsuf 2 ck) rSm
1/ ta&;,laqmif&Gufjcif;rvkyfEdkif&jcif;rS owif;tcsufvuf rjynhfpHkrSKaMumihf[k
taMumif;rjy&?
2/ raocsmra&&mrSK&SdonhftcgrsdK;wGif pDrHcefYcGJa&;tvkyfrSm tEå&m,fudkqefYusifaom
(a&SmifvTJaom) tvkyfrsdK; jzpfoihfonf/
Promoting agency - jr §ihfwifaom? OD;aqmifaomXme
oabmw&m;topfwpfckudk tpjyK? OD;aqmif? jr §ihfwifaom Xmewpfckjzpfonf/ ( Oyrm EAFM)
Resilience - jyefvnfemvefxEdkifjcif;? jyef&Sifoefjcif;
a*[pepfwpfckonf vlodkYr[kwf obm0\zdtm;? oufa&mufrSKwdkYaMumifh xdcdkufysufpD;NyD; emvefxí
t"duvkyfief;rsm;jzpfpOfrsm;udk yHkrSefjyefvnfxdef;odrf;Edkifjcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ jyefvnfwGef;vSefaomenf;
odkYr[kwf oihfovdkajymif;vJaomenf;jzihf jyefvnf &Sifoefvmjcif; jzpfonf/ (Nystrom and Folke, 2001)
Risk - tE å&m,fjzpfEd kifacs&S daom
jzpfEdkifacsESihf tusdK;qufoabmrsdK;jzpfonf/ tEå&m,ftuJjzwfjcif; (risk assessment) qdkonfrSm
taMumif;t&mwpfck odkYr[kwf pepfwpfcktay: usa&mufonhf (usa&mufrnhf) tEå&m,fudk wGufcsuf?
cefYrSef;jcif; jzpfonf/ xdkjzpfpOfwGif tEå&m,f (hazard) wpfckNyD;jyif;xefrSK (oufa&mufrSK) ESihf xdktEå&m,f
jzpfEdkifacswdkYudk &SmazG azmfxkwfonf/
Scoping - e,fy,ftwdkif;twmudk tMurf;zsif;avhvmMunhf½S K jcif;
ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJa&;,lepf (FMU) \us,fjyefYaom aemufcHtajcaeudk pOf;pm;^ wdkif;wmonf/
Oyrmtm;jzihf ig;t&if;tjrpfpDrHcsufodkYr[kwf y½dk*sufwpfckaqmif&Guf&ef OD;wnfpOf;pm;&rnfh yx0Dtaexm;?
yg0ifywfoufolrsm;? ig;vkyfief;rsm;? tEå&m,f oufa&muf aeaom ig;Zmwd&yfajrrsm;ESihf jyóemrsm;wdkYudk
tMurf;zsif;Munhf½SK (scope) onf/ (SPC, 2010)
Small-scale artisanal fishery - wpfEdkifwpfyd kiftao;pm;ig;vkyfief;
ig;vkyfief;\ atmufajctpdwftydkif;cGJwpfck jzpfonf/ xdka&vkyfom;wdkYrSm ig;zrf; oabFm^avS
r&SdMuolrsm;? odkYr[kwf ao;i,faomavSom &SdMuolrsm;jzpfí ydkí½d k;&musaom ig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm;udk
oHk;Muonf/ avSrsm;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzihf udk,fydkifavSrsm;jzpfMuí pufwyf avSjzpfygu 0rf;xdkifpuf odkYr[kwf
avStjyifwGJuyfxm;aom yJYaxmifpufudk oHk;Muonf/
Stakeholders - yg0ifywfoufolrsm;
Stake (tavmif;tpm;? NydKifyGJwpfckponf) wpfckwGif yg0ifywfoufolwpfOD;? wpfpk? wpfzGJU?
tzGJUtpnf;udk qdkvdkonf/ xdkYjyif vkyfaqmifcsufwpfck odkYr[kwf pDrHcefYcGJrSK qHk;jzwfcsufwpfcktay:
taumif;jzpfap? tqdk;jzpfap oufa&mufapEdkifaomolwpfOD;? wpfpk? wpfzGJU? tzGJpnf; wpfckudk qdkvdkonf/
odkYr[kwf azmfjyygvkyfaqmifcsufwpfck odkYr[kwf pDrHcefYcGJrSKqHk;jzwfcsufwpfckaMumifh taumif;tqdk;
oufa&mufrSK cHpm;&olwpfOD;? wpfzGJU? wpfpk? tzGJUtpnf;wpfckudk qdkvdkonf/
Sustainable development – a&&Snf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrSK
tem*wfrsdK;qufwdkY\ vdktyfcsufrsm;udk xdcdkufrSKr&SdapyJ rsufarSmufumv rsdK;quf\ vdktyfcsuf rsm;udk
jznhfqnf;ay;aom zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrSK (vlom;wdkY\ om,m0ajymrSKudk wdk;wufaprSK) jzpfonf/
Sustainable fisheries management - ig;vkyfief;rsm; a&&SnfwnfwHha&; pDrHcefYcG JrSK
a&&SnfzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrSKudk taxmufuljyKaom ig;vkyfief;rsm; pDrHcefUcGJa&;jzpfonf/
Sustainable use - wm&SnfcH&eftoHk;jyKjcif;? xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;toHk;jyKjcif;
usrf;udk;pm&if;rsm;
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). 2000. Conference of the Parties 5, decision V/6. Nairobi, Kenya, 15-26 May 2000. Available at http://www.cbd.int/decision/cop/?id=7148
Ehler, C. & Douvere, F. 2009. Marine spatial planning: A step-by-step approach toward ecosystembased management (IOC Manual and Guides No. 53, ICAM Dossier No. 6). Paris, France. UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission and Man and the Biosphere Programme.
IPCC. 2001. UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Third Assessment Report, Glossary. Available at: http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/glossary/tar-ipcc-terms-en.pdf
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. 2006. Millennium Ecosystem Synthesis Reports. Current state and trends assessment Appendix D. Available at: http://maweb.org/en/Synthesis.aspx
Nystrom, M. & Folke, C. 2001. Spatial resilience of coral reefs. Ecosystems 4(5): 12
Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC). 2010. A community-based ecosystem approach to fisheries management: guidelines for Pacific Island Countries. Noumea Cedex, New Caledonia. SPC. 54 pp
ig;vkyfief;u@\ csdef;ajcmufrSKESifY jyóemrsm;
Module 1
oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufrsm;
• ig;vkyfief;ESifh qufpyfa*[pepfrsm;wGif &ifqdkifBuHKawGYae&onfY twm;tqD;ESifY
taMumif;t&mtcsuftvufrsm;udk az:xkwfowfrSwf&ef/
oifcef;pmtay:jcHKiHkoHk;oyfjcif;
þtcef;wGif tm&Sypdzdwfa'o ig;vkyfief;u@\ csdef;ajcmufrSKrsm;ESifY taMumif;t&m tcsuftvuf
rsm;ESifY tcsdKYaomqufpyftcGifYtvrf;rsm;udk a,bk,stm;jzifh azmfjyxm;ygonf/ oD;oefYudpö &yfrsm;twGuf
toHk;jyKedKifrnffr[kwfyg/ ¤if; twm;tqD;ESifY taMumif;t&mudk atmufyg acgif;pOf (3) ckjzifh tusOf;csHK;
azmfjy&vQif (1) vlom;b0om,m0ajyma&;? (2) aumif;rGefaompDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh (3) a*[pepf
aumif;rGefapa&; - wdkYyif jzpfygonf/ tcsddKYaom udpö&yfrsm;wGif EAFM az:aqmifrSKaMumifY &&SdonfY
tcGifYtvrf;rsm;ESifY qufpyfonfY oD;oefYudpö&yfrsm;ESifY twm;tqD;rsm;tm; pmvHk;apmif;jzifY tav;ay;
az:jyxm;onf/
1/ vlom;b0om,m0ajyma&;tay: oufa&mufEdkifrnfh csdef;ajcmufrSKrsm;ESifY taMumif;t&mrsm;
vlOD;a&ESifYpD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI
• tm&Sypdzdwfa'owGif vlOD;a&wdk;jrifYvmNyD; tpm;tpmvdktyfcsuf ydkrdkvmonfESifYtrQ ig;pm;oHk;rSK
rsm;vnf; vdktyfvmrnfjzpfygonf/ zGUHNzdK;NyD;EdkifiHrsm;rS ig;rsm;ydkrdkwifydkY&ef vdktyfvmrnfjzpfNyD;
a'owGif;ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrSKrsm;aMumifY urf;&dk;wef;ESifh a&o,HZmwrsm;tay: zdtm;rsm;pGm
usa&mufvmrnf jzpfygonf/
• pD;yGm;a&;zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufvmjcif;ESifh vlaerIyHkpH ajymif;vJvmjcif;wkdYaMumifhvnf; ig;o,HZmw vdktyfcsuf
jrifhrm;vmrnfjzpfygonf/ wenf;tm;jzifhqdk&aomf ¤if;a'otwGif; ig;vkyfief;u@wGif yg0if
aqmif&GufaeMuonfY a&TUajymif;vkyfom;rsm; ydkrdktoHk;jyKvmrnf jzpfygonf/ ae&ma'o trsm;pkwGif
ig;zrf;vkyfief; usqif;vmonfESifYtrQ 0ifaiG&&SdrIavsmhenf;vmojzifY ig;vkyfief;onf qGJaqmifrI
r&Sdonfh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;wpfck jzpfvmaeNyDjzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh ig;zrf;oabFmrsm;wGif
EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;rS vkyftm;coufomaom a&vkyfom;rsm;udk toHk;jyKum vkyftm;ukefusrI
p&dwfrsm;udk avQmhcs&ef BudK;pm;vmaeMuNyD jzpfygonf/ tusKd;quftaejzifh a&TUajymif;vkyfom;
jyóemrsm;? vkyfom;rsm; qif;&JrItajctaeESifh umvwdktwGif; o,HZmwtoHk;jyKrIrsm; taejzifY
raojcmonfY taetxm;w&yf ay:aygufvmEdkifygonf/
pm;eyf&du©mzlvHkrSK
• urf;&dk;wef;a'owGifaexdkifonfYolrsm;rSm ig;vkyfief;xkwfvkyfrI tay:wGif rsm;pGmrSDcdk ae&onf/
• ig;zrf;qD;rIvkyfief;rsm;onf tuefYtowfwpfckodkY a&muf&SdaeNyD;? pDrHceYfcGJí r&Edkifonfh
tajctaewGif &Sdaeygonf/ EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif vlOD;a&wdk;yGm;vmjcif;ESihf vdktyfcsuf
jrifhwufvmrIwdkYaMumifh ig;o,HZmw ydkrdkxkwfvkyf&ef vsmxm;aomfvnf; rsm;pGmxkwfvkyf&ef
arQmfvifhEkdifrnf r[kwfyg/
• a,bk,stm;jzifh pDrHcefYcGJrItm;enf;NyD;? ig;o,HZmw ydkrdkxkwfvkyf&ef wGef;tm;ay;jcif;rsm;aMumifh
urf;&dk;wef;a'orsm;wGif ydkrdkzrf;qD;vmMuonf (txl;ojzifh w&GwfqGJa&,mOfrsm; ydkrkdrsm;jym;
vmonf)/ xdkYaMumifY ao;i,faomig;rsm;udk ydkrdkzrf;qD; vmMuaMumif;awGY&Sd&onf/ tusKd;quf
taejzifh zrf;qD;&rdaomig;rsm;\ t&nftaoG;ESifht&G,ftpm; usqif;vmum ig;zrf;qD;
xkwfvkyfjcif;rSm arG;jrLa&;tpmtjzpfodkY OD;wnfajymif;vJvmcJhygonf/ þodkYjzifh tao;pm;
ig;vkyfief;u@\ ig;o,HZmwxkwfvkyfrIESifh a*[pepfwdkYudkxdcdkufvmNyD;? ig;rsm;\ t&nftaoG;ESifh
ig;vkyfief;\ rlvtaetxm;odkY jyefvnfa&muf&Sda&; tay:wGifvnf; qdk;usKd;oufa&mufvmEdkifrnf
jzpfygonf/
ig;zrf;vkyfief;rS tusdK;tjrwf&&SdrSK ydkrkdenf;yg;vmjcif;
• pD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufvmjcif;ESifh txdtrdusqif;vmjcif;qdkonfrSm urf;&dK;wef;a'o ig;zrf;
vkyfom;rsm;taejzifY ig;txdtrdESifh0ifaiG&&SdrI a&&SnfwnfwefYap&ef ig;zrf;oGif;tm;pkudk ydkrdk
xnfYoGif; vkyfudkif&rnf jzpfygonf/
usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrI tm;enf;jcif;ESifh tdyfcsftdkifADG attdkif'Dtufpf jzpfvG,fjcif;
• &kyf0xÅK ESifYY vlrIpD;yGm;a&;wdkY oD;jcm;jzpfwnfaerIwdkYaMumifh rsm;pGmaoma&vkyfom; tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rSm
oefY&Sif;aoma&&SdrI? usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrIESifh oefY&Sif;rIwdkYrSm wcgw&H (&Hzef&Hcg) vHkavmufrI
r&SdEdkifyg/ ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'o? a&vkyfom;rsm;\ tdyfcsftdkifAGDydk;ul;pufrIrSm omrefvlrsm;xuf (5)
qrS (10) qxd jrifhwufvQuf&Sdygonf/ xdkif;EdkifiHwGif omrefvlOD;a&\ 1.5% tdyfcsftdkifADG
ul;pufaecsdefwGif a&vkyfom;rsm;\ ul;pufrIrSm 20% xd &Sdaeygonf/ a&vkyfom;rsm;
t&G,frwdkifrD aoqHk;rIrsm;aMumifh tawGUtBuHKA[kokwrsm; qHk;&HI;cJh&NyD; rsKd;qufwpfckNyD;wpfck
o,HZmwrsm;udkaumif;pGm pDrHtkyfcsKyf xdef;odrf;&ef qGJaqmifrIrsm; enf;yg;vm&jcif; jzpfygonf/
usm;^ra&;&m udpö &yfrsm;
• trsKd;orD;rsm;onf ig;ukefacsmxkwfvkyfrIESifh aps;uGufwifydkYjcif;wdkYwGif ta&;ygaom tcef;u@rS
yg0ifvQuf&SdNyD; oEÅmausmufwef;rsm;ESifh urf;eD;a'o a&o,HZmwrsm; &SmazGpkaqmif;&mwGif rsm;pGm
yg0ifvQuf&SdMuygonf/
• pDrHcefYcGJrSKvkyfief;pOfrsm;tm; tpysdK;rdwfqufay;jcif;tm;jzifY trsKd;orD;rsm;\ toufarG; 0rf;ausmif;
vkyfief;tay:tusdK;oufa&mufrSK &SdapedKifNyD; 4if;wdkY\rdom;pk tdrfaxmifpk 0ifaiGtwGuf taxmuf
tuljzpfapygonf/
• ig;vkyfief; pDrHcefYcGJrItpDtpOfudk atmifjrifatmifaqmif&Guf&mwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;\ tjrif (&Iaxmifh)
rSm ta&;ygvSNyD;? • ¤if;wdkY\ axmufcHajymqdkrIESifh ¤ifwdkYtay: vdkufavsm aqmif&GufrI vnf;
vkdtyfygonf/
y#dyu©rsm;
• wkd;wufrsm;jym;vmaom ig;zrf;qD;rIrsm;aMumifh zrf;,l&&SdEdkifaomig;tkyfpkrsm; avsmhenf; usqif;
vmum o,HZmwxkwf,loHk;pGJolrsm;tMum; y#dyu©rsm;jzpfyGm;vmygonf/ txl;ojzifh rdom;pk
wpfydkifwpfEdkif zrf;qD;pm;aomufolrsm;ESifh acwfrDSud&d,mrsm;jzifh tajrmuftrsm; zrf;qD;olrsm;
tMum; y#dyu©rsm;rSm ydkrdkxif&Sm; vmygonf/
• rdom;pkwpfydkifwpfEdkif zrf;qD;pm;aomufolrsm;tMum; y#dyu©rSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm; r&Sdyg/ y#dyu©rsm;rSm
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Module 2
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ajz&Sif;&ef pDrHcefYcGJrSK enf;vrf;topfjzifY csOf;uyf&efvdktyfaMumif; em;vnf
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• EA toHk;jyKjcif;jzifY &&SdaomtcsdKUaom tusdK;aus;Zl;ukd az:jy&ef/
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vu©Pmrsm;eSifh ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefUcGJa&;qkdif&m rwlnDaomtajccHoabmw&m;rsm;tm; azmfjyxm;&Sdygonf/
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(EA)rS rnfodkUrnfyHk ulnDyHhykd;edkifaMumif;&Sif;vif;jyoxm;ygonf/
1/ ed'gef;ESifh qufpyfrIpOf;pm;&rnfY tajctae
ig;vkyfief;onf t"duusNyD; ta&;ygaom vlrSKa&;? pD;yGm;a&;eSifh ,Ofaus;rSKqkdif&m tusdK;aus;Zl;
rsm;tm; taxmuftyhHjyKay;onfh vkyfief;&yfjzpfygonf/ tqkdygig;vkyfief;\ ig;zrf;qD;jcif;vkyfief;eSifh
qufpyfvkyfief;aqmif&GufrSKrsm;wGif cefUrSef;vlOD;a&\ (12.5) oef;cefU tvkyfvkyfukdifvsSuf&SdaeNyD; (2012)
ckeSpf tjynfjynfqkdif&m a&xGufukefa&mif;0,fa&;rS&&Sdonfh cefUrSef;wefzkd;rSm tar&duefa':vm
(60)bDvD,efcefU&Sdygonf/ (2012)ckeSpf ig;zrf;qD;jcif;eSifha&wGifarG;jrLa&;vkyfief;wkdUrS pkpkaygif;xkwfvkyfrSKrSm
wefcsdef (145)oef;&SdNyD; 4if;xkwfvkyfrSKteuf ig;zrf;qD;jcif;rS wefcsdefoef;(90) xkwfvkyfekdifcJhNyD; a&owÅ0g
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tusdK;oufa&mufrSKaMumifh(ig;zrf;) avSrsm;tm; qdyfurf;eSifh urf;&kd;wef;wpfavQmufwGif &yfem;xm;jcif;?
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a&mufjcif;ponfh udpö&yfrsm;tm; awGUjrif&rnfjzpfygonf/
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tm[m&jynfh0rSKr&&Sdonfh ysHUeSHUrSK(24)&mckdifeSKef;rS (14)&mckdifeSKef;txd usqif;vmygonf/ y&kddwdef;? r&Sdrjzpf
vkdtyfonfhtqDtufppf ADwmrifeSifh owÅK"gwfrsm; aygrsm;pGmyg0ifonfh ig;eSifh tjcm;aom a&xGufukef
rsm;tm; yHhykd;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh iwfrGwfjcif;eSifh tm[m&csdKUwJhjcif;wkdUtay: &Sif;vif;z,f&Sm;ekdif&ef
wpfurÇmvHk;\ BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfrSKjzifh ig;vkyfieff;onf ta&;ygonfh tcef;u@rS yg0ifvQuf&Sdygonf/
(2010)ckeSpf urÇmhvlOD;a&\ owÅ0grS&&Saom y&kdwdef;"gwfpm;oHk;jcif;wGif ig;rS (17)&mckdifeSKef; yg0ifNyD;
pkpkaygif; y&kdwdef;pm;oHk; rSKwGif ig;rS (6.5)&mckdifeSKef; yg0ifygonf/ wpfurÇmvHk;taejzifh vloef;aygif;
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(15)&mckdifeSKef;onfvnf; tqkdygy&kdwdef;tm; ig;rS&&Sdygonf/
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t&if;tjrpfjzpfNyD; tqkdyg y&kdwdef;onf tjcm;aom owÅ0grS&&dSaom y&kdwdef;xufaps;oufomonf omru
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&mcdkifESKef; wlnDonfqdkonfYtcsufrSm txifESifYtjrifvGJrSm;p&maumif;onfY tcsufwpfckjzpfygonf/ tqdkyg
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taejzifY yg0ifvQuf&Sdygonf/
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vkyfaqmifEkdif ygonf/
ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJjcif; - vQyfwysuftjrif
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(1) owif;tcsuftvufpkaqmif;jcif;
(2) ydkif;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;
(3) tpDtpOfa&;qGJjcif;
(4) nSdeSdKif;aqG;aEG;jcif;
(5) qHk;jzwfcsufcsjcif;
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t&if;jrpfrsm; a&&Snfxkwf,l&&Sda&;ESifh tjcm;aomig;vkyfief;ESifh ywfoufonfh &nf&G,fcsufwdkYudk
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a*[pepfrStusdk;jykonfht&mrsm; udk atmufygtwdkif; cGJjcm;owfrSwfavh&Sdonf/
• taxmuftuljyKrI - tyif? owå0g wdkYtwGuf tpmuGef,ufjzpfay:apjcif;?
• &du©mtaxmuftyHhjyKrSk - ig;&&Sdapjcif;? opfukefMurf;? ukefacsm&&Sdapjcif; (yifv,furf;ajc
'Da&awmrS)
• ,Ofaus;rI - tyef;ajztem;,ljcif;? "avY&dk;&mESifY ,Ofaus;rIqdkif&mtarGtESpfwefbdk;rsm;
• xdef;nd§edkifjcif; - obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fuJYodkYaom tcsdefwdktwGif; &moDOwk trsdK;rsdK;ajymif;vJrI ESifY
&moDOwk ajymif;vJjcif;ponfwdkYtm; qefYusifNyD; BuHYBuHYcHeSdKifpGrf;&Sdjcif;ESifY urf;&dk;wef;a'otm;
umuG,frSK jyKedKifjcif;/
ig;vkyfief;&IaxmifhrSMunfhvQif ig;rsKd;pdwfwdkYonf ,if;wkdY\ywf0ef;usifESifh a*[pepf tay:rSDcdk&onf?
ig;zrf;vkyfief;rsm;aMumifhaomfvnf;aumif; vlwdkY\ tjcm;aomaqmif&Guf csufrsm;aMumifh aomf
vnf;aumif;? obm0wGif jzpfvsufaeaom taMumif;t&mrsm;aMumifhaomfvnf;aumif; a*[aA'
pepfudk xdcdkufapygonf- (1) r&nf&G,fxm;aom ig;rsKd;pdwfrsm;udkygzrf;rdjcif;? (2) a&atmuf Murf;jyif&Sd
obm0ig;aeig;xdkifrsm;udkxdcdkufysufpD;jcif;? (3) ig;rsKd;pdwfyg0ifrItcsKd;udk ajymif;vJapjcif; (4) tpm
uGif;qufudk xdcdkufjzwfawmufapjcif;
ig;zrf;jcif;ESifh roufqdkifaomvlwdkY\ aqmif&Gufcsufrsm; Oyrm pdkufysKd;a&;? opfawmvkyfief;? urf;&dk;wef;
a'ozGHGGYNzdK;a&;? jynfyarG;jrLa&;ig;rsKd;pdwfrsm;ESifh a&m*gydk;rsm;onf a*[pepftjyif ,if;a*[pepf twGif;&Sd
ouf&dSrsm;udkyg xdckdufapEdkifonf/ a*[pepfudk xdcdkufapaom vlom;wdkY\ vkyfaqmifcsufESifh obm0
ab;tEÅ&m,fwdkYaMumifh xdcdkufrIwdkYrSm wpfaeYxufwpfaeYydkrdkqdk;0g;vmonfudk awGY&ygonf/ xdkodkY jzpf&jcif;rSm
vlwdkY\ya,m*aMumifh &moDOwkajymif;vJvmjcif;ESifh ork'´&m a&rsm;wGif tufqpf"gwf ydkvm&jcif;jzpfonf/
3 / a*[pepftajcjyKenf;vrf;ESifh a&&SnfwnfwHhzGHYjzdK;wdk;wufa&;
,cktcg twdkif;twmyrmPrsdK;pHk? u@rsKd;pHkwdkYwGif vufawGYtoHk;csEdkifaom pDrHcefYcGJrI wdkYudk
aqmif&Guf&mwGif a*[pepftajcjyKenf;vrf;udk vufcHvmMuonf/ a*[pepftajcjyKenf;vrf; (EA) udk
a&S;OD;pGm 1980 ESpfOD;rsm;wGifpwif ac:a0:cJhonf/ odkY&mwGif 1992 &D,dk'Da*saES;&dk;NrdKU wGif usif;ycJhaom
Earth Summit ESifhtwl jzpfay:vmaom ZD0rsKd;pHkrsKd;uGJqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsuf Convention of Biological
Diversity (CBD) wGif EA tawG;ac:udk w&m;0if todtrSwfjyK Muonf/
a*[pepftajcjyKenf;vrf; (EA) udk atmufygtwdkif; t"dyÜg,fowfrSwfygonf/ ]]ajrxk? a&xkESifh
ouf&Sdt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk xdrf;odef;a&;ESifh w&m;rQwpGm Mum&SnftoHk;jyKEdkifa&;twGuf bufaygif;pHk
pDrHcefYcGJonfh r[mAsL[mjzpfygonf/ EA udktoHk;csjcif;jzifh CBD \ &nf&G,fcsuf (3) csufudk xdef;nd§ay;
ygonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm – xdef;odrf;jcif;? wm&SnftoHk;jyKEdkifjcif;? obm0 t&if;tjrpfrsm;rS &&Sdaom tusKd;aus;Zl;
wdkYudk w&m;rQwpGm&&SdMua&;wkdY jzpfonf/
trSeftm;jzifh EA udk a&&SnfwnfwHhzGH YjzdK;wdk;wufa&;aqmif&Guf&ef enf;vrf;wpfck tjzpfvnf;aumif;?
,cifu pD;yGm;a&;zGHYNzdK;rIwpfckwnf;udkom OD;wnfcJhaomrl0g'wdkYudk tpm;xdk;&ef tawG;tac:opf wpf&yf
taejzifh ,lqEdkifygonf/ Brumdland (1987) u a&&SnfwnfwHhzGHYjzdK;wdk;wufa&; udk atmufygtwdkif;
t"dyÜg,f owfrSwfcJhygonf/
]]tem*wfrsKd;qufopfwdkY\ vkdtyfcsufudk rxdcdkufapyJ vuf&SdrsKd;quf\ vkdtyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;
aeaom zGYHNzdK;wdk;wufrIudkqdkvdkonf/}} þodkY owdjyK&rnfhtcsufrSm ]]zGUHNzdK;wdk;wufrI}} qdkonfrSm vlom;b0
om,m0ajyma&;udkay;aom zGUHNzdK;wdk;wufrIjzpfí þzGYHNzdK;wdk;wufrIrsKd;udk wm&SnfcHí xdef;odrf;jcif;jzpfygonf/
qdkvkdonfrSm uREfkyfwdkYonf a*[pepfaumif;rGefapa&;ESifh vlom;b0om,m0ajyma&; (2) ckudk rQwpGm
aqmif&Gufay;&efjzpfonf/ zGHYNzdK;wdkf;wufrIonf t"durSDcdkae&aom obm0t&if;tjrpfudk rxdcdkufap&efESifh
a&&SnfzGHUNzdK;rIudk wm;qD;edkifaom obm0t&if;tjrpfudk tvGeftuRHxkwf,loHk;pGJrIudk a&Smif&efjzpfonf/
vlom;b0om,m0ajyma&;ESifh a*[pepfaumif;rGefapa&;udk aumif;rGefaompDrHtkyfcsKyfrIu rQwpGm
aqmif&Gufay;ygonf/ (yHk-2.2)
yHk 2.2 / a&&SnfwnfwHhzGHYjzdK;wdk;wufa&; -a*[pepfaumif;rGefa&;ESifhvlom;b0om,m0ajyma&;udk
aumif;rGefaom tkyfcsKyfrSkjzifh nd§Edkif;aqmif&GufyHk
trsm;uvufcHMuonfrSm well-being (aumif;rGefom,m0ajyma&;) [laom tawG;tac:onf
pepfwpfck (Oyrm a*[pepf? odkYr[kwf vlrIa&;pepf) \ tjctaeudkqdkvdkonf/ Well-being and good
governance wdkY\ oD;oefY&IaxmifhrS t"dyÜg,foufrSwfcsufudk atmufwGifazmfjyygonf/
a*[pepfaumif;rGefapjcif; - tPÖ0ga&jyifESifhurf;&kd;wef; a*[pepft& t"dutcsuf tenf;qHk; 5 csuf
yg0ifonf/
• aumif;rGefaoma*[pepfrS taumif;qHk;a*[aA' ]]xGufukef}} ESifh ]]tusdK;jyKonfht&mrsm;}} udk
&&Sdonf/
• a*[pepf\ cHEdkif&nf&SdrIodkY OD;wnfapaom ZD0rsKd;pHkrsKd;uGJ
• taxmuftuljyKa*[pepf taqmufttHkESifhouf&SdwdkY ig;aeig;xdkif (a&a0a&vJ{&d,mrsm; yg0if
onf)
• usef;rmaom (a*[aA'&IaxmifhrS) ork'&mrsm;? Uurf;&dk;wef;a'orsm;ESifh a&a0a&vJ{&d,mrsm;
• trsKd;rsdK;aom tajccHtpmxkyfvkyfrIudk tajccHonfhtpmuGef,uf
a*[pepfaumif;rGefa&; udk azmfjyMu&mwGif od&Sdwdkif;wmEdkifaom tcsufrsm;ay:rIwnfí azmfjyMuonf/
Oyrm –
• wnfNidrfíwm&Snfaom a*[pepfudk t"duazmfaqmifay;aom tcsufrsm; - (Oyrm-pdrf;jyma&nSd
aygufyGm;rSkr&Sdjcif;)
• vlom;wdkYaMumifhxdcdkufrSk&SdonfhZHke,frsm;wdk;rvmjcif; odkYr[kwf qkwf,kwf roGm;jcif; (Oyrm –^ rdv’m
a&qdk;wdkYrS xGufaom Edkufx&dk*sif yrmPenf;oGmjcif;)
• ta&;ygaomig;aeig;xdkifawmrsm;rajymif;vJbJyuwdtwdkif;wnf&SdEdkifjcif; (Oyrm yifv,fjrufcif;? )
vlom;b0om,m0ajyma&; - a*[pepftay:rSDcdkaom odkYr[kwf oufa&mufapaom vlom;ESifh
ywfoufonfh tcsufrsm;udk qdkvdkonf/ vlom;b0om,m0ajyma&; aumif;rGefaom b0wpfck&&Sd&eftwGuf
vkdtyfaomaqmif&GufrI? atmifjrifrIwdkYudk azmfnTef;onf/ xkdYtjyif vlom;b0om,m0ajyma&; qdkonfrSm
vlYb0\ &IUaxmifhaygif; axmifhaygif;pHkrS? tajctaeudk oHk;oyfawG;ac:xm;csuf[k vufcHMuonf/
vlom;b0om,m0ajyma&;&IUaxmifhaygif;pHk? tcsuftvufaygif;pHkrS tajccHxm;jcif;jzpfojzifh 0ifaiG&dSjcif;
uJhodkY tcsufwpfckwnf;jzifh om,m0ajymrSKudk ay;EdkifpGrf;r&Sdyg/ (0ifaiGonf tvGefta&;BuD;aom
tcsufwpfckjzpfaomfvnf; ,if;wpfckwnf;jzifh om,m0ajymrSKudk ray;Edkifyg)
vlom;b0om,m0ajyma&; tcsuf (8) csuf –
• &kyfydkif;qdkif&mvlaerItqifh (0ifaiG? tpm;tpm? "e)
• usef;rma&;
• ynma&;
• udk,fa&;vIyf&Sm;rI (tyef;ajztem;,ljcif;? tvkyfvkyfjcif;)
• EdkifiHa&;t&Sdeft0gESifhtkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m
• vlrIqufqHa&;ESifY qufqHrSKaumif;rGefa&;
• aexdkif&mywf0ef;usif (vuf&SdESifh tem*wftajctae)
• pD;yGm;a&;t& vHkNcHKrI&Sda&;ESifhvlom;b0 tEÅ&m,f uif;&Sif;a&;
azmfjyygtcsufwdkYonf vlom;wdkYb0om,m0ajymrSKudk wkdif;wm&mwGif wpfOD;csif;tjrif? rsufESm
vdkufaomtjrifxuf ausmfvGefíwdkif;wmrSomvsif NyD;NynfhpHkrnf[k ,HkMunfMuonf/ ,xmblw usaom
tjrif? vlom;wkdYvGyfvyfrIESifh vGyfvyfpGma&G;cs,frI ponfhwdkYudkyg xnfhoGif;í om,m0ajymrSKudk wdkif;wm
&rnfjzpfonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh rsufESmvdkufaom (aoGzDaom) tjrifESifh ,xmblw usaom tjrifwdkY (2)
ckvHk;aygif;pyfí txufygtcsuf (8) csufudk wdkif;wmoifhonf/
aumif;rGefaom pDrHtkyfcsKyfrI qdkonfrSm Oya'rsm;? pnf;urf;rsm;udk csrSwfEdkif&ef xda&mufcdkifrmaom
tzGJYtpnf;ESifh tpDtrHrsm;&Sdjcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ tcef;-4 ? EAFM \ Oya'orsm; wGif aumif;rGefaom
tkyfcsKyfrIudk tao;pdwfazmfjyxm;ygonf/ tusOf;tm;jzifhqdk&vQif aumif;rGefaom tkyfcsKyfrI qdkonfrSm
usef;rmí cHEdkif&nf&Sdaom a*[pepf (vltygt0if) udk wm&SnfwnfjrJ&ef vlwpfOD;csif;tvdkuf?
tzGJYtpnf;tvdkuf? vlYtodkif;t0dkif;tvdkuf wm0ef,lapmifha&Smufjcif;onf aumif;rGefaom tkyfcsKyfrIESifh
ywfoufonf/
a*[pepf tjccHonfhpDrHcefYcGJrI (Ecosystem Based Management -EBM ) udk EA ESifh wpfcgwpf&H
tcsKdUudpörsm;udk t"dyÜg,fwl,lq&ef oHk;Muonf/ odkY&mwGif wpfcgwpf&HrSm EBM udk a*[^ywf0ef;usifwdkY
a&&SnfzGHUNzdK;wkd;wufa&;wGifyg toHkk;jyKMuygonf/
owdjyK&rnfh tcsufrSm EA/EBM wdkYonf u@tvdkufpDrHcefYcGJrIwdkYwGif tpm;xkd;í roHk; Muyg/
Oyrm - ig;vkyfief;ESifh pdkufysKd;a&;pDrHcefYcGJrI? ukefxkwfpufrIvkyfief;rsm; pDrHcefYcGJjcif;? owåKwGif;ESifh
a&eHpDrHcefcGJrIESifh a&aMumif;o,f,lrIvkyfief; pDrHcefYcGJrIponf EA/EBM wdkhudk rSefuefpGmoHk;ygu pDrHcefYcGJrI
aygif;pHk yg0ifedkifonf - (1) u@wpfcktwGif;&Sd rwlnDaomudpörsm; Oyrm ouf&Sdt&if;tjrpfwpfckudk
xkwf,ljcif;ESifh ywf0ef;usifay:aygufvmrI (2) u@rsm;pGmyg0ifjcif; (3) jyifyudpöjzpfaom
&moDOwkajymif;vJrIudk xnfhoGif;jcif; ponfwdkYjzpfonf/ (tcef;-15? tqifY 4 MunfYyg)/
rsufESmpHknD pkaygif;ajz&Sif;jcif; vufawGYoifwef; - a*[pepf csOf;uyfrSKudk toHk;csí &&Sdaom
tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;udkaz:jyyg/
4 / EA udk toHk;csjcif;tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;
EA aMumifh tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;pGm&Sdonf/ t"dutusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;rSm –
vlom;b0om,m0ajyma&;ESifY a*[pepfaumif;rGefapa&;udkk rQwap&ef nd§EIdif;aqmif&Gufjcif;
o ig;vkyfief;&yf ESD;EG,fyg0ifywfowfolrsm; (Stakeholders) wdkY\rwluGJjym;aom OD;pm;ay;
tajctae rsm;udk xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;
o xkwfvkyfrIESifh ZD0rsKd;pHkrsKd;uGJESifh ouf&SdwdkY\ aexkdifaygufzGm;&mae&mudk umuG,f
apmifha&Smufjcif;/
o tjiif;yGm;rI? wdkufcdkufrIrsm;udk ulnDajz&Sif;ay;jcif;/
• jyKvG,fjyifvG,faom pDrHcefYcGJrIudkay;jcif;? ydkíxda&mufaom urf;&dk;wef;a'o pDrHcefYcGJjcif;udk
taxmuf tuljyKonf/
o tcsuftvufrjynfhpHkaom tajctaewGif toHk;jyKEdkifonf/
• yg0ifywfoufjcif;\ yl;aygif;rIudk wdk;yGm;ap&ef ydkíyGifhvif;jrifomaom pDrHcsufudk azmfaqmifay;jcif;
o urf;&dk;wef;a'ot&if;tjrpfrsm;udk ydkínDwlrQwpGm cGJa0oHk;pGJrIudktm;ay;jcif;
o ,Ofaus;rIESifh tpOfvmwefbdk;rsm;udk todtrSwfjyKjcif;
o tjcm;u@rsm;rS ig;vkyfief;u@udk xdcdkufoufa&mufrIrsm;udk umuG,fay;jcif;
(tjyeftvSefxdcdkufrIudkumuG,fay;jcif;)
• BuD;rm;us,fjyefYí a&&Snfjzpfaomjyóemrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef enf;vrf;&&Sd apjcif; (Oyrm-
&moDOwkajymif;vJrI)
• EdkifiHa&;taxmuftulydkíay;jcif;
o ig;vkyfief;&yfeSD;EG,folrsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;orm;wdkY yl;aygif;yg0ifjcif;udk taxmufuljyKjcif;
o aiGaMu;t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk yGifhvif;jrifompGm azmfjyjcif;
vlom;wkYdtusKd;twGuf a*[pepfaqmif&GufEdkifrIESifhtwl EA aMumifh&&Sdaom tusKd;aus;Zl;wdkYudk od&Sdvm
Muonfh wpfaeYwGif þa*[aA'pepfrsm;udk tvHk;pHkpDrHcefYcGJonfh enf;vrf;ukd &&Sdvmrnfjzpfonf/ (Oyrm -
ig;wpfckwnf;ay: tm&HkjyKrIxuf tvHk;pHkaom udpöay:tm&HkjyKEkdifjcif;) ig;vkyfief;wGif EA toHk;csygu&&Sdonfh
tusKd;aus;Zl;udk aemufvmrnfh tcef; (avhusifhoifMum;a&;,lepf) wGif aqG;aEG; azmfjyxm;ygonf/
EAFM qkdonfrSm rnfonfht&menf;? rnfonfhtwGufaMumifh aqmif&Guf&
oenf;
Module 3
oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufrsm;
-EAFM qkdonfrSm rnfhonfh t&mjzpfaMumif;od&Sd&ef
-EAFM toHk;csjcif;\ tusKd;aus;Zl;&SdyHkudkazmfjy&ef
- EAFM aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh tjcm;aom enf;vrf;rsm;tm; rnfokdUrnfyHk taxmufuljyK
jcif;tm; &Sif;jy&ef
-vlYtzGJYtpnf;aygif;pHkrS csrSwfxm;onfh &nf&G,fcsufrsm; &SKyfaxG;rSk&SdyHktm;
od&Sdem;vnfap&ef
oifcef;pmtay:NcHKiHkoHk;oyfjcif;
þtcef;wGif EAFM qdkonfrSm ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefUcGJa&;wGif a*[pepftajcjyKenf;vrf;tm;jzifh avhvmrSk
jyKonfht&mjzpfaMumif; &Sif;jyxm;ygonf/ a&&SnfwnfwHhzGHUNzdK;aom ig;vkyfief;jzpfay:apa&;udk taxmuf
tuljyKygonf/ EAFM udk tydkif;(3) ydkif;cGJjcm;Edkifonf - a*[pepfaumif;rGefapa&;? vlom;b0 om,m
0ajyma&;ESifY aumif;rGefaompDrHtkyfcsKyfrIjzpfonfh pDrHcefYcGJrI (3) &yfyg0ifaom ig;vkyfief;? yifv,fjyif?
urf;&kd;weff;a'owdkY pDrHcefYcGJrIwdkYESifhtwl EAFM udk yl;wGJazmfjyxm;onf/ xdkYtjyif EAFM \ rwlnDaom
t"du0daoovu©Pmrsm;tm; rD;armif;xdk; azmfjyxm;ygonf/
1/ EAFM udkt"dyÜg,fowfrSwfjcif;
&dk;&Sif;pGmqdk&vQif EAFM qdkonfrSm ig;vkyfief;wGif toHk;csaom EA jzpfygonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh –
EAFM qdkonfrSm –
aumif;rGefaom tkyfcsKyfrSKrSwqifh a*[pepfaumif;rGefapa&;ESifh vlom;b0om,m0ajyma&; (2) ckudk
rQwpGmnd§EIdif;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefUcGJa&;qkdif&m a&&SnfwnfwHhzGY HNzdK;aprnfh pnf;rsOf; pnf;urf;
rsm;tm; taumiftxnfazmf&ef vufawGUusonfh enf;vrf;wpfckjzpfygonf/ (EAF net, what is EAFM? rS rSDjirf;ygonf)
EAFM qdkonfrSm OD;wnfxm;aom ig;rsKd;pdwfrsm; a&&Snfzrf;,l&&Sda&;omru a*[pepftwGif;&Sd
ta&;ygaom tpdwftydkif;tm;vHk;udkyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;aom enf;jzpfygonf/ xkdjyif EAFM udk toHk;cs
jcif;jzifh vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&; twGufyg tusKd;&Sdapjcif;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;xm;ygonf/ (urÇmhig;vkyfief; vuf&Sd
tajctaeazmfjycsuf? FAO -2012 rS aumufEIwfonf)
EAFM qdkonfrSm ig;vkyfief;udk a*[pepf tajcjyKenf;vrf;jzifh avYvmjcif;jzpfonf/
wpfenf;tm;jzifY ig;vkyfief;pepfwpfck a&&SnfwnfwHYzG H Y jzdK;a&;ESif Ytwl a&&Snf a*[pepf
tusdK;&S dapjcif;udk vufawGYaqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf/
Ecosystem qdkaompum;vHk;rSm ig;vkyfief;pepfwpfckudk vlrIa&;pepfESifh a*[pepfwdkYESifh twlwuG
yl;wGJpOf;pmvsuf vlom;wdkYudkvnf; a*[pepf\ r&Sdrjzpfaom tpdwftydkif; wpfcktjzpf pOf;pm;xm;ygonf/
(tcef;-2 ? ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh a*[pepftajcjyKjcif; udkMunfhyg) EAFM \ tESpfom&rSm vlom;b0
om,m0ajymjcif;ESifh a*[pepfaumif;rGefapjcif;wdkYjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh vlom;wdkYtusKd;twGuf
obm0t&if;tjrpfrS tpm&&Sda&;? 0ifaiG&&Sda&;? tvkyftudkif&&Sda&;udk aqmif&Guf&mwGif ZD0rsKd;pHkrsKd;uGJESifh
a*[pepf wdkYudkrxdcdkufapyJ rQwpGm obm0t&if;tjrpfudk xkwf,loHk;pGJjcif;jzpfygonf/ þodkYrQwpGm
aqmif&GufEdkif&ef xda&mufaom tkyfcsKyfrIpepfabmifwpfck vkdtyfygonf/
2/ EAFM \ tpdwftydkif; (3) ck
a&&SnfzGHUNzdK;wkd;wufrI a0g[m&udk tusOf;csKyft"dyÜg,faz:jy&vQif aemifvmrnfh rsKd;qufopfwdkY\
vkdtyfcsufrsm;udk rxdcdkufapbJ rsufarSmufvlom;b0om,m0ajymrSKESifh a*[pepf aumif;rGefaprIudk
rQwpGmxdef;xm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ (tcef;-2 ?ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh a*[pepfrScsOf;uyfjcif;) yHk (3.1)
yHk 3.1 / ig;vkyfief;wGif EAFM \ tpdwftydkif; (3)ck
EAFM qdkonfrSm a&&SnfzGHUNzdK;wkd;wufaom ig;vkyfief;jzpfap&ef aqmif&Gufaom enf;vrf;w&yfjzpfNyD;
t"dutm;jzifY tydkif; (3) ydkif; yg0iffygonf/
1/ a*[pepf aumif;rGefjcif;
2/ vlom;b0om,m0ajymjcif;
3/ aumif;rGefaompDrHtkyfcsKyfrI
3/ rnfonfhtwGufaMumifh EAFM udkaqmif&Guf&oenf; - tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;
EAFM enf;jzifh pDrHcefYcGJrIaMumifh &&SdaomtusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;-
• a*[pepfESifhig;vkyfief; qufpyfrIudk ydkíus,fjyefUpGm pOf;pm;ekdifapjcif;
• obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm; xkwf,loHk;pGJonfh pDrHcsufrsm;udk ydkrdkxda&mufekdifapjcif;
• rwlnDonfhig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folrsm;\ OD;pm;ay;vkdtyfcsufwdkYudk rQwpGm rQa0edkifapjcif;? vlom;wkdY
vkdtyfcsufrsm;ESifh a*[pepfvkdtyfcsufrsm;udk xdef;nd§ay;ekdifjcif;
• ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,fol wdkYudk,fwdkif yg0ifygwfoufvkyfudkifapjcif;jzifh
o obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm; xkwf,loHk;pGJrIpDrHcsufudk ydkaumif;ekdifapjcif;
o obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk ydkírQwpGm xkwf,loHk;pGJekdifapjcif; (ig;vkyfief;? ig;vkyfief;ESifh
roufqdkifaom vkyfief;rsm;)
• ig;xkwfvkyfrIESifh ZD0rsKd;pHkrsKd;uGJESifh ig;rsm;aexkdifusufpm;&mae&mrsm;tm; xdef;odrf;jcif;? umuG,f
jcif;wkdUudk rQwpGm xdef;nd§ay;ekdifapjcif;
• ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folrsm;tMum; jzpfay:aom tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;jcif; avsmhcsay;ekdif
apjcif;
• qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwf&mwGif ,Ofaus;rI &dk;&mwefbdk;rsm;udk ydkítodtrSwfjyKekdifapjcif;
• ig;vkyfief;ESifh urf;&kd;wef;a'ot&if;tjrpfrsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJ&mwGif ydkrdkusk,fjyefaom? a&&Snf
jzpfyGm;ekdifonfh jyóemrsm;tm; todtrSwfjyKvmekdifapjcif; (Oyrm – atmufygudpöwdkYudk
a&&SnfpOf;pm;jcif; - &moDOwk ajymif;vJrI? ork'&ma&wGif tufqpf"gwfyg0ifrSKrsm;vmjcif;?
ig;aeig;xdkifrsm; qkwf,kwfysufpD;rI? vlOD;a&wkd;yGm;vmrI? pD;yGm;a&;zGHYNzdK;rI? urÇmvHk;qdkif&m
udpörsm;ponfh)
Z,m; (3.1) wGif ig;vkyfief;rsm;wGif BuHKawGY&aom Ncdrf;acsmufrIrsm;ESifh jyóemrsm;udk EAFM jzifh
rnfodkYudkifwG,f ajz&Sif;Edkifonfudk azmfjyxm;ygonf/ (NyD;cJhonfhtcef;wpfckwGif ig;vkyfief;wGifBuHK&aom
Ncdrf;acsmufrIrsm;eSifh jyóemrsm;udkMunfhyg) þZ,m;\ b,fzufjcrf;wGif þvufpGJpmtkyf\ t"du
tcef;rsm;ESifhwpfuG wkduf&dkufywfoufaom taMumif;t&m rsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf/
Z,m; 3.1 ig;vkyfief;rsm;wGif BuHKawG Y&avh&Sdaom Ncdrf;ajcmufrIrsm;ESif h jyjyóemrsm;udk EAFM \
o&kyfvu©Pmt& udkifwG,fajz&Sif;yH k
EAFM o&kyfvu©Pmrsm; ig;vkyfief;rsm;wGif BuHKawGY&aom Ncdrf;ajcmuf rIrsm;?
jyóemudk EAFM u ajz&Sif; aqmif&GufyHk
1/ aiGaMu;tultnDrsm;ay;jcif;
tcef;-8? tpjyKvkyfief;-(u)
tcef;-14? tqifh 3.4 ESifh 3.5
• aiGaMu;ESihf 0efaqmifrItulnDrsm;udk tzGJU
tpnf;toD;oD;? Oyrm - tpdk;& tzGJYtpnf;
rsm;? ig;vkyfief;tzGJYrsm;? tjcm; oufqdkifol
rsm;udkay;jcif;/ aiGaMu; axmuf yHh&ef qHk;jzwf
csufcsrSwfolrsm; ESifh ydkrkd aumif;rGefaom
qufqHa&; jyKvkyfjcif;
• EAFM pDrHcsufwGif a&&Snfudk pOf;pm; ojzifh
bwf*swfjyifqif pDrH&ef tcsdef &Sdjcif;
• EAFM \ ydkí aygif;pnf;aom pDrHcsuf wGif
aumif;rGefaom tkyfcsKyfrIESifh t&if; tjrpf
(aiG)rsm;udk &&Sd&ef enf;vrf; ay;jcif;/
2/ EdkifiHa&;ydkif;rS yk*d¾vfrsm;ESifh oufqdkif
olrsm;\ ulnDaxmufyHhrIudk&,lapjcif;
tcef;-4 EAFM \ Oya'orsm;
tcef;-8 tpjyKvkyfief; (u)
tcef;-9 tpjyKvkyfief; (c)
tcef;-12 tajctaerSefudkppfaq;jcif; (1)
• a'oqdkif&mtpdk;& yg0ifapjcif;jzifh EdkifiH
a&;t& tultnD&jcif;? ig;vkyfief;jyifyrS
vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; yg0ifapjcif;jzifh ig;vkyfief;tay:
tusKd; oufa&mufaponf/
• w&m;pD&ifa&;u@rS tultnD&ap Ekdif jcif;
• ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m Xmersm;? 0efBuD;Xme rsm;ESifh
tqifajyapjcif;? vdkufavsm nDaxG jzpfjcif;
• odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;^ynm&yfqdkif&mrsm;udk pDrHcsuf
a&;qGJonfh udpö&yfrsm;ESifh qufpyf ay;jcif;jzifh
vdktyfaom owif;tcsuf tvuf? okawoe
udpörsm;udk aqmif&GufEdkifjcif; wkdUaMumifh ydkrdkxd
a&mufaom pDrHcefYcGJrI &&Sdjcif;? oufqdkifolrsm;
ESifh qufqHa&; ydkrkdaumif;rGef vmapjcif;
3/ ydkrdkaumif;rGefaomtkyfcsKyfrIudkjzpfapjcif;
tcef;-9? tpjyKvkyfief; (c)
tcef;-11? 13 ESifh 14 ? tqifh 2.1-2.3?
• EkdifiHa&;t& taxmuftul&ojzifh ydkrdk
aumif;rGefaom Oya'pnf;urf; MuyfrwfrI
&&Sdapjcif;
• yg0ifywfoufolrsm;taejzifh pDrHcefYcGJrI twdkif;
3.1- 3.5
tcef;-12? tajcaerSefudkppfaq;jcif; (1)
ydkívdkufemvmjcif;
• pDrHcsufa&;qGJ&mwGif trsKd;orD;a&;&m udpö
&yfrsm; yg0ifapjcif;
• ig;ukefMurf;rsm;rS ukefacsmxkwf&ef pOf;pm;
vmjcif;
• tao;pm; a&vkyfief;vkyfukdifolrsm;tm;
ajymqdk cGifhay;vmjcif;
4/ rwlnDaom vlYtzGJYrsm;\ uGJjym;aom
&nfrSef;csufrsm; od&Sdjcif;? tjiif;yGm;jcif;
wdkufcdkufjcif;rsm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;jcif;
tcef;-11? tqifY 2.1? 2.2
tcef;-12? tajctaerSefudkppfaq;jcif; (1)
• vlwdkY\ pD;yGm;a&;ESifhvlrIa&; aumif;rGef
om,m0ajymvmapa&;wkdUtay: xnfhoGif;
pOf;pm;&ef tmr cHcsuf ay;jcif;
• u@wpfckcsif;twGif; u@rsm;tMum; uGJjym;
aomrI0g'rsm; &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk nd§EdIif;jcif;
• toHk;jyKolrsm; (pm;oHk;olrsm;) Mum; aqG;aEG;
n§dEdIif; ay;jcif;tm;jzifh tjiif;yGm;rI? wdkufcdkuf
rIrsm; ajz&Sif;pDrHonfh enf;vrf; &&Sdapjcif;
• xda&mufaom yhHydk;aiGyHhydk;jcif; enf;vrf; &Smjcif;
jyifqifjcif;
• t&if;tjzpf xdef;odrf;jcif;&nf&G,fcsuf ESifh
ig;xkwfvkyfa&; &nf&G,fcsufwdkYudk nd§EIdif;
wnfhrwfay;jcif;
• tBuD;pm;ig;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh tao;pm;
ig;vkyfief;rsm; tMum; jyóem rsm;udk &SmazG
ajz&Sif;jcif;
5/ tjcm;vkyfief;u@rsm;u ig;vkyfief; u@
tay: oufa&mufxdcdkufrIrsm;udk
umuG,fjcif;
tcef;-8? tpjyKvkyfief; (u)
tcef;-11? tqifh 2.2 - 2.3
• tjcm;u@rsm;ESifhtwlyg0ifvkyfudkifjcif;
o pdkufysKd;a&;wGif yHhydk;jcif; (aiG? ypönf;)
o NrdKUjya'ocsJYxGifvmrSKaMumifY ig;aeig;xdkif
rsm;ysufpD;vmjcif;
o c&D;oGm;vkyfief;zGHYNzdK;vmjcif;
o urf;vGefa'o owåKwl;jcif;
o xdef;csKyfrI r&Sdaom ig;arG;jrLa&; vkyfief;
zGYHNzdK;vmrI
o ig;vkyfief; tay: oufa&mufrIudk
xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;jcif; rjyKaom xdef;
odrf;a&; vkyfief;rsm;
6/ ig;zrf;vkyfief;aMumifh tjcm;u@rsm;
ty:oufa&mufrIudk umuG,fay;jcif;
tcef;-8? tpjyKvkyfief; (u)
tcef;-11? tqifh 2.2 - 2.3
• ig;aeig;xkdifrsm;tm; xdckdufjcif;
• &nf&G,frSKr&SdbJ zrf;qD;rdaomig;rsm; (bycatch)
jyóemudk ydkíajz&Sif; aqmif&GufcGifhay;jcif;
• yl;aygif; umuG,fxdefodrf;a&; vkyfief;udk
aqmif&GufcGifhay;jcif;
• ZD0rsKd;pHkrsKd;uGJ xdefodrf;apmifa&Smufjcif;udk
a*[pepf\ jynfhpHkjcif;ESifh taxmuftul
jyKjcif;ESifhtwl OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufekdifjcif;
7/ ig;vkyfief;u@vufatmufcH tjcm;aom
u@cGJrsm;tay: xdcdkufrIrsm;udk umuG,f
jcif;
tcef;-8? tpjyKvkyfief; (u)
tcef;-13 ESifh 14? tqifh 3.1? 3.2?
3.3
• u@cGJrsm;tm;vHk;tay: xdcdkufrI &Sdonfh
udpö&yfrsm;yg0ifonf/
o '&GufqGJydkufrS ig;i,frsm; tvGeftuRH
zrf;qD;rIonf ig;vkyfief;BuD; wpfckvHk;\
wefzdk;udk xdcdkufonf/
o ig;arG;jrLa&;vkyfief;zGHYNzdK;rIrS vkyfief; tay:
xdckdufrI (Oyrm - arG;jrLa&; tpm
vdktyfcsuf? arG;jrKa&; twGufae&m)
8/ EdkifiHa&;e,fy,f? w&m;pD&ifa&;e,fy,fudk
ausmfjzwfí pDrHcefYcGJrIudk qufoG,fay;
jcif;/
tcef;-4? EAFM \ Oya'orsm;?
tcef;-12? tajcaerSefudk ppfaq;jcif;?(1)
tcef;-12? tajcaerSefudk ppfaq;jcif;?(2)
• A[dktpkd;& vkyfukdifcGifh vTJajymif;jcif;qkdonfrSm
ekdifiHawmf A[kdtqifh ig;vkyfief; tzGJUtpnf;
rsm;taejzifh toHk;jyKolrsm;\ tjiif;yGm;rSKeSifh
tjcm;aom jyoemudpö&yf rsm;wGif w&m;0if
vkyfykdifcGifhr&SdawmhaMumif;qkdvkdjcif;jzpf ygonf/
• ig;vkyfief;&yfeSD;EG,fol tzGJYtpnf; tcsif;csif;
tjyif tpdk;&qdkif&m tzJGYtpnf; tqifh qifh
Oyrm - jrLeDpy,f (pnfyif) tqifh?
c&dkiftqifh? wdkif;tqifh? EdkifiHawmftqifh
wdkYMum;wGif twlwuG pDrHcefYcGJjcif;ESifh yl;aygif;
aqmif&GufrIudk jzpfap jcif;/
9/ ig;vkyfief;u@ twGif;tjyif&Sd yg0if
ywfoufolrsm; qufoG,frIudk wdk;wuf
apjcif;
tcef;-9? tpjyKvkyfief; (c)
tcef;-15? tqifh 4.1
• ig;vkyfief;ESifh tjcm;Xmersm; ^ 0efBuD; Xmersm;
(Oyrm - ywf0ef;usifa&;&m? pdkufysKd;a&;ESifh
ydkYaqmifa&;) tMum; qufoG,frI tm;enf;
jcif;udk ajz&Sif;jcif;
10/ tcsuftvuf acgif;yg;aom tajc tae
rsKd;wGif toHk;jyKEdkifonf/
tcef;-10? tqifh 1.3
tcef;-17? tqifh 5.1 ESifh 5.2
• a'o&kd;&m todynmESifh odyÜHqdkif&m todynm
2 rsKd;vHk;udk toHk;jyKonf/
• jyefvnfwifjycsufrsm;udk apmifhMunf
avhvmjcif;? jyefvnf oHk;oyfjcif;? oufqdkif&m
owif;tcsuftvuf topfrsm; pkaqmif;jcif;?
pDrHcefYcGJrI udpö &yfwGif xnfhoGif;jcif;
• owif;tcsuftvuf topfrsm;aMumifh
vlrIa&;ESifh a*[pepftaMumif; ydkod&Sd apjcif;
11/ a&&Snf wnfhwHhaprnfh a*[pepfukd
xlaxmifjcif;eSifh pOfqufrjyufzGHUNzdK;
wkd;wufapaom ig;vkyfief;u@
tcef;-17? tqifh 5.1 ESifh 5.2
tcef;-12? tajcaerSefppfaq;jcif;-(2)
• pDrHcsufa&;qGJ&mwGif a&&Snfywf0ef;usif ESifh
vlrIa&;ajymif;vJrIrsm; tay: ydkí tm&Hkpl;
pdkufap&eftajctae zefwD;ay; onf
• OD;wnfavhvmvkdaom vlrIa&; ajymif; vJrI
(Oyrm - vlOD;a&wdk;yGm;rIESifh zGHYNzdK; wdk;wufrI)
ESifhtwl &moDOwk ajymif;vJ rIESifh ork'&m
a&wGif tufqpf"gwf rsm;vmrIwdkY\ qdk;usKd;
oufa&mufrIwdkYudk yl;aygif; avhvmonf/
4/ vuf&Sdwnf&Sdaeonfh ig;vkyfief; pDrHcefYcGJrI enf;vrf;rS EAFM odkY ajymif;vJvkyfaqmifjcif;
txufwGif azmfjyxm;ouJhodkY EAFM \ t"du&nfrSef;csufrSm pepfwpfckvHk;udk a&&Snf wnfwHh&ef
toHk;jyKjcif;jzpfí rsKd;pdwfwpfckwnf;udkom toHk;jyK&efr[kwfyg/ odkY&mwGif EAFM udk toHk;csonfqdk&mü
vuf&Sdig;vkyfief; pDrHcefYcGJa&;tay: tajcjyKí topfwpfckwDxGifjcif; r[kwfyg/ EAFM tqifhodkY tjynfht0
&&ef ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm apmifh&ygrnf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf tqifhqifhwdk;í pkaygif; jzpfay:rI tay:wGif
rIwnfygonf/
Z,m; 3.2? vuf&Sdig;vkyfief;pDrHcefcG JrIESif h EAFM wkdYudktcsuf (11) csuftay: EdIif;,SOfxm;ygonf
vuf&Sd pDrHcefUcGJaeonfh
enf;vrf; EAFM
ig;rsKd;pdwfrsm;udk
pOf;pm;jcif;
t"duOD;wnf&nf&G,faom
rsKd;pdwfrsm;om
a*[pepfwGif;&Sd rsKd;pdwftm;vHk;? txl;ojzifh
ig;zrf;qD;rIaMumifh xdcdkufrSK &Sdapaom
rsKd;pdwfrsm;
pDrHcefYcGJrI &nfrSef;csufrsm; OD;wnf&nf&G,faom rsKd;pdwf
rsm;om t"duywfoufí?
a&&SnftxGufEIef;wdk;a&;
twGuf ZD0aA'&Iaxmifh rSom
orm;&dk;us OD;wnf
pOf;pm;onf
ig;vkyfief;ESifhywfoufaom A[dkOD;wnf
csufrsm; xm;onfh a*[pepfrS xGufukefrsm;
ESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm; vlrIa&; pD;yGm;a&;udpö
twGufyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm; jcif;rsm;
twdkif;twm ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrI
jyóem&yf rsm;udk
ig;tkyfpk ig;vkyfief;
twdkif;twmxdomajz&Sif;
aqmif&Gufjcif;
oifhavsmf&mae&m? tcsdeftcgay:rlwnfí
t"du jyóem&yfrsm;udk ajz&Sif; aqmif
&Gufjcif; þjyóemrsm;onf us,fjyefYpGm
qufpyf aeMuonf Oyrm-a'otqifh?
EdkifiHawmftqifh a'oBuD;rsm; tqifh (Ekdfif
iHaygif;rsm;pGm) ESifh urÇmvHk;qdkif&mtqifh
tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh
owif; toHk;jyKrI
t"dutm;jzifh
odyÜHtcsuftvufrsm;
OD;wnf&nf&G,fonfY rsKd;pdwf
rsm;om
ydkus,fjyefYaom todOmPfudktajccHonf
(odyÜHenf;ESifh&dk;&mA[kokw) tvkyfvkyf&if;
vufawGUoif,ljcif;udk OD;pm;ay;onf/
(vdkufavsmnDaxGrSKjyKekdifonfh pDrHcefYcGJrI)
tuJjzwfjcif;
enf;vrf;rsm;
OD;wnf&nf&G,faom rsKd;pdwf
rsm;\ ig;tkyfpkudk t"du
cefYrSef; onf
oufqdkif&mtnTef;tajctaeay:rIwnfí
rsKd;pdwfaygif;pHkESif a*[pepf\ yrmP udk
cefYrSef;onf
pDrHcefYcGJ&ef
0ifa&mufyg0ifrSK
ig;zrf;jcif;udkxdef;odrf;&ef
t"duvkyfonf
us,fjyefYaom rufvHk;ay;? qGJaqmifrSK
pepfudk oHk;onf/ (Oyrm-a*[pepfudk pDrH&ef
vufeuf wpfck jzpfaom tPÖ0gxdef;odrf;
umuG,fa&; e,fajr (MPA) udk aqmif&Guf
onf) urf;&kd;wef; e,fajr bufpHkpDrH
cefYcGJrI ( ICZM ) ESifh rufvHk;ay;jcif;tm;
us,fjyefYpGm vkyfaqmif jcif;wkdUtay:
csdwfqufaqmif&Gufonf/
pDrHcsuf csrSwfjcif; rsm;aomtm;jzifhig;vkyfief;
pDrHcefYcGJrI pDrHcsufrsKd;jzpf&ef
OD;wnf&Gnf&G,faom
rsKd;pdwfrsm;udk pOf;pm;onf
EAFM wGif ig;vkyfief;? a*[pepf? vlYtzGJY
pnf;pepf tkyfcsKyfrIponfwdkYudk pOf;pm;
onf/
ig;vkyfief;&yfeSD;EG,folrsm; a&vkyfom;? ig;vkyfief;ESifh
ig;vkyfief; tzGJYtpnf;rS
olrsm;
ydkus,fjyefYaom ig;vkyfief;&yfeSD;EG,folrsm;?
EAFM aMumifh xdcdkufolrsm; EAFM pDrHcefYcGJrIudk xdcdkufapolrsm;
u@rsm; u@tvdkufwGifig;vkyfief;
u@ESifhywfoufaom
jyóem &yfrsm;udkom
tm&HkjyKonf
ig;vkyfief; u@ESifh tjcm;u@rsm; qufpyf
ESD;EG,frIudk uGufuGufuGif;uGif; avhvm
aqmif&Gufonf/ (Oyrm-urf;&kd;wef;a'o
zGHUNzdK;a&;? c&D;oGm;vkyfief;? ig;arG;jrLa&;?
a&aMumif;oGm;vma&;? a&eHvkyfief;)
rI0g'rsm;ESifY qHk;jzwfcsuf
csrSwfjcif;
tpdk;&tqifhuom t"du
aqmif&Gufonf? t"du
tm;jzifh ig;vkyfief;BuD;rsm;
udpö&yfudk ajz&Sif;aqmif&Guf
ay;onf/
t"du ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folrsm; tm;vHk;
ESifY yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufonf/ ydkrdk us,fjyefY
aom ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,fol tzGJYtpnf;
wdkY\ tusKd;ESifh arQmfvifhcsufudk aqmif&Guf
ay;onf/
ylaygif;yg0ifolrsm; txufrSatmuf (trdefY
ay;jcif;) yHkpHjzifhcsOf;uyfjcif;
orm;&dk;us ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefY
cGJrIyHkpHjyKtwdkif; aqmif&Guf
onf/
ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folrsm;\ &IaxmifhrS
csOf;uyfjcif;udk oHk;onf/ (Oyrm-yHkpH
trsKd;rsdK;jzifh yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJrIonf EAFM \
t"duo&kyf vu©Pm jzpfonf/
Oya'pnf;urf; vkdufemrI
ESifh Oya' tmPm
oufa&mufaprSk
pnf;urf;Oya'twdkif;
aqmif&Gufí rvdkufemrI
rsm;udk jypf'gPf ay;onf/
rufvHk;ay;qGJaqmifrSKpepf rSwqifh
pnf;urf;Oya' vdkufemap&ef tm;ay;
onf/
5. tjcm;aomenf;vrf;rsm;
ig;vkyfief;? yifv,fjyifESif urf;&kd;wef;a'o pDrHcefYcGJrIwGif vuf&SdusifhoHk;aeaom csOf;uyfrI enf;vrf;
rsKd;pHkwGif EAFM onf yg0ifywfoufjcif;? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufay;jcif;wdkYudk aqmif&Gufygonf/ EAFM \
tESpfom&rSm yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJjcif;jzifh ig;vkyfief;&yfeSD;EG,folrsm;\ pkaygif;qHk;jzwfay;rIESifh ydkifqdkifrI &&Sdap&ef
tmrcHcsufay;jcif; jzpfygonf/ (pwifjcif; (c) ESifh tajcaerSefudkppfaq;jcif; (2) udkMunfhyg)/
pDrHcefYcGJjcif;twGuf csOf;uyf&mwGif EAFM onf urf;&kd;wef;a'obufpHkpDrHcefYcGJrI (ICM) ESifh tPÖ0ga'o
tykdif;tjcm;tvdkufpDrHcsuf (Marine Spatial Planning, MSP) wdkY\ aqmif&GufyHkrsm; xyfwlusaeonfh tcsuf
rsm;pGm&Sdygonf/ ICM onf urf;&kd;wef;a'owGif toHk;csaom EA/EBM wdkY\ u@toD;oD;
yg0ifywfoufrIESifh wlnDonf/ xkdYaMumifh EAFM \ &nf&G,fcsufxajrmuf&ef EA ESifh MSP wdkYudk pDrHcefYcGJrI
vkyfief;wGif vdktyfaom tcsufrsm;tjzpf &IjrifEdkifonf/ þcsOf;uyfrI enf;vrf;pHkwkdYudk EA/EBM tawG;tac:wGif xnfhoGif; xm;ygonf/ (yHk – 3.2)
þenf;vrf;udk tm;vHk;u vufcHxm;aom tcsufwpfckrSm pDrHcefYcGJrIudpöwGif us,fjyefYaom a*[pepf
pDrHcefYcGJrI (obm0w&m;ESifhvl) yg0if&rnfjzpfonf/ xdkYjyif vlrIa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; tusKd;aus;Zl;udk
ydkíaumif;atmif aqmifusOf;Ekdif&ef jzpfygonf/
yHk 3.2 / EAFM onf tjcm;aom enf;vrf;rsm;tm; yg0ifyHhydk;ay;onf
Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) qdkonfrSm ekdifiHa&;vkyfief;pOfwGifyg0ifaom a*[pepf? pD;yGm;a&;?
vlrSKa&;qkdif&m &nfrSef;csufyef;wkdifrsm;okdU atmifjrifpGm a&muf&Sdekdif&eftwGuf vlom;wkdU\ vkyfief;rsm;ukd
yifv,ftwGif; tcsdefae&mtvkduf toHk;jyKrSKukd avhvmoHk;oyfí cGJa0owfrSwfcsxm;ay;&ef vltrsm;
yg0ifvkyfaqmif&rnfh vkyfief;pOf wpf&yfjzpfygonf/ (UNESCO 2009) MSP wGif atmufyg (2) ckvHk;
yg0ifonf/ (1) toHk;jyKolwdkYtwGuf pDrHcsufESifh (2) vkyfief;aqmif&Guf&ef ud&d,m? wefqmyvmenf;vrf;rsm;
- Oyrm – MPA rsm;yg0ifaom ZHktvdkuf ae&mowfrSwfjcif;?
MPA (Marine Pratected Area) uGef,ufrsm;udk toHk;csjcif;onf MSP \ oGifjyif vu©Pm wpfck
jzpfonf/ MPA (tPÖ0gxdef;odrf;umuG,fa&;e,fajr) rsm;onf oD;jcm;pDrHcefYcGJrI wpf&yfjzpf tjcm;aom
pDrHcefYcGJrIvkyfief;rsm;ESifh qufpyfaqmif&Gufoifhonf/ (tcef; 14? tqifh 3.3 ukdMunfh) MPA udk
ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJa&;udpöESifh ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;udpö (2)ckvHk;wGif toHk;jyKEdkifonf? odkY&mwGif MPA udk
ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJa&;udpöwGif oHk;avhr&SdyJ ZD0rsdK;pHk rsKd;uGJ xdef;odrf;a&;udpöwGifom toHk;csavh&Sdonf/ xdkYjyif
ig;vkyfief;&yfeSD;EG,folwdkYESifh ñ§dEdIif;wdkifyifjcif; r&SdyJ MPA udk wnfaxmifavh&Sdojzifh atmifjrif&ef
tvm;tvm enf;yg;aponf/
MPA udpöaqmif&GufMu&mwGif xnfhoGif;ajz&Sif;avhr&Sdaom ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJa&; t"duudpötcsKdUrSm
atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf/
• ig;zrf;EkdifpGrf;udk xdef;jcif;
• MPA {&d,me,fedrdwf jyify{&d,mwdkYudk pDrHcefYcGJjcif;
• tjcm;vkyfief;aMumifh ig;vkyfief;tay: xdcdkufekdifapjcif;
MPAs uJhodkYaom xdef;odrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm;aMumifh a'ocHywfoufolrsm;tay: tusKd;aus;Zl;
jzpfxGef;EdkifouJhodkY tukeftusvnf;rsm;apEdkifonf/ xdkYaMumifh jyKjyifxdef;odrf;a&;udpörsm;udk aqmif&Guf
Mu&mwGif ukefusp&dwfESifh tusKd;aus;Zl;cHpm;cGifh (2) ckudk rQwpGm cGJa0ay;a&;onf t"dupdefac:csuf
jzpfonf/ zGJYNzdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;wGif þtcuftcJ jyóemrsm;udk ydk&IyfaxG;apaom udpöwpfckrSm a'owpfckwGif
u@aygif;pHk tzGJYaygif;pHk (Oyrm-ig;vkyfief;u@? ywf0ef;usif@? tjcm;u@) wkdY yg0ifygwfoufvsuf&SdMuNyD;
&nfrSef;csufrsm; udkvnf; pkpnf;nd§EdIif;avhr&Sdyg/ u@toD;oD;rS MPA wGif yg0ifywfouf
aqmif&Gufjcif;wdkYudk pkpnf;Edkifygu ukefusp&dwfESifh tusKd;cHpm;cGifhwdkYudk ydkínDrQpGmrQa0 ay;Edkifrnfjzpf&m
,if;udpöudk ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJa&;enf;vrf; wpfcktjzpf owfrSwfEdkfifonf/
tcgrsm;pGmwGif trSefvdktyfaom pDrHcefYcGJrIudpöonf ig;vkyfief;tzGJY\ jyifywGif &Sdaeojzifh
ig;vkyfief;tzGJYpnf;ESifh ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folwdkY\ ydkrdkyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;onf vkdtyfygonf/ txl;ojzifh
EAFM pDrHcsufqGJaom umvrsKd;wGifjzpfonf/ ueOD;prf;oyfcsuf taejzifhurf;&kd;wef;a'oESif ukef;wGif;ydkif;
a'o ICM udk aqmif&Gufjcif;onf yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufa&;udkvkyfoifhonf/ odkY&mwGif ,aeYtxd ig;vkyfief;
tzGJYpnf;rsm;onf þodkY yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef 0efav;wGefYqkwfMuonf/ ta&;BuD;aom yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI
rsKd;udk pwiftaumifxnf azmfEdkifonfESifhwNydKifeuf aeYwpf"l0 ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJa&;udpöudk ,if;vkyfief;
tzGJYrS aqmif&Guf taumiftxnfazmfapNyD; ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folrsm;taejzifh yHkrSeftpnf;a0;
wufa&mufMuí wdk;wufatmifjrifrIudk oHk;oyfjcif;? jyóemtjiif;yGm;zG,fudpö ay:aygufvmygu
pkaygif;ajz&Sif;jcif;wdkYudk aqmif&GufEdkifygonf/
EAFM udk taumiftxnfaz:aqmif&Gufjcif;aMumifh pDrHcefYcGJrIukefusp&dwfydkrsm;vmEdkifygonf/ Oyrm
ydkus,fjyefYjynfhpHkaom owif;tcsuftvuf&&Sda&;? pDrHcsufa&;qGJjcif; nSdEdIif;aqG;aEG;jcif;? qHk;jzwfcsuf
csrSwfjcif;? ydkrdkus,fjyefYaom apmifhMuyfMunfh&Ijcif;? xdef;csKyfjcif; wdkYrSm ukefusp&dwfydkrsm;vmygrnf/ odkY&mwGif
ydkrdkxda&mufaom ig;vkyfief; pDrHcefYcGJrIrsKd;udk aqmif&Gufrnfjzpfygu txufazmfjyygtcsufrsm;tm; rvGJraoG
aqmif&Guf &rnfom jzpfygonf/
EAFM udk taumifxnfazmfjcif;aMumifh ydkrdkukefusvmaom p&dwfwdkYudk a&&Snf a*[pepfESifh vlom;wdkY
tusdK;twGuf aumif;pGm ajz&Sif;Edkifrnfjzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif tpjyK tajymif;tvJ umvrsKd;wGif ]ukefus
p&dwfudk rnfoluuscHrnfenf;} [laom ar;cGef;rsKd;rSmvnf; ta&;BuD;ygonf/ ,cktcg trsm;u oabmwl
vufcHxm;aom tcsufrSm tusKd;aus;Zl;cHpm;&ol (toHk;jyKol) u uscH&efjzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif EAFM
taejzifh vlYrSKtzGJYtpnf;rsm;\ us,fjyefYaomvdktyfcsufrsm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;ekdifaomaMumifh ukefusp&dwfrsm;udk
a&vkyfief;vkyfukdifolrsm;uJhokdh wdkuf&dkuftusKd;cHpm;&ol ESifh tjcm;vlYtzGJYtpnf;wdkYu rQa0ay;acs&ef
jzpfygonf/
vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsuf/ vlYrSKtzGJYtpnf;toD;oD;wdkY\ &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk xdef;nSday;jcif;/ AD'D,dk
Zmwfvrf;udk MunfYí tkyfpkvdkuf aqG;aEG;yg/
EAFM \ Oya'orsm;
Module 4
oifcef;pm\ &nf&G,fcsufrsm;
EAFM \ rl0g'udkod&Sd&efESifh EAFM \ wm0efod ig;vkyfief;usifh0wf (CCRF) ESifh
qufpyfrIudkod&ef
vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsuf/ oif\ig;vkyfief;udk yHkaz:ay;aom t"dujzpfpOfrsm; tcsdeftcg (ckESpf) tvdkuf
az:jyyg/
oifcef;pmtay:NcHKiHkoHk;oyfcsuf
þtcef;wGif EAFM \ Oya'oqdkif&maz:jycsufrsm;rSm (1) aumif;rGefaomtkyfcsKyfrI? (2)
qDavQmfrSK&SdonfY owfrSwfe,fy,f? (3) yg0ifaqmif&GufrSKydkrdkvmapjcif;? (4) trsdK;rsdK;aom&nf&G,fcsufrsm;? (5)
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;ESifhnd§EIdif;jcif;? (6) vdkufavsmnDaxGaompDrHcefYcGJrIESifh (7) BudKwifaqmif&GufrSKenf;vrf;
ponfwdkYjzpfygonf/
ed'gef;
EAFM qdkonfrSm ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrItwGuf ydkrdkus,fjyefYí NyD;jynfhpHkaom enf;vrf;wpf&yf jzpfygonf/
xkdYaMumifh vuf&SdusifhoHk;Muaom ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh EAFM wdkYtMum;wGif t"duuGJjym;aom
tcsuftvuftenf;i,f&Sdygonf/ atmufazmfjyygtcsufwdkYudk Munfhjcif;jzifh jcm;em;csufwdkYudk awGYjrifEdkifNyD;
EAFM atmifjrifrSK&&Sd&eftwGuf vuf&SdusifYoHk;aeaom pDrHcefYcGJrSKenf;vrf; rnfodkYaqmif&Guf&rnfudk
od&SdEdkifygonf/
1/ EAFM \ Oya'orsm;
t"duOya'orsm; (yHk 4.1) udk atmufygtwdkif tusOf;csKyfazmfjyEdkifonf/
1/ aumif;rGefaomtkyfcsKyfrI
2/ qDavsmfrSK&S donfh owfrSwfe,fy,f a*[aA'pepfrsm;? vlrIa&;pepfrsm; twGif;?
tjyifqufpyfrIwdkUudk xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;ygonf/ (þqufpyfrIrsm;onf ae&mtay:rlwnfonf
rwlnDaom ywf0ef;usifrsm;tvdkuf? ukef;ydkif;? a&ydkif;? avydkif; tvdkuf twdkif;twmtvdkuf
Oyrm –c&dkif? wdkif;a'oBuD;? EdkifiHawmf? EkdifiHwum tqifhponf)
3/ yg0ifaqmif&GufrSKyk drk dvmapjcif; vkyfief;pOfyg0ifywfoufolrsm;tm; ydkrdkyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;/
4/ trsdK;rsdK;aom&nfrSef;csufrsm; trsdK;rsdK;aom&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJjcif; (vlYtzGJYtpnf;
toD;oD; wdkYudk nd§EdIif;csdefudkufjcif; ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folwdkY\ &nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk nd§EdIif;jcif;?
&nf&G,fcsufrSm pdefac:rIrsm;eSifh tav;xm;&rnfh udpö&yfrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;ay;Edkifaom &nfrSef;csuf
rsm;udk csrSwf&ef)
5/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;ESif hnd§Ed Iif;jcif; xdkodkYaqmif&Guf&mwGif a'gifvdkuf (tpdk;&tzGJYtvTm?
vlrItzGJYtpnf;tvTm tqifhqifh) aqmif&Gufjcif;? (wpfenf;tm;jzifh xufatmufnd§EdIif;jcif;) ESifh
a&jyifnDvdkuf (tzJGYtpnf;rsm;? u@rsm;Mum;) aqmif&Gufjcif;wkdY jzpfMuygonf/
6/ vkdufavsmnDaxGaom pDrHcefYcG JrI oif,ljcif;ESifh jyKjyif,ljcif;jzifh tajymif;tvJudk jyKvkyfjcif;?
t"dutm;jzifh aysmhajymif;í vdkufavsmnDaxGrI&SdaompepfESifh vkyfief;pOf jzpfygonf/ wkefYjyefrI
ay:rlwnfí tvkyfrS vufawGYoif,ljcif;wdkY yg0ifonf/
7/ BudKwifaqmif&GufrSKenf;vrf; raocsmr&&mrIrsm;&SdvmonfhtcgwGif BudKwifowdxm;
aqmif&Gufjcif;udk aqmif&Guf&efjzpfygonf/
yHk 4.1 / EAFM \ t"du Oya'orsm;
2/ EAFM \ Oya'orsm;ESifh FAO \ wm0efodaomig;vkyfief;usifYpOf
EAFM \ Oya'orsm;udk FAO \ wm0efodig;vkyfief;usifhpOfrsm; (CCRF) ay:rltajccH csrSwfxm;ygonf/
CCRF onf usifhpOfrsm;r[kwfaomfvnf; tcsKdUudk EdkifiHwumOya'udktajccHxm;ygonf/ Oyrm –
ukvor*¾\ yifv,fjyifqdkif&m Oya' 1982 (UNCLOS ) rS Oya'rsm; yg0ifonf/ CCRF onf
ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh zGHYNzdK;rIudpötm;vHk;ESifh tusKH;0ifonf/ Oyrm - ig;zrf;jcif;? ig;jyKjyifxkwfvkyffjcif;?
a&mif;0,fjcif;? ig;zrf;vkyfief;aqmif&Gufjcif;? ig;arG;jrLjcif;? ig;vkyfief;okawoeaqmif&Gufjcif;? ig;vkyfief;ESifh
urf;&dk;wef;a'o bufpHk pDrHcefYcGJjcif; (ICM) wkdY yg0ifonf/
wm0efodaomig;vkyfief;twGuf ta&;BuD;aomrlrsm;ukd CCRF u csrSwfygonf/ (Oyrm – Box 4.1 ) wGif
ig;vkyfief;t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh a*[pepfESifh ywfoufaom taMumif;t&mrsm; - Box 4.2 wGif vlrla&;?
pD;yGm;a&; a&&SnfwnfwHh zGYHNzdK;a&;ESifh qdkifaom taMumif;t&mrsm;) azmfjyygOya'orsm;onf EA ESifh EAFM rsm; rjyXmef;rDuyif &SdcJh jyD; ,if;Oya'orsm;wGif a&&Snfxdef;odrf; wnfwHhzGHYNzdK;a&; oabmw&m;rsm;
yg0ifojzifh ,ckazmfjyxm;aom EAFM Oya'o (7) cktwGuf tajccH jzpfygonf/
Box 4.1 – ig;vkyfief;o,HZmwt&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh a*[pepf (a*[pepf aumif;rGefa&;) wdkYESifh
qufEG,frSK &SdonfY CCRF \ t"duusaom Oya'orsm;
• ig;vkyfief;o,HZmwt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk vuf&SdESifh tem*wfrsKd;qufopfrsm;twGuf xdef;odrf;apmifh
a&Smuf&ef
• ig;vkyfief;o,HZmwt&if;tjrpfrsm;\ xkwfvkyfEdkifonfhyrmPESifh zrf;,lEdkifaomyrmPudk
tcsKd;nDpGm aqmif&Guf jcif;jzifh ig;tvGeftuRH zrf;qD;rIudk wm;qD;umuG,f&ef
• A[kokwrsm;ydkrdkjynfhpkHonftxd apmifhqkdif;&efrvkdbJ BudKwifaqmif&GufrSKenf;vrf;tm; toHk;csjcif;
• &nf&G,faom rsKd;pdwfudkom xdef;odrf;jcif;omru a*[pepf wpfckvHk;wGif yg0ifaom rsKd;pdwf
tm;vHk;udkxdef;odrf;&ef
• ta&;ygonfh ig;aeig;xkdifrsm;tm; jyefvnfxlaxmifjcif;eSifh umuG,fay;jcif;
• urf;&dk;wef;a'oudk bufpHktoHk;jyKMu&mwGif ig;vkyfief;vnf; yg0ifap&efESifh bufpHk urf;&dk;wef;a'o
pDrHcefYcGJrIwGif xnfhoGif;&ef
• oifhavsmfonfh a*[pepfajymif;vJrIESifhtwl vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;tay: qdk;usdK; oufa&mufrIwdkYudk
enf;EdkiforQenf;Edkifap&ef oihfavsmfaom enf;vrf;tokH;jyK a*[pepf ywf0ef;usift&nftaoG;
cefYrSef; apmifhMuyfavhvmjcif;udk aqmif&Guf&ef
Box 4.2 vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;twGuf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef (vlrSkb0om,m0ajyma&;) wdkYESifh
qufEG,frSK&Sdonf CCRF \ t"duusaom Oya'orsm;
• xdef;odrf;jcif;ESifh pDrHcefYcGJjcif; vkyfief;rsm;udk taumif;qHk;aom odyÜHtcsuftvuf om"ursm;ay:
tajccHíaqmif&Guf&ef (ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m? vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m tcsuftvufom"u)?
xkdhtjyif &dk;&m"avhqdkif&m A[kokwrsm;udkrSwfwrf;jyKpk&ef
• a&vkyfom;rsm;eSifh ig;vkyfief;vkyfudkifolrsm;\ tcGifhta&;udkumuG,f&ef? txl;ojzifh rd&dk;zvm
wpfEdkifwpfydkif tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;rsm;? ¤if;wdkYtwGuf w&m;rQwaom toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ESifh
vkdvm;tyfaom tcGifhtvrf;&&Sda&;wdkYudkyg oifhavsmfovkdaqmif&Guf&ef
• pm;eyf&du©mzlvHkrSK ESifh a&xGufukeft&nftaoG; aumif;rGefa&;twGuf ig;vkyfief;u@\ yg0if
aqmif&Gufcsuftm; jr§ifhwif&efeSifh a'ocHwdkY\vkdtyfcsufjzpfonfh tm[m&vkdtyfcsufrsm;udk
OD;pm;ay; owfrSwf&ef
EAFM Oya'orsm; tao;pdwf
2.1 aumif;rGefaom tkyfcsKyfrI
tkyfcsKyfrIqdkonfrSm Oya'? pnf;urf;csrSwfí taumiftxnfazmfjcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;wGif aqmif&Gufonfh
pepf? tqifhrsm;ESifh tzGJYtpnf;rsm;yg0ifí jynfolrsm;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJYrsm; (tzGJYtpnf;ESifhtpDtrH) wdkYonf
rdrdwkdY\ vkdvm;csufrsm;udk awmif;qdkjcif;? uGJjym;rIrsm;udk nd§EIdif;jcif;? udk,fydkiftcGifhta&;rsm;udk awmif;qdk
aqmif&Gufjcif;ESifh wm0ef,ljcif;wdkY yg0ifonf/ (AUS AID, 2000 )? tkyfcsKyfrIqdkonfrSm wcgw&HwGif
w&m;0ifESifh w&m;r0ifaom vkyfaqmifcsuftqifhrsm;yg0ifí yx0D - EdkifiHa&; jzpfwnfrIwpfck (Oyrm –
EdkifiH tpdk;&) ? vlrI – EdkifiHjzpfwnfrIwpfck (Oyrm - vlrsKd;pktBuD;tuJ? vlrsdK;pk? rdom;pkponf)?
tzGJYtpnf;rsdK;rsKd;? tpDtrHtrsKd;rsKd; yg0ifonf/
tkyfcsKyfrI (tkyfcsKyfjcif;) wGif atmufygwdkYyg0ifonf-
• EdkifiHa&;t& t"dutaxmuftuljyKjcif;
• Oya'tmPmjzifh pDrHcefUcGJjcif;
• xda&mufrSK&Sdonfh Oya'? rl0g'enf;ynmqkdif&m tzGJYtpnf;rsm;
• tpdk;&? jyifytzGJYtpnf;rsm;? o,HZmwt&if;tjrpf toHk;jyKolrsm;eSifh a'ocH tpktzGJU0ifrsm;tMum;
nd§EdIif; aqmif&Gufekdifa&; pDpOfaqmif&Gufjcif;
• yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrSKjyKonfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif a'ocHrsm; taxmuftuljyKay;jcif;
• Oya'tmPmowfa&mufapjcif;eSifh vkdufemusifhoHk;apjcif;
• pkaygif;yg0ifíqHk;jzwfcsufcsonfh vkyfief;pOf
• apmifhMunfhrSwfom;&ef owif;tcsuftvufrsm; yHhykd;ay;jcif;eSifh vufawGYvkyfaqmifjcif;rS avhvm
oif,ljcif;?
• pDrHcefYcGJ rSKjyK&eftwGuf vHkavmufrSK&SdNyD; &nf&G,fjrKyfeSHxm;&Sd&rnfh t&if;tjrpfrsm; (Oyrm- 0efxrf;?
&efyHkaiG? vkyfief;taxmuftuljyKud&d,mrsm;)xm;&Sdjcif;
• 0efxrf;rsm;\ vkyfief;uRrf;usifrSKeSifh ,HkMunfcsuf&Sd&Sdaqmif&Gufjcif;?
• tkyfcsKyfrItay:oufa&mufapaom jyify ya&m*rsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif; (Oyrm- aps;uGuf?
wGef;tm;? &moDOwk ajymif;vJrI? obm0ab;tEå&m,f usa&mufrI? pD;yGm;a&; vSkrSktqifh twef;
ESifh vlom;t&if;tjrpf wkdY zGHYNzdK;rIponfh)
tkyfcsKyfrIESifhywfoufaom tawG;tac:rSm azmfnTef;csufwpfckom jzpfaomfvnf; "good governance" aumif;rGefaomtkyfcsKyfrIrSm pHjyKxm;&rnfh tkyfcsKyfrSKwpfckudk qdkvkdonf/ aumif;rGefaom pDrHtkyfcsKyfrI
t"dyÜg,ftwdtusrSm rl0g'ay:rlwnfí uGJjym;Edkifaomfvnf; a,bl,svu©Pm (8) ckyg&dSonf/
yHk 4.2 aumif;rGefaomtkyfcsKyfrI\vu©Pmrsm;
http://www.unesco.org/pdd/prs/ProjedtActivition/Orgoing/gg/goverance.sgasp rS
wm0ef,lrI - tkyfcsKyfrItzGJYonf trsm;oabmwlxm;aom &Sif;vif;jywfom;onfh &nf&G,fcsufrsm;twdkif;
worwfwnf;&Sdaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd rnfonhf twdkif;twmtxd csrSwfaqmif&GufEdkifonfudk jyoEdkif
&rnf/
yGifvif;jrifomrI – tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJY\ ta&;,laqmif&Gufcsufrsm;? qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;eSifh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;
csrSwfonfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;onf tpdk;&? vlrItzGJY tpnf;ESifh jyifytzGJYtpnf;wdkY\ pDppfrI? a0zefrIwkdY
vkyfEdkif&ef yGifvif;jrifomrSK&Sd&rnf/ þenf;jzifh t*wd vdkufpm;rIudk enf;EdkiforQ enf;apEdkifygonf/
wHkUjyefaqmif&GufrSK – tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUonf trsm;tusKd;twGuf aqmif&Guf&mwGif vlYtzGJYtpnf;
vkdtyfcsuft& tvsiftjrefajymif;vJ&aom udpörsm;? aysmhajymif;n§ifompGm udkifwG,f&aom udpörsm;udk
tqifajypGm vdkufavsmwHkYjyefEdkifpGrf;&Sd&rnf/ rdrdtzGJYudkvnf; jyefvnf qef;ppfa0zefEdkif&ef toifh&Sdae&rnf/
rQwrIESifhtm;vHk;yg0ifrI – tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUonf qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwf&mwGif vlenf;pk\tjrifudk xnfhoGif;
pOf;pm;ouJhodkY vlYtzGJYtpnf;wGif tedrfhqHk;jzpfaeolrsm; (tEå&m,fusa&mufygu rdrdzmom umuG,fEdkifpGrf;
r&Sdolrsm;) \ toHudkvnf; em;axmif&ygrnf/
xda&mufrI&Sdjcif;ESifhpGrf;aqmifedkifrSK – tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUonf jynfolrsm;twGuf t&nftaoG;&Sdaom &v'frsm;
&&Sd&ef tm;xkwf&rnf/ jynfolrsm;twGuf 0efaqmifrIay;&mwGif ukefusp&dwfESifh tumrdqHk; tajctae
&&Sda&;ESifh qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfolrsm;\ rlvarQmfrSef;csuftwdkif; taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufEdkifa&;
jzpfonf/
Oya'vdkufemrI – tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJYonf omwlnDrQrSKjzifh yGifhvif;jrifompGm csrSwfxm;onfh Oya'? pnf;rsOf;
pnf;urf;rsm;twkdif; oufa&mufrSK&Sdatmif aqmif&Guf&rnf/
yg0ifaqmif&GufrI – ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folrsm; (trsdK;om;^ trsdK;orD;) ESifh aqG;aEG;n§dEdIif;&mwGif
vnf;aumif;? qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwf&mwGifvnf;aumif; wuf<upGmyg0ifap&rnf/ tpkd;&tzGJUonf rl0g'
csrSwf&mwGif taxmuftuljyKapa&;eSifh ykdifqkdifrSKxdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufa&;tay: arQmfvifhcsufxm;&Sd&rnf/
trsm;oabmxm;ay:tav;xm;rSK – tpkd;&tzGJUonf rl0g'udk trsm;vufcHa&; tm;ay;jrSifhwif&ef
oabmxm;rsm;pGm &&Sda&;twGuf BudK;yrf;tm;xkwf&rnf/
EAFM twGuf aumif;rGefaomtkyfcsKyfrIqdk&mwGif vlom;wdkYESifh a*[pepfwdkY aumif;rGefjynfhpkHa&; &&Sda&;
twGuf tmrcHaqmif&Guf&rnf/ tusdK;aus;Zl;cHpm;cGifh wdkYudkvnf; rQwpGmzefwD;ay;&rnf/ ig;vkyfief;wGif
pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh o,HZmwxkwf,lrIwdkYudk trsm;jynfol rjrifEdkifaomtajcaewGif aqmif&Guf (ig;vkyfief;udk
jynfolYu@rS aqmif&GufMuonfhwdkif trsm;jynfol rodjrifEdkifMu) ojzifh wm0ef,lrIrSm tvGef ta&;BuD;
ygonf/ wm0ef,lrIudk&&Sd&ef tmrcHcsufwpfcktaejzihf owif;tcsufvuf &&Sda&;udpöESifh rl0g'udpö wdkYrSm
yGifhvif;jrifom&ef ta&;BuD;ygonf/ t"dyÜg,ftjynfht0&Sdaom trsm;jynfolyg0ifí qHk;jzwfcsuf
csrSwf&aom udpörsKd;wGif owif;tcsuftvufESifh rl0g'yGifhvif;jrifomrIonf BudKwif&Sdxm;&rnfht&m
jzpfonf/
rl0g'xda&mufrI wdk;wufap&ef A[dkxdef;csKyfrIuif;aom pDrHcefYcGJrIjzifh aqmif&GufEkdifonf/ aqmif&Guf&ef
udpöwdkYudk a'ocHwdkY\ vdktyfcsuftwdkif; aqmif&Gufjcif; qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwf&mwGif ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folwdkY
yl;aygif;yg0ifjcif;udk ydkrdk tcGifhtvrf;ay;jcif; yg0ifygonf/ aumif;rGefaom tkyfcsKyfrI jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf
toHk;0ifaom tzGJYtpnf; tavhtxrsm;rSm –
• tzGJYtpnf;rsm;twGuf ydkrdk&Sif;vif;í NydKifqkdifrIuif;aom vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;ay;&ef
• tpdk;&tzGJYtpnf;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&tzGJYpnf;r[kwfaom tzGJYtpnf;rsm;odkY owif;tcsufvufrsm; ay;&ef
• tzGJYtpnf;rsm;Mum; w&m;pD&ifrIjyóem tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;avsmhcs&ef tpdk;&tzGJYtpnf; rsm;Mum;
tpDpOfrsm;udk jyefíjyKjyifwnfaqmuf&ef
• tzGJYtpnf;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh tzGJY0ifrsm;a&&SnftusKd;twGuf tzGJY\qkay;'Pfay;pepfudk jyefvnf
jyifqif&ef
• t*wdvdkufpm;rSKudkjzpfapaom tusdK;cHpm;cGifhqkdif&m y#dyu©rsm;tm; pDrHcefUcGJ&ef
2.2 qDavsmfrSK&Sdonfh owfrSwfe,fy,f
EAFM onf a&&SnfwnfwHhaom ig;vkyfief;rsm;jzpfxGef;apa&;twGuf EkdifiHa&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;
e,fedrdwfxuf oufqdkif&ma*[ e,ferdwfrsm;udk toHk;csonf/ þtcsufonf ,cifEdkifiHa&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;
e,fedrdwftwdkif;aqmif&Gufaom tpOftvmESifh BuD;rm;aomjcm;em;csufjzpfonf/ yuwdtajcaewGif
ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrItwdkif;twmudk tajccHí EdkifiHa&;? tkyfcsKyfa&; e,fedrdwftwdkif; aqmif&GufNyD;
vlrIa&;pD;yGm;a&;ESifh a*[jyóemrsm;udkyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;um ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrI\ vkyfydkifcGifhudk
ydkíus,fjyefYapvdrfYrnf jzpfonf/ owdjyK&rnfhtcsufrSm rnfonfhtcsufonf taumif; qHk;jzpfonf[laom
trsm;oabmxm;r&Sdyg/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkfaomf ig;vkyfief; pDrHcefYcGJrI,lepf (FMU) onf xkdoD;oefY
ig;vkyfief;\ &nf&G,fcsufrsm;ESifh OD;wnfcsufrsm;ay:rlwnfonf/ (tcef;-10? tqifh 1.3 ESifh tcef;-16?
tajctaerSefudk ppfaq;jcif;-2)/
twdkif;twme,fy,fowfrSwfjcif;udk tcsuf (4) csufrS xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;Edkifonf/ ,if;wkdYteuf (3)
csufrSm EAFM \tpdwfydkif; (3) ckESifh tvdkufoifhjzpfonf/
1/ a*[pepftwdkif;twme,fy,f
2/ vlrIpD;yGm;a&; twdkif;twme,fy,f
3/ EdkifiHa&;^tkyfcsKyfa&;twdkif;twme,fy,f
4/ tcsdefumvtwdkif;wme,fy,f
a*[aA'pepf e,fy,ftwdkif;twm owfrSwfjcif;
atmufazmfjyyg tcsufwdkYudkpOf;pm;oifhonf –
• &nf&G,fonfhrsKd;pdwf\ ysHUESHUyHkESifhtrltusifh
Oyrm – Ocs&mae&m? ig;zrf;vkyfief; vkyfukdif&mae&m? om;ayguf&mae&m? ESifh rwlnDaom
ig;zrf;uGufrsm; tkyfpkvkdufa&TUajymif;oGm;vmjcif;
• BuD;rm;us,fjyefYaom twdkfif;twme,fy,fjzpfpOf
Oyrm - tdEd,ork'&majrmufzuf? awmifzufpGef;e,fedrdwf a&pD;aMumif;rsm;\ wnf
ae&mESifh vrf;aMumif;rsm;? yifv,fa&aEG;? a&at;pD;aMumif;rsm;qHkí a&vSefjcif;jzpfay:onfh
ae&mrsm; wdkYonf q,fpkESpf twdkif;twmtxd MumjrifhpGm wnf&SdNyD; uDvdkrDwmaxmifaygif;
rsm;pGm us,fjyefUygonf/
• tao;pm; e,fy,fwkdU\ o&kyfvu©Pmrsm;
Oyrm - ig;aeig;xdkifrsm;ysHUESHyHk? jrpf0jrpfvufwufrsm;? jrpf0uRef;ay:a'orsm;? a&pD;nifom
aomae&mrsm;? a&atmufMurf;jyifxd wkdif;wmjcif;rsm;
• tpmuGef,ufjzpfpOfrsm;
tpmuGef,ufa*[aA'pepfonf rsKd;pdwfwdkY\ pm;oHk;rIESifh aygrsm;rI? ESD;EG,frIwdkY\ tajctae
ESifh jzpfysufrSKudk OD;wnfavhvmonf/ txl;ojzifh pm;aomufrItjyKtrl? pm;oHk;olESifh
t&if;tjrpf rsm;Mum; tjyeftvSef tusdK;jyKqufEG,frSK? ig;tkyfpkwdkY zGJYpnf;yHk? rsKd;wlrsKd;uGJudpö?
&IyfaxG;pGmyg0ifrI? xkwfvkyfrI (productivity) eSifh tom;pm; owå0grsm; ESifh om;aumifrsm;
qufEG,frIwkdYjzpfonf/ tpm uGef,uf twdkif;twme,fy,fudk EAFM wGif xnfhoGif;
pOf;pm;oifhonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf a*[aA'vkyfaqmifrIESifhtwl ig;rsdK;pdwf
(OD;wnfaomrsKd;pdwf + OD;rwnfaomrsK;dpdwf) wdkY qufpyfrIudk od&Sdem;vnfap&efjzpfonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh ig;vkyfief;wkdY\ ywf0ef;usifay: oufa&mufrIESifh ywf0ef;usif\ ig;vkyfief;
tay:oufa&mufrI Oyrm El Niño-Southern Oscillation tjzpftysufrsm;/
vlrIpD;yGm; twdkif;twme,fy,fowfrSwfjcif;
ig;vkyfief;wGif oD;jcm;tzGJUtpnf;i,frsm; (okdU) urf;&dk;wef;wckvHk;&Sd tzGJYtpnf;rsm;vnf;yg0ifonf/
xkdYjyif qdyfurf;rsm;eSifh ig;csqdyfurf;toD;oD;wGif ig;vkyfief;BuD;^i,f aqmif&Gufolrsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/
þenf;tm;jzifh EAFM tpDtrHa&;qGJ&mwGif ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folrsm;udk owfrSwf&mwGif
tzGJYtrsKd;rsKd;yg0ifvmap&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh oufa&mufrI&Sdapygonf/
xkdYtjyif owdjyK&rnfhtcsufrSm txufygtcsuftvufrsm;onf tcsdefESifhtrQ tjrJajymif;vJEdkifonf/
&moDtvdkufaomfvnf;aumif; ydkrdkMumjrifhaom umvwGifvnf; ajymif;vJoGm;Ekdifonf/ þodkY jzpf&jcif;rSm
a&vkyfom;rsm; ig;zrf;qD;vdkonfh taMumif;w&m;onf atmufygtcsufrsm;rS vTrf;rdk;aeaomaMumifh
jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm –
• &dk;&mtpOfvm pHowfrSwfcsuf (]]'Dae&mrSm igwdkYtNrJig;zrf;aewmyJ}} tawG;rsKd;)
• OD;pm;ay;rI taetxm;ajymif;vJjcif; (aps;uGufvkdtyfcsuft&)
• avmifpmqD aps;eSKef;
• a&TUajymif; a&vkyfom;? w&m;r0if a&vkyfom; –
tkyfcsKyfrItwdkif;twme,fy,fowfrSwfjcif;
ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrIpepf (FMU) \ Oya'a&;&m? w&m;pD&ifa&;e,fy,fonf a'owpfck\
vlrItzGJYtpnf;rS c&dkif wdkif;^EdkifiHawmf EdkifiHrsm; twdkif;twmxdESifh wpfurÇmvHk; twdkif;twm e,fy,ftxd
us,fjyefpGmvTrf;NcHKEdkif&ygrnf/ þodkY e,fy,ftwdkif; tqifhqifh &Sdjcif;aMumifh 0da&m"djzpfEdkifaom udpöwpfckrSm
ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrIudk tedrfhqHk;a'otqifhwGif aqmif&Gufaomfvnf; tkyfcsKyfrIe,fy,ftwdkif;twm
toD;oD;rS yg0ifywfoufvmEdkifrI aMumifh qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfa&;udpöwGif yg0ifvTrf;rdk;vmEdkifygonf/
EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHwGif ig;vkyfief; pDrHcefYcJGrI\ &nf&SnfOD;wnfcsufrSm tkyfcsKyfrItwdkif;twm tqifh
rsm;pGmwdkYudk ajyvnfpGm ñ§dEdIif;í us,fus,fjyefYjyefY yg0ifapa&; jzpfonf/ xkdodkYaqmif&Guf&ef yuwd
tajctaerSm ,ckvuf&Sd tkyfcsKyfa&;tpDtrHxuf apmaom tpDrHrsm;udkvnf; xnfhoGif;vsuf rwlnDaom
tkyfcsKyfrIe,fy,f twdkif;twmwdkY vdkufavsmnDaxG aqmif&Guf&efjzpfonf/
EdkifiHtrsm;wGif ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrIudk &yfuGuf jrLeDpy,faumifpD tqifhtxdqif;í aqmif&Guf
Muonf/ odkY&mwGif þenf;onf ig;t&if;tjrpfrsm;pGmtwGuf oifhavsmfaom tpDtrHtjzpfEdkfifajc
txl;ojzifh a&TUajymif;oGm;vmaom ig;rsm;udk qdkvdkonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh zdvpfydkifEkdifiH? Iloilo NrdKUe,f\
Banate yifv,fatmfwGif bufpHkyl;aygif;jrLeDpy,faumifpDrsm;&SdMuí aumifpDrsm;onf rdrd\ w&m;pD&ifa&;
e,fy,f&Sd&m us,fjyefYaom yifv,fjyifwGif pDrHcefYcGJMuonf/ w&mpD&ifykdifcGifhe,fy,ftm; jrSifhwifjcif;\
tm;omcsuf wpfckrSm e,fedrdwftjiif;yGm;rIudkvnf; avsmhcsEdkifjcif;eSifh t&if;tjrpfrsm;tm; wpfpkwpfpnf;
wnf;jzpfatmif aqmif&Gufekdifjcif;jzpf onf/ pHjyKOyrmwpfckrSm ig;vkyfief; Oya'tmPm oufa&mufrI&Sdap&ef
aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf/ jrLeDpy,faumifpDtpkta0;onf uif;vSnfh,mOfwpfpD;jcif;? wpfzGJUjcif;uJokdU
xdef;odrf;Muyf rwf&ef rvdktyfawmhyg/ uif;vSnfh,mOftoHk;jyKNyD; ppfaq;a&;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Gufjcif;
tm;jzifh Oya'tmPm oufa&mufrI&Sdvmojzifh tzGJYwpfzGJYjcif;\ t"dutvkyfrSm apmifhMuyfMunfh&Ijcif;ESifh
tpD&ifcHpm a&;jcif;wdkY omjzpfygonf/ xkdYtjyif aumifpDwpfcktwGuf e,fedrdwftpm; bHke,fedrdwf
jzpfvmojzifh w&m;r0if zrf;olrsm;udk vdkufvHzrf;qD;ta&;,l&mwGif e,fedrdwf tjiif;yGm;rI jyóem
r&Sdawmhyg/
Box 4.3 zdvpfydkifEkdifiH(jrLeDpDy,faumifpD)\ a&&Snfig;xkwfvkyfrIwkd;wufapa&;twGuf ig;vkyfieff;rsm;
wkd;jrSifha&;pDrHudef; (Fisheries Improved for Sustainable Harvest - FISH )
rMumrDupwifcJhaom USAID \ FISH Project onf ig;vkyfief;ESifh a*[pepfESD;EG,frIudk od&Sdap&ef
tm;xkwfrIwpfckjzpfvsuf EAFM udk taumiftxnfazmfa&; jzpfonf/ þpDrHudef;\ OD;wnfcsufrSm
zdvpfydkif EdkifiH\ a*[pepf½Iaxmifht& ta&;ygaom a'o (4) ck ( Danajon Bank, Celemicnn Island,
lanuga Bay, Tawi Bay) wdkYwGif ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrIwdk;wuf&ef oifwef;ay;jcif; zGJYpnf;yHk wnfaqmuf
jcif;ESifh rl0g'wkd;wufa&;udk aqmif&GufcJhygonf/ ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrIwGif 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;?
pDrHtkyfcsKyfrIpepfwdkYudk csrSwfjcif;jzifh ig;zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfjcif; pepfudkajymif;vJ&ef &nf&G,fonf/ atmufyg
wdkYudk aqmif&GufcJhygonf/ tPÖ0gumuG,fxdef;odrf;a&;e,fajr (MPAs)? rsKd;pdwftvdkufpDrHcefYcGJjcif;?
ig;zrf;u&d,mrsm;udk xdef;csKyfMuyfrwfjcif;? ig;t&G,ftpm;owfrSwfjcif;? a&vkyfom;rsm;ESifh ig;zrf;avS
wdkYudk rSwfyHkwif&ef vdkifpifaumufapjcif;? ig;zrf;ZHk? a&ZHkowfrSwfjcif;? ig;vkyfief;Oya'udk wif;Muyfjcif;
rl0g'udk wdk;wufapjcif; owif;ay;jcif;? ynmay;jcif;? qufoG,fjcif; vIyf&Sm;rI wdkYudk aqmif&Gufjcif;
wdkYjzpfonf/
ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrIudk owfrSwfxm;aom a&e,fedrdwftwGif;jzpfpOfrsm;? a*[pepfrsm;ESifh ywfouf
aom todOmPfwdkYudk wjznf;jznf;jrSifhwifay;&ef pDrHcefYcGJrIudk a*[pepftwdkif;twme,fy,ftxd
aqmif&Guf cJhonf/ pDrHcefYcGJrI&nfrSef;csuf aygufajrmufa&;wGif a*[pepf usef;rma&;tnTef;udef;
owfrSwfjcif; tpmuGef,uf\ t"duyg0ifaom rsKd;pdwf (pD;yGm;a&;toHk;0ifrsKd;pdwf) wdkYESifhywfoufí
ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrIudk csufcsif; aqmif&Gufjcif;ESifh a*[pepfcsOf;uyfenf;jzifh tkyfcsKyfrIpepfwpfck
wdk;wufjzpfay:jcif; (rSefuefaom twkdif;wme,fy,f) wkdYudk aqmif&Gufjcif;wdkY jzpfygonf/
a*[pepfe,fy,fwpfcktwGif; ig;vkyfief;ESifhywfoufaom tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif twdkif;twm e,fy,f
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aumifpD tcsif;csif; em;vnfrIpmcRefvTmtqifhjzifh yl;aygif;jcif;rS w&m0ifwdus cdkifrmaom ? wm0efcHaom
yl;aygif;rI txd uGJjym;Ekdifonf/ twdkif;twme,fy,ftrsm;pkwdYkrSm jrLeDpy,faumifpDrsm;tqifhESifh
ywfoufMuonf/ odkYaomf tcsKdUrSm a'otpdk;&tzGJYtqifhrS aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfí atmuftqifh
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taumiftxnfazmf&ef MumjrifhcsdefrSm a'owpfckESifhwpfck tvdkufuGJjym;Muonf/ xkdYtjyif oufqdkif&m
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wpfckr&Sdyg/ odkY&mwGif twdkif;twme,fy,fowfrSwf&ef aocsmpOf;pm;&ygrnf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf
rSm;,Gif;aom e,fy,ftwdkif;twm qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;aMumifh ig;vkyfief;rS rjynhfrSDonfh vlrIa&; pD;yGm;a&;?
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owå0grsm;ESifh wlem ig;uJhodkY tvGefvsifjrefpGmoGm;vmEdkifaom owå0gwdkY\ a*[aA'e,fedrdwfonf
odompGmuGmjcm;ygrnf/
EAFM pepfjyifywGif vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ESifh oufa&mufrIrsm; tjrJyif&Sdaernfomjzpfí EAFM twGif;odkYvnf;
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tkyfcsKyfrIe,fy,fwdkif;wmudk wdk;csJUjcif;ESifh ydkrdk yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;wdkYudk jyKvkyf&ygrnf/
owdjyK&rnfhtcsufrSm EAFM pepfokdU ajymif;vJvkyfaqmifa&;eSifhywfowfí rSefuefaom twdkif;
twme,fy,f&&Sda&;twGuf ylyefp&mrvdkyg? ydkaumif;aom csOf;uyfrIwpfckrSm a*[pepf e,fy,f
twdkif;wmudk pOf;pm;&mwGif ig;vkyfief;\ yrmP (rnfrQzrf;rdEdkifrnf r&nf&G,fyJzrf;rdrnf) ,if;a'o&Sd
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tjrifhqHk;atmifjrif&ef EAFM pDrHcsufa&;qGJ&mwGif vufawGYus&ygrnf/ vufawGUusaom twdkif;
twme,fy,fESifh e,ferdwfudk pOf;pm;&ygrnf/ xdkYtjyif vuf&dSw&m;pD&ifa&; e,fedrdwfudkvnf; pOf;pm;
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pOf;pm;&ygrnf/ (Oyrm- EdkifiHawmf odkYr[kwf a'oBuD;rsm; w&m;pD&ifa&;)
w&m;pD&ifa&;e,fy,fudk jzwfausmfjcif;onf pdefac:rIwpf&yf jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif EAFM onf
twlwuGyl;aygif;jcif; vdkufavsmnDaxG nd§EdIif;jcif;udk aqmif&GufEdkifaom abmifwpfckudk csrSwfxm;ygonf/
(tcef;- 8? pwifjcif; (u)? ESifY tcef;-16 + tajctaetrSefudkppfaq;jcif; (2) MunfYyg/)
vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsuf/ EdkifiHtrsm;wGifig;vkyfief; pDrHcefYcGJrIudk atmufygtqifhjzpfaom &yfuGuf jrLeDpy,f
tqifhwkdYaqmif&GufMuonf oif\tkyfpkrsm;xJrS atmufygar;cGef;udkajzyg/ ]]ig;vkyfief;tm;vHk;udkpDrHcefYcGJ&ef
c&dkif jrLeDpy,ftqifhonf rSefuefaom twkdif;twm e,fy,f jzpfygovm; vufawGYoifcef;pm?/
3.3 / ydkrdkyg0ifyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;/ EAFM qdkonfrSm yg0ifyl;aygif;aqmif&Guf jzpfpOf jzpfonf/
EAFM wGif ig;vkyfief;a&&SnfwnfwHhckdifjrJa&; OD;wnfcsufudk aqmif&Guf&mwGif a'owGif;&Sd ig;t&if;
tjrpfudk toHk;jyKolrsm;ESifh tpdk;& (a'otpdk;&? wdkif;tpdk;&? EdkifiHawmf? EdkifiHawmfrS wqifhtpdk;&) wkdY
twlrQa0 wm0ef,lrI tkyfcsKyfrIwdkYudk jyKvkyf&ygonf/ EAFM onf yl;aygif;yg0ifonfh jzpfpOfjzpfojzifh
pDrHcefYcGJrI jzpfpOfwGif yg0ifywfowfonfh t"dutpdwftydkif;wpfcktjzpf yg0ifMuonf/ (yl;aygif;yg0if
aqmif&Gufjcif; tao;pdwfudk tcef;-9? pwifjcif; (c) ESifY People Toolkit wGifMunfhyg/)
yg0ifywfoufolrsm;ESifh o,HZmwtoHk;jyKolrsm;wGif vlrsm;? tdrfaxmifpkrsm;? tzGJUtpnf;rsm; yg0ifvQuf
ig;vkyfief;ESifh qufpyfa*[pepfwGif yg0ifywfoufMuonf/ toHk;csonfh yHkpHtrsdK;rsKd;&SdEdkifygonf/ Oyrm -
wHigonfrsm;? c&D;oGm;vkyfief;vkyfolrsm;? urf;ajca'o zGHYNzdK;a&;vkyfolrsm;? a&aMumif;ydkYaqmifa&; vkyfief;?
ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;olrsm; ponfh..../
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tcsKdUudpöwGif yg0ifywfoufolrsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;t& NydKifqdkifaeMuolrsm;jzpfMuojzifh pdefac:rI
wpf&yfjzpfEkdifonf/ txl;ojzifh ,cifuyif tjiif;yGm;&ef ypfrI&SdcJhzl;ygu (Oyrmtm;jzifh o,HZmw
toHk;csolrsm; tcsif;csif;Mum; odkYr[kwf tzGJYtpnf; tcsif;csif;Mum; Oyrm ywf0ef;usifXmeESifh ig;vkyfief;
Xmersm;Mum;) a&&SnfwGif tjrifrwluGJjym;jcm;em;rIrsm;aMumifh jyóemrsm;udk ydkrdkod&Sdem;vnf vmMuí
tcsif;csif; jyefvnfoifhjrwfvmMujcif; (wpfOD;csif;tjrifwGifom taoqkyfudkifjcif;tpm;)udkom jzpfaponf/
EMFM wGif xHk;wrf;pOfvmt& qkHk;jzwfcsufcsjcif;yg0ifojzifh tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk BudKwif ajz&Sif; EkdifpGrf;&Sdí
xdkodkYajz&Sif;Ekdif&ef enf;vrf;rsm;&Sdygonf/ (tcef;-12? tajctaerSefudkppfaq;jcif;(1) ESifh People Toolkit udkMunfhyg)
tcef;-8? tpjyKvkyfief; (u) wGif ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folrsm;udk azmfjyí EAFM \ vkyfief;tqifhwGif
yg&Sdonf/ t"duyg0if ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folrsm;tkyfpkudk rwlnDaom toH? tjrifrsm;udk udk,fpm;jyKí
zGJUpnf;xm;onf/ ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folrsm; tkyfpktvdkuf udk,fpm;vS,fwdkYu ,if;wdkY\ vdkvm;csuf rsm;udk
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tay;t,l nd§dEIdif;MuvdrfhrnfqdkonfrSm ,HkrSm;p&m r&Sdyg/ (tcef;-3? ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrSKESifY a*[pepf
tajcjyKjcif; udkMunfhyg)/
yg0ifywfouf&ef tvm;vm&SdolwdkYwGif a&vkyfom;rsm;? ig;vkyfief;toif;rsm;? tpdk;& (a'otqifhrS
EkdifiHawmf tqifhxd)? ig;vkyfief;ESifh ywfoufolrsm; (avSydkif&Sifrsm;? aiGacs;olrsm;)? Oya'pnf;urf;
vdkufemrIESifh Muyfrwfxdef;odrf;rI? tjcm;toHk;jyKolrsm; (3 v c&D;oGm; vkyfief;? qdyfurf;NrdKUrsm;) ESifh
jyifytzGJUrsm; (Oyrm NGO rsm;? okawoe ynm&Sifrsm;) (yHk – 4.3)/
yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJrIrS csOf;uyfjcif;enf;jzifh yl;aygif;yg0if aqmif&GufrIudk ydkítm;ay;ygonf/
yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJrI qdkonfrSm yg0ifywfoufolrsm;ESifh tpdk;&rsm;tMum; yl;aygif;í rQa0wm0ef ,lrIESifh rQa0
tmPmydkifrI jzpfvsuf rQa0tmPmydkifrIwGif tqifhtrsKd;rsKd;yg0ifonf/ (ydkrdktao;pdwfod&ef tcef;-9?
tpjyKvkyfief; (c)? ESifY tcef; 16 tajctaerSefudkppfaq;jcif; (2) udkMunfhyg)
yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&GufrIjzpfpOf
Oyrm 1/ ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrI tpDtrHwpfck a&;qGJaqmif&GufpOf
pydef / FAO \ a'otwGif; ig;vkyfief;toufarG;0rf;ausmif; tpDtpOf (RFLP) wGif Sulu – Celebes yifv,f&Sd Sardine ig;vkyfief;twGuf pDrHcefYcGJrI tpDrHwpfckudk aqmif&GufcJhygonf/ a'otqifh?
EkdifiHtqifh? EkdifiHwumtqifh (zdvpfydkif? rav;&Sm;? tif'dkeD;&Sm;) yg0ifonf/
yg0ifywfoufolrsm;udk ig;vkyfief;ESifhywfoufaom a'o\vdktyfcsufrsm;? a'o\ 0daoo
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ig;vkyfief;BuD;rsm;tMum; tjiif;yGm;wdkufcdkufrIrsm;? a'ocHrsm;ESifh a'oqdkif&mtpdk;&Mum; ig;vkyfief;
Oya'ESifh ywfoufí oabmrwlrI? tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;/ bufpHkyl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI? pDrHrIcefYcGJrIrsm;udk
aqmif&GufcJhojzifh tqifhqifhaom uGJjym;aom ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrIrsm;udk ajz&Sif;aqmif&GufEkdifcJhonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh zdvpfykdif EkdifiH East Sulu yifv,fowfrSwf{&d,mukd Sordius ig;rzrf;&&moDOya'trdefYukd
2011 wGif csrSwf EkdifcJhonf/ Ekd0ifbm^'DZifbmvrS azazmf0g&D? rwfvtxd pD;yGm;jzpf0kdif;ykdufrsm;?
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trdefYukd 3 ESpfqufwkduf owfrSwfcJhonf/ ESpfpOftrdefYtwkdif; vkdufemaqmif &Gufrl&Sdr&Sdukd aumfydwfrS
Muyfrwfxdef;csKyfí ESpftvkdufatmifjrifrI&Sdr&Sd aMujimEkdifcJhonf/ trdefYpnf;urf;azmufzsufolrsm;ukd
jypf'PfcsrSwfjcif;yg0ifonf/
3.4 / &nfrSef;csufaygif;pkH
EAFM atmifjrif&efa*[pepfwpfcktwGif;&Sd tuefYtowfay:rlwnfí ig;o,HZmwukd xdef;odrf;
apmifha&Smufjcif;ESifh a&&nfwnfwefYí xkwf,lokH;pGJjcif; (2) &yfukd n§dEIdif;ay;rIay:rlwnfonf (Mannar
yifv,fauGU Oyrm Munfhyg)/ xkdYtjyif a*[a0'? pD;yGm;a&; ? vlrIa&;udpöwkdYukd yx0D0ifa'o wpfcktwGif;
nDrQpGmrQa0n§dEIdif;ay;EkdifrIay:rlwnfonfh vufawGU? pmawGY tcuftcJrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;Ekdif&ef EAFM taejzifh
ukd,fwkdifyg0ifí rwlaomu@rsm;? vlYtzGJYpnf;rsm;Mum;n§dEIdif;ay;jcif;? tay;t,l jyKvkyfay;jcif;wkdYukd
vkyf&ygonf/ þokdYaqmif&GufEkdif&ef a&&SnfEkdifiHa&;pdwf"gwfxufoefrI (jynfhpkHaom t&if;tjrpfjzpfaom
vltiftm;? aiGtm;vnf;vkdtyf) twl a&wkd vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? taxmuftyHhay;rI (txl;ojzifh
a'ocHrsm;ukd ) yhHykd;&efwkdYyg0ifonfh txufwGifazmfjycJhonfhwkdif; EAFM tusKd;aus;Zl;rSm tvGefBuD;rm;ygonf/
3.5 / tzGJUtpnf;tvkdufyl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIESifh yl;aygif;n§ dEIdif;rI
EAFM ukd aqmif&Guf&mwGif tkyfcsKyfa&;twkdif;wme,fy,fESifh pDrHcefYcGJrItwkdif;twm e,fy,f Mum;wGif
o[Zmwjzpf&ef vkdtyfcsufukd&&Sdatmif tmrcHaqmif&Guf&efjzpfonf/ xkdYtjyif twkdif;twm
e,fy,ftrsKd;rsKd; txl;ojzifh tkyfcsKyfrItwkdif;twm trsKd;rsKd; (a'otzGJUtpnf;rS wkdif;tzGJYpnf;?
EkdifiHawmftzGJUtpnf; txd) wkdYMum; qufoG,frIESifY yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI &Sd&efvkdtyfonf/
tkyfcsKyfrItwkdif;twme,fy,f (qkdvnfonfrSm Oya't& w&m;pD&if;a&;t& ½IaxmifhrS pOfpm;ygu)
onf tzGJYtpnf;rsm;yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI n§dEIdif;aqmif&GufrIESifh eD;pyfpGm ywfoufonfh (tcef;-8? tpjyK
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ausmfvGefívnf;aumif; EAFM aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;twkdif; (qkdvkdonfrSm ig;vkyfief;ESifhqkdifaom? Rqkdifaom
vkyfief;rsm; pDrHcefYcGJjcif;? ig;vkyfief;ESifh a*[pepftay: oufa&mufaom u@rsm;ukd pDrHcefYcGJjcif;)
a&muf&Sd&efESifh ig;vkyfief;ESifhrqkdifaom u@rsm;ukdvnf; pDrHcefYcGJrI aqmif&Guf&rnf jzpfygonf/
EAFM ukd aqmif&Guf&mwGif tzGJYtpnf;rsm; tcsif;csif;yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;ESifY n§dEIdif;rSKvkdtyf&jcif;
taMumif;&if;rSm EAFM onf ig;vkyfief;u@ESifh tjcm;vkyfief;u@rsm; tjyeftvSefESD;cs,frIukd ykdí
&Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm aqmif&Gufay;aomaMumifhjzpfonf/ (ykH 4.3) odkY&mwGif tjcm;u@rsm;ESifh qufoG,frI
rjyKvkyfrDtwGif; tzGJYtpnf;rsm;tcsif;csif; pepfwusykHrSef&Sd&ef OD;pGmaqmif&Guf&ygrnf/ Oyrm
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tcsuftvufrsm;ukd ay;Ekdifygovm;? aemufwpfqihfaqmif&Guf&efrSm u@rsm;tvkduf tzGJUtpnf;rsm;
twGif; xda&mufrI&Sdaom yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIESifh n§dEIdif;rIukd&,l&efjzpfonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm ig;vkyfief;ESifh
wkduf&kdufywfoufaom u@rsm;tjzpf ig;vkyfief;ESifh wpfenf;enf;ywfoufaom u@rsm;tjzpf
ig;vkyfief;ESifh wpfenf;enf;ywfoufaom^ okdYr[kwf wenf;wpfzHk wm0ef,laqmif&Guf&aom u@rsm;vnf;
yg0ifonf/ Oyrm ynm&yftzGJYtpnf; (wuúokdvf ponf) wkdYwGif aqmif&GufMuaom ig;okawoe ESifY
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ig;vkyfief;tzGJYonf a&wyfESifh urf;ajcapmifhwyfwkdYESifh n§dEIdif;í ig;vkyfief; Oya'pnf;urf;rsm;ukd Muyfrwf
xdef;odrf;aeMuyg ovm;/
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ig;vkyfief;tzGJYtpnf;rsm;ESifh ig;vkyfief;ESifhqufpyfaom tjcm;vkyfief;u@rsm;\ yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI
aumif;rGefvmonfESifhtrQ tjcm;aomqufpyfrIr&Sdaom u@rsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;rGefaom yl;aygif;
aqmif&GufrI &&Sdvmrnfomjzpfygonf/ þenf;jzifh ig;vkyfief;ESifhqufpyfavhr&Sdaom tjcm;u@rsm;? Oyrm
pkdufysKd;a&;? pGrf;tif? c&D;oGm;vkyfief;? aqmufvkyfa&;? trsKd;orD;a&;&m? ig;ESifh yifv,frS t&if;tjrpf
u@wdkYESifY yl;aygif;aqmif&GufedKifygonf/ twlwpfuG yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh tjcm;vkyfief;u@
toD;oD;wkdYonf ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrIatmifjhrifa&;twGuf ukefusp&dwfrQcHjcif;? tusKd;aus;Zl;rQa0cHpm;jcif;?
atmifjrifrI okdYr[kwf qkH;&IH;rIukd rQa0cHpm;wkdYukd &&Sdygrnf/ pnf;urf;Oya'xkwfjcif;? tjiif;yGm;wkdufckdufrIwkdYukd
ajz&Sif;jcif;? tmPmcGJa0jcif;? vlrIa&;udpöwGif yg0ifjcif;? qufoG,fn§dEkdif;jcif; udpöwkdYwGif twlwpfuG
yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef vkdtyfygonf/
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;? n§dEIdif;jcif;udpöaqmuf&Gufa&;twGuf enf;vrf;Oyrmrsm;rSm
• tjcm;tzGJYpnf;rS yk*¾Kdvfrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;jcif;jcif;
• tcsuftvuf? owif;rQa0ay;jcif;
• a'owGif;? wkdif;twGif; aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ukd taxmuftuljyKjcif; tulnDjcif;/
• n§dEIdif;ay;aom okdYr[kwf tm;jznfhay;aom tpDtrHrsm;? bwf*sufrsm; (u@toD;oD; tzGJUtoD;oD;
yg0if) ESifh yef;wkdifrsm;
• tjcm;aom yl;aygifaqmif&Guf&ef tpDrHrsm;ESifh qufoG,fn§dEIdif;ay;jcif; Oyrm ICM • tzGJYtpnf;rsm; tMum; tpDtrHrsm;csrSwfjcif;/
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;Mum; pDrHaqmif&Guf&mwGif em;vnfrIpmcRefvTm (MoU) jzifh jzpfap? ykdrdkwif;usyfaom
csKyfudkifjcif;oabmrsKd;jzifhjzpfap aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh tzGJYtpnf;rsm;Mum; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;ukd tm;jznfhay;
ygonf/
tdEd,EkdifiH? refemyifv,fauGU obm0xdef;odrf;a'o?
tzGJYtpnf;rsm; tcsif;csif; yl;aygif;n§dEIdif;rIukd tjynfht0taumiftxnf razmfEkdifonfhtcg jzpfay:
vmaom tusKd;w&m; Oyrm wpfck
tzGJYtpnf;rsm;? u@rsm;tMum; yl;aygif;rI? n§dEIdif;rItm;avsmhaomtcg? r&Sdaom tcgwGif
awGY&onfh Oyrmaumif;wpfkckjzpfygonf/ refemyifv,fauGUrSm tdEd,EkdifiHawmifzufpGef;? wmrDem'l;
jynfe,f\ ta&SUawmifykdif;urf;ajc ESifh oD&dvufEkdifiH\ taemufajrmuf urf;ajca'owkdY yg0ifonf?
1998 ckESpfwGif obm0xdefodrf;a'otjzpf tpdk;&u Oya' xkwfjyefowfrSwfcJhonf/ ,cifu trsKd;om;
O,smOftjzpf owfrSwfcJhaom oEÅmausmufcufuRef; (21) uRef;? ,if;wkdYESifh (10) uDvkdrDwm ywfvnf
Mum;cHZkH wkdYyg0ifonf/ Mum;cHZkHwGif jrpf0jrpffvufwufrsm;? urf;ajcrsm;? 'Da&awmrsm;yg0ifonf/
rlv&nf&G,fcsufrSm yifv,f rsKd;pdwfrsm;ukd umuG,f&efjzpfí tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufa&;ukd
opfawm|merS wm0ef,l&efjzpfonf/ þobm0ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a'oZkHwGif &maygif;rsm;pGmaom
&Gmrsm;? NrKdUi,frsm;ESifhtwl urf;eD;a'o ig;zrf;uGufrsm;tay: rSDckdtm;xm;ae&aom wpfEkdifwpfykdif
ig;vkyfief;ESifh pD;yGm;jzpf ig;vkyfief;BuD;wGif vkyfukdifaeMuaom a&vkyfom;rsm; yg0ifonf/
þa'oukd wnfaxmifonfh &nf&G,fcsufrSm urf;ajcESifhyifv,ft&if;tjrpf o,HZmwrsm;ukd
xkwf,l&if; a&&SnfwnfwefYatmif xdef;odrf;&efjzpfonfh atmufygtcsuf wkdYyg0ifygonf/ ZD0rsKd;pkHrsKd;uGJ
xdef;odrf;jcif;? ig;tvGeftuRHzrf;onfhpepf? u&d,mrsm;ukdxdef;csKyfjcif;? tpm;xkd;toufarG; 0rf;ausmif;
rsm; pDrHtaumiftxnfazmfay;jcif; Oyrm - ig;arG;jrLa&;ESifh c&D;oGm;vkyfief;? aus;vuf a'o
zGHUNzKd;a&;ESifh qif;&JrGJawrIavsmhcsa&;? a&vrf;aMumif;xdef;csKyfjcif;? ukef;ajrtokH;csrIukdxdef;csKyfjcif;?
a&qkd;rsm;? pGefYypönf;rsm;aMumifh yifv,fjzifhnpfnrf;rIukd wm;qD;jcif;wkdYyg0ifonf/ þobm0xdef;odrf;
a'oukd wnfaxmifNyD;aemuf jyefvnfokH;oyf&mwGif u@toD;oD;tMum;? tzGJYpnf;toD;oD;Mum;
yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI n§dEIdif;rIrsKd; r&SdoavmufeJyg;cJhonfukd awGY&onf/ yifv,furf;ajca'o? yifv,f
a&jyif ESifh ig;vkyfief;wkdYESifh t"du qufpyfaom XmeBuD; (3) ck jzpfMuonfh ig;vkyfief;Xme? urf;ajca'o
pDrHcefYcGJa&;tmPmykdiftzGJY? ywf0ef;usifnpfnrf;rI umuG,fxdef;csKyfa&;bkwftzGJYwkdYrSm wkdifyifn§dEIdif;rI vkH;0
r&SdMuyg/ þobm0 xdef;odrf;a&;a'oESifh rdrdwkdYtzGJU bmrSrqkdif[kom oabmxm;Muonfukd
awGY&onf/ xkdYaMumifh atmifjrifxda&mufrIr&Sdaom? tjiif;yGm;rSKudkjzpfapaom pDrHcefYcGJrI ykHpHrsKd;om jzpfap
ygonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh trsKd;om;O,smOfESifh om;&kdif;wdpmäefOya't& opfawmXmeonf rsKd;pdwfrsm;ESifh
,if;wkdY\ ig;aeig;xdkifrsm;ukd umuG,f&efwm0efESifh tpm;xkd;toufarG;0rf;ausmif; taumiftxnf
azmfa&; wm0efwkdYukd ,l&ygonf/ wpfcsdefxJwGif ig;vkyfief;Xmeu ig;tpGrf;ukeftxGufwkd;a&;twGuf
wHigonfrsm;ukd axmufyHhjcif;wkdYukd aqmif&Guf&ygonf/ þokdY xdyfwkduftjiif;yGm;zG,f&mudpö ay:ayguf
cJhojzifh tcsKdUudpöukd twwfEkdifqkH; ajz&Sif;cJhMuygonf/ Oyrm aus;&Gmtvkduf oD;oefYpDrHcefYcGJrIpepf?
pnf;urf;csrSwfjcif;? umuG,fxm;aomrsKd;pdwfrsm;ukd rzrf;&trdefYxkwfí Muyfrwfxm;qD;jcif;/ (oEÅm
ausmufwef; rysufpD;&ef umuG,fjcif;tygt0if) 'Da&awmrsm;rckwf&? vdyfrzrf;& trdefYxkwfjyef
Muyfrwfjcif; ponfwkdYjzpfonf/ okdY&mwGif aus;&Gmtqifh aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;wGif tm;enf;csuf? uefYowf
csufrsm;&Sdygonf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf tpkd;&u w&m;0iftodrSwfjyKxm;aom tzGJYrsm; t[kwfjcif;? ESifh
pnf;urf;trdefYxkwfjyef&mMu&mwGif &kd;&mtpOftvmt&&SdcJhaom vufawGUESifh todOmPfrsm; yg0if
xnfhoGif;jcif;r&Sdjcif; ponfwkdYjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh vkyfief;u@toD;oD; tzGJYtoD;oD;rS bufpkH
pDrHcsufrsm; csrSwfrSom u@wpfckrS aqmif&Gufcsufonf tjcm;u@wpfck\ &nfrSef;csufrsm;ukd
xdckdufoufa&mufrIr&SdEkdifrnfjzpfygonf/ a&&SnfwnfwefY ckdifNrJa&;twGuf u@toD;oD;? tzGJY
toD;oD;Mum; yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI? n§dEIdif;rI&SdrSomvQif xda&mufrI &Sdrnfjzpfygonf/
3.6 vkdufavsmnDaxG&Sdaom pDrHcefYcGJrI
vkdufavsmnDaxGaom pDrHcefYcGJrIonf tcsdefESifhtrQ ajymif;vJrIwkdYukd pDrHcefYcGJEkdifaom abmifwpfckukd
csrSwfay;onf/ (txufwGif azmfjycJhaom ,m,Dtwkdif;twm e,fy,fowfrSwfjcif;jyóemukdMunfhyg)?
vkdufavsmnDaxGpDrHcefYcGJrIqkdonfrSm pDrHcefYcGJrI\ &v'fukd jyefvnfokH;oyfwefzkd;jzwfí ,if;rS oifcef;pm
,l&ef jzpfonf/ ,if;onf BudKwifumuG,frSKenf;vrf;ESifh ESD;EG,fonf (atmufazmfjyygtykd'fukdMunfhyg)/ ykH
(4.4) tcsuftvufrsm;? owif;rsm; tm;vkH;jynfhpkHpnfhtxd apmifhMunfh avhvm okH;oyf&if;jzifh &&Sdaom
oifcef;pm rSm oifhavsmfaom jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;ukd aqmif&GufEkdifonf/
ykH 4.4 / vkdufavsmnDaxGpDrHcefYcGJrIonf raocsm? ra&&mrIukd tcsdefESifhwajy;nD avsmhcs&efjzpfNyd;
aqmif&GufcJhaom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;onf xda&mufrI&Sdr&Sdukd okH;oyfqkH;jzwf&efjzpfonf/ tvkyf jzpfaom
vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ukdqufívkyfaqmif&efjzpfNyD; tvkyfrjzpfaom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ukd ypfy,f&efjzpfonf/
3.7 BudKwifumuG,frSK enf;vrf;
BudKwifumuG,frSKenf;vrf;ukd EAFM \ t"du ausm&kd;tjzpf,lqEkdifonf/ ,if;ukd UNCED 1992 rS
rlvt"dyÜg,fowfrSwfcsufrSm
]]jyefvnfrjyKjyifEkdifaom ysufpD;rI odkYr[kwf Ncdrf;acsmuftEÅ&m,f&SdrI? odyÜGenf;us aocsmjynfYpkHrI
r&SdaomaMumifh ( ) wkdYudktaMumif;jy&ef ywf0ef;usifysufpD;rIukd umuG,f Ekdifaom vkyf&yfrsmukd
tcsdefrqGJxm;oifhyg/
(1995) wGif jyKvkyfonfY ukvor*¾nDvmcHwGif ESpfedkifiHtMum;aexdkifonfY ig;tkyfpkrsm;ESifY a0;vHpGm
a&TYajymif;oGm;vmonfY ig;tkyfpkrsm; ig;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh ywfoufaomrlukd atmufygtwkdif; csrSwfcJhonf/
EkdifiHtoD;oD;ü owif;tcsuftvufrsm;rjynfhpkH? raocsmra&&monhftcgrsKd;wGif ykdí owdxm;
oifhonf/ odyÜHenf;usowif;tcsuftvufrjynfhpkHrIukd taMumif;jy&ef xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufrIESifh
pDrHcefYcGJrIukd tcsdefrqGJxm;oifhyg/ (ukvor*¾? 1995)
BudKwifumuG,frSKenf;vrf;rS vmaomtcsuf (2) ckrSm
1/ tcsuftvufowif;rjynfhpkHrIukd taMumif;jyí ta&;r,lrI? raqmif&Gufjcif; r&Sdap&/
owif;rjynfhpkHrIukdtaMumif;jyí tcsdefqGJonfhAsL[mwpfcktjzpf vkyfavh&SdMuonf/ aocsm
xif&Sm;onfh ywf0ef;usifjyóemwpfckukd awGY&Sdygvsuf aemufxyfokawoejyK&ef vkdtyfao;onfrSm
odyÜHynm&yf tzGJUtpnf;ESifhomoufqkdifonf? vkdufavsmnDawGpDrHcefYcGJrIt& tvkyfpwifaqmif&Guf
Ekdifonf/ ,kHwrf;ykHjyiftjzpf ajymavh&SdonfhwpfckrSm odyÜHenf;usowif;tcsuftvuf rjynfhpkHao;í
tcsdKYaom a*[pepfukd EAFM wGif tokH;csí r&ao;yg/ odyÜHenf;usavhvmrIr&Sdao;aom tvGef
enf;yg;aom a*[pepf a'orsm;? twGufqkdvQif txl;ajymzG,f&mr&Sdawmhyg/ taMumif;jycsufrsm;jyvsuf
ta&;,l aqmif&Gufjcif; vkH;0jyKvkyfMurnfr[kwfyg/
okdY&mwGif EAFM onf a*[pepfwpfckvkH;ukd pDrHcefYcGJ&efr[kwfyg/ pDrHcefYcGJrIukd bufpkHjzpfap&efom
jzpfonf/ tedrfhqkH;tqifhwGif vlom;rsm;aMumifh ig;vkyfief;ay:oufa&mufrIukd pDrHcefYcGJ&efjzpfonf/
trSefqkd&vQif EAFM (vlwkdY\ tjcm;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;tyg0if)onf vkyfief;pwif&ef owif;
tcsuftvuf tNrJwrf; &Sdygonf/ owif;tcsuftvufomr&SdrSefygu ig;vkyfief;rsm;wGif BuKH&aom
jyóemrsm;ukdyif od&SdEkdifrnf r[kwfay/
2/ raocsmra&&mrI&SdonfhtcgrsKd;wGif tEÅ&m,feJaompDrHcefYcGJrIrsKd;jzpfoifhonf
owif;tcsuftvufrjynfhpkHrSKESifh raocsmra&&mrI (2) ckMum; uGmjcm;csufrsm;av tEÅ&m,feJaom
pDrHcefYcGJrIjzpfavjzpf&rnf/ vkdufavsmnDaxGaom pDrHcefYcGJrIrSwqifh tajctaeonf ,ciffuxuf
qkd;onfukd od&Sdvmygu tEÅ&m,feJaom pDrHcefYcGJ rIrSwqifh aemifwGif trSm;jyifjcif;ukd aqmif&Guf
Ekdifonf/
vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsuf? Ncdrf;ajcmufrIrsm;ESifh jyóemrsm;ukd jyefvnfzwf&Ií EAFM \ tpdwfykdif; (3) ckukd
xnfhoGif;pkpnf;ay;yg/ tkyfpkvkdufvkyfMuyg/
vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsuf? oif,ckaqmif&Gufaeaom EAFM tpdwfykdif;rsm;ukd azmfjyyg? uGm[ rIrsm;ukd
azmfjyyg? wkd;wufaumif;rGef&efenf;vrf;rsm;ukd tBuHjyKyg? wpfOD;csif;avhusifhyg/ xkdYaemuftkyfpki,fzGJYí
oif\tawG;tac:ukd tjcm;olrsm;ESifhrQay;yg/
EAFM az:aqmif&efBudK;yef;rSK
Module – 5
oifcef;pm\ &nf&G,fcsufrsm;
• EdkifiHtpdk;&wpfcku tcsdefMumvmonfESifhtrQ EAFM odkY OD;wnfjcif;udk
avhvmjcif;
• EAFM odkY OD;wnfonfqdk&mwGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmtwGif; vkyfief;i,f rsm;pGmrS
tqifhqifh wdk;wufatmifjrifrI yg0ifaMumif; todtrSwfjyK&ef
• EAFM twGufowfrSwfaom yHkaoyHkpH? o@efr&SdaMumif;od&ef? EAFM onf
EdkifiHtvdkuf? tajctaetvdkuf? ,Ofaus;rI "avhtvdkuf oD;jcm; oD;oefY
jzpfMuonfudk od&ef
• EAFM odkY OD;wnfonfhudpöwGif oif\EdkifiHu rnfonfhae&mwGif &yfwnf
onfudk pOf;pm;qHk;jzwf&ef
• EAFM odkY oif\EdkifiHOD;wnfaeygu BuHK&rnfhpdefac:rIrsm;udk azmfjy&ef
oifcef;pmtay:jcHKiHkoHk;oyfjcif;
þoifcef;pmwGif EdkifiHtpdk;&wpf&yfjzpfonfh tar&duefjynfaxmifpk (USA)tpdk;&onf q,fpkESpfrsm;pGm
twGif; tqifhrsm;pGmvkyfaqmifjcif;rS&&Sdonfh wdk;wufjzpfxGef;rSkrsm;rSwpfqifh orm&dk;us ig;vkyfief;
pDrHcefYcGJrIrS EAFM odkY ajymif;vJMudK;yrf; azmfaqmifcJhygonf/ ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrI Oya'rsm; rl0g'rsm;onf
EAFM odkY rnfodkYrnfyHk tqifhqifh ajymif;vJ vmonfudkaqG;aeG;rSkjyKxm;jyD; ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrI (atmufwGif
tav;ay;azmfjyxm;) wGif EAFM Oya'orsm;tm; rnfodkYrnfyHkydkrdkvufcHtwnfjyKvmcJhjcif;eSifh ywfoufonfh
avhvmrSk jyKvkyfxm;&Sdcsufrsm;tm; toHk;jyKazmfjyxm;&Sdygonf/
ed'gef; - taxmuftuljyK ig;vkyfief;tufOya'
1976 ckESpf tar&duefESifhwuG urÇmwpf0ef;wGif ig;vkyfief;rsm;,dk,Gif;ysufjym;vmcJhNyD; aemuf
tar&duefuGefu&ufonf ig;o,HZmwrsm;udk xdef;odrf;&efESifh pDrHcefYcGJ&ef EdkifiHawmftqifh tpDtpOfwpf&yf
csrSwf&efvdkaMumif; aMujimtwnfjyKcJhygonf/ tvGeftuRH ig;zrf;jcif;udk umuG,f&ef ukefcrf;vkjzpfaeaom
ig;tkyfpkwdkYudk jyefvnfysKd;axmif&ef? xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufrIudk tmrcHcsufxm;íaqmif&Guf&efESifh EdkifiH\
ig;t&if;tjrpfwefzdk;ukd od&Sd&efyg0ifonf/ þaMumfjimcsufESifhtwl Magnuson – Stevens ig;vkyfief;
xdef;odrf;a&;ESifh pDrHcefYcGJa&; tufOya'onf (1976) wGifxGufay:vmcJhygonf/ þtajccHtufOya't&
a&rdkif (3) rdkifrS (200) twGif; ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJa&;udk aqmif&Guf&efjzpfonf/ txufazmfjyyg
tufOya'onf orm&dk;us ig;vkyfief;Oya'rS ajymif;vJrIwpfckjzpfvmNyD; EAFM odkY ajymif;vJMudK;yrf;
vkyfaqmifvmonfudkawGY&onf/ odkY&mwGif xdkuJhodkYajymif;vJ vkyfaqmifvmjcif;onf vuf&SdwGif rsKd;pdwf
wpfckudkom OD;wnfaomenf;vrf;(odkY) ig;vkyfief;u@&yf pDrHcefYcGJrI enf;vrf;eSifhomudkufnDrSk&SdaMumif;
awGU&Sd&rnfjzpfygonf/
,if;tufOya't& urf;&dk;wef;a'ojynfe,frsm;\ tcGifhtmPmydkifrIudk todtrSwfjyKvQuf (Oyrm-
[m0dkif;&D? umvDzdk;eD;,m;? tdk&D*Gefjynfe,frsm; ponf) jynfe,fwpfckpDwGif urf;ajcrSpía&rdkif(3)rdkiftxd
jynfe,ftvdkuf pDrHcefYcGJ&efjzpfonf/ wpfEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twmjzifh wnDwnf;&Sd&ef ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh
xdef;odrf;rIudkEdkifiHawmfpHEIef;tjzpf (10) ckowfrSwfcJhonf/ ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrItpDpOf (FMP) tm;vHk;?
jzefYusufxm;aom FMP tm;vHk;ESifhig;vkyfief;pnf;rsOf;tm;vHk;onf EdkifiHawmf\pHEIef; (10) ckESifh udkufnD
&rnfjzpfjyD; xdkpHEIef;rsm;wGifrsdK;pdwftvdkufxdef;odrf;rIESifhpDrHcefYcGJrIenf;vrf;rsm;yg0ifygonf/
þtufOya'rS a'otvdkufig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrIaumifpD (8)ck zGJYpnf;cJYonf/ xkdaumifpD (8)ckonf USA
tpdk;&twGif;wm0ef&Sdaom tzGJYtpnf; (Oyrm- NOAA \ National Marine Fisheries Service NMFS ) wdkYtm;
ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJ&ef a'o(8) cktwGif; (Fisheries Management Plan – FMP ) ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJa&;
pDrHcsufcsí aqmif&Gufjcif;wdkYjzpfonf/ xdktcdsefumvu a'oqdkif&mig;vkyfief; pDrHcefYcGJrIaumifpD (8)ckwdk\
t"duvkyfief;rSm FMP udkwdk;wuftaumiftxnfazmfa&;jzpfí yifv,fjyif&Sdt&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh ig;aeig;xkdif
rsm;udk xdef;odrf;&efESifh ig;zrf;qD;rIESifhxkwfvkyfrI wdkYudka&&Snf wnfwHhap&ef enf;vrf;tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk
aqmif&Gufay;&efjzpfonf/
xdka'owpfckcsif;qdkif&m ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrIaumifpDwdkYwGif EdkifiHawmftqifh (z,f'&,f tqifh)
tzGJYtpnf;rsm;ygonf (Oyrm-ig;ESifhom;&dkif;wd&pämef0efaqmifrI) (Oyrm-urf;&dk;wef;a'o jynfe,frsm;
tzGJYtpnf;rsm; - Oyrm jynfe,fig;vkyfief;|mersm;) Oyrm - pD;yGm;jzpf ig;zrf;olrsm;ESifh taysmfwrf;
tyef;ajzig;zrf;olrsm;ESifhwuG ig;vkyfief;t&if;tjrpf xdef;odrf; jcif;pDrHcefYcGJjcif;udk od&Sdem;vnfolrsm;
yg0ifonf/ a&vkyfom;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&trIxrf;r[kwfolrsm;tm; urf;&dk;wef;jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;u
a&G;cs,fwm0efay;tyfMuygonf/
FMP udktaumiftxnfazmfMu&mwGif aumifpDtzGJY0ifrsm;? jynfolrsm;? ig;vkyfief;rSyk*d¾Kvfrsm;? a'ovdkuf
ig;vkyfief;aumifpDrS vlrsm;? NOAA rS vlrsm;tMum; wdkifyifnd§EIdif;rIrsm;vkyfMuygonf? aumifpDtaejzifh
atmufygtzGJYtpnf;rsm;udk zGJYpnf;wnfaxmifay;avY&Sdygonf/ Oyrm-FMP zGHUNzdK;a&;tzGJY ig;vkyfief; tBuHay;
aumfrwD odkYr[kwf tzGJY wpfBudrfoHk;tBuHay;tzGJU tkyfpkrsm;? odyÜHESifhpm&if;tif;aumfrwD ponf/ þtzGJYrsm;
twlwuGpkaygif;í FMP wkd;wufa&;twGufowif;tcsufrsm;ay;Muygonf/ þenf;jzifha'oaumifpDwdkYonf
t"du yg0ifolrsm; yl;aygif;rInd§EdIif;rIudkaqmif&Gufay;ygonf/ (EAFM Principle #5 cooperation and coordination
udkMunfhyg)
jynfolrsm;yl;aygif;yg0ifjcif;
• oufqdkif&ma'o ig;vkyfief;aumifpDESifh ,if;\ tBuHay;tzGJYjyóemonf a'otvdkuf
jynfolrsm;ESifh xdawGYaqG;aEG;jcif;udk jyKvkyf&efvdktyfonf/ odkUrSom pdwf0ifpm;olrsm;tm;vHk; FMP wnfaxmifa&; udpöESifh FMP Oya'pnf;urf; jyifqifa&;udpö wdkYudk Mum;emod&SdEdkifrnf jzpfygonf/
(EAFM Principle #3 Increared Participaction) • FMP odkY FMP Oya'jyifqifrIudk taumifxnfazmf&efrSm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmMumjrifYEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/
pDrHcefYcGJrIudpörsm;udk Oya'tjzpfodkYajymif;vJa&muf&Sd&ef 'gZifaygif;rsm;pGmaom nSdESdKif;pnf;a0;yGJrsm;?
tpnf;ta0;rsm; jyKvkyfcJYMuygonf/ (EAFM Principle # adaptive Manaperment)
jzpfpOfrsm;tay: avhvmjcif;
þtcef;wGif ypdzdwftaemufydkif;a'o ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrIaumifpD\ vkyfaqmifrSKtay: tav;xm;í
jzpfpOfrsm;udk avhvmoHk;oyfaz:jyxm;&Sdygonf/ þaumifpDonf atmufyg urf; &dk; wef; EkdifiH rsm;wpf0dkuf&Sd
oD;oefh pD;yGm;a&;ZHkwdkYtay: w&m;pD&ifcGifhtmPm&Sdonf-
1/ "eo[m,edkifiHrsm;wGifyg0ifonfh ajrmufr&d,emuRef;pk
2/ *ltrfuRef;a&ydkifeuf
3/ tar&duefqmrdk0guRef;pka&ydkifeuf
4/ [m0dkif,D jynfe,f
5/ USA xJxnfhoGif;xm;jcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; ,if;\ydkifqdkfifonfha'orsm; – Howland uRef;rsm; Baker, Jarvis
and wekes, Johnstell Atoll, Palmy Atoll, Kingman Reef.(uRef;rsm;? ausmufaqmifMuD;rsm; oEÅmuRef;rsm;
yg0ifí ,if;wkdYudkpkaygif;NyD; Pacific Remote Island Area [kac:Muonf/)
avhvmxm;&Sdcsuf - trSwf (1)
a0;vHonfha'owpfckjzpfaom [m0dkif&DtaemufajrmufuRef;rsm;&Sd ausmufykZGefvkyfief;tm; orm;&dk;us
enf;vrf;jzifhpDrHcefYcGJjcif;
[m0dkif&DtaemufajrmufuRef;rsm; (NWH1) rSm a0;vHjyD; vlraeaom uRef;rsm;? ausmufaqmifrsm;?
a&atmufjrKyfaeaom urf;ajcrsm;yg0ifí uDvdkrDwm 2000 twGif;wnf&dSMuvsuf vlaeaom t"du
[m0dkif&DuRef;rsm;\ taemufajrmufbufwGif&Sdonf/ 1970 ckESpftv,fwGif vlaeaom [m0dkif&D uRef;rsm;rS
ig;t&if;tjrpfrsm;onf tvGeftuRHig;zrf;qD;rIaMumifh avsmhenf;usqif;vmcJhygonf/ t"duuRef;rsm;&Sd
ig;t&if;tjrpfrsm;tay: usa&mufonfhxdcdkufrItm; avsmhyg;oufomap&ef tpm;xkd;t&if; tjrpfrsm; &SmazG
wdkif;wmjcif;wdkYudk aqmif&GufchJMuygonf/ xdkodkYavhvm&SmazG&m tqdkyga'owGif ausmufykpGefrsm;
(ausmufykZGefacgif;vHk;? acgif;jym;) aygrsm;pGm&SdonfudkawGY&onf/ 1977 ckESpfwGif ausmufykpGefzrf; vkyfief;ESifh
ausmufykpGefokawoevkyfief;wdkYudk pwifcJhonf/ 1983 ckESpfwGif taemufypDzdwfa'o ig;vkyfief;
pDrHcefYcGJa&;aumifpDonf ykpGef? *Pef;zrf; vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJa&; pDrHcsufudkcsrSwfcJhonf/ þpDrHcsufonf
owdxm;csOf;uyfjcif; yHkpHjzpfí Magruson –steven tufOya' 1976 twdkiff;jzpfonf/ (EAFM Principle #7
Precationary Approach) ,if;tufOya'wGif owfrSwfti,fqHk;t&G,ftpm; (OD;acgif;cGH tvsm;ay:
rIwnfonf) yg0if í ausmufykpGefwkdYudk a&teufrDwm 20 atmuf a&jyifwGifzrf;qD;cGifhrjyK&ef yg&Sdyg onf/
yHk 5.1 / taemufajrmuf [m0dkif&DuRef;rsm;rS ESpftvdkufzrf;qD;;&&SdrI (qdyfurf;wGifa&muf&SdvmrI) tajctae
1983 rS 1985^1986 twGif;ig;vkyfief;tvGefvQifjrefpGmBuD;xGm;vmonf/ zrf;qD;&&SdrI (qdyfurf;
a&muf&SdvmrI)onf rufx&pfwef 68000 rS 1043262 weftxd wkd;jr§ifh vmcJhygonf/ (yHk-5.1) aemuf 6
ESpfrS 7ESpftwGif; zrf;qD;&&SrIonf wef 68000 odkYwjznf;jznf;jyefusoGm;onf/ 1991wGifzrf;qD;&&SdrIonf
80%usqif;oGm;onf 1992 wGif uefYowfrIrsm;(ig;zrf;avS 15 pif;xufrydk&)ESifh ig;&rnfhyrmP
uefYowfrIrsm;jyKvkyfvmcJh&ygonf/ odkY&mwGif o,HZmwt&if;tjrpfrsm; rlvtwkdif; jyefvnf aumif;rGef&ef
rjrifaomaBumifh 1995 rS pí tuefYtowfjzifh aqmif&Gufaomprf;oyf(okawoe) zrf;qD;rIudka
qmif&GufcJhonf/ 1996 wGifzrf;qD;&Edkifacs\ 13%om zrf;qD;&efowfrSwfcJhonf/ þodkY owfrSwf&mwGif
tEÅ&m,f&SdEkdifrI 10% tay:rlwnfowfrSwfonf/ (EAFM Principle #6 Adaptive management)
þowdxm;csOf;uyfrIay:rlwnfí uefYowfcsufaBumifh ausmufykpGefta&twGuf jyefwdk; vmrnf[k
,lq&onf/ odkY&mwGifjyefvnfemvHrxlEdkifawmhojzifh 1999 ckESpfwGif ydwfypf&onf/ ausmufykpGef tkyfpkudk
avhvmwdkif;wmaomyHkpHaz:jrLvmrSm aocsma&&mrIr&SdaomaMumifh ydwf&jcif;jzpfonf/ ydkíwdk;wuf&ef
odyÜHenf;us ausmufykpGefaygrsm;rIudk avhvmwdkif;wmaomyHkpHjzifh aocsma&&maom tajz&&dSNyD;aemuf
ausmufykpGefvkyfief; jyefvnfpwifEdkifrnf[k BudKwifarQmfrSef;Muaomfvnf; trsm;\ pdk;&drfylyefrIaMumifh
ausmufykpGefzrf;qD;a&;udk tNyD;tydkifydwfvdkuf&onf/ xdkYjyifqdk;0g;pGm tEÅ&m,f usa&mufaeaom zsH (monk
seals)umuG,fa&;ESifh NWH1 a'owpfckvHk;udk 2001 wGif oEÅmausmufwef; a*[pepfxdef;odrf;a&;
a'otjzpf owfrSwfcJhygonf/ 2006 ckESpfa'owpfckvHk;udk trsKd;om;tPÖ0g txdrf;trSwf O,smOf
tjzpfowfrSwfedkifcJhygonf/
NWHI ausmufykZGefvkyfief;rS&&SdonfY oifcef;pmrsm;
• ausmufykpGefaygrsm;rIudk wdkif;wmonfhyHkpHrSm owfrSwf{&d,m(odkY)owfrSwftcsdeftwGif; &&Sdonfh
txdtrdyrmP (catch per Unit effort - CPUE) tay:wGufcsufxm;í ausmufykpGefrsKd;pdwf (2) rsKd;
(acgif;vHk; ESifhacgif;jym;) \ txdtrdyrmPtm; wGufxkwfazmfjyxm;&Sdygonf/
• wdkif;wmavhvmonfhyHkpH (uGefysLwmrdk',f) onfa*[pepf\ ukefxkwfpGrf;tm; tajymif;tvJ
twuftus&SdrSk tay:rlwnfjyD; xnfhoGif;wGufcsufxm;jcif;r[kwfyg/ ukefxkwfpGrf;tm; usqif;
csdefwGif zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrIu qufírsm;aeojzifh ausmufykpGefwnf&SdrSkyrmPtm; qufvuf
avsmhenf; apedkifrnfjzpfygonf/
• wdkif;wmwGufcsuf&mwGif tkyfpkwpfckwnf;\ta&twGufay: xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;xm;ygonf/
aemuf&&Sdvmaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;t& ausmufykpGefwdkY\ OD;a&onf tkyfpktwdus
r[kwfbJ us,fjyefYpGmjyefYusJaeonf/ xdkYjyifwGufcsuf&mwGifoHk;aom tcsuftvufrsm;onf
ig;tvGefaygrsm;onfha'orS&&SdcJhaom tcsuftvuftay:rlwnfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh a&&Snf
wnfwHhrSktm;xdcdkufrSkr&SdbJ tjrifhqHk; xkwfvkyfedkifonfh yrmP (Maximum Sustainable Yield- MSY ) tay:cefYrSef;wGufcsufrIrsm; wdusrSk r&SdcJhyg/
• ausmufykZGefwkdYonf rsdk;okOf;&Sm;yg;rSktEÅ&m,fusa&mufaeaomzsH (bkef;BuD;zsH monk seals) wkdY\tpmjzpfygonf/ USA \ Endangered Species Act (rsdk;okOf;&Sm;yg;rSk tEÅ&m,f us&mufrI
tufOya') t& ausmufykZGefzrf;vkyfief; udkygydwfyif&jcif; jzpfygonf/
• ausmufykZGefvkyfief; tvsiftjrefBuD;xGm;vmNyD;aemuf usqif;í ydwfvdkuf&onfh oifcef;pmudk
&&Sdonf/ or&dk;usig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrIwGif tm;enf;csufrSm MSY twGufom tav;xm;
avhvmpDrHxm;jcif;jzpfí ausmufykpGeftkyfpkwnf&SdrSk ESifhydkí us,fjyefYaom ywf0ef;usifay:
tm&HkpdkufrI r&SdcJhay/
• a'owpfck\ig;vkyfief;udk pDrHcefYcGJ&mwGif&nf&G,fxm;aomrsKd;pdwf (Oyrm-xdkrsKd; pdwftm;
pDrH&efuefYowfjcif;) tay:tpjyKí pDrHcefYcGJ&aomvnf; wa&GUa&GUajymif;vJonfh jzpfpOfjzpfonf?
ausmufykZGeftkyfpk OD;a&tjctaeudk wduspGmrod&aomtcgwGif owdxm;csOf;uyfonfhyHkpHtjzpf
zrf;qD;a&;vkyfief;wpfckvHk; ydwfvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ tcsdefMumvmonfESifhtrQ pDrHcefYcGJrIonf
tjcm;udpöjzpfaom ig;aeig;xdkifrsm;t ay: xdcdkufrIudkygxnfhoGif;vkyfaqmifvmcJhygonf/ ( NWHI a'owpfckvHk; umuG,fa&; a'ojzpfvmí a&owå0gzrf;qD;rItm;vHk;udk ydwfcJh&ygonf/)
þodkYMum;jzwf0ifa&mufaqmif&GufcJhaomfvnf; okawoejyKvkyfawGY&Sdcsuft& ukefcef;oGm;aom
t&if; tjrpf yrmPonf csufcsif;jyefvnfemvHxlEdkifjcif;r&SdaMumif;awGY&Sd&onf/
EAFM onf orm;&dk;uspDrHcefYcGJrItay:tajccHvsufpDrHcefYcGJrIudk ydkíus,fjyefYatmif wdk;csJYjcif;? yg0if
ywfoufolwdkY\ tcef;u@udkwdk;csJYjcif;? owif;tcsuftvufydkrdk&&Sda&;twGuf aqmif&Gufjcif; owdxm;
csOf;uyfrIonf rlvtwdkif;aqmif&Gufjcif; MSY wpfckwnf; tay:tajccHjcif;r[kwfyJ tcsufrsmpGmtay:
tajccHí pDrHcefYcGJrIudkaqmif&Gufygonf/
Magruson-Steven Act tufOya'udkjyifqifjcif; (a&&SnfwnfwHhaom ig;vkyfief; tufOya' 1996)
1996 wGif Magnuson-Stivens Act 1976 udk ta&;BuD;aom jyifqifrIrsm;jyKvkyfí Sustainable Fishing
Act 1996 (FSA) udk xnfhoGif;cJhygonf/ t"duajymif;vJjyifqifrI 2 ck &Sdygonf –
1/ xdef;odrf;jcif;ESifh pDrHcefYcGJjcif;rlwdkYwGif zrf;rdNyD; jyefvTwfjcif;rludk xnfhoGif;xm;onf?
2/ ig;wdkU\ rjzpftaeZmwd&yfajr (Essential Fish habitats EFH) udk xnfhoGif;xm;onf EFH udk
t"dyÜg,fowfrSwf&mwGif ig;Ocs&efom;ayguf&ef? tpmpm;&ef? t&G,fa&mufonftxd BuD;xGm;&ef
Zmwd&yfudk qdkvdkonf/
USA \ a&jyiftm;vHk;wGif EFH udk umuG,f&efyg&Sdjcif;aMumifh EAFM taumiftxnf azmf&mwGif
Oya'ydkif;? rl0g'ydkif;t& taxmuftul &&Sdygonf/
avYvmrSK trSwf (2)
taemufypdzdwfa'owGif oEÅmausmufwef; a*[aA'pepftajccH ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrI tpDpOf
taumifxnfazmfjcif;
oEÅmausmufwef;a*[pepf FMP taumiftxnfazmfjcif;
Sustainable Fishirian Act, 1996 tay:rlwnfí taemufypdzdwfa'o ig;vkyfief; pDrHcefYcGJa&;
aumifpDonf 2004 ckESpfwGif oEÅmausmufwef;a*[pepftajccH ig;vkyfief; pDrHcefYcGJrI tpDtpOfudk
csrSwfcJhonf/ NOAA uvnf; ,if;tpDpOfudk a&G;cs,f&,lonfh &nf&G,fcsufrSm ,if;vkyfief;wdkYonf urf;ajcrS
3 rdkif tuGmta0;xuf ydkwdk;csJUvmygu oEÅmausmufwef; twGif;&Sd t&if;tjrpfwdkYudk xkwf,loHk;pGJrIudk
xda&mufpGm pDrHcefYcGJ&efjzpf ygonf/ (yHk-5.2)
oEÅmausmufwef;a*[pepf FMP \&nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifrsm;
t"duyef;wdkifrSm taemufypDzdwf a'oBuD;wpfckvHk;twGuf wm&SnfwnfwHhaom oEÅm ausmufcuf
twGif; ig;vkyfief;wnfwHh&efESifh ig;tkyfpkrsm; Zmwd&yfajrumuG,fxm;aom rsKd;pdwfrsm;ESihf a*[pepfwdkYudk
qdk;usKd;oufa&mufrIrS wm;qD;umuG,f&efjzpfygonf/ xkdYaMumifh OD;wnfcsufyef;wdkifrsm;onf a*[pepf
tajccHaom ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrI tpDtpOfjzpfí EAFM odkY rSwfom;zG,f&m OD;wnfajymif;vJrIwpfck
jzpfygonf/ (EAFM Principle #4 Multiple bojectives)
yHk 5.2 / taemufypdzdwfa'o&Sd oEÅmausmufwef;a*[pepf
Coral Reef Ecosystem FMP \ pDrHcefYcGJrIqdkif&m&nf&G,fcsufrsm;
1/ a*[pepftajccHí t&if;tjrpfrsm;pDrHcefYcGJjcif;eSifh MudKwifvkyfaqmifenf;vrf;rsm; toHk;jyK
jcif;jzifh a*[pepfeSifh &dk;&m,Ofaus;rIt& xdcdkufvG,fonfh tjyKtrlrsm; &Sdonfhae&ma'orsm;&Sd
rsKd; pdwfaygif;pHk\ t&if;tjrpfrsm;tm; a&&SnfwnfwHhpGm toHk;jykEdkifa&;tm;ay;aqmif&Guf&ef?
2/ oEÅmausmifwef;ESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJ&mwGif aysmhajymif;íjyKvG,fjyifvG,faom
pepfrsKd;xm;&Sd&ef? vQifjrefpGmajymifvJEdkifaom Oyrm-tcsKdYwdkYrSm t&if;tjrpf aygrsm;rI? tajymif;
tvJ odyÜHenf;us owif;tcsuftvuftopf&&Sdvmjcif; vltkyfpktvdkuf? a'otvdkuf
ig;zrf;rIyHkpHtajymif;tvJ (EAFM Principle #6 Adaptive Management)
3/ t&if;tjrpfESifh ywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;&&Sda&;? tqdkygtcsuftvuf toHk;
jyKcGifh &&Sda&;? ig;vkyfief;ESifh a*[pepfqdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm; pkaqmif;&ef okawoeESifh
apmifhMuyfMunfh&Iavhvmjcif; aqmif&Gufa&;? oD;oefYpD;yGg;a&;Zkef&Sd oEÅm ausmufwef;a*[pepf
wdkYudkpDrHcefYcGJ&efESifh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csrSwf&eftwGuf taxmuftuljyKaom odyÜHenf;us
tcsuftvufowif;rsm;pkaqmif;&&Sda&;wdkYjzpfygonf/
4/ oEÅmausmufwef; t&if;tjrpfay:vlwdkY\ qdk;usKd;oufa&mufrIudk enf;EdkiforQenf;ap&ef
umuG,fa&;a&jyif topfwdk;csJUjcif; vuf&SdwnfqJumuG,fa&;a&jyifrsm;udk ydkrdkwdk; wufatmif
aqmif&Gufjcif;? ig;zrf;qD;rIaMumifh usa&mufonfhig;zrf;pGrf;tm;tay: pDrHcefYcGJjcif;?
tavtvGifhrsm;aom ig;zrf;onfhtusifhpepfudk xdef;csKyfjcif;? oEÅmausmufwef; o,HZmw
t&if;tjrpftay: qdk;usKd;oufa&mufolwdkY\ jyKrlcsufrsm;tm; avsmhcsjcif;? obm0twdkif;
rQwpGmnd§EdIif;rI&Sdaom oEÅmausmufwef;a*[pepf jyefvnf &Sifoef&ef umuG,fjcif;wdkY
jzpfygonf/ þOD;wnf&nfrSef;csufrsm;wGif ta&;ygonfh ig;aeig;xdkifrsm;tm; xdef;odrf;jcif;ESifh
umuG,fjcif;wdkYyg0ifonf/ ( EAFM Principle #4 Multiple objectives)
5/ oEÅmausmufwef;a*[pepftay: jynfolESifhtpdk;&wdkY ydkrdkod&Sdem;vnfvm&efESifh þ a*[
pepf\ tusKd;aus;Zl;ESihf tumuG,frJhtEÅ&m,fusEdkifonfh tjctaeudk owdjyKrd&ef
vlwdkYaMumifh qdk;usKd;oufa&mufrIudkavsmcs&efESifh pDrHcefYcGJrIudk taxmuftuljyKaom vkyf&yfrsm;
&&Sdvmap&ef? ( EAFM Principle #3 Increased participation)
6/ tjcm;oufqdkif&mtzGJYtpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;? oEÅmausmufwef;rsm;tm; twl
wuG pkaygif;xdef;odrf;jcif;? xkdodkY us,fjyefY&IyfaxG;vSonfh a*[pepftay: xda&mufpGm
apmifhMuyfavhvmEkdif&ef tjcm;tzGJYtpnf;rsm;ESifhtwl qHk;jzwfcsuf csjcif;? tcsuftvuf
t&if;tjrpf (vl+aiG)&&Sda&; rQa0jcif;jyKvkyf&ef (EAFM Principle # 5 cooperation and
coordination)
7/ pDrHcefYcGJrItpDrHESifhaqmif&Gufcsufudk taxmufuljyK&ef apmifhMuyfppfaq;jcif;ESifh Oya'tmPm
oufa&mufrSk&Sdapjcif;wkdU wdk;wufaumif;rGefvmapa&; jrSifhwifaqmif&Guf&efeSifh wGef;tm;
ay;&ef (EAFM Principle #1 Good Governance)
8/ a'owGif;ig;zrf;olrsm;onf oEÅmausmufwef;ig;vkyfief; a&&SnfwnfwHha&;twGuf yg0if
yl;aygif; aqmif&GufEdkifMu&ef aqmif&Gufay;&efESifh vufawGYususaqmif&GufEdkifaom a'ocH
rsm;tay: pD;yGm;a&;t& qdk;usdK;oufa&mufrIudk enf;EdkiforQenf;ap&ef (EAFM Principle #3
Increased Participation)
Coral Reef Ecosystem FMP rS pDrHcefYcGJaomrsKd;pdwfrsm;
oEÅmausmufwef;a*[pepftwGif;&Sd rsKd;pdwftm;vHk;yg0ifonf/ ,if;owå0g wdkY\ b0wavQmufwGif
t"dua&atmufMurf;jyif a&teuf 91.4 rDwm (a&tvH 50) twGif; aexdkifMuonf/
Coral Reef Ecosystem FMP taxGaxGpDrHcefYrIpepfrsm;
• tP0gumuG,fxdef;odrf;a&;e,fajr (MPAs) uGef,ufwpfck wnfaxmifjcif;/
• tqdkygae&mrsm;twGif; ig;zrf;a&;ESifh oEÅmausmufwef;a*[pepf pDrHcefYcGJa&; ,lepf
atmufygig;rsKd;pdwf (Coral Ecosystem Management Unit Species CRE-MUS ) zrf;qD;a&;twGuf
cGifhjyKrdefY (ygrpf) owfrSwfa&;ESifh MPA wGif ig;zrf;&ef vdktyfcsufrsm; csrSwfuefYowfjcif;/
• ig;zrf;u&d,mESifh zrf;onfhpepfwdkYudk pDppfí tavtvGifhjzpfapaom ^ tvHk;pHk aoaMu ysufpD;
apaom u&d,mESifhpepfudk cGifhrjyK&ef/
• owfrSwfaomrsKd;pdwfudkom OD;wnfzrf;aom u&d,mESifhpepfudkom cGifhjyK&ef/
• oEÅmausmufcufESifh ouf&Sdrsm;wG,fuyfaom ausmufwHk;wdkYudk ,lcGifhrjyK&ef (odyÜHynm avhvm&ef
twGuf txl;cGifhjyKrdefY tuefYtowfjzifom ,lcGifhjyK&ef)
• ig;vkyfief;tm;vHk;twGuf uefYowfxm;&Sdonfh eSpfpOfzrf;qD;xkwfvkyfedkifonfhyrmP (annual catch limit - ACL)udkowfrSwfí pDppfEdkifaomenf;vrf;xkwfazmf&ef/ txufygtcsufwdkYudk ig;vkyfief;
pDrHcefYcGJa&; pDrHcsufwGif xnfhoGif;&efjzpfygonf/
taxmuftuljyKrI0g'
Magnuson-stevens ig;vkyfief;xdef;odrf;jcif;ESifh pDrHcefYcGJa&;tmPm jyefvnfay;tyfjcif; tufOy' 2006/
2007 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif or®wonf Magnuson-stevens ig;vkyfief;xdef;odrf;jcif;ESifh pDrHcefYcGJa&;
tmPm jyefvnfay;tyfjcif; tufOya' 2006 udk vufrSwfxdk;cJhonf/ þOya'opfonf &Iaxmifhaygif;pHkrS
junfhvQif xl;jcm;aom Oya'opf jzpfonf/ Oyrm - ESpfpOfzrf;,l &&SdrI uefYowfcsuf (ACL) udk csrSwfjcif;?
aps;uGufay: tajccHvQuf us,fjyefYaom ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrIudk txl;tcGifhta&;cHpm;rIudk avQmhcsowfrSwf
ay;jcif;? EdkifiHwum ydkrdkyl;aygif;rIudk awmif;qdkjcif;wdkY yg0ifonf/
rsdK;pdwftajccH FMP rS a*[pepftajccH FMP odkY ajymif;vJvkyfaqmifjcif;
2001 ESifh 2004 Mum;wGif tpjyKcJhí 2004 wGif wnfaxmifcJhaom Coral Reef Ecosystem FMP
tjyif atmufazmfjyyg FMP rsm;udk ypdzdwfuRef;rsm; a'owavQmufwGif taumiftxnfazmfcJhonf/
- wefzdk;&SdonfY oEÅmausmufwef;qdkif&m FMP - *Pef;? ykpGefqdkif&m FMP (ausmufykpGefvkyfief;tm; avhvmjcif;) - a&atmufMurf;jyifwGifaexdkifMuufpm;onfU ig;rsdK;rsm;qdkif&m FMP - a&ay:a&vTmwGif aexdkifMuufpm;onfU ig;rsdK;rsm;qdkif&m FMP
- oEÅmausmufwef;a*[pepfqdkif&m FMP
yx0Dtaetxm;tay:tajccHonfh(uRef;pktajccH) ig;vkyfief;a*[pepfqdkif&mpDrHcsufrsm;odkY ajymif;vJ
vkyfaqmifvmjcif; (Fishery Ecosystem Plans - FEPs)
2009 ckESpfwGif taemufypdzdwfa'o ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrIaumifpDonf txufazmfjyyg rsKd;pdwf tajccH
FMP ig;ckudk ig;vkyfief;a*[pepfpDrHcsuf FEP tjzpfjyefvnfjyifqifzGJYpnf;cJhyg onf/ &nf&G,fcsufrSm
a'otajccHESifh a*[pepftpdwftydkif;rsm;yg yg0ifonfhabmiftwGif; pDrHcefYcGJa&;jzpfygonf/ þonfrSmvnf;
aumifpD\ w&m;pD&ifrIatmif&Sdyx0D0if taetxm;t& tajccHuRef;pk tajccHay:rlwnfí pDrHcefYcGJrIpepfudk
FEP odkY ajymif;vJ vkyfaqmifonfhtqifhwpfckjzpfygonf/ (EAFM Principle #2 Appropriate Scale)
• Mariana uRef;pk FEP
• ypdzdwf vlta&muftaygufenf;aom uRef;rsm; FEP
• tar&duefqmrkdtefuRef;pk FEP
• [m0dkif&DuRef;pk FEP
• ypdzdwfa&jyifrsm; FEP
oEÅmausmifwef;a*[pepf FMP ESifh vkyfief;tqihfrsm;wGif EAFM rlrsm;usifoHk;jcif;
rsKd;pdwfaygif;pHkyg0ifí a*[aA' twdkif;twme,fy,fygaom ig;vkyfief; pDrHcefYcGJa&; pDrHcsufrsm;
aqmif&Guf&mwGif EAFM \ rl0g'tm;vHk;udk tqifhwpfckodkYr[kwf twkdif; twmwpfckxd usifhoHk;Muygonf/
1/ FEP taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif a'ocHrsm;ESifh wdkifyifnd§EdIif;onfhtqifhwpfck yg&Sdonf/ (EAFM
Prinviple #3: Increase Participation)
2/ FEP wGif yg0ifaom ig;vkyfief;wpfckpDwGif wefbdk;jzwfjcif;ESifh oD;jcm;aqmif&Gufjcif; Oyrm -
ig;xkwfvkyfrSKtjrifYqHk;yrmP? ESpfpOfxkwf,lEkdifaom uefYowfcsuf? EdkifiHjcm; ig;zrf;avSrsm;
twGuf cGifjyKEdkifaom twdkif;twm ponfwdkYudk pOfqufrjywf jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;? jyifqifjcif;
jyKvkyfygonf/ (EAFM Privciple # adaptive management)
3/ &&SdEdkiforQ odyÜHtcsuftvufrsm;udk tajccHí ESpfpOfzrf;qD;rI uefYowfcsuf (annual catch limit
ACLs)) ESifh oEÅmausmifcufa*[pepf wpfckpD\ ig;yrmPxdef;odrf;EkdifrI enf;rsm;udk
csrSwfygonf/ ACL udkcsrSwf&mwGif ZD0aA'&Skaxmifht& vufcHEdkifaom zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfrI
(acceptable biological catch ABC) udk tvGeftuRHzrf;qD;rI uefYowfcsufESifh wef;wlodkYr[kwf
wpfqifhedrfYí owfrSwf ygonf/ tcsuftvuf rjynfhpHkaom ig;tkyfpkrsm;twGuf ABC udk
wGufcsuf&ef tqifh (5) qifhjzifh xdef;odrf;vkyfaqmif ygonf/ ig;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh ywfoufaom
uGJjym;onfhowif; tcsuftvufrsm;udk xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;í ABCs udk wGufcsufonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh tjcm;aom owif; tcsuftvufrsm;udk &,ljcif;? ynm&SifwdkY\ oabmxm;ESifh
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk &,ljcif;? xkdodkY&,l&mwGif trsm;oabmwl qHk;jzwfcsufrSwqifh &,ljcif;)
wdkYjzifh wGufcsufygonf/ (EAFM principle #7 : Precautionery approach)
taemufypdzdwfa'o ig;vkyfief;rsm;pDrHcefYcGJa&;aumifpDESifh ywfoufaom owif;rsm; ydkrkdY&&Sda&; twGuf
yHkpHjyKvkyfaqmifcsufrsm; (http://wpcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/SOPP/pdf) udkMunfhyg/
ESpfpOfzrf;rIuefYowfcsuf (ACL) ESifh wm0ef,lxdef;odrf;rI pepfwdkYESifh ywfoufaom owif;ydkod&Sd&ef
(http://www.wpcouncil.org/wp.content/upload/2014/01/NEPA-EA-Coral-Recf-ACLs-2012-13-RIN-064p-
XA674_2011-12-13-FINAL.pdf) ukdMunfhyg/
Magruson-Stevens ig;vkyfief;xdef;odrf;a&;ESifh pDrHcefYcGJa&;tmPm jyefvnftyfESif;a&; tufOya'
2006 t& USA &Sda'oqdkif&m ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJa&;aumifpD (8) ckonf 2011 rSpí EkdifiHwpf0Srf;
EdkifiHaqmftqifh pDrHcefYcGJaom ig;vkyfief;tm;vHk;wGif ACL ESihf wm0ef,lxdef;odrf;rIpepfudk taumif
txnfazmfcsrSwfcJhygonf/ a&vkyfom;rsm;? ig;vkyfief; pDrHcefYcGJa&;aumifpDrsm;? odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;?
refae*smrsm;\ pOfqufrjywf BudK;yrf;tm;xkwf rIaMumifh USA wGif obm0t&if;tjrpfpDrHcefYcGJa&;udk 2012
rSpí ordkif;rSwfwrf;0if atmifjrifpGm aqmif&GufcJhygonf/ xdkUaMumifh tvGeftuRHig;zrf;jcif;udk xda&mufpGm
wm;qD; uefYowfEdkifcJhonf/ ig;tkyfpkawmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm tvGeftuRH zrf;qD;rIaMumifh yHkrSeftaetxm;
jyefvnf a&muf&Sd&ef tcsdef,l&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; tvGeftuRHzrf;qD;rI jyóemrSm ,cktcgr&Sdawmhyg/ ACL udk tjynfht0 taumiftxnfazmfEdkifrIaMumifh odyÜHenf;usaom ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrIudk aqmif&Gufvsuf
t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk wm&Snfxdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufíxkwf,l&ef ig;vkyfief;wm&SnfwnfwHha&;ESifh ig;vkyfief;
tay: rSDcdk&aom pD;yGm;a&;rsm; wm&SnfwnfwefYa&;twGuf aqmif&GufEdkifcJhygonf/ pOfqufrjywf
apmihfMuyfjcif;ESifh jzpfay:vmaom jyjyóemrsm;udk csufcsif;ajz&Sif;jcif;wdkYjzifh taumiftxnfa zmfcJhygonf/
ig;tkyfpkrsm;yrmP wdkif;wmwGufcsufa&; okawoersm;twGuf &if;ESD;jrKyfESHjcif;? pkaygif;okawoe jyKvkyfjcif;?
avhvmxnfhoGif;aom odyÜHenf;tay: tajccHaom pDrHcefYcGJa&;pepf usifoHk;jcif;wkdYaMumif USA \
pHjyig;vkyfief;rsm; pDrHcefYcGJrIonf EdkifiHwum twGufaumif;rGefaom pHjyjzpfvmygonf/ urÇmESifht0Srf;
BuHKawGYae&aom ig;vkyfief;jyóemrsm; a*[pepf ESifh pD;yGm;a&;t& wm&Snfxdef;odrf;Edkifa&;
pdefac:csufwdkYudkdk ajz&Sif;aqmif&Gufay;aeygonf/ (EAFM pepfodkY OD;wnfaom tjcm;Oyrmwpfckjzpfygonf/)
vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsuf/ ig;vkyfief;wpfckpDtwGufESifY a'owpfcktwGif; odkYr[kwf edKifiHtwGif;
ig;vkyfief;twGuf EAFM \ qufwdkufvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyfyg/
vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsuf/ EAFM odkY ajymif;vJvkyfaqmif&ef oifYedKifiHwGifBuHKawGY&aom pdefac:rSKrsm;ESifY
tcGifYtvrf; rsm;udk azmfjyyg/
EAFM pDrHcsufrsm;? rl0g'ESifh vufawGYaqmif&GufrSKtMum;qufpyfrI
Module 6
oifcef;pm\ &nf&G,fcsufrsm;
- xda&mufaompDrHcsufonf vdktyfaMumif; od&Sdem;vnf&efESifh rl0g'rS
vufawGYtvkyfodk pDrHaqmif&Guf&ef
oifcef;pmtay:jcHKiHkoHk;oyfjcif;
þtcef;wGif rl0g'ESifh vufawGYtaumiftxnfazmfrIYwdkYtMum;wGif xda&mufaom pDrHcsuftm; rnfodkY
aygif;ul;jzpfonfudk &Sifvif;azmfjyxm;onf/ vdkufavsmnDaom EAFM \ vkyfief;puf0ef;rsm;rSm pDrHcsuf
a&;qGJjcif;? taumiftxnfaqmif&Gufjcif;? ppfaq;jcif;? wdk;wufaumif;rGefatmifaqmif&Gufjcif; ponfjzifh
&Sif;vif;xm;ygonf/
ed'gef;
tm&Sypdzdwfa'oEdkifiHrsm;pGmwdkYwGif EAFM rludk taxmuftyHYay;aom EdkifiHawmfrl0g'rsm; odkYr[kwf
abmifrsm; &Sdaomfvnf; ig;vkyfief;tzGJYrsm;taejzifh EAFM rSwqifh pDrHcefYcGJa&; vufawGY vkyfEdkifaom
pDrHcsufrSm tenf;i,frQom &Sdygonf/ vufawGYvkyfEdkifaom pDrHudef;rsm;&Sdvm&ef ig;vkyfief;rsm;wGif
pDrHcefYcGJEdkifaom vkyfief;pGrf;&nfwdk;wufvm&ef vdktyfonf/ xdkodkYwdk;wufvm&ef twGuf pDrHudef;csrSwf&ef
vkdtyfaMumif;udk trsm;u ydkrdkus,fjyefYpGm od7Sd&efESifY pDrHcsufudef;udk taumiftxnfazmf&ef uRrf;usifh
t&nftaoG;&Sd&ef vdktyfNyD; yl;aygif;rSKenf;vrf;w&yfjzifY aqmif&GufoGm;&ef vdktyfygonf/ tcef;-9?
tpjyKvkyfief; (c) ESifY tcef;-12? tajctaerSefudkppfaq;jcif; (1)/
1/ bmaMumifhpDrHcsufcsrSwf&ovJ
aumif;rGefaom pDrHcefYcGJrIjzpf&eftwGuf aumif;rGefaom pDrHcsufvdktyfygonf/ pDrHcsufrSm trSefwu,f
taumiftxnfaz:edkifrnfh rl0g'rsm; csrSwfEdkif&efrlvdktyfygonf/ rl0g'rSvufawGYusaomtajz &cJojzifhh
rl0g'rsm;ESihf vufawGYtvkyftMum; pDrHcsufrsm;u aygif;ul;ay;&ygonf/
t"duig;vkyfief;ESD;EG,folrsm; yg0ifvmjcif;jzifh pDrHudef;ydkif&Sifrsm;jzpfvmjyD; ydkrdkaumif;rGefpGm taumif
txnfaz:aqmifEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/ pDrHcsufwdkif;wGif yl;aygif;yg0ifrI tjrJ&Sd&rnf/ pDrHcsuf aMumifh
tem*wfwGif tusKd;tjypfrnfodkY&Sdrnfudk wdk;wufrSIpDrHcsufZ,m;a&;qGJí trsm;yl;aygif; n§dEdIif;&ygrnf/
udpöawmfawmfrsm;wGif yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;vkyfief;pOfonf aemufqHk;&v'fuJhodkYyif ta&;BuD;ygonf/
txl;ojzifh vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;t&xdcdkufvG,faom udpörsm;&yfrsm;ü yl;aygif;pDrHaqmif&Gufcsufjcif;rSm
ta&;BuD;onf/ pDrHcsufa&;qGJcsrSwfEdkifa&;twGuf a&S;OD;pGmpDrHcsuftvkyf (rnfolubmvkyf&rnff? b,ftcsdef
rSmbmvkyf&rnf ponf) udk csrSwf&efvdkonf/ tcef;-8? tpjyKvkyfief; (u)? task ii wGif tao;pdwf azmfjy
xm;ygonf/
tzGJUtpnf;wpfcktwGif; pDrHcsufcsaqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk aygif;pyfírQwxda&mufpGm
toHk;csEdkifonf/ &nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifodkY a&muf&Sdap&eftwGuf tvm;tvm ydkaumif;apygonf/
aumif;rGefaom pDrHcsufaMumifh b@ma&;&HyHkaiG? jyifytvSL&Sif&Iaxmifht& aiGaMu;taxmuftyHh&&Sd&ef
ydkítqifajyapygonf/ aumif;rGefaom pDrHcsufonf tvTmtoD;oD;wdkY\ wm0efESifhtcef;u@udk
aocsmpGmcsrSwfay;ojzifh vkyfief;wpfckvHk;udk ydkí xda&mufapygonf/ txl;ojzifh u@toD;oD;?
vkyfief;toD;oD;ESifh aemufcHtoD;oD;rS vlrsm;yg0ifaom a*[pepfESifhudkufnDaomfenf;vrf;jzifh pDrHcefYcGJ&m&ef
txl;ta&;MuD;ygonf/
2/ pDrHcefYcGJrIpuf0ef;
rnfonfhvkyfief;udkrqdk pDrHcefYcGJ&mwGif ta&;BuD;aomtqifh (3) qifh &Sdygonf/ (1) pDrHcsufa&;jcif; (2)
aqmif&Gufjcif;ESifh (3) ppfaq;jcif;ESifh wdk;wufatmifaqmif&Gufjcif; jzpfygonf/ (yHk – 6.1 Munfh)
yHk 6.1/ EAFM puf0dkif;onf vdkufavsmnDaxGaom pDrHcefYcGJrItqifh (3) qifhay: rlwnfonf/
pDrHcsufa&;qGJonfhtqifhwGif ig;vkyfief;ESD;EG,folrsm; yl;aygif;nSdESdkif;jcif;jzifh rnfonfhtwdkif; twm txd
atmifjrif&ef vufcHaqmif&Gufrnfedkifudk pOf;pm;qHk;jzwf&efvdkonf/ pDrHcefYcGJrIY[laom pum; toHk; tEIef;wGif
OD;wnfcsufrsm;tay: oabmwlnDMujcif;? pDrHcefYcGJjcif;? aqmif&GufEdkifrSkYtwdkif;twm ponfh &nfnSGef;
udef;rsm;? pHEIef;rsm;ESifhwuG jyefvnfjyKjyifxdef;rwf&ef vdktyfcsufrsm;udk &SmazGpOf;pm;jcif;wdkY yg0ifonf/
(tcef;-13 ESifY 14 Munfh)
aqmif&Gufvkyfudkifonfhtqifhwdkif;wGif pDrHcefYcGJrIu pDrHcsufudk taumiftxnfazmfay;ygonf/
ppfaq;jcif;ESifh wdk;wufaumif;rGefatmifaqmif&GufonfhtqifhwGif- aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf vdkvm;aom
&vm'fudk &&SdEdkifjcif; &Sd r&Sdudk jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;? 4if;vkyfief;tawGYtBuHKrS oifcef;pm&,lNyD; jyefvnf
nd§EIdif;jcif;wdkY yg0ifrnfjzpfygonf/ (vdkufavsmnDaxGaom pDrHcsufpDrHcefYcGJrIjzpfonf)? tcef;-17? tqifY 5.1
? 5.2 Munfh) pDrHcsufa&;qGJonfh tqifhwGif vkyfief;wpfckrnfodkY atmifjrifatmif aqmif&Gufrnfudk a&;qGJ
&rnf/
3/ rl0g'rsm; taumiftxnfazmfjcif;
EAFM\ t"duaomhcsufrSm tqifhjrifh vrf;nTefrl0g'rsm;udk OD;wnfcsufrsm;ESifh vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;
tjzpfodkY a&muf&Sd&ef aqmif&Gufay;jcif;jzpfonf/ Oyrm tm;jzifh FAO\ wm0efodrSIjzifhaqmif&Gufrnfh
ig;vkyfief;rsm;qdkif&musifh0wfrsm; (EdkifiHwumusifh0wfESifhtnDf) ig;vkyfief;\ &nf&G,fcsufESifh vkyfaqmifcsuf
rsm;tm;taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Guf&efjzpfonf/ rl0g'tm;vHk;onf a&&SnfwnfwHh zGHUNzdK;a&;tjrifESifh
oabmw&m;tay: rlwnfojzifh aqmif&GuforQ rnfonfhvkyfief;rqdk EAFM rSwqifh &&Sda&;twGuf
ulnDyefYydk;jcif; jzpfygonf/ yHk 6.2 udkMunfYyg/
yHk 6.2 / rl0g'rsm;rS vufawGYvkyfaqmifcsufodkY oGm;&eftqifhrsm;
1/ tajccHrlrsm;rS rl0g'yef;wdkifrsm;odkY
tjrifhqHk;aom tajccHrltqifhrsm;rS rl0g'yef;wdkifrsm;odkY ajymif;vJjcif;jzifhoGm;&ygrnf/ EAFM\
wefbdk;&Sdaom tajccHrlrsm;rSm a,bk,sqefojzifh trSefwu,fvufawGYaqmif&Guf&ef rjzpfedkifyg/ xkdYtjyif
a*[pepf\ oGifjyifvu©Pmrsm; - Oyrm a*[pepfaumif;rGefvmapa&;? MuHhMuHhcHEdkifrSkpGrf;&nfudk jynfh0pGm
od&Sdem;vnf&efcufcJjyD; vufawGYtoHk;cs&efvnf;cufcJonfygonf/ tqifhjrifhrl0g'ESifh rl0g'yef;wdkifrsm;wGif
tajccHtm;jzifh ZD0rsKd;pHkrsKd;uGJxdef;odrf;jcif;? ig;aeig;xdkifrsm; xdef;odrf;jcif;?ta&;MuD;onfh tpmuGif; quf
vkyfief;rsm;udk umuG,fjcif; ponfwdkYudkxnfhoGif;aygif;pyf az:jyxm;ygonf/
2/ rl0g'yef;wdkifrsm;rS jyóemrsm;ESifh pDrHcefYcGJrI&nfrSef;csufrsm;odkY
tqifhjrifh rl0g'yef;wdkifrsm;udk wdusaompDrHcefYcGJrI &nf&G,fcsufrsm;odkY tqifhqifh cGJjcm;pdwfjzm&ef
vdktyfygonf/ jyóemrsm;udkcGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;? OD;pm;ay;tqifhowfrSwfíjyóemwpfckjcif;pDtvdkuf
pDrHcefYcGJrI &nf&G,fcsufwdk;wufatmifaqmif&Guf&ygrnf/ (Module 7 EAFM Prous, Overview and Module 13
step 3.11 Munfh)/ vufawGYaqmif&Guf&rnfh tqifqifhwGif xdcdkufqHk;&HSk;Edkifajc&SdrIrsm;ESifh taumif;qHk;
tajctaeodkYa&mufatmif twdk;tavsmh tay;t,lkjyKvkyfjcif; ESifh trsm;qE´ESifhtnD xdef;ndS jcif;wdkYudk
OD;pm;ay;aqmif&GufEdkifonf/ þ&nf&G,fcsufrsm;onf oD;oefYjzpfrSom xda&mufpGmajz&Sif; Edkifrnfjzpfonf/
vkyfief;atmifjrifonf odkYr[kwf ratmifjrifonfudk apmifhMuyfMunfh&Ijcif; twkdif;twmjzifh tuJjzwf
aqmif&GufEdkifonf/
3/ OD;wnf&nfrSef;csufrsm;rS pDrHcefYcGJrIvkyfaqmifcsufodkY
pDrHcefYcGJrI vkyfaqmifcsufwpfckcsrSwfjcif;jzifh pDrHcefYcGJrI &nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifwpfckudk atmifjrifpGm
taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufEdkifonf/ (Oyrm - ig;zrf;oabFm ta&twGuf uefYowfjcif;? ig;zrf;ydkufuGuf
t&G,ftpm;udkk wdk;jr§ifhjcif;? 'Da&awmpdkufysKd;jcif;? yifv,fjyifumuG,fa'orsm; wnfaxmifjcif;onf)
rsm;aomtm;jzifh pDrHcefYcGJrI vkyfaqmifcsufwpfckonf OD;wnf&nfrSef;csufrsm;pGm aygufa&mufapEdkifonf/
tqifhjrifh rl0g'yef;wdkif;rsm;ESifh pDrHcefYcGJrI &nfrSef;csufrsm;tMum;wGif aumif;rGefaom qufpyfrIom
&Sdygu þpDrHcefYcGJrI vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;onf rl0g'udk taumiftxnf azmfEkdifonf/
4/ aumif;rGefaom pDrHcsuf a&;qGJcsrSwfjcif;
• a,bk,srlrsm;ESifh tqihfjrifh rl0g'yef;wkdifrsm;udk vufawGYusus vkyfEdkif&ef aqmif&Gufyg-
xda&mufaom EAFMtwGuf taxGaxGrlrsm;ESifh tqifhjrifh yef;wdkifrsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJrIOD;wnfcsuftjzpf
owfrSwfaqmif&Guf&rnf/ vufawGYvkyfaqmifEdkifaom &nf&G,fcsufqdkonfrSm pDrHcefYcGJrIjzifh
aqmif&GufEdkifaom t&mudk qdkvdkonf/ Oyrm tm;jzifh ]]ig;vkyfief;rsm a&&SnfwnfwHhzGHYNzdK;&ef}} udk
wkduf&dkufpDrHcefYcGJjcif;jzifh raqmif&GufEkdkifyg/ odkY&mwGif vufawGYusaom &nf&G,fcsufjzpfonf
]]ig;zrf;avS ta&twGufavsmhcs&ef}} udk pDrHcefYcGJrIenf;vrf;jzifh aqmif&GufEkdifonf/
• OD;wnfcsufudkazmfjyyg -pDrHcefYcGJrIvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;\ OD;wnfcsufudk&Sif;vif;pGm azmfjy&rnf/
ig;vkyfief;ESD;EG,folrsm;\ ,HkMunfudk;pm;rSkudktm;jyKí a&G;cs,fowfrSwfxm;aom OD;wnfcsuftwdkif;
yef;wdkifodkYa&muf&Sd&ef&Sif;vif;vG,fulaomrnf;vrf;rsm;udka&G;cs,ftoHk;jyK&rnf/
• vkyfaqmifcsuftwGuf tjcm;enf;vrf;udkyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;yg - pDrHcsufa&;qGJjcif;jzifh tjcm;
enf;vrf;rsm;udk ppfaq;oHk;oyfEkdifonf/ aumif;usKd;w&m; &&Sda&;twGuf tjcm;enf;vrf; oHk;oifh
roifhudk oHk;oyfEkdifonf/
• raocsmra&&mrIudk avsmhcsyg pDrHcsufa&;qGJjcif;jzifh refae*smrsm; yg0ifywfouf olrsm;onf
teD;uyfjyjyóem ylyefp&mrsm;udk ausmfvGefí avhvmEkdifonf/ ywf0ef;usifrsm;\ &IyfaxG;rIrsm;ESifh
raocsmta&rmrIrsm;udk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmEdkifí xdef;odrf; Edkif&ef tm;ay;onf/
• qEudkomOD;pm;ay;jcif;ESifh xif&m jrif&mudkomvkyfaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk enf;EkdiforQ enf;atmif
avsmhcsyg - pDrHcsufa&;qGJ&mwGifxif&m jrif&mudk qEtavsmuf vkyfaom qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfjcif;?
pDrHcefYcGJ&mwGif MuD;rm;aomrSm;,Gif;rIESifh qHk;&Hk;rIjzpfEkdifacsudk avsmhcsyg/ pOf;pm;&mwGif vnf;aumif;
vkyfief;vkyfudkif&mwGifvnf;aumif; pnf;rsOf; pnf;urf;wpfckudk csrSwfay;onf/
• ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom pDrHcefYcGJrSkYtwGuf tajccHwpfckcsrSwfay;yg - tjcm;aom pDrHcefYcGJrI tvkyf
rsm;udkvnf; tajccHwpfcktjzpf yHhydk;ay;Edkifonf/ xkdYaMumifh pDrHcsufa&;qGJjcif;onf tjcm;
vkyfief;rsm;\ A[dkcsufusaom vkyfief;jzpfygonf/ (Oyrm-apmifhMuyfMunfh&Ijcif;? xdef;csKyfjcif;?
ppfaq;apmifhMuyfjcif; (MCS) wkYdudk yHkpHazmf&ef pDrHcsufa&;&ef vkdonf/
• vdkufavsmnDaxGpGm jyefvnfwHkUjyefjcif;udk xnfhoGif;yg– pDrHcsufwGifxnfhoGif;a&;qGJjcif;jzifh
jyifyywf0ef;usifwGif jzpfay:aeaom ajymif;vJrItvdkuftnD xdxda&mufa&mufvkdufavsmnDaxGpGm
wkefYjyef&ef OD;wnfcsufudk ajymif;vJjyifqifjcif;jzifh pDrHcefYcGJrIt&nftaoG;udk wdk;wufapygonf/
• BudKwifzefwD;vkyfudkifEkdifpGrf;udk tm;ay;yg - jyifywGif jzpfay:ajymif;vJrItay: vdkufavsm nDaxGpGm
wkefYjyefjcif;onf vdktyfonf/ odkY&mwGif tcsKdUaom tajcaersdK;wGif rvHkavmufyg/ þtcsufudk
od&Sdxm;jcif;ESifh txl;pDrHcsufa&;qGJ&mwGif BudKwifí xnfhoGif;oifhonf/ pDrHxm;onfh twdkif;
jzpfvmaom udpörsm;wGif rnfodkY qHk;jzwf aqmif&Guf&rnfudk BudKwifí pDrHcsufwGif a&;xm;jcif;jzifh
pDrHcefYcGJrIudk xda&mufpGm vkyfEkdifonf/ (xdef;csKyfonfhpnf;rsOf;Oya')
yGifhvif;jrifomrIwkd;jrSifhaqmif&Gufyg -yGifhvif;jrifomaom qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfrsm;udk ig;vkyfief;ESD;EG,fol
tm;vHk; od&ef aqmif&Gufyg/
5/ pDrHcsufrS&&Sdaom &vm'frsm;
pDrHcsufa&;qGJjcif;udk yx0Dtaetxm;tvdkuf tqifhtrsKd;rsKd;? e,fy,ftrsKd;rsKd;wGif aqmif&Guf
Ekdifonf/ odkY&mwGifpDrHcsuf wpfckESifhwpfckonf udkufnD&ef vdktyfNyD; todkuftNrHK wpfckwnf; txJ&Sdonfhyrm
oufqdkif&rnf/ (yHk.6.3)
yHk 6.3 / todkuftNrHKwpfckxJ&Sd pDrHcsufrsm;
EAFMwGif todkuftNrHKwpfckxJ&Sd pDrHcsufESifh wdk;wufrSkrSwfwrf;wdkYrSm-
• trsKd;om;tqifh (5 )ESpfpDrHudef;
• tzGJYtpnf;qkdif&m r[mAsL[mpDrHudef; - wm0efodig;vkyfief;rI0g'rsm;rSqif;oufvmaom tqifhjrifh
rl0g'yef;wdkifrsm; yg0ifonf
• EAFMwpfck\pDrHudef; - pDrHcsuftqihfqifhwGif yg0ifaom OD;wnfcsufrsm; pDrHcefYcGJrI vkyfief;rsm;
atmifjrifrIESifh pGrf;&nfwdkif;wmjcif; (&nfnTef;csufrsm;? tqifh pHEIef; owfrSwfcsufrsm;)
• vkyfief;pDrHcsuf - NyD;ajrmufatmif aqmif&Guf&rnfh vkyfief;BuD;tm;vHk;\ tusOf;udk azmfjyxm;onf/
(tcsdefuefhowfcsufESifh wm0ef,lrItygt0if) EAFMpDrHcsuf taumiftxnfazmf&efjzpfonf/
EAFM vkyfief;tqifhqifhtay: NcHKiHkoHk;oyfjcif;
Module 7
oifcef;pm\ &nf&G,fcsufrsm;
• EAFM \ t"duvkyfief; tqifhwdkYudk azmfjyí EAFM udk pDrHcsufqGJ&ef
taumiftxnfazmf&efESifh apmifhMuyf&efwdkYudk azmfjy&ef
• EAFM vkyfief;wdkYwGifpDrHcsuf (pDrHudef;) a&;qGJa&;tcsufrsm;udk azmfjy&ef
• EAFM pDrHudef;ESifh tuRrf;w0ifjzpf&ef
oifcef;pmtay:jcHKiHkoHk;oyfjcif;
þtcef;wGif EAFM \ vkyfief;tqifhrsm;udk tusOf;NcHK; azmfjyxm;ygonf/ ueOD; vkyfief;BuD;rsm;ESifh
EAFM \ tqifhBuD;ESihf tqifhi,f (5) qifhudk azmfjyNyD; pDrHcsufqGJ&mwGif txl;ta&;ygaomtqifhrsm;udk
rD;armif;xdk;jyonf/
txufwGifazmfjycJhovdk EAFM puf0dkif;wGif t"dutqifh (3) qifhygonf/ pDrHcsufcs tvkyfvkyfjcif;?
ppfaq;jcif;ESifh wkd;wufatmifvkyfjcif;wdkY yg0ifonf/ yHk – 7.1 Z,m; 7.1 wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/
Z,m;wGif pDrHcsuftqifhrsm;udk tndKa&mifqdk;xm;ygonf/
yHk 7.1 / EAFM \ tqifhf (5) qifh
Z,m; 7.1 EAFM tqifh (5) qifh tusOf;csKyf
pwifaqmif&Guf jyifqif&ef ig;vkyfief;&yfeSD;EG,folrsm;yg0ifap&ef
tqifh (1) Fisherien Management Unit (FMU) t"dyÜg,fowfrSwf?
e,fy,fowfrSwfjcif;
1.1 FMU t"dyÜgowfrSwfjcif;
1.2 FMU tjrifoabmxm; tay: oabm
wlnDjcif;
1.3 FMU e,fy,fowfrSwf yHkazmfjcif;
tqifh (2) jyóemrsm;eSifhyef;wdkifrsm;ukd
OD;pm;ay; azmfxkwfjcif; tpDtpOf
2.1 Ncdrf;ajcmufrIrsm;? jyóemrsm; azmfxkwfjcif;
2.2 Ncdrf;ajcmufrIeSifh jyóemrsm; OD;pm;ay;
tqifh owfrSwfjcif;
2.3 EAFM pDrHcsuftwGuf yef;wdkifowfrSwfjcif;
tjzpfrSefppfaq; (1)
tqifh (3) EAFM pDrHcsufrsm;zGHUNzdK; wkd;wuf
vmjcif;
3.1 pDrHcefYcGJrI&nfrSef;csufrsm;csrSwfjcif;
3.2 tnTef;rsm;pHEIef;rsm;owfrSwfjcif;
3.3 pDrHcefYcGJrI vkyfief;rsm;tay: oabm
wl Oya'pnf;urf;vdkufemjcif;
3.4 aiGaMu;tajctae od&Sdazmfxkwf jcif;
3.5 EAFM pDrHcsuf tNyD;owfaqmif&Guf jcif;
tqifh (4) pDrHcsuftaumiftxnfazmfjcif; 4.1 w&m;0ifatmifvkyf? qufoG,f?
yg0ifaqmif&Guf
tjzpfrSefppfaq; (2)
tqifh (5) apmifhMunfh? tuJjzwf?
vkdtyfovdkjyifqifjcif;
5.1 pDrHcefYcGJrIvkyfief;ESifhpGrf;aqmifcsuf
rsm;udk apmifhMunfhtuJjzwfjcif;
5.2 jyefvnfoHk;oyf? pDrHcsufvdkovkdjyifqifjcif;
pwifaqmif&Guf (u) ESifh (c)
vkyfief;\ tqifh (1) udk rpwifrD tpjyKvkyfief;BuD;rsm;udk pwif&efvdktyfonf/ Module 8 startup A wGif wpfckyg0ifonf/ Module 9 startup B jyifqifjcif;ESifhtwl azmfjyaom tqifhrsm; yg0ifonf/
ywfoufolrsm;udkvnf; yg0ifap&onf/
Start A (pwifaqmif&Gufcsuf u) – jyifqifjcif;qdk&mwGif atmufygwdkY yg0ifonf/
1/ tzGJYESifh vkyfief;aqmif&Gufay;olrsm;udk xkwfazmfjcif;?
2/ FMU \ us,fjyefYaom {&d,mudk azmfxkwfowfrSwfjcif;
3/ vkyfief;pDrHcsufpwif&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;
4/ EAFM ed'gef;udk azmfjyjcif;
5/ tjcm;tzGJYtpnf;rsm;? tpdk;&tzGJYtqifhqifhwdkYESifh nd§EdIif;aqmif&Guf
6/ yg0ifywfoufolrsm;ESifh tzGJYtpnf;rsm;udk azmfxkwfowfrSwfjcif;
7/ t"duusaom yg0ifywfoufoltkyfpk zGJYpnf;jcif;
8/ EAFM twGif; tajccHOya'a&;&mudpö pOf;pm;aqmif&Gufjcif;
Startup B (pwifaqmif&Gufcsuf – c) yg0ifywfoufol toD;oD;udk azmfxkwfowfrSwf jcif;onf
tvGefta&;BuD;aom tqifhwpfckjzpfonf/ olwdkYtm; EAFM \ vkyfiefpOftqifhrsm;wGif yg0ifapjcif;
(tpydkif;wGif pDrHcsufa&;qGJjcif? xdkYaemuf taumiftxnfazmfjcif;ESifh apmifhMuyfjcif;) jzpfonf/
yg0ifywfoufolwdkY yPmr yl;aygif;yg0ifjcif;jzifh olwdkY\ arQmfrSef;csuf? olwkdY\u@ESifh wm0efudk
todtrSwfjyK owfrSwfay;Edkifonf/
tqifh (5) qifhtusOf;
tqifh (1) - ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrI,lepf (FMU) \ t"dyÜg,fESifh e,fy,fowfrSwfyg/
1.1 FMU \ t"dyÜg,fudkowfrSwfyg/ yx0Da'otay:rlwnfí vnf;aumif;? wduspGm owfrSwfxm;aom
a*[pepfwpfckay:rlwnfí vnf;aumif; t"dyÜg,fudk owfrSwf onf/ odkY&mwGif a*[pepfrsm;onf
rsm;aomtm;jzifh wduspGme,fy,f owfrSwfxm; Edkifjcif;r&SdyJ 'dG[jzpfp&me,ferdwf&SdNyD;
ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrI {&d,m wpfcktwGif; usa&muf Edkifonf odkYr[kwf {&d,m (2) ckvHk;wGif
yg0ifEdkifonf/ xdkYaMumifh pDrHcefYcGJa&; pDrHcsuf a&;qGJ&ef FMU \ yx0D{&d,mudk owfrSwf&mwGif
aemufqHk;a&G;cs,f&efudpöwGif tcsufrsm;pGmay: rlwnf &ygonf/ odkY&mwGif tedrfYqHk;tqifh taejzihf
atmufygtcsufwdkh yg0if&ygrnf/ wpfEdkifwpfydkif ig;zrf;vkyfief;i,frsm;ESifh tBuD;pm;pD;yGm;jzpf
ig;zrf;vkyfief;BuD; tm;vHk;wdkY yg0if&yfrnf/
1.2 FMU \ tjriftawG;ay: oabmwlyg/ tpOD;ydkif;uyif EAFM pDrHcsufESifh ywfoufaom
tawG;tjrifay: yg0ifolrsm; oabmxm;wlxm;&efvdkygonf/ yg0ifywfoufolwdkY\ a&&Snf
tm;xm; arQmfrSef;csuftwGuf jzpfygonf/
1.3 FMU twdkif;twme,fy,fudk owfrSwfyg/ FMU ESifhywfoufaom aemufcHtcsuf tvuf owif;
(Oyrm - ig;taMumif;? zrf;onfhu&d,m? vl – ponfh) rsm;udk qdkvdkonf/ pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;
ywf0ef;usifESifh tkyfcsKyfrIydkif;qdkif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm; &&Sdxm;atmif aqmif&Gufyg/
ta&twGufa&m t&nftaoG;yg yg0ifaom tcsuftvuf rsm;udk pkaqmif; &ef vdktyfygrnf/
(owdjyK&efrSm – tcsKdUaomtcsuftvufwdkYrSm &SdNyD;om; jzpfaevdrfYrnf/ oif\ |mewGif r&Sdonfhwdkif
tjcm;tzGJYtpnf; XmewpfckckwGif &Sdaeyg vdrfhrnf/)
tqifh (2) - jyóemrsm;ESihf yef;wdkifrsm;udk azmfxkwfowfrSwfíOD;pm;ay;yg
2.1 Ncdrf;ajcmufrIrsm;? jyóemrsm;udkazmfxkwfyg? owfrSwfyg aemuftqifwpfckrSm ig;vkyfief;ESifh
ywfoufaom Ncdrf;ajcmufrIrsm;eSifh jyóemrsm;udk ueOD; cefYrSef;wGufcsufyg/ jyóemrsm;qdk&mü
tpdwfydkif; (3) ckvHk;yg0ifonf/ a*[pepfaumif;rGefa&;? vlom;b0om,m0ajyma&;ESifh
aumif;rGefaom pDrHtkyfcsKyfrI[laom tpdwfydkif; (3) ck jzpfonf/ a,bl,susí us,fjyefYaom
jyóemrsm;udk xyfrHí oD;oefYjyóemrsm;jzifh ydkif;jcm;NyD;aemuf pDrHcefYcGJa&; enf;vrf;jzifh
ajz&Sif;Edkifygonf/
2.2 þjyóemrsm;udk OD;pmay;yg/ jyóemrsmpGmwdkYteuf tcsKdUwdkYudk OD;pm;ay;tqifh owfrSwf&ygrnf/
odkYrSom EAFM pDrHcsufwGif xnfhoGif;ajz&Sif;Ekdifygrnf/ awGY&Sdxm;aom jyóemrsm;teuf OD;pm;ay;
&rnfhudpö od&SdEdkif&efusa&mufEdkifrI tEÅ&m,fudk cefYrSef; wGufcsufaomenf;udk oHk;Edkifonf/ þenf;jzifh
rnfonfh jyóemrsm;onf tvGefOD;pm;ay;&rnfh jyóemjzpfaMumif; od&Sdí wdkuf&dkuf xdef;csKyf
ajz&Sif;Edkif&ef jzpfonf/
2.3 EAFM pDrHcsuftwGuf yef;wdkifrsm; owfrSwfyg/ jyóemrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm; &mwGif ,if;wdkYtm;
oD;jcm;taMumif;t&mtvdkuf pkzGJY&efvdkonf (Oyrm – ig;zrf;jcif;ESifh ywfoufaom taMumif;t&m?
vlYtzGJYtpnf;ESifhywfoufaom taMumif;t&m – ponf)/ xkdYaemuf taMumif;t&mwpfckpDtwGuf
yef;wdkifwpfck owfrSwfyg/ þyef;wdkifrsm;onf tm;vHk;twGuf a&&Snfyef;wdkifrsm;om jzpfonf/
yef;wdkif atmifjrifaygufajrmuf&ef tcuftcJ twm;tqD;rsm;ESifh tcGifhtvrf; rsm;udk
pOf;pm;yg? þt&monf yef;wdkifrsm; trSefwu,f a&muf ra&mufudk tjzpfrSef ppfaq;jcif;jzpfygonf/
tqifh (3) - EAFM pDrHcsuf (pDrHudef;) csrSwfyg
3.1 pDrHcefYcGJ&rnfh &nfrSef;csufrsm;udkcsrSwfyg/ OD;pm;ay;pDrHcefYcGJ&rnfh udpötm;vHk;twGuf &Sif;vif; wdusí
oifhavsmfaom &nfrSef;csufrsm; &Sd&efvdktyfonf/ rnfonfht&mudk atmifjrifatmifaqmif&Gufrnf
qdkonfudk &nfrSef;csufrsm;wGif azmfjy&rnf/ pDrHcefYcGJrI &nfrSef;csufrsm;\ t"dyÜg,fowfrSwfcsufrSm
pDrHcefYcGJrIjzifh atmifjrifatmif aqmif&GufEdkifaom &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk qdkvdkonf/
3.2 tnTef;udef;rsm;? pHEIef;rsm; - txufazmfjyyg &nfrSef;csufrsm;twGuf pHcsdefpHnTef;rsm; owfrSwfyg/
þenf;jzifh &nfrSef;csufrsm; aygufajrmufonf raygufajrmufonfudk ywfoufolrsm;u wdkif;wm
wefbdk;jzwfEdkifygrnf/
3.3 pDrHcefYcGJrIvkyfief;ESifh Oya'pnf;urf;vdkufema&;wkYdtwGuf oabmwlnDrI &,lyg/ arQmfrSef;csufwpfckpD
aygufajrmuf&efvdktyfaom pDrHcefYcGJrIvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udkaqG;aEG;Muyg/ tcgrsm;pGmwGif wpfckwnf;
aom vkyfaqmifcsufonf arQmfrSef;csufrsm;pGmudk atmifjrifaygufajrmufapEdkifygonf/ pDrHcefYcGJrI
vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;wGif Oya'pnf;urf; vdkufema&;udpö? MuyfrSwfta&;,ljcif; wdkYudkyg twlwuG
xnfhoGif;azmfjy&ygrnf/ txufazmfjyyg taMumif;t&m (3) ckjzifhom &nfrSef;csufrsm; pHcsdefpHnTef;
rsm;ESifh pDrHcefYcGJrI vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;aMumifh pDrHcefYcGJrIonf aumif;rGefrnfjzpfí tqHk;tjzwf ay;&rnfh
olrsm;tay: vTrf;rdk;Edkifonf/ jzpfEkdifygu oD;oefYpDrHcefYcGJrI vkyfaqmifcsufESifhtwl tqHk;tjzwfay;rnfh
Oya' pnf;urf; yg&Sdoifhonf/ pDrHcefYcGJrIudk rnfodkYvkyfrnf tvkyfrjzpfygu rnfodkYqufvkyf&rnf
ponfwdkYudk Oya' pnf;urf;wGifyg&Sd&rnf t"durSm rnfodkYjzpfvmrnfudk BudKwifí oabmwl
Mu&efESifh rjzpfvmrDrnfodkY BudKwif wkefYjyefrnf ponfwdYkjzpfygonf/
3.4 pDrHcsuftaumiftxnfazmf&ef wm&SnfwnfwHhaom b@ma&;tajctaeudk azmfxkwf owfrSwfyg/
3.5 EAFM pDrHcsufudktNyD;owfyg txufazmfjyygtqifhrsm;rS t"dutcsuftvuf rsm;udk pkpnf;jcif;jzifh
aqmif&GufEkdifonf/ (atmufwGifazmfjyrnfh erlemyHkpHMunfhyg pOf;pm;p&m tcsuftvuf xyfpOf;pm;yg)
þpDrHcsufonf oifhtm; EAFM vkyfief;pOfwGif wGef;tm;ay; ygvdrfhrnf/ þpDrHcsufonf
yHkaor[kwfojzifh owif;tcsuftvufopfrsm; ay:ayguf vmonfh tay:ESifh &&Sdonfh oifcef;pmrsm;
tay: rlwnfí vkdovdk jyKjyifajymif;vJ Edkifonf/
tqifh 4 - pDrHcsufudk taumiftxnfazmfyg/
4.1 w&m;0ifatmifvkyf? qufoG,f? yg0ifaqmif&Gufyg/ &Sif;vif;&dk;om;aom vkyfief; pDrHcsuf wpfckwGif
rnfolubmvkyf&efESifh b,ftcsdefvkyf&ef yg&Sdygonf/ EAFM pDrHcsufonf tmPm oufa&mufrI
&Sd&efESifh aemufcHtm;&Sd&ef w&m;0ifjzpfatmif vkyf&efvdkonf/ yg0ifywfoufol trsKd;rsKd;tMum;
owif;trsKd;rsKd;zvS,f&ef qufoG,f&ef qufoG,fa&;enf;pepfwpfck vkdygonf/ yg0ifywfoufolwkdY\
ueOD;yg0ifyl;aygif;rIrS wpfqifh tpOftjrJyl;aygif;rIodkY&,lí EAFM \ pDrHcsufudk taumiftxnf
azmf&ef jzpfygonf/
oifhavsmfaomtkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m tpDtpOfrsm;udk &Sif;vif;wduspGm azmfjy&ef vdktyfonf/ EAFM udk taumiftxnfazmf&mü yl;wGJpDrHcefYcGJa&; tpDtpOf yg0ifonf/ þenf;jzifh yg0ifywfoufolrsm;
(odkYr[kwf tmPmcGJay;aom tpD tpOft& zufpyfyg0ifolrsm;) onf ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJa&;udpöudk
wuf<upGm twlyl;aygif; taumiftxnfazmfMuygrnf/ yl;wGJpDrHcefYcGJa&; tpDtpOf jzpfajrmuf&ef
taxmuftuljyK rl0g'0ef;usifwpfckvdktyfygonf/ þodkY aqmif&Guf&ef tcsdefvdkygrnf/ xdkYtwl
tzGJYtpnf; tm;aumif;vmatmifESifh vlwpfOD;csif; t&nftaoG;jrifhrm;vmatmif aqmif&Gufay;&
ygrnf/
tqifh 5 - apmifhMunfh? tuJjzwf? vkdtyfovdkjyifqifjcif;
5.1 pDrHcefYcGJrI vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk apmifhMunfhtuJjzwfyg/ EAFM pDrHcsufwGif pHnTef;rsm;? pHEIef;rsm;
owfrSwfxm;ygonf/ pDrHcefYcGJrIvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;? taxGaxGtnTef;rsm;udk apmifhMuyfjcif;jzifh pDrHcsuf
vrf;aMumif;twdkif;oGm;aeonf odkYr[kwf aoGz,faeonfudk odEkdifonf/ vkdtyfygu jyKjyifjcif;
ukpm;jcif;vkyf&yfonf wpfenf;tm;jzifh ,if;onf vdkufavsmnDaxGaom pDrHcefYcGJrI (oifhovdk
jyifEkdifaom pDrHcefYcGJrI) jzpfygonf/ tnTef;rsm; pHEIef;rsm;ESifh ywfoufaom owif;tcsuf tvufrsm;udk pkpnf;í tcgtm;avsmfpGm jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;jzifh pDrHcsuf &nfrSef;csuftwdkif; a&mufra&mufukd
wkdif;wmwefbdk;jzwf Edkifonf/
5.2 jyefoHk;oyfyg? pDrHcsufudk oifYovdkjyifyg/ apmifYMuyfrSKowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk wpfESpfwpfBudrf
pkpnf;í vsifjrefpGm ppfaq;jcif;jzifh jyKjyifajymif;vJ&efoifhNyD[laom taxmuftxm;awGY&Sdygu
pDrHcsufudk oifhovkdjyif&ef jzpfygonf/ 3 - 5 ESpfwpfBudrf a&&Snf jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;udk vkyfaqmif&ef
EAFM pDrHcsufudk trSefwu,fazmfEdkifrI &Sdr&Sdudk pdppfwdkif;wm wefbdk;jzwfEkdifonf/ jyefvnf
oHk;oyfonfh umvonf EAFM pDrHcsuf\ oabmobm0tay: rlwnfonf/ odkYrSom awGU&Sdcsuf
&vm'fESifh tpD&ifcHpmwdkYudk ydkrdkus,fjyefYaom r[mAsL[majrmuf pDrHcsufwGif xnfhoGif;&efjzpfonf/
a&&Snftcsuf tvufrsm;ESifh a&&Snf oHk;oyfcsufrsm; oabmt& rjrifEdkifaomudpörsm;ESifh &&Sdaom
oifcef;pmrsm;udkyg pDrHcsufwGif xnfhoGif;&ef vdktyfygrnf/
vkyfief;aqmif&Guf&ef ? tqifYrsm; puf0dkif;yHkudk vlrsm;jzifYaz:jyyg/
vkyfief;aqmif&Guf&ef ? t"dyÜg,f tjynfYt0&Sdaom tkyfpkrsm;udkzGJYyg
EAFM erlemyHkpH/ EAFM pDrHcsuftwGuf tqdkjyKerlemyHkpHjzpfonf/ tqifh (1) rS (3) txd &v'frsm;onf
pDrHcsuftwGuf r&Sdrjzpf tpdwftydkif;jzpfonf/ tqifh (4) rS (5) txdwkYdrSmvnf; yg0if&ef vdktyfonf/
þerlemyHkpHwGif acgif;pOfESifh acgif;pOfcGJ (11) ck yg0ifonf/
FMU twGuf EAFM pDrHcsuf
1/ &nfrSef;csuf
pDrHcefYcGJrI\ us,fjyefYaomyef;wdkif
2/ aemufcHwnf&Sd&rnfhae&m
a'o{&d,mESifh obm0t&if;tjrpfpau; t&G,ftrsKd;rsKd; ajryHkrsm; yg0ifonf/
ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrI{&d,m
ig;zrf;onfh{&d,m? w&m;pD&ifrIESifh a*[pepfe,fedrdwfrsm; (EdkifiHawmftqifh? wdkif;? c&dkiftqifh)? FMU ajryHk?
ig;zrf;jcif;ESifh pDrHcefYcGJrIordkif;
ig;vkyfief;ESifhywfoufaom ,cifaemufcHordkif;tusOf;? ig;zrf;avSta&twGuf? ig;zrf; ud&d,m vl- ponfh
,ckvuf&Sdig;vkyfief;tajctae
ig;o,HZmwrsm;? ig;zrf;avS oabFmrsm; ud&d,mrsm;taMumif; ig;o,HZmwrsm;tay:toHk;jyKyHk zrf;yHk? ajryHk
vuf&SdpDrHcefYcGJrI (yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJrI) tpDtpOf
vuf&SdpDrHcefYcGJrI tpDtpOf
vlrIpDyGm;a&;tusKd;aus;Zl;? zrf;qD;&&SdNyD; aemufqufwGJtajctae
yg0ifywfoufolrsm;ESifh ,if;wdkY\ tusKd;pD;yGm; (vlrI ^ pD;yGm;a&;tajctae tygt0if) þa*[pepfudk toHk;jyKolrsm;
txl;ojzifh qdk;usKd;oufa&mufrI jzpfaprnfh vkyfief;rsm; wdkifyifnd§EdIif; yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef tpDtpOfrsm; vlrIa&;?
pD;yGm;a&; tusKd;aus;Zl; ,cifESifh,ck
ywf0ef;usiftajctaeay: oD;oefYxnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;
tajcaeqdk;0g;aeaom ywf0ef;usiftaMumif; tjynfhpHk txl;ojzifh xdcdkufvG,faom {&d,mESifh
tEÅ&m,fusa&mufaom rsKd;pdwfrsm;
tzGJYtpnf;rsm;tajctae
Oya'jyKa&;aemufcH
vuf&Sdyl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJrI tpDtpOf tcef;u@ESifh wm0ef
MCS tpDtpOf
wdkifyifnd§EdIif;rIjzpfpOf – pDrHcsufESifh vuf&Sdvkyfief;tay: oufa&mufaom jzpfpOf qHk;jzwf csufcsonfh jzpfpOf
tao;pdwf todrSwfjyKyk*d¾Kvfrsm;taMumif; tygt0if ig;vkyfief;wGif ay;tyfxm;aom vkyfydkifcGifh tajcaeESifh
vkyfydkifcGif&xm;onfrsm; taMumif; tao;pdwf
pDrHcefYcGJrIt& 0ifa&mufrIajryHk toHk;jyKoltcGifhta&; w&m;pD&ifa&;e,fedrdwfrsm;
3/ t"duNcdrf;ajcmufrIrsm;ESifh jyóemrsm;
a*[aA'jyóemrsm;
ig;vkyfief;t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh taxGaxG ywf0ef;usif jyóemrsm;? ig;vkyfief;rS ywf0ef;usifay: oufa&mufrIESifh
tjyefeftvSefoufa&mufrI
vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&; jyóemrsm;
ig;zrf;vkyfief;wGif yg0ifolrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom jyóemrsm; tygt0if a'ocHjynfolrsm;ESifh EkdifiHawmf tqifh
usm;? r jyóemrsm; (vdifcGJjcm;qufqHrI)
tkyfcsKyfrIjyóemrsm;
pDrHcefYcGJrI &nfrSef;csufatmifjrifa&;tay: oufa&mufaom jyóemrsm;
4/ pDrHcefYcGJrIyef;wdkifrsm;
tqifhjrifhyef;wdkifrsm; wenf;tm;jzifh pDrHcefYcGJrI\ tjrifhqHk;ESifh aemufqHk;yef;wdkif
5/ &nfrSef;csufrsm;? tnTef;rsm;ESifhpHEIef;rsm;
ig;vkyfief;twGuf OD;pm;ay;jyjyóemrsm; &nfrSef;csufrsm; pHEIef;rsm; atmufygwdkY yg0ifonf/
• ig;o,HZmwrsm;
• ywf0ef;usif (r&nf&G,fyJzrf;rdaomig;rsm;? ig;aeig;xkdifrsm;? tpm;cH&aom om;aumifrsm;tm; umuG,fjcif;?
ZD0rsKd;pHkuGJponf)
• vlrIa&;
• pD;yGm;a&;
• tkyfcsKyfrI (pDrHcsufatmifjrifatmif aqmif&GufEkdifrIpGrf;&nf)
6/ pDrHcefYcGJrIvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;
tm;vHk;oabmwlxm;onfh &nfrSef;csuftm;vHk; owfrSwftcsdeftwGif; atmifjrif&ef vkyfaqmif csufrsm;?
atmufygwdkYtygt0if - r&nf&G,fyJ zrf;rdaomig;rsm; ig;aeig;xdkifawmrsm; umuG,fjcif;? vlrIpD;yGm;a&;tusKd;pD;yGm;
aumif;rGefaomtkyfcsKyfrI ponfrsm;-
7/ Oya'pnf;urf;vdkufemrI
Oya'pnf;urf;vdkufem&efvdkaom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; - pDrHcefYcGJrI vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;onf xda&muf aMumif;
tmrcHcsufay;ekdifrnfhtpDtpOfrsm;
8/ tcsuftvufESifh owif;vdktyfcsufrsm;
pDrHcsuftaumifxnfazmf&ef vkdtyfaomtcsuftvuf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tm; rnfonfh ae&mrS
rnfolpkaqmif;rnf? rnfol cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmoHk;oyfrnf rnfoltoHk;jyKrnfudk &Sif;vif;pGm azmfjy&ef
9/ b@ma&;
aiGaMu;t"dutaxmuftyHh&rnfh t&if;tjrpf
10/ qufoG,fa&;
r[mAsL[mt&qufoG,fjcif;
11/ pDrHcsufudkjyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;
aemufwBudrf jyefvnfoHk;oyfrnfh &ufpGJESifh oabmobm0 pDrHcefYcGJrI vkyfaqmifcsuf t&nf taoG;udk ppfaq;jcif;
tpjyKvkyfief; (u) ? vkyfief;pwif&efjyifqifjcif;
Module 8
þtcef;\&nfrSef;csufrsm;
EAFM vkyfief;pOf pwif&efvkdtyfaom tpjyKvkyfief; (pwifjcif;vkyfief;) ESifh twlyl;aygif; pDrHcefYcGJjcif;udk
t"dyÜg,fowfrSwf&ef atmufygwdkYvnf; yg0ifygonf
• EAFM vkyfief;pOfpwif&ef vdktyfaom tpjyKvkyfief;ESifh yl;aygif;pDrH cefYcGJjcif;udk
t"dyÜg,fowfrSwfjcif
• yg0ifywfoufolrsm;udk azmfxkwfa&T;cs,f&efavhvm&ef
oifcef;pmtay:NcHKiHkoHk;oyfjcif;
EAFM vkyfief;pOfrsm;pwif&ef tpjyKvkyfief;BuD; (8) ckudk þavhusifh oifMum;a&; ,lepfwGif
tao;pdwfazmfjyxm;ygonf/
ed'gef;
EAFM vkyfief;pOfrsm;pwif&ef tpjyKvkyfief;MuD; (8) ck &Sdonf/ aemufvkyf&rnhf EAFM pDrHcsuf
a&;qGJ&mwGif þvkyfief;wpfckpDudk jyefvnfavhvmoHk;oyfEkdifonf/ þvkyfief;BuD;udk ueOD;wGif t&nftaoG;
jrifhwifa&; tzGJYtpnf;u aqmif&GufrnfjzpfjyD; aemufwGif EAFM tzGJUESifh nSdEdIif;aqmif&Gufol rsm;u
aqmif&Gufrnf/ Startup B wGif yg0ifywfoufolwdkY yl;aygif;yg0ifjcif;udk rD;armif;xdk;jyxm;jyD;aemuf EAFM vkyfief;pOf wavQmufvHk;wGif toHk;jyKygonf/
þvkyfief;pOfMuD;rsm;pGmwdkYESifhtwl aemifvmrnfh tqifhrsm;wdkYwGif yl;aygif;yg0if Muaom tvkyf&Hk
aqG;aEG;yGJ odkYr[kwf awGUqHkyGJrsm; jyKvkyfay;&ef vdktyfonf/ aemifvmrnfh tcef; 9? tpjyKvkyfief;(c) wGif
rnfodkYaqmif&Guf&rnfudk &Sif;jyxm;ygonf/ ig;vkyfief;&yfeDS;EG,folwdkYxHrS axmufcHyHYydk;rI tjynfht0
r&&Sdao;rDESifh aqmif&Guf rnfhe,fy,f rodao;rDtxd EAFMpDrHcsufudk raqmif&Gufoifhyg/ odkY&mwGif owif;
tcsuftvuf rjynfhpHkrIaMumifh[laom taMumif;jycsufaMumifh vkyfief;pwif&ef aES;auG;jcif; rjzpfap&yg/
tb,faMumifhqdkaomf EAFM enf;vrf;jzifh BudKwifaqmif&GufekdiffaomaMumifhjzpfonf/
u/ tpjyKvkyfief;BuD;rsm;/
vkyfief;BuD; (1)/ EAFM tzGJY? ulnDyg0ifaqmif&Gufolrsm;udk azmfxkwfowfrSwfyg/
EAFM udk wdk;jrifhay;aomtzGJujyóemonf ig;vkyfief;tzGJjyóemrsm; jzpfoifhonf/ (oifhavsmfaom
tqifhtrsKd;rsKd;wGif a'o? c&dkif? wdkif; ponf) þtzYGJ jyóemonf EAFM pDrHcsufjzpfpOf vrf;nTef
tzGJYi,fwpfck wnfaxmif&ef vdktyfonf/ þtzGJYi,ftaejzifh EAFM jzpfpOfumvwGif yg0ifywfouf
olrsm;ESifh ndSEdkif;wdkifyif&m t"duvdktyfcsufrsm;rSm aumif;rGefaom vkyfaqmifcsuf? a'ocHrsm;udk yg0if
vkyfaqmif&ef wGef;tm;ay;Edkifaom t&nftaoG;ESifh tjiif;yGm;udpöudk pDrHcefYcGJEdkifjcif; wdkYjzpfonfh yg0if
ywfoufol tkyfpktoD;oD; wdkYtay: w&m;rQwwpGm vkyfaqmifay;&ef vdktyfygonf/ þenf;jzifh
yGifhvif;jrifomNyD; w&m;rQwaom qHk;jzwfcsufcsEdkifaom ywf0ef;usifaumif; wpfck zefwD;Edkifjcif;ESifhtwl
tjyeftvSef owif;ay;qufoG,fjcif;udk aqmif&GufEdkifonf/
vkyfief;BuD; (2)/ pDrHcefYcGJ&rnfh us,fjyefYaom e,fy,fudk owfrSwfazmfxkwfyg/
,cifod&Sdxm;aom twdkif;twme,fy,fjyóemrsm; (tcef; 4 ? EAFM \ Oya'orsm;) udk xnfhoGif;
pOf;pm;vQuf EAFM tzGJYi,fonf rdrdwdkYrnfonfht&mudk pDrHcefYcGJrnfudk oabmwl&rnf/ þudpöudk
aemifjzpfpOfwGif ydkNyD;w&m;0ift"dyÜg,f owfrSwfygrnf/ odkY&mwGif ,cktpjyKonfhtqifhwGif tzGJY0iftm;vHk;
wdkYonf e,fy,fwpfckay: oabmwlnDrI&Sd&rnf/ xdkodkYoabmwlnDrI&&ef vuf&Sdw&m;pD&ifa&; e,fedrdwf
rsm;udkvnf; xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;&ygrnf/ þe,fy,fuyif rnfonfh yg0ifywfoufolrsm; jzpfrnfudk
twdkif;twm wpfcktxd t"dyÜg,fowfrSwf ay;ygonf/ aemifvmrnfh vkyfief;BuD; (6) udkMunfhyg/
vkyfief;BuD; (3) / tpjyKvkyfief; pDrHcsufudka&qGJyg/
EAFM tzGJYi,fonf ueOD;wGif pDrHcsuf\ tavhtusifhESifh r[mAsL[m\ us,fjyefYaom yef;wdkifrsm;udk
owfrSwfazmfxkwf&ef vkdtyfonf/ aemuftqifhrsm;wGif EAFM \ tazmfrsm; yg0ifywfoufol rsm;ESifh
pDrHcsufjzpfpOfwGifolwdkY\ ueOD;u@ESifh wm0efrsm;udk owfrSwf azmfxkwf&efjzpfonf/ þueOD; tqifhwGif
&&SdEdkifrnfh bwf*suf yrmPudkvnf; pOf;pm;&ef ta&;BuD;onf/ þvkyfief;BuD;onf (EAFM step 3
wGifazmfjyxm;) oD;oefYpDrHcefYcGJrI yef;wdkifrsm;? OD;wnfcsufrsm;ESifh vkyfaqmifrIrsm; yg0ifaom EAFM pDrHcsufESifh
uGJvGJygonf/
EdkifiHtrsm;wGif txfazmfjyygjzpfpOfwGif atmufygwdkY yg0ifonf/ &dk;&ma'ocH acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh
twl rSwqifh vkyfaqmifjcif; odkYr[kwf tzGJYtpnfrsm;ESifh twl rSwqifh vkyfaqmifjcif;yg0ifí
wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif tjcm;a'ocHtzGJYrsm; yl;aygif;yg0if&ef vHkavmufaom tcGifhtvrf; ay;ygonf/
yg0ifywfoufolrsm;ESifh ae&mtm;vHk;twdkif;twm e,fy,ftm;vHk;wGif twlwuGvkyfaqmif&mwGif &dk;&m
,Ofaus;rIESifh vlrIa&;udpörsm; ta&;wBuD; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfh tcsufrsm;jzpfonf/ EdkifiHawmftqifh
twdkif;wme,fy,fwGif Oyrmtm;jzifh pDrHcsufjzpfpOfwGifyg0ifonfh u@toD;oD;wkdY\ oD;jcm; &dk;&m,Ofaus;rI?
oD;jcm; tzGJYtpnf;ay:rlwnfí rnfodkYaqmif&Guf&rnfudk rlvaqmif&Gufolrsm;u pOf;pm;&ygrnf/
EAFM tqifhrsm;udk pDpOfonfhumvtwGif; rnfonfhvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk vkyf&rnfudk tpjyK
vkyfief;pDrHcsufwpfcku tMurf;az:jyonf/ (Oyrm - yg0ifywfoufolrsm;\ tpnf; ta0;rsm;) xdkYtjyif
vkyfaqmifcsuf tqifqifhESifh vkyfaqmifcsufwpfckpDtwGuf wpfOD;csif; wm0ef&SdrIrsm;udkvnf; tMurf;
az:jyonf/ tpjyKvkyfaqmifcsufudkrnfol? rnfonfh&uf? rnfonfhbwf*swfatmufwGif vkyfrnfudk
vkyfief;pDrHcsufwGif wduspGm az:jy&rnf/
tpjyK vkyfief;pDrHcsuf\ tydkif;wpfydkif;wGif vkyfief;pwif&eftwGuf a&wdkaiGaMu; rnfodkY axmufyhHrnfudk
azmfxkwf&rnf/ tpjyKvkyfief;pDrHcsuf pwif&efESifh qufí pDrHcsufaqmif&Guf&ef vHkavmufaom
aiGaMu;axmufyHhrI&Sdygovm;? taumif;qHk;rSm vuf&SdtoHk;jyKaeaombwf*sufrSvm&ygrnf/ odkY&mwGif
vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk oD;oefYazmfxkwfrowfrSwfEdkif/ bwf*suftajymif;tvJudk vkyf&ef vdktyfvdrfhrnf/
tydkaiGaMu; axmufyHhrI&&Sda&;enf;vrf; tm;vHk;wdkYyg0ifygonf/ Oyrm tzGJYi,f\ vuf&Sdtvkyftudkif
tcsdefESifh0w¬Kypönf;taejzifh xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef yg0ifonf/ tcsKdUudpöwdkYwGif EAFM ya&m*sufudk
tvSL&SifxHrS &aiGjzifh pwif&ygrnf/ pDrHcsuft& vkyfaqmif&aomvkyfief;tm;vHk; vHkavmufaom
axmufyHhaiG wdkuf&dkuf&&Sd&ef &orQtcGifhtvrf;tm;vHk;udk toHk;cs&ygrnf/ tultnDay;onfh pDrHudef;
rsm;pGmwdkYwGif ,if;wdkY\ vkyfydkifcGiftmPmtwGif; jzpfaeygu txufazmfjyygvkyfief;rsmtwGuf bwf*sufrsm;
&Sdaernfjzpfonf/
vkyfief;BuD; (4) / EAFM ed'gef;
EAFM tzGJYi,fonf tmPmydkifrsm;xH 0ifa&mufawGYqHk *g&0jyKjcif;? tpnf; ta0;rsm; usif;yjcif;ESifh
trsm;jynfoludk today;jcif; (owdjyKrdapjcif;) wdkYudk aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh a'ocHrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;
aqmif&Gufjcif;? tvm;tvm&Sdaom tzGJYtpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;jcif;ESifh yg0ifaqmif&Gufol odkYr[kwf yg0if
aqmif&Gufaom tzGJYwpfckESifh yl;aygif;jcif;wdkY vkyf&ygrnf/ txufygudpötwGuf aqmif&Guf&efrsm;pGm
&Sdonfhteuf atmufygwdkY yg0ifon/f
• tvm;tvm&Sdaom rdwfzuftzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk EAFM \ taMumif;t&mrsm;tm; w&m;0if
rdwfqufay;jcif;/
• EAFM ESifh ywfoufaom ar;cGef;rsm;udk ajzMum;jcif;
• tvm;tvm&Sdaom rdwfzuftzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh tjyeftvSefem;vnfrI wnfaqmufjcif;
• rdwfzuftzGJUtpnf;wdkY\ tcef;u@udk owfrSwfaz:xkwfjcif;
• tpnf;ta0;rsm;usif;yjcif;? wufa&mufjcif;? oifwef;ay;jcif;? today;oifwef;rsm;udk ay;jcif;
• pDrHcefYcGJrI,lepfrS tcsuftvufowif;rsm;pkaqmif;jcif;
• a'oacgif;aqmifrsm; tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh awGYqHkjcif;? ,if;wdkYxHrS oabmwl cGifhjyKcsuf rsm; &,ljcif;
• a'ocHrsm;? tpdk;&rdwfzuftzGJYtpnf;rsm;? tjcm; ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,ffolrsm;ESifhtwl vkyfief;pOf;rsm;udk
pwif aqmif&Gufjcif;
vkyfief;BuD; (5) / tjcm;tzGJYBuD;rsm;? tpdk;&tzGJYpnf;tqifhqifhrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;ñ§dEdIif;jcif;/
EAFM onf a*[pepfwpfck odkYr[kwf yx0D0ifa'owpfckwGif&Sdaom ig;vkyf ief;rsm;ESifh omru
ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrI tzGJYrsm;? ig;vkyfief;tay: oufa&mufrI &Sdaomu@rsm; vkyfief;aMumifh oufa&muf
cH&aom tzGJYrsm;ESifh ñd§EdIif;jcif;? wdkifyifjcif;? twlyl;aygif; aqmif&Gufjcif;ESifh yl;wGJqHk;jzwfcsufcsjcif;wdkYudk
aqmif&Guf&efvdktyfonf/ (yHk 8.1) a&SUOD;pGm EAFM pDrHcsufjzpfpOfrsm;udk pwifpOfuyif tqifhqifhaom
ig;vkyfief;tzGJYBuD;rsm; (a'otqifh? jrLeDpy,ftqifh? c&dkiftqifh? qdkif;tqifh? a'otqifh? EdkifiHawmftqifh)
udk taMumif;Mum; aqmif&Guf&ef ta&;BuD;onf/ þenf;jzifh tkyfcsKyfrItqifqifhrsm;tMum; rI0g'ESifh
OD;wnfcsuf rsm;udk vdkufavsmnDaxGpGm jzpfapygonf/ xkdYtwl xyfaeaom odkYr[kwf rSm;,Gif;wGJzuf
xm;aom w&m;pD&ifa&;tajctae? e,fy,f (Oyrm – tzGJYtpnf; trsKd;rsKd;u ig;rsdK;pdwf wpfckwnf;\
b0puf0ef;tqifhqifhtay:pDrHcefcGJrI) ,cifu qufpyfqufoG,frIr&SdchJMuaom tzGJYpnf;toD;oD;wdkYudk
twlaygif;pyfay;jcif;jzpfí yef;wkdifa&muf&Sd&ef taxmuftuljyKjcif;? xyfaeaom jyjyóemrsm;udk
ajz&Sif;jcif;wdkYudk aqmif&GufEdkifygonf/ twlwuG yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufjcif;\ tm;omcsufrsm;rSm tuefY
touf&Sdaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;? ynm&Sifrsm;udk pkpnf;jcif; rQa0jcif;wdkYudk vkyfEkdifonf/ xdkYtjyif tzGJYwpfzGJYpDu
a'ocHvlYtzGJYrsm; yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh xdawGY&mwGif jzpfavh&Sdaom &IyfaxG;rI? rauseyfrIrsm;udk pkaygif;csOf;uyf
ajz&Sif; a&SmifvTm; Ekdifygonf/
yHk 8.1 EAFM \ tzGJYBuD;rsm;tcsifcsif; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif; wkdifyifñd§EIdif;jcif; pHjytvkyfabmif (FAO 2005)
vkyfief;BuD; 6 / ig;vkyfief&yfESD;EG,folrsm;? tzGJYtpnf;rsm;udk owfrSwfaz:xkwfyg/
EAFM wGif yg0if&efvdktyfaom yg0ifywfoufolwdkY\ uGef,ufqufEG,frSKonf ½IyfaxG;onf (yHk-8.2)
½IyfaxG;onfqdk&mwGif a'gifvdkufqufpyfrI (EdkifiHawmftqifhrS a'ocHtqifh tMum;) a&jyifnDqufpyfrI
(obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk toHk;jyKMuolrsm;tMum;) yx0Dqdkif&m vTrf;jcHKrIwdkY yg0ifonf/ EAFM udk
xda&mufpGmaqmif&Guf&ef yg0ifywfoufolrsm;pGm vdktyfonf/ txl;ojzifh apmifhMuyfjcif;ESifh Oya'
pnf;urf;vdkufema&; udpörsKd;wGifjzpfonf/
oif\yg0ifywfoufolrsm;qdkwm b,folawGvJ ? ? EAFM jzpfpOfwGif ywfoufaom
odkYr[kwf jzpfpOfaMumifY aumif;usdK;? qdk;usdK;ay;aom odkYr[kwf jzpfpOfaMumifY aumif;usdK;?
qdk;usdK; cHpm;&aom olwpfOD;? tkyfpkwpfck odkYr[kwf tzGJYwpfzGJYudk yg0ifywfoufol[k
ac:onf/
yHk 8.2 yg0ifywfoufoltkyfpk � Oyrm? (FAO rS rSD;onf)
ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,ffolrsm;qdkonfrSm jzpfpOf (vkyfief;) wpfckwGif wpfenf;r[kwfwpfenf; yg0ifywfouf
cH&ol? aumif;usKd; odkYr[kwfqdk;usdK;cHpm;&ol wpfOD;csif;? wpfpkcsif;? wpfzGJYcsif; usm;^r vlBuD;^i,f rsm;udk
qdkvdkonf/ olwdkY\pdwf0if;pm;rI odkYr[kwf wefbdk;xm;rIwdkY\ aphaqmfrIaMumifh yg0ifywfoufMuygonf/
yg0ifywfoufolrsm;wGif pDrHcefYcGJrIqHk;jzwfcsufaMumifh oufa&muf (qdk;usKd;? aumif;usKd;) cH&oltkyfpkrsm;
pDrHcefYcGJrIqHk;jzwfcsuftay: pdwfylyefonfh tkyfpkrsm;? pDrHcefYcGJrnfh o,HZmwrsm;tay: rSDcdk&olrsm; {&d,m
(a&jyif) ESifh t&if;tjrpf (ig;) tay: &ydkifcGifh&Sdonf[k qdkolrsm;? olwdkY\vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;aMumifh {&d,mESifh
t&if;tjrpfrsm;tay: qdk;usKd;oufa&mufapolrsm;ESifhtwl - Oyrmtm;jzifh {&d,mESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm;tay:
&moDtvdkuf yx0Da'otvdkuf? ,Ofaus;rI&Sd&mtvdkuf pdwf0ifpm;rI &Sdolrsm; jzpfMuonf/
wkduf&dkufoufqdkifaom ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,ffolrsm;tm;vHk;wdkYudk EAFM ESifY ywfoufonfY tpnf;ta0;rsm;
tvkyf&HkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif yg0if&ef zdwfac:oifhonf/ rnfonfh yg0ifywfoufoludk csOf;uyf&rnfqdkonfudk yHk
8.2 wGif azmfjyxm;onf/
wpfzufwGif ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,ffolrsm;ESifh tjcm;wpfzufwGif xdef;odrf;&efcufcJolrsm; yg0ifjcif; udpöudk
xdef;ñd§&efrSm cufcJaomudpöjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif owdjyK&rnfhtcsufwpfckrSm pDrHcsufwpfckudk wdkifyif
aqG;aEG;jcif;ESifh tao;pdwfñd§ESdKif;jcif;udk jyKvkyfEdkifygonf/ yg0if&ef tvm;tvm&SdqHk; olrsm;rSm (1)
a&vkyfom;rsm; - (rsm;aomtm;jzifh ig;vkyfief;tzGJYtpnf;rsm;rSwqifh a&G;cs,fxm;olrsm;? wpfEdkifwpfydkif
ig;vkyfief;i,frsm;ESifh pD;yGm;jzpfvkyfief;BuD;rsm; tygt0if)/ (2) EdkifiHawmftaqihf (rl0g'csrSwfa&;udpö)
ig;vkyfief;&Sd&ma'otqifh vufawGYtaumiftxnfazmfa&; tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;/ (3) tpdk;&r[kwfaom
tzGJYtpnf;rsm; (4) okawoeynm&Sifrsm;ESifh (5) Munfh½IapmifhMuyf olrsm;wdkY jzpfonf/
ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folwdkY \ taxmuftulr&ygu EAFM u atmifjrifrSK &ESdKifrnf r[kwfyg/
ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folwdkYudk cGJjcm;avYvmjcif; (People Toolkit udkMunfhyg) udk aqmif&Gufonf odkY&mwGif
&nf&G,fcsufrsm;rSm EAFM twGuf tvm;tvm&Sdaom rdwfzuftzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk owfrSwfazmfxkwf&ef? EAFM udk taxmuftulray;Edkifol odkYr[kwf EAFM tay: rvdkvm;olwpfOD; odkYr[kwf wpfzGJYudk csOf;uyf&ef
enf;vrf;&SmazG&efESifh t&if;tjrpf wpfck odkYr[kwf pDrHudef;wpfckay: pdwf0ifpm;Muonfholrsm; tzGJYrsm;wdkY\
ESD;EG,fywfoufyHkudk twGif;usus odjrifEdkif&efjzpfygonf/
ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folwdkYudk cGJjcm;avYvm&eftwGuf yHkpHwpfckrSm 2 _ 2 matrix yHkpH twkdif; jzpfonf/
yg0ifywfoufolwdkYudk a'gifvdkufrsOf; (y-axis) t& olwdkY\ toHk;0if ta&;ygrIudk azmfjyí
a&jyifnDvdkufrsOf;rsm; (x-axis) t& olwdkY\ MoZmtmPm oufa&mufrIudk azmfjyjyóemnf/
yHk 8.3 / 2 x 2 matrix yHkpHt& yg0ifywfoufolwdkY\ ta&;ygrIESifh MoZmoufa&mufrIudk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmyHk
yg0ifywfoufolrsm; matrix onf rnfonfhtuGufwGifusonfh tay:rlwnfí rwlnDaom
r[mAsL[mudk tkyfpk (4) cktwGuf usifhoHk;onf/ (yHk 8.4) ,if;tkyfpk (4) ckwGif – (1) toHk;0if ta&;ygrI
jrifhí MoZmtmPmoufa&mufrI jrifhtkyfpk/ (2) toHk;0if ta&;ygrIjrifhí MoZmoufa&mufedrfhtkyfpk/ (3)
toHk;0ifta&;ygrIedrfhí MoZmtmPm oufa&mufrIjrifhtkyfpkESifh? (4) toHk;0ifta&;ygrIvnf;edrfh MoZm
oufa&mufrIvnf;edrfh tkyfpkjzpfonf/
yHk 8.4 / yg0ifywfoufolrsm; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm&mwGif usifhoHk;&efvkdonfh r[mAsL[mtrsKd;rsKd;
teDuGufwGif&Sdolrsm;onf EAFM atmifjrifa&;twGuf t"dujzpfonf/ olwdkYonf r[mrdwfrsm;
jzpfonfhtwGuf pdwfxufoefNyD; tzGJUwGifyg0if&efvdktyfonf/ vkyfief;&v'fudk olwdkYtm;today;yg/ EAFM ta&;BuD;yHkudk olwdkYtm; ,HkMunfatmif &Sif;jy&efrvdkyg/ olwdkY odNyD;om;jzpfonf/ tpdrf;uGufwGif&Sdolrsm;rSm
pdwfr0ifpm;olrsm;jzpfí BoZmoufa&mufrI &Sdolrsm;vnf;r[kwfyg/ olwdkYudktoday;&efESifh yg0ifywfouf&ef
vkdtyfygonf/ odkY&mwGif tedrfhqHk;tm;xkwfrIESifh apmifhMuwfrI tqifhwGifom&Sdoifhonf/
t0ga&mif (2) uGufwGif&SdolwdkYtwGuf wuf<uaomr[mAsL[m usifhoHk;&efvdkygonf/
MoZmoufa&mufrIjrifhí ta&;ygrIedrfYaom tkyfpkudk teDa&miftuGufodkY a&TU&efoifhonf EAFM jzpfpOfwGif
yg0ifvm&ef pnf;&Hk;odrf;oGif;&ef vdktyfonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf taxmuftuljyKrnfholrsm;jzpfvsuf
olwdkY\MoZmudk toHk;cs&ef EAFM jzpfpOfudk ulnDEdkifonf/ odkY&mwGif þMoZmtmPmoufa&mufrI&Sdaom
yg0ifywfoufoltcsKdUonf EAFM vkyfief;pOfudk aeSmifh,Suf wm;qD;Edkifonf/ (EdkifiHa&;tjrwfxkwf&ef?
odkYr[kwf tjcm;tjrwfwpfckckxkwf&ef) xkdYaMumifholwdkYudk wuf<upGmaqmif&Guf&efvdkonf/ ta&;ygrIjrifhrm;
MoZmoufa&mufrI edrfhaomtkyfpkrSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh oufa&mufrIudk tcH&qHk;jzpfwwfonf/ (Oyrm – EAFM jzpfpOfwGif avmifaMu;rsm;rsm;xnhf0ifol pHp&m^cHp&mrsm;oljzpfonf) odkY&mwGif olwdkYwGif ajyma&;qdkcGifh
tmPm r&SdMuyg/ olwdkYudk yg0ifudk,fpm;jyKcGifhay;&ef vdktyfí taxmuftul jyK&efvnf; vdktyfonf/ EAFM
vkyfief;pOfwGif ydkíajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sd&efvnf; ulnD&rnf/
vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsuf / (1) ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folpm&if;jyKpkyg? ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folrsm;udk cGJjcm;avhvmyg
ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folwdkYudk cGJjcm;avhvm&ef aemufwenf;rSm rsufpdjzifh tvG,fwul jrifEdkifaom venn
Diagram yHkjzifh azmfjyjcif;jzpfNyD; ESD;EG,frIrsm;ESifh tzGJYtpnf;tvdkuf cGJjcm;avYvmrIudk azmfjyonf/
atmufazmfjyygyHkwGif puf0dkif;t&G,ftpm;onf toHk;0ifta&;ygyHkudkazmfnTef;í puf0dkif;tem; taetxm;
onf xdawGYqufqHrI BudrfEIef;udk azmfnTef;onf/ oD;jcm; puf0dkif; = xdawGYqufqHrIr&Sd/ xdaeaompuf0dkif; =
tzGJYtpnf;wckESifhwpfckMum; owif;tqufoG,f&Sdonf/ puf0dkif;tenf;i,fxyfaejcif; = qHk;jzwfcsufcs&mwGif
yl;aygif;yg0ifrSk toifhtwifh&Sdonf/ puf0kdif;BuD;rm;pGmxyfaejcif; = qHk;jzwfcsufcs&mwGif ododomom yl;aygif;
aqmif&GufrI&Sdjcif; ponfwdkYjzpfonf/
ykH 8.5 / yg0ifywfoufolrsm;Mum; qufpyfESD;EG,frIudk azmfjyaom Venn Digagram
vufawGYavhusifhcef;/ yg0ifywfoufolrsm;
vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsuf / ig;vkyfief;&yfEDDS;EG,folrsm;udk Venn diagram wGifaz:jyyg/
vkyfief;BuD; (7)/ t"duyg0ifolrsm; tkyfpkwpfckwnfaxmifyg/
t"du ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folrsm; tkyfpkqdkonfrSm vltenf;i,f (4 - 5 a,muf vkyfief;pOf
OD;pm;ay;rItay:rlwnf) yg0ifvsufa'ocH vlYtzGJYtpnf;ESifh pDrHcefYcGJrI tzGJYtpnf;wdkYrS udk,fpm;jyKolrsm;
jzpfMuNyD; EAFM vkyfief;pwifNyD;aemuf OD;pD;aqmif&Gufolrsm; (Facilitators) ESifhtwl tvkyfvkyfrnfholrsm;
jzpfMuonf/ þtkyfpkwGif vkyfief;BuD; (1) (Taesk 1) wGif ueOD;yg0ifonfh tzGJY0ifrsm; odkYr[kwf vlopfrsm;
jzpfEdkifygonf/ þt"dutkyfpkonf tvGefta&;BuD;ygonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf a'ocHtzGJY0ifrsm;ESifh
ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrIwGif ryg0ifolrsm;udkyg wm0efESifh tmPmudk ay;xm;ygonf/ þt"dutkyfpkonf
atmufygwdkYudkaqmif&GufEdkifonf-
• awGYqHkaqG;aEG;jcif;jzifh EAFM udpöudk tm;jznfhay;onf/
• a'ocHtzGJYtpnf; zGJYpnf;jcif;udk aqmif&Gufay;jcif;/
• ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folrsm; EAFM od&dSem;vnf&ef ulnDjcif;
• ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folrsm;ESifhxdawGYí jyóemudpörsm;ESifh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk owfrSwf
azmfxkwfjcif;
• EAFM vkyfief;pOfwpfcktwGif; qHk;jzwfcsufcsjcif;udk ulnDjcif;
• tjcm; ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folrsm;? ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,foltkyfpkrsm;udk owfrSwfazmfxkwfjcif;
• a'ocHtzGJY0ifrsm;twGif; owif;pkaqmi;fjcif;? jzefYcsDjcif;
vkyfief;BuD; (8) / EAFM twGif; tajccHusaom w&m;Oya'udk pOf;pm;yg/
EAFM wpfckudk aqmif&Guf&eftwGuf w&m;Oya'odkYr[kwf Oya'uJhodkY oufa&mufaom rl0g'
(vkyfydkifcGifh&Sdrl0g') wpfck &Sdoifhonf/ txl;ojzifh yl;wGJ pDrHcefYcGJa&;udk aqmif&Gufonfh tcgrsKd;wGifjzpfonf/
tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf a'ocHrsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJrIudpö aqmif&Guf&ef w&m;0iftmPmay;xm;ygu ydkaumif;onf/
Oyrm - ypdzdwfuRef;EdkifiHrsm;wGif a&iHtdkifrsm;? oEÅmausmufwef;rsm;udk &dk;&mtpOftvmt& eD;pyfonfh
a'ocHrsm;uydkifqdkifonf/ ig;vkyfief;Oya'udk a&;qGJ&mwGif tmPmrsKd;udk ay;oifhonf/ EdkifiHtcsKdUwGif
a'ocHig;vkyfief; enf;Oya'rsm; odkYr[kwf ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrI &Hk;trdefY rsm;udk a&;qGJcsrSwf&mwGif þtmPm
(ydkifqdkifrItmPm) rsdK;udk owfrSwfay;onf/ EAFM twGuf tajccHusaom Oya'rsm;udk csrSwfjcif;onf
vkdvm;tyfaom t&mwpfck jzpfonf/ vuf&SdoifhavsmfavQmufywfaom Oya'r&Sdjcif;udk taMumif;jyKí
vkyfief;pOfudk pwif&ef tcsdefqGJjcif;rsKd;udk rvkyftyfyg/ odkY&mwGif vuf&SdrI0g'onf taxmuftuljyKaom
odkYr[kwf taxmuftulrjyKaom rl0g'udkod&SdNyD; EAFM twGuf tajccHusaom Oya'udk jyefvnfoHk;oyf&ef
r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfonf/
tusOf;csKyfpwifjcif; (u) (startup A) wGif azmfjyxm;aom vkyfief;BuD; (Tasks) 8 ckudk tqifh
vdkufaqmif&Guf&ef rvdktyfyg? trSefrSm þvkyfief;BuD;rsm;onf NydKifwljzpf&ef odkYr[kwf xyfae&ef
tvm;vm&Sdonf/ Start up A (pwifjcif;-u) udk tNyD;owf aqmif&Guf&ef tedrfhqHk; vkdtyfcsufrsm;udk yHk 8.6
wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/ atmufygwdkY yg0ifonf/ vkyfaqmifol (Taciletor) wpfOD;jzifh EAFM tzGJYudk
pwifwnfaxmifyg/ Start up vkyfief;pDrHcsufa&;yg? yg0ifywfoufolrsm;udk owfrSwfazmfxkwfí
yg0ifywfoufolrsm; tkyfpkwpfck wnfaxmifyg? tjcm;tzGJYBuD;rsm;ESifh xdawGYqufqHyg? Oya'jyefvnf
oHk;oyfjcif;udkvkyfí FMU \ us,fjyefYaom e,fy,fudk owfrSwfazmfxkwfyg/
yHk 8.6 / pwifjcif; (u) tusOf;csKyfyHk
atmufyg Start Up A pm&if;udk toHk;csí wqiYfjcif;vkyfief;rsm;udk wdkif;wm wefbdk; jzwfNyD; Startup vkyfief;pDrHcsufwpfck a&;qGJyg/
Startup A Tasks (pwifjcif; - u - vkyfief;BuD;rsm;) aqmif&Gufcsuf
NyD;^rNyD; rSwfcsufrsm;
1/ ulnDaqmif&Gufay;olwpfOD;ESifhtwl EAFM tzGJYwnf axmifyg
2/ FMU \ us,fjyefYaom e,fy,f{&d,mudk owfrSwf azmfxkwfyg
3/ Startup vkyfief;pDrHcsufwck a&;qGJyg
4/ EAFM ed'gef; vkyfief;rsm;udk taumifxnfazmf aqmif&Gufyg
5/ tzGJYrsm;? tpdk;&Xmetqifhrsm;ESifh yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufyg
6/ yg0ifywfoufolrsm;udk owfrSwfazmfxkwfyg
7/ t"du ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folrsm; tkyfpkudkwnfaxmifyg
8/ usifYokH;qJ Oya'rsm;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyfyg
pwifjcif; (c) ? ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,fyg0ifywfoufolrsm;\ aqmif&Gufcsuf
Module 9
oifcef;pm\ &nf&G,fcsufrsm;
• ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folwdkY\ aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk yl;aygif;yg0ifjcif;enf;vrf;jzifh
t"dyÜg,fowfrSwf&ef
• ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folrsm;rS tpnf;ta0;rsm;tm;rnfuJhokdU jyifqifjcif;? usif;yjcif;udk
od&dSem;vnf&ef
• yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJjcif; tajccHoabmw&m;udk od&Sdem;vnf&ef
oifcef;pmtay:NcHKiHkoHk;oyfcsuf
þtqkH;wGif Stertup B ESifhwuG ywfoufonfhudpörsm;udk tusOf;azmfjyxm;onf/ yl;aygif;
aqmif&Gufjcif;ESihf vkyfaqmifjcif;udk &Sif;vif;xm;ygonf;/ EAFM vkyfief;pOfudk tm;jznfhcdkifrmapaom
tvkyf½k HaqG;aEG;yGJ? tpnf;ta0;rsm;usif;y&ef? vkyfief;aqmif&Guf&efudk &Sif;jyxm;onf/ ylaygif;pDrHcefYcGJ
jcif;onf EAFM odkY t"ducsOf;uyfrIwpfck jzpfaMumif; wifjyxm;ygonf/
ed'gef;
ig;vkyfief;&yf ESifhESD;EG,fyg0ifywfoufolwdkY\ aqmif&Gufcsufonf tqifhwpfckwnf;r[kwfyg/ Startup B wGif pwifrIwpfckjzpfNyD; tpjyKaom qufvufvkyfaqmif&rnfh EAFM vkyfief;pOfwpfavQmuf qufvuf
jzpfysufaeNyD; wpfqifhNyD;wpfqifh jzpfysufajymif;vJvmrnfh oabm&Sdonf/ ig;vkyfief;&yf
ESifhESD;EG,fywfoufolwdkY\ aqmif&Gufcsufonf EAFM tzGJUwGif t"du ESD;EG,ffywfoufol ESihf
yl;aygif;yg0ifolrsm;? tzGJYtpnf;rsm;wdkY\ tzGJUpnf;qdkif&m todÓPfudk wnfaqmuf ay;onf/ tcef; 16?
tajctaerSefudk ppfaq;jcif; 2 ESihf People Toolkit wGif tusOf;azmfjyxm;aom a'ocHrsm;udk
vIyf&Sm;aqmif&Guf&ef toifhjzpfapaom enf;pepfrsm;udkvnf; &nfnTef;onf/
1 / yg0ifaqmif&GufrI
us,fjyefpGmaqmif&GufrI\ tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;rSm-
• ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,ffolwdkY \ tjriftrsdK;rsdK;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;onf/
• aqmif&Gufcsufudk wdk;jrifYay;jcif;/ (rnfonfhtwGufvJ? rnfolUxHrSvJ? ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folrsm;vm;?)
• pGrf;&nfjrSifhwifaomjzpfpOfudk tm;ay;jcif;/ Oyrm
o trSDcdkuif;rJYrIESifh rdrdudk,fudk,HkMunfrI&Sdap&ef tm;ay;jcif;/
o tajymif;tvJtwGuf taxmuftuljzpfapeSdKifjcif;/
• vsifjrefí tukefusoufomaom &vm'f&Sdjcif;/
• ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folwdkh\Mum;wGif ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom tawG;tac:rsm; ydkifqdkifrIukdwdk;jr§ifhay;jcif;/
• pmwufajrmufrIudk jy|mef;xm;jcif;r&Sdjcif;/
• rdrdtodpdwftjrifrsm;udk wefzdk;xm;jcif;/
• rdwfzuftzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIudk wnfaqmufjcif;/
vkyfief;pOftwdkif;aqmif&Guf&ef wGef;tm;ay;aom? vIYHaqmfapaom &yfwnfumuG,fay;ol (odkYr[kwf)
acgif;aqmifrsm;udk owfrSwfaz:xkwf&efvnf; tvGefta&;BuD;onf/
ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folrsm; yg0ifaqmif&Gufjcif;odkY csOf;uyfaomr@dKif (3) ckrSm
START UP Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5
• oabmxm;ESihf tjyKtrl- yg0ifaqmif&GufrIyg0ifaom tvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; atmifjrif&ef t"du
pDpOfaqmif&Gufol\ oabmxm;? pdwfxm;ESifhtjyKtrIonf tvGefta&;BuD;onf/ olonf
Mum;ae&rnfjzpfNyD; rQwpGmaqG;aEG;Edkif&efESifh tm;vHk;yg0ifaqG;aEG;Ekdif&ef pDrHay;&rnf/
• enf;pepfrsm;- vltm;vHk; yg0ifaqmif&Gufvdkpdwfudk ESdk;qGay;aom enf;pepf rsm;pGm&Sdygonf/
(People Toolkit udkMunfhyg)? odkY&mwGif az:jyyg enf;pepfrsm;rSm rSefuefaom oabmxm;?
pdwfxm;ESihf tjyKrlrsdK;jzifh toHk;csrSomvQif xda&mufrI &Sdrnfjzpfonf/ txufwGifaz:jyyg
jyóemuJhodkU w&m;rQw bufrvdkufrI (wpfenf;tm;jzifh tpnf;ta0;wGif vTrf;rdk;BuD;pkd;rIr&Sdjcif;)?
&Sd&ygrnf/
• rQa0jcif;- owif;tcsuftvuf rQa0jcif;? todÓPf? xifjrif,lqcsuf? cHpm;csufwdkYudk
rQa0jcif;onf yl;aygif; aqmif&GufrI jzpfpOfwGif ta&;ygaom tcsufwpfckjzpfonf/ rQa0jcif;jzifh
vlwdkYudk pGrf;&nfjrihfapNyD; jyóemrsm;udk aqG;aEG;ajz&Sif;Ekdifonf/ odkYr[kwf jyóemudkvnf;
yGifhvif;pGmcsjyEkdifNyD; tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk ajz&Sif;Ekdifatmif pDrHaqmif&GufEkdifonf/ tcef; 12?
tajctaerSefudk ppfaq;jcif; 1 udkMunfhyg)/
yl;aygif;yg0ifcsOf;uyfjcif;\ t"du &nf&G,fcsufwpfckrSm rdrdwdkY\ vdktyfcsufrsm; rdrdwdkY\ wwfuRrf;rI
rsm;udk azmfjycGifhr&Sdaom edrfYusaeolrsm;? edrfYusaeaomtkyfpkrsm;udk qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfa&;udpörsm;wGif yg0if
udk,fpm;jyKEdkif&efjzpfonf/ EAFM jzpfpOf atmifjrif&eftwGuf t&if;tjrpftoHk;jyKol (trsdK;om;^trsdK;orD;)
rsm;? a'ocHtzGJYtpnf;rsm;? tzGJUtpnf;rsm;? a'oqdkif&mtpdk;&\ w&m;0ifcGifhjyKcsuf&Sdolrsm;?
ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,ffolrsm; tm;vHk;wkdYonf yg0ifxdef;csKyfí qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csEkdif&efvdktyfonf/ þodkY
aqmif&GufEkdif&ef ig;oH,HZmw t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh ,if;wdkYtm; pDrHcefYcGJrIudk a*[pepfabmiftwGif;
ydkrdkowdjyK od&Sdem;vnf&ef vdktyfonf/
yg0ifaqmif&GufekdifcGifh ay;jcif;jzifh &&Sdonfh tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;rSm
• A[kokw? todÓPf? uRrf;usifrI? tzGJYtpnf;qdkif&m aqmif&GufEkdifrI pGrf;tm;udk wdk;jr§ifhay;jcif;/
• qHk;jzwfcsufESihf &v'ftajzwdkYudk ydkifqdkifjcif;/
• wm0ef,lrI&Sdjcif;?
• aqmif&GufEdkifrIESifh qHk;jzwfcsufcsEkdifaompGrf;tm;&Sdjcif;?
• vIHYaqmfrI&Sdjcif; ESifh
• a&&SnfwnfwHhcdkifNrJrI&Sdjcif; wdkYjzpfygonf/
2 / aumif;rGefaomtusdK;aqmifjcif;
tusdK;aqmif&GufolwpfOD; (facilitator) onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh Mum;aeol trDScdkuif;rJholjzpfí ol\
tcef;u@rSm yl;aygif;yg0ifrIvkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif vlwpfOD;csif; tkyfpkESihftzGJUpnf;rsm;udk taxmufuljyK&ef
jzpfonf/ (taxmufuljyKonfqdk&mwGif vufawGYpDrHcefYcGJrIvkyfief;rsm;udk csJUxGifEdkiffonf/ odkYaomf
þae&mwGif yg0ifonfh taMumif;t&m ESifh jzpfpOftay:wGif tm½kHpl;pdkufEdkifonf)/ tusdK;aqmifonf
tkyfpkvdkuf ywfouf&aom jzpfpOftm;vHk;wGif tmPmqufpyfrIESihf vkyfEdkifrIpGrf;tm; wdkYukdk aumif;pGm
owdjyKrd&ef vdktyfonf/ xdkYaMumifh 4if;wdkYonf gender dynamic (trsdK;om^trsdK;orD; cGJjcm;jcif;) udk
owdjyK&ef vdktyfonf/ (tpOfjrJ r[kwfonfhwdkif rsm;aomtm;jzifh trsdK;om;rsm;yg0ifaom
tpnf;a0;rsm;wGif trsdK;orD;rsm; pum;xajymavhr&Sdyg)/ xdkYtwl Social hierarchic (vlrIa&;qdkif&m tmPm
tqifhqifh) udkvnf; owdjyKrd&ef vdktyfonf/ (Oyrm - &Gmwpf&GmwGifjzpfap? tpdk;&XmewpfckwGif;jzpfap?
tpnf;a0; wpfckwGif touft&G,f BuD;olwdkYyg0ifjcif;? ouf&G,fBuD;olwdkY\tjrif ponfwdkYu vli,fwdkY\
ajymqdkcsufudk uefYowf wwfonf)/ xdkYtwl socio/culture differences (vlrIa&;^,Ofaus;rIjcm;em;csuf)
udkvnf; txl;owdjyK&efvnf; vdktyfonf/ (Oyrm -tpnf;ta0;wGif wdkif;&if;om; vlenf;pkrsm;
ajyma&;qdkcGifh r&Sdjcif;)/
aumif;rGefaom tusdK;aqmif&GufrIwGif atmufygwdkYyg0ifonf/
• tjcm;olrsm;udk ,HkMunfjcif;? olwdkY\pGr;f&nfukd ,HkMunfjcif;?
• onf;cHjcif;ESihf aumif;rGefaom em;axmifrIpGrf;&nf&Sdjcif;/
• twwfynmtopfrsm; &&Sda&;twGuf rdrdudk,fudk oabmaygufjcif;ESifh yGifhvif;rI&Sdjcif;/
• rdrdudk,fudktxifBuD;jcif; r[kwfaom cdkifrmaom ,HkMunfrI&Sdjcif;/
• aumif;rGefaom b0tawGYtBuHK&Sdjcif;ESihf aumif;rGefaom ydkif;jcm;a0zefwufaom todÓPf&djScif;/
• rdrd\ xifjrif,lqcsufukd razmfjybJ olwpfyg;\ xifjrif,lqcsufudk tav;xm;jcif;/
• ig;vkyfieff;&yfESD;EG,folrsm;Mum;wGif cdkifrmaom,HkMunfcsuf &&SdapEdkifaomywf0ef;usifopf zefwD;
Edkifjcif;/
• enf;pepfrsm;? tqifhrsm;ajymif;vJEkdif&ef vdkufavsmnDaxGrI&Sdjcif;/
• tzGJYtkyfpkwpfck\ pdwfcHpm;rItajcaeudkodjcif;tyg0if tzGJUwpfckxlaxmif&eftodÓPf&djScif;/
rnfonfhqufqHa&;wGifrqdk t"duusaomt&mwpfckrSm pkpnf;nDnGwfrIudk aqmufwnf jcif;jzpfonf/
qdkvdkonfrSm - vlESpfOD;Mum;cHpm;csuft& rdrdwdkYonf wGJzufEdkifaMumif; odEdkifonf/ tcgrsm;pGmwGif
rdrdjzpfapcsifonfh twdkif; owif;wpfckudk vltrsm; vufcHoabmayguf em;vnf&ef pkpnf;nDnGwfaom
,HkMunfrI wnfaqmufjcif;onf tvGefta&;BuD;ygonf/ aumif;rGefaom tusdK;aqmif&GufolwpfOD;onf
tjyeftvSefem;vnfrSK wnfaqmuf&rnfudk odygonf/
tusdK;aqmif&Gufolrsm;taejzifh jyóemrsm;udk xda&mufpGmajz&Sif;Ekdifa&;twGuf atmufygtwkdif;
aqmif&GufMuonf/
(u) tjynfht0yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIudk tm;ay;jcif;? rdrdudk,fudkwkdifjyefvnfoHk;oyfí atmifjrifatmif
aqmif&Gufjcif;/
vlwdkYonfrsm;aomtm;jzifh rdrdtrSefwu,fxifjrifcsufudk xkwfazmfajymMum;avh r&Sd? tkyfpkvdkuf
&SdaeonfhtcgwGif vkyfavhvkyfx&Sdonfht&mwpfckrSm wpfpHkwpfa,mufu pum;ajymvdkonfhtcgwGif
usefolrsm; em;axmifap&ef tm;vHk;odaom? tm;vHk;pdwf0ifpm;Ekdifaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk ajymavh
&Sdonf/ þtjzpfudk owdrjyKMuaomaMumifh vltrsm;onf rdrdwdkYpum;rajymrD ajym&rnfhpum;vHk;rsm;udk
pDppfuefYowfwwfonf/ tpnf;ta0;wpfckwGif ulnDoltusdK;aqmif (facilitator) rsm;taejzif vltm;vHk;udk
qGJac:í rdrd&ifwGif;rS ajymqdkvdkaom tcsufrsm;udk tjcm;olrsm;Mum;atmif ajymqdkapEkdifaom t&nftcsif;
&SdMuonf/ xdktusdK;aqmif&Gufol (facilitators) rsm; taejzifh wdwfqdwfaeaom tzGJU0ifrsm;
pum;ajymvmap&ef tjzpfrSef aoaocsmcsm rodrD apmpD;pGma0zefrIrsm; avsmhcs&efESifh vltm;vHk;
wdwfaernfhtcg wpfckck pOf;pm;ap&ef aqmif&GufEkdifpGrf;&SdMuonf/
(c) tjyeftvSefem;vnfrI &&Sdapjcif;ESihf tjrifwpfcktay: w&m;aoqkwfudkifxm; jcif;udk yaysmuf&ef
aqmif&Gufjcif;
tpktzGJUwpfck&Sdvltm;vHk;onf wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; em;vnfrIr&SdMuygu taumif;qHk;aom tawG;tac:
tMuHÓPf &&SdEkdifrnfr[kwfyg/ vltrsm;onf rdrdwdkY w&m;aoqkwfudkifxm;aom tjrifrS vTwfajrmufatmif
aqmif&GufEkdifrIcufcJonf/ tjyeftvSef em;vnfrIay:tajcjyKí tzGJUwpfckatmifjrifrI &&SdEkdifonfudk
usefvlrsm; od&Sdoabmaygufap&ef facilitator u aqmif&Guf ay;onf/ tjyeftvSefem;vnfrI rSm;,Gif;jcif;rSm
a&SmifvGJí&wwfaomt&m r[kwfaMumif;ESifh vltm;vHk;udk pdwfzdpD;Ekdifaom oabm&SdaMumif;udk
tusdK;aqmif&Gufol facilitator u od&Sdoabmaygufonf/ pdwfzdpD;rIcH&olrsm;udk ulnDaxmufyHY&efvdktyfNyD;
av;pm;pGm apmifha&Smufay;&ef vdkonf/ xdkYaMumifh tusdK;aqmif&Gufolonf bufrvdkufbJ tm;vHk;\
xifjrifcsufrsm;udk wefbdk;xm;í em;axmifjcif;jzifh tzGJU0ifwpfOD;csif;onf rdrdtay:cHpm;csufrsm;udk
usefolrsm;u em;vnfaMumif;od&SdEkdifNyD; rdrdudk,fudk ,HkMunfrI &Sdvmonf/
(*) tvHk;pHkyg0ifaom ajz&Sif;csufudk wdk;yGm;apí tEkdif t½I H;wpfckay:rSmom rlwnfaom pdwf"gwf
rsdK;udk ajymif;vJapjcif;
vltrsm;onf jyóemrsm; xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifrIrsm;udk ajz&Sif;Mu&mwGif orm½dk;us pdwf"mwfESifh
tawG;tac:wGifom qkwfudkifMuonf/ tEkdifr[kwfygu t½IH;[lí ,HkMunfMuonf/ tm;vHk;twGuf tusdK;&Sd
apaom oabmwlnDrIrsdK;udk &&Sdvdrfhrnf[k pOf;pm;avh r&SdMuyg/ tawGUtMuHK&Sdaom tusdK;aqmif&Gufol
taejzifh tzGJU0iftm;vHk;xHrS vlwpfOD;csif;\tjrifudkaygif;pyfífpdwful;topf&&Sd&ef aqmif&GufEkdifonf/
þudp örSm pdefac:rI wpf&yfjzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif tvHk;pHkyg0ifaom ajz&Sif;onfhenf;pepf\ wefzdk;od&Sdvm
onfhtcsdefwGif tusdK;oufa&mufrIBuD;rm;aMumif; awGU&rnf/ pdwful;tawG;ac: topf\tiftm;udk awGU&Sd
oabmayguf vmonfhwpfaeYwGif tzGJU\xda&mufrItay: ydkí arQmfvifhcsuf wdk;yGm; vmrnf jzpfonf/
(C) tawG;tac:opfrsm; awG;ac:Ekdif&ef avhusifhoifMum;ay;jcif;ESihf tpnf;a0;yGJrsm;\ pDrHcefYcGJrI
t&nftaoG; wkd;yGm;apjcif;
ratmifjrifaom tpnf;a0;yGJrsm;wGif acgif;aqmifjzpfol odkYr[kwf tjcm;wpfOD;OD;tay:
tjypfyHkcs&efrSmvG,fulonf tusdK;aqmif (facilitators) wa,muftaejzifh tzGJY0ifrsm;tm; xda&mufaom
rQa0rI? jyjyóemajz&Sif;rI? qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfrIrsm; aqmif&GufEkdif&ef oifMum;ay;&rnf tcGifhta&;ESihf
wm0ef&Sdonf/
(i) pnf;a0;yGJrsm;? tvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;twGuf wdus&Sif;vif;jynhfpHkaom pepf wnfaqmufjcif;
tzGJYwpfcktaejzifh ta&;BuD;qHk;aom pOf;pm;awG;ac:rI t&nftcsif;rSm &Sif;vif; jywfom;í jynfhpHkaom
pepfodkYr[kwf vkyfief;pOftqifhqifhudk oif,ljcif;jzpfonf/ NyD;jynfhpHkí trsm;oabmwlxm;aom
&nfrSef;csufESihf &Sif;vif;wdusaom vkyfief;pOf&Sdaom pnf;a0;yGJwpfckusif;yjcif;onf omrefpnf;a0;yGJrsm;
usif;yjcif;xuf BuD;rm;pGm uGmjcm;jyD; tzGJY0ifrsm;\ tjyKtrlay:vnf; BuD;rm;pGm oufa&mufrI&Sdonf/
tusdK;aqmif&Gufolonf atmifjrifaom tpnf;ta0; odkYr[kwf tvkyf½k HaqG;aEG;yGJusif;y&ef vdktyfaom
enf;pepftqihfrsm;udk tzGJU0ifrsm;tm; avhusifhay;Ekdifonf/
(p) pOf;pm;awG;ac:rIvkyf&yfrsm;udk uGyfuJwnfaqmufjcif;
wpfcgwpf&HwGif tzGJYwpfckonf wpfpkHwpfckay:wpfcsdefwnf; tm½kHpl;pdkuf&ef tultnDvdktyfonf/
xdktcsdefrsdK;wGif uGyfuJxm;aom pOf;pm;awG;ac:rIvkyf&yfrsdK;? Oyrm brain storming (jyóemwpf&yfudk
wpfNydKifwnf; trsm;tMuHÓPfjzifh ajz&Sif;jcif;)onf tvGefwefbdk;&Sdonf/ tawGUtMuHK&Sdaom
tusdK;aqmifonf oifhavsmfaom tcsdefwGif tzGJUudkpOf;pm;awG;ac:rI vkyf&yf trsdK;rsdK;udk aqmif&Gufay;
Ekdifonf/
(q) tzGJU\ ouf0ifvIyf&Sm;rIudkazmfjy&ef &Sif;vif;aompum;&yfudk toHk;jyKjcif;
rdrdtzGJU\ ouf0ifvIyf&Sm;rIudk jyefvnfoHk;oyf&efESihf tjcm;tzGJU\ ouf0ifvIyf&Sm;rIESihf csdwfqufay;&ef
tusdK;aqmifonf trsm;rQa0oabmwlxm;aom usrf;udk;rsm;? pum;&yfrsm;udk tzGJY0ifrsm;odkYay;tyfonf/
þenf;jzifh tzGJU0ifrsm;onf rdrdwdkY aqG;aEG;aom rmwdumyg taMumif;t&m rSwpfqifh jyefqkwfí
vkyfief;pOfodkY a&SUwdk;í aqG;aEG;jcif;jzifh tpnf;ta0;\ ouf0ifvIyf&Sm;rIudk wdk;jr§ifhaponf/
vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsuf/ aumif;aomtusdK;aqmif&Gufol (facilitator) ESifY
raumif;aomtusdK;aqmif&Gufol udkaz:jyyg/
3 / EAFM wGif yg0ifolrsm;\ tvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufjcif;
þyrmP EAFM tvkyf½HkaqG;aEG;yJGrsm; odkYr[kwf tpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm atmufygwdkY
tay: oabmwlnDrI &íjzpfonf/
• a&G;cs,fxm;aom FMU (tcef; 10? tqifY 1.1) tay:oabmwl&ef/
• rnfhonfh t"duyg0ifywfoufolwdkY yg0if&rnfudk oabmwl&ef/ (tcef; 8? tpjyKvkyfief; (u)
task vi) • us,fjyefYaompDrHcefYcGJrI&nfrSef;csuf (tjrif) ESifh aemufcHtcsuftvufowif;rsm; ydkí xkwfEkwf&ef
FMU \ abmifudkoabmwl&ef (tcef; 10? tqifY 1.2 ESifY 1.3 )
EAFM yg0ifywfoufolwdkY tvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yGJwpfckwGif yg0ifywfoufol trsdK;rsdK;wkdU pnf;a0;yGJ wpfckwGif
yg0ifí atmufygwdkYudk&nf&G,fonf/
• rdrdwdkYtay:oufa&mufrI&Sdaom ig;vkyfief;ESihfEDS;EG,faom tajcaeudk wdk;wuf aumif;rGef ap&ef/
• oufa&mufrIcHpm;ae&aom wpfOD;csif;? wpfzGJUcsif;wdkYudk vlrIa&;wGifyg0ifaygif;pyf qufEG,fapí
awGYqHkaqG;aEG;jcif;? nd§EIdif;jcif;? oifcef;pm&,ljcif;ESihf trsm;pkaygif; qHk;jzwfcsufcsjcif;wdkYudk
aqmif&GufEkdif&ef/
• EAFM wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;twGuf tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;? qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfolrsm;? a'o tzGJUtpnf;rS
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;? odyÜ Hynm&Sifrsm;? vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESihf NGO tpdk;& r[kwfaom tzGJYpnf;rS
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk twlwuG pOf;pm;vkyfudkifMu&eftwGuf wdkufwGef;&efwdkYjzpfonf
tvkyf½k HaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif atmufygtcsufwdkY yg0ifonf/ avhusifhoifwef;ay;jcif;? zGHUNzdK; wdk;wufa&;
vkyfjcif;? toif;tzGJUwnfaxmifjcif;? awGUqHkqufoG,fa&; aqmif&Gufjcif;? aphaqmfwdkufwGef;jcif;ESihf
pDrHcsufa&;qGJjcif;wdkY yg0ifonf/ az:jyyg vkyfief;pOfwdkYudk aqmif&Guf&mwGif todÓPf A[kokw wdk;yGm;
ap½kHrQomr[kwfyJ tvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yGJjzpfpOf tqifhqifhrS&Sif;vif;aomOD;wnfcsufESihf &vm'f &&Sda&;txd
yg0ifonf/ þueOD;tpnf;ta0; rsm;wGif &nf&G,fcsufrSm EAFM Steps 1.1 to 1.3 udk oabmwl&efjzpfonf/
vkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif ukd,fwdkifyg0ifjcif;jzifh udk,fydkif ydkifqdkifrIESihf vkyfydkifcGihftmPm &&SdouJhodkYaom
taw;GrsdK;udk &&SdapNyD; tzGJYtpnf; wdk;wufrIESifh wpfOD;csif;\wdk;wufrIukd aqmifusOf; ay;ygonf/ tvkyf½kH
aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;onf ajymif;vJrIvkyfaqmif&efudpö? ajymif;vJrIudk pDrHcefYcGJ&efudp öwdkYwGif xda&mufpGm
ulnDEdkifonf/ xdkYjyif atmifjrifrI&ap&ef? pdwful;ESihf wDxGifrItopfrsm;? pDrHcsufrsm;? vkyfief;pOf rsm;wGif
&nfrSef;csuftwdkif; aygufajrmufap&ef rsm;pGmtaxmufuljyKygonf/ xdkYjyif tvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yGJ rsm;onf
twm;tqD;rsm;udk NzdKzsuf&ef? tzGJUBuD; ^ i,f a'ocHrsm;tMum; qufoG,frIwdkYudk wdk;wufap&ef rsm;pGm
ulnDEkdifonf/
ueOD;yg0ifywfoufolwdk Y awGUqHkaqG;aEG;rIrsm;wGif tvGef&Sif;vif;vG,fulaom jrifuGif; Oyrm
wpfck
tajccHtm;jzifh tusdK;aqmifjzpfolonf ed'gef;taejzifh tvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yGJ\ &nfrSef;csuf rsm;ESihf
vkyfaqmifrnfhtajctaewdkYudk tusOf;csKyfí az:jy&ygrnf/ xdkYaemuf tusdK;aqmifonf EAFM tqifh
ig;qifh (tcef; 7? EAFM vkyfief;tqifYqifYtay:NcHKiHkokH;oyfjcif; wdkY az:jyonfhtwdkif;) udk azmfjyí
Step 1 twGuf BudKwifjyifqifrIrsm; vkyfxm;NyD;aMumif; &Sif;jy&ygonf/
xdkYaemuf tusdK;aqmif&Gufolonf FMU tvm;tvmESihf ywfoufaomowif; (&Sif;vif;wifjycsuf
wpfcsyfoHk;oifh) udk wifjyonf/ aqmif&GufcJhNyD;aomtvkyf (tcef; 8? tpjyKvkyfief; - u ) ay:rlwnfí
rnfonfhyg0ifywfoufolwdkYESihf qdkifonfudkwifjyonf/ xdkYaemuf FMU ESihf t"duyg0if ywfoufolrsm;
tMum; oabmwlnDrludk &&Sd&ef aqmif&Gufonf/
xdkYaemuf tusdK;aqmif&Gufolonf (&Sif;vif;wifjycsuf 2 csyf 3 csyfjzifY) us,fjyefYaom FMU pDrHcefYcGJrIyef;wdkifESihf ig;vkyfief;\ aemufcHudkwifjyonf/ xdkYaemuf tvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yGJ vkyfief;pOfwdkYudk
aqmif&Guf&mwGif atmufygwdkYudkOD;wnfonf/ (u) yef;wdkifudkaqG;aEG;&efESifh vdktyfygu jyifqifnd§EIdif;&ef?
(c) aemufcHowif;tcsufrsm;udk aqG;aEG;&ef yg0ifywfoufolrsm;udk trSm;rsm; ESihf uGm[csufrsm;udk
azmfxkwf&efjzpfonf/ FMU \ t"dyÜg,fowfrSwfEkdif&ef twkdif;twmabmifESihf aemufcHvIyf&Sm;rI rsm;wGif
atmufygwdkY yg0ifonf/
• aemufcHowif;&&ef wpfNydKifwnf;pkaygif;pOf;pm;ajz&Sif;jcif; jyKvkyfjcif;? pm&if;tif;aA'? oufqdkif&m
okawoe? rl0g'rsm;? w&m;pD&ifa&;&mrsm; ponf…
• qdyfurf;wpfckodkYr[kwf zrf;rdig;rsm;vma&mufpkyHk&m avSqdyfwpfckodkYoGm;í avhvmjcif;?
ar;jref;jcif;? aqG;aEG;jcif;enf;jzifh FMU \ abmifudkod&Sd em;vnfjcif;
xdkYaemuf tusdK;aqmif&Gufolonf oabmwlnDcsuftm;vHk;ukd tusOf;csKyfaz:jyNyD;aemuf aqmif&Guf
rnfh tqifhrsm;udk pm&if;jyKpkjcif;? þ&&Sdaom owif;tcsufvufrsm;udk yg0ifywfoufolrsm;xH rnhfonfh
oifhavsmfonfh yHkpHerlemjzifh jyefvnfqufoG,fwifjy&efudk aqG;aEG;onf/ ,ckaz:jyygtcsufonf EAFM vkyfief;pOfrsm; jzpfay:vmNyD; yg0ifywfoufol rsm;vmonfhtajcaersdK;wGif yxrqHk;aqmuf&Gufrnfh
tpnf;a0; tvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yGJjzpfonf/ tcef; 11? tqifY 2 ESifY tcef; 13 ESifY 14 tqifY 3/ twGuf
txufaz:jyyg tpnf;a0;rsm;? tvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; vdktyfrnfjzpfygonf/
FMU t0ef;t0dkif;ESih f Profile taMumif; tao;pdwfudk tcef; 10? tqifY 1.3 Munfhyg/
4 / yg0ifywfoufol\ pdwf0ifpm;rIESihfudk,fwdkifyg0ifrIudk tuJjzwfjcif;/
yg0ifywfoufolrsm;udk owfrSwfaz:xkwfNyD;aemuf ,if;wkdU\ EAFM ESihf ywfoufaom oabmxm;ESihf
&yfwnfcsufrsm;udk od&Sd&efvdktyfonf/ Stakeholder engagement matrix (Tool n.18) udk toHk;jyKí
olwdkY\&yfwnfcsufudk &SmazGNyD; rnfodkYvkyfaqmif&rnfudk pOf;pm;yg/ Oyrmtm;jzifh atmufygwdkYudk
aqmif&Guf&efvdktyfygvdrfhrnf/ a'ocHrsm;udk pnf;½kH;vIHYaqmfjcif;? yg0ifapjcif;ESihf A[kokwudkwdk;yGm;apjcif;
(aemufvmrnfhtcef; 6.1/ tcef; 16? tajctaerSefudkppfaq;jcif; 2 ESifY People toolkit udkMunfhyg)/ EAFM vkyfief;pOfwdkYyg0ifvm&ef a'ocHrsm;udk pnf;½kH;&ef vdktyfonf/ a'ocHrsm; A[kokw&&Sd&ef? rdrdudktm;udk;&ef?
vkyfydkifcGifhtmPmay;&ef? wefbdk;topfrsm; jr§ifhwif&ef? qufoG,frIwdk;jr§ifh&efESihf OD;aqmifrIay;Ekdif&ef
vdktyfonf/ þenf;jzifh vufawGYvkyfief;pOfrsm;udk aqmif&GufvmEkdifonf/
tjcm;wpfzufwGifvnf; a'otpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;? 0efBuD;rsm;? tvSL&Sifrsm;ESifh aiGaMu; axmufyHhonf/
tzGJYrsm;udk pnf;½kH;odrf;oGif;&ef vdktyfonf/ þodkYvkyfEkdif&ef uRrf;usifrI vdkonf/ xdkuRrf;usifrIqdk&mü
rl0g'tusOf;a&;om;Ekdifjcif;ESifh EdkifiHa&;0ef;usif tajcaeESihf ywfoufaom todÓPf&Sdjcif; wdkYyg0ifonf/
(Tool n.37)? tjcm; yg0ifywfoufoltzGJYrsm;ESihf csdwfquf&efvnf; vdktyfonf/ (Oyrm NGO rsm;
okawoetzGJYrsm;ponf)? odkYrSom owif;tcsufvuf&,ljcif;? r[mAsL[majrmuf r[mrdwfzGJYjcif;ESihf
vkyfief;t&Sdeft[kefjrifhjcif;udk vkyfEkdifrnf/ tjcm;aom csOf;uyfenf;wpfckrSm a'ocH? EkdifiHawmfESihf EkdifiHwum
rD'D,mrsm;ESihf qufoG,faqmif&Guf&efjzpfonf/ ½dk;&m"avhESihf vlrIa&;rD'D,mrsm;udk toHk;jyKEkdifonf/
A[kokw wdk;yGm;&efomru jynfolwdkY\ EAFM tay: axmufcHrIydk&&Sd&ef pnf;½kH;jcif;yg0ifonf/
ywfoufoltm;vHk;yg0ifvm&ef enf;emrsm;csrSwf&rnf/ þudpöonf tm&Sa'otwGuf pdefac:rI
wpfckjzpfonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf a&vkyfom;rsm;onf BuD;rm;aomtzGJUtpnf; odkYr[kwf tzGJUcsKyfwdkY
yg0ifjcif;r&SdMuay/ a&vkyfom;ta&twGuf rsm;jym;ojzifh olwdkYyg0ifywfoufEkdifí aiGaMu;tajrmuftrsm;ESihf
tcsdef vdktyfonf/ yg0ifywfoufolwdkYudk udk,fpm;jyKoludp örSmvnf; rSm;,Gif;cRwfacsmfEkdifonf/ EkdifiHa&;
acgif;aqmifrsm;\wm0efrSm tpdk;&xHrS &rnfhtusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;udk &,lay;&efESihf tpdk;&ESifh a&G;aumuf
wifajrmufol jynfolMum; qufoG,fay;onfh Mum;cHjzpfonf/ þMum;cH udpöaMumifh ajymqdkaqG;aEG; &mwGif
vnf;aumif;? udk,fpm;jyKwifjy&mwGifvnf;aumif;? pDppfrIrsm; &SdvmEkdifonf/ Oyrm EkdifiHa&; ½Ia'gifhrS
roifhavsmfonfh ajymqkdaqG;aEG;rIrsm; vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; ygvmygu udk,fpm;vS,frS wpfqifh pDppfjcif;jyKvkyfí
vdk&mqGJ,laom owif;tcsufvufrsm;om usef&Sdrnfjzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh ukd,fpm;jyKolonf w&m;0if
jzpfaMumif;? ig;vkyfief; ti,fpm;vkyfudkifolwHigrsm;ESihf v,form;rsm;twGuf vHkavmufaom
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;&Sda&;? ,if;wdkY\ OD;pm;ay;rIESihf tusdK; trSefwu,f xif[yfaMumif; jzpf&efvdktyfonf/
pDrHcefYcGJa&;vkyfief;pOfwGif yg0ifywfoufolwdkY us,fjyefYpGmyg0ifvma&;udp örSm EAFM \ t"du usaom
rlwpfckjzpfonf/ wdkifyifaqG;aEG;jcif;? nd§EIdif;jcif;rSwpfqifh tpkpyfyg0ifolrsm;tMum; w&m;0if
oabmwlnDrI&&Sdí oufqkdif&mtqHk;u@? pDrHcefYcGJa&;&m wm0efESihf &ydkifcGifh wdkYudk w&m;0if&&Sdrnfjzpfonf/
EAFM wGif yg0ifolrsm;taejzifh &ydkifcGifhESihf wm0ef,lrI (2) ckvHk; &&Sdygonf/ &ydkifcGifhqdkonfrSm
pDrHcefYcGJykdifcGifhESihf pDrHcefYcGJa&;vkyf&yfrsm;wGif pDrHcsufqGJjcif;? taumiftxnfaz:jcif;wdkYwGif yg0ifcGifhwdkY
jzpfonf/
5/ yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJjcif;
yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJjcif;ü a*[pepf½IaxmihfrS csOf;uyfjcif;wdkY (2) ckwGif cdkifrmaom qufpyfrI
(wpfckay:wpfckrDScdkuif;rI) &Sdonf/ wpfckudkwpfcku yHhydk;ay;jcif;rsdK; jzpfonf/ yg0ifywfoufolwkdY\
&ydkifcGifhESihfvkyfykdifcGifh twdkif;twmonf qkH;jzwfcsufcsrSwfonfYudpö? vkyfief;pOfrsm; taumiftxnfazmfonfh
udpörsm;ay: BuD;rm;aom oufa&mufrI &Sdonf/
pDrHcefYcGJa&;udpötwGuf csOf;uyf&mwGif txufrSatmuf odkYr[kwf atmufrStxuf enf;jzifh
csOf;uyfonf/ txufrSatmufodkY enf;wGif tpdk;& (txl;ojzifh A[dktpdk;&) u wm0ef,lí taumiftxnf
azmfjcif;jzpfonf/ atmufrStxufokdYenf;wGif a'ocHjynfol a&vkyfom;rsm;u pDrHcefYcGJonfh a'ocHay:
tajccHonfh pDrHcefYcGJrSKjzpfonf/ trSeftm;jzifh tmPmcGJa0rIonf xdk txufrSatmufodkY ESifY atmufrS
txufodkYMum;wGif&Sdonf/ (yHk 9.1)
yHk 9-1 / yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJrIwGif ESD;EG,frIjzpfaom a'ocHjynfoltajccHaompDrHcefYcGJrIudk azmfjy xm;yHk
(Pomeny and Berkes 1991, rS)/
tpGef;a&mufaom tajctaejzpfMuonfh ]]a'ocHjynfoltajccHpDrHcefYcGJrI}} ESihf ]]A[dktpdk;&tajccH
pDrHcefYcGJrI}} rsdK;rSm trSefwu,fawGU&avhr&SdbJ a&maESmaom pDrHcefYcGJrI yHkpHrsdK;om &Sdwwfonf/ xdkYaMumifh
yl;wGJpDrHcefYcGJrI[laom a0g[m&onf tpdk;&ESifh a&vkyfom; (wHigrsm;) tMum; yg0ifywfoufEDS;EG,frI
tajctae trsdK;rsdK;udk qdkvdkonf/
yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJrIudk atmufygtwdkif; t"dyÜg,fowfrSwfEkdifonf/
tpkpyf yl;aygif;tpDtpOfwpfckjzpfí t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk toHk;jyKMuaom a'ocHrsm;? tpdk;&?
yg0ifywfoufolrsm;? jyifytzGJYrsm;wdkY rQa0wm0ef,ljcif;? rQa0tmPm cGJa0jcif;enf;jzifh ig;vkyfief;udk
pDrHcefYcGJMuonf/ xdkodkYaqmif&Guf&mü tmPmcGJa0rI tqifhtrsdK;rsdK;jzifh aqmif&GufMuonf/
tmPmcGJa0rItqifhqifhudk atmufygtwdkif;t"dyÜg,f owfrSwfEkdifonf/
• a'ocHrsm;BudK;udkifonfhyHkpH- a'ocHrsm;udk qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfEkdif&ef tmPmay; xm;onf/
qH;kjzwfcsufukd tpkd;&odYk taMumi;fMum;wifjyonf/
• pkpyfyl;aygif;yHkpH - tqifhwlaomyl;aygif;í qHk;jzwfcsufcsonf/
• tMuHay;yHkpH-t&if;tjrpftoHk;jyKolwdkYu tpdk;&udk rnfodkYqHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwf&ef tMuHay;í tpdk;&u
qHk;jzwfcsufcsonf/
• qufoG,fonfhyHkpH- tjyeftvSef owif;zvS,fjcif;? a'ocHwdkY\ylyefrIrsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJa&; pDrHcsufwdkY
xnfhoGif;onf/
• yl;aygif;aqmif&GufonfhyHkpH- pDrHcefYcGJrIudpöwGif a'ocHwdkY wdkuf½ dkufyg0ifonf/
• wdkifyifaqG;aEG;onfhyHkpH -tpdk;&onf a&vkyfom;rsm;ESihf wdkifyifaqG;aEG; Ekdif&ef enf;vrf; xm;&dSNyD;?
tpkd;&uqkH;jzwfcsuf tm;vHk;udk csrSwfonf/
• owif;ay;onfhyHkpH- tpdk;&csrSwfcJhaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk a'ocHodkY owif; ay;onf/
wdkifyifaqG;aEG;jcif;? n§ dEdIif;jcif;rsm;rSwpfqifh yl;wGJpkpyfolwkdYonf pDrHcefYcGJa&; udpöwGif rdrdwdkY\
tcef;u@? wm0efESihf&ydkifcGifhwdkYudk w&m;0if oabmwlnDrSK&&SdMuonf/
yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJjcif;\ tm;om;csufrsm;
• ydkíyGifhvif;jrifomaom? wm0ef,lrI&Sdaom? A[dkBudK;udkifrIuif;aom? pDrHcefYcGJrI vkyfief;pOf jzpfonf/
• ydkí'Drkdua&pDqefaom? yl;aygif;yg0ifaom vlYtzGJYtpnf;jzpfonf/
• A[dkcsKyfudkifonfhpepfxuf tukeftusoufomonf/ a&&SnfpDrHcefYcGJa&;Oya'udk vdkufemapa&;udp ö
twGuf tukeftusoufomonf/
• a&vkyfom;rsm;ESifh t"duyg0ifywfoufolwdkYonf pDrHcefYcGJa&;udpöwGif wm0ef,l Muonf/
• a'ocHrsm;ESifh t&if;tjrpftoHk;jyKolrsm; ydkínifomaysmhajymif;aom ydkízefwD;EkdifpGrf;&Sdaom
pDrHcefYcGJrI enf;pepfudk&&Sdonf/ þenf;jzifh oD;oefYvdktyfcsufESihf tajctaeudk jznfhqnf;ay;
Ekdifonf/ (w&m;0ifjzpfaponf)
• a'ojyóemudk a'owGif;ajz&Sif;onf/
• a'ocHOD;aqmifrIudkay;apNyD; a&ESihf urf;ajca'oo,HZmw t&if;tjrpfwdkYtay: pDrHcefYcGJrI
A[kokwudk a'ocHwdkYtm; ay;onf/
yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJrI vkyfaqmif&ef BudK;yrf;rIrSwpfqifh tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;pGm &&SdEkdifonf/ tb,faMumifh
qdkaomf tvm;tvmaumif;rsm;pGm &SdaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJjcif;jzifh yg0ifywfoufolrsm;ESifh
tpdk;&Mum; tjiif;yGm;rI? yg0ifywfolrsm;tcsif;wGif tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk ajz&Sif;Ekdifonf/
atmufygenf; (3) rsdK;jzifh ajz&Sif;ay;Ekdifonf/
(1) &ydkifcGifhESihfwm0efudk&Sif;vif;pGm owfrSwfay;onf/
(2) qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwf&rnfholrsm;tcsif;csif; aqG;aEG;Ekdif&ef pepfwpfck xm;&Sdonf/
(3) pDrHcefYcGJrIjzpfpOfudk taxmuftuljyKonf/ xdkYjyif tpOfvmESihf obm00ef;usifudk xdef;odrf;
vdkaom vlYusifh0wfwpfckudk jzpfaponf/ a&vkyfom;rsm;ESihf tjcm;tzGJU om;rsm;udk qHk;jzwfcsuf
csrSwfEdkif&ef ulnDay;í ig;vkyfief;a&&SnfwnfwHha&;twGuf wm0ef,laponf/
yl;wGJpDrHcefYcGJrI\ pdefac:rIrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf/
• yg0ifywfoufoltm;vHk;twGuf oifhavsmfcsifrSoifhavsmfrnf/ vltawmfrsm;rsm;rSm yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJrI
tay: wm0ef,l&ef pdwfryg odkYr[kwf rwwfEdkifMuyg/
• ordkif;tpOftquft& tpdk;&ay:rSDcdkae&aom pdwf"gwfudkjyif&ef ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vdkvdrfhrnf/
yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJrItpjyK&efESihf qufvuftm;xkwf&efudpörsdK;wGif a'ocHtzGJYrsm;jzpfaom a'ocH
ig;vkyfief;tzGJUtwGif; OD;aqmifrIay;Ekdifjcif;r&Sd jzpfwwfonf/
• a&wdktm;jzifh tcsdefrSD BuD;rm;aom&if;ESD;jrKyfESHrI? aiGaMu;t&if;tjrpf? vlt&if;tjrpfwdkdYrSm
yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJa&;wdkY vkdtyfonf/
• vlwpfOD;csif;wGifjzpfap? a'ocHtzGJUwGifjzpfap? yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJrI taumiftxnfazmf&ef
qkay;pepfrsdK; (Oyrm - pD;yGm;a&;t&? vlrIa&;t&? EdkifiHa&;t&qkaMu;) r&SdwwfMuyg/
• tcsdKUaoma'ocHrsm;? a&vkyfom;rsm;twGuf ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrIAsL[mudk ajymif;vJygu
qHk;½I H;xdcdkufEkdifrnfhtajcae &Sdwwfonf/
yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJrIodkY csOf;uyf&mwGif rnfonfhtwdkif;twmESifhrqdk aqmif&GufEkdifonf/ ig;vkyfief; wpfck\
tpdwftydkif;wpfck (Oyrm - ig;zrf;avS? ig;zrf;ud&d,m? yx0D taetxm;) rSjzpfap? yg0ifywfoufol
trsm;tMum;? t&if;tjrpfrsm;tMum;? toHk;jyKolrsm;tMum; tajctaewGifjzpfap aqmif&GufEkdifonf/
bufaygif;pHk pDrHcefYcGJa&; abmiftwGif; aqmif&Guf Ekdifonf/
tBuD;pm; pD;yGm;jzpfig;vkyfief;BuD;rsm;ESihf ti,fpm; wpfEkdifwpfydkif ig;vkyfief;i,frsm;wGif usifhoHk;&rnf/
yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJrIpepfrSm twlwlyifjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif rl0g'ESihf vkyfief;yHkpHrSm uGJjym;vdrfhrnf/
yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJaom t,lqonf a'ocH qif;&Jaom olrsm;ESihf tpdk;&wdkYESifhom oufqdkifonfr[kwfyg/
ig;vkyfief;trsdK;tpm; aygif;pHkESihf ig;t&if;tjrpftay: oufa&mufrI aygif;pHkwdkY yg0ifonf/
Oyrm - a'owpfckwGif a'ocHwdkYu urf;&dk;wef; ig;t&if;tjrpfwkdYtay: aumif;pGmxdef;odrf; Ekdifaomfvnf;
tjcm;a'orS ig;zrf;oabmFrsm;u vma&mufzrf;,lrnfqdkygu tusdK;rJh &vm'fom&&Sdrnf/ aemufqHk;wGif
pepfwpfckvHk; ysufpD;NydKus oGm;vdrfhrnf/
vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsuf/ edK;Mum;wufMuGpGm em;axmifjcif;udkavYusifYyg/
yl;wGJpDrHcefYcGJrIudkavhvm&ef vdktyfaomenf;pepfrsm; wefqmyvmrsm; tao;pdwfudk od&Sd&ef People
Toolkit ESifY tcef; 16? tajctaerSefudkppfaq;jcif; 2 udkMunfhyg/
udk;um;rSDjirf;&ef � http://www.fao.org/fishery/eaf-net/topic/166247/en MunfYyg
6 / todÓPfA[kokwjr§ifhwifjcif;
yg0ifywfoufolrsm; yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJrIwGif wuf<upGmyg0ifolrsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJa&; udpöwGif todÓPf
A[kokw jr§ifhwifay;jcif;onf r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfaomt&mwpfckjzpfonf/ todÓPfA[kokw jr§ifhwifay;jcif;jzifh
vlwdkYpGrf;tm;wdk;apNyD; todÓPfrSwqifh ywf0ef;usifESihf ywfoufaom A[kokwudk wdk;yGm;aponf/ EAFM ESihf yg0ifywfoufolwdkY twlvkyfaqmifonfh vkyfief;wpfpdwfwpfydkif;taejzifh yg0ifywfoufolwdkY
aqmif&GufvIyf&Sm;rIwGif ywf0ef;usif a&&SnfwnfwHhonfh OD;wnfcsufwdkY yg&Sd&rnf/ txl;ojzifh a'ocHwdkY\
t&if;tjrpfrsm;oHk;pJGrIESihf ywf0ef;usift&nftaoG; xdef;odrf;rI qufpyfyHkudk OD;pm;ay;í today;&rnf/
rsm;aomtm;jzifh t&if;tjrpfoHk;pGJjcif;ESihf pDrHcefYcGJa&;udp öwdkYwGif a'ocHwdkYtm; todÓPf A[kokw
wdk;jr§ifhjcif;udk ta&;BuD;qHk;aom vkyfief;pOfwpfcktjzpf oabmxm;avhr&SdMuyg/ todÓPf A[kokw
wdk;jr§ifha&; ynmay;tpDpOfaqmif&ef Tool n.9 udk Munfhyg/
People Toolkit and EAF net wdkYudk todÓPfA[kokw wdk;yGm;a&;ynmay;tpDpOf twGuf rSDjirf;yg/
oif\ tusdK;aqmift&nftaoG;wdk;wuf&ef vdktyfaom owday;csuf? tMuHjyKcsuf rsm;udk xkwf,lyg/
7 / a'ocHrsm; toifhyg0ifvIyf&Sm;Ekdif&ef pnf;vHk;zGJYpnf;jcif;/
þtcef;wGif ydkaumif;rGefaom EAFM twGuf a'ocHrsm;udk toifhvIyf&Sm;Ekdif&ef pnf;½ kH; wGef;tm;ay;
zGJUpnf;jcif;udk OD;wnfazmfjyygonf/ tm&Sypdzdwfa'owGif a'ocHwdkY\ yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf rIonf
yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJrI\ toJESvHk;yrmta&;BuD;onf/ yl;wGJpDrHcefYcGJrIatmifjrifa&;rSm pepfwus zGJYpnf; xm;aom
a'ocHwdkY\aqmif&Gufcsufay: wdkuf½dkufoufqdkifonf/ xdka'ocHwdkYudk ig;t&if;tjrpfESihf ig;aeig;xdkifrsm;udk
xdef;odrf;pDrHcefYcGJa&;twGuf tmPmay;tyfxm;onf/ EAFM twGuf a'ocHrsm;udk pnf;½kH;wGef;tm;ay;
zGJUpnf;jcif;onf omrmeftzGJUtpnf;wpfck wnfaxmifjcif;xufydkonf/ pnf;½kH; wGef;tm;ay; zGJYpnf;jcif;wGif
atmufygwdkYvnf;yg0ifonf/ vkyfydkifcGihftmPmay;jcif;? A[kokw wdk;jr§ifhay;jcif;? vlYwefbdk;ESihf tjyKtrlukd
jr§ifhwifay;jcif;? tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh OD;aqmifrIrsm;wdk;jr§ifhapjcif;? ta&;,l aqmif&GufEkdif&ef tm;ay;jcif;
wdkYjzpfonf/ þenf;jzifh a'ocHwdkYonf EAFM vkyfief;pOfwGif yl;wGJpDrHcefYcGJ&efESihf vkyfaqmif&ef tqifhoifh
jzpfaeMuonf/
owdjyKoifhonfh tcsufwpfckrSm a'ocHrsm; [lonfhpum;&yfwGif t"dyÜg,ftrsdK;rsdK; &SdEdkifonf/ EdkifiHa&;
e,fy,fodkYr[kwf ig;o,HZmwe,fy,fESihf yx0D0iftaexm;t& a'ocHrsm;udk t"dyÜg,fowfrSwf Edkifonf/
odkYr[kwf vlrIa&;½Iaxmifht& wlnDaompdwf0ifpm;rI odkYr[kwf tusdK;pD;yGm;&Sdol wpfOD;csif; pkxm;aomtzJGYukd
a'ocH[k ac:Edkifonf/ Oyrm - yx0D0if a'ocH (community) onf &Gmwpf&GmESihf ,if;\EdkifiHa&;tajcae
(tpdk;& tkyfcsKyfrIpepft& tedrfhqHk;,lepf) jzpfonf/ vlrIa&;a'ocH community wGif Oyrmtm;jzifh
ig;zrf;ud&d,m wpfrsdK;wnf;udk toHk;jyKMuaom a&vkyfom;rsm;odkYr[kwf a&vkyfom;rsm;tzGJYudk qdkEdkifonf/
þwGif owdjyK&rnfhtcsufrSm community (a'ocH) onf worwfwnf; wlnDaom ,lepfwpfck
r[kwfyg/ community (a'ocH) wpfckwGif rwlnDuGJjym;aom usm;? r? tqifhtwef;? vlrsdK;pk?
pD;yGm;a&;tajcae &SdMuonf/ rMumrDumvu a&vkyfom; community (a'ocH)wdkYudk yx0Dtaexm;ay:
tajcrcHyJ "virtual community" (yuwdeD;yg; community) ESifh "community of interests" (tusdK;pD;yGm;wl
community ) [laom toHk;tEIef;udk oHk;Muonf/ az:jyygtoHk;EIef; (2) ckonf "Social community" (vlrIa&; community) ESihf wlnDonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm þa&vkyfom;rsm;onf yx0Dtaexm; wpfckwnf;wGif
raexdkif Muaomfvnf; wlnDaomig;zrf;ud&d,mESihf wlnDaom ig;rsdK;pdufudk OD;wnfzrf;qD;aom
ig;vkyfief;wGif vkyfudkifMuolrsm;jzpfonf/
yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJrIvkyfaqmif&ef ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folwdkYonf rdrdwdkYa&SYwef;wifvdkaom pdwf0ifpm;rI?
tusdK;pD;yGm;ESifh ylyefrIwdkYudk trsm;oabmwlnDrIjzifh vkyfEdkif&ef rdrdwdkY tm;vkH;udk pepfwuszGUJpnf;&ef
vdktyfonf/ (tcef; 10? ESifY 11? tqifY 1.2) ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folrsm;tcsif;csif; qHkpnf;ay;jcif;?
aqG;aEG;jcif;udkaqmif&GufMuí rdrdwdkYpdwf0ifpm;rI? tusdK;pD;yGm;ESihf ylyefrIwdkYudk &Sif;vif;pGmaz:jyí pdwfwl
udk,fwltzGJYrsm; zGJYpnf;Mu&onf/ tcef; 8? tpjyKvkyfief; - u? Tast vii t& zGJYpnf;aom t"duyg0if
ywfoufoltkyfpkonf EAFM tzGJUESihf ydkus,fjyefYaom yg0ifywfoufolrsm;tMum; yl;aygif; qufoG,f
ay;onf/ yl;wGJpDrHcefYcGJrIxda&mufap&ef tiftm;aumif;aom community tzGJYu ,if;wdkY\ tzGJU0ifrsm;
udk,fpm;jyKEkdif&ef vkdtyfonf/ tcsdKUudpörsm;wGif yl;wGJpDrHcefYcGJEdkif&ef udk,fpm;jyKEdkifaom community tzGJUrsm;
&SdaeNyD;jzpfonf/ tcsdKUudpörsm;wGif community tzGJUpnf;topf zGJUpnf;&efESihf tiftm;aumif;vmatmif
vkyfaqmif&ef vdkaeao;onf/ community t&G,fpm;? rwlnDuGJjym;rIESihf vdktyfcsufrsm;tay:rlwnfí
community tzGJYpnf; (1) ck odkYr[kwf trsm;udkzGJYpnf;&ef vdktyfonf/ tzGJYpnf;wGif;rS oifhavsmfol
yk*¾dKvfwpfOD; (odkYr[kwftrsm;) udk ydkrdkBuD;rm;aom yl;wGJpDrHcefYcGJrItzGJYwGif udk,fpm;jyKEdkif&ef a&G;cs,f&rnf/
community rsm;pGmwGif a&vkyfief;tzGJYESihf a&vkyfom;tzGJYrsm; yg0ifMuonf/ odkY&mwGif yl;aygif;
pDrHcefYcGJrIudpöwGif þtzGJYrsm;onf tvdktavQmuf oifhavsmfvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ jzpfEdkifonfh tajcae wpfckrSm
þtzGJU (a&vkyfom;tzGJY? a&vkyfief;tzGJY) wdkYudk zGJYpnf;onfhOD;wnfcsufrSm ig;aps;uGuf wdk;yGm;vma&;odkYr[kwf
tpdk;&xHrSyHhydk;rI ydk&&Sda&;ESihf wpfOD;csif;0ifaiG wdk;wufa&; yifjzpfvdrfhrnf/ t&if;tjrpf (o,HZmw)
pDrHcefYcGJa&;udpöwGif ta&;ygaomae&mwGifyg0if&ef az:jyygtzGJUwdkY\ tjriftawG;udk ajymif;vJ&ef vdktyf
vdrfhrnf/ þajymif;vJrIonf cufcJí tcsdefMumjrihfvdrfhrnf/ txl;ojzifh azmfjyyg tzGJYjyóemonf rdrd\
rlv&nfrSef;csuftwdkif; qufíaqmif&Gufaeygu ajymif;vJ&efcufcJMumjrifhrnf/ pDrHcefYcGJrIodkY ydkítm½kHpdkuf
vmygu xdktzGJUrsm;twGif; vGefuJaom awmif;qdkrIaMumihf xdcdkufEdkifonf/ EAFM tzGJUESihf tusdK;aqmif
rsm;onf þudpöudk od&Sdem;vnfxm;&ef vdktyfonf/
txufaz:jyygtzGJU (a&vkyfom;tzGJU? ig;vkyfief;tzGJY) rsm;udk atmufygenf;vrf;rsm; toHk;jyKí
tiftm;ESifht&nftaoG; wdk;jr§ifhay;Edkifonf/
• ywf0ef;usifudpöynmay;jcif;
• vlrIa&;qufoG,frIaqmif&Gufjcif;
• r[mrdwfrsm;? uGef,ufrsm;wnfaxmifay;jcif;
• tzGJU0ifrsm;?aiGaMu;rsm;ESihf tzGJUa&&SnfwnfwefY&efaqmif&Gufjcif;
• vlwdkY\t&nftaoG;jrifhrm;vm&ef oifwef;ay;jcif;? txufygtcsuf (5) csuf teuf yxr
(4) csufudk Toll n.10 community mobilization wGif tao;pdwf az:jyxm;ygonf/
tqifY 1.1? 1.2 ESifY 1.3
FMU t"dyÜg,fowfrSwfjcif;ESihf e,fy,ftwdkif;wmpl;prf;jcif;
Module 10
oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufrsm;
• FMU t"dyÜg,fowfrSwfjcif;ESihf e,fy,fwdkif;wm owfrSwfjcif;udk od&Sd
em;vnf&ef
• BudKwifpdwful;tjrifudk od&Sdem;vnf&efESihf ,if;tay: oabmwlnDEdkif&ef
oifcef;pmtay:NcHKiHkoHk;oyfjcif;
þavhusifhfcef;wGif ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrI,lepf FMU t"dyÜg,fowfrSwf&efESihf ,if;twGuf BudKwif
pdwful;tjrifwpfckay: oabmwlnDrI &&Sd&efjzpfonf/ xdkYjyif FMU e,fy,ftwdkif;twm pOf;pm;&ef
vdktyfaom tcsufrsm;udk az:jyxm;ygonf/
ed'gef;
atmifjrifaom EAFM pDrHcsufwpfckjzpf&ef pDrHcefYcGJ&rnfh{&d,m (wpfenf;tm;jzifh FMU) udk
&Sif;vif;pGm az:jy&efvdkonf/ tcef;8? tpjyKvkyfief; - u ? Tast ii wGif us,fjyefYaom{&d,mudk az:jy
owfrSwfonf/ oifonf ,cktcgtzGJY0ifzGJUpnf;&ef yg0ifywfoufolwdkYyg0if&efESihf taxGaxG owif;
tcsuftvufpk&ef FMU t"dyÜg,f owfrSwfcsufudk ydkíwduspGm az:jy&ef vdkonf/
1.1 / FMU t"dyÜg,fowfrSwfyg/
ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrIudk obm0ajrrsufeSmjyifrsm;eSifh oufqdkifaom pau;trsdK;rsdK;jzihf
aqmif&GufEdkifonf/ tvGefBuD;rm;aom yifv,f a*[aA'pepf (Large Marine Ecosystem, LME) rS
ao;i,faom a'ocH ig;vkyfief; (&GmtcsdKYpkaygif;xm;) txd uGm;jcm;Edkifonf/ odkY&mwGif EAFM onf
ig;vkyfief; (fishing) tqifhwGifvkyfudkif&ef txda&mufqHk; jzpfojzifh pDrHcefYcGJ&rnfh{&d,m (wpfenf;tm;jzifY FMU ) udk &Sif;vif;pGmt"dyÜg,fowfrSwf&ef ta&;BuD;onf/
FMU wpfckwGif atmufygwdkYyg0ifEdkifonf/
• ig;rsdK;pdwfwpfck (Oyrm - tuna ig;vkyfief;)
• ig;zrf;ud&d,mtrsdK;tpm;wpfck (Oyrm - '&GufqGJydkufig;vkyfief;)
• {&d,mwpfck (Oyrm -od&Sdxm;Muaom {&d,mwpfck? Oyrm -___ \ awmifzufurf;ajc? trnfrod
&Gmwpf&Gm odkYr[kwf a'ocHteD;ig;vkyfief;
• txufygoHk;ckpvHk; (rsdK;pdwf? ig;zrf;ud&d,m? {&d,m)
taumif;qHk;jzpf&eftwGuf a&G;cs,fxm;aom FMU wGif atmufygwdkYygoifhonf/
• FMU onf od&Sdxm;NyD;aom a*[pepfeSifh qdkifaom e,fedrdwfESihf ywfoufoifhonf/ odkY&mwGif
þudp örSm vufawGUatmifjrifpGm aqmif&GufEdkif&ef cufcJonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf a*[pepf
eSifhqdkifaom e,fedrdwfonf EdkifiHa&;eSifhqdkifaom e,fedrdwfESihf jzpfawmifhjzpfcJ xyfwlusa&mufcJhí
rjumcP a&m,Suf tcdkuftjrKJHwpfckuJhodkUaeonf/ (tcef; 4? EAFM \ Oya'orsm;)/
• FMU onf t"duig;tkyfpkrsm;wnf&Sd&m obm0ajrrsufeSmjyifrsm;eSifh oufqdkifaom taetxm;
wpfckvHk;udk vTrf;jcHK oihfonf/
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5
• FMU onf ti,fpm;a&vkyfom;rsm;? tBuD;pm;pD;yGm;jzpfa&vkyfom;rsm;? toHk;jyK Muaom
ig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm;tm;vHk;udk vTrf;jcHKoifhonf/
rwlnDaomobm0ajrrsufeSmjyifrsm;eSifh oufqdkifaom (twdkif;twm) rsm;wGif a*[aA'pepfonf
a&m,Suf yg0ifavh&Sdonf/ NyD;cJhonfh Oyrmwpfckudk jyefajym&vQif a'ocHESihfig;vkyfief;q ufpyfrIudk
pOf;pm;&mwGif a'ocHtm;vHk;u zrf;qD;Muaom a&atmufMurf;jyifae c½ktwGuf txl;oD;oefh pOf;pm;í
jynfhpkHvHkavmufaomtajz &&SdEdkifrnfjzpfaomfvnf; vGwfvyfpGm ul;cwfoGm;vmaom tuna twGuf
pOf;pm;ygu jynfhpkHvHkavmufaomtajz &Edkifrnfr[kwfay/ xdk Tuna udk a'ocHtyg0if urf;ajc wavQmuf&Sd
ig;vkyfief;wGif yg0ifywfowfol trsdK;rsdK;u ig;zrf;ud&d,m trsdK;rsdK;jzifh zrf;Mu aomaMumifh jzpfonf/
NyD;jynfhpHkaom pHjytajcaersdK; (Oyrm FMU ESihf a*[pepfe,fedrdwf twdus od&Sdjcif; (3) rsdK;
r&Edkifygu xdktm;enf;csuf (tm;vHk;udkrvTrf;jcHKEdkifaom tm;enf;csuf) udk pDrHcsufa&;qGJpOfuyif todrSwfjyK
az:jy&rnf/ rsdK;pdwfrsm;\ jyefYESHyHktpGef; (2) ckMum;e,fy,fonf FMU jyify us,fjyefYvGef;ygu (Oyrm EdkifiH
(2) cku wlnDig;vkyfief;udkvkyfjcif;? Oyrm Tuna ig;zrf; vkyfief;) pDrHcsufa&;qGJ&mwGif tjcm;tzGJU
(tjcm;EdkifiH) vnf; yg0if&eftm;xkwfoifhonf/
yHk/ 10.1? pdwful;,Of FMU ESihf qefYusifzufvufawGU FMU
vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsuf/ FMU ajryHkqGJyg
1.2 / FMU BudKwifpdwful;tjrifay: oabmwlnDrI&,lyg/
,cktcg FMU BudKwifpdwful;tjrifay: oabmwlnDrI&&ef ta&;BuD;onf/ pdwful; tjrifqdkonfrSm
pDrHcefYcGJrIatmifjrifygu tem*wfwGif&&Sdrnfh tjrifhqHk;qE´jzpfonf/ EdkifiHawmftqifh odkYr[kwf a'oBuD;
tqifh rl0g'trSefrsm;ESihf aumif;aomw&m;pD&ifa&;wdkUrS a&mifjyef [wfonfhoabm jzpfonf/ pdwful;tjrif
(vision) yef;wdkif? &nf&G,fcsuf? vkyfaqmifcsuf[lí txufatmuftqifhqifh&Sdonf/ (ykH 10.2 Munfh)
yHk 10.2 / EAFM pDrHcsuf xufatmuftqifhqifh
pdwful;tjrifwpfck\Oyrm/...
ig;vkyfief;t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESihf ,if;t&if;tjrpf\ us,fjyefUaom a*[aA'pepfwdkYudk xdef;xdef;
odrf;odrf;ESihf wm0efodod zrf;,loHk;pGJjcif;jzifh FMU \ vlrIpD;yGm;a&; tusdK;aus;Zl; rsm;udk wkd;jr§ifhay;onf/
yef;wdkifrsm;? &nfrSef;csuftnTef;udef;rsm;? pHcsdefpHnGef;rsm;ESihf pDrHcefYcGJrIvkyfief;rsm;wdkYudk aemufwGif
tao;pdwfaz:jyxm;onf/
vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsuf / FMU twGuf BudKwifpdwful;tay: oabmwlMu&ef
1.3 / FMU e,fy,fowfrSwfyg/
FMU \ wnfae&mESihfe,fedrdwfudk owfrSwfNyD; pdwful;tjrif (vision) tay: oabmwlMuNyD;
wpfNydKifeuf FMU e,fy,tf wdkif;twmowfrSwjfcif;? o½kyfykHMurf;udkaz:jcif; jyKvkyfí oufqdkifaom
aemufcHowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkpnf;&rnf/ Profile (o½kyfaz:yHkMurf;) onf atmufygwdkYtwGuf toHk;
jyKEdkifonf/
• EAFM pDrHcsufa&;qGJjcif;ESihf pDrHcefYcGJa&;vkyfief;pOftwGuf tajccHtjrif toHk;jyK Edkifonf/
• tem*wf yHkrSefapmihfjunfhppfaq;&eftwGufESihf vkyfaqmifcsufudk tuJjzwf&ef twGuf tajccHrsOf;udk
toHk;jyKEdkifonf/
FMU e,fy,fowfrSwfjcif;ESihf yHkMurf;az:a&;jzpfpOfwdkYudk atmufwGifazmfjyxm;ygonf/ odkY&mwGif
tcsdKUaomtajcaewGif xJxJ0if0iftqifhtm;vHk;udk aqmif&Guf&ef vdkvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg/ FMU e,fy,f
owfrSwfonfh rSwfwrf;onf wdkonf/ tb,f aMumihfqdkaomf aemufcHowif;tcsuftvufom jzpfonf/
aemufodoifhonfhtcsufrSm xdkowif; tcsuftvufrsm;udk tzGJUtpnf;toD;oD; yg0ifywfoufol toD;oD;
xHwGif pkaqmif;xm;NyD;om; jzpfvdrfhrnf/ xdkYaMumih f scoping (e,fy,fowfrSwf) onfh tvkyftcsuf tvuf
pepfwus pkaqmif;jcif;omjzpfrnf/
FMU profile (yHkMurf;tusOf;) wGif bmom&yftoD;oD; enf;ynmtoD;oD;rS us,fjyefYaom owif;tcsuf
yg0ifonf/ OyrmvlrIa&;odyÜ H? obm0odyÜ H (½ku©? owå) ESihf EdkifiHa&;odyÜ H bmom&yfrsm; EAFM tzGJUonf
yg0ifywfoufolrsm;? t"duyg0if ywfoufol tkyfpkESihf twlwuG ig;vkyfief;\ FMU profile (yHkMurf;tusOf;)
udk aygif;pnf;jcif;eSifh pkpnf;jcif; pepfwuspkaqmif;jcif;omjzpfrnf/ xdk FMU xJwGif o&kyfazmf ykHjurf;xJwGif
ig;vkyfief;ESihfywfoufaom us,fjyefYaom tusdK;pD;yGm;ESihf &Slaxmifhtjrifrsm; yg0ifoifhonf/ odkY&mwGif xd k
EAFM tzGJUtwGuf ta&;BuD;qHk; pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsufrSm uRrf;usifolrsm; rQwpGm&&Sda&;jzpfonf/ odkYrSom
toHk;0ifaom wkduf½dkuf oufqdkifaom tcsuftvuf rsm;udk &&Sdrnf/ tcsdefESifhtrQ ajymif;vJvmaom
tajcaeudk tuJjzwf&ef? qef;ppf&ef xdktcsuftvufrsm;udk tajccH&rnf/ xdkYtwl apmifhMuyfppfaq;aom
vkyfaqmifcsuf pwif&ef xdktcsuftvufrsm;udk toHk;jyK&rnf/
FMU profile onf atmufygt"duar;cGef;rsm;udk ajzMum;Edkif&ef aqmif&Gufay; oifhonf/
- vuf&Sdt&if;tjrpf (o,HZmw) tajcaeyHkpHESihf t&if;tjrpftoHk;jyKonfh jyóemrsm;rSm bmvJ
- t&if;tjrpfqef;ppfjcif;ESihf toHk;jyKjcif;wGif armif;ESiftm;yHkpHonf b,fvdkvJ? Oyrm - usm; -
rtwGif;? vlrsdK;pHkrsm;twGif;? vlrIa&;tqifhrsm (qif;&J csrf;om tmPm&Sd? tmPmrJh) twGif;
owif;tcsuftvuf vkdtyfcsufrsm;
w&m;0if odyÜ Henf;ynm&yfrSjzpfap? ½dk;&m"avhA[kokwrSjzpfap &&Sdaom owif;tcsuftvuf?
todOmPfrsm;onf FMU scoping (e,fy,ftwdkif;wm owfrSwfjcif;) twGuf t"dutaxmuftuljyKonf/
owdjyK&rnfrSm EAFM \ vkyfief;rlabmifrSm tcsuftvuf r&Sdjcif;onf vkyfief;pwif&ef taESmuft,Suf
rjzpfap&yg/
aemufvmrnfhtcef;wGif Research (okawoe) pum;vHk;udk us,fjyefYpGm toHk;jyKxm;onf/
okawoeqdk&mwGif vuf&Sdt&if;tjrpfrS odkYr[kwf vkyfaqmifcsuftopf (awGU&Sdcsuftopf) rsm;rS
tcsuftvufESifh owif;rsm;pkaqmif;jcif;ESihf twnfjyKjcif; jzpfonf/ FMU vision tay:rlwnfí
okawoeonf oD;oefYvkyfief;wpfckESihf oufqdkifyg0ifywfoufolESihfom tusKH;0ifonfhokawoe
jzpfEkdifonf/ yg0ifywfoufol tm;vHk;ay: okawoejyKvkyf&ef rjzpfEdkifygu rnfonfh yg0ifywfoufol
ay:wGifom OD;pm;ay;tm½kHpdkufí okawoe jyKoifhonfudkod&rnf/ xdkYodkYOD;pm;ay; okawoejyKEdkif&ef
atmufygtcsuf (3) ckudk tod trSwfjyK&rnf/
• ig;t&if;tjrpf (o,HZmw) ae&mESihfeD;uyfvQuf&Sdjcif;?
• yg0ifywfoufolwdkY\ vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;u ig;t&if;tjrpfay: oufa&mufrI?
• a&o,HZmwt&if;tjrpfESihfESD;EG,faom ig;ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,f yg0ifywfoufolwdkY rSDcdktm;xm;
&aom tqifh/
FMU ESihfywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; pkaqmif;&mwGif odyÜ Howif; tcsuftvufESihf
a'ocHjynfolwdkYxHrS&aom todOmPfwdkYonf rQw&ef vdktyfonf/ ig;t&if;tjrpfudk toHk;jyKaom
]]a'ocHwdkY\todOmPf}} (rwlnDaomusm;^ r? vlrsdK;pk? vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;tkyfpk) onf pDrHcsufa&;qGJ&efESihf
pDrHcefYcGJ&eftwGuf ta&;BuD;onfh owif;tcsuf tvufrsm;jzpfonf/ owif; tcsuftvuf pkaqmif;&mwGif
okawoeenf;pepftay:rlwnfí vnf;aumif;? pkaqmif;olwkdY\ yHk&dyf (t&nftcsif;) ay:wGifvnf;aumif;?
uGmjcm;vdrfhfrnf/ qHk;jzwfcsufcsEdkifaom owif; tcsuftvuf vdktyfcsufeSifh &&SdEdkifaom t&if;tjrpfESihf
tcsdefwdkYay:rlwnfí t"du yg0ifywfouf olwdkYu FMU \ profile udk owfrSwf&onf/ vdktyfaom
owif;tcsuftvuf tenf;? trsm;? tusOf;? tus,fay:rlwnfí owif;tcsufvuf pkaqmif;jcif;onf
&ufowåywf tenf;i,frS vtenf;i,ftxd MumEdkifonf/
FMU scoping (e,fy,ftwdkif;wmowfrSwfjcif;) ESifh prodiling (yHkMurf;az:jcif;) vkyf&ef vdktyfaom
qef;ppfrI (3) ckrSm EAFM tpdwfydkif; (3) cktay: a&mifjyef[yf ygonf/
(1) t&if;tjrpfESihfa*[aA'ay:qef;ppfcsuf
(2) vlrIpD;yGm;a&;qef;ppfcsuf
(3) Oya'ESihftajccHzGJUpnf; yHkaz:qef;ppfcsuf?
þudp öESihfywfoufí ydkrdktao;pdwfudk Tools n. 20, 21 and 22 wGif awGYEdkifonf/
rl0g'a&G;cs,frIESihfywfoufaom ar;cGef;tm;vHk;udk ajzMum;Edkif&ef vHkavmufaom owif;tcsuftvuf
&&SdEdkifajcr&Sdyg/ odkY&mwGif rsdK;pdwfrsm;ESihf u@rsm; (ig;vkyfief;) tMum; tjyeftvSefywfoufrIrsm;?
vlwdkY\vkyfaqmifrIaMumifh biota (tyif + taumif) tay: oufa&mufrIrsm;udkod&Sd&ef owif;tcsuf
tvufrsm;vHkavmufpGm &Sdaernfjzpfonf/ tcsuf tvufrsm;rSm ]]t&nftwGuf}} odkYr[kwf ]]t&nftaoG;}}
[lí&Sdonf/ t&nftwGuf (quantitative) wGif udef;*Pef;yg0ifavh&Sdonf/ Oyrm - rnfol? bmvJ?
b,fawmhvJ? b,frSmvJ? b,favmufrsm;vJ? b,fESpfBudrfvJ? ponfwdkYjzpfí ,if;wdkYudkowfrSwfyHkpH
ar;cGef;rsm;? ZD0½lyqdkif&m avhvma&;rsm;ESihf twdusydwf ar;cGef;rsm;rS &,lEdkifonf/ t&nftaoG;
(qualitative) tcsuftvufwdkYwGif ]]b,fvkd}}? ]]bmaMumihf}} ponfyg0ifonf/ ,if;tcsuf tvufwdkYudk
pepfwusjyKvkyfxm;aom tifwmAsL;rsm; (txl;tm½kHpdkufaomtkyfpkESihf aqG;aEG;jcif;tyg0if) zGifhxm;aom
ar;cGef;rsm;rSwqifh avhvmjcif;? udk,fwdkifyg0if ywfoufvkyfudkifjcif;? rsufjrifavhvmjcif;? rSwfwrf;rsm;udk
zwf½It"dyÜg,faz:jcif;enf;wdkYjzifh pkaqmif;Edkifonf/
tcsuftvufrsm; rjynfhpHkygu yg0ifywfoufolwdkYrSwqifh t&nftaoG; &Sdonf[k ,lq&aom
rdk',fyHkpHjzihf? tcsuftvufudk pkaqmif;&ygrnf/ þudpöwGif w&m;r0if? jcm;em;aomyif;&if;rSvmaom
owif;tcsuftvufudk&,ljcif;? a'ocHwdkY\a*[pepfay: tajccH em;vnfrIrS tcsuftvuf&,ljcif;wdkY
yg0ifonf/
tcsuftvufjynfhpHkaomtajcae? wpfenf;tm;jzifh rnfonfhae&mwGif a*[aA'pepf tay:
Ncdrf;ajcmufrI&Sdonfudk trsm;qkHl;oufa&mufaponfh tajctaersm;udk ydkrdk&SkyfaxG;onfh a*[aA'
pepfudkokawoejyKvkyf&ef vdktyfykHpHeSifh tao;pdwfydkif;jcm;pdppfjzm rdk',fyHkpHjzifh &Sif;vif; az:jy Edkifonf/
pDrHcefYcGJrIESihf trsm;qHk;qufpyfrI&Sdaom ig;rsdK;pdwfrsm;? vkyfief;pOfrsm;udkOD;wnfí yef;wdkif &nfrSef;csufxm;
aqmif&Guf&rnf/
tcsuftvufjynfhpHkaom tajcaersdK;wGif ocsmFenf;jzifh pm&if;Z,m;cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm aqmif&GufEdkifNyD;
ta&;BuD;qHk;tajz od&SdEkdifonf/ odkY&mwGif pm&if;Z,m;jzihfcGJjcrf;jcif;rSm tcsdefukefNyD; xdkodkYaqmif&GufEdkif&ef
wwfuRrf;rI&Sd&ef vdktyfonf/ xdkYaMumifh qifjcifawG;awmjcif; rdk',fyHkpHjzifhvnf; tajz&&SdEdkifonf/
rnfonfhenf;udk oHk;onfjzpfap vlrIpD;yGm;a&;ESihf tkyfcsKyfa&;udpöESihfywfoufvQif t&nftaoG;&Sd
tcsuftvuf (quantitative data) rSm ta&;BuD;onf/ odkY&mwGif ta&twGuftcsuftvuf (quantitative
data) ESihf EdIif;,SOfaz:jyjyóemifhonf/ pm&if;Z,m;cGJjcrf;onfhenf;jzifh a*[pepfwpfck\taMumif;udk
az:jyEdkifaomfvnf; ig;vkyfief;\ ½IyfaxG;aom vlrIa&;? a*[aA'ESihf tkyfcsKyfa&;udpöwdkYudk az:jyEdkif&ef
tao;pdwf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ESihf t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm; vdktyfygonf/
EAFM rSm owif;tcsuftvufay:rlwnfí wGef;tm;ay;aqmif&Gufaom jzpfpOfwpfck jzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh owif;tcsuftvufwdkYudk abmife,fedrdwf owfrSwfa&;udpöwGifomru xJxJ0if0if od&Sdem;vnf
pOf;pm;aqmif&Guf&eftwGuf jzpfonf/ EAFM \ pDrHcsufwpfckwGif apmifhMunfYppfaq;aom pepfwpfck
jzpfonf/ (tcef; 12? tqifY 3.1 ESifY 3.2 ? tcef; 17? tqifY- 5)/ þapmifhMunfYppfaq;aom pepfonf
ig;vkyfief;pDrHceYfcGJa&;ESihf oufqdkifaom aemufxyf&&Sdonfh owif;tcsuftvufwdkYudkvnf; pkaqmif;onf/
þenf;jzifh tcsdefMumvmonf ESihftrQ ra&&mraocsmrIrsm;udk avsmhcsEdkifí vlrIa&;ESihf a*[aA'pepfay:
oabmaygufem;vnfrI wdk;yGm;vmygrnf/ EAFM onf vdkufavsmnDaxGpGm pDrHcefYcGJaom jzpfpOf wpfckvnf;
jzpfojzifh owif;tcsufvufr&Sdojzihf vkyfief;raqmif&GufEdkifaom jzpfpOfrsdK;r[kwfyg/ wenf;tm;jzifh
owdxm;csOf;uyfjcif;rsdK; (owif;tcsuftvufrjynhfpHk = ydkíowdxm;) jzihf vkyfief;udk aqmif&GufEdkifonf/
vuf&SdwnfqJ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ESihf ½dk;&mA[kokwrsm;udk twnfjyKjcif;? w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKjcif;
vkyfEdkiforQumvywfvHk; ,if;wdkYudk toHk;csEdkifonf/
t&if;tjrpf (vltm;? aiGtm;) &SdonfESihftrQ tcsdefumvwpfckwGif ydkítqifhjrifh ½IyfaxG;aom
owif;tcsufvufpkaqmif;jcif;udk aqmif&GufEdkifonf/ ig;vkyfief;pDrHceYfcGJrI twGufvdktyfaom owif;
tcsufvufESihf ig;okawoetzGJUtwGuf vdktyfaom owif;tcsufvufrSm uGm;jcm;wwfonf/ EAFM \
obm0wpfckjzpfaom yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&GufrI\ wdkuf½kduf tm;om;csufwpfckrSm ig;vkyfief;ESihf ESD;EG,faom
ig;okawoewGif pDrHcefYcGJolrsm;ESihf tjcm;u@rsm;rS okawoeynm&Sifrsm;ESihf pum;ajym aqG;aEG;apEdkifjcif;
jzpfonf/ þenf;jzifh EAFM twGufvdktyfaom owif;tcsufvufESihf okawoe tpDtpOf wdkYudk
tvdkufoifh nDnGwfapEdkifonf/
owif;tcsufvufrsm;? owfrSwfcsufrsm;eSifh o½kyfaz:yHkrsm;jynhfpHkpGm pkaqmif;NyD;aemuf þawGU&Sdcsuf
rsm;udk w&m;0iftodrSwfjyK&ef yg0ifywfoufolrsm;xHrS rSwfcsuf&&ef wifjy&rnf/ w&m;0iftodrSwfjyKa&;udk
atmufygtwdkif; aqmif&GufEdkifonf/
• t"duyg0ifywfoufolrsm;ESihf tzGJUi,frsm;aqG;aEG;jcif;
• yg0ifywfoufoltzGJUodkYr[kwf pdwf0ifpm;oltzGJUodkY &Sif;vif;wifjyjcif;
• rwlnDaom yg0ifywfoufoltkyfpkrsm;rS a&G;cs,fxm;Muaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;xH &Sif;vif;
wifjyjcif;
• us,fjyefYaomyg0ifywfoufoltkyfpkrsm;twGif; tpnf;ta0;usif;yjcif;
vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsuf / Scoping (abmife,fedrdwfowfrSwf&ef) vkyf&ef rnfonfYowif;tcsuf
tvuf vdktyfaMumif;? ,if;tcsuftvufrsm;&&Sd&ef enf;vrf;rsm;ESifY rnfonfYt&if;tjrpfudk toHk;jyKrnf
jzpfaMumif; aqG;aEG;yg/
owif;tcsufvufrQa0jcif;/
trsm;ESifhqdkifaom bHkvdktyfcsuf? bHkudpöomr&Sdygu tcsuftvufowif;rsm; rQa0ay; vdkpdwf
r&SdMuonfomjzpfonf/ (cRif;csuf-w&m;0if odyÜ Hpmwrf;rsm; yHkESdyfxkwfa0jcif;)? ig;vkyfief;wGif yl;aygif;
pDrHcefYcGJ&ef pepfudpöwpfckay:vmygu ig;vkyfief; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk e,fedrdwfausmfvGef rQa0
Muonf/ xdkYtwl zrf;&ef&nf&G,fonfhig;tkyfpk? r&nf&G,fyJzrf;rdaomig;udpöESihf ig;aeig;xdkifrsm; oufa&mufrI
wkdYtay: bHkoabmwlqHk;jzwf&ef? aqmif&Guf&ef? vdktyfvmonfhtcgrsdK;wGif a'oqdkif&m ig;vkyfief;
pDrHcefYcGJrItzGJYpnf;rsm;twGif; owif;tcsufvuf rQa0jcif;udk aqmif&GufMuonf/
ig;vkyfief;owif;tcsuftvuf (rsm;aomtm;jzifh pm&if;Z,m;yHkpH) wdkYudk a'oqdkif&m tzGJUpnf;BuD;
(Oyrm SEAFDEC, APFIC, FAO ) rsm;odkYvnf; tpD&ifcHMuonf/ a'oqdkif&m todOmPftwGuf taxmuftul
jyK&ef wm0efwpf&yftaejzifh tpD&ifcH wifjyMuonf/ odkY&mwGif wdkif;jynfrsm;? tzGJYpnf;rsm;onf
tcsuftvuftMurf; (rlv) rsm;udk xkwfjyefwifjy&ef 0efav;Muonf/ xdkYaMumifh a'oBuD;rsm; qdkif&m
(EdkifiHtrsm;) tcsuftvufwdkUrSm aemufqHk;wGif tusOf;csKyfaz:jyjyóemnfh owif;rsdK;om jzpfawmhonf/
XmeBuD;wpfckESihfwpfckMum; owif;tcsufvufrsm; rQa0a&;rSmvnf; pdefac:rIwpf&yf jzpfonf/ yDjyifaom
OyrmwpfckrSm a&;aMumif;ydkYaqmifa&;|me ig;zrf;oabFmrsm;twGuf rSwfyHkwifvdkifpifESifh ig;vkyfief;|merS
xkwfaom rSwfyHkwifvdkifpifudpöjzpfonf/ þXmeBuD; (2) ckonf ,if;wdkY\ tcsufvuf rsm;udk aygif;pnf;avh
r&Sdyg/ xdkYaMumifh vdkifpif&Sd ig;zrf;oabmF tppfESifh vdkifpifrJhig;zrf;oabFmwdkYudk aemufaMumif;cHpHkprf;&ef
tcuftcJ twm;tqD; jzpfaponf/ xdkYtwl ig;zrf;oabFm wdk;yGm;vmrIudk xda&mufpGm xdef;csKyfEdkif&ef
twm;tqD; jzpfaponf/
ig;vkyfief;okawoe (yl;wGJokawoe? odkYr[kwf pkaygif;okawoe) aqmif&Guf&mwGif EdkifiHe,fedrdwf
ausmfvGefí tcsuftvuf (rl&if;) rsm; awGY&Sdcsufrsm;udk rQa0&onfh tajcaersdK; &SdEdkifonf/ a'oqdkif&m
odkUr[kwf ESpfEdkifiH yl;wGJokawoetpDtpOft& e,fedrdwfausmfvGef jyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&onf/
tjcm;wpfenf;rSm wlnDokawoe acgif;pOfwpfckjzihf EdkifiHaygif;rsm;pGmwGif aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf/
þenf;jzihf okawoeynm&Sifrsm;twGuf awGU&Sdcsuf rsm;udkEIdif;,SOf&ef tcGif;ta&;&&SdNyD; ydkrdkus,fjyefYaom
ig;vkyfief;udpö&yfrsm; (Oyrm - ig;wdkY ig;aeig;xdkifrsm;twGuf 'Da&awmrsmu@tBuD;yHk? ig;zrf;ud&d,m
a&G;cs,fa&;? ig;wdkY a&TU ajymif;rI)udk pOf;pm;aqmif&GufEdkifonf/ þenf;jzifh a'otvdkuf(EdkifiHpHk) aumif;aom
pHnTef;aumif;aom tavhtusifhaumif;aom pDrHceYfcGJrItwGuf tMuHOmPfay;Edkifonf/
NGO rsm;taejzifh tvkyfvkyf&mwGif axmufcHajymqkdonfhyHkpHjzifhvkyfMuNyD; olwkdY pkaqmif;&&Sdaom
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk MoZmtmPm&Sdaom? tqHk;jzwfay;Edkifaom olrsm;udk today;Edkifonf/ odkYr[kwf
oD;oefYyg0ifywfoufol tkyfpkwpfckudk taxmufulay;NyD; n§ dEIdif;aqG;aEG;&mwGif vnf;aumif;? tultnD
jr§ifhwif (EdkifiHa&;? aiGaMu;) ay;&mwGifvnf; aqmif&Gufonf/ þwGif owif;tcsuftvufonf EdkifiH
e,fedrdwf jzwfausmfonfhudpöjzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh xdk NGO onf EdkifiHwum NGO jzpfNyD; EdkifiHaygif;
rsm;pGmwGif ya&m*sufodkYr[kwf vkyfief;rsm;&Sdygujzpfonf/ (Oyrm - oEÅmausmufwef;? ig;t&Sif
a&mif;0,fjcif;? ig;ref;ql;awmif a&mif;0,fjcif;? tvSarG;ig;a&mif;0,fjcif;? oEÅmausmufcuf a&mif;0,fjcif;?
tvkyform;a&TYajymif;rI? vlYtcGifhta&;qHk;½IH;rI) yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufaom EAFM taejzifh owif;tcsufvuf
rQa0jcif;udk wdk;jr§ifhaqmif&Gufoifhonf/ ,if;wdkYudk ,cktcg EAFM pDrHcsufwGif rSwfwrf; xm;vdrfhrnf/
EAFM pDrHcsufudkjznfhpGufjcif;
tqHk;owftqifh 1 (finishing Step 1) onf EAFM pDrHcsufyHkpH tcef; 1 ESihf 2 udk jznfhpGufay;&ef
aqmif&Gufonf/ Background (aemufcH) twGuf oifhavsmfrnfh acgif;pOfcGJrsm;udk atmufwGifvrf;nTeftjzpf
az:jyxm;onf/
1. VISION tjrif
2. BACKGROUND (aemufcH)
pDrHcefYcGJrnfae&mESifh t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk az:jyonf/ twdkif;twmtrsdK;rsdK;yg0ifaom ajryHkrsm;
tyg0if
ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrI{&d,m
ig;vkyfief;{&d,m? w&m;pD&ifa&;? a*[aA'pepfe,fedrdwf (EdkifiHawmf? a'oBuD;? c½d kiftqifh
w&m;pD&ifa&; tyg0if)? FMU ajryHk/
ig;vkyfief;ordkif;ESihfpDrHcefYcGJrI
ig;zrf;oabmF? ig;zrf;ud&d,m vlwdkYyg0ifrIay:rlwnfí ig;vkyfief;wdk;wufrIudk tusOf; az:jy&ef?
vuf&Sdig;vkyfief;tajcae
ig;t&if;tjrpf? ig;zrf;oabmF? ig;zrf;ud&d,m? ig;t&if;tjrpftajcae? ig;t&if; tjrpf
tokH;jyKyHkajryHk
vlrIpD;yGm;a&;tusdK;aus;Zl;? zrf;,l&&SdNyD; aemufqufwGJtajcaetyg0if
yg0ifywfoufolrsm;ESihf ,if;wdkYtusdK;pD;yGm; (vlrIa&;tajcaeyg0if) az:jy/ a*[pepfudk tjcm;
enf;jzihf toHkjyKudkaz:jy? txl;ojzifhBuD;rm;aom oufa&mufrI (qdk;usdK;) &SdEdkifí nd§EdIif;aqG;aEG;&ef
vdktyfaom jzpfpOfrsm;? vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&; tusdk; aus;Zl;? ,ckESihftem*wf?
ywf0ef;usiftwGuf txl;xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;a&;
tEÅ&m,fusa&mufaeaom ywf0ef;usiftajcaeudk tao;pdwfaz:jy/ txl;ojzihf txdrcH
awmhaom {&d,mESihf rsdK;okOf;tEÅ&m,fusa&mufaom rsdK;pdwfrsm;
tzGJYtpnf;½Ia'gifhrsm;
w&m;pD&ifa&;aemufcH?
vuf&Sdyl;aygif;pDrHceYfcGJrItpDtpOf?
tcef;u@ESihf wm0ef MCS tpDtpOf? wdkifyifn§ dEdIif;rIjzpfpOf (txl;ojzifh pDrHcsufESihf vuf&Sd
qufaeaom ajymqdkaqG;aEG;rI/
tqHk;jzwfcsrSwfaomjzpfpOf tao;pdwf? todrSwfjyKyg0ifaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;tyg0if/
ig;vkyfief;twGuf &ydkifcGifhoabmobm0ESihf xdk&ydkifcGifh&&Sdolrsm; taMumif;tao;pdwf/
pDrHcefYcGJrIt&? csOf;eif;0ifa&mufaqmif&Gufjcif;? toHk;jyKol tcGifhta&;? w&m;pD&ifa&; e,fedrdwf
wdkY\ ajryHkrsm;/
tqifh 2.1? 2.2 ESifY 2.3
jyóemrsm;ESihf yef;wdkifrsm;udk az:xkwffowfrSwfí OD;pm;ay;jcif;
Module 11
oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufrsm;
• oif\ FMU oD;oefY aqG:aEG;&ef tcsufrsm;udk az:xkwfowfrSwf&ef
• jzpfEdkifonfh tEÅ&m,fudk tuJjzwfonfhenf;rSwqifh OD;pm;ay; aqG;aEG;&ef
tcsufrsm;taMumif;aqG;aEG;&ef
• EAFM pDrHcsuftwGuf yef;wdkifrsm;owfrSwf&ef
oifcef;pmtay:NcHKiHkoHk;oyfjcif;
þtcef;wGif ig;vkyfief;ESihf ywfoufaom aqG;aEG;&eftcsufrsm;udkk tEÅ&m,ftqifhtjzpf tuJrjzwfrD
,if;jyóemrsm;udk az:xkwfowfrSwfNyD; EAFM \ tpdwftydkif;tjzpf (3) ydkif; ydkif;jcm;&ef tusOf;csKyf
az:jyxm;ygonf/ EAFM pDrHcsuftwGuf yef;wdkifrsm; owfrSwf&ef &Sif;jy xm;ygonf/
ed'gef;
yg0ifywfoufrIrsm;ESihf jyKvkyfonfhueOD; tvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif ta&;BuD;aom vkyfief;wpfckrSm
ig;vkyfief;ESihfywfoufESD;EG,faom jyóemtm;vHk;udk owfrSwfaz:xkwf&efjzpfonf/ þenf;jzifh yg0if
ywfoufolrsm;twGuf taumif;qHk;tajz&&Sd&ef rnfonfhpDrHcefYcGJrIpepftay: tm½ HkjyK&rnfudk yg0if
ywfouf olwdkY qHk;jzwfEdkif&ef ulnDonf/
þodkYulnDaom aqmif&GufEdkif&efaqG;aeG;&eftcsufrsm;udk EAFM \ tpdwfydkif; (3) ydkif; tjzpf
cGJjcm;Edkifonf/
(1) a*[pepf aumif;rGefapa&; - ig;vkyfief; a*[aA'ydkifqdkifrItm;vHk; (Oyrm - ig;tkyfpkrsm;?
ig;aeig;xdkifrsm;? a*[aA'pepfrsm;) ESihf ig;vkyfief; jyóemrsm; oufa&mufrIrsm;aMumifh ,if;wkdYtay:
oufa&mufEdkifrI
(2) vlom;b0om,m0ajyma&; - ig;vkyfief;aMumifh jzpfay:vmaom vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&; &vm'ftusdK;quf
rsm; aumif;aom&v'f (a'ocHwdkY vdkvm;aom&v'f Oyrm � tpmvHkjcHKrI ESihf pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrI) ESihf
raumif;aom &vm'ftusdK;quf (a'ocHwdkY rvdkvm;aom Oyrm - tjiif;yGm;rI? xdcdkuf'Pf&m&rI)
(3) aumif;rGefaomtkyfcsKyfa&; - vdkvm;aom &vm'ftusdK;qufrsm; &apEdkifaom pDrHcefYcGJa&;ESihf tzGJUtpnf;
qdkif&mpepf (Oyrm - oGm;a&mufoHk;pGJcGifhESihf ydkifqdkifcGifhpepf? Oya'pnf;urf;vkdufemjcif;? 'Drdkua&pD
usaom jzpfpOfrsm;? tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;ajz&Sif;jcif;ESihf tzGJUpnf;qdkif&m tpDtpOf) ,if;ESihftwl jyify
wGef;tm;rsm; (ig;vkyfief;u rxdef;ausmif;Edkifaomudpö) \ ig;vkyfief;tay: oufa&mufrIrsm;
yg0ifonf/
owfrSwfaz:xkwfonfh jzpfpOfrsm; (identification processes) onf zrf;rdí &,lxm;aom ig;?
roHk;íypfvdkufaomig; tm;vHk;tay: ig;vkyfief;\ wdkuf½ dkufESihf oG,f0dkuf oufa&mufrItm;vHk;tay:
vTrf;jcHK&rnf/ xdkYtwl ydkus,fjyefYaom a*[pepfay: vTrf;jcHK&rnf/ a&vkyfom;rsm;ESihf a'ocHrsm;tay:
oufa&mufaom vdkvm;tyfaomESifh rvdkvm;tyfaom &v'ftusdK;quftm;vHk;udkvnf; vTrf;jcHKowfrSwf
az:xkwf&rnf/ xdkYtwl ig;vkyfief;\ xda&mufaom tkyfcsKyfrIESihf pDrHcefYcGJrI&&SdEdkifa&;twGuf vdktyfaom
tcsufrsm;tm;vHk; (w&m; pD&ifa&;pDrHcsufrsm; wdkifyifaqG;aEG;jcif;? Oya'pnf;urf;vdkufema&; ponfh
tcsufrsm;) udkvnf; vTrf;jcHKowfrSwfaz:xkwf&rnf/ aemufqHk;taejzihf ig;vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsuftay:
oufa&muf Edkifaom ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJa&; jyifyjyóemrsm;udkvnf; rSwfwrf;wif&rnf/ (Oyrmtm;jzifh -
obm0jyóem (&moDOwk) vlwdkYaMumifhjzpfay:aom a*[aA'jyóem (a&npfnrf;rI) vlrIa&;jyóem
(EdkifiHwumoabmxm;) ESihf pD;yGm;a&;tusdK;oufa&mufrSKjyóem (aiGvJvS,fEIef;) ponf/
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5
jyóemtajrmuftrsm;udk az:xkwfowfrSwfEdkifrnf jzpfaomaMumifh EAFM \ t"du vkyfief;pOf teuf
ta&;BuD;aom tcsufwpfckrSm ta&;BuD;qHk; jyóemrsm;udkom wdkuf½ dkuf0ifa&muf pDrHceYfcGJí ajz&Sif;ay;&ef
jzpfonf/ þodkYaqmif&GufEdkif&ef tEÅ&m,f tuJjzwfyHkpHudkoHk;í vnf;aumif; OD;pm;ay;tqifh yHkpHudkoHk;í
vnf;aumif;? rnfonfhudpöudk OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&rnfudk qHk;jzwf&rnf/ þtqifhyHkpHrsm;onf EAFM
tpdwfydkif; (3) ckudk az:aqmifaom ig;vkyfief;tay: tajccH&rnf/ a*[aA' wpfckwnf;rS tajcrcH&yg/
pDrHcsuf vkyfief;pOf atmifjrifa&;udpöwGif az:xkwfowfrSwf xm;aom jyóemrsm;teuf rnfonfh
jyóemudk OD;pm;ay;ajz&Sif;&rnhftay: rsm;aom tm;jzihfrlwnfonf/
2.1 jyóemrsm;udk az:xkwfowfrSwf&ef/
ig;vkyfief;ESihfESD;EG,faom jyóemrsm;udk tuJjzwf&eftwGuf EdkifiHtqifh? wdki;fa'oBuD;tqifh?
tqifhjrifhrl0g'vrf;nTefuGyfuJJrI vkdtyfonf/ xdkYtwl FMU \ us,fjyefYaom pDrHceYfcGJa&;vnf; vdktyfonf/
jzpfEdkifygu yef;wdkifonf vuf&Sdw&m;pD&ifa&;odkU tqdkjyKxm;aom w&m;pD&ifa&;ü udkufnD&ygrnf/
ig;vkyfief;rl0g'rsm;ü pDrHcefYcGJa&;pDrHcsufrsm;rSm us,fjyefYaomyef;wkdifrsm; &Sdavh&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif
jyóemrsm;ü &nfrSef;csufrsm;rSm us,fjyefYvGef;ojzihf pDrHcefYcGJa&;jzifh ajz&Sif;ay;Edkifaom pDrHcefYcGJa&;
&nfrSef;csufudkcsrSwf&ef cufcJonf/ jyóemrsm;udk trsdK;tpm;cGJí ajz&Sif;&ef enf;vrf;(tools) rsm;pGm
&Sdygonf/ (Table 11.1 )
Z,m; 11.1 / jyóemrsm; udk az:xkwfowfrSwf&efESihf trsdK;tpm; cGJjcm;&ef enf;vrf;rsm;/ (tao;pdyftm;
Toolkit wGifMunfYyg)/
trnf az:jycsuf taumifxnfazmf
aqmif&Gufcsuf
Card storming (brain storming rS vmonf)
jyóemrsm;udkaqG;aEG;Muí u'f (Card) jym;ay: tMuHOmPf
rsm; a&;onf/ tusdK;aqmifolu tkyfpk tvdkuffzGJYay;onf/ trDS
tcdk uif;rI ESihf yl;aygif;rIudk tm;ay;onf/
vG,fulonf/
Component trees (tpdwftydkif;
opfyif)
EAFM tpdwftydkif; component (3) ck ygonf/ (vl?
tkyfcsKyfrI? a*[aA'qdkif&m) acgif;pOftjzpfxm;? þacgif;pOf (3)
ckatmufrS jyóemrsm;udk trsdK;cGJí acgif;pOfcGJ owfrSwf onf/
jyóem wpfckcsif;udk ao;i,foGm;atmif cGJjcrf;í vkyfEdkif
udkifEdkifonfh tqifh a&mufonf/
tweftoifhcufcJ
onf/
Asset/objective impack / threat matrix ydkifqdkifrI &nfrSef;
csuf oufa&mufrI
Ncdrf;ajcmufrI yHkpH
yHkpHwpfckukdoHk;í jyóemrsm;udk uGjJym;aom tydkif; (2) ck
cGJonf/ atmifjrifatmif taumiftxnf az:vdkaom tajc
taeay: Ncdrf;ajcmufaom odkYr[kwf oufa&mufaom jyóem
tweftoifhcufcJ
onf/
Causal analysis taMumif;w&m;
cGJjcm;pdwfjzmjcif;
jyóemrsm;udk taMumif;tusdK; tqifYvdkuffcGJxkwfonf/
tay:rS vmaomwGef;tm;? tajccHtaMumif; w&m;ESihf
teD;uyftaMumif;? w&m;pojzihf jyóem jzpfapaom
taMumif;rsm;udk a&G;cs,fcGJxkwf onf/
tweftoifhcufcJ
onf/
taMumif;w&m;ESifhtusdK;w&m;
Ncdrf;ajcmufrIrsm;ESihf jyóemrsm;udk yl;aygif;yg0ifonfh jzpfpOfrS az:xkwfowfrSwf NyD;aemuf jyóem
rsdK;pHkudk awGY&rnfjzpfonf/ tcsdKUrSm tvGefus,fjyefU (Oyrm - a&? avxk npfnrf;rI) í tcsdKUrSm oD;oefY
jzpfonf/ (Oyrm - oEÅmausmufwef;wGif AHk;cGJjcif;)/
az:xkwfowfrSwfxm;aom us,fjyefYaomjy óemrsm;udk a&G;xkwf&mwGif Caus - 1 chain analysis (taMumif;w&m;uGif;quf cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;) [kac:aom enf;pepf ud&d,monf wpfcktygt0ifjzpfonf/
(Tool n. 26) Causial chain analysis wGif jyóemrsm; tqifh (4) qifhudk az:jyxm;onf/
1/ wGef;tm;ay;olrsm;- jyóemrsm;pGmudk oufa&mufapaom BuD;rm;aom jzpfysufrIrsm; jzpfonf/ (Oyrm -
vlOD;a&wdk;jcif;? "eOpöm wdk;vmjcif;? &moDOwkajymif;vJrI)
2/ tajccHtaMumif;t&m- wpfpHkwpfckjzpfvmapaom tajccHtaMumif;t&if;jzpfí rlvoufa&mufrIESihf
tvSrf;a0;Edkifonf/
3/ teD;uyftaMumif;w&m;-awGYjrifEdkifaom &vm'fwpfckudk jzpfapcJhaom teD;uyfqHk; odkYr[kwf csufcsif;
wm0eft&SdqHk; taMumif;w&m; jzpfonf/
4/ jyóem- jyóemtrSef odkYr[kwf vu©PmtrSef
yHk 11.1 / ig;tkyfpk avsmhus&jcif;jyóem &Sif;vif;&eftwGuf Causal Chain analysis Oyrm/
yHk 11.1 wGif jyóemrSm ig;tkyfpkavsmhusjcif;jzpfonf/ tay:rSvmaom wGef;tm;rSm vlOD;a& wdk;jcif;?
"etiftm;wdk;jcif;jzpfí yifv,fpmvdktyfcsufudkwdk;aponf/ tajccHtaMumif;w&m;rS rnfolrqdk 0ifa&muf
&,lEdkifaom wHcg;zGifhrl0g'jzpfí rnfolrqdk ig;zrf;cGifhay;onf/ (qefYusifbufaejzifh 0ifa&muf &,lrIudk
uefYowfaomrl0g'jzpfonf)/ þwHcg;zGifhrl0g'aMumifh ig;zrf;avSpD;a&rsm;vGef;jcif;? ig;zrf;&mwGif a&G;cs,f
zrf;rdaom ig;zrf;ud&d,mroHk;yJ 0iforQ tukefrdaom ig;zrf;ud&d,mudktoHk;jyKjcif;rSm teD;uyf taMumif;&if;
jzpfonf/
Causal chain analysis t& Ncdrf;ajcmufrIESihf jyóemwdkYudk pDrHcefYcGJrIpepfjzifh ajz&Sif;ay;Edkifonfh
tqifhwpfckwGif az:xkwfowfrSwf&ef ta&;BuD;onf/ þudpörSm rsm;aomtm;jzihf tajccHtaMumif;&if;ESihf
teD;uyfqHk;taMumif;&if;tqifhudk qdkvkdonf/ þOyrmwGif pDrHcefYcGJ onfhenf;jzihf tajccHtaMumif;w&m;udk
ajz&Sif;ay;jcif;jzpfonf/ yHkpHtm;jzihf wHcg;zGifh0ifa&muf&,lEdkifatmif rl0g'rStuefYtowfjzifh 0ifa&muf&,l
Edkifaom (limited acess) rl0g'odkU ajymif;ypf&efjzpfonf/ ig;zrf;avSrsm;vGef;onhf jyóemESihf a&G;cs,f
zrf;qD;jcif; r[kwfaom (&wmtukefzrf;) ig;zrf;ud&d,moHk;jcif; jyóemudk ajz&Sif;&efvdkonf/
jyóemrsm;pm;&if;
rnfonfhenf;pepfudk oHk;onfjzpfap ta&;BuD;onfhtcsufrSm FMU wGifygaom jyóem tm;vHk;udk
pOf;pm;&efvdkonf/ atmufaz:jyygZ,m;wGif pOf;pm;&rnfh jyóemrsm;udk u@tvdkufcGJNyD; Oyrmay;
xm;onf/ tcsdKUrSm FMU tm;vHk;twGuf toHk;csí &csifrS&rnf jzpfaomfvnf; yg0ifywfoufolrsm;taejzihf
EAFM vkyfief;pOf az:aqmif&mwGif rnfonfh jyóemonf ta&;BuD;onfqdkonfudk qHk;jzwf&efvdkonf/
ေဂဟစနစေကာငးမြနေစမ
ငါးလပငနးအရငးအျမစ
ဖမးမ၍ေရာကလာေသာငါး ဥပမာ- အဓကစးပြားျဖစမးစတ ေရရညတညတ႔ေရး
မရညရြယပဖမးမေသာငါး ဥပမာ- စြန႔ပစျခငး၊ အႏရာယကေရာကေနေသာ ကေရာကလ
ျဖစေနေသာမးစတမား
ငါးဖမးျခငးေၾကာင႔သကေရာကမမား
ေယဘယေဂဟေဗဒစနစ ဥပမာ- အစာကြငးဆကအေပၚ သကေရာကမ
ငါးတ႔၏ ငါးေနငါးထငမား ဥပမာ- ဒေရေတာပကစးျခငး၊ ပငလယၾကမးျပငထခကျခငး
ငါးလပငနးမ သဘာ၀၀နးကငညစညမးမ ဥပမာ- ေရနစြန႔ပစ၊ ယဖတမ
ေဂဟေဗဒစနစအေပၚ သကေရာကမမား
အျခားမလာေသာညစညမးမ ဥပမာ- အမသး/စကမသးမလာေသာ စြန႔ပစၥညး
လသားဘ၀သာယာ၀ေျပာမ
၀ငေငြ၊ အလပအကင၊ အသကေမြး ၀မးေၾကာငး မား ဥပမာ- အစာအတြကလၿခမ၊ အရငးအျမစအသးခရန၊ ကား/မ မေရြး ၀ငေရာကရယခြင႔
အႏရာယကငးေရး၊ ကမးမာေရး ဥပမာ- ထြကကနအရညအေသြး၊ ပငလယျပငတြင အႏရာယ ကငးျခငး
ငါးဖမးဆးၿပးေနာက ဥပမာ- ေစးကြကရရမ၊
အျခားက႑မားႏင႔ အျပနအလန ပတသကမ ဥပမာ- ငါး၊ ပစြနေမြးျမေရးအတြက အစာ၊ အလပအကင ရရေရး အတြက ၿပငဆငမ
ေကာငးမြနေသာစမအပခပမ
အဖြ႔အစညးႀကးမား ဥပမာ- ပတသကမ၊ အဖြ႔အစညးမားအၾကား ပးေပါငးမ အားနညးျခငး၊ စမခန႔ခြမ အေဆာကအအစနစ အားနညးျခငး
ေဒသခေရလပသားမားအဖြ႔/ငါးလပငနးမား ဥပမာ- လကရဥပေဒစညးကမးမား သရမ အားနညးျခငး
တငပငေဆြးေႏြး/ေျပာဆျခငး ဥပမာ- ပါ၀ငမအားနညးျခငး
သတငးအခကအလကႏင႔ ဗဟသတ ဥပမာ- ငါးအပစပမာဏအေျခအေန မေသခာမေရရာျခငး
ကမၻာ႔စးပြားေရး ဥပမာ- ေစးကြကေျပာငးလျခငး၊ ေလာငစာေစးႏနးေျပာငးလျခငး
ဥပေဒစညးကမး လကနာမႏင႔ ထနးသမး ႀကးၾကပမ ဥပမာ- MCS အရညအေသြးနမ႔ကျခငး
vufawGYaqmif&Gufcsuf- az:jycJYaom jyóemrsm;udk jyefvnfMunfY&SKí pDrHcefYcGJenf;vrf;jzifY ajz&Sif;
edKifrnfY jyóemrsm;udk a&G;cs,fyg/
2.2 / tEÅ&m,fudktuJjzwfonfhenf;jzihf jyóemrsm;udkOD;pm;ay;az:xkwfyg
jyóemrsm;udk az:xkwfowfrSwf&mwGif&Edkifonfh tajzwpfckrSm&Snfvsm;aom jzpfEdkifacs jyóemrsm;
(potential issues) pm&if;yifjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif pDrHcefYcGJa&;pepfjzifh ajz&Sif;í &Edkifaom jyóemrsm;rSm
tuefYtowf&Sdygonf/ tEÅ&m,ftuJjzwfonfh enf;jzifh tcsdKU oD;oefYjyóemrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;az:xkwfavh
&Sdonf/ tEÅ&m,fudk tuJjzwfonfhenf;qdk&mü oabmxm;ay:tajccHaom t&nftaoG;yg0ifaomenf;ESihf
tcsuftvufay: tajccHaom t&nftwGuf A yg0ifaomenf;[líjzpfonf/
tEÅ&m,ftuJjzwfcGJjcrf;pdwfjzm&mwGif ar;cGef; (4) cktwGuf tajzudk&SmazGjcif;onf yHkpHjzpfonf/
1/ b,f[mrSm;oGm;rvJ (tEÅ&m,f)
2/ rSm;oGm;zdkYjzpfEdkifacs b,favmuf&SdovJ (jzpfEdkifacstvm;tvm)
3/ rSm;oGm;yg &vmrJhoufa&mufrI tusdK;w&m;ubmvJ (oufa&mufrI)
4/rSm;oGm;&efjzpfEdkifacsESihf rSm;oGm;ygu &&Sdrnfh oufa&mufrIwdkYudk b,fvdkavsmhcsEdkifovJ/
(vkyfaqmif csuf)
owd&&ef ; tEÅ&m,f = tvm;tvm x oufa&mufrI
txufwef;OD;pm;ay; jyóemrsm;qdkonfrSm jzpfEdkifacstvm;tvmrsm;í oufa&mufrI BuD;rm;aom
jyóemrsm;udk qkdvkdonf/ ,if;wdkYudk wdkuf½dkufpDrHcefYcGJ&ef vdktyfonf/ jyóem rsm;udkOD;pm;ay;&ef
enf;ud&d,mrsm;pGm&Sdygonf/
Z,m; - 11 .2 / jyóemrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;&efenf;pepf (ud&d,m)rsm;
trnf &Sif;vif;az:jycsuf taumiftxnfaz:a&;
wdusrIrygaom tEÅ&m,f
u@rsm;^tEÅ&m,ftuJjzwf
&mwGif udef;*Pef;wpfydkif;
ygonf/
(ta&twGufay:rlwnf)
owfrSwfjyóemwpfckpDESihf ywfouf aom
tEÅ&m,fudku@ (3) ck cGJonf/ jrifh? tv,f
tvwf? edrfhjzpfonf/ &Sif;vif; az:jycsufwGif
tusdK;w&m;ESifh jzpfEdkifacs (2) ckvHk;ukd
az:jyxm;onf/
vG,fulonf/
t&nftaoG;tajccH
tEÅ&m,ftuJjzwfcGJjcrf;
pdwfjzmjcif; (oufa&mufrI
jzpfEdkifacstajccH)
jyóemrsm;udkOD;pm;ay;&ef tajccH yHkpH uGuf
matrix 2×2 ay:tajccHí jzpfEdkifacs (likelihood) ESihf oufa&mufrI (impoch)wdkY
u@trsdK;pm; (2) ckrS (6) cktxdcGJ jcm;onf/
(jzpfEdkifacs twGuf trsdK;pm; (2) rS (6) rsdK;
oufa&mufrI twGuftqifh (2) rS (6) ck)
az:xkwf oufrSwfNyD;aom jyóem wpfckudk
matrix yHkpHuGufwGif xnfhoGif; onf/
twefoifhcufonf
rwdusaomrJay;rItqifhudkt
pufjzihfrSwfom;onf/ OD;pm;ay;oifhonf[kxifaom jyóem rsm;udk
az:xkwfowfrSwfonf/ aemufqkH; a&wGufNyD;
onfU tcgwGif yg0ifywfoufol wdkY twGuf
rnfonfh jyóemudk xdyfwef; OD;pm; ay;oifh
onf udkaz:jyonf/
vG,fulonf/
twGJvdkuftqifhoufrSwfjcif; u'fjym;wpfck\ matrix (yHkpHuGuf) wGif jyóem
(5) ckukd a'gifvdkufESihf a&jyifnD tvdkuf
pm&if;jyK&onf/ wpfpkHpD (wpfwGJpD) udk
EdIif;,SOfí rnfonfuydkí tEÅ&m,f usa&mufrI
rsm;onfudk oabm wlnDrI&,lonf/
jzpfEdkiforQaom twGJ (tpHk) &onfhtxd
xyfwvJvJaqmif&Gufyg/ OD;pm;ay;tqifh
tvdkuf &&Sdvmaom u'fwdkYtwdkif; &aom
tajzudk pm&if;jyKpkyg/
vG,fulonf/
vG,fulaom semi-quantitative risk assessment (ta&twGuftajccHaom tEÅ&m,f tuJjzwf)
qdkonfrSm jyóemwpfckpDudk
(1) jzpfEdkifacs - jrifh? tv,ftvwf? edrfh owfrSwf
(2) oufa&mufrI - jrifh? tv,ftvwf? edrfh[lí owfrSwfonf/
xdktcsufrsm;udk 2 × 2 matric diagram (yHkpHuGuf) wGif xnhfonf (yHk 11.2)/ þenf;jzihf jzpfEdkifacs
jrifhaom ^ oufa&mufrIjrifhaom jyóemrsm;udk az:xkwfonf/ þt&mrsm;onf pDrHcsufa&;onfhjzpfpOfwGif
yg0if&rnfh xdyfwef;OD;pm;ay; jyóemrsm; jzpfonf/ tv,ftvwf tEÅ&m,f&Sdaom jyóemrsm;udkvnf;
EAFM pDrHcsufwGif az:jy&efvdkonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf ,if;wdkY\ OD;pm;ay;tqifhonf tcsdefumvay:
rlwnfí ajymif;vJ Edkifonf/
yHk - 11.2 Semi-quantitaitve risk assessment (ta&twGuf tajccHaom tEÅ&m,f tuJjzwfenf;) yHk/
jzpfEdkifacsqdkonfrSm tEÅ&m,fusa&mufrI jzpfEdkifacsudkqdkvdkí oufa&mufrIqdkonfrSm jzpfvmrnfh
ajymif;vJrIudkqdkvdkonf/
2.3 / EAFM twGuf yef;wdkifrsm;owfrSwfyg/
EAFM pDrHcsuftqifhudk jyefowd&yg/
yHkwGifaz:jyxm;onfhtwdkif; yef;wdkifrsm;udk tjrif (vision) atmufwGif wGJxm;onf/ yef;wdkifonf
us,fjyefYonfh tqifhwGif&Sdoifhí EAFM pDrHcsufwpfckpDwGuf yef;wdkif 3 - 5 ck &Sdoifhonf/ yef;wdkifqdkonfrSm
pDrHcefYcGJrIrS&&Sdvdkaom atmifjrifrIjzpfonf/
wpfcgwpf&HwGif qufpyfywfoufrI&Sdaom jyóemrsm;twGuf yef;wdkifudkqdkvdkonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh
a'otajccHaom pDrHcefYcGJrIwpfck\ tvHk;pHkaomyef;wdkifrSm pDrHcefYcGJonfh {&d,mtwGif;&Sd oEÅmausmufwef;
rsm;ESihf ig;tkyfpkrsm;\ usef;rma&;tajctaeudk jyefvnfjr§ifhwif&efjzpfonf/ &nfrSef;csufqdkonfrSm jyóem
wpfcktwGuf atmifjrifpGmajz&Sif;&ef wduspGmaz:jyxm;onfh t&mjzpfonf/ (rsm;aomtm;jzifh &nfrSef;csufudk
pDrHcefYcGJrI &nfrSef;csuf[k az:jyavh&Sdonf/ aemufvmrnfh (tcef; 13? tqifY 3.1) wGif az:jyxm;onf/
Oyrm yef;wdkifrsm;rSm
• a&&SnfwnfwefY&ef pDrHcefYcGJxm;aom ig;vkyfief;ESihf tjcm;qufpyf yifv,fouf&Sd o,HZmwrsm;udk
jyefvnfwnfaxmifjcif;ESihf pDrHcefYcGJjcif;/
• tEÅ&m,fusa&mufEdkifaom usa&mufaeaomyifv,fwGif; ouf&SdwdkY\ ig;aeig;xdkifrsm;udk jyefvnf
wnfaxmifjcif;? xdrf;odrf;jcif;ESihfwnfwefY&efxdef;jcif;/
• urf&dk;wef;a'ocHrsm;twGuf tpm;tpmvHkjcHKa&;udk wdk;jr§ifh&efESihfxdef;odrf;&ef/
• ig;o,HZmwrsm;tay: rDScdkaoma'ocHrsm;\ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;rsm;udk wdk;wuf ap&ef/
EAFM \ tpdwfydkif; (3) cktwGuf yef;wdkifwpfckpD pOf;pm;oifhonf/ tpdwftydkif; wpfckjzpfaom
]]a*[aA'pepfaumif;rGefapjcif;}} twGuf yef;wdkif(2)ck yg0ifoifhonf/ tb,faMumihfqkdaomf
xkdtpdwftydkif;wGif ig;t&if;tjrpfjyóemESihf taxGaxG a*[pepfjyóem yg0ifaomaMumifhjzpfonf/
þenf;jzifh ig;vkyfief;A[dkjyKtawG;tac:rS ydkíus,fjyefYaom a*[pepftxd pOf;pm;awG;ac: apEdkifonf/
vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsuf - jyóemrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;cGJjcm;yg/ xdyfwef;OD;pm;ay; jyóemrsm;udk
a&G;xkwfí taMumif;t&m (Themes) tjzpfpkyg/ (EAFM tpdwftydkif; 3 ck jzpfedKifonf)/
taMumif;t&m (Themes) wpfckpD twGuf yef;wdkifwnfaqmufyg/
ႀကတငစတကးအျမင စမခကအတြက
ပနးတငမား ျပနာအရပရပအတြကပနးတငမား
ရညရြယခကမား၊ အညႊနးကနးမား၊ စခနစညႊနးမတမား
စမခနခြမလပငနး ၁
စမခနခြမလပငနး ၂
စမခနခြမလပငနး ၃
tNyD;owftqifh (2) t& jyóemrsm;? yef;wdkifrsm;udk atmufygacgif;pOfrsm;tjzpf EAFM pDrHcsufwGif
xnfhoGif;Edkifonf/
3/ t"duNcdrf;ajcmufrIrsm;ESihf jyóemrsm;?
a*[aA'jyóemrsm;
ig;vkyfief;t&if;tjrpfESihf taxGaxGa*[jyóemrsm;? atmufygwdkYyg0if? ig;vkyfief;u ywf0ef;usif
tay: oufa&mufrIESihf Vice Versa (tjyeftvSef ywf0ef;usifrS ig;vkyfief;tay: oufa&mufrI)
vlrIa&;pD;yGm;a&;jyóemrsm;
ig;vkyfief;vkyfudkifolrsm;? taxGaxGjynfolrsm;? a'orSEdkifiHawmftqifh? usm;^r cGJjcm;rIjyóem
tygt0if
tkyfcsKyfa&;jyóemrsm;
pDrHcefYcGJrI&nfrSef;csufrsm; atmifjrifrI&aprnfh pGrf;&nfrsm;udk xdcdkufapaom jyóemrsm;
4/ pDrHcefYcGJrIyef;wdkifrsm;
pDrHcefYcGJrIuOD;aqmifonfh oifvdkcsifaom tqifhjrifhyef;wdkif&&Sda&;? t"du taMumif;t&m
rsm;twGuf a,bl,stm;jzifh yef;wdkif 3 - 4 ck?
tajctaerSefudkppfaq;jcif; (1)
Module 12
oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufrsm;
• FMU yef;wdkifrsm;&&Sd&ef uefYowfcsufrsm;ESihf tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk az:xkwf
owfrSwf&ef
• OD;wnftzGJUvdkuf (Focus Groups discussion ) aqG;aEG; rIrsm;wGif tusdK;aqmif
pGrf;&nfESihf yl;wGJpDrHcefYcGJoltay:udktoHk;cs&ef
• EAFM wGif tjiif;yGm;rIudk pDrHcefYcGJ&ef vdktyfaMumif;od&Sd&ef? enf;pepf trsdK;rsdK;udk
okH;&ef/
oifcef;pmtay:NcHKiHkokH;oyfjcif;
þtcef;wGif EAFM wGif t"duig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folrsm;twGuf aemufjyefqkwf&efESihf EAFM pDrHcsufESihf yef;wdkifrsm; r&ap&efwm;qD;[efYwm;aom t&mrsm;udk jyefvnfqef;ppf&ef yg0ifonf/
þtcsdefwGif tcef; 9? tpjyKvkyfief; (c) wGif az:jyxm;aom tusdK;aqmifpGrf;&nfukd vufawGU vkyf&ef
jzpfonf/ þtcef;wGif tjiif;yGm;rIudk tuJjzwfqef;ppf&ef? trsm;oabmwlnDrIjzihf a&SUodkYcsDwuf&ef ESihf
tjiif;yGm;rIudk pDrHceffUcGJrItqifhqifhrsm;ukd az:jyxm;onf/ xdkYaemuf tjiif;yGm;rIudkajz&Sif;&ef enf;AsL[mrsm;
pepfrsm;udk tusOf;csKyfaz:jyxm;onf/ xdkYtwl win-win (tjyeftvSeftusdK;&Sd)aom tajz&&Sd&ef rnfodkY
vkyfaqmif&rnfudk az:jyxm;ygonf/
ed'gef;
þpDrHcsuftqifhwGif pDrHcefYcGJrIjzihf ajz&Sif;Edkifaom OD;pm;ay;jyóemrsm;udk owfrSwfaz:xkwfNyD; jzpfí
taMumif;t&m (theme)tvdkuf zGJYxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ taMumif;t&m wpfckpDtwGuf yef;wdkifudkvnf;
owfrSwfNyD;jzpfonf/ ,cktcsdefonf þyef;wdkifrsm; trSefatmifjrifrI &Sdr&Sdudk tjzpfrSefppfaq;&ef vdkonf/
,if;udktjzpfrSefppfaq;jcif; (1) [kac:onf/ xdkYaemuf EAFM pDrHcsuftaumiftxnfaz:NyD;aemuf tjzpfrSef
ppfaq;jcif; (2) udk qufí aqmif&Guf &ygrnf/
1/ yef;wdkifatmifjrif&ef uefYowfcsufrsm;ESihf tcGifhtvrf;rsm;/
yef;wdkifwpfpkpDatmifjrif&ef uefYowfcsufrsm; tcGif;tvrf;rsm;udk jyefíoHk;oyf&rnf/ yef;wdkif
atmifjrifrI &&SdEdkif&ef EAFM tzGJUonf atmufygar;cGef;rsm;udkar;&rnf/
oufqdkifaomar;cGef;rsm;
1/ þyef;wdkifrsm;a&muf&ef aiGaMu;&Sdygovm;? &Edkifovm;/
2/ EdkifiHa&;taxmufulESifY ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folrsm;\ taxmuftul tvHktavmuf&Sdovm;/
3/ tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ taxmuftul&&Sdygovm;/
4/ t&nftcsif;&Sdvlrsm; tvHktavmuf&Sdygovm;/
5/ owfrSwftcsdefumvonf trSefvufawGUusygovm;/
6/ vdkufavsmnDaxGaom pDrHcefYcGJrIvkyf&ef ueOD;csOf;uyfrItqifhwGif vkdtyfaom owif;tcsuf
tvufrsm; &Sdygovm;/
tcsdKYar;cGef;rsm;rSm tkyfcsKyfa&;jyóemtaejzifh ygvmNyD;jzpfrnf/ ar;cGef;twGuf tajzrSm ]]r&Sdyg}}
wdwdususjzpfaevsif vkyfp&menf;vrf; (2) ck &Sdygonf/ yef;wdkifonf vufawGYus&ef jyefjyifyg odkYr[kwf
yg0ifywfoufolrsm;ESihftwl tuefYtowfudk z,f&Sm;jcif;? pDrHcefYcGJjcif;udk vkyfyg/ jzpfEdkifygu uefYowfcsuf
rsm;udk tcGifhta&;rsm;tjzpfodkY ajymif;vJoifhonf/
vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsuf- yef;wdkifrsm;odkYa&muf&SdedKif&ef uefYowfwm;qD;csufrsm;ESifY tcGifYtvrf;
rsm;udk pOf;pm;yg/
yef;wdkifa&mufEdkifra&mufEdkifod&ef pDrHcsufenf; (ud&d,m) rsm;&Sdygonf/ (Toolkit 25 Munfh)
2/ tusdK;aqmif? aqmif&Gufjcif;ESihf OD;wnftkyfpkwGif;aqG;aEG;jcif;/
OD;wnftkyfpktwGif;aqG;aEG;jcif; (FGD) wGif yg0ifywfoufolrsm;udk yg0ifaqG;aEG; apjcif;jzifh
uefYowfcsufrsm;pGmudk ausmfvTm;Edkifonf/ FGD ESihf tusdK;aqmif\ tqHk;u@udk tcef; 9? tpjyKvkyfief; (c) wGif az:jyxm;ygonf/
yg0ifywfoufolrsm; a&&Snfyg0ifaqG;aEG;vm&ef t"duaomhcsufrSm
• xda&mufaom tusdK;aqmif&GufrIjzpfí xdkodkYxda&mufap&ef
o acgif;pOfwpfcktaMumif;udk aqG;aEG;&mwGif vlrsm;udkrdrdwdkY\tawGUMuHKrsm;? cHpm;csufrsm;?
vdkvm;csufrsm;udk aqG;aEG;ap&ef vrf;aMumif;ay;jcif;/
o aqG;aEG;yGJwGif taMumif;t&if;jyoemrsm;udk az:jyowfrSwfjcif;/
o &SmazGazmfxkwfaom enf;pepfrsm;ukd toHk;csí aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;ykdrkdouf0ifvmatmifjyKvkyfjcif;?
tao;pdwfaqG;aEG;wkefUjyefrIrsm; &&SdatmifjyKvkyfjcif;/
• aqG;aEG;yGJwGif yg0ifolrsm;taejzifh rdrdwdkYudk,fydkifar;cGef;rsm;? abmifrsm;? oabmw&m;rsm;ESihf
rdrdwdkY\ OD;pm;ay;udpörsm;udk az:jyjcif;/
þaqG;aEG;yGJjzpfpOfwGif owdjyK&rnfhtcsufrSm aqG;aEG;olrsm;twGif; tjyeftvSef ywfoufESD;EG,frI
aMumifh aumif;aomtcsuftvufrsm;&&ef tcGifhtvrf;rsm;&Sdonf/
rnfonfh FGD aqG;aEG;yGJwGifrqdk? tusdK;aqmifonf atmufygwdkYudkaqmif&Gufoifhonf/
• aqG;aEG;csdef session wpfckqDudk OD;aqmifvrf;aMumif;jcif;/
• tvGef0ifpGufzufjcif;r&Sd&ef? aqG;aEG;&mwGiffcsOf;uyfrIvrf;aMumif;tm; nTefjyay;jcif;?
• aqG;aEG;yGJudk vGyfvyfpGm aqG;aEG;cGifhay;&ef/
• FGD session udk vrf;aMumif;&ef a,bk,susaom ar;cGef;tenf;i,far;&ef/
• vdktyfovdk aqG;aEG;csufvrf;aMumif;udk jyefwnfhrwf&ef jyefjyif&ef/
• yg0ifaqG;aEG;olrsm;u ta&;BuD;aomtaMumif;t&mjyóemrsm;udk raz:xkwfEdkifygu
tusdK;aqmifu 0ifa&muf jznfhpGufay;&ef/
• pkpnf;nDnGwfrIjy&ef (pdwf0ifpm;pGmem;axmifyg)
vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsuf - Focuss group discussion OD;wnftzGJYtwGif; aqG;aEG;yGJwpfckjyKvkyfyg
3/ tjiif;yGm;rI ESihf tjiif;yGm;rIudk pDrHcefYcGJjcif;
jyD;cJhonfhtcef;rsm;wGif EAFM onf a*[aA'? vlrIpD;yGm;a&;ESihf tkyfcsKyfa&; vdktyfcsufrsm;tay:
OD;wnfxm;onf/ xdkYtwl u@toD;oD;ESihf ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,ffol toD;oD; yg0ifonf/
BuD;rm;us,fjyefYvSaom EAFM \ yg0ifywfoufolaygif;pHk jzpfpOfrsm;? tqifhqifhwGif t&if;tjrpf
toHk;jyKolwdkY\ jzpfvmEkdifaomtjiif;yGm;rI? EAFM wGif tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;onf rvGJraoG &SdvmEdkifaomudp ö
jzpfonf/ tjiif;yGm;rIqdkonfrSm tcgcyfodrf; tEkwfvu©Pm[k qkdír&yg/ ,if;tjiif;yGm;rIaMumifh
ydkírQwaom tmPmcGJa0rIESihf qufoG,frIudk&&Sdapjcif;? rSm;,Gif;aom ig;vkyfief;pDrHceYfcGJrIudk trSef
a&mufatmif jyifay;jcif;ESifh EAFM \ rl0g'udk ydkí aumif;rGefwdk;wufapjcif;wdkYudk jzpfapEdkifonf/
ig;vkyfief;ESifh yifv,ft&if;tjrpfESihfywfoufaom tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;rSm yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;? twdkif;twm trsdK;rsdK;
&SdEdkifí atmufygwdkYESihfvnf; wpfpdwfwpfydkif;taejzifh ywfoufonf/ tmPm? enf;ynm? EdkifiHa&;?
trsdK;om^trsdK;orDu@? touft&G,f? vlrsdK;pkudpörsm;ponfh tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;onf trsdK;rsdK;wdkY jzpfEdkifonf/
tdrfwGif;tjiif;yGm;rIrS rdrdaexkdif&mtpktzGJU? a'otwGif;tjiif;yGm;rI vlYtzGJUpnf;tvdkuf urÇmhtqifhtxd
tjiif;yGm;rI &SdEdkifonf/ tjiif;yGm;rI\ jyif;tm;twdrfteufonf pDrHcefYcGJrIay: em;rvnfjcif;? tvdkrusjcif;rS
t&if;tjrpf ydkifqdkifrI twGuf tkyfpktvdkuf wdkufcdkufjcif;txd yg0ifonf/ wpfOD;csif;? tzGJUcsif;rwlnDaom
tmPmaMumifh? odkYr[kwf toufarG;0rf;aMumif;udk xdcdkufapaom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;aMumifh tjiif;yGm;rI
jzpfEdkifonf/
tjiif;yGm;rI pDrHcefYcGJa&;onf tjiif;yGm;aeolrsm;udk ,if;wkdY\ rwlnDrIrsm;udk xda&mufpGm ajz&Sif;ay;jcif;
jzpfonf/ tjiif;yGm;rI pDrHcefYcGJa&;wGif a,bk,s vufcHxm;Muaom csOf;uyfrIwpfckrSm ESpfzufpvHk;onf
rwlnDaomtjrif t,ltq&Sdjcif;? jyóemudk ajz&Sif;ay;rI tay: rwlnDaomtjrif&Sdjcif;? ESpfzufpvHk;u
rdrdwdkYtjrifrSefonf? w&m;0ifonf[k ,lqMujcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifhtjiif;yGm;rI pDrHcefYcGJolrsm;\
&nf&G,fcsufonf tjiif;yGm;rIudka&Smif&Sm;&efr[kwfyJ vltrsm;udk rdrdwdkYrwlnDrIrsm;udk &ifzGifh az:xkwf
apEdkif&efeSifh ykdrkduRrf;usifvmatmif jyKvkyfjcif;aMumifh 4if;wkdU\jyoemrsm;ukd yl;wGJaqmif&Gufajz&Sif;
vmekdifonfh t&nftcsif;rsm;&Sdvmatmif ulnDay;ekdifygonf/
vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsuf - FMU ajryHkrsm;ay:wGif tjiif;yGm;rSK jzpfvmedKifonf/ tjiif;yGm;rSKwGif
rnfolygeSdKifonfudk rSwfom;yg/
jiif;yGm;rIudk tuJjzwfqef;ppfjcif;rS trsm;oabmwlnDcsuf &,la&;odkY/
tjiif;yGm;rIpDrHcefYcGJjcif;\ yxrtqifhrSm jzpfyGm;aeaom oD;oefYtjiif;yGm;rIwpfckudk tuJjzwf
qef;ppf&efjzpfonf/ tjiif;yGm;rIwpfckudk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;jzifh xkdtjiif;yGm;rI\ oabmobm0? yrmPESihf
tqifhudk od&SdEdkifí pDrHcefYcGJ&efcsOf;uyfrIrsdK; aqmif&GufEdkifonf/ tjiif;yGm;rIudk tuJcwf cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm&ef
t"duusaom tcsuf (4)ck wkdYrSm
• tjiif;yGm;rIESihf yg0ifywfoufolwdkY\ p½dkufudkaz:jyyg/ þae&mwGif tjiif;yGm;rI trsdK;tpm;?
tpjyKvmyHkudkcGJjcrf;avhvmonf/ tjiif;yGm;rIwGif yg0ifywfoufolwdkY\ ta&twGuf? ,if;wdkYtMum;
tmPmcsdefcGiftajcaeESihf ,if;wdkYMum; qufqHrIwdkYudk tuJjzwf&rnf/
• pDrHceYfcGJrIoHo&mwGif a&muf&Sdaeonfh tjiif;yGm;rItqifh ueOD;tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;onf aemifjzpf
vmonfh tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;ESihf rwlnDuGm;jcm;Edkifonf/ EAFM vkyfief;pOf qufvufjzpfay:
vmonfESihftrQ topfyg0ifywfolrsm; ay:vmEdkifonf/ xdkYaMumifh ajymif;vJvmaomtajcESifh
vdkufavsmnDaxGaom aysmhajymif; aomvkyfief;jzpfpOfrsdK; vkdtyfonf/
• tjiif;yGm;rI jzpfpOftwGif; a&muf&Sdaeaomtjiif;yGm;rItqifh tjiif;yGm;rItqifhonf 0ifa&muf
ajz&Sif;ay;jcif;udk vufcHEkdifonfh tqifhodkYa&muf ra&muf pOf;pm;&rnf/
Oya'ESihf tzGJUtpnf;½Ia'gifh - tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;aom tzGJYtpnf;BuD;rsm;onf w&m;0iftzGJU
[kwf r[kwf tay:rlwnfí vnf;aumif;? tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk ajz&Sif;jcif;onf Oya'abmift& [kwf
r[kwfay:rlwnfí vTrf;rdk; oufa&mufrI &Sdvdrfhrnf/
tjiif;yGm;rIwpfckudk vspfvQL&SKEdkifonf/ (olYzmomNyD;oGm;rnf[k arQmfvifhí)? xdyfwdkuf ajz&Sif;Edkifonf/
(oabmrwlnDrIudk ydkíqdk;0g;apaom tEÅ&m,f&Sdonf)/ odkYr[kwf tjyKoabmjzifh pDrHcefYcGJEkdifonf/ tjiif;
yGm;rI pDrHcefYcGJa&;odkY csOf;uyfonfhenf;wpfckrS yg0ifywfoufol toD;oD;wdkY\ tuJjzwfcGJjcrf;pdwfjzm avhvm
apjcif;udk &,ljcif;ESihf trsm;oabmwlnDrI&apaom tpnf;ta0;yGJrsm; usif;yjcif;jzpfonf/ (Tool n. 4) þpnf;a0;yGJrsdK;wGif az:jyygenf;vrf;jzpfMuaom tjiif;yGm;rIudk BudKwifodjrifjcif;? yl;aygif;pDrHcsufqGJjcif;?
r[mrdwfzGJUjcif;ESihf axmufcHrI&,ljcif;wdkYudk toHk;csjcif;jzifh tjiif;yGm;rI qkd;0g;pGm rjzpfrDwGif qufoG,fjcif;?
yl;aygif;yg0ifjcif;wdkYjzifh ajz&Sif;aqmif&GufEdkifonf/ EAFM pDrHcsufqGJ&efESihf taumiftxnfaz:&ef
yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJa&;csOf;uyfrIjzifh aqmif&Gufyg/ (tcef; 9? tpjyKvkyfief; (c) ESifY tcef; 16?
tajctaerSefudkppfaq;jcif; (2) wGif az:jyxm;onf) u yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIjzpfpOfudk trSefwu,fyif
taxmuful jyKvdrfhrnf/
trsm;oabmwlnDrIudk wnfaqmufonfqdk&mwGif yl;aygif;qHk;jzwfcsufcsEdkifaomenf; pepfudkoHk;jcif;?
tusdK;aqmif ^ nd§EdIif;olwpfOD;u tjrifrwlnDMuaom tkyfpkwdkYudk xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkif&onfh jyóemrsm;tay:
oabmwlnDrI&atmif aqmif&Gufjcif;? trsm;oabmwlnDrI&&ef vdktyfaom &nfrSef;csufrsm;? tjcm;udp ö
rsm;wGif oabmwlnDrI &,lapjcif;wdkYudk vkyf&ygonf/ rJcGJqHk;jzwf&ef rvdktyfonfhenf;jzpfonf/ þudpöwGif
rwlnDaomtjrif oabmxm; rsm;tay: av;av;pm;pm;rQa0jcif;? tjyeftvSef trsm;tusdK;pD;yGm; &&Sda&;
twGuf twlwpfuGvkyfudkifjcif;jzpfonf/ taumif;qHk;rSm tjiif;yGm;rI trSefwu,frjzpfay:rD aqmif&Gufjcif;
jzpfonf/ (tjiif;yGm;rI pDrHcefYcGJa&;udk avsmhcsaponf)? EAFM wGif tjiif;yGm;rI pDrHcefYcGJa&;onf pDrHcefYcGJrI
yef;wdkifrsm; csrSwfonfhtqifhESifh EAFM pDrHcsufqGJonfYtqifYwGif tokH;0ifonf/ þenf;jzifh BuD;rm;aom
jyóemtay: oabmwlnDrI&apNyD; ao;i,faom jyóemrsm; (enf;pepfydkif;qdkif&m tzGJYtpnf;qkdif&m
jyóemrsm;)udk ajz&Sif;&ef vrf;&Sif;ay;onf/ xdkYjyif pDrHcsuftaumiftxnfaz:rnfh umvwGif jzpfvmrnfh
tjiif;yGm;rI rsm;udkvnf; ajz&Sif;ay;onf/
tjiif;yGm;rIrsm; pDrHcefYcGJrIudk EAFM wGif rnfodkYtoHk;csrnf
tjiif;yGm;rIpDrHcefYcGJrIyef;wdkifrSm rdrd\uRrf;usifrIudk toHk;csí tjiif;yGm;aeolrsm;udk rwlnDaom
uGJjym;jcm;em;csufrsm;ukdaz:xkwfapNyD; jyóemrsm;udk tm;vHk;twGuf Win-win (tm;vHk;twGuf ESpfOD;ESpfzuf
tusdK;&Sdaom) tajz&&Sdatmif aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf/ tjiif;yGm;rIpDrHcefYcGJa&;qdkonfrSm tajccHtm;jzifh
tusdK;aqmifu aqmif&Gufay;aom nd§EIdif;rIwpfckjzpfí atmufygtajcaersdK;wGif taumif;qHk; aqmif&Guf
Edkifonf/
• tjiif;yGm;rIwGif yg0ifonfh tzGJYtm;vHk;udkod&Sdjcif;?
• jyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&efpdwftm;xufoefjcif;?
• tajzwpfck&&Sda&;onf tm;vHk;twGuf ta&;BuD;jcif;?
• tjiif;yGm;rIpDrHcefYcGJa&; enf;pepftay: tm;vHk;u,HkMunfjcif;?
• tjyeftvSef (tm;vHk;) tusdK;&Sdapaom tajz&&SdEdkifjcif;?
• tzGJUrsm;taejzifh oabmwlnDrI&&Sda&;twGuf vkyfydkifcGifhtmPm&Sdjcif;?
• aiGaMu;? tcsdefESihf t&if;tjrpf (vl? ypönf;) &&SdEdkifjcif;?
• tajzudk us,fus,fjyefYjyefY vdkvm;Mujcif;?
tjiif;yGm;rI\ vu©PmudkausmfvTm;í taMumif;&if;udk od&Sd&ef (toD;oD;aom owif; t&if;tjrpfrS
&Edkif&ef) vdktyfonf/ odkYrSom pDrHcefYcGJEdkifrnf/
EAFM jzpfpOfwGif tjiif;yGm;rI pwifjzpfvmEdkifajc&Sdaom rlvae&mrsm;rSm
• ywfoufqufEG,frItajcaersm;-wefbdk;rsm; (vl\pdwfydkif;qdkif&mwefbdk;)? ,HkMunf udk;uG,frIrsm;?
bufvdkufrIrsm;? twdwfurw&m;rIrsm;? twdwfurSm;,Gif;aom qufoG,frI? awGYqHkrIrsm;
• owif;tcsuftvuf-nHhzsif;aomtrsdK;tpm;? owif;trSm;? rwlnDaom t"dyÜg,faumuf,lrIrsm;
• tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;- pdwful;jzihfxifaom? trSefwu,f&Sdaom tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;? ½kyfydkif; tusdK;aus;Zl;?
xdawGYír&Edkifaom tusdK;aus;Zl;
• zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufyHk-t&if;tjrpfpD;qif;yHk? tmPmydkiftzGJUpnf;? toif;tzGJU? tcsdefuefYowfcsuf?
aiGaMu;tajcae tjiif;yGm;rI
•
tjiif;yGm;rI pDrHcefYcGJa&;wGifyg0ifaom tqifhrsm;rSm
1/ tpjyKjcif; - ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,fyg0ifywfoufolwpfOD; odkYr[kwf jyifyyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;u tjiif;yGm;rIudk
pDrHcefYcGJ&ef zdwfac:jcif;?
2/ jyifqifjcif; - tjiif;yGm;rIudk tuJjzwfqef;ppfjcif;? owif;tcsufvufrsm; zvS,fjcif;? pnf;urf;
Oya'rsm;? yg0ifrnfholrsm; a&G;cs,fjcif;?
3/ n§ dEdIif;aqG;aEG;jcif; - rdrdtusdK;pD;yGm; pdwf0ifpm;rIudk &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm az:xkwfjcif;? tm;vHk;
tusdK;&Sdapaom Win-Win tajcaeudk a&G;cs,fjcif;? vdkvm;aom a&G;cs,frItwGuf tcsuftvuf
pkpnf;jcif;
4/ oabmwlnDjcif; - taumif;qHk;a&G;cs,frItwGuf yl;aygif;ed*kH;csKyf tqHk;owfjcif;? qHk;jzwf csufrsm;udk
rSwfwrf; wifjcif;?
5/ taumiftxnfaz:jcif; - tajz&v'fudk yHkESdyfxkwfay;jcif;? oabmwl vufrSwfxdk;jcif; (rvkyfrae&
r[kwfyg)? apmifhMuyf jcif;? yHkrSeftuJjzwfjcif;/
tjiif;yGm;rIonf ajymif;vJrIjzpfpOf\ tpdwftydkif;wpfckjzpfonf/
tjiif;yGm;rIudk ajymif;vJrItwGuf tcGifhtvrf;wpfck[k jrifoifhonf/ ajymif;vJrItwGuf wkefYjyefMu
&mwGif atmufygtqifhrsm;wdkif; jzpfavh&Sdonf/ (1) jiif;y,fjcif;/ (2) qefYusifjcif;/ (3) vufcHoabmwl
jcif;ESihf (4) ,HkMunfvkyfaqmifjcif;? (yHk 12.1)
yHk 12.1/ tjiif;yGm;rI onf ajymif;vJrI\ jzpfpOfwpfckjzpfí tqifh (4) qifh&Sdonf
tjiif;yGm;rIudk EAFM \ tajymif;tvJ jzpfpOfwpfcktjzpfarQmfrSef;Edkifonf/ ,if;jzpfpOfudk aumif;pGm
pDrHcefYcGJEdkifygu tjiif;yGm;rIudpöudkaqmif&Guf&if; ydkíBuD;rm;aom tajymif;tvJodkY OD;wnfEdkifonf/
atmufwGif tusOf;az:jyxm;aom r[mAsL[mrsm;ESihf tjiif;yGm;rIpDrHcefYcGJa&;enf;pepf(ud&d,m)rsm;
(Tool n. 8) udk toHk;jyKí &ifqdkif&rnfh tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&ef jzpfonf/
tjiif;yGm;rI ajz&Sif;&ef r[mAsL[mrsm;
tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk &nfrSef;csufa&mufatmifajz&Sif;&ef rnfrQtiftm;oHk;vdkonf odkYr[kwf
aumif;rGefaomqufqHrIudk rnfrQqufvufxdef;odrf;vdkonf tay:rlwnfí r[mAsL[mrsm;udk trsdK;pm;
cGJjcm;Edkifonf/ (yHk 12.2)/ wpfpHkwpfa,mufonf aumif;aom qufqHa&;udk ydkíta&;ay;NyD;? &nfrSef;csuf
aygufajrmufa&;udk ta&;ray;vSygu ae&may;jcif;jzifh tqifajyEdkifygonf/ wpfpHkwpfa,mufonf
aumif;aomqufqHa&;udka&m &nfrSef;csufaygufajrmufa&;tay: ta&;ray;ygu xdkolonf a&SmifMuOfaom
(acgif;a&Smifaom) r[mAsL[mukdokH;ygvdrfhrnf/ tu,fíwpfpHkwpfa,mufonf &nfrSef;csuf aygufajrmufa&;
aumif;aomqufqHa&;xuf wefbdk;xm;tav;ay;ygu olwdkYonf NydKifqkdifMuvdrfhrnf/ wpfpHkwpfa,mufu
tm;vHk;twGuf oifhavsmfaom oabmwlnDrI&&ef rdrdvdkvm;csuftcsdKYwdkYudk t½IH;ay;vdkuf ygu ESpfOD;ESpfzuf
tavsmhay;aphpyfjcif;jzifh oifhavsmfaom tajzudk&&Sdrnf/ tu,fí wpfpHkwpfa,mufu aumif;aom
qufqHrIESihf &nfrSef;csufaygufajrmufjcif; (2) ckvHkudk wlnDpGm wefbdk;xm;ygu olwdkYonf twlyl;aygif;
aqmif&Gufjcif;udk vkyfMujcif;jzifh ESpfzufvHk;twGuf tusdK;&Sdaom Win-Win tajcaeudk &&Sdrnfjzpfonf/
yHk 12.2 / tjiif;yGm;rI r[mAsL[mrsm;
Z,m; - 12.1 tjiif;yGm;rI ajz&Sif;&ef r[mAsL[m (5) &yfudk tao;pdwf az:jyxm;onf/
Z,m; 12.1 / tjiif;yGm;rI ajz&Sif;&ef r[mAsL[m (5) &yf
csOf;uyfrI tjyKrl (aqmif&Gufcsuf) rSefuefaMumif;jyojcif;;
a&SmifMunfjcif; xdyfwdkufr&ifqdkifjcif;? jyóemrsm; udk
vspfvsL½Ijcif;? jyóemr[kwfaMumif;
jiif;qefjcif;
qufqHHa&;xdckdufrnf pdk;&GHUjcif;?
jyóemrsm; ydkBuD;vmrnfudk pdk;&GHUjcif;/
ae&may;jcif; oabmwlnDvG,f? igodigwwf aMumif;
jyaom tjyKtrlrsdK; rjyKvkyfjcif;? yl;aygif;
yg0ifvkdpdwf&Sdjcif;? rdrd\ &nfrSef;csufukdyif
xdcdkufekdifonf/
qufqHHa&;xdckdufrnfpdk;&GHUjcif;? tqif
rajyrIjzpfvmrnfudk pdk;&GUHjcif;
NydKifqdkifjcif;
Win/ lose
(tEdkif t½IH;)
xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkif&efvdkonf? rnfonfhenf;
jzpfjzpf tEdkif&vdkonf/ tMuHUcdkifqHk;ol qufí&Sifoefrnf?
ydkíomvGefaMumif;jyo&rnf/
tay;t,ljyKjcif; tpGef;r[kwf tv,ftvwfwGif oabm
wlnDrI&onf/ rnfolrQ tjynfhtpHk
auseyfrIr&? odkY&mwGif vlwdkif;rdrdwdkY
vdkvm;aom tpdwftykdif; wpfck&&Sdonf/
rnfolrQrdrdwdkYvdkvm;aomt&m
tm;vHk;r&? odkY&mwGif vlwdkif; wpfckck
udk&&Sdonf/
jyjyóemajz&Sif;
aom yl;aygif;
aqmif&GufrI
Win-Win
(tm;vkH;Edkif)
ESpfzufvHk;\ vdktyfcsufrsm; ta&;BuD;
onf/ av;pm;rIBuD;rm;onf? tjyeftvSef
axmufulyHhydk;onf/ tcdkiftrm&Sdonf ^
yl;aygif;aqmif &Gufonf/
ESpfOD;ESpfzuftusdK;&Sdaom tajzudk
&&SdEdkifonf
Win-Win (tm;vHk;Edkif) tajz atmifjrif&&Sda&;
tjiif;yGm;rIwpfckwGif tm;vHk;twGuftajz&&Sd&ef aqmif&Guf&mwGif rdrdNydKifzufudk jyóem ajz&Sif;
ay;rnfh rdwfzuftjzpf pOf;pm;jcif;onf aumif;aom r[mAsL[m wpfckjzpfonf/ tjiif;yGm;rI jzpfaeMuaom
yg0ifywfoufolrsm;Mum; aphpyfnd§EIdif;&mwGif atmufygjzpfpOf (vkyfief;pOf) wdkYudk oHk;Edkifonf/
1/ ]]½Icif;wpfckzefwD;yg vlwdkif;twGuftvkyfjzpfaeaom enf;vrf;wpfck&SmMupdkU}}
2/ vdktyfcsufrsm;? &vm'frsm;ay:rlwnfí jyóemudk t"dyÜg,fowfrSwfyg/ rlvjyóemESihf wpfOD;csif;
vdktyfcsufudk t"dyÜg,fowfrSwf az:xkwfyg? arQmfrSef;onfh &vm'fvnf; owfrSwfyg/
3/ jzpfEdkifaom tajz&&Sda&;twGuf brainstorm (pkaygif;ítBudwfte,faqG;aEG;tajz&Sm) vkyfyg/
4/ &&Sdvmaom tajzrsm;udk tuJjzwfyg/
5/ &&Sdvmaom tajzrsm;udka&G;cs,fyg/
6/ rdrdrnfodkY ta&;,laqmif&Guf&rnfudk pDrHcsufqGJyg/
7/ &&Sdaom&vm'frsm;udk tuJjzwfyg/
tjiif;yGm;rI pDrHcefYcGJa&;enf;pepfrsm;
• tMuHay;jcif; udk tqdkjyKcsuftpm; tokH;jyKjcif;onf ydkíaysmhajymif;í jyKvG,fjyifvG,faom
oabmaqmifí oabmwlnDrI&&Sdapaom tawG;tac:rsm;udktm;ay;onf/ (]]'Dtwdkif;vkyfzdk Y
vdktyfonf}} udk roHk;&ef? ]]'Dvkdenf;vrf;rsdK;udkoHk;&ifaum b,fvdkvJ}} pum;udk oHk;&ef Oyrm)
• jywfom;pGmwJhwdk;ajymyg &efvdkonfhykH? odkYr[kwf pdwf0ifpm;rIr&Sdaom bmrSrvkyfaom yHkpH r[kwf/
tajctaeay:rlwnfí &ifxJcHpm;csufudk azmfjyonf/ jywfom;aom tjyKtrIonf pdwfqdk;jcif;?
&efvdkjcif;ESihf &ifqdkif&onfhtcgwGif wefjyefjcif;r[kwfbJ wkefYjyefjcif;yHkudkaqmifonf/ (Oyrm -
]ig[m'Dae&mrSrefae*smyJ}} rajym&ef ]]'Dudp öudktpuae uRefawmfwdkY jyefpOf;pm;oifhw,f}} ajym&ef)
• oif? rif;? cifAsm;? (you) toHk;EIef;udk a&Smifyg/
uRefawmfESifYuRefawmfwdkY (]]oifwdkY? cifrsm;wkdU}}roHk;&yg) toHk;tEIef;rSm yk*d¾Kvfa&;t& tjypfwifjcif;
oabmraqmif[k jrifMuonf/ xdkdYaMumifh ]oif? cifrsm;} ]oifwkdU? cifrsm;wdkY} pum;vHk;udk
a&Smifjcif;jzifh txdrcHaom ESpfOD;ESpfzuf tusdK;&Sdaomudpörsm; taxmufuljyKEdkifonf/ (Oyrm - ]
oif? cifrsm;} ]oifwkdU? cifrsm;wdkY} rSm;w,fudk roHk;&yg/ ]]uRefawmfwkdU tjcm;enf;vrf;wpfckudk
oHk;oifhw,fvdkY uRefawmfxifw,f}} udk oHk;yg/)
• wefjyefrIrsm;udk BudKwifwGufqyg tjiif;yGm;rItwGuf BudKwifjyifqifpDrHyg/ (Oyrm-cifAsm; tvkyf
odyfrsm;wm uRefawmfodygw,f/ 'gayrJh 'Dudp örSm cifAsm;&J tultnDudk uRefawmftrSefoHk;&ygr,f}})
tjcm;olwpfOD;udk cHpm;csufESihfol\ wefjyefaqmif&Gufcsufudk BudKwifcefYrSef;pOf;pm;jcif;onf
tjyKoabmqefaom ywf0ef;usifudk zefwD;ay;í xdkolxHrS tjyKoabmqefaom wHkjyefrI &&Sd
Edkifonf/
• tjcm;ol\ tusdK;pD;yGm;udkpOf;pm;yg/ þenf;jzifh taMumif;t&mESihf wdkuf½dkufoufqdkifaom
pum;udk oifajymjzpfrnf/ (]]'Dudpö[muRefawmfwdkYtwGuf jyóemygyJ cifAsm;twGuf jyóem
r[kwfygbl;? 'gayrJh rSefuefwJhtajz&&if cifAsm;udkvJ taxmufuljyKrSmyg}})
• wkefYjyefrIrsm;udk todtrSwfjyKyg udk,ftrlt&m? tjyKtrlrSwqifhodEdkifonf/ (uRefawmfawGUwm
uawmh cifAsm;[m'DcsOf;uyfrIudk odyftxifrBuD;bl;? 'gaMumifh uRefawmfwdkY qufajymMu&atmif}})
• uefYowfcsufxm;yg/ (Zmwf0ifcef;wpfcktwGufuefYowfcsufxm;yg) wm0efcHrIudk &Sif;vif; jywfom;
ap&ef? qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfa&;twGuf uefYowfxm;yg/ OD;pm;ay;csufrsm;udk&Sif;vif;pGmodap&ef
uefYowfxm;jcif;onf toHk;0ifygonf/ txl;ojzihf tzGJUtpnf;tmPmESihf ywfouf vmvQif
qHk;jzwfcsufonf oif\qHk;jzwfcsuf r[kwfaMumif; odap&ef/ (Oyrm - uRefawmhfudk wevFmaeY
avmufay;yg? okdYr[kwf ]]tcsuftvuf udef;*Pef;awGudk ESpfukefrSm |meuvdktyfygw,f}})
txufaz:jyygtcsufrsm;teuf yxr (6) csufrSm &ifwGif;cHpm; wkefYjyefcsuf rsm;udk ydkíaysmhajymif;
nifomaom wkefYjyefcsufrsm;odkY ajymif;vJay;&ef ta&;BuD;onfudk azmfjyonf/ tjiif;yGm;rItajcaersdK;wGif
vlwdkif;onf rdrd\ udk,fydkiftjrif? cHpm;csuf jyif;xefaom cHpm;rI&SdMuí ,if;wdkYay:rlwnfí tjcm;olrsm;udk
wkefYjyefMuonf/ EAFM jzpfpOfudk pDrHcefYcGJolwdkYtaejzifh rdrdwdkYESihf tjcm;yg0if ywfoufrIrsm;wdkY\ tusdK;pD;yGm;
ay:rlwnfí yk*¾dKvfa&; cHpm;csufwdkYudk tvG,fwul owdjyKod&Sd&efvdktyfonf/ þudpöonf ,cktcgwGif
cufcJvdrfhrnf odkY&mwGifpDrHcefYcGJrIudk ydkíxda&mufaprnfh t&mjzpfonf/
wJhwdk;bGif;bGif;ajymqdkqufoG,fjcif; o½kyfvu©Pmrsm;
wJhwkd;ajymqdkjcif;onf ½dk;&m,Ofaus;rtI ay:rlwnfonf/ tcsdKYEdkifiHwGif vufcHMurnfjzpfaomfvnf;
tm&S-ypdzdwfa'otcsdKYwGif ½dkif;pdkif;onf? roifhavsmf[kxifrSwfMurnf/ EAFM aqmif&Guf&mwGif oufqdkif&m
a'o\ ½dk;&m,Ofaus;rI vdkufavsmnDaxGvkyf&ef vdktyfaom o½kyfvu©Pmrsm;udk atmufwGifaz:jyygonf/
• pum;ajym&mwGif wdkíwdkuf½kdufjzpfaom 0gusudkoHk;yg/
• pum;ajym&mwGif ]]uRefawmfxifw,f}} ]]uRefawmf,HkMunfw,f}} ]]uRefawmfh&JU tBuHnmPfuawmh }}
pojzifh awG;ac: wm0ef,lrIudk azmfjy&rnf /
• tjcm;olrsm;pum;ajym&mwGif raocsmra&m&mrIawGY&ygu olwdkY\ajymqdkcsufrsm;udk &Sif;&Sif;ajym&ef
wdkufwGef;yg/
• jzpf&yfrsm;udk wduspGmaz:jy&ef (csJUxGifjcif;? vSyatmifwefqmqifjcif;? rSm;,Gif; yHkyef; ysufatmif
az:jyjcif;rjyKvkyf&/
• rsufvHk;csif; wdkuf½dkufMunfhíajymqdkyg/ (tcsdKU,Ofaus;rIwGifomoHk;Edkif Oyrm - taemufEdkifiH
,Ofaus;rIwGif oHk;onf )
EAFM pDrHcefYcGJol (refae*smrsm;) twGuf tMuHay;pum;rsm;
• ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,follrsm;ESihf n§ dEdIif;wdkifyifí &nfrSef;csuftwGuf oabmwlnDrI &,lyg/ tm;vHk;onf FMU \ tjrif (us,fjyefYaomyef;wdkif) tay: rQa0Ekdifatmif aqmif&Gufyg/
• tjiif;yGm;rI enf;ap&ef wm0ef,lrIESihf t&if;tjrpf&ydkifcGifhwdkYudk aocsmpGmcGJa0yg/ &nfrSef;csufwlí
ig;t&if;tjrpfwpfckwnf;ay: rQa0&aomolwdkYonf wpfOD;ESihfwpfOD; NydKifqdkifMuvdrfhrnf/
ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,follrsm;udk taxmuftul &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESihftwl tjcm;olrsm;ESihf yl;aygif;
aqmif&Guf tm;ay;yg? ulnDyg/
• |metoD;oD;ESihf tzGJUtoD;oD;qufoG,frIESifh tjyeftvSefESD;EG,frI tcGifhtvrf;rsm;&&efzefwD;yg/
þenf;jzifh tcuftcJrsm; ay:vmonfhtcgwGif onf;cHjcif;? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;wdkYudk axmuful
tm;ay;vdrfhrnf/
• taxmufuljyK yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif; tvkyfudkwefbdk;xm;aom 0efxrf;rsm;? rdwfzuf rsm;udk
todtrSwfjyKyg/
vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsuf - Win – Win tajzta&;ygrSKu@&Sif;jy/
aqG;aEG;wdkifyif&efud&d,mrsm; - http://www.fao.org/fishery/eaf-net/topic/166247/en
tqifh 3.1 ESihf 3.2
&nfrSef;csufrsm;? tnTef;rsm;ESifY pHcsdefpHnTef;rSwfrsm;
Module 13
oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufrsm;
• pDrHcefYcGJrI &nfrSef;csufrsm;csrSwf&ef/
• &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom tnTef;rsm;ESihf pHcsdefpHnTef;rSwfrsm; csrSwf&ef
oifcef;pmtay:NcHKiHkoHk;oyfjcif;
þtcef;wGif pDrHceYfcGJrI&nf&G,fcsufzGHUjzdK;vm&efeSifh ,if;rSwqifhtnTef;rsm;eSifh pHnTef;rsm;udk zGHUjzdK; vm&ef
ta&;juD;aomtcsufrsm;tm; azmfjyxm;onf/ tnTef;rsm;twGuf owif;tcsuftvuf vdktyf csuftm;
tusOf;csKyfaqG;aeG;xm;jcif;ESifh xdkuJYodkY ta&;BuD;aom vkyfief;rsm;wGif ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folrsm; yg0if
aqmif&GufrI ta&;BuD;aMumif;udk tusOf;csKyfjzifh xyfrH az:jy xm;onf/
ed'gef;
EAFM tpdwfydkif;wpfckpDtwGuf FMU yef;wdkifrsm;azmfxkwfjyD;onfhaemufwGif jyomemrsm;tm; wdkuf½dkuf
0ifa&mufajz&Sif;&ef vdktyfygonf/ aemuftqifhwGif pDrHcefUcGJrSk pepfwckzGHhjzdK;vm&ef jzpfjyD; 4if;onf
atmifjrifaom &vm'frsm;jzpfvmrnf jzpfonf/ ig;vkyfief;\ jyóemwpfckpDtwGuf rnfonfht&m
atmifjrifedkifon?f &nf&G,fcsufatmifjrifrSk &Sd r&Sdtm; rnfonfht&mESifh wdkif;wmedkifonf/ rnfonfhpDrHcefYcGJrSk
vkyfaqmifcsuftm; toHk;jyK&rnf ponfwdkhtm; &Sif;vif;pGm qkH;jzwf&ef vdkygonf/
yxrOD;qHk;jyKvkyf&rnfht&monf tEÅ&m,f rsm;aom (jrifhrm;aom toufarG;rSkrsm; ^jrifhrm;aom
oufa&mufrIrsm;) jyóemrsm;twGuf &nfrSef;csufrsm; zGHUjzdK;vm&efjzpfonf/ xdk&nf&G,fcsufrsm;onf
&Sif;vif;jywfom;jcif;? wdkif;wmEdkifjcif; eSifh jrifhrm;aomtqifh&Sd yef;wdkifrsm;ESifh wpfck(odkY) r[kwf wpfckxufydk
íwdkuff½dkufcsdwfqufrI&Sd&rnfjzpfonf/ þt&mrsm;onf pDrHcefYcGJrI &nf&G,fcsufrsm;jzpfjyD; EAFM pDrHcsufwGif
yg0ifonfh tESpfom&jzpfonf/ tcsdKYaom tv,ftvwf pGefUpm;rSK jyomemrsm;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyf&ef
tpDtpOfeSifh tcsdKUaomta&;ay: tpDtpOfwdkhtwGuf owfrSwf az:xkwfEdkifaom enf;vrf; wpfck&Sd&ef
vdktyfonf/ tenf;i,faom pGefUpm;rSk jyomemrsm;onfvnf; pDrHcsufwGif rSwfom;&rnfjzpfjyD; 4if;wdkhonf
rnfonfhtwGufajumifh tenf;i,faom pGefhpm;rSktjzpf pOf;pm;onftm; &Sif;jy&rnf jzpfonf/
3.1 pDrHcefYcGJrI\&nfrSef;csufrsm;
tjrihfqHk;OD;pm;ay;jyóemrsm;udk toHk;jyKjcif;enf;vrf;tm; Step 2.2 wGif az:xkwfcJhygonf/ 4if;
jyóemESihf wdkuf½dkufqufpyfjyD; &nf&G,fcsufrsm;csrSwf&ef cufcJrnfr[kwfyg/ &nfrSef;csufwGif rnfonfh
t&monf atmifjrifedkifvdrfhrnftm; azmfjy&efvdkonf/ Oyrm - ]]yifv,fvdyfrsm;tay: tusdK;oufa&mufrI
udk avsmhcsí yifv,fvdyfaumifa& tajctaewdk;yGm;vmrItwGuf tajctaewdk;wufaumif;&ef jzpfonf/
ig;vkyfief;&yfeSD;eG,folrsm; ywfoufolrsm;taejzifhvnf; &nf&G,fcsuf atmifjrifrSk&Sd r&Sd tm; rnfuJhodkh
0ifa&muf&rnfh enf;vrf;udk qef;ppf&efvdktyfonf/ 4if;wdkYtm; tnTGef;rsm;ESihfpHcsdefpHnTef;rsm; csrSwfjcif;jzifh
aqmif&GufEdkifonf/ (4if;wdkYtm; &nf&G,fcsuf trSwfrsm;[kvnf; ac:edkifjyD; ig;tkyfpktuJjzwfjcif;wGif
yg0ifonf/ vufawGUpkaqmif;xm;aom odkUr[kwf pkaqmif;Edkifaom tcsuftvufrsm;rS tnTef;rsm;udk
cefYrSef;&ef jzpfEdkifonf/ odkY&mwGif tcsuftvuftopf vdktyfaom tnTef;wpfcktm; z,f&Sm;jcif; rjyK&yg/
tnTef;rsm;ESifh pHcsdefpHnTef;rsm;onf &nf&G,fcsuf wpfckoabmwljyD;aemufrS zGHUjzdK;vmjcif; jzpfonf/ (Tool n 30 Oyrm)
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5
wdkuf½dkufywfoufaomar;cGef;rsm;
jyóemwpfckpDtwGuf atmufygqufpyf ar;cGef;rsm;udk jyKvkyfjcif;jzifh wdkuf½dkufpDrHcefYcGJ&rnf/
1/ þjyóemESihfqufpyfaom pDrHcefYcGJrI &nf&G,fcsufrsm;rSm tb,fenf; eSifh þjyóemudk
atmifjrifpGmajz&Sif;&ef ig;vkyfief;taejzifh aocsmpGmjudk;pm;tm;xkwfoifhonf rSm
tb,fenf;/
2/ þjyóemtwGuf &nf&G,fcsufrsm;onf wpfckESihfwpfck uGJvGJrSk&Sd aeygovm;/ þodkYjzpfvQif
rnfonfudk OD;pm;ay;rnfenf;/
3/ &nf&G,fcsufrsm;tay: ig;vkyfief;&yfeSD;eG,folwdkY oabmwl nDrSk&Sdygovm;/
4/ jyomemtwGuf oabmwlowfrSwfxm;aom &nf&G,fcsufrsm; eSifh &&Sdvmaom&vm'frsm;onf
tqifhjrifhyef;wdkifrsm;? tjcm;rl0g'rsm;? pmcsKyfrsm;? Oya'rsm;ponfwdkYESihf udkufnD rSk&Sdygovm;/
t"duvkyfaqmif&rnfYcsufrsm;
• jyóemwpfckpDtwGuf wdkuf&dkuf pDrHcefYcGJrI vdktyfjcif;? jzpfedkfifajc&Sdaom pDrHcefUcGJrSk&nf&G,fcsuf rsm;udk
az:xkwfjcif;/
• jyóemwpfcktwGuf pDrHcefYcGJrSk &nf&G,fcsuf wpfckxufydkygu ,if;wdkY\ta&;juD;onfh tqifh
tvdkuf odkYr[kwf qufpyfaeonfh OD;pm;ay; tqifhtvdkuf qHk;jzwfyg/
• 4if;wdkhonf oifhavsmfjcif;? jzpfedkifajc&Sdjcif;wdkhty: rlwnfjyD; ig;vkyfief;eSifh eSD;eG,folrsm;\
tBuHOmPfeSif tm;xkwfrSktm; &,lyg/ vufawGUusrusodEdkif&ef yg0ifywfoufolwdkY\ tMuHOmPfESifh
tm;xkwfrIwdkYudk&,lyg/
• tqifhjrifh&nf&G,fcsufrsm;? Oya'rsm;(odkh) rl0g'rsm;ESihfudkufnDrI&Sdap&ef pDrHcefYcGJrI&nf&G,f csufrsm;udk
jyefvnfoHk;oyfyg/
• pDrHcefYcGJrIpepf zGYHNzdK;wdk;wufvm&eftwGuf tokH;jyK az:aqmifrnfhpDrHcefYcGJa&; &nf&G,fcsufrsm;tm;
aocsmatmif jyKvkyfyg/
EAFM pDrHcsufwpfckwGif jyóemrsm;udk oD;oefYcGJxkwfEdkifygu pDrHcefYcGJrI vkyfaqmifcsufeSifh 0ifa&muf
pGufzuf rSkrsm;pwif&ef vG,fulvdrfhrnf/ Oyrm - us,fjyefYaom &nf&G,fcsuf twGif;wGif
]]tvGeftuRHzrf;qD;jcif;udk a&SmifusOfjcif;? a&&Snfig;&&Sda&;xdef;odrf;jcif;jzifh pD;yGm;jzpf ig;rsdK;pdwfrsm;udk
a*[aA' t& &SifoefEdkifaom ig;tkyfpktjzpf pDrHcefYcGJ&ef jzpfonf/}}
pDrHcefUcGJrSkrsm;eSifhqufpyfjyD; &nf&G,fcsuf(2)ck&Sdonf/
OcsrnfhrsdK;ig;rsm; pkaqmif;jcif;onf ]]ig;jyefvnfwdk;yGm; vmrnfhtajcaeudk xdcdkufysufpD;aponfhtwGuf
umuG,fwm;qD;&ef}} ESihf
]]t&G,fra&mufao;onfh ig;i,frsm; zrf;qD;jcif;udk enf;EdkiforQ enf;atmif avsmhcs&ef}} wdkYjzpfonf/
wpfcgwpf&H tnTef;rsm;? pHcsdefpHnTef;rsm;eSifh qufEG,fjyD; raz:xkwfEdkifygu pDrHcefYcGJrI &nf&G,fcsuf
rsm;udk csrSwf&efcufcJygojzifh tqkdygtcsufrsm;tm; wpfpkwpfpnf;tjzpf pOf;pm;ygu ydkaumif;onf/
xdkYaMumifh &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESihf qufEG,faom tnTef;rsm;? pHcsdefpHnTef;rsm;udk twlwuG pOf;pm;aqmif&Guf&ef
vdktyfonf/
3.2. tñTef;rsm;ESifh pHcsdefpHñTef;trSwfrsm;
yg0ifywfoufolrsm;taejzihf &nf&G,fcsufrsm; atmifjrifonf ratmifjrifonfudk qef;ppf&rnfh
enf;vrf;tm; qHk;jzwf&onf/ þodkYaqmif&GufEdkif&ef tñ Tef;rsm;? pHcsdefpHñ Tef;trSwfrsm; csrSwfí pDrHcefYcGJonhf
vkyfaqmifrSKtm; wdkif;wmjcif;jzifh pDrHcefYcGJrSKonf &nf&G,fcsuftwdkif; aygufa&mufonf raygufa&muf
onfudk qHk;jzwfedkiffonf/
tñTef;wpfckqdkonfrSm tb,fenf;/
tñ Tef;onf tcsdefumvwpfcktwGif; tcsufwpfck\ (trSwfwpfck) &Sd vuf&Sdtajctaetm;
wdkif;wmjcif;jzpfonf/ (Oyrm - tylcsdef? 'Da&awmrsm;\{&d,mrsm;ponf)/
tñ Tef;rsm;onf oyf,yfpepfus SMART jzpf&efvdkonf/
• Specific (wdusaomtajctae? ta&twGuf? t&nftcsif;? tcsdefudk owfrSwfrSk)
• Measurable (wdkif;wmEdkifaomtajctae? Oyrm - vufcHEdkifonfh ukefusp&dwf twGif;
"r®"d|mefus rSefuefajumif; twnfjyKEdkifjcif;)/
• Available (&&SdEdkifaom tajctae? - vuf&Sdowif; t&if;tjrpfrSvnf;aumif;? odkYr[kwf
usdK;ajumif; qDavsmfaom tweftoihf tm;xkwf,lrSKrSvnf;aumif; &Edkifonf)/
• Relevant (qufpyfoufqdkiffaomtajctae? &nf&G,fcsufrsm;odkh ajymif;vJrSkwdkhudk
xdcdkfufaom tajctae )/
• Timely (tcsdefrDjzpfaomtajctae? pDrHcefYcGJ&eftoHk;0ifrSK&SdyHkudk aocsmap&ef)/
tñ Tef;qdkonfrSm wkduf&dkufwdkif;wmonfY ig;vkyfief;\ tcsdKU t&nftaoG;jzpfaom ta&twGuf (odkh)
t&nftaoG;wdkif;wmjcif; jzpfEdkifonf/ (Oyrm - GPS vrf;aMumif;udktoHk;csí '&GwfwdkufydkufqGJcJhonhf
{&d,m&Sd tyif(odkY) ouf&Sdobm00ef;usif &mcdkifESKef;) rdk',fyHkpHwpfckudk toHk;csí cefUrSef;jcif;vnf;jzpfonf/
(Oyrm - ig;tkyfpk qef;ppftuJjzwfonhf rdk',fyHkpHudktoHk;csí ig;ZD0xkxnfudkcefYrSef;jcif;) oG,f0dkuf
wdkif;wmjcif; (Oyrm - ig;\ZD0xkxnfudkf wdkif;wm&ef wpfqihfcHtpm;xdk;pepfjzpfaom ig;zrf;rdrSkESKef;udk
wdkif;wmjcif;)? (odkY) qifjcifokH;oyf aumufcsufcsjcif; (Oyrm - tzGJUpnf;rsm;Mum; yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrSK eSifh
nSdeSdkif;rSk\ tñ Tef;wpfckjzpfonfh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufonfh tpnf;ta0; ta&twGufonf tBudrfaygif;
rnfrQ usif;ycJhonfudk jyefpdppjfcif;)
pDrHcefYcGJrSKwpfckwnf;\ &nf&G,fcsuf taumiftxnfazmfrSKudk apmihfMuyfjunfh&Sk&ef tñ Tef;
wpfckxufydkí oHk;Edkifonf/ (Oyrm - ig;vkyfief;udktajccHjcif;ESihf ig;vkyfief;udk tajcrcHaom? ig;ZD0xkxnf
yrmP wdkif;wmcefYrSef;jcif;udpö)/ þenf;rsm;jzihf rnfonhft&mrS rSefuef wdusonf[k ,lqír&aom
tajctaersdK;wGif rdrdudk,f ,HkMunfrSKudkwdk;aponf/ odkYaomfvnf; rwlnD uGJjym;aom tajzay:rlwnfí
pkaygif;oabmwl t"dyÜm,fowfrSwfcJhjuonfh pDrHcefYcGJrSKaqmif&Gufcsufukd tuJjzwf&efvdkonf/
yg0ifaqmif&Gufjcif; vlxktajcjyKapmifjuyfjunf&Skjcif;onf oifhavsmfaom tnGef;rsm; zGHUjzdK;&efESifh
apmifhjuyfjunf&Sk&ef tokH;jyKedkifonfh 4if;onf a'wmtvdkuf pkaqmif;cJhonfh a'wmtay: tajccH
xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ þenf;onf EAFM zGHUjzdK;&eftwGuf pDrHcefUcGJrSk &nf&G,fcsufrsm;qDodkY oGm;aeonfh
wdk;wufrSkudk wdkif;wm&ef vufawGU usjcif;eSifh tukeftus oufomaom enf;vrf;wpfcktjzpf axmufyHh
ay;edkifonf/ a'ocHrsm; yl;aygif;yg0ifaom apmihfMuyfMunhf½SKjcif;udpöudk EAFM vkyfief; pOfwGif xnhfoGif;&ef
tao;pdwfenf;vrf; rsm;udk EAF-net website wGif Munhf½SKEdkifonf/ (Activity 3.2 and Tool n. 38)
tEÅ&m,fenf;onhf tajctaersdK; (trSm;t,Gif;enf;edkifonhf tajctaersdK;) wGif tMurf;xnf
tñ Tef;rsm;ESihf vHkavmufonf/ tñ Tef;rsm;udk a&G;cs,f&mwGif ½SKyfaxG;rSKtqihfESihf pDrHcefYcGJrSKvkyfaqmifcsufwGif
owdjyK&rnhfoabm obm0wdkYudkvnf;pOf;pm;&rnf/ tEÅ&m,frsm; jzpfEdkifacsrsm;aomtcgwGif vnf;aumif;
(odkU) pDrHcefYcGJrSKudkydkí wGef;wGef;wdkufwdkuf vkyf&aomtcgrsdK;wGif vnf;aumif;? ydkícdkifrm wdusaom
tñ Tef;rsm; vdktyfvdrfhrnf/ tjcm;a&G;cs,f&ef enf;vrf;wpfckrSm oifhavsmfovdk vdkwdk;ydkavsmhrSKukdvkyfjcif;jzihf
vufcHEdkifaom vkyfaqmifcsuf tuefYtowftxd aqmif&Guf&ef jzpfjyD; pDrHcefYcGJrSKudk ydkíowdxm;
aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf/
qufpyfaomar;cGef;rsm;
(1)/ tñ Tef;wpfckudktoHk;jyKaeNyD;vm;?/
(2)/ rnfonhf tñ Tef; tqihfudk &nf&G,fcsuftwGuf vufcHEdkifonhf vkyfaqmifcsuf[k
owfrSwf&rnfenf;eSifh tb,faMumihfenf;/
(3)/ tñ Tef;ESihf ESihf qufEG,faom pHcsdefpHñ Tef;ig;vkyfief;ESihfywf oufaom tEÅ&m,fo&kyf (2) ckudk
udkufnDap&ef rnfuJhodkUwdus cdkifrm&efvdktyfygoenf;/
(4)/ tñ Tef;wdkif;wm&ef rnfonhft&if;tjrpf (ig;) rsm; &&SdEdkifygoenf;/
(5)/ ydkrdkcdkifrmaom tñ Tef;&&Sda&;twGuf ukefusrnhf tydkukefusp&dwfESihf xdkufwefyg ovm;?/
(6)/ tñ Tef;pepfudk vdktyfonhftcsdefumv wpfcktxdxdef;&ef? t&if;tjrpf (ig;) tvHktavmuf
&Sdygovm;/ tqkdjyKxm;aom tñTef;rsm;onf apmifhMuyfMunfU½SKonhf tajctae? tuJcwf
wefbdk;jzwfEdkifonfh pGrf;&nftajctae ponfwdkUeSifh udkufnD ygovm;/
(7)/ tñ Tef;? pHcsdefpHñ Tef; pDrHcefYcGJrSKpepfudk rnfonhftqihftxd wdusaom w&m;0ifyHkpH jzpfap&ef
vkyf&rnfenf;/
(8)/ xdef;csKyfaom Oya'pnf;urf;rsm;xkwf&ef oihfavsmfygvm;?/
t"duvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;
• pDrHcefYcGJrSK&nf&G,fcsufwpfckpDtwGuf aqmif&GufrSKudk wdkif;wm&ef jzpfEdkifaom tñTef;rsm;udk azmfxkwf
owfrSwfyg/
• vdktyfaomwdus rSefuefrSK tqihftay: oabmwlnDrSK&,lyg/
• owif;tcsuftvuf &&SdEdkifrSKtajctaeudk jyefoHk;oyfyg/ 4if;wdkUESifh qufEG,fjyD; tcsuftvuf
raocsmpGm &xm;ygu jzpfedkfifajc&Sdaom tñ Tef;wpfcktwGuf qufEG,faom ukefusp&dwfudk jyefoHk;
oyfyg/
• a&G;cs,frSKrsm;teuf tukeftusoufomqHk;udk qHk;jzwfyg/
• tñTef;\raocsm ra&&mrSKtqihfaMumihf rnfonfht&mu vufcHEdkifonf vufrcHEdkifonfh
aqmif&Gufcsuf jzpfrnftm; qHk;jzwfyg/
• tu,fí &nfrSef;csuftwGuf tñTef;wpfckxufydkí oHk;&rnfqdkygu aemufqHk;&vm'f&&Sd&ef twGuf
,if;tñTef;rsm; rnfodkYyl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&rnfudk qHk;jzwfyg/
• vufawGUtm;jzihf vuf&Sdpkaqmif;xm;aom tcsuftvufrS tnGef;rsm;tm; cefhrSef;&ef jzpfedkifonf/
pHcsdefpHñTef;trSwf (benchmark) qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;/
tvG,fwulajym&vQif pHcsdefpHñ Tef;trSwfqdkonfrSm oifb,fudkoGm;vdkovJ (OD;wnfcsuf? ypfrSwf)?
b,fuvmovJ (tajccHtcsufvuf)? oifb,fudka&mufvdk ovJ (tuefYowf) ponfwdkUtm; azmfjyjcif;
jzpfonf/
pHcsdeftrSwfqdkonfrSm wcgw&HOD;wnfcsufrsm; jzpfjyD; tñTef;\ vdktyfaom tajctae[k
owfrSwfonf/ (Oyrm – MPA wckatmuf&Sd {&d,m\ 20%) (odkYr[kwf)vkyfief;vnfywf&ef e,fedrdwf
uefYowfxm;aom tuefhtowf odkUr[kwf uefYowfcsufrausmfvGef&aom tajctae (Oyrm - vuf&Sdig;
zrf;&eftm;xkwfrSK\ 50%)/ ig;vkyfief;oHk; pum;&yfwGif benchmark udk target (OD;wnfcsuff) ESihf
uefYowfcsuftrSwf[k ac:avh&Sdonf/
owfrSwfxm;aom pHñ Tef;rSwfudk a&mufonfhtcg? (odkU) ausmfvGefonhftcgwGif wdusaom ta&;,l rSKeSifh
oifhwifYavsmufywfaom tqihfwpfckudk owfrSwfvsuf judkwifumuG,frSk enf;vrf;udk toHk;jyKí
pHcsdefpHñ Tef;rsm;udk owfrSwf&ef? tNrJvdktyfonf/
pDrHcefYcGJrSKvkyfaqmifcsufudkwdkif;wmjcif;
tñ Tef; (indicator) ESihf twl pHcsdefpHñTef;trSwf (benchmark) (Oyrm - ypfrSwf? tajccHtcsuf?
uefYowfcsuf) udk ESKdif;,SOfjcif;jzihf pDrHcefYcGJrSK rnfrQxda&mufrSK&Sdonfudk wdkif;wmEdkifjcif;jzpfonf/ (tcef; 17?
tqifY 5/ [Figure 13.1] )
yHk- 13.1/ pDrHcefYcGJrSKvkyfaqmifcsufudkwdkif;wmjcif;
tñ Tef;wpfck\ OD;wnf&monf pHñ Tef;trSwf (2) ck (ypfrSwfESihfuefYowfcsuf) ESihf qefYusifajumif;
azmfjyxm;onf/
tpdrf;a&mifonf vdkvm;tyfaomtajz (ypfrSwftxuf)? vdar®mfa&mifonf twefoihf vdkvm;
tyfaomtajz (ypfrSwfatmuf odkY&mwGif uefowfcsuftxuf)? teDa&mifonf rvdkvm; tyfaom
tajzjzpfonf/
tñTef;rsm;twGuf vdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;
vdktyfaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm; udk tcef; 10? tqifY 1.3 FMU e,fy,ftwdkif;twm wGif
aqG;aeG;azmfjyxm;onf/ tñTef;rsm;ESihf apmihfMuyfMunhf½SK&ef vdkaom owif;csuftvufrsm;udk wlnDpGm
xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;Edkifonf/ tñ Tef;rsm;udka&G;cs,fjcif;jzifh owif;tcsuftvuf vdktyfcsufrsm;udk taxmuf
tul jzpfaponf/ xdkYaMumifh FMU \ tpdwftydkif; (3) ckESihf ywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;
vdktyfonf/ owif;tcsuftvufpkaqmif;&ef yl;aygif;csOf;uyfrSKrsdK;udk tm;ay;jyD; tcsuftvuftopf
rsm;pkaqmif;&ef vdktyfvdrhfrnf/
qufpyffaomar;cGef;rsm;
1/ tnTef; (rsm;)udk wdkif;wm&ef rnfolwm0ef&Sdoenf;
2/ owif;tcsuftvufrsm; (topf odkYr[kwf vuf&Sd) rnfonfhae&m rSvmygoenf;/
3/ topfjzpfygu rnfonfYenf;udk toHk;jyKrnfenf;
owif;tcsuftvufrsm; w&m;0ifjzpf&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;onf aumif;aomtavhtusihf jzpfonf/
txl;ojzihf trsdK;tpm;rwlaom t&nftaoG;eSifh ta&twGufyg OD;wnfaom tcsuftvuf pkaqmif;
onfh enf;pepf t&if;tjrpfrsm; aygif;pD;jcif;jykKvkyfoifhonf/ þenf;jzihf bmom&yftwGuf ydkí jynfhpHkaom
cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmrSKudk &&Sdaprnf/ þenf;jzihf bmom&yf\ tuJcwfwefbdk;jzwfjcif;tm; ydkjynfhpkHapedkifonf/
4if;tjyif weffzdk;jzwf aumufcsufjcjcif;wGif ,kHjunfrSk wdk;edkifjcif;eSifh axmufcHcsufrsm;tay: ,HkMunfrSK
ydkvmaponf/
yl;aygif;apmifhMuyfMunhf½SKjcif;ESihf tuJcwfwefbdk;jzwfjcif; (M&E)
jzpfedkifonfrSm yl;aygif;apmihfMuyfMunfh½SKjcif;ESihf tuJcwfwefbdk;jzwfjcif; (M&E) udk tñTef;rsm;
apmihfMuyfMunhf½SKjcif;eSifh tcsuftvufrsm; pkaqmif;&ef tokH;jyk&rnf/ yl;aygif; M&E qdkonfrSm rnfolu
ajymif;vJrSKudkwdkif;wmonf? rnfolutusdK;tjrwf&&Sdonf? pdk;&drfylyefrSKudk nSdeSkif;onf ponfwdkUtm;
t"duxm;onf/ tnGefl;rsm; pHcsdefpHñ Tef;rSwf\ ypfrSwfESihf uefYowfcsufudkk rnfokdYwdkif;wmrnftm;
owfrSwfjcif; jzpfonf/ tuJcwfwefbkd;jzwfonfh M&E tzGJU\ zGJUpnf;yHkESifh t&nftcsif;onf tvGef
ta&;BuD;onf/ owdjyK&rnhftcsufrSm tuJcwfwefbdk;jzwfonfh M&E tzGJUonf EAFM tzGJUESihf
wpfckwnf;odkYr[kwf uGJjym;Edkifonf/
vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsuf - a&G;cs,fxm;aom OD;pm;ay;jyóemrsm;twGuf pDrHcefYcGJrSK&nf&G,fcsufrsm;?
tnTef;rsm;ESihf pHcsdefpHnTef;rSwfrsm;udkzGHYNzdK;&ef jzpfygonf/
EAFM pDrHcsuf wckvkH;\ tpdwftydkif;wpfcktaejzihf &nf&G,fcsufrsm;? tñ Tef;rsm;? pHcsdefpHñ Tef; rSwfwdkYudk
EAFM \ tydkif; (5) wGif atmufygacgif;pOfrsm; atmufwGif &Sdonfh twdkif; EAFM \ tydkif; (5) wGif
xnhfoGif; Edkifonf/
5 / &nfrSef;csufrsm;? tnTef;rsm;? pHcsdefpHnTef;rSwfrsm;
ig;vkyfief;OD;pm;ay;jyóemrsm;? &nfrSefcsufrsm;ESifY pHcsdefpHnTef;rSwfrsm;wGif atmufygu@wdkY yg0ifonf
• ig;vkyfief;t&if;tjrpfrsm;
• ywf0ef;usif (r&nf&G,fbJ zrf;rdig;rsm;? ig;aeig;xdkifrsm;? tpm;cHom;aumifrsm;?
• vlrSKa&;
• pD;yGm;a&;
• pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;? pDrHcsufudk atmifjrifpGm taumifxnfaz:edKifaompGrf;&nf/
tqihf 3.3? 3.4 ESihf 3.5
pDrHcefYcGJrSKvkyfief;rsm;? Oya'pnf;urf;vdkufemjcif;? b@ma&;ESihf
EAFM pDrHcsuftNyD; owfjcif;
Module 14
oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufrsm;
• pDrHcefYcGJrSKvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;tay: oabmwlnDrSK&,l&efESihf yg0ufywfoufolrsm;
Oya'pnf;urf;vdkufema&;udkaqmif&Guf&ef
• pDrHcsufwGif b@ma&;tpDtrHxnhfoGif;&ef
• tm;vHk;udk pkpnf; - EAFM pDrHcsufudktNyD;owf&ef
oifcef;pmtay: jcKHikHokH;oyfcsuf
þtcef;onf tqihf 3 (step 3) udk tqHk;owfonf/ pDrHcefYcGJrSKvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;tay: oabmwlnD?
rnfodkYoabmwlnD? &,lrnfudkazmfjyxm;onf/ txl;ojzifY oabmwlxm;aom vkyfaqmifcsuf rsm;tay:
vdkufem&ef txl;tm½Hkpdkufonf/ xkdYtjyif b@ma&;jyjyóem(udpö&yf)rsm;udk aqG;aEG;xm;NyD;? EAFM pDrHcsuf
rnfokdY tqHk;owf&rnfudk aqG;aEG; wifjyxm;onf/
ed'gef;
ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrSK vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;? tñTef;rsm;ESihf aqmif&Gufcsuftwdkif;twmrsm;udk csrSwf
NyD;aemuf tqihfwpfckrSm jyjyóemrsm;udkajz&Sif;&efESihf &nfrSef;csufrsm; aygufajrmuf&ef trsm;oabmwl
pDrHcefYcGJrSKvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk owfrSwfaqmif&Guf&ef jzpfonf/
3.3 (u) pDrHcefYcGJrSKvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;
vuf&Sdig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrSKwGif ig;o,HZmwt&if;tjrpfrsm; a&&SnftoHk;jyKEdkif&ef vlrsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJonhf
pepfay: tm½Hkpl;pdkufavh&Sdonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf toHk;jyKaom ig;zrf;ud&d,mrsm;udk xdef;csKyfaom
enf;pepfydkifqdkif&m ta&;,lrSKrsm;? Ocsaomig;tkyfpkrsm; umuG,f&ef ig;rzrf;& &moDowfrSwfjcif;rsm;wdkY
jzpfonf/ EAFM jyóemrsm;? &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk ydkrdkus,fjyefYpGm pOf;pm;aomaMumihf wdk;csJUaom pDrHcefYcGJrSK
vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; vdktyfygonf/
xdkYaMumihf EAFM \ pDrHcefYcGJrSKvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;wGif atmufygwdkY yg0ifrnfjzpfonf-(1) t"du xm;aom
ig;rsdK;pdwfrsm;twGuf pdk;&drfrSKrsm;udkajz&Sif;&ef orm;½dk;usig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrSK? (2) a*[pepf\ yHko@mefESihf
vkyfaqmifcsufudkwnfwHhatmif qufvufxdef;odrf;&ef? jyefvnfjyKpk ysdK;axmif&efESihf umuG,f xdef;odrf;&ef?
(3) vlom;rsm;\ vlrSKa&;? pD;yGm;a&;udpöudk OD;wnfaom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ESihf (4) tkyfcsKyfa&; jyóemrsm;udk
ajz&Sif;&efwdkYjzpfonf/
EAFM pDrHcefYcGJrSKvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;wGif atmufygvkyfief;rsm;yg0ifvdrhfrnf-
ig;aoausrSKudk ñ§ dESdKif;xdef;csKyfaom enf;pepfydkif;qdkif&m ta&;,lrSKrsm; (Oyrm - ig;zrf;ud&d,m
trsdK;pm;udkxdef;csKyfjcif;)
o txdtrdESifY oGif;tm;pkudk xdef;csKyfjcif;
- oGif;tm;pkxdef;csKyfjcif; (Oyrm - 0ifaygufuefYowfjcif;? (ig;zrf;vdkifpif uefYowfjcif;)?
zrf;EdkifpGrf;uefYowfjcif;? ig;zrf;ae&muefYowfjcif;? ig;zrf;ydkifcGifY? a&jyif toHk;cs ydkifcGihf)
- xkwfvkyfrSK xdef;csKyfjcif;? (Oyrm - pkpkaygif; cGifhjyKEdkifonfh xkwfvkyfedKifrnfY yrmP? Total
allowable Catch TAC) o ae&mtydkif;tjcm;tvdkuf toHk;jyKrSK xdef;csKyfjcif;? {&d,mxdef;csKyfjcif; (Oyrm-ig;zrf;{&d,m
ydwfjcif;? yifv,fjyifumuG,f {&d,mrsm; (MPA)? ig;vHk;0rzrf;& {&d,m)
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5
o tcsdefumvxdef;csKyfjcif; (Oyrm - &moDtvdkufig;zrf;cGihfydwfjcif;? Ocs&efvmaom ig;&pf
ig;rsm;udk umuG,fjcif;)
a*[pepfudk uRrf;usifpGmudkifwG,fjcif;/ (Oyrm-ig;aeig;xdkif jyKjyifjcif;? xkxnfyrmPudk
udkifwG,fxdef;csKyfjcif;? Oyrm � rsdK;pdkufxnfYí jyefvnfjyKpkysdK;axmifjcif;? 'Da&awmyifrsm;
pdkufysdK;jcif;? ig;tkyfpkwdk;yGm;&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;ESifh aumif;aomyrmPxdef;csKyf&ef a&G;cs,f
xm;&Sdjcif;)
a'otajczGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;
0ifaiG&SdonfYenf;vrf;yGm;rsm;apjcif; (Oyrm- tpm;xdk;ajymif;vJaqmif&GufedKifaom toufarG;rSK
twGuf uRr;fusifrSK)
vlwdkY\t&nftaoG;wdk;wufa&;
o ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJuRrf;usifjcif;
trsm;ESihftwl,SOfwGJvkyfudkifjcif;
o bufpHkyifv,furf;&dk;wef;Zkef pDrHcefYcGJjcif; (ICM) ? yifv,f{&d,mtvdkuf pDrHcsuf (MSP)?
ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mtzGJUtpnf; ponf/
pDrHcefYcGJrSKvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;twGuf yHkpHcGuf ]]work-in-program}} udk Manager's Toolbook Tool n. 33 udk
Munhfyg/ tpm;xdk; aqmif&GufedKifaomt oufarG;0rf;ausmif;\ pDrHcefYcGJrSK vkyfaqmifcsuf twGuf Tool n. 35
udk Munhfyg/
tcsdKUaom EAFM jyóemrsm;ESihf &nfrSef;csufrsm;rSm ig;vkyfief;tzGJUBuD;\ w&m;0if ñ TefMum;csufabmif
tjyif a&mufaevdrhfrnf/ þtajcaersdK;wGif EAFM onf tjcm;aom pDrHcefYcGJrSKu@rsm;ESihf qufpyf&ef
vdktyfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf urf;&dk;wef;a'o pDrHcefYcGJrSK? obm0tEÅ&m,favsmhcsjcif;? &moDOwk ajymif;vJrSK
tay: vdkufavsmnDaxGpGm aqmif&Gufjcif;wdkYjzpfonf/ EAFM pDrHcefYcGJrSK&nfrSef;csufrsm;ESihf udkufnDygu EAFM pDrHcefYcGJrSK r[mAsL[mrsm;rSwpfqihf aqmif&Gufaom vkyfief;rsm; yg0ifedKifygonf/ (Oyrm - ICM, MPA, MSP)?
xyfrHaqmif&Gufaeaomvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;
rsm;aomtm;jzihf oD;oefU&nfrSef;csufwpfcktwGuf pDrHcefYcGJrSK vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;pGm &Sdaeyvdrhfrnf/
pDrHcefYcGJrSKvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;\ pm&if;udk t"duyg0ifywfoufol tkyfpkrsm;ESihf oufqdkif&mtpdk;&Xmersm;\
tultnDjzihf OD;wnfxm;aom a'ocH rsm;ESihftwl yl;aygif;aqG;aEG;tBuHÓPf&,l (brain storm) &mrSwpfqihf
&,lEdkifonf/ jyóemjzpf&onfY taMumif;t&mrsm;udk avYvmonfYpepf (Problem-objectives Tree-Tool n. 28)
uJhodkYaom a'ocHrsm; yg0ifaom enf;pepfud&d,mudk toHk;csjcif;jzihf oD;oefYjyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&ef
vkyfaqmifcsuftwGuf tqdkjyK&ef a'ocHrsm;udk tm;ay;&rnf/ &nfrSef;csufwpfckpDtwGuf jzpfEdkifonhf
pDrHcefYcGJrSKvkyfaqmifcsufrsm; pm&if;udkjyKpk&ef vdktyfonf/ txl;ojzihf vkyfaqmifcsufwpfckcsif;\ vG,fulpGm
toHk;csvkyfaqmifEdkifrSK? atmifjrif&ef tvm;vm&SdrSK? wGufajcudkufrSKESihf ukefusp&dwfwdkYudk OD;pm;ay;
azmfjy&rnf/
&vm'fwpfckrSm &nfrSef;csufrsm;rcsrSwfyJ 0ifa&mufpGufzufonhf enf;udkomoHk;aom tjcm;aom
ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrSKESihf rwlnDuGJjym;jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumihf tb,faMumihf oD;oefYpDrHcefYcGJrSK vkyfaqmifcsuf
wpfck csrSwf&onhf taMumif;&if;udk yg0ifywfoufolrsm;tm; &Sif;vif;pGmod&Sdaponf/ pDrHcefYcGJrSK
vkyfaqmifcsufwdkif;wGif wm0ef&Sdolrsm;udk azmfjy&rnf/ xdkYtwl taumiftxnfazmf&ef vdktyfaom
csdefumvudkazmfjy&rnf/ rwlnDaom pDrHcefUcGJrSK vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;tay: a'ocHrsm;? aqmif&GufonhftzGJUESihf
tjcm;tzGJUrsm;u wm0efcH &rnf/
qHk;jzwfcsuf odkYr[kwf xdef;csKyfonhfpnf;urf;Oya'rsm;
oD;oefY pDrHcefYcGJrSKvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ESihftwl qHk;jzwfxm;aom pnf;urf; Oya'ESihf ,if;wdkYudk rnfodkY
toHk;csrnfudk wwfEdkiforQtwlyg0ifap&rnf/ wcgw&HwGif vufawGUtaumifxnfazmf jyD;rS xGufay:
vmavh&Sdonf/ qHk;jzwfxm;aom pnf;urf;t&vkyfaqmifcsufudk aqmif&Gufcsuf\ tajctaet&
rwlnDaom tajctaewGifaqmif&Gufoihfonf/ tao;pm;ig;vkyfief;wpfckwGif þudpöonf vufawGUus&ef
vdktyfonf/ (Oyrm � vkyfaqmifcsuf wpfckonf tvkyfrjzpfaom tcgrsdK;wGif ydkwif;Muyfaom Oya'csrSwf
aqmif&Guf&rnf)/ t"dutcsufrSm rnfodkUjzpfvmrnfudk judK;pm;í oabmwlMu&efESihf tñ Tef;wefbdk;
tajymif;tvJtay: rnfokdYwkHYjyef&efjzpfonf/ þudpöonf yg0ifeSD;eG,folrsm;tm;vHk;twGuf aocsmaom
tcsuf wpfckudk&apNyD; Oya'pnf;urf;udk us,fus,fjyefYjyefYod&Sd&efESihf em;vnf&efvdktyfonf/ tcsdKUudp ö
rsm;wGif qHk;jzwfxm;aom Oya' pnf;urf;rsm;onf ta&twGuf oabmaqmifonf (Oyrm � okawoe
awGU&Sdcsuft& ig;aygrsm;rSK tajctaetpdwfydkif; wpfckt& pkpkaygif; cGifhjyKEdkifonfh xkwfvkyfedkifrnfh yrmP? TAC pkpkaygif; zrf;qD;xkwfvkyfedkifrSk udk ajymif;vJjcif;)? odkYr[kwf rsm;aomtm;jzihf pDrHcefYcGJrSKudk jyefvnf
oHk;oyf&ef qHk;jzwf&jcif;)/
pDrHcefYcGJrSKaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;EShihfOya'pnf;urf;rsm;
aumif;aom tavhtusifhqdkonfrSm EAFM pDrHcsufESihf twlwuGyg&Sdvmaom Oya'? pnf;urf;
csufrsm;udk owfrSwfonfh pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;tm;xdef;odrf;xm;&SdrSKjzpfonf/ EAFM pDrHcsufonf a&&Snf
twGuf &nf&G,faomaMumihf (yHkrSefjyKjyifajymif;vJrSK&Sdaomfjim;vnf;) EAFM pDrHcsufwGifygaom pDrHcefYcGJrSK
vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;onf a,bl,sqefoihfygonf/ (Oyrm- ig;zrf;ydkuf\ ydkuftdyf&SdydkufuGuf t&G,f
tpm;rsm;udk uefYowfonf)/ twdtus Oya'pnf;urf;t& taumif;qHk;azmfjyoihfonfrSm Oyrmtm;jzihf
ydkuftdyf&Sd ydkufuGuf t&G,ftpm;onf2.5 pifwDrDwm &Sd&rnf/ tb,faMumihfqdkaomf rsm;aomtm;jzihf
Oya'pnf;urf; rsm;udk EAFM pDrHcsufxuf ajymif;vJ&ef vG,fulaomaMumihfjzpfonf/ (þudpöwGif EAFM
pDrHcsufudk rnfodkYa&;qGJxm;onfay: rlwnfonf/ (tcef; 15? tqifY 4)/ Oya' pnf;urf;qdkonfrSm
w&m;0if odkYr[kwf w&m;r0ifjzpfEdkifonf/ trSeftm;jzihf EAFM pDrHcsuftay:tajccHí a'ocHrsm;u
a&;qGJxm;aomOya' pnf;urf;rsm;onf tu,fí a'ocHrsm;vdkufemygu txufrS csrSwfvdkufaom
Oya'pnf;urf;rsm;xufydkí xda&mufrSK &Sdonf/
3.3. (c)/ Oya'pnf;urf;vdkufemrSKESihf Oya'udkvdkufemapjcif;
pDrHcefYcGJrSKvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk vdkufemap&ef enf;vrf;tmrcHcsufr&Sdyg/ ,if;pDrH cefYcGJrSK vkyfaqmif
csufudk csrSwfjcif;onf tcsD;ESD;omjzpfrnf/ Oya'vdkufemrSKESihf Oya'udk vdkufem apjcif;wdkYonf uGmjcm;
Muaomfvnf; taxmuftul jyKMuonhfoabm&Sdonf/ a&vkyfom;wdkY\ aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf Oya'
pnf;urf;ESihf udkufnDygu Oya'udkdvdkufemonf[kqdkonf/ Oya'ESihfpnf;urf;rsm;udk vdkufemap&ef
wif;wif;MuyfMuyf aqmif&Gufjcif;onf Oya'udk vdkufemapjcif;jzpfonf/ rdrd\pdwftvdktavQmuf
Oya'udkvufcHjcif;onf compliance (Oya' vdkufemjcif;) jzpfonf/ xdkYtwl pDrHcefYcGJrSK Oya'pnf;urf;rsm;
twdkif; aqmif&Gufjcif; onfvnf; Oya'vdkufemjcif;jzpfonf/
Oya'? pnf;urf;rsm;udk csdK;azgufaomtcgrsdK;wGif Oya'udk rvdkufem csdK;azgufolrsm; ta&;,ljcif;
onfvnf; enforcement (Oya'vdkufemapjcif;) jzpfonf/ Oya'vdkufemjcif;ESihf Oya'udkvdkufemapjcif; (2)
ckwdkYudk csdefcGifñ§ d&mwGif txl;ojzihf ig;t&if;tjrpfpDrHcefYcGJ&mwGif compliance (Oya'vdkufemjcif;) udk
vdkvm;tyfaom tajzwpf&yftjzpf oabmxm;&rnf/ rnfonhf compliance ESihf enforcement rqdk
wm0ef,lrSK&Sd&rnf/ w&m;0ifjzpf&rnf/ omwl nDrQrSK&Sd&rnf/ aysmhajymif;n§ifom&rnf/ a&vkyfom;rsm;u
pDrHcefYcGJrSKonf w&m;0ifonf w&m;rQwonf[k jrifMuaomtcgwGif Oya'vdkufemrSKrSm taumif;qHk;
tajcaewGif&Sdrnf/ xdkYtjyif Oya'udk taumif;qHk; vdkufemapaom tjcm;taMumif;&if;rsm;rSm odyÜ Ht&
awGU&Sdcsuf rsm;onf aocsmí ,kHMunfpdwfcs&jcif;? xda&mufaom apmihfMuyfaxmufvSrf;rSK? xdef;csKyfrSK?
vQdKU0SufaxmufvSrf;rSK rsm;&Sdjcif;ESihf tjypfusL;vGefrSKudk tm;ray;aom xda&mufaom jypf'Pf csrSwfrSKwdkY
jzpfMuonf/
o,HZmwt&if;tjrpftoHk;jyKol (a&vkyfom;rsm;) \ tjyKtrludk apmihfMuyfMunhf½SKjcif;jzihf
Oya'pnf;urf; vdkufemrSKudkwdk;wufaponf/ xdkYtwl wm;jrpfxm;aom vkyf&yfrsm;udk usL;vGefazgufzsufoludk
ta&;,l jypf'PfcsrSwfjcif;wdkY yg0ifonf/ pnf;urf;Oya'udk ydkíMuyfrwfvmjcif;? jypf'Pfwdk;jr§ihfjcif;jzihf
Oya'pnf;urf; azgufzsufolrsm; (a&vkyfom;rsm;)twGuf Oya'udk ydkvdkufemvmaponf/ pnf;urf;
xdef;odrf;jcif;onf Oya'pnf;urf; vdkufem a&;udk oG,f0dkufí yHkazmfay;onf/ Oya'pnf;urf;vdkufemESKef;udk
yHkazmfay;jcif;jzihf ]]ra&&m raocsmaom Oya'vdkufemrSK}} (contingent compliance) ESKef;udk
oufa&mufaponf/ raocsmra&&maom Oya'vdkufemrSKqdkonfrSm trsm;uOya'udk vdkufemjcif;&Sdr&Sd
tay:rlwnfí rdrduvdkufívkyfaqmifjcif;jzpfonf/ Oya'pnf;urf;Muyfrwfonhf enf;pepfESifh Muyfrwfol
wdkY\ w&m;rQwrSK &Sdonhftay:rlwnfí pnf;urf;xdef;odrf;MuyfrwfrSKonf cdkifrmaom w&m;0if udpötjzpf
jrifvmMuonf/
apmihfMuyfMunhf½SKjcif;? xdef;csKyfjcif;ESifh vQdKU0SufaxmufvSrf;jcif; (MCS)
ig;vkyfief;wGif Oya'pnf;urf;Muyfrwfjcif;? vdkufemjcif;? pDrHcefYcGJa&;vkyfaqmifcsuf rsm;udk ig;vkyfief;
pum;t& ]]apmihfMuyfMunhf½SKjcif;? xdef;csKyfjcif;? vQdKY0SufaxmufvSrf;jcif;}} (MCS) [k ac:onf/ MCS onf
trsm;oabmwlxm;aom pDrHcefYcGJa&; vkyfaqmifcsuf\ jzpfpOfwpfckjzpfonf/ (MCS) wGif atmufyg
tpdwfydkif;rsm; yg0ifonf-
(1) apmifhMuyfMunhf½SKjcif; (M) - Oya'pnf;urf;vdkufemrSKESihf qufpyfaom owif;rsm; pkaqmif;jcif;?
cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmavhvmjcif;?
(2) xdef;csKyfjcif; (C)- ig;vkyfief;udktkyfcsKyfaom Oya'rsm;?
(3) vQdKU0SufaxmufvSrf;jcif; (S)- ig;vkyfief;Oya' pnf;urf;rsm;udk vdkufemap&ef apmihfMuyf
Munhf½SK avhvmjcif;ESihf rl0g'csrSwfjcif;/
þwGif owdjyK&rnhftcsufrSm Monitoring (apmihfMuyfaxmufvSrf;) onf Monitoring and Evaluation
(M&E) rS pum;&yfESihf rwlaomOD;wnfcsuf t"dyÜm,f&Sdonf/ Oya'pnf;urf; vdkufema&;twGuf Monitoring
onf ydkíus,fjyefYaom (M&E) \ tpdwftydkif; wpfckrQom jzpfonf/ Oya'pnf;urf;vdkufem&ef Monitoring (apmihfMuyfaxmufvSrf;) onfqdk&mü ig;vkyfief;wGif jzpfay: aeonfh owif;udk pkaqmif;jcif;jzpfygonf/
Control (xdef;csKyfjcif;) qdkonfrSm o,HZmwt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk rnfodkYzrf;&rnf Oya'pnf;urf;jzpfonf/
,if;Oya'pnf;urf; rsm;udk EdkifiHawmfig;vkyfief;Oya' EAFM pDrHcsufrsm;ESihf tjcm;tpDpOfrsm; (Oya' - ig;ESihf
ywfoufaom ½ dk;&mOya'pnf;urf;) rsm;rS owfrSwfxm; Muonf/ þenf;jzihf MCS rSwpfqihf ig;vkyfief;
pDrHcefYcGJrSK taumifxnfazmfa&;twGuf tajccHjzpfaponf/ Surveillance (vQdKU0Suf axmufvSrf;a&;)
qdkonfrSm ig;vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk xdef;csKyfjcif;? BuD;Muyfjcif;wdkY yg0ifonf/ þudpöonf
ig;tvGeftuRHzrf;jcif;? w&m;r0ifusL;ausmfzrf;,ljcif; r&Sdap&efESihf pDrHcefYcGJrSKvkyfief;rsm;udk taumiftxnf
azmf&ef r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfonf/MCS \ vdktyfcsufrsm;rSm -
- tzGJUBuD;rsm;pGmtMum; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;? ñ§dESdKif;jcif;?
- yg0ifywfoufolrsm; tajrmuftjrm;yg0ifvmjcif;?
- oifwef;ay;jcif;? taxmuftyHh (aiG) ay;jcif;?
- ynmay;jcif;? A[kokwjr§ihfwifjcif;?
- apmihfMuyfjcif;? ta&;,ljcif;? jypf'PfcsrSwfjcif;/
txufrSatmuf (Top-down) ESihf atmufrStxuf (bottom up) Oya'pnf;urf;vdkufem jcif;ESihf
xdef;odrf;vdkufemapjcif;
pnf;urf;xdef;odrf;&mwGif txufrSatmuf (Oyrm - ig;vkyfief;udk uif;vSnhf pnf;urf; xdef;jcif;)
odkYr[kwf atmufrStxuf (Oyrm - a'ocHig;vkyfief;BuD;Muyfa&;rSL;rsm;? yl;aygif; pDrHcefYcGJrSK) [lí &SdEdkifonf/
Oya'pnf;urf;vdkufemap&ef t&if;tjrpf (vltiftm;? aiGtiftm;? ypönf;tiftm;) rvHkavmufygu
a&vkyfom;rsm;uyif Oya'pnf;urf; vdkufemap&ef rdrdwdkY yg0ifBuD;Muyfaqmif&Guf&onf/ tcsdKUudpörsm;wGif
a&vkyfom;wdkYudk wpfqifhcH BuD;MuyftkyfcsKyfapjcif;? odkYr[kwf tcsdKUudpöwGif a&vkyfom;wdkYtm; ta&;ay:
w,fvDzkef; (hot line) ESihf qufoG,fay;xm;í w&m;r0if ig;zrf;rSKrsm;awGUygu owif;ydkY&efjzpfonf/
o,HZmwokH;pGJolrsm; (a&vkyfom;rsm;) taejzihfvnf; Oya'pnf;urf; vdkufemjcif;jzihf trsm;twGuf
tusdK;aus;Zl;&SdaMumif; ,HkMunfvmMuonhftcgwGif rdrdudk,fudkqef;ppfí Oya'vdkufem&ef qHk;jzwf
vmMuonf/ taumif;qHk;rSm rdrdudk,fwdkifqef;ppf Oya'vdkufemjcif;rSm w&m;0if jzpfaMumif; wm0ef&Sd
tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ tulnDjzihfowfrSwfay;&ef vdktyfonf/ odkYr[kwf ygu Oya'xdef;odrf;&ef
rdrdudk,fwdkif rdrdwm0efay;aom oabmoufa&mufí tEÅ&m,f&SdEdkifonf/ Oya'pnf;urf; xdef;csKyfvdkufem
apjcif;qdkonf vlrsm;udkzrf;qD;&ef tmPmtyfESif;xm;aom &JwyfzGJUrQomr[kwfyJ ydkíus,fjyefYonfU oabm
&Sdonf/ tzJGYtpnf;toD;oD;ESihf yg0ifywfoufol toD;oD;wdkYyg0ifí tjyKtrl (a&vkyfom;wdkY\tjyKtrl) udk
ajymif;vJ&ef? jyKjyif&ef csOf;uyfenf;trsdK;rsdK;jzihf aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf/ Oya'pnf;urf; xdef;onfqdk&mwGif
aysmhajymif;aompepfwGif Oya'pnf;urf;udk rdrdzgom todw&m;jzihf tvdktavsmuf vdkufema&; jzpfí
w&m;½Hk;oGm;&efrvdktyfyg/ aysmhajymif;aom pnf;urf;xdef;csKyfrSKwGif vlrSKa&;? ,Ofaus;rSK\ vSKyf&Sm;aom
(rwnfNidrfaom) oabmtay: tajccHaom Oya'vdkufemrSKudk tm½ Hkpdkuf onf/ xdkoabmudk tajccHjcif;jzihf
(1)us,fus,fjyefYjyefY trsm;u Oya' vdkufemjcif;udk &&Sdaponf/ (2) taxGaxGtwm;tqD;
(Oya'razgufzsuf&ef twm;tqD;) udk&&Sdaponf/
aysmhajymif;aom odkYr[kwf tjyKoabmaqmifaom csOf;uyfrSKrsm;wGif atmufygwdkY yg0ifonf-
• vlrSKa&;aps;uGuf (Social marketing – vlrSKa&;udpö\ ta&;ygrSKudkowdjyKjcif;)?
• Social mobilization – vltrsm;udk pnf;½ Hk;vSKyfaqmfí wpfckckaqmif&Guf&ef tqifoihf jzpfapjcif;?
vltrsm;udkpnf;½H k;Edkifjcif;?
• urf;&dk;wef;a'ot&if;tjrpfrsm; pDrHcefYcGJaom taumif;qHk; tavhtusihfrsm; &&Sdjcif;?
• w&m;pD&ifa&;Oya'ESihf w&m;pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;Oya'udkxdef;odrf;jcif;?
• owif;tcsufrsm; pDrHcefYcGJjcif;ESihf jzefYa0jcif;?
• ynmay;jcif;? ynma&;ESihfjyifye,fy,frsm;txd
• apmihfMuyfavhvmaxmufvSrf;jcif;ESihf wefbdk;tuJjzwfjcif;/
tjyKoabmraqmifaom jyif;xefaom ta&;,lrSKwGif w&m;½Hk;odkYr[kwf pnf;urf; xdef;odrf;a&;
tmPmydkiftzGJUrScsrSwfxm;aom w&m;0ifjypf'PfcsrSwfrSKjzpfonf/ þenf;jzihf Oya'razgufzsuf&ef
[efYwm;onfh jyif;xefaomta&;,lrSK csOf;uyfrSKrsm;wGif &nfrSef;csuf wpfck&Sdonf/ ¤if;rSm Oya'udktoHk;csí
jypfrSKusL;vGefoludk azmfxkwfjcif;ESihf ESdyfuGyfjcif; jzpfonf/
tjyKoabmraqmifaom jyif;xefaom ta&;,lcsOf;uyfrSKrsm;wGif atmufygwdkYyg0ifonf-
• pnf;urf;xdef;odrf;olwkdY tNrJrjywf&SdaeMujcif;?
• jypfrSKusL;vGefoludk axmufvSrf;&ef? zrf;qD;&ef? ta&;,l&ef? tpOftNrJvkyfief; aqmif&Gufjcif;?
oihfavsmfaomjypf'PfcsrSwfjcif;?
• tBudrfBudrfusL;vGefolrsm;udk zrf;qD;Edkif&ef ½SKyfaxG;aom enf;AsL[mrsm; csrSwfjcif;?
• w&m;r0ifvkyfief;rS&&Sdaom pD;yGm;a&;tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm; tm;vHk;udk jiif;y,fjcif; (cHpm;cGihfr&Sdapjcif;)/
Oya'pnf;urf;xdef;odrf;a&;wGif tzGJUtpnf;toD;oD;wdkY wdkifyifaqG;aEG;jcif;? yl;aygif; ñ§ dESdKif;jcif; yg0ifí
atmufygwdkYudk wm0ef,l&onf/ pnf;urf;vdkufemapjcif;/ apmihfMuyf Munhf½SKjcif;? vQdKU0SufaxmufvSrf;jcif;?
ta&;,ljcif;ESihf jypf'PfcsrSwfjcif;wdkY jzpfonf/ xdktzGJUtpnf;wdkYwGif &JwyfzGJU? a&wyf? urf;ajcapmifhwyfESihf
a'ocHpnf;urf; xdef;odrf;a&; tzGJUwdkY yg0ifonf/
pDrHcefYcGJa&;Oya'? pnf;urf;xdef;odrf;jcif;onf tcsdefESihftwl ajymif;vJvdrhfrnf/ pDrHcefYcGJrSK tpOD;ydkdif;wGif
yg0ifywfoufolwdkY e,fedrdwfrsm; pnf;urf;rsm;ESihf w&if;wESD;jzpfap&ef jynfolrsm;udk ynmay;jcif;
(vufvSrf;rDorQodkY)? Odomjrifomaom pnf;urf;xdef;odrf;a&; jzpfpOfrsm;udkcsjyjcif;wdkYudk tav;ay;
aqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfonf/ pDrHcefYcGJrSK\ tusdK;aus;Zl;udk od&SdvmonhftcgwGif yg0ifywfoufolrsm;taejzihf
pDrHcefUcGJrSK atmifjrifa&;twGuf pDrHcefYcGJa&;udpöudk rdrdudk,fydkifypönf;tjzpf oabmxm;jcif;? rjzpfrae
aqmif&Gufrnf[k qHk;jzwfjcif;wdkYudk vkyfoihfonf/ þtqihfwGifvlrSKa&;t& jypf'Pfcsjcif;? zdtm;ay;jcif;
aMumihfr[kwf rdrdudk,fwdkif pnf;urf; xdef;odrf;jcif; (qE´t& Oya'udkvdkufemvdkjcif;rsdK;) jzpfay:oihfonf/
MCS wdk;wuf ap&ef Tool n. 34 udkMunhfyg/
3.4 b@ma&;
tjcm;aom pDrHcsufwpfckckenf;wl EAFM vkyfief;jzpfpOfwGifvnf; vdktyfaom bwf*suf ESihf aiGaMu;
axmufyHhrnhft&if;tjrpfwdkUudk pOf;pm;&efvdktyfvdrfhrnf/ tcef; 8? tpjyKvkyfief; (u) wGif EAFM
vkyfief;pOfaqmif&Guf&ef aiGaMu;&&Sda&;vdktyfonf[k azmfjyxm;onf/ pDrHcsufa&;qGJ&ef? taumiftxnf
azmf&ef? yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef? MCS ESihf M&E vkyf&ef azmfjyygvkyfief;rsm;twGuf aiGaMu;&efyHkaiG&Sd&rnf/
aumif;aomtavhtxwpfckrSm EAFM pDrHcsufa&;qGJa&;ESihf taumiftxnfazmfa&;twGuf ESpfpOfbwf*suf
owfrSwfa&;qGJ&efjzpfonf/ (tcef; 15? tqifY 4.1 wGifMunfyg)/ EAFM vkyfief;pOf wnfwHha&;twGuf
vHkavmufaom tcsdefrD&Edkifaom? wnfwHhaom &efyHkaiG&&Sdap&ef r&Sdrjzpfta&;BuD;onf/ vkyfief;
taumiftxnfazmfonhf tpydkif;wGif &efyHkaiGudk jyifytvSL&SiftzGJUwpfckrSjzpfap BuD;rm;aomzGHUNzdK;a&;
y½dk*sufwpfckrSjzpfap &&SdEdkifonf/ þ&efyHkaiGrsdK;udk a&&SnftwGuf &csifrS&rnf/ þjyifyrSvmaom &efyHkaiG
&yfqdkif;oGm;aom tcgwGif tpDpOfrsm; ysufpD;qHk;½SHK;avh&Sdonf/ xdkYaMumihf a&&SnfwnfwHha&; twGuf
tjcm;wpfenf;enf;jzihf &efyHkaiG&&Sda&;udkvnf; rvkyfrjzpf aqmif&Guf&rnf/ &efyHkaiG rsm;udk tcsdefrD&&ef
vdktyfonf/ odkYrSom 0efxrf;rsm;vpmESihf vkyfief;aqmif&Guf vnfywf Edkifrnf/ EAFM vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk
a'ocHrsm;u vufcHNyD;axmufcH&rnf/ odkYrSom yg0ifywfoufolwdkYu vHkavmufaom ,HkMunfrSK&SdMuNyD;
,if;wdkY\tcsdefESihf aiGudkxnhf0if Murnf/
wdkuf½dkufywfoufaomar;cGef;rsm;
1/ vuf&Sdbwf*suf&efyHkaiG &Edkifovm;/ odkYr[kwf aiG&&ef t&if;tjrpftopf vdkovm;
2/ vuf&Sdbwf*sufu b,fvdkvJ? vnfywfrSKb,fvdkvJ?
3/ rnfoluay;vdrhfrvJ ^ ay;EdkifovJ/
4/ yg0ifywfoufolrsm;tMum; omwlnDrQjzpfa&; jyóemrsm;ubmvJ? oufa&mufrSK rsm;u bmvJ/
oD;oefYudpöwpf&yftwGuf aiGaMu;&efyHkaiG&&Sda&; enf;rsm;a&G;cs,f&mwGif atmufyg tcsufwdkYtay:
tajccHcGJjcm;oHk;oyfí aqmif&Guf&onf �
• b@ma&; (vdktyfaom&efyHkaiG? 0ifaiG&&SdrSK? 0ifaiGpD;qif;rSK? ESpftvdkuf vdktyf csufrsm;)
• w&m;Oya'a&; (aiGaMu;&&Sda&;pepfudk w&mOya'axmufcHrSK&Sdjcif;? vdktyfaom
w&m;Oya'topf)
• tkyfcsKyfa&; (pkaqmif;&ef pnf;urf;xdef;odrf;&mwGif cufcJrSKtqihf? ½SKyfaxG;rSK rsm;ESihf
ukefusp&dwfrsm;? jcpm;vwfpm;Edkifacs/ 0efxrf;vdktyfcsufrsm;)
• EdkifiHa&; (tpdk;&taxmuftyHh? jyifytzGJUrsm;u apmihfMuyfaxmufvSrf;jcif;)
• ywf0ef;usifa&;&m (oufa&mufrSK)
tajctaeay: rlwnfívnf;aumif; tpdk;&xHrS tultnD&&SdrSKtay: rlwnfí vnf;aumif;?
&efyHkaiG&&SdEdkifaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;pGm&SdEdkifonf/
tpdk;&\0ifaiG?
toHk;p&dwfrS
cGJa0jcif;
• tpdk;&bwf*suf wdkuf½dkufuscHjcif;
• ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;twGuf owfrSwfxm;aom tpdk;&acs;aiG
pmcsKyfrsm;? tcGeftaumufrsm;?
• ta<u;ajzavsmhjcif;
axmufyHhaiG? ay;aiG?
vSL'gef;aiG
• ESpfOD;ESpfzufodkYr[kwf tvSL&Siftrsm;rS aiGay;aiGrsm;
• tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJUrsm;
• yk*¾vduu@
• Trust fund (,HkMunftyfESHaom&efyHkaiGrsm;)
c&D;oGm;vkyfief;rS
0ifaiGrsm;
• tcaMu;aiG (0ifc? a&ikwf? avSpD;? ig;zrf;c? taysmfig;zrf;)
• c&D;oGm;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrSKtmPmydkifrsm;?
• [dkw,ftcGef
• {nhfonftc? tcGef
• c&D;onf? c&D;oGm;vkyfief;rS apwemtavsmuftvSLaiG/
tdrf NcHajrESihf
zGHUNzdK;a&;vkyfief;?
tcGihfta&;
• ajrodkYr[kwfa&atmufypönf;a&mif;jcif;? vSL'gef;jcif;/
• jyefa&mif;0,fEdkifaom zGHUNzdK;a&;vkyfief;? tcGihfta&; (ajr0,f a&mif;)
• ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;udpötwGuf ajrvkyfydkifcGihf/
ig;vkyfief;rS tcGef0ifaiG • ig;zrf;&&SdrSKtay:? 0efaqmifrSKtay: aumufcHaiG ^ ukefusp&dwf
jyef& Edkifaom enf;vrf;rsm;/
• ywf0ef;usifrxdcdkufaMumif;? wHqdyf? aMumfnmuyfjcif;?
xGufukeftay: axmufcHtodrSwfjyK+vufrSwf/
• ig;0ifa&mufzrf;qD;&efay;&aomaiG(ig;zrf;aMu;)
• ig;zrf;vdkifpifaMu;? vdkifpiftay:pnf;MuyftcGefaiG
• ig;^ykpGefarG;jrLa&;vdkifpifaMu;ESihftcGef
• w&m;r0ifig;zrf;jypfPfaiG/
pGrf;tifESihfowåKwGif;
vkyfief;rStcGef0ifaiG
• a&eHzdwfusrSK'PfaMu;ESifh&efyHkaiG/
• urf;vGefowåK? a&eHobm0"mwfaiGU vkyfief;rsm;twGuf EdkifiH
• awmf (ajrydkif&Sif) odkY ay;&onhfaiG/
• a&eH? "mwfaiGUydkufvdkif;rsm;? qufoG,fa&;? MudK;wef;rsm;twGuf
(olwpfyg;ajray:jzwfoef;onf) ay;&aomaiG/
• a&tm;vQyfppfrS tcGef0ifaiG/
• pGrf;tifukrÜPDrsm;uapwemtavsmufvSLaiG/
yifv,fjyifxdef;odrf;
a&;ESihfywfoufaom
tjrwftpGef;&&ef
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrSK
• ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;twGuf yk* ¾vduu@rS &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrSK/
• ZD0rsdK;pHkrsdK;uGJwdk;yGm;a&;twGufaqmif&GufrSK/
tjcm;t&if;tjrpfrS
(aiG&&ef)
• acs;aiGrsm;
• a'ocHvufrSKvkyfief;rsm;? a&xGufypönf;rsm;? {nhfonfvuf
• aqmifay;urf;jcif;rsm; (aiGypönf;)
vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsuf/ pDrHcefYcGJrSKvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;? ywfouf&m Oya'pnf;urf;vdkufemrSKESihf
Oya'pnf;urf;xdef;odrf;rSKrsm;tay: oabmwlnDrSK&,lyg/
vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsuf/ txufygwdkYudk taxmufuljyK&ef aiGaMu;&&SdapEdkifaom enf;pepfrsm;
tay: oabmwlnDrSK&,lyg/
3.5. EAFM pDrHcsufudktNyD;owfyg
EAFM vkyfief;pOf\ step 1-3 onf aemufqHk;wGif EAFM pDrHcsuf taumiftxnf azmf&ef ½kyf0wåKypönf;
vdktyfcsufodkY a&muf&Sdvmonf/ þpDrHcsufwGif EAFM taumiftxnfazmf&ef vdktyfaomtpdwftydkif;
(tcsuf) tm;vHk;udk pm&Gufpmwrf;rSwfwrf;? wpfcktjzpf oD;oefY azmfjyxm;onf/
atmufazmfjyygyHkpHcGuf (template)wGif yHkpHjyK EAFM pDrHcsuftwGuf t"duvdktyfaom tpdwftydkif;
rsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf/ pDrHcsuftwGuf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk yg0ifywfoufolwdkYESihf wdkifyifjcif;?
okawoejyK (e,fy,f? twdkif;wm cefYrSef;) jcif;ESihf wpfqifhcH tcsuf tvufrsm;rS pkaqmif;&&Sdxm;oihfonf/
EAFM pDrHcsufazmfaqmif&ef wdkifyifñ§dESdKif;aomjzpfpOfonf aemufqHk;&vm'f &&Sda&;uJhodkY ta&;BuD;
ygonf/ ,if;jzpfpOfrS pDrHcsufydkifqdkifrSKudk &,lapjcif;? tjcm;yg0if ywfoufolrsm; tay: ,HkMunfrSK
&Sdvmjcif;? yg0ifywfoufolrsm;twGif; aumif;rGefaom yl;aygif;vkyfudkifrSK &&Sdapjcif;wdkYjzpfonf/ xdkYjyif
oufqdkif&mwdkY\ tcef;u@ESihfwm0efwdkYudk &Sif;vif;pGm od&Sdapjcif;? t"duoufqdkifaom tkyfpkrsm;
jzpfMuonhf okawoe tzGJUpnf;rsm;? ig;vkyfief; tzGJUBuD;rsm;? a&vkyfom;rsm;wdkYtMum; csdwfqufay;í
tqHk;wGiftoHk;jyKol (pm;oHk;ol) rsm;ESifh ig;vkyfief;ESifhywfoufí aqmif&Gufolrsm;tMum; tvdkufoihf
o[Zmw jzpfaponf
EAFM erlemyHkpHcGuf (Template)
FMU -----twGuf EAFM pDrHcsuf
1/ tjrif
us,fjyefYaom yef;wdkif&Sd pDrHcefYcGJrSK?
2/ aemufcH
pDrHcefYcGJrnhf{&d,mESihf o,HZmwt&if;tjrpfrsm; udkazmfjyjcif;? twdkif;twmtoD;oD;ygaomajryHkrsm;?
ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrSK{&d,m
ig;vkyfief;vkyfonhf{&d,m? w&m;pD&ifa&;ESihf a*[pepfe,fedrdwf (EdkifiHawmf? wdkif;jynf ^ c½dkif? a'opdwftqihf
w&m;pD&ifrSK ) FMU ajryHk
ig;zrf;jcif;ordkif;ESihf pDrHcefYcGJrSK
ig;vkyfief;zGHUNzdK;vmonhf ordkif;tusOf;csKyfazmfjyonf? txl;ojzihf ig;zrf;oabFm? ig;zrf;ud&d,m? yg0ifolponf?
vuf&Sdig;vkyfief;tajctae
ig;t&if;tjrpf? ig;zrf;oabFm ^ avSESihf ig;zrf;ud&d,m? ig;o,HZmwt&if;tjrpftajctae? t&if;tjrpfukd
toHk;jyKonfhajryHk?
vlrSK ^ pD;yGm;a&;tusdK;aus;Zl;? postharvest (ig;zrf;rdNyD; aemufqufwGJvkyfief;tajctae) tygt0if
ig;vkyfief;eSD;eG,folrsm;taMumif;? azmfjycsuf? olwdkY\ tusdK;pD;yGm;? (vlrSK ^ pd;yGm;a&; tajctae tyg0if)?
a*[pepfudk tjcm;aomtoHk;jyKjcif;? tjcm;aomtoHk;jyKolrsm; taMumif;azmfjycsuf? txl;ojzihf BuD;rm;aom
oufa&mufrSK&SdEdkifaom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;? tpD tpOfrsm;? yl;aygif;ñ§ dESdKif;rSK? wdkifyifrSKrsm;? vlrSK ^ pD;yGm;a&; tusdK;
aus;Zl;rsm;? ,ckESihftem*wf?
ywf0ef;usifESihfywfoufaom oD;oefYxnhfoGif;pOf;pm;rSKrsm;
tajctaeqdk;aeaom ywf0ef;usiftaeudkazmfjycsuf? txl;ojzihf txdrcH{&d,mrsm;? tEÅ&m,f usa&muf aeaom
rsdK;pdwfrsm;?
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;½SKa'gihf
w&m;pD&ifa&;aemufcH?
vuf&Sdyl;aygif;? pDrHcefYcGJrSKtpDtpOfrsm;? u@mrsm;ESihf wm0efrsm;?
MCS tpDpOfrsm;?
pDrHcsufESihf vuf&Sdvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;odkYa&mufapaom wdkifyifñ§ dEdkif;rSKjzpfpOf?
qHk;jzwfcsuf csrSwfonhfjzpfpOf tao;pdwfrsm;?todrSwfjyKyg0ifaqmif&Gufolrsm;tyg0if? ig;vkyfief;wGif &ydkifcGihfrsm;
oabmobm0ESkihf,if;vkyfydkifcGihfrsm;udk&&Sdxm;olrsm;taMumif;tao;pdwf?
pDrHcefYcGJrSKt& 0ifa&mufpGwfzufjcif;^toHk;jyKol\ tcGifhta&;ESihf &ydkifcGihf w&m;pD&ifa&; e,fedrdwfrsm;\ajryHkrsm;
3/ t"duNcdrf;acsmufrSKrsm;ESihfjyóemrsm;
a*[aA'qdkif&mjyóemrsm;?
ig;vkyfief;u ywf0ef;usifay: oufa&mufrSKESihftjyeftvSefoufa&mufrSK Vice versa tygt0if?
vlrSK? pD;yGm;a&;jyóemrsm;
ig;vkyfief;eSD;eG,folrsm;ESihfywfoufaom jyóemrsm;? a'ocH trsm;jynfolrsm;rS EdkifiHawmf tqihftxd? usm; ^ r
jyóemrsm;? (usm; ^ rcGJjcm;rSK) tygt0if?
tkyfcsKyfa&;jyóemrsm;?
pDrHcefYcGJrSK&nfrSef;csufrsm; aygufajrmufEdkifpGrf;udk xdcdkufapaom jyóemrsm;?
4/ pDrHcefYcGJrSKyef;wdkifrsm;
tqihfjrihfyef;wdkifrsm; (qdkvdkonfrSm pDrHcefYcGJrSK\ aemufqHk;yef;wdkif)
5. &nfrSef;csufrsm;? tñTef;rsm;ESihf pHcssdefpHñTef;rSwfrsm;
ig;vkyfief; &nfrSef;csufrsm;? pHcsdefpHñTef;rSwfrsm;twGuf OD;pm;ay;jyóemrsm; atmufygwdkY yg0ifonf-
- o,HZmwt&if;tjrpfrsm;?
- ywf0ef;usif (r&nf&G,fyJzrf;rdaomig;rsm;? ig;aeig;xdkifrsm;? ig;udkpm;onhf taumifrsm;? tEÅ&m,frS
umuG,fjcif;? ZD0rsdK;pHkrsdK;pdwfuGJponf?
- vlrSKa&;
- pD;yGm;a&;
- tkyfcsKyfa&; (pDrHcsufatmifjrifatmif aqmif&GufEdkifrSKt&nfaoG;)
6. pDrHcefYcGJrSKvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;
owfrSwfoabmwlxm;aom tcsdefumvtwGif; &nfrSef;csuftm;vHk; aygufajrmuf&ef oabmwlxm;aom
vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; (r&nf&G,fyJzrf;rdaomig;rsm;? ig;aeig;xdkifrsm; umuG,fjcif;? vlrSK pD;yGm;a&;tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;?
aumif;aomtkyfcsKyfrSKponf)
7. Oya'pnf;urf;vdkufemjcif;
pnf;urf; ^ enf;vrf;rsm;udk xdef;csKyfaom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;? pDrHcefYcGJrSK vkyfaqmif csufrsm;udk xda&mufapaom
tpDpOfrsm;
8. tcsuftvufrsm;owif;rsm;vdktyfcsufrsm;
pDrHcsuftaumiftxnfazmfjcif;udk apmihfMuyf&ef tcsuftvuf owif;vdktyfcsuf? tcsuftvufrsm; rnfonhf
ae&mu&rnf? rnfolu tcsufvufrsm;udkpkonf? cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmonf? toHk; jyKonfudk &Sif;vif;pGmazmfjy&ef/
9. aiGaMu;
&efyHkaiG&&eft"dut&if;tjrpfrsm;/
10. qufoG,frSK
qufoG,frSKr[mAsL[mt& qufoG,fcsdwfqufonf/
11. pDrHcsufudkjyefoHk;oyf
jyefvnfoHk;oyfonhf&ufpGJESihf oabmobm0? pDrHcefYcGJrSK vkyfaqmifcsuftay: vkyfief; ppfaq;jcif;/
rSwfcsuf
(1) tcsuftvufowif;rsm;udk vdktyfcsufrsm;udk wpfpdwfwpfydkif;taejzihf step 1 and 3 wGif azmfjycJhNyD;?
tcef; 17? tqifY 5.1 odkYrSDjirf;ygrnf/ EAFM pDrHcsufwGif tñTef;rsm;udk apmihfMuyf&ef
vdktyfaomtcsuftvufowif;rsm;udk rnfodkY pkaqmif;rnf? rnfolwm0ef,lrnfudk &nfñ Tef; azmfjy
&rnf/ (þudpöudk tcef; 15? tqifY 4.1 wGif csrSwfazmfjyxm;aom pDrHcsuf
taumiftxnfazmfrSK tusOf;udkydkítao;pdwfazmfjyygrnf)/
(2) qufoG,frSKudk tcef; 15? tqifY 4.1 tpdwfydkif;wpfcktjzpf azmfjyrnf/ qufoG,frSK r[mAsL[mESihf
csdwfqufrSKudk þae&mwGif azmfjyoihfonf/
(3) pDrHcsufjyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;udk tcef; 17? tqifY 5.2 wGif azmfjyrnf/ odkY&mwGif M&E jzpfpOfESihf
BudrfESKef;udk þae&mwGif azmfjyjyoihfonf/
tqihf 4/ taumiftxnfazmfjcif;
tqihf 4.1/ pnf;urf;ESihftnDaqmif&Guf? qufoG,f? yg0ifaqmif&Guf
Module 15
oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufrsm;
• taumiftxnfazmfa&; pDrHcsufwpfckcsrSwf&ef
• EAFM pDrHcsufudk pnf;urf;ESihftnD a&G;cs,f&,ljcif;? qdkvdkcsufudk tusOf;csKyf
azmfjy&ef
• qufoG,fa&;r[mAsL[mwpfck wnfaqmuf&ef
oifcef;pmtay:NcHKiHkoHk;oyfjcif;
þtcef;wGif EAFM pDrHcsufudk pnf;urf;ESifhtnD a&G;cs,f&,l&efESihf EAFM pDrHcsufudk xda&mufpGm
taumiftxnfazmfjyD; pDrHcsufwpfcka&;qGJa&;udk azmfjyonf/ ,if;wdkYESihf ywfoufaom qufoG,fa&;
r[mAsLwpfck wnfaqmufoihfaMumif;udkvnf; azmfjyxm;onf/
ed'gef;
EAFM pDrHcsufudk trsm;u oabmwltwnfjyKNyD;aemuf taumiftxnfazmfrSKudk apmEdkiforQapm&ef
aqmif&Gufoihfonf/ odkYrSom yg0ifywfolrsm;twGif; ñ§ dESKdif;aqG;aEG;&mrS xGufay:vmaom pdwfaumif;
apwemaumif;ESihf pdwfxufoefrSKtay: tcGihfaumif;,lí aqmif&GufEdkifonf/ taumiftxnfazmf&ef
tcsdefumvonf jyóemwpfck jzpfEdkifonf/ tb,faMumihfqdkaomf pDrHcsufjzpfpOfonf MumjrihfvGef;ygu
vkyfief; t&Sdeft[kef avsmhus Edkifonf/ txl;ojzihf 0efxrf;rsm; odkYr[kwf tpdk;&tajymif;tvJrsdK;wGif
jzpfonf/ taumiftxnfazmfjcif;qdk&mü EAFM pDrHcsuf vkyfaqmifjcif;yg0ifonf/ taumiftxnfazmfonfY
jzpfpOfwGif qHk;jzwfcsufcs&aomtcsufrsm;pGm yg0ifrnfjzpfNyD; pDrHcsufESihfoabmwlnDcsufrsm; &&Sda&;
aqmif&Gufonhf jzpfpOfESihfuGmjcm;onf/ yef;wdkifESihf&nfrSef;csufrsm; atmifjrif&ef EAFM pDrHcsufwGifygaom
vkyfief;tm;vHk;udk rSefuefpGmESihf tcsdefrDaqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfonf/
ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrSKwGif &ifqdkif&aomjyóemrsm;pGm (Oyrm - a&npfnrf;jcif;? tjcm;a0;vHa'orS
rsdK;pdwfrsm;,lí arG;jrLjcif;? urf;&dk;wef;zGHUNzdK;a&;vkyfief;aMumihf ig;aeig;xdkifysufpD;jcif;? &moDOwkajymif;vJrSK)
wdkYonf ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJolrsm;\ wdkuf½dkufxdef;csKyfrSKjyifywGif&SdaeMuonf/ xdkYaMumihf EAFM pDrHcsuftaumiftxnfazmfEkdifa&;twGuf ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJolwdkYonf jyifyESihfqufoG,fyl;aygif; yg0if
qufoG,fíydkrdkus,fjyefYaom bufpHkurf;ajca'opDrHcefYcGJrKS (ICM)? bufpHka&a0a&vJa'opDrHcefYcGJrSK (IWM)?
ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;pDrHcefYcGJrSKESihf bufpHkork'´&mpDrHtkyfcsKyfrSKwdkYwGif yg0ifaqmif&Guf&rnf/ (Startup tasks wGif pwifaqmif&GufouJhodkY) txufazmfjyyg vkyfief;pOfrsm;r&Sdygu tenf;qHk;taejzihf ywf0ef;usif
a&;&mXmeESihf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufoihfygonf/
vufawGUtm;jzihfqdk&vQif þurÇmonf u@tvdkufwnfaqmufxm;aom urÇm (Oyrm-pdkufysdK;a&;
u@? opfawmESifhig;vkyfief;u@? owåKwGif;ESifha&eHu@? ywf0ef;usifa&;&mu@? oabFmESihf a&aMumif;
u@) jzpfojzihf EAFM \bufpHkpDrHcefYcGJa&;twGuf txufygu@tvdkuf pDrHcefYcGJrSKrSpwifvkyfaqmif&rnf/
xdkYaMumihf pDrHcsufa&;jcif;? apmihfMunhfjcif;? tuJjzwfjcif;wdkYudk a*[pepftqihfwGif aqmif&GufaepOftwGif;
tjcm;u@rsm;qdkif&mtzGJUtpnf;jzpfaom ywf0ef;usifumuG,fjcif;ESihf xdef;odrf;jcif;tzGJUtygt0if tjcm;
u@qdkif&mtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESihftwlyl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfonf/
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5
yHk 15.1/ EAFM taumifxnfazmfjcif;? a*[aA'pepfpDrHcsuf? apmihfMuyfjcif;? tuJjzwf jcif;udk
u@pHkpDrHcefYcGJjcif;
bufpHku@yg0ifaomaMumifh taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif pDrHcsuftay:,HkMunfrSkK? vkyfaz:udkifzufrsm;
tay:,HkMunf? ig;vkyfief;xrf;tay:,HkMunfrSKESihf tjcm;tzGJUpnf;rsm;ay: ,HkMunfrSK&Sd&ef vdktyfonf/
rnfonfhpDrHcsufrS tcgcyfodrf; yuwdjynfpHkjcif;r&Sdyg/ atmifjrifrSKrsm;? qHk;&SHK;rSKrsm; &Sdvdrhfrnf/
þtaMumif;aMumihf pOfqufrjywf apmifhMuyfMunhf½ SKjcif;? vufawGUvkyfudkif&mrS oif,lwwfajrmufjcif;?
(vdkufavsmnDaxGaom pDrHcefYcGJrSK) wdkYudk tav;xm;azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/ EAFM pwiftaumifxnfazmfcgpwGif
tm;vHk;wdkUonf twlwuG yl;aygif;vkyfudkif&ef oif,lMuojzihf ratmifjrifrSIrsm;&SdEdkifonf/ odkY&mwGif
ta&;BuD;onfY tcsufrSm tm;vkH;wdkUonf ratmifjrifrSKrS oifcef;pm,lMuí a&SUodkYwufvSrf;&ef jzpfonf/
ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,fyg0ifywfoufolrsm;\ BuD;rm;aomtwdkif;twmjzihf yg0ifrSk? xkdYtwl u@aygif;pHkrS
yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrSKwdkYonf ta&;BuD;ojzifh EAFM pDrHcsufudk taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif pDrHcefYcGJrSK
vkyfief;pOf wavQmufvHk; tpqHk;tm;vHk; pOfqufrjywf yg0ifa&;twGuf oD;oefY enf;vrf;pepfrsm;udk
pDrHcsufwGifxnhfoGif; oihfonf/ atmufygenf;vrf;pepfrsm; yg0if Edkifonf/ yl;aygif;yg0ifaom okawoe?
yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJjcif;? pDrHcefYcGJa&;aumifpD ESihf pDrHcefYcGJa&;qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; yHkrSefcsrSwf&mwGif ig;vkyfief;&yf
ESD;EG,fyg0ifywfoufolrsm;ygaom aumfrwDESihf &dk;&mESihf a'otodÓPfudk toHk;csjcif;wdkYjzpfonf/ tcef; 9?
tpjyKvkyfief; (c) wGif azmfjyxm;onf/ tao;pdwfudk tcef; 16? tajctaerSefudkppfaq;jcif; (2) wGif
azmfjyxm;onf/
1/ EAFM pDrHcsufudk pnf;urf;pepfwuscsrSwfjcif;
tm;vHk;oabmwlxm;aom pDrHcefYcGJa&;? tpDpOfrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&ef rsm;aom tm;jzihf
xdkpDrHcsufudk pnf;urf;pepfwuscsrSwf&ef vdktyfonf/ w&m;pD&ifa&;udpöESifh ig;vkyfief;tay:rlwnfí
pDrHcsuftpDpOfrsm;onf pepfusaom w&m;0ifpm&Guf pmwrf;jzpf&ef vdktyfonfhtjyif wpfcgwpf&HwGif
vTwfawmf (ygvDref) rS twnfjyKcsuf &&efvdktyfonf/ tcsdKUudpörsm;wGif EAFM pDrHcsufrsm;udk
taumiftxnfazmfjcif;udk todrSwfjyK&ef Oya' (Oya'jyKa&;) onf vdktyfonf/ tjcm;tpGef;wpfzufwGif
þudp öonf &Sif;vif;vG,fulí a'ocHtzGJUacgif;aqmiftkyfpku oabmwlxm;aom apmihfxdef;xm;aom
t&mrsm;om jzpfvdrfh rnf/
EAFM pDrHcsufoD;oefYtpDpOfrsm;udk oufqdkif&mtmPmydkiftzGJUrsm;u w&m;Oya't&? vlrSKa&; ½SKa'gihft&
pnf;urf;xdef;Edkif&ef EAFM pDrHcsufonf rnfonhftqihftxd pnf;urf; pepfwus&Sd&ef vdkonfudk qHk;jzwf&ef
vdktyfonf/ þodkYaqmif&GufEdkif&ef ]]A[dk}} pDrHcefYcGJa&; tmPmydkif? a'otqihfodkYr[kwf (2) ckaygif;wdkY
yg0if&onf/ þpDrHcsuf taumiftxnf azmfa&;tay: MoZmoufa&mufEdkifaomolrsm;u axmufcHjcif;
rjyKygu atmifjrif&eftvm;vm tvGefenf;ygonf/
Oya'ESihfrl0g'ydkif;qdkif&m taxmuftultao;pdwfudk tcef; 16? tajctaerSefudkppfaq;jcif; (2) wGif
azmfjyxm;í tkyfcsKyfa&;udpötay: txl;tm½Hkpdkufxm;onf/ EAFM pDrHcsuftopf? odkYr[kwf jyefvnfjyifqif
xm;aom pDrHcsufudk pepfwusvufcH twnfjyKNyD;jzpfygu yg0ifywfoufoltm;vHk;odkY qufoG,f taMumif;
Mum;a&;onf tvGefta&;BuD;onf/ txl;ojzihf þtajymif; tvJaMumihf ,cifpDrHcsufta[mif;twdkif;
vkyfudkifaqmif&GufcJholwdkYtay: oufa&mufrSK&Sd Edkifonf/
2/ EAFM pDrHcsuftaumifxnfazmf&efvkyfief;pDrHcsuf
EAFM pDrHcsuftaumiftxnfazmf&ef bmvkyf&rnf? b,folvkyf&rnf? b,ftcsdef? b,fae&m vkyf&rnf
ponfwdkYudk tusOf;csHK;azmfjyxm;aom tvkyfpDrHcsufonf pDrHcefYcGJolrsm;twGuf tvGeftusdK;aus;Zl;
&SdvdrfYrnf/ þtvkyfpDrHcsufrsdK;wpfck a&;qJGcsrSwfEdkif&ef tcef; 14? tqifY 3.3 wGif azmfjy xm;onfhtwkdif; EAFM vkyfief;wpfckvHk; tprStqHk;txd jyefvnf oHk;oyf&efvdkonf/ xdkaemuf atmufygwdkYudk qHk;jzwf&rnf-
(1) vkyf&efvdktyfonfh oD;oefYvkyfief;MuD;awG[m bmawGvJ?
(2) þvkyfief;BuD;rsm;NyD;ajrmufatmif trSefwu,f b,folrsm; ^ tzGJUpnf;BuD;rsm;u wm0ef&Sd
ygovJ?
(3) b,faeYrSm'DvkyfBuD;rsm;NyD;rvJ/
þvkyfief;pDrHcsufrsdK;a&;qGJí toHk;jyKEdkifaom acgif;pOfrsm;rSm
(1) owif; ^ A[kokwpDrHcefYcGJjcif;?
(2) pDrHcefYcGJrSKvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ESihf MCS?
(3) w&m;Oya' ^ tzGJUtpnf;qdkif&mrS tm;jznhfay;rSK?
(4) vl\t&nftaoG;wdk;wufzGHYNzdK;a&;/
vufawGUobmusaom tvkyfpDrHcsufwpfck a&;qGJcsrSwfEdkif&ef þar;cGef;udkar;&ef ta&;BuD;onf/
þvkyfief;BuD;wpfck pDNyD;ajrmufatmifaqmif&Guf&ef t&if;tjrpfrsm; (vlom;ESihf aiGt&if;tjrpf 2-ckvHk;)
trSefwu,f tvHktavmuf &Sdygovm;?/
þtvkyfpDrHcsufudk ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJa&;Xmeu taumiftxnfazmfcsrSwf&ef vdktyfonf/
tb,faMumihfqdkaomf þvkyfief;pOfwGif yg0ifvkyfaqmif&eftwGuf ,if;XmerS0efxrf;rsm;ESihf t&if;tjrpfrsm;
(aiG? ypönf;) trsm;qHk; yg0ifvdrhfrnf jzpfaomaMumihfjzpfonf/ tjcm;tzGJUrsm;uvkyfudkif&ef vdktyfaom
oD;oefYvkyfief;rsm;&Sdygu ,if;wdkYtaejzihf pDrHcsuf a&;qGJ&mwGif yg0if&efvdktyfonf/ tvkyfpDrHcsufwGif
vkyfief;tcsdefpm&if;ESihf &Sif;vif;aom twdkif;twmtwGif; wm0efrsm; yg0ifoihfonf/
tajccHvkyfief;pDrHcsufyHkpH
• EAFM Plan wGif yg0ifaom pDrHcefYcGJrSKvkyfief;tm;vHk;twGuf bmvkyf&rnf? b,fol?
b,ftcsdefvkyf&rnfudk pOf;pm;qHk;jzwfyg/ Matrix yHkpHwpfckwGif bmvJ? b,folvJ? b,fawmhvJ?
b,frSmvJ? acgif;pOfwdkYudk aumfvHtvdkuf owfrSwfjcif;onf aumif;aomenf; (ud&d,m)
jzpfonf/
• aqmif&Guf&rnhf rwlnDaom ig;vkyfief; vkyfief;pOftpdwftydkif;wdkY (Oyrm - urf;eD;? urf;a0? EEZ
oD;oefYpD;yGm;a&;ZkeftwGif;? ork'´&mjyifponf) tay:rlwnfí vkyfaqmifcsuf wdkYudk cGJjcm;&ef
vdktyfonf/ xdktpdwftydkif; (ae&m) wGif vkyfudkifaom tzGJUrsm;ESihf wdkifyifaqG;aEG;&mwGif
rsm;pGmuGmjcm;jcif; &SdEdkifojzihf rwlnDaom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; aqmif&Guf&efvdktyfonf/
• tvkyfpDrHcsufjzpfpOfwGif rnfonhfae&mwGif tajymif;tvJvkyf&ef vdktyfonfudk &Sif;vif;pGm
azmfxkwfowfrSwfoihfonf/ (Oyrm - Oya'taumifxnfazmf csrSwfjcif;? jyKjyifjcif;?
pnf;urf;vdkifpif? rl0g'rsm;jyifjcif;)/ þodkYvdktyfygu tcsdefpm&if;jzihf azmfjy&rnf/
• ig;vkyfief;Xme\ twdkif;wmjyify odkYr[kwf w&m;pD&ifcGihf jyifywGifjzpfysufonhf vkyfaqmifcsuf
rsm;udk azmfxkwfowfrSwf&ef vdktyfonf/ þtajctaersdK;wGif tjcm;tpkd;&Xmersm;udk rdrdwkdY
ajz&Sif;&rnhf udpötwGuf wdkifyifaqG;aEG; oihfonf/ tpdk;&Xmersm;ESihfywfoufaom
jyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;a&;onf rsm;aomtm;jzihf tEÅ&m,f&Sdwwfojzihf txl;owdxm;&efvdktyfNyD;
,if;XmewdkY\ OD;aqmifrSK? taxmuftyHhjzihf aqmif&Gufoihfonf/
• vkyf&rnhfvkyfief;pOftm;vHk;udk azmfxkwfowfrSwfNyD;aemuf OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&efudpö ESihf
tcsdefumvowfrSwfcsuf udpöwdkYudk oufqdkif&mvkyfief; ^ pDrHcefYcGJrSKXmewdkYu aqmif&Guf&rnf/
3/ qufoG,fa&;r[mAsL[m
qufoG,fa&;wGif atmufyg (2) ckwdkY yg0ifonf/ EAFM pDrHcsuf&vm'fudk rdrdOD;wnf owfrSwf xm;aom
y&dowfESihf rQa0jcif;ESihf EAFM wdk;wuf&efpDrHcefYcGJrSK tavhusihfrsm;udk vdkufavsmnDaxGpGm
aqmif&Gufrnhfenf;vrf;rsm; &SmazGjcif;wdkY jzpfMuonf/ qufoG,fa&; r[mAsL[mwpfckwGif &vm'frsm;udk
tusdK;aMumif;nDñ GwfpGmESihf r[mAsL[muspGm rQa0onhf pepfudk &Sif;vif;pGmazmfjyay;onf/
Startup B wGif yg0ifywfoufolrsm;ESihf ueOD;awGUqHkwdkifyifjcif; enf;vrf;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf/ EAFM
jzpfpOf (vkyfief;pOf) udk taumiftxnfazmfonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf yg0ifywfoufolrsm;udk a'ocHtqihfwGif
today;taMumif;Mum;jcif;onf tvGefta&;BuD;onf/ txl;ojzihf pDrHcefYcGJrSKpepf\ t&Sdeft[kefESihf
w&m;0ifrSKudk qufxdef;&efESihf pepf\vkyfudkifEdkifpGrf; (Oyrm - oihfavsmaom tajymif;tvJ vkyfEdkifpGrf;) udk
qufxdef;&ef jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh a'ocHrsm;tay:tajccHaom ig;vkyfief;wpfckwGif þudpörSm tvGef
ta&;BuD;onf/ tjiif;yGm;zG,f&m vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;tay: tpdk;&u yg0ifudkifwG,fap&ef aqmif&Guf&mwGif
ta&;ygaom EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf wdkuf½dkufaqG;aEG;&ef rsm;aom tm;jzihf vdktyfonf/ tpD&ifcHpm
rsm;jzihf wifjy&efoufouf r[kwfyg/
wdkuf½dkufywfoufaomar;cGef;rsm;
• ig;vkyfief;udk b,folodoihfovJ? bmaMumihfvJ? olwdkYu ig;vkyfief;ESihf ywfoufwJhudp ö
tm;vHk;tay: pdwf0ifpm;Muovm;?/ odkYr[kwf udpötcsdKUay:rSmom pdwf0ifpm; Muovm;??
• rwlnDaom yGJMunhfy&dwfowf (jynfol) twGuf b,fqufoG,fa&; yHkpHu oihfavsmfovm;?/
(Oyrm - pepfwustpD&ifcHpm? tpD&ifcHpmowif;? Website ponf)?
• yg0ifwufa&mufol wpfrsdK;pDtwGuf qufoG,frSKtBudrf (BudrfESKef;) b,favmufjzpf oihfovJ??
• tpD&ifcHpmrSm bmygoihfovJ? atmifjrifrSK? qHk;½SHK;rSKowif;? wdk;wufrSK? ydwfqdkYrSK? jyóemrsm;ESihf
tajzrsm;? ,ckESihfaemiftem*wftjrpfrsm;?
• yGJMunhfy&dowfqDrS bmwkHUjyefrSKvmr,fxifovJ ? • tpD&ifcHpmawG&JUoufa&mufrSKudkd b,fvdkarQmfrSef;ovJ ? toÓd PfA[kokwwkd; apjcif;?
tzGJUtpnf;awG&JUwkYHjyefrSK ??
• tpD&ifcHpmrsm;rS b,fvdkwkHYjyefrSK&rvJ ?/
qufoG,fa&;r[mAsL[mwpfckwGif atmufygwdkYyg0ifonf-
• twGif;? tjyif? yg0ifwufa&mufol (jynfolrsm;) trsdK;rsdK; jcm;em;csufudk cGJjcrf; pdwfjzmjcif;?
,if;wdkY\ o½kyfvu©Pmrsm;ESihf OD;pm;ay;yg0ifwufa&mufolrsm;?
• yg0ifwufa&mufol tkyfpkwpfckpDtwGuf &vm'ftajzudk rnfodkY? rnfonhfae&mwGif xkwfjyefí
rnfonhf rD'D,mESifh yHkpHudkoHk;rnhftpDpOf? rnfokdYcsOf;uyfí rnfonhftcsdK;yHkpHjzihf xkwfjyefrnf?
• &vm'fudk &Sif;vif;pGmxkwfjyef&mwGif oD;oefYyg0ifwufa&mufol tkyfpkwpfck pdwf0ifpm;
aprnhfowif;? ½kyfyHkrsm;? Oyrmrsm;? yHkjyifrsm;?
• OD;wnfyg0ifwufa&mufolrsm;twGuf owif;rsm;? wifjyrSKyHkpHrsm;udk xkwfjyefrnfh tcsdef umv/
qufoG,frSKr[mAsL[mwpfcktwGuf jzpfEdkifonhfacgif;pOfrsm;
(1) qufoG,frSK&nfrSef;csufrsm;?
(2) ig;vkyfief;&yfESD;EG,folrsm;rS yg0ifwufa&mufolrsm;?
(3) owif; (owif;ydkYjcif;)?
(4) rD'D,mESihfyHkpH?
(5) yk*¾dKvf vlt&if;tjrpfrsm;?
(6) qufoG,fESD;EG,fr[mAsL[m/
rD'D,mESihfowif;ay;rSKyHkpHwGif atmufygwdkYyg0ifonf
tpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;? tvkyf½HkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;? owif;aqmif;yg;rsm;? Web pages rsm;? e-mail, tpD&ifcHpm
owif;? tajctaeazmfjyaom tpD&ifcHpmrsm;? vlrSKa&;rD'D,mrsm;? jynfolYqufqHa&; PR ypönf;rsm;
(pm&Gufpmwrf;? "mwfyHk? CD ponf)? a'o\ pmwwfajrmufESKef;tay: tajccHpOf;pm;½Hkru vlrSKa&;t&?
½dk;&m,Ofaus;rSKt& vufcHEdkifaom udpöudkvnf; pOf;pm;yg/ tcsdKU yg0ifwufa&mufolrsm;rSm tjcm; yg0if
wufa&mufolrsm;xuf xdawGU&efvG,fonfudk owdjyKyg/ yg0ifwufa&mufoltm;vHk;udk vdktyfonfrsm;ay;yg
(pm;p&m? wnf;cdkp&m)? (tmPmr&Sdolrsm;? pmrwwfolrsm;? pmwwfajrmufrSK tqihfedrfholrsm;? ajymydkifcGihf
r&olrsm; tyg0if) vkyfudkif&ef enf;pepftwGuf Tool n. 36 udkMunhfyg/
þr[mAsL[m tpdwftydkif;i,frsm;udk pkpnf;NyD;onhfaemuf qufoG,fa&; r[mAsL[m twGuf
vdktyfrnhftcsdef? vlESihfaiGaMu;t&if;tjrpfudk cefYrSef;Edkifonf/ (Z,m;-15.1)
Z,m; 15.1 / tajccHqufoG,fa&;r[mAsL[myHkpH
OD;wnf
yg0ifwufa&mufol
qufoG,fa&;enf;vrf;
(b,fvdk? b,fae&m)
t"duay;rnhf
owif;rsm;
tcsdef
owfrSwfcsuf
EAFM pDrHcsufacgif;pOf (10) atmufwGif qufoG,fa&;r[mAsL[m csdwfqufyHk udkxnhfoGif;Edkifonf
FMU XXXX twGuf EAFM pDrHcsuf
10 / qufoG,frSK
qufoG,frSKr[mAsL[m
tajctaetrSefudkppfaq;jcif; (2)
Module 16
oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufrsm;
• EAFM pDrHcsuf taumifxnfazmfrSK tajctaeudkppfaq;&ef/
• taumiftxnfazmfrSKonf EAFM \ rlrsm;ESihfudkufnDrSK &Sd r&Sd
xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef/
• vuf&SdwGif ywf0ef;usiftm; taxmufuljyKrSk &Sd-r&Sdtm; vufawGUuspGm
ppfaq;&ef
• FMU yef;wdkifrsm;odkYa&muf&Sd&ef uefYowfcsufrsm;? tcGihftvrf;rsm;udk
jyefvnfoHk;oyf&ef/
oifcef;pmtay:jcHKiHkoHk;oyfcsuf
þoifcef;pmwGif 'kwd,ajrmuftajctaerSefppfaq;jcif; (Reality check II) udk tusOf;csKH; azmfjy
xm;ygonf/ þppfaq;jcif;wGif ,cifwifjycJhaom EAFM rlrsm;tjyif taxmufuljyKywf0ef;usifESihf
ywfoufaom vufawGUusonfh udpö&yfrsm;udk xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;xm;onf/ atmufygwdkY vdktyfaMumif;udk
ta&;ay;azmfjyonfh jyóemrsm;onf xda&mufaom Oya'rlabmif? xda&mufaom Oya'pnf;urf;
vdkufemrSKESihf pnf;urf;xdef;odrf;rSK? wnf&Sdaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESihfyl;aygif;aqmif&GufrSK enf;vrf;rsm;?
oihfavsmfaompau;(twdkif;twm)? ig;vkyfief; pDrHcefYcGJrSKudk usGrf;usifpGmaqmif&GufEdkifaom tzGJUpnf;rsm;ESihf
vHkavmufrSk&Sdonfh vlOD;a&&Sda&;vdktyfouJhodkh pGrf;aqmif&nfrsm; ESihfaiGaMu; t&if;tjrpfrsm;wdkYvnf; vdktyf
rnfjzpfygonf/ azmfjyygtcsufrsm;r&Sdygu EAFM pDrHcsufudk jyefvnfjyifqif&ef (odkY) tm;enf;csufrsm;udk
jyefvnfrSefuefwnhfrwf&efvdktyfrnfjzpfygonf/
ed'gef;
EAFM taumiftxnfazmfa&;udpöonf pDrHcsufESihfoabmwlxm;aom vkyfief;rsm;tay: rlwnfí
xda&mufaomtaumiftxnfazmfrSk&&Sda&; tkyfcsKyfa&;udpörsm;ESihf atmifjrifpGm vkyfudkifEdkifrSkrsm;ponfwdkrS
yHkazmfay;ygonf/ EAFM \ vkyfief;pOfwpfpdwfwpfydkif;tjzpf rl(7)rsdK;udk xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;í aumif;rGefaom
tkyfcsKyfrSK\tpdwftydkif;rsm; udkazmfjyxm;ygonf/ tqifh-at (Startup A) wGif tjcm;tzGJYrsm;ESihf
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;ESihf tpdk;&Xmeqdkif&mtqihfrsm;udk tav;ay;azmfjyí Reality check I wGif FMU \
tajccHrsm;udk aqG;aEG;xm;onf/ tqifh-bD (Startup B) wGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufjcif;ESihf yl;wGJpDrHcefYcGJa&; udk
t"duazmfjyxm;ygonf/ oifcef;pm-12 tqifh 2.2 (Module 11 step 2.2) wGif EAFM jyóemrsm;udk
OD;pm;ay;vkyfudkifazmfjy&mwGif tkyfcsKyfrSK jyórsm;udkvnf; azmfxkwfowfrSwfxm;ygonf/ þtcef;wGif EAFM
taumifxnfazmfEdkifa&;twGuf ta&;BuD;aom tpdwftydkif;(tcsuf)tm;vHk;onf ae&mrSefodkYa&muf&SdrSk
&Sd r&Sd tay: od&SdEdkif&ef reality check (tajctaerSefppfaq;jcif;)jzihf ppfaq; azmfxkwf&rnfjzpfygonf/
Z,m; 16.1/ vufawGUusonfh EAFM qdkif&mOya'orsm;
1/ aumif;rGefaomtkyfcsKyfa&; r[kwf wpfpdwf
wpfydkif;[kwf [kwf
jynhfpHkvHkavmufaom w&m;Oya'abmif&Sdygovm;?
xda&mufrSk&SdonfhOya'pnf;urf;vdkufemusifhoHk;rSKESihf
Oya'tmPmoufa&mufrSkqdkif&mtpDtrHrsm;pepfwus
&Sdygovm;/
xda&mufaom pDrHcefYcGJrSKvkyfaqmifedkif&ef Oya'? rl0g'?
enf;ynm pDrHcefYcGJrSkqdkif&mtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESihf pDpOfaqmif
&GufrSKrsm; vHkavmufpGmcsrSwfxm;ygovm;/
2/ qDavsmfrSk&SdonfhowfrSwfpHeSkef;
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- ywf0ef;usifESihfzGHUNzdK;rSKtay: Rio aMujimpmwrf;? Rio de Janeiro , 1992
- ywf0ef;usifESihfzGHUNzdK;rSKtay: UN uGefz&ifh Agenda 21, Rio de Janeiro, 1992
- FAO \wm0efodig;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf vdkufem&efpnf;urf;rsm;? a&mr? 1995
- yifv,fjyifESihf urf;&dk;wef; ZD0rsdK;pHkrsdK;uGJtay: *sumwm ñ TefMum;csuf? Jakarta, 1995
- yifv,fa*[aA'pepfwGif; wm0efodig;vkyfief;twGuf a&*smApfaMujimpmwrf;? Reykjavik, 2001
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taumiftxnfazmfrSK tusdK;aus;Zl;ESihf ukefusp&dwftay: oufa&mufapvdrhfrnfjzpfNyD;? tcsdefumv
tay:wGif vnf; tusdK;oufa&mufrSk&Sdaprnfjzpfygonf/
EAFM pDrHcefYcGJrSkenf;vrf;tm;a&G;cs,f&mwGif vlom;b0om,m0ajyma&;? a*[pepf aumif;rGefa&;ESihf
aumif;rGefaomtkyfcsKyfjcif; ponhfe,fy,foHk;&yfudkajz&Sif;vdkonhf EdkifiHa&;pdwf"mwf(ckdifrmaompdwf"mwf)
&Sd&rnf[krSwf,l&rnfjzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif yuwdjzpf&yfrSefjzpfaom tpdk;&Xmersm;wGif rl0g'qdkif&m
tqihfjrihf&mxl;tajymif;tvJjrefjcif;ESihf wkdawmif;aom EdkifiHa&;oufwrf;wdkYaMumihf pDrHcefYcGJa&;udk a*[pepf
tajcjyKenf;vrf; a&&Snftaumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Gufa&;tay: tuefYtowfjyKaprnf jzpfygonf/
a&&Snfyg0ifaqmif&Gufa&; vdktyfcsufudk EAFM wGif tav;xm;azmfjyxm;ygonf/ a&wdkvkyfief; tpDtpOfESihf
oHk;ESpfpDrHudef;ESihf bwf*sufrsm;txd yg0ifygonf/
vlom;t&if;tjrpfrsm;onf r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfcsufwpfckjzpfí vlYt&if;tjrpf jyóemrsm;wGif t&nftcsif;
edrfhusrSK (pGrf;&nfr&SdrSK)ESihf tpdk;&Xmersm;wGif tawGUtMuHK&Sdonfh usGrf;usif0efxrf;rsm; Mum&Snf
vkyfaqmifedkifrSkr&Sdjcif;onf tcuftcJwpfcktaejzifhyg0ifvsSuf&Sdyg onf/
ig;vkyfief;Xmersm;taejzihf vkyfief;&yfeSD;eG,folrsm;ESihf yl;aygif;vkyfaqmif&mwGif ueOD;awGUqHk
aqG;aEG;jcif;? pdefac:rSkrsm;tm;ajz&Sif;jcif;ESihf vkyfief;&yfeSD;eG,folrsm;\ jyóemrsm; (Oyrm- vkyfief;&yf
eSD;eG,folrsm;udk,fwdkif yl;aygif;aqG;aEG;jcif;udk ajz&Sif;jcif;wdkYrSm vkyfaqmifavhr&Sdonfh vkyfief;&yftm;
vkyfaqmifjcif;ESihfwlygonf/ þtajymif;tvJrsm;eSifh ywfoufjyD; vufawGUtaxmuful jyKEdkif&ef
oifwef;ay;jcif;? t&nftaoG;jr§ihfwifjcif; ponfhvkyfief;&yfrsm;vkyfaqmif&ef vdktyfrnfjzpfygonf/ (tcef;
8 ESifY 9? People Tool 1-8)/
xda&mufaom pDrHcefYcGJa&;tzGJUBuD;rsm;ESihf tpDtpOfrsm;tay: aemufxyfar;cGef;rsm;
1/ ig;vkyfief; pDrHcefYcGJ&eftwGuf b,folESihf bmuwm0ef&SdovJ?/ þudpöwGif pDrHcefYcGJa&;udk
wpfOD;csif;tvkyftukdif\ tpdwftydkif;wpfcktjzpf owfrSwf&ef odkYr[kwf ig;vkyfief;udk pDrHcefYcGJ&ef
tzGJUwpfckrS yl;aygif;vkyfudkif&ef/
2/ OD;aqmifonhf ig;vkyfief;Xmetaejzihf pDrHcefYcGJa&;twGuf aeom;wus taqmufttkHwpfck
&SdaeNyD;vm; (qdkvdkonfrSm pDrHcefUcGJa&;,lepfwpfck&dSNyD;vm;) xdk,lepf 0efxrf;rsm;onf ig;vkyfief;
pDrHcefYcGJa&;twGuf wm0ef&Sdolrsm;jzpfonf/
2/ qDavQmfrSK&SdonfY owfrSwfpHESKef;
qDavQmfrSK&SdonfY a*[pepf? vlom;ESihftkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m owfrSwfpHESKef;
EAFM wGif\ tqifh(1) step 1wGif FMU \ (EAFM azmfaqmif&ef) e,fajrtydkif;tjcm; owfrSwfpHeSkef; ESihf
e,fedrdwfowfrSwfcsuf rsm;udk oabmwlnDxm;MuNyD;jzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif EAFM udk a*[pepfrsm;\
oabmobm0t& tqihfvdkufzGJUpnf;jcif;udk xif[yfonfh (yx0D0iftaetxm;t&) e,fajrtydkif;tjcm;
owfrSwfpHeSkef; (spatial scale) ESihf tcsdeftydkif;tjcm;owfrSwfpHeSkef; (temporal scale) wdkY\abmiftwGif;wGifom
taumif t xnfazmf&rnfjzpfygonf/ (Oyrm BuDrm;aom tPÖ0gaA'pepfrsm; (large Marine Ecosystem,
LMEs) jzpfaom ta&SUtm&SrS awmifw&kwfyifv,frS ao;i,faom jrpf0a'orsm;? Oyrm? zdvpfydkifEdkifiHrS San
Miguel Bay) þoif&dk;ta&SUydkif;wGif (Scaling jyóemrsm;udk tcef; 4? EAFM \ Oya'orsm;ESifY
tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm; wGif az:jycJhNyD;jzpfonf)/ owfrSwfpHeSkef;jrSifhwifjcif; (Scaling up) ESihf owfrSwfpHeSkef;
avsmhcsjcif; (Scaling down) wkdYrSm jyóemtppftrSef jzpfMuojzihf ,if;wdkYudk xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;&ef
vdktyfrnfjzpfyg onf/
a*[aA'pepfwdkYonf cdkifrmpGm wGJzufywfoufaeMuaomaMumifh a*[aA'pepfwpfck odkY r[kwf
tjcm;wpfck&Sd tpdwftydkif;wpf&yfonf FMU \ jyifywGifwnf&Sdaernf/ xdkYaMumifh EAFM aqmif&Guf&mwGif
rsm;aomtm;jzihf Scaling up udk aqmif&Guf&efvdkonf/ odkYr[kwf tpGef;tzsm;rsm;udk tenf;qHk; xnfhoGif;
pOf;pm;&efvdkonf/ FMU wGif ig;vkyfief;\ tjcm;tpdwfydkif;rsm;\oufa&mufrIrsm; (Oyrm -pD;yGm;jzpf
tBuD;pm;ig;zrf;vkyfief;) udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;r&Sdyg/ ti,fpm;ig;vkyfief;rsm; pDrHcefYcGJa&;udkvG,fulpGm
xdcdkufapEdkifonf/ rsm;tm;jzihf EAFM udkvufawGYususpwifEdkif&ef twefoifhao;i,faom a&SUajy;
owfrSwfpHeSkef; (Oyrm-ao;i,faom urf;ajcta'ocHtzGJUpnf;) tjzpf owfrSwfjyD; pwifaqmif&Guf
&rnfjzpfygonf/ xdkYaemuf aemufwpfqifh (tusdK;aMumif; qDavsmfaomaemufwpfqifh) taejzihf Scale up
vkyfí tpkta0;rsm;udkyg xnfhoGif;oifh ygonf/ Oyrm-yifv,fauGUwpfckvHk;wGif yg0ifaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;/
Oyrmwpfckudk zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGif aqmif&GufcJhaom FISH ya&m*sufwGif az:jyxm;onf/ tcef; 4? EAFM \
Oya'orsm;ESifY tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;, Section 2).
EAFM twGufpdefac:csufrsm;teuf wpfckrSmtpdk;&tqifhwpfck (c&dkif? wdkif;ponf)pDwGif&Sdaom
urf;&dk;wef;ESihf ig;vkyfief;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;(|mersm;)\ aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf wpfzGJUESihfwpfzGJU nDnGwf
tqifajyapa&;twGuf enf;vrf;az:xkwfjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYjyif oabmwlxm;cJhMuaom EAFM yef;wdkifrsm;ESihf
rl0g'rsm;(Oya'orsm;)ESihf udkufnD&rnfjzpfygonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzihf EkdifiHawmftqihf pDrHcsufESihfrl0g' yef;wkdif
rsm;onf a'ocHtpdk;&\vufawGUyef;wdkifrsm; taumiftxnf az:a&;ESifh uGm[avh&Sdygonf/ xdkYaMumifh
EdkifiHawmftqihfrS a'otqifhtxd worwf wnf;nDnGwfaom enf;vrf;xm;&Sd&efvdktyfrnfjzpfygonf/
xdkYtwl rl0g'ESihf pDrHcefYcGJrI&nfrSef;csufrsm; udkufnDtqifajyapa&;twGuf tvHk;pHkyg0ifaom vkyfief;abmif
wpfck csrSwf&efta&;BuD;onf/ a*[aA'pepf\ twkdif;wmpau;ESihf udkufnDaom? a*[pepf ESihf
oufqdkifaomudpörsm;udkapmifhMuyfMunfh&SK&ef tpDpOfESihfudkufnDaom oufqdkif&mpDrHcefYcGJrI tmPmydkifrsm;ESifh
udkufnDaom pDrHcefYcGJa&; qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;onf a*[pepf &nf;rSef;csufrsm; ydkíatmifjrifpGm aqmif&Guf&ef
tvm;vm&Sdaprnfjzpfygonf/
a*[aA'pepfpDrHcefYcGJ&ef owfrSwfpHeSkef;trsdK;rsdK;tay:rlwnfjyD; tvdkufoifhjzpfapa&;rSm tcsdef,l
&rnfjzpfojzihf xyfwvJvJaqmif&Guf&rnfh EAFM enf;vrf;qdkif&m puf0ef;\ yxrtqifhNyD;ajrmufEkdifrnf
r[kwfyg/ tcsdKUaomudpörsm;wGif qDavsmfrSkr&Sdonfh owfrSwfpHeSkef;rsm;\ FMU ay:oufa&mufrIrsdK;udk
trSefwu,f taumiftxnfaz:oifhonfh tqifh? apmifhMuyfMunfh&SKonfhtqifhESihf qef;ppf tuJjzwfonfh
tqifhodkYa&mufrSom odjrifEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/ (Steps 3 and 4) ? aemufwpfBudrf vkyfaqmifcsuf (next
iteration)rS pDrHcsufudktqifajyatmif ajymif;vJjyKjyif,ljcif;jzihf wdk;wufrI&&SdEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/ (Step 5)/
EAFM pDrHcsufudk oifhavsmfrSK&SdonfY owfrSwfpHESKef; yg0ifjcif;&Sdr&Sd ppfaq;&efaemufxyf ar;cGef;rsm;
EAFM twGuf yef;wdkifrsm;ESihf &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk od&Sd&if0,fydkufvsufar;&ef-
1/ FMU \ e,fedrdwfrsm; ydkus,fjyefYaom a*[aA'pepf e,fedrdwfrsm; rnfodkYrnfyHk qufpyf
oenf;/
2/ FMU onf a*[aA'pepf wpfpdwfwpfydkif;udkom vTrf;jcHKygu e,fedrdwfrsm; jzwfausmf
pDrHcefYcGJa&;ESihf udkufnDaomtpDtpOfrsm; tqifhoihf&Sdaeygovm;/
3/ yl;aygif;yg0ifrSK wdk;jrifYjcif;
yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJjcif;/
owdjyK&ef/ ]]yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJjcif;qdkonfrSm a'ot&if;tjrpfudk oHk;pGJoltzGJUtpnf;rsm;? tpdk;&? tjcm;yg0if
ywfoufolrsm;ESihf jyifytzGJUrsm;wdkYu ig;vkyfief; pDrHcefYcGJrItwGuf wm0efESifh tmPmudk rQa0Muaom yl;aygif;
tpDpOfwpfckjzpfonf/ xkdYodkY aqmif&Guf&mwGif tmPmcGJa0rIudk tqifhtrsdK;rsdK;wGif aqmif&GufMuonf/
yuwdtjzpfrSefudkppfaq;&eftwGuf atmufygar;cGef;rsm;udkar;&ef tcsdeftcgaumif;jzpfonf/
1/ oifhavsmfonfY owfrSwfpHESKef;wGif yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJrIonf FMU ESihf qufpyfygovm;/
2/ a'ocHtzGJUrsm;udk tmPmtyfESif;xm;ygovm;/
3/ xda&mufaom yl;wGJpDrHcefYcGJrIqdkif&m zGJYpnf;wnfaqmufrSK tjzpf&Sdygovm;/
4/ wlnDrQwaom yg0ifaqmif&GufrIrsdK; &Sdygovm;/ (usm; ^ r? qif;&J ^ csrf;om)
5/ y#dyu© pDrHcefYcGJa&;twGuf xda&mufaom pepfwpfck vuf&SdwGif &Sdygovm;/
ig;vkyfief;&yfeSD;eG,folrsm;ESihf ig;zrf;onfha'ocHrsm;ESihftwl tvkyfvkyfonfhtcgwGif txl;ta&;BuD;
aom tcsufwpfckrSm olwdkYtm;tmPmtyfESif;xm;jcif;&Sd ^r&Sdjzpfonf/ þudpöwGif A[kokw? todOmPf?
twwfynm? tzGJYtpnf;wGif aqmif&GufEdkifpGrf;&nf wdk;jr§ifhay;jcif;jzpfonf/ odkYrSom yg0ifywfoufolrsm;
taejzihf vkyfudkif&ef tmPm&SdNyD; qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csEdkifrnf/ yg0ifywfoufolrsm;taejzihf qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;ESihf
&v'frsm;udk ydkifqdkifEdkifaomtajctae (qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;csEdkifaom?&v'frsm;ay:wm0ef,lEdkifaom tajc
tae) &Sd&efvdktyfNyD; wm0ef,lvkyfudkifEdkif&efvdktyfonf/ tmPmtyfESif;jcif;onf pdwftm; xufoefrIudk
wdk;jr§ifhay;jcif;ESihf xdkpdwftm;xufoefrI a&&SnfwnfwefYa&;udk wGef;tm; ay;aqmif&Guf&rnfjzpfygonf/
a'ocHrsm;zGHUNzdK;a&;qdkonfrSm MuD;xGm;jcif;ESihf zGHUNzdK;jcif;wdkY\ twGif;jzpfpOf (internal Process) wpfckjzpfNyD;
,if;udkatmufygtcsufrsm;u wdk;jr§ifhay;Edkifonf/ (1) owif; tcsuftvufrsm;jzefYa0jcif;? (2)oifwef;
ay;jcif;/ (3) jyifytzGJU (yk*¾dKvf) rsm;u tusdK;aqmif aqmif&Gufay;jcif;ESihf q&mvkyf tMuHay;jcif;ESihf (4)
uGef,ufjzihfquf oG,fay;jcif;/ EAFM \ueOD;tqifhrsm;wGif az:jycsuftcsdKU odkYr[kwf tm;vHk;udk
aqmif&Guf oifhygonf/ a'ocHyl;aygif;rIESifh zGHUNzdK;wdk;wuf&eftwGufjzpfonf/
a'ocHrsm;udk toifhtaetxm;jzpfap&ef pnf;½kH;aqmif&Gufjcif;
EAFM wGifa'ocHwdkY\ wm&Snfaom? pdwftm;xufoefaom yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&GufrI vdktyfrnf
jzpfygonf/ FMU ESihfqufEG,faom? wdkuf½dkufywfoufaom a'ocHrsm;udk toifhtaexm;jzpfap&ef
pkpnf;NyD;ygovm;/ atmufazmfjyyg vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;onf a'ocHrsm;pnf;½k H;pkpnf;jcif;tm; pwif&efESihf
EAFM vkyfief;pOfwGifvuf&Sdtkyfpkrsm; yl;aygif;yg0ifrItm; wdk;jr§ifhaqmif&Guf&eftwGufjzpfygonf/
• ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mynmay;rSkaqmif&Gufjcif;?
• vlrIa&;qdkif&mqufqHrSkaqmif&Gufjcif;?
• r[mrdwfzGJUjcif;eSifh uGef,ufrsm;wnfaqmufjcif;
• a&&SnfwnfwHhrSk&SdonfhtzGJUtpnf;jzpfatmifaqmif&Gufjcif;?
• vlom;pGrf;aqmif&nfjrifhwifaqmif&Gufjcif;?
tao;pdwftwGuf Tools n.9, 10 & 19 udk rSDjirf;&ef/
4/ &nf&nfcsufrsm;
rwlnDonfY&nf&G,fcsufrsm;ESifY tay;t,lvkyfjcif;jzifY &&SdonfY oabmwlnDcsufrsm;/
EAFM onf a*[aA'? vlom;ESihftkyfcsKyfrIwdkY\ a&&SnfwnfwefYaom zGYHNzdK;jcif;wdkY yg0ifojzihf rwlnDaom
pDrHcefYcGJrI&nfrSef;csufrsm; jzpfay:avh&Sdonf/ Oyrm �
• a*[pepfqdkif&m&nf&G,fcsuf- ig;zrf;qD;a&;tm;xkwfrIudk avsmhcs&efESihf ig;zrf;avS avsmhcs&ef/
• pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m&nf&G,fcsuf - a&vkyfom;rsm;ESihf a&vkyfief; taxmufuljyK pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
pD;yGm;a&; wGufacsydkudkufatmif ydkwdk;wufatmif vkyfaqmif&ef
• vlom;qdkif&m&nf&G,fcsuf - tvkyftudkifydkrdk&&Sda&;vkyfaqmif&ef
• tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m&nf&G,fcsuf- aiGaMu;? yp önf;tulnDwdk;ay;&ef
txufygyxr&nfrSef;csuf (2)ckrSm tqifajyrSk&Sdap&ef ,SOfwGJaqmif&GufoifhjyD; ig;zrf; oGif;tm;pk
avsmhjcif;\&vm'fonf wefzdk;jrifhig;rsm; txdtrd ydkrdkvmap&eftwGufjzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif tvkyftudkif
ydkrdk&&Sda&;twGuf jzpfvmrnfr[kwfyg/ þudpörsdK;wGif Mum;0ifa&mufaqmif&GufrI vdktyfrnfjzpfygonf/
Oyrmtm;jzihf þpDrHcefYcGJrI vkyfaqmifcsufaMumifh xdcdkufepfemoGm;ol (tvkyfjyKwfoGm;ol)wdkYtwGuf tpm;xdk;
toufarG; 0rf; aMumif;rsm; zefwD;ay;jcif;/ ig;zrf;qD;a&; tm;xkwfrIavsmhcsjcif;ESihf ig;zrf;avS avsmhcs
jcif;aMumifh tjrwftpGef;&&Sdolrsm; (winners) ESifh qHk;½I H;epfemolrsm; (losers) jzpfay: vm Edkifyg onf/ odkY&mwGif
þodkY aomtajctaersdk;onf tjrJwrf;jzpfay:edkifrnfr[kwfyg/ qHk;½IH;epfemolrsm;? ig;zrf;cGifhqHk;½IH;aom
tcgrsdK;wGifavsmfaMu;wpfenf;enf;ay;jcif;? tjcm;aomtvkyftudkif&&Sda&;twGuf aqmif&Gufay;jcif;wdkYrSm
ydkíta&;BuD;aom udp öjzpf&yf taejzifhyg0ifvmygonf/
EAFM oif½dk;wpfavQmufvHk; tav;xm;az:jycJhouJhodkY rnfonfht&mrS oD;jcm;jzpf ay:vmjcif;r[kwfyg/
xdkYaMumifh tay;t,lvkyfjcif;jzihf vdkvm;tyfaom &nfrSef;csufrsm; txajrmufatmifjrifrSk&&Sd&ef pDrHcefYcGJa&;
pepfrsm;vdkuf csrSwfaqmif&Guf&ef ta&;BuD;ygonf/ ig;vkyfief;uJhodkY t&if;tjrpf tuefYtowf&Sdaom
vkyfief;wpfcktaejzihf atmufygwdkYudk tjrJwrf;&&SdEdkifrnfr[kwfyg/ (1) usef;rmoefpGrf;aomig;tkyfpkrsm;
(tajcaeaumif;aom ig;tkyfpkrsm;)? (2) oefY&Sif;aumif;rGefaom a*[pepf? (3) wuf<u atmifjrifaom
pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;? (4)tjynfht0 tvkyftudkif&&SdMujcif; wdkYjzpfonf/ tay:rSvmaom rl0g'rsm;u
txufyg (4) csufESihfywfoufí rnfodkYyif qdkapumrl ,if; (4) csufudk wpfcsdefwnf; tjrJwrf; &&SdEdkifrnf
r[kwfyg/
bufpHk&nfrSef;csufrsm;twkdif; aqmif&Gufonf? raqmif&Gufonfudk ppfaq;&efaemufxyf ar;cGef;rsm;
(1) EAFM pDrHcsufwGif FMU twGuf az:xkwfowfrSwfxm;aom txl;OD;pm;ay; jyóemrsm;
yg0ifygovm;/
(2) tm;NydKifaeMuaom &nfrSef;csufrsm;tMum; tay;t,lvkyfajz&Sif;jcif; udpörsdK;udk xnfhoGif;
pOf;pm; ygovm;/ oabmwlxm;Muygovm;/
5/ nd§EIdif;jcif;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;/
o,HZmwt&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifY Oya'? rl0g'? enf;ynm pDrHcefYcGJrSKqdkif&m tzGJYtpnf;rsm; (Institutions) csdwfqufzGJYpnf;jcif;/
þoif½dk;wpfavQmufvHk;wGif tav;ay;az:jyxm;cJhonfh tcsufrSm EAFM taumiftxnfaz: &mwGif
ig;vkyfief;rsm;ESihf ywf0ef;usiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;Mum; nd§EdIif;jcif;? wdkifyifaqG;aEG;jcif;? yl;aygif; yg0ifjcif;? xdkYjyif
tjcm;u@rsm;ESihfvnf;yl;aygif;qHk;jzwfcsufcsjcif;rsm; vkdtyfrnfjzpfygonf/ xdkem;vnfrIrSwpfqihf
tjyeftvSefqufqHrI\ (tEkwfvu©Pm) tm;enf;csufESihftwl tkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf tm;om;csuf
(taygif;vu©Pm) jzpfapaom tjyeftvSefqufqHrIwdkYudk rD;armif;xdk; az:jyaprnfjzpfygonf/ (Institutions)
rsm;onf w&m;Oya'jyKa&; tvTmaygif;pHkESihf vlYtzGJUpnf; (society) tvTmtoD;oD;wGif oufqdkif&m
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yg0ifonf/
• ywf0ef;usif odkYr[kwf a,bl,spepfwpfckvHk;udk t"dyÜg,faz:jcif;ESihf cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;?
• vdktyfcsufrsm;ESihf ^odkYr[kwf t"dujyóemrsm;udk az:xkwf owfrSwfjcif;/
• vdktyfcsufrsm;udk wkefYjyef&efodkYr[kwf jznfhqnf;&ef enf;AsL[mrsm; csrSwfjcif;/
• vkyfief;rsm;tpDtpOfcsrSwfjcif;ESihf taumiftxnfazmfjcif;/
• t&if;tjrpf (vl? aiG? ypönf;) rsm;udk pkpnf;pDrHí xda&mufpGmESihf a&&SnfwnfwefY&ef toHk;csjcif;/
• vkyfaqmifrsm;udk apmifhMuyfMunfh½Ijcif;? wkefYjyefcsuf&&Sd&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;ESihf &nfrSef;csufrsm;
aygufajrmuf&ef vkyfief;pOfudk oifhovdk ajymif;vJjyKjyifjcif;/
• wpfa&GUa&GU ajymif;vJjzpfay:aeaom pdefac:csufrsm;udk ajz&Sif;Edkif&ef todynmESihf twwfynm
topfwdkYudk &,ljcif;
yl;aygif;pDrHcsufa&;qGJa&;ESihf pDrHcefYcGJa&;udpöwGif atmufygtcsufwdkYudk aqmif&GufEdkif&ef a'ocHwdkUpGrf;&nf
vdktyfonf/
• ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYhcGJ&aom t&if;jrpfoHk;pGJolrsm;? tpkrsm;? tzGJUpnf;rsm;? ig;zrf;ol a'ocH
tzGJUpnf;rsm;ESihf a'otpdk;&wdkYonf ydkíaocsmaom pGrf;&nf xufjrufap&ef?
• yl;wGJpDrHcefYcGJa&;udp öwGifyg0ifaom a'ocHt&if;jrpfoHk;pGJolrsm;? ,if;tzGJUpnf; acgif;aqmifrsm;?
a'otpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;ESihf 0efxrfrsm;ESifh tjcm;yg0if ywfoufol rsm;onf rdrdwdkY\tcef;u@ESihf
wm0efrsm;udk aocsmayguf aqmif&GufEdkif ap&efESihf
• a'ocHtqihfwGif&Sdaeaom ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrSKt&nftcsif;udk wdk;jr§ihf&ef/
pGrf;&nfzGHUNzdK;a&;qdk&mü atmufygwdkYyg0ifonf-
EAFM ESihf yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJa&;qdkwmbmvJudkk od&Sdem;vnfjcif;ESihf rnfodkYpDrHí rnfokdY yg0ifaqmif&Guf
&rnfudkodjcif;/ tjcm;yg0ifywfoufolrsm;ESihf qufoG,fjcif;/ tkyfcsKyfa&; ESihf pD;yGm;a&;udpörsm;wGif
yg0ifjcif;ESihf aphpyfn§ dESKdif;yGJrsm;wGif yg0ifjcif;wdkYonf? pGrf;&nfzGHYNzdK;a&;onf qufvufa½GUaeaom jzpfpOf
wpfckjzpfí vlwpfOD;csif;? tzGJUpnf;wpfckcsif;taejzihf pDrHcefYcGJrSKudk vkyfEdkifaom pGrf;tm;jzpfonf/
tav;ay;ajymqdk&ef vdktyfonhftcsufwpfckrSm vlwpfOD;csif;taejzihf tjcm;olrsm;ESihf todOmPfESifh
pGrf;&nfwlnD&ef rvdktyfyg/ þtaMumif;aMumihfyif yl;aygif;yg0ifaom csOf;uyfrSKonf tvGefpGrf;&nf
jr§ihfrm;&jcif;jzpfonf/ vdktyfaom pGrf;&nftrsdK;rsdK;onf yg0if ywfouf olrsm;twGif; ysHUESHUwnf&Sdaeonf/
rnfolonf rwlnDaom rnfonhf vkyfief;pOf tqihfwGif yg0if&rnfudk qHk;jzwfa&;onf/ pkaygif;pGrf;&nfudk
taumif;qHk; rnfodkY toHk;csa&;wGif ta&;BuD;onf/ yg0ifywfoufolrsm;tm;vHk;onf vkyfief;tm;vkH; wGif
yg0ifaqmif&Guf&ef rvdkyg/ ao;i,faom oD;oefYtvkyftzJGUi,frsm;udk zGJUpnf;jcif;onf xdef;ausmif;onhf
enf;pepf wpfckjzpfonf/
pGrf;&nfzGHUNzdK;a&;ESihfywfoufonhf ta&;BuD;tawG;tac:wpfckrSm social capital (vlrSKa&; t&if;tESD;)
jzpfonf/ a'ocHtzGJUpnf; wpfckvHk;qdkonfrSm ,if;a'o&Sd vltm;vHk; pkpkaygif; omru ,if;xufydkonf
qdkonfudk todrSwfjyK&ef ta&;BuD;onf/ vlwdkUonf ESD;EG,fqufoG,fMujcif;jzihf vlrSKa&;vdktyfcsufrsm;
jzpfMuaom tusdK;pD;yGm;wlMuaom tzGJUpnf;? tjyeftvSefwm0ef,lorSK (rvkyfrjzpfwm0ef)? jyKpk
apmihfa&Smufjcif;? pdk;&drfylyefjcif;? tusdK;pD;yGm; (pdwf0ifpm;rSK) ESihf owif;tcsufvuf &&Sdjcif;wdkYudk jznfhqnf;
ay;onf/ txufazmfjyyg tcsufwdkYudk tjyefvSef tusdK;pD;yGm;jzpfapaom ]]pH}} ESihf ]]wm0ef}} uGef,ufrsm;[k
,lqEdkifonf/ ]]vlrSKa&;t&if;ESD;}} qdkonfrSm tjyeftvSef qufoG,fvkyfaqmifjcif;rS oif,ljcif;jzpfpOf
wpfckudk&aponf/ þvlrSKa&;t&if;ESD;onf pkaygif;aqmif&Gufjcif; atmifjrifap&ef tvGefta&;BuD;onf/
xdkYjyif vlrSKa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESihf tzGJUpnf;0ef;usifBuD;yGm;wdk;wufa&;ESifh a&&SnfwnfwHha&;twGuf
ta&;BuD;onf/ azmfjyyg0ef;usifrSmvnf; oihfovdkajymif;vJjyKjyif&ef tqifoihfjzpfaom 0ef;usifrsdK;jzpfonf/
vlrSKa&;uGef,ufonf a&jyifnDvdkufjzpfEdkifonf/ (a'ocHtzGJUrsm;Mum;) þen;fjzihf a'ocHwkdUukd
todtrSwffjyKcH&jcif;? bkH&nfrSef;csuf&Sdjcif;wdkUudk cHpm;&aponf/ vlrSKa&;uGef,ufonf
a'gifvdkufvnf;jzpfEdkifonf/ (tpdk;&rS a'ocHtzGJUpnf;? ,if;rS wpfOD;csif;qDodkY)? þenf;jzihfvkyfEkdifpGrf;ESihf
taxmufulwdkYudk ydkrdk us,fjyefYaponf/ (a'ocHtzGJUpnf; tqifoihfjzpf&efpkpnf;jcif;? r[mrdwfESihf uGef,uf
wnfaxmifjcif;wdkYudk tcef; 9? tpjyKvkyfief; (c) ESifY Tool n. 9 and n. 10 wGif Munhfyg)/
pGrf;&nfzGHUNzdK;a&;udk jyifyrSyk*¾dKvfrsm;u raqmif&GufEdkifyg/ jyifytzGJUtpnf; wpfck taejzihf pGrf;&nf
zGHUNzdK;a&;tGuf tm;ay;ulnDjcif;? owif;ay;jcif;? oifwef;ay;jcif;ESihftjcm;aom axmufyHhrSKrsm; ay;Edkifonf/
odkY&mwGif jyifytzGJUpnf;wpfcktaejzihf tzGJUwpfck\ pGrf;&nf zHGUNzdK;a&; twGuff OD;aqmif&efESihf wm0ef,l&ef
tm;rxkwfoifYyg/ xdktzGJUtpnf;\ pDrHcefUcGJ olrsm;? tzGJU0ifrsm;udk,fwdkif rdrdwdkY\yef;wdkifrsm; owfrSwfjcif;?
qHk;jzwfjcif;wdkYudk vkyf&rnf/ þtzGJUpnf;wGif;uyif OD;aqmifrSK (OD;aqmifol) xGufay: vm&rnfjzpfNyD;?
tzGJU0ifrsm; taejzihfvnf; vdktyfaomtvkyftrsm;pkudk rdrdfwdkUudk,fwdkifvkyfaqmif&rnf jzpfygonf/
pGrf;&nfzGHUNzdK;a&;qdk&mwGif todOmPf&&Sd&efaqmif&Gufjcif;? xdk&&Sdaom todÓPfudk toHk; csí
wpfOD;csif;ESihf tzGJUpnf;\yef;wdkifa&muf&Sd&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumihf tvkyfvkyf&if;oif,l?
vufawGUprf;oyf&if;oif,ljcif;wdkYonfpGrf;&nfzGHUNzdK;a&;\ tonf; ESvHk;yrmta&;BuD;ygonf/
pGrf;&nfzGHUNzdK;a&;twGuf t"duenf;vrf;rsm;wGif atmufygenf;vrf;rsm; yg0ifonf-
- owif;tcsuftvufrsm; us,fjyefUpGmjzefYa0jcif; (tcef; 9? tpjyKvkyfief; (c) , section 6 and
awareness raising Munhf)?
- todynm? twwfynm? tjyKrloabmzGHUNzdK;&ef oifwef;ay;jcif; (Tool n. 9 Munhf)?
- jyifytzGJUtpnf;u tusdK;aqmif&Gufay;jcif;? apmihfMuyfMunhf&SKay;jcif; (tcef; 9? tpjyKvkyfief;
(c) , section 2 Munhfh)/
wlnDaomvkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Gufaeaom tjcm;olrsm;ESihf tcsufvufowif;? tawGUBuHK zvS,f&ef
uGef,ufwnfaxmifjcif;? xdkYtwl tvkyf&HkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;? tpnf;ta0;rsm;? a'ocHrsm; ESihf vufawGUusaom
awGUqHkrSKrS pGrf;&nfzGHNzdK;a&;udk &&Sdaprnf jzpfygonf/ ,if;wdkYrS
- wHkUjyefrSK&&Sdrnf/ þenf;jzihftzGJUtpnf;wpfcktwGif; tawGUtBuHKrS oif,ljcif; udk&aponf/ (M&E
Tool n. 38 Munhf)/
pGrf;&nfzGHUNzdK;a&; trsdK;tpm;ESihf yrmPwdkYrSm tzGJUtpnf;\ yef;wdkifrsm;ESihf &&SdEdkifaom aiGaMu;
tajctaetay: rlwnfvdrhfrnf/ owif;tcsuftvufay;jcif;? odkYr[kwf wpfBudrf oifwef;ay;jcif;wdkYrSm
vlwpfOD;csif;? wpfzGJUcsif;odkY oufa&mufrnfjzpfaomfvnf; oifwef;om; wpfOD;csif\ tjyKtrltay: Mum&Snf
cHaom ajymif;vJrSKrsdK; &EdkifcJygonf/ xdkoifwef;rsdK;udk jyifytzGJUpnf;wpfcku aqmif&Gufjcif;u rsm;aom
tm;jzihf ydkíxda&mufonf/ odkY&mwGif tukeftus ydkrsm;onf/
pGrf;&nfzGHYNzdK;a&;udk ulnDaom (jzpfEdkifapaom) tcsufrsm;wGif atmufygwdkY yg0ifonf-
• tajymif;tvJtwGuf ulnDaom (tqifajyaom) jyify ywf0ef;usiftajctaewpfck?
• tajymif;tvJtwGuf OD;aqmifrSKay;&ef ,HkMunfouf0if ^ pdwfygaom xdyfydkif; pDrHcefYcGJ olrsm;?
• &Sif;vif;jywfom;aom &nfrSef;csufrsm;? OD;pm;ay;rSKrsm;?
• tajymif;vJjzpfpOftwGuf ,HkMunfouf0ifNyD;? yg0ifvkyfaqmifaom r&SdrjzpftzGJU0if tajrmuftjrm;?
• tpjyKvkyfudkifjcif;udk owdxm;rdjcif;ESihf oabmaygufem;vnfjcif;?
• yGihfvif;jrifomaomjzpfpOfESihf yGihfvif;jrifomaom qHk;jzwfcsufcsjcif;?
• pGrf;&nfzGHYNzdK;a&;twGufESihf tajymif;tvJtwGuf vHkavmufaom t&if;tjrpfrsm; (vl? aiG? ypönf;)?
• pGrf;&nfzGHUNzdK;a&;vkyfief;pOfudk vHkavmufaom pDrHcefYcGJrSK/
vlom;pGrf;&nfudkppfaq;&eft"duar;cGef;rsm;
vlom;pGrf;&nf zGHUNzdK;a&;twdkif;twmESihf tjrifonf qufpufrSK&Sdaom tajctaetay: tvGef
rDwnfonf/ ,if;rSm tzGJUpnf;\ vuf&Sdtwwfynmqdkif&m tajccH? yef;wdkifrsm;ESihf bwf*suftay:
rlwnfonf/ odkU&mwGif vl\pGrf;&nfonf EAFM taumifxnfazmf&ef vdktyfcsufESihfudkufnDrSK &Sd r&Sd
ppfaq;&mwGif taxmufuljyKapEdkifaom a,bl,sar;cGef;rsm; &Sdygonf/
(1) tcsuftvuf jynhfpHkonhftajctaewGifjzpfap? rjynhfpHkonhftajctaewGif jzpfap? EAFM
taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif wm0ef&Sdaom 0efxrf;rsm;onf rsdK;pdwfrsdK;pHk yg0ifaom
ig;vkyfief;rsm; qef;ppftuJjzwf&efESihf pDrHcefYcGJ&eftwGuf oihfavsmfaom tawGUtBuHKESihf
oifwef;tawGUBuHK&SdMuygovm;?/
(2) a*[aA' ½SKa'gihfrSjzpfap? vlrSKa&;½SKa'gihfrSjzpfap? pDrHcefYcGJrSK &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk a*[pepf
wpfckESihf tqifajyap&efvdktyfaom twwfynmrsm;? todynmrsm;udk EAFM
taumiftxnf azmfaeonhf tzGJUtm;oifMum; avhusihfay;cJhjcif; &Sdygovm;?/
(3) trSefwu,f yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&aom jzpfpOfwpfcktwGuf trsm;qHk;tusdK; jzpfxGef; apaom
people skills (vlom;rsm;\ uRrf;usifrSKrsm;) onf taumiftxnfazmfaeaom tzGJUwGif
&Sdaeygovm;?/
odomxif&Sm;onhftcsufrSm trsdK;rsdK;aomt&if;tjrpfrsm;? Oyrm - taqmufttHk? pufud&d,m
wefqmyvm rsm;wdkYrSmvnf; vdktyfonf/ þt&if;tjrpfrsm;onf vHkavmufaom &efyHkaiG&&Sda&;ESihf
eD;pyfpGmcsdwfqufrSK &Sdygonf/
2/ vHkavmufaomaiGaMu;axmufyHhrSK
aiGaMu;b@ma&;ESihfywfoufí ,cifaqG;aEG;wifjycsufwGif EAFM pDrHcsuf wpfck&Sdjcif;onf
aiGt&if;tESD;rsm;udk wHcg;zGihfay;Edkifonf/ ueOD;taumiftxnfazmfonhf tqihfwGif EAFM pDrHcsufudk
ig;vkyfief;ESihf tjcm;tzGJUpnf;rsm;\ t"duvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;twdkif; wnhfrwfpGma&;qGJ&efESihf ESpfpOf
bwf*sufyg xnhfoGif;&ef ta&;BuD;onf/ þudp öwGif bwf*suf puf0ef;tcsdefumvudk od&Sdem;vnf&ef
todÓPfvdktyfouJhodkY ESpfpOfbwf*sufa&;qGJaom pDrHudef;a&;qGJolrsm;ESihf csdwfquf&efvdktyfonf/
ydkízGHUNzdK;aom EdkifiHtrsm;wGif pDrHcefYcGJa&;ukefusp&dwf (tjynhfpHk odkYr[kwf wpfpdwf wpfydkif;) udk
pDrHcefYcGJrSK\ tusdK;cHpm;&olrsm;u uscHonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf a&vkyfom;rsm;ESihf a&vkyfief;uGif;qif;wavsmuf
yg0ifolrsm;/ þrl0g'udk ,kwÅdaA' (logic) ½SKa'gihft&qdk&vQif pDrHcefYcGJrSKaMumihf a&vkyfom;rsm; ig;0,fol
^a&mif;olrsm;\ 0ifaiGESihf udk,fpdwfcsrf;ajrUjcif; wdk;wufvmygu xdkolrsm; (tusdK;cHpm;&olrsm;) uom
pDrHcefYcGJa&;p&dwfudk uscHonf/ trsm;jynfolrsm;uscH&efroihfyg/ þp&dwfuscHrSKonf tcGeftwkwf
pnf;Muyfjcif;? vdkifpifaMu;ay;aqmifjcif; yHkpHrsdK;jzpfí pDrHcefYcGJrSKtwGufukefusp&dwf (tjynfhtpkH odkYr[kwf
wpfpdwff wpfydkif;) udk uscHaponf/ wlnDaomrlwpfckjzpfonhf ]]toHk;jyKoluscH}} rludk okawoe
vkyfief;wGifvnf; usihfoHk;avh&Sdonf/ þudpöwGif okawoeukefusp&dwftwGuf uscHolwdkYu rnfonhf
okawoersdK;vkyf&efudk ydkíajymydkifcGihf&Sdonf/ atmifjrifaom erlemyHkpHwpfckrSm okawoevkyfief; &efyHkaiG
50% udk a&vkyfom;wdkUuuscHí usef 50% tpdk;&uuscHonfh okawoe&efyHkaiG cGJa0csrSwfjcif;udk
a&vkyfom;rsm;? tpdk;&ESihf okawoeynm&Sifrsm;yg0ifaom us,fjyefYaom bkwftzGJUu BuD;Muyfonf/
okawoetwGuf ydkíuscH,Hkru OD;pm;ay;vkyf&rnhf okawoersm;twGufvnf; tultnDay;ojzihf
a&vkyfom;rsm;ESihf ydkíwdkuf½ dkufywfoufNyD; ydkítoHk;0ifvmonf/
]]toHk;jyKoluscHay;qyf}} rl0g'udk pwifcsrSwf&ef tusdK;cHpm;cGihf&ol (a&vkyfom;? ig;a&mif;^0,fol)
rsm;tMum; vlBudKufenf;ayvdrhfrnf/ xdkYaMumihf a&SUaetusdK;aqmif rSwpfqifh uefYuGufjcif;/ xdkYtwl
a&G;aumufyGJwGif rJ&vdkol EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;? &mxl;BuD; tpdk;& t&m&SdBuD;rsm;vnf; yg0ifvmEdkifonf/ EAFM \ tjcm;tpdwftydkif;rsm; taumifxnfazmf ouJhodkYyif ]]toHk;csoluscHay;qyf}} pepfodkYoGm;&mwGif
tcsdef,l&rnfjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif aumif;rGefaom yl;wGJpDrHcefYcGJrSK pepfwpfckudkoHk;ygu jzpfEdkifygonf/
aiGaMu;axmufyHhrSK (b@ma&;) udk ppfaq;&ef t"duar;cGef;rsm;
1/ EAFM u pDrHcsuftaumiftxnfazmfa&;udk oufqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;BuD;rsm;\ vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;?
vkyfief;BuD;rsm;twdkif; wduspGm (tykdtvkdr&Sd)qGJxm;ygovm;? ESpfpOf bwf*sufwpfck cGJa0csrSwf
NyD;vm;?
2/ &efyHkaiG&&Sda&;twGuf tjcm;t&if;cHrsm;? rdk',fyHkpHrsm; (Oyrm - toHk;jyKoluscHay;qyf) udk
vHkavmufpGm pHkprf;avhvmNyD;vm; ?
3/ pDrHcefUcGJrSKudk taxmufulay;&ef vHkavmufaom tcsuftvufowif;rsm;
oifhavsmfovdk jyKjyifajymif;vJEdkifaom pDrHcefYcGJa&;rlESifh owdxm;csOf;uyfrSKESihf ywfoufaom
ta&;BuD;aom pOf;pm;&rnhftcsufrsm;udk azmfjycJhNyD;jzpfonf/ od&Sd&ef ta&;BuD;onhf tcsufrSm
ra&&mraocsmrSK tm;vHk;z,f&Sm;Edkif&ef rnfonhftcgrQvHkavmuf owif;tcsufvuf &Sdrnfr[kwfyg/
tjzpfrSefppfaq;jcif;wGif FMU ESihf ywfoufaomowif;ESihf todÓPfMum; t"duuGm[csufrsm;udk
&SmazG&efESihf xdkuGm[csufrsm;udk jznhfay;&ef enf;vrf;rsm;&Sm&ef jzpfonf/ ig;vkyfief;XmeBuD;rsm;u
rxkwf,loHk;pGJ&ao;aom okawoe t&if;tjrpfrsm; &Sdwwfonf/ Oyrm - wuúodkvfrsm; (txl;ojzihf
bGJU&ausmif;om;rsm; pmwrf;rsm;)? tpdk;& okawoeXmeBuD;rsm;? yk* ¾vdyu@rS okawoersm;/ odkY&mwGif
a&SUwGif tav;ay;azmfjyxm; ouJhodkY tcgrsm;pGmwGif owif;tcsuftvufrsm;&SdaeNyD;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif
&SmazG&ef cufcJonf/
tcuftvufrsm;? owif;rsm;ppfaq;&ef t"duar;cGef;rsm;
1/ vuf&Sdtcsuftvufrsm;ESihf owif;rsm;wGif t"duuGm[csufrsm;rSm bmvJ? ,if;wdkUudk b,fvdk
jznhfrvJ ?
2/ wdkuf&dkufywfonhfonhfowif;\ jzpfEdkifzG,ft&if;cHrsm;tm;vHk; (a&vkyfom;rsm;ESihf a'ocH
a&vkyfief; tzGJUtpnf;xHrS tygt0if) wdkYudk xkwf,l&&SdNyD;vm; ?
4/ xda&mufaom qufoG,fa&;r[mAsL[m
qufoG,fa&; r[mAsL[mwpf&yfonf pDrHcsufjzpfpOf\cGJjcm;ír&aom tpdwftydkif; wpfckjzpfonf/
þtaumiftxnfazmfonhftqihfwGif qufoG,fa&;r[mAsL[mudk &,lcsrSwfNyD;vm;ESihf xda&mufrSK
&Sdygovm;udkar;&ef tcsdefusvmNyD;jzpfonf/ t"duay;ydkYonhfowif;rsm;onf rwlnDaom y&dwfowf
tpkta0; toD;oD;xH xda&mufpGm qufoG,fay;ydkY EdkifcJhNyD;vm;[laom ar;cGef;tm; wkHYjyefcsufrsdK;udk
ajzmihfwef;vG,fulpGm &&SdEdkifygonf/
qufoG,fa&;r[mAsL[mppfaq;&eft"duar;cGef;rsm;
1/ qufoG,fa&;r[mAsL[mudkvdkufemygvm; ? 2/ t"duay;ydkYaom owif;rsm;udk &&SdMuNyD;vm;? em;vnfoabmaygufMuygvm; ?
5/ xda&mufaom apmihfMuyfMunhf&SKjcif;ESihf qef;ppftuJjzwfjcif;
EAFM pDrHcsufwGif tñ Te;f rsm;udk twJGvdkuf owfrSwfcJNhy;D oabmwlxm;Ny;Daom pHcsdefpHñ Tef;rSwfESihf
ESKdif;,SOfaomtcg pDrHcefYcGJrSKonf rnfrQtxd aumif;pGmvkyfaqmifaeonfudk vrf;ñ Tefjyonf/ (Module 17)/
ueOD; taumifxnfazmfonhf tqihfwGif rnfonhftñ Tef;rsm;tm; apmihfMuyfMunhf½ SKonf/ rnfolu
apmihfMuyfonfudk pm&if;jyKpkxm;&efvdkonf/ pDrHcsufa&;qGJonhf jzpfpOfwGif apmihfMuyf Munfh½SK&rnhftñ Tef;rsm;
rSm &Sdaeaom vlESihft&if;tjrpftwGuf tvGef&nfrSef;csufjrihfvGef;onhf tajctaersdK; jzpfEdkifonf
(vufawGUrjzpfEdkif)/ tñ Tef;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;azmfjy&efvdkrnf jzpfygonf/ tb,faMumihfqdkaomf 'Gd[
jzpfEdkifaom qef;ppftuJjzwfrSKrsdK;odkY a&muf&SdEdkifonf/ txl;ojzihf oD;oefYpDrHcefYcGJa&;wpf&yf\ atmifjrifrSK
odkYr[kwf qHk;½SHK;rSKudk tuJrjzwfEdkif jzpfvdrhfrnf/
apmihfMuyfMunfY&SKjcif;? qef;ppftuJjzwfjcif;ESifY pepfudkppfaq;&ef t"duar;cGef;rsm;
1/ apmihfMuyfMunhf½ SKaeaom EAFM pDrHcsufwGif tñTef;rsm;tm;vHk;udk azmfxkwfowfrSwf xm;ygovm;?
2/ M&E \ &v'f (tajz) ESihfywfoufí qufoG,fcGihf&ap&ef (vltrsm;odap&ef) enf;pepfwpfck
owfrSwfNyD;vm;?
vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsuf/ oif,cifcsrSwfcJhaomcsKyfcs,fuefYowfjcif;rsm;ESihf tcGihftvrf;rsm;udk jyefavhvm
oHk;oyfyg/ EMU yef;wdkifa&muf&Sda&;twGuf rnfodkYw&m;0if toHk;jyKEdkifqJ jzpfaMumif; aqG;aEG;yg/
vdktyfovdkjyifyg/
owdjyK&ef-FAO wGif tcsuftvuf½SKa'gifhtcsdKU (tm;vHk;r[kwfudk) vTrf;NcHKaom w&m;0if database &Sdonf/
http://faolex.fao.org/
FAOLEX onf aemufqHk;ay:NyD;jynhfpHkaom uGefysLwmESihf½dkufxm;aom w&m;0if database wpfck jzpfonf/
tpm;taomuf? pdkufysdK;a&;ESihf jyefvnftpm;xdk; t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESihf ywfoufaom Oya' pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk
tDvufx½Gefepfenf;jzihf pkaqmif;xm;aom tBuD;qHk; Oya'pmtkyf jzpfonf/ FAOLEX udk toHk;jyKolrsm;onf
usrf;wpfckpDESihfywfoufaom tusOf;csKyfrsm;? owi;frsm;odkY wdkuf½ dkufMunfh½SKEdkifonf/ xdkYtwl database xJygaom Oya' pmtkyftrsm;pk\ tjynhftpHkudkMunhfEdkifonf/
http://faolex.fao.org/fishery/index.htm
EdkifiHjcm;ig;zrf;oabFmrsm;twGuf urf;½dk;wef;EdkifiHrsm;twGuf vdktyfaom Oya'udk 1981 wGif yHkESdyf
xkwfa0cJhonf/ urf;½d k;wef;EdkifiHrsm;twGuf tDvufx½Gefepfjzihf jyKpkxm;aom Oya'wGif pm&if;Z,m;
rsm;pGmygí EdkifiHtwGufOya'? EdkifiHawmf w&m;pD&ifcGihfatmuf&Sd a&jyifwGif ESpfEdkifiHtusdK;wl? EdkifiHtrsm;
tusdK;wl ig;zrf;Muaom EdkifiHjcm;om; ig;zrf;avSrsm;ESihf {nhfEdkifiHrsm;Mum; oabmwlnDcsufrsm; yg0ifonf/
jyefvnfjyifqifjznhfpGufcsufrsm;udk 1983? 1985? 1988? 1993 ESihf 1996 wdkYwGif yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf/
http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/ak471e/ak471e.pdf
1984 FAO \ a'otusOf;csKyf? a'oqdkif&m ig;vkyfief;Oya'tusOf;csKyf (taemuf ypdzdwfa'o)? twGJ (1)/
FFA u CD room tjzpf update vkyfonf/ ]]FFA ypdzdwfuRef;rsm; ig;vkyfief; Oya'tusOf;csKyf}}
e-version r[kwfaom Oya'pmtkyf
a'otvdkuf ig;vkyfief;rsm;Oya' tusOf;csKyf/ (tdE´ d,ork'´&ma'o)//FAO ½Hk;rS jyKpkonf/ International
Centre for Ocean Development uulnDonf/
ICSF – tdEd,Oya'pm½Gufpmwrf;rsm;-
http://indianlegal.icsf.net/
ig;vkyfief;rsm;ESifhywfoufaom tdE´ d,Oya' ICSF database tdE´ d,EdkifiH\ EdkifiHawmftqihf? jynfe,ftqihf
yifv,fig;vkyfief;rsm;ESihf ig;vkyfom;rsm;Oya'rsm;udk pkpnf;xm;onf/
tqihf 5.1 ESifY 5.2
pDrHcsufudk apmihfMuyfMunfY&SK? qef;ppftuJjzwfESihf oihfovdk jyKjyifajymif;vJ ,lonf/
Module 17
oifcef;pm\ &nf&G,fcsufrsm;
• pDrHcefYcGJa&; vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;onf yef;wdkifrsm;ESihf &nfrSef;csufrsm; rnfrQ
aumif;pGm vkyfaqmifedKifonfudk apmihfMuyfMunfh½SK&ef/
• rnfonhft&mudk od&Sdem;vnf&ef? bmaMumihf? b,ftcsdef? b,fvdkESihf b,fol
vkyfaqmif&ef apmihfMuyfMunhf½SK&rnfudk od&Sdem;vnf&ef
• tpD&ifcHwifjyaqmif&GufcsufeSifh owif;tcsuftvufapmifhMuyfMunfh&Ijcif;tay:
qef;ppftuJjzwf&ef/
• pDrHcsufudkjyefvnfoHk;oyfí oihfovdkjyKjyif,l&ef/
oifcef;pmtay: NcHKiHkoHk;oyfcsuf
þtcef;wGif xda&mufaom EAFM twGuf apmihfMuyfMunhf½SKjcif;eSihf qef;ppf tuJ jzwfjcif; (M&E) ta&;BuD;yHkudk &Sif;jyxm;onf/ Section 5.1 wGif aqmif&Gufcsufwpfckudkk rnfodkYapmihfMuyMfunfh½SKNyD; rnfodkY
tuJjzwf&rnfudkdk tusOf;azmfjyxm;onf/ t"dutm;jzihf tñ Tef;rsm;ESihfqufpyfaom tcsuftvuf
pkaqmif;jcif;? tuJjzwfjcif;yg0ifonf/ xdkYtwl þtcsuftvufrsm;udk pkpnf;ESKdif;,SOfjcif;? qef;ppf
tuJjzwfjcif; yg0ifonf/ Section 5.23 wGif (M&E) &vm'fudk tajccHí pDrHcsufudk tcgtm;avsmfpGm
jyefoHk;oyf&efvdktyfyHkudk tusOf;csKyf azmfjyxm;NyD; vdktyfygu ajymif;vJ,l&ef yg0ifonf/
ed'gef;
EAFM \ jzpfpOfaemufqHk;tqihfwGif EAFM pDrHcefYcGJrSKpDrHcsuf vkyfaqmifrSKrsm;onf &nfrSef;csuf rsm;udk
apmihfMuyfMunhf½ SK&efESihf &&Sdaomowif;rsm;udk EAFM jzpfpOfodkY jyefay;ydkY&efjzpfonf/ odkYrSom avhvm&&SdrSK
(owif;)rsm;tm;qDavsmfpGm toHk;csEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ apmifhMuyfMunfh&I tuJjzwfjcif;eSifh vkyfaqmifrIrsm;tm;
wifjyjcif;onf oifhavsmfonfh pDrHcefUcGJrIjzpfpOfwGif taumif;qHk;tqifh jzpfonf/ r&Sdrjzpf ta&;BuD;onhf
tcsufwpfckrSm vuf&Sd&nfrSef;csufrsm; aygufajrmufa&;twGuf jynhfpHkaom aqmif&Gufcsufrsm; rjzpfrae
vkyf&efomru &&Sdaom&vm'f (tajz) rsm;onf aumif;rGefygu aemifwGifvkyfrnhf vkyfief;twGuf
qGJaqmiftm;ay;rI (rufvHk;)tjzpf oHk;Edkifrnfjzpfonf/
]]tvkyfvkyf&if;oif,l}} udktaumiftxnfazmf&ef atmifjrifrSKESihf qHk;½SHK;rSKESpfckvHk;tay: tjyKoabm
aqmifaom oabmxm;&Sd&efvdktyfonf/ tu,fíqHk;½SHK;rSKrsm;jzpfay:ygu avhvm&eftwGuf tcGihftvrf;
wpfck jzpfaponf/ xdkYtwl vlwdkYonf jyóemrsm;udk azmfxkwfEdkifNyD;? wDxGifrGrf;rHonhf tajzrsm;awGU&Sdygu
]]tvkyfvkyf&if;oif,l}} udk tvGeftm;ay; vkyfaqmifoihfonf/ pdefac:csufwpfckrSm pDrHcsufrsm;ukd
ajymif;vJjyKjyif,ljcif;ESihf ydkrkdaumif;rGefatmif jyKjyif,ljcif;wdkYrSm tawGUBuHKrsm;? tcsuftvuf owif;
topfrsm; &&Sd&mrSwpfqifh yHkrSefjzpfvmaom vkyfaqmifcsufwpfckjzpfonfudk vufcHtodrSwfjyK&ef jzpfonf/
(Adpative Mengement- tcef; 4? EAFM \ Oya'orsm; Munhf)/
tcef; 10? tqifY 1.3 FMU \e,fy,ftwdkif;twm ESifU tcef; 13? tnTef;rsm; wGif azmfjyxm;
ouJhodkY tcsufvufjynfhpHkaom tajctaersdK;wGif pDrHcefYcGJolwdkYonf vm;&m aumif;rGefpGm ñ TefjyEdkifaom
okawoetpDtpOfwpfckudk aqmif&GufEdkifonf/ xdkodkYaqmif&Guf&mwGif vdktyfonhftcg oihfavsmfaom
enf;ynm&Sif tultnD,l&rnfjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif tcsufvuf rjynhfpHkaom tajctaersdK;wGif olwdkYonf
jyKjyif&efvG,faom pDrHcefYcGJrSKrsdK;udk ydkíoHk;&rnf jzpfNyD;? owdxm;csOf;uyfjcif;udkvnf; vkyf&ygrnf/ xdkYtwl
a&vkyfom;wdkY\ ½d k;&m"avh todÓPfudkvnf; oHk;&ygrnf/ odkYrSom A[kokwrjynhfpHkaom rjynfYpHkjcif;aMumifY
jzpfay:vmaom jyoemrsm;udk ausmfvTm;edKifrnf/ txufazmfjyygtcsuf (2) ckvHk;wGif tcsufvuf pkaqmif;
&efESihf cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm&ef yl;aygif;yg0ifonhfcsOf;uyfrSKudk toHk;csjcif;onf od&Sd em;vnfjcif;ESifY ydkifqkdifjcif;udk
wdk;jr§ihfay;vdrhfrnf/
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5
5.1/ vkyfaqmifcsufudk apmihfMuyfMunhf½SK tuJcwfjcif;
pDrHcsuf taumiftxnfazmfaeonhf umvwpfavQmufvHk; apmihfMuyfMunhf½SKjcif;udk aqmif&Guf
oihfonf/ apmihfMuyfMunfh½SK&rnhf tBudrfaygif;udk tñ Tef;tay:rlwnf owfrSwf &vdrhfrnf/ qdkvdkonfrSm
tcsdKUtñ Tef;rsm;udk vtvdkuf? tcsdKUudk &moDtvdkuf? tcsdKUudk ESpftvdkuf vkyf&vdrhfrnfjzpfonf/
apmihfMuyfMunhf½ SKjcif;jzihf EAFM pDrHcsufvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk qef;ppftuJjzwfEdkifojzihf yef;wdkifrsm;odkY
a&mufra&mufodEdkifNyD; wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;twGuf rnfonhft&mrsm;vkyf&ef vdktyfonfudkvnf;
odEdkifonf/ (oihfavsmfovdk jyKjyifajymif;vJaompDrHcefYcGJrSK)/ csrSwfcJhaom tñTef;rsm;ESihf pHcsdefpHñ Tef;rSwfrsm;
(tcef; 13? tqifY 3.2) ESihf pl;prf;tuJjzwfonhftqihf (scoping phase) wGif &&Sdvmaom FMU aemufcHowif; (tcef; 10? tqifY 1.3 MunfY) wdkYonf wdk;wufatmifjrifrSKudk wdkif;wm&ef tajccHrsOf;
jzpfonf/ þodkYjzpf&ef wjznf;jznf;wnfaqmuf aqmif&Guf&onf/
&Sif;vif;vG,fulqHk;tqihfwGifqdk&vsif ta&;BuD;aom a*[aA'? vlrSKa&;? pD;yGm;a&; ESihf tkyfcsKyfa&;
jyóemrsm;udkajz&Sif;&ef oD;oefY&nfrSef;csufrsm;? tñTef;rsm;udk (tcef; 13? tqifY 3.1 ESifY 3.2)
a&G;cs,fcJhNyDjzpfojzihf tñ Tef;rsm;? pHcsdefpHñ Tef;rSwfrsm;\ tajctaeudk qef;ppftuJjzwfjcif;jzihf pDrHcefUcGJrSKonf
a*[pepftqihfwGif rnfrQaumif;rGefonfudk "mwfyHk½dkufxm; ouJhodkY uGufuGufuGif;uGif; ay:vGifvmrnf/
jyKvkyfavh&Sdaom trSm;wpfckrSm tcsuf tvufrsm; vGefuJpGmpkaqmif;jcif;jzpfonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm EAFM pDrHcsufESihf rywfoufaom tcsuf tvufrsm;? rnfonhftcgrQ oHk;rnfr[kwfaom tcsufvufrsm; jzpfonf/
(tcsdefESihf t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk jzKef;wD;jcif;jzpfonf)/ wdkuf½d kufywfoufí toHk;0ifaom tcsufvufrsm;
udkom pkaqmif;&efjzpfonf/
apmihfMuyfMunhf½ SKa&;twGuf pDrHonhftcgwGif t"duar;cGef;rsm;rSm - rnfonfYtcsuftvufudk
rnfonfY &nf½G,fcsufESihf pkaqmif;rnfenf;? tMudrfrnfrQaumuf,lrnfenf;? b,foluaumuf,lpkaqmif;
rnfenf;? þwm0efrsm;udk tcef; 15? tqifY 4.1 wGif azmfjyxm;aom taumiftxnfazmfa&;twGuf
tvkyfpDrHcsufwGif tusOf;&Sif;jyxm;onf/ (M&E \ yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef csOf;uyfjcif; Tool n. 38 Munhfyg)/
EAFM tzGJU (EAFM jzpfpOfudk pwifNyD;vkyfudkifaeaomtzGJU) taejzihf tuJjzwftzJGU (M&E tzGJU) udk
wnfaxmif&ef vkdtyfvdrfYrnf/ xdktzGJUwGif t"du ig;vkyfief;&yfEDS;EG,foll tkyfpkrsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;?
odkYr[kwf xdk ig;vkyfief;&yfEDS;EG,folll tkyfpkudk wdkuf½dkuftoHk;csEdkifonf/ Start up A wGif wnfaxmifxm;aom
tzGJUjzpfonf/ þ M&E tzGJUonf tcsufvufrsm; pkaqmif;jcif;ESihf pDrHcefYcGJrSKvkyfaqmifcsufudk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm
oHk;oyfonf/ þjzpfpOfwGifrwlnDaom tjcm;yg0if ywfoufolrsm;udk yg0ifapNyD;? tvkyf? tawGUBuHKrS
oif,ledKif&efESihf oihfavsmfovkd jyKjyif Edkifaom pDrHcefYcGJa&;pepf&,lEdkif&ef jyefwHkYjyefaom (owif; jyefydkYaom)
pepfudk rjzpfrae xm;&Sd&ef vdktyfonf/ tuJjzwftzGJUonf apmihfMuyfMunhf½SKonhf &v'f (owif;) rsm;udk
EAFM tzGJU (odkYr[kwf oabmwlxm;aom txufaumfrwD) odkY yHkrSefwHkUjyef (owif;) ydkYonf/
pkpnf;xm;aom &vm'f (owif;) rsm;udk ydkrdkus,fjyefYaom yg0ifywfoufol tkyfpkodkYvnf; qufoG,f
ay;ydkYonf/ (rsm;aomtm;jzihf tcgtm;avsmfpGm qef;ppftuJjzwf&eftwGufjzpfonf)/
qufoG,fjcif;ESihf owif;ydkYwifjyjcif;
rwlnDaom yg0ifywfoufolrsm;twGuf rwlnDaom tuJjzwf&vm'frsm; vdktyfvdrhfrnf jzpfNyD;?
rwlnDaomtqihf (tvTm) rsm;tMum; owif;pD;qif;rSKonf atmufrS txuf? txufrSatmuf
jzpfoihfonf/ Oyrm - EdkifiHawmftqihfrS a'otqihfodkY? xdkYtwl u@ toD;oD;twGif;/ (yHk- 17.1)
yHk- 17.1/ owif;pD;qif;rSKudk apmihfMuyfMunfh½SKjcif;
EAFM taumiftxnfazmfa&; tpdwftydkif;wpfcktaejzihf a&SUwGifazmfjycJhaom qufoG,fa&;
r[mAsL[m (tcef; 15? tqifY 4.1) wGif tusOf;csKyfazmfjyjcif;rSm M&E owif;udk rnfolu vdktyfonf/
bmaMumihf (b,fvdkyHkpHrsdK;eJU) vdktyfonfESihf b,faomtcg vdktyfonf/ tvkyform;rsm;udk wdkuf½dkuf
pDrHcefYcGJ&olrsm;ESihf tcsdKUaom avSvkyfom;yg0if ywfoufolrsm;taejzihf rMumcPtao;pdwf tcsuf
tvufrsm; (Oyrm - vtvdkuf? odkYr[kwf 3vwpfBudrf) udk vdktyfMuvdrhfrnf/ odkYrSom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk
tuJjzwfEdkifNyD; jyifp&m &Sdonfrsm; csufcsif;jyifEdkifonf/ OD;wnfvm;&majymif;&ef vdktyfygu csufcsif;
ajymif;Edkifonf/
þenf;jzihf trsm;oabmwlxm;aom &nfrSef;csufrsm; aygufajrmufapEdkifrnf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf
oabmxl;Muaom pDrHcefYcGJa&; vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;wGif MPA wnfaxmif&efESihf t"duig;rsdK;pdwf avsmhzrf;&ef
yg0ifvmygu EAFM tzGJUESihf t"duyg0ifywfoufolrsm;tkyfpk wdkYtaejzihf MPA udk rnfodkYrnfyHk
wnfaxmifonfh yHkrSeftcsufvufrsm;&&Sd&ef vdktyfvdrhfrnf/ xdkYtwl Oya'pnf;urf;rsm;udk toHk;csaom
olwdkY\ oabmxm;rsm;? tjrifrsm; rnfodkYrnfyHk &Sdonfh tcsuftvufrsm; &&Sd&efvdktyfvdrhfrnf/ xdkYtwl
rMumrDumvrsm;u vpOfig;zrf;&&SdrSK tajctaeudk pkpnf;xm;aom udef;*Pef;udkvnf; vdktyfMuvdrhfrnf/
tjcm;aom ig;vkyfief;&yfeSDD;eG,folrsm;taejzihf tenf;i,faom owif;xkwfjyefrIESihf tao;pdwf
r[kwfaom owif;rsm;udk vdktyfMuvdrfhrnf/ Oyrm txufwGifazmfjyouJhokdU EdkifiHawmftqihf odkYr[kwf
a'oBuD;tqihf ig;vkyfief;XmeESihf ywf0ef;usifa&;&mXmersm;taejzihf vpOf zrf;qD;&&SdrSK udef;*Pef;rsm;udk
(3) v wpfBudrf odkYr[kwf (6)v wpfBudrf tpD&ifcHpmrsm;tjzpf &&Sd&ef vdktyfrnf/ odkYrSom ig;zrf;qD;rSKonf
tjcm;rsdK;pdwfrsm;tay: oufa&mufrSK? pD;yGm;jzpfrsdK;pdwfrsm;tay: oufa&mufrSK&Sdr&SdodEdkifrnf/ aemufqHk;
taejzihf MPA udkvnf; axmifNyD;? c&D;vkyfoGm;ief;rSvnf; 0ifaiG&vmEdkifygu azmfjyygXmersm; (ig;vkyfief;?
ywf0ef;usifa&;&m) taejzihf a*[aA'pepfESihf t"du rsdK;pdwfrsm;udk jyefvnfjyKpkysdK;axmifjcif;ESihf jyefvnf
emvefxapjcif; (xdcdkufysufpD;&mrS e*dkyHkrSef jyefa&muf apjcif;) wdkUudk aqmif&Guf&ef pdwf0ifpm;
vmMuvdrhfrnf/ c&D;oGm;vkyfief;Xmersm; odkYr[kwf vlrSKa&;&mXmersm;taejzihf 0ifaiGom &&Sdap&ef
wpfckwnf;r[kwfyJ vlrSKa&;tay:oufa&mufrSKrsm;udkvnf; od&Sd&efvdk tyfrnfjzpfonf/
tBuHjyKvkdonfrSm wdkuf½dkufywfoufaom u@toD;oD;eSifhtzGJUtpnf;toD;oD;rsm; tMum;wGif
tcsuftvufESihf owif;rsm;EdkiforQ rsm;jym;pGm rQa0Mu&efjzpfonf/ todÓPf A[kokw wdk;yGm;EdkiforQ
yGm;Edkifap&efESihf EAFM \ &nfrSef;csufrsm; aygufajrmuf&efjzpfonf/ EdkifiHtcsdKUwGif rwlnDuGJjym;aom u@
(Xme) rsm;Mum;rqdkxm;ESihf 0efBuD;Xme wpfckwnf; atmuf&Sd Xmersm;Mum;rSmyif owif;tcsuftvuf
zvS,f&efrSm pdefac:csufwpf&yfjzpfEdkifonf/ odkY&mwGif EAFM jzpftpydkif;rSmyif yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJjcif;?
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;? tm;vHk; yg0ifjcif;odkY csOf;uyfxm;aomaMumihf (tcef; 8? tpjyKvkyfief; (u) Task V
Munhf) owif;rQa0jcif;ESihf qufoG,fjcif;wdkYudk pOfqufrjywf wdk;íaqmif&Gufoihfonf/
qufoG,frSKr[mAsL[mwGifvnf; pm&Gufpmwrf;jzihf a&;om;owif;ydkYenf;yHkpHrsdK;udk tusOf;csKyfazmfjy
oifYonf/ (wdusyHkpH (template) ygonfjzpfap? rygonfjzpfap? ESKwfjzihfajymaom tvkyf½HkaqG;aEG;yGJ odkYr[kwf
tjcm;rD'D,myHkpH)/
apmihfMuyfMunhf½ SKjcif;\ &v'f (tajz) udk tusOf;csKyfazmfjy&ef toHk;0ifaom qufoG,fa&; ud&d,m
(pepf) wpfckrSm ]],mOftcsufjyrD;}} pepfjzpfonf/ Criteria / variables (pH ^ uGJjym;aomt&mrsm;)
BudKwifowfrSwfxm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;ukd uGefysLwm y½dk*&rfwpfckwGif xnfhonf (tajccH Excel udk
oHk;Ekdifonf)/ xdkaemuf udef;*Pef;rsm;udk rsufjrifyHk&dyf (ta&mif) tjzpf ajymif;vJvdkufonf/ Oyrm -
tpdrf;a&mif = vkyfaqmifcsufauseyfzG,faumif;onf/ vdar®mfa&mif (y,if;)a&mif = &vm'fawGodyfraumif;?
owdxm;&efvdk/ teDa&mif = vkyfaqmifcsufauseyfzG,fr&Sd/ (yHk - 17.2)
yHk-17.2/ ]],mOftcsufjyrD;}}owif;ydkYyHk
þenf;jzihf Z,m;wGifvnf;aumif;? yHk&dyfwGifvnf;aumif;? rnfonhfvkyfaqmifcsufonf vrf;rSefa&muf
aeonf? rnfonhfvkyfaqmifcsufudk pDrHcefYcGJoHk;oyf&ef odkYr[kwf aqG;aEG;&efvdkaeonf? csufcsif; odESdKifonf/
txufygyHk&dyfukd vQsyfwpfjyufMunhfjcif;jzihf pDrHcefYcGJolrsm;udk rnfonhf vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;onf pDrHcsuftwdkif;
rjzpfvmojzihf aemufxyf owif;rsm;? ppfaq;jcif;rsm;? cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmoHk;oyfjcif;? jyifqifjcif;rsm; aemufxyf
vkyf&ef vdktyfaeaMumif; odEdkifonf/ owd&oihfonfh tcsufrSm ½ kyfyHkonf tjzpfysuftm;vHk;udk razmfjyEdkifyg/
xdkYaMumihf ta&;,laqmif&Gufjcif;rjyKrD pDrHcefYcGJolrsm; taejzihf oufqdkif&mrS owif;jyefvnf ay;ydkYonhf
tpD&ifcHpmudkvnf; zwfoihfonf/ yHk 17.3 wGif b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf\ BuD;rm;aom tPÖ0ga*[ aA'
pepfudk yHkazmf&mwGif ,mOftcsufjyrD;udk tdE´ d,EdkifiHu toHk;jyKcJhyHkudk azmfjy xm;onf/ a*[aA'pepftajcudk
yHkazmf&mwGif ywf0ef;usifnpfnrf;rSK tqihfay:rlwnfí tpdrf; a&mif (a*[aA'pepfrsm; usef;rmonf?
tajctaeaumif;onf)/ y,if;a&mif (a*[aA'pepfay: oufa&mufaeNyD;) ESihf teDa&mif (a*[aA' pepf
ysufpD;aeNyD;) jzihf azmfjyonf/
yHk-17.3/ a*[aA'pepfudk apmihfMuyfMunfh½SK&ef b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf ]],mOftcsufjyrD;}} pepf
5.2/ EAFM pDrHcsufudk jyefvnfoHk;oyf&efESihf oihfavsmfovdkjyKjyif,l&ef
M&E tajz&v'fay:rlwnfí tcef; 14? tqifY 3.5 wGif tNyD;owfazmfjyxm;aom EAFM pDrHcsufudk
tcgtm;avsmfpGm oihfovdkjyKjyifoihfonf/ xdkodkYaqmif&Guf&mwGif apmifhMuyf Munhf½SKjcif;ESihf tcgtm;avsmfpGm
qef;ppftuJjzwfjcif;rS&&Sdaom tajz (&v'f) udktoHk;csí pDrHcsufydkrdkaumif;rGefvmatmif aqmif&Gufonf/
rsm;aomtm;jzihf pDrHcsufudk yHkrSefjyefvnf oHk;oyf&mwGif tuJjzwfjcif;rsm;ESihf tpD&ifcHpmrsm;tay: tajccHí
oHk;oyfonf/ þonfrSm &nfrSef;csfrsm;aygufajrmuf&ef pDrHcefYcGJrSKvkyfaqmifcsufudk qef;ppftuJjzwf&ef
&nf½G,fjcif;jzpfonf/ (EAFM Plan template 11. Review of the Plan Munhf)? þjyefvnfoHk;oyfrsm;onf EAFM
pDrHcsufudk ajymif;vJoihfroihf pOf;pm;&rnhftcsdefjzpfonf/ þvkyfief;jzpfpOfudk jyifyrStzGJUrsm;u
0ifa&mufaqmif&GufEdkifaomfjim;vnf; tuJjzwftzGJU ^ M&E tzGJUwdkUu yg0ifMu&vdrhfrnf/ þjyefvnf
oHk;oyfrSKrsdK;udk EAFM tzGJU\ vrf;ñTefrSKatmufxm;oihfNyD; EAFM tzGJUodkYvnf; yHkrSeftpD&ifcHpmydkY&rnf/
a&wdkjyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;rsm;/ Oyrm - ESpfywfvnftpdwfydkif;wpfck (vrsm;) rS oHk;oyf&&Sdonhf &v'frsm;udk
ESpfywfvnf tpD&ifcHpmwGif tusOf;csHK;azmfjyoihfNyD;? em;vnf&efvG,fNyD;? ig;vkyfief; yl;aygif;pDrHcefYcGJa&;
jzpfpOfESihf csdwfqufonf/ a,bl,stm;jzihf tpD&ifcHpmwGif atmufygwdkYyg0ifrnf-
• vkyfaqmifcsufukd tuJjzwfjcif;rsm;?
• ig;vkyfief;pDrHcefYcGJrSKwHkYjyefcsufrsm;/
txufwGif&Sif;vif;azmfjycJhonfhtwkdif; ]],mOftcsufjyrD;}} yHkpH(okdkU) tjcm;aom *&yfrsm;? Z,m;rsm;?
yHk&dyfrsm;? toHk;jyKí owif;tcsuftvufrsm;azmfjyekdifygonf/ owdjyK&rnfrSm yHk&dyfrsm;onf jzpfpOf
wpfckvHk;ukd rodekdifaomaMumifh tcsdKUaom t"duawGU&Sdcsufrsm;ukd &Sif;vif;&efESifh bmomjyefqkd&ef vkdtyf
ygonf/
tu,fí pDrHcsufvkyfaqmifaejcif;onf atmifjrifrIjzpfvm&ef taMumif;w&m;wpfckjzpfonf/ pDrHcsuf\
rnfonfae&mrsm;rS vkyfaqmifaeonfukd qHk;jzwf&rnf/ tu,f* tcsdKUaom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;r&Sdygu rnf
onfh twGufaMumifh xkdt&mukd taumiftxnfazmf&efvkdtyfaMumif; qHk;jzwf&rnfjzpfonf/ 4if;aemuf
pDrHcsuftm; vkdufavsmnDaxG&Sdatmif jyifqifnSdeIdkdif;&efvkdtyfonf/ txll;ojzifh od&Sd&rnfhtcsufrsm;rSm
• pDrHcefUcGJrI vkyfaqmif&ef
• vkdufemusifhoHk;aqmif&Guf&ef
• tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m pDpOfaqmif&Guf&ef
jzpfEdkifacswpfckrSm vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;onf pDrHcsuftwdkif;oGm;aeNyD; tenf;I,fajymif;vJ&ef vkdtyfonf/
odkY&mwGif arQmfrSef;xm;ouJhodkY jzpfvmjcif;r&Sdygu odomaomtajymif;tvJvkyf&efvdkonf/ þodkY aqmif&Guf
Edkif&ef pDrHcsufESihf pDrHcsufyg tpdwftydkif;rsm;odkY jyefoHk;oyfí xl;uJjyKjyifrSKrsm;vkyfNyD; a&SUqufoGm;&efvdkonf/
yHkrSefjyefvnf oHk;oyfjcif;onf EAFM vkyfief;jzpfpOf\ ta&;BuD;aom tpdwfydkif;wpfckjzpfonf/ tqufrjywf
qef;ppftuJjzwfjcif;jzihf jyKvG,fjzpfvG,faom xyfwvJvJjzpfaom csOf;uyfrSK rsm;udkd taxmufuljyKonf/
tu,fí pDrHcefYcGJrSKonf &nfrSef;csufrsm;twdkif; raygufajrmufygu ig;vkyfief;&yfeSD;eG,foltm;vHk;onf
rnfodkYta&;,laqmif&Guf&rnfudk od&efvdktyfonf/ pDrHcsufonf tvkyfrjzpfygu EAFM tzGJUonf
pDrHcsufudk jyKjyifEdkif&ef tqifoihf&Sdae&rnf/ þudp öonf &nfrSef;csufrsm;? tñ Tef;rsm;? pHcsdefpHñ Tef;rsm;udk
ajymif;vJjyKjyif&ouJhodkY tvGefta&;ygonf/ odkYr[kwf pDrHcefYcGJrSKvkyfief;rsm;ESihf pnf;urf;vdkufemrSK
tpDtpOfrsm;udk ajymif;vJjyKjyif&ouJhodkY ta&;BuD;rIenf;yg;onf/ (qdkvdkonfrSm pnf;urf;vdkufema&;udpörSm
Oya'? pnf;urf;xJwGif yg0ifcsrSwfxm;NyD;jzpfí pDrHcsuf a&;qGJ&mESihf oD;jcm;jzpfonf/ qHk;jzwf&rnhf
udpötm;vHk;wGif tajccHvkyfief;pOfrSm ]]jyóemubmvJ}} udk yxrqHk; azmfxkwfowfrSwf&NyD;? bmaMumihf
jyóemjzpfvmovJudk qufíazmfxkwfowfrSwf&rnf/ zGHUNzdK;qJEdkifiHtrsm;wGif tm;enf;aom tpdk;&ESihf
pnf;urf;vdkufemrSKtm;enf;jcif;wdkYrSm jyóemjzpfEdkifonf/ þudpörsdK;wGif EAFM pDrHcsufudk ajymif;vJ&ef
rvdktyfaMumif; xif&Sm;ygonf/ odkY&mwGif tvkyfpDrHcsuf taumiftxnf azmfonhfudpöudkajymif;vJ&ef
vdkrnf/ odkYrSom pnf;urf;vdkufemrSKudk tm;jznfhay;rnf/ (tcef; 15? tqifY 4.1)
tnTef;onf ol\ pHcsddeffpHnTef;rsm;ukd qefUusifí jzpfaeonfh tajctae wpfckwGif jynfhpHkaom tcsuf
tvuf rsm;onf tajccH w&m;0ifqHk;jzwfcsufeSifh pnf;urf;rsm;udkcsrSwf&eftwGufjzpfEdkifonf/ Oyrm -
OD;wnfzrf;rnhf ig;tkyfpktqihf (yrmP) onf uefYowftrSwfatmufa&mufaeygu ig;zrf;jcif;udk
&yfqdkif;rnf/ ig;tkyfpk yHkrSeftajctaejyefa&mufonhftxd apmihfrnf/ þpnf;urf;rsdK;udk ]]qHk;jzwfcsuf
pnf;urf;rsm;}} (decision rules) [kac:í ig;vkyfief;rdk',fykHpHwGif xnhfoGif;wnfaqmufEdkifonf/
vkyfief;rdk',fyHkpHudk biological operating model ESihf economic operating model [lí 2 ck cGJjcm;Edkifonf/
Biological operating Model (ZD0vkyfief;rdk',f) rSm rdk',fyHkpH wnfaqmufrnhf pepfwpfck\ ZD0aA'qdkif&m
tcsuftvuf oGifjyifvu©Pmrsm;udk &Sif;vif;azmfjyxm;onf/ Economic Operating Model (pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rdk',f) rSm ig;zrf;pnf;urf;rsm;csrSwfrSKaMumihf a&vkyfom;wdkY\ wHkYjyeftjyKrlrsm;ESihf
a&vkyfom;wdkY\ tjyKrlrsm;ay: oufa&muftajctaersm;udk &Sif;vif;azmfjyonf/ þ decision rules rsm;onf tpm;xdk;pDrHcefYcGJrSK pepfESihf ,cifuusifhoHk;cJhaom aemufcHpepfudk ESKdif;,SOf oHk;oyfEdkif&ef
taxmufuljyKonf/
a&&SnfjyefvnfoHk;oyfcsufrsm; udkvnf; yHkrSef (3-5 ESpf wpfBudrf) aqmif&Gufoihfonf/ trSDcdkuif;
vGwfvyfaom wwd,tkyfpkpm&if;ppftzGJUjzihf qdkygu ydkívdkvm;tyfonf/ taumif;qHk;rSm þjyefvnf
oHk;oyfcsuf rsm;udk ydkrdkus,fjyefYaom r[mAsL[mvkyfief;pOfrsm;txd a&muf&Sdap&ef pDpOfoihfonf/ (tcef; 6?
pDrHcsufrsm; – The link between policy and action Munhf)
þoHk;oyfcsufrsm;wGif NyD;jynhfpHkaom pDrHcefYcGJa&;tpDtpOfrsm; xnhfoGif;oihfouJhodkY OD;pm;ay;
ajz&Sif;&rnfh jyóemrsm;udkvnf; xnhfoGif; oihfonf/ tcsdefMumjrifhpGmjyefvnfoHk;oyfcsufrsm; aMumihf
,cifu owfrSwfcJhaom OD;pm;ay;jyóemrsm; ,cktcg roihfavsmfawmhaMumif; taxmuftxm;&&Sd
Edkifonf/
tcsuftvufrsm; pkaqmifjcif;? apmihfMuyfMunhf½SKjcif;? qef;ppftuJjzwfjcif;? jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;?
tm;vHk;wdkYtwGuf bwf*sufqGJay;&ef vdktyfonf/ tcef; 14? tqifY 3.4 wGif azmfjycJhaom EAFM twGuf
aiGaMu;axmufyHhrSKenf;vrf;udk &SmazG&mwGif M&E vkyfief;pOf rsm;twGuf budget owfrSwfay;&ef r&Sdrjzpf
ta&;BuD;onf/ txl;ojzihf tuJjzwfjcif;ESihf jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;udpörsm;twGuf budget xnfhqGJ&efjzpfonf/
xkdodkY r[kwfygu taumiftxnfazmfjzpfvm&ef tajctaer&Sdyg/
tusOf;csHK;&vQif qef;ppf tuJjzwfjcif;udk tenf;qHk; wpfESpfwpfBudrf vkyfoifhfonf/ ESpfpOf ESpftvdkuf
tuJjzwfjcif;aMumihf pDrHcefYcGJa&;udk jyefoHk;oyf&ef? oihfavsmfovdkwkHYjyef&ef tajctaersdK; a&mufvmEdkifonf/
(tu,fí aumif;pGmtvkyfrjzpfygu)? xdkYtwl pnf;urf;vdkufemusifYoHk;a&;ESihf pnf;urf; xdef;odrf;a&;
udpöwGif jyefvnfoHk;oyf&ef? oihfavsmfovdk wHkYjyef jyKjyif&ef tajcaersdK; a&mufvmEdkifonf/ ig;ESpfwpfBudrfcefY
t"duusaom qef;ppftuJjzwfjcif;ESihf jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;udk vkyfoihfonf/ tu,fíoihfavsmfygu
jyóemrsm;? yef;wdkifrsm;ESihf &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk ppfaq;oihfonf/ (yHk-17.4)
yHk-17.4/ M&E vkyfief;pOfrsm;/ pDrHcsufudka&wdk? a&&SnfjyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;rsm;yg0ifonf/
vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsuf - EAFM ÓPfprf;ar;cGef;
tdrfavhusifhcef; (tdrfpm) / EAFM vkyfief;jzpfpOftqihfrsm; tzGJUvdkufxkwfvkyfrSK yrmP (tajz&v'f)
udk jyefoHk;oyfí EAFM pDrHcsufyHkpHcGuf (template) xJ0ifap&efpOf;pm;yg/ oifonf yOöraeYwGif EAFM
pDrHcsufudk wifjyedkif&ef pDpOfyg/ oauFw? wifjy&rnhfyHkpH (format) onf power point r[kwfyg/
zwf&SKavYvm&ef tBuHjyKwdkufwGef;aom pmtkyfrsm;
Websites
Australian National Fisheries ESD website: http://www.eafm.com.au
Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project: http://www.boblme.org
Coral Triangle Initiative: http://www.coraltriangleinitiative.org/
EAFnet: http://www.fao.org/fishery/eaf-net/en
EBM Tools Network: http://www.ebmtools.org/
International Institute for Sustainable Development: http://www.iisd.org
Knowledge Management Toolkit: http://www.kstoolkit.org
NOAA Fisheries Tools Website: http://nft.nefsc.noaa.gov/index.html
NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program: http://coralreef.noaa.gov/aboutcrcp/international/ctr/
Other web-based resources and literature Agardy, T. 2010. Ocean zoning: making marine management more effective. Earthscan, Rutledge. 240pp
APFIC. 2009. APFIC/FAO Regional consultative workshop “Practical implementation of the ecosystem approach to fisheries and aquaculture”, 18-22 May 2009, Colombo, Sri Lanka. RAP Publication 2009/10. Bangkok, Thailand. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. 96pp
AusAID. 2000. Good governance – guiding principles for implementation. Canberra, Australia. The Australian Agency for International Development.
Bell, J.D.; Johnson, J.E. & Hobday, A.J., eds. 2011. Vulnerability of tropical Pacific fisheries and aquaculture to climate change. Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia. 925p
Christie, P.; Fluharty, D.L.; White, A.T.; Eisma-Osorio, L. & Jatulan, W. 2007. Assessing the feasibility of Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management in tropical contexts. Marine Policy 31: 239-250
Chua, T-E. 2006. The dynamics of integrated coastal management (practical applications in the sustainable coastal development in East Asia). In: Regional programme on building partnerships in environmental management for the seas of East Asia (PEMSEA). Quezon City, Philippines.
Clarke, P & Jupiter, S. 2010. Principles and practice of Ecosystem-Based Management: a guide for conservation practitioners in the tropical Western Pacific. Suva, Fiji.Wildlife Conservation Society.
Coffey, C. Undated. Good governance and the Common Fisheries Policy: an environmental perspective. London, UK. Institute for European Environmental Policy.
Daw, T.; Adger, W.; Brown, K. & Badjeck, M-C. 2009. Climate change and capture fisheries: potential impacts, adaptation and mitigation. In: K. Cochrane, C. De Young & T. Bahri, eds. Climate change implications for fisheries and aquaculture: overview of current scientific knowledge. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 530. Rome, Italy. FAO.
De Young, C.; Charles, A. & Hjort, A. 2008. Human dimensions of the ecosystem approach to fisheries: an overview of context, concepts, tools and methods. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 489. Rome, Italy. FAO. 152pp
Ehler, C. & Douvere, F. 2009. Marine Spatial Planning: a step-by-step approach toward Ecosystem- Based Management. UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission and Man and the Biosphere Programme. IOC Manuals and Guides No. 53, ICAM Dossier No. 6. 99pp
FAO. 2003. The Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries No. 4 Suppl. 2. Rome, Italy. FAO. 112pp
FAO. 2005. Putting into practice the ecosystem approach to fisheries. Rome, Italy. FAO. 76pp
FAO. 2008. The Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries. G. Bianchi & H.R. Skjoldal, eds. CABI Publishing and FAO. 363pp
FAO. 2009. Fisheries management. 2. The ecosystem approach to fisheries. 2.2 Human dimensions of the ecosystem approach to fisheries. FAO Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries. No. 4, Suppl. 2, Add. 2. Rome, Italy. FAO. 88pp
FAO. 2011. Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries. No.4, Suppl. 4. Marine Protected Areas and Fisheries. Rome, Italy. FAO. 198pp
FAO. 2012. EAF Toolbox: the ecosystem approach to fisheries. Rome, Italy. FAO. 172pp
Fernandes, L.; Green, A.; Tanzer, J.; White, A.; Alino, P.M.; Jompa, J.; Lokani, P.; Soemodinoto, A.; Knight, M.; Pomeroy, B.; Possingham, H. & Pressey, B. 2012. Biophysical principles for designing resilient networks of marine protected areas to integrate fisheries, biodiversity and climate change objectives in the Coral Triangle. Report prepared by The Nature Conservancy for the Coral Triangle Support Partnership. 152pp
Fletcher W.J. 2008. A guide to implementing an ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM) within the western and central Pacific Region - version 5 (March 2008). Honiara, Solomon Islands. Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency.
Available at: http://www.fisheries-esd.com/a/pdf/EAFM%20GUIDE%20Version%205.pdf Fulton, E.A.; Smith, A.D.M. & Johnson C.R. 2003. Effect of complexity on marine ecosystem models. Marine Ecology Progress Series 253: 1-16
Fulton E.A.; Smith, A.D.M.; & Punt, A.E. 2005. Which ecological indicators can robustly detect effects of fishing? ICES Journal of Marine Science 62: 540-551
Fulton, E.A.; Smith A.D.M.; Smith D.C. & van Putten, I.E. 2010. Human behaviour - the neglected source of uncertainty in fisheries management. Fish and Fisheries. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2979. 2010.00371.
Fulton, E.A. 2010. Approaches to end-to-end ecosystem models. Journal of Marine Systems 81 (1-2). doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2009.12.012
Garcia, S.M.; Zerbi, A.; Aliaume, C.; Do Chi, T. & Lasserre, G. 2003. The ecosystem approach to fisheries. Issues, terminology, principles, institutional foundations, implementation and outlook. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 443. Rome, Italy. FAO. 71pp
Green, S.J.; White, A. & Kilarski, S., eds. 2013. Designing marine protected area networks to achieve fisheries, biodiversity, and climate change objectives in tropical ecosystems: a practitioners guide. Cebu City, Philippines. The Nature Conservancy and the Coral Triangle Support Partnership. viii + 35p
ICSFW
Katsanevakis, S.; Stelzenmüller, V.; South, A.; Sørensen, T.K.; Jones, P.J.S.; Kerr, S.; Badalamenti, F.; Anagnostou, C.; Breen, P.; Chust, G.; D'Anna, G.; Duijn, M.; Filatova, T.; Fiorentino, F.; Hulsman, H.; Johnson, K.; Karageorgis, A.P.; Kröncke, I.; Mirto, S.; Pipitone, C.; Portelli, S.; Qiu, W.; Reiss, H.; Sakellariou, D.; Salomidi, M.; van Hoof, L.; Vassilopoulou, V.; Fernández, T.V.; Vöge, S.; Weber, A.; Zenetos, A. & ter Hofstede, R. 2011. Ecosystem-based marine spatial management: review of concepts, policies, tools, and critical issues. Ocean and Coastal Management 54 (11): 807–820
McLeod, K. & Leslie, H., eds. 2009. Ecosystem-Based Management for the oceans. Island Press. 392pp
Mengerink, K.; Schempp, A. & Austin, J. 2009. Ocean and coastal Ecosystem-Based Management: Implementation Handbook. Environmental Law Institute. 158pp
OECD. 2007. Principle elements of good governance. Paris, France. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. Available at: http://www.oecd.org/
Plagányi, É.E. 2007. Models for an ecosystem approach to fisheries. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 477. Rome, Italy. FAO. 108p.
Pomeroy, R & Rivera-Guieb, R. 2006. Fisheries co-management: a practical handbook. Ottawa, Canada. CABI Publishing and International Development Research Centre. 264pp
Pomeroy, R.; Garces, L.; Pido, M. & Silvestre, G. 2010. Ecosystem-based fisheries management in small-scale tropical fisheries: emerging models of governance arrangements in the Philippines. Marine Policy. 34: 298-308
Rice J. 2007. Investigating the roots of confusion. Marine Ecosystems and Management.1:1 SEAFDEC. 2003. Regional guidelines for responsible fisheries in Southeast Asia: fisheries management. Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center MFRDMD/SP/3. 69pp
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