UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Harold L ...

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Harold L. Ickes, Secretary

BUREAU OF FISHERIES Charles E. Jackson, Acting Commissioner

Special Scientific Report No. 10

AN INVESTIGATION OF FISH-SALVAGE

PROBLEMS IN RELATION TO SHASTA DAM

Washington, 1940

31is i s t i e tcnth i n a s c r i o s of ;:icco,nphcd Special S c i e n t i f i c Zc- L;~r.t s , i~u3lishccl. i n l i n i t c d q m n t i t i c s f o r t hc o f f i c i a l usc o? Z'cd(3n.l of f i c c s an2 coopc=ting Z . ~ C : ~ C ~ C S . Previous repor t s i n t h i s s o r i c s a r c as follows :

1. Pol lu t ion of Comr d 'h lene Rivcr and adjncent waters by c ine wcstcs, by M. hi. E l l i s

2. i'!ate~ 2u r i t y standards f o r f r e s h v a t e r f i s h e s , bi 3 : - - .A. -,. 311is

3. Strea.71 i 3 0 l l u t i ~ n s tud ies i n the S t a t e or" 1<iss lss ippi , b;r i.1. ;;I. 3lli s

4. 3e201-t on Penaacola Dan i ~ o u n ~ e n t of the Grand River with spec ia l reference t o f i she ry p rob le r s i n the corple tcd rese rvo i r , by I,!. Id. Z l i s

5. C3servations on t he l i f c h i s t o ry , occurrcnco, ard d i s t r i h t i o n o f the r cd f i sh p a r a s i t e , Spkc-rioz lwi, .q T.*illiac C. 3crr ington

6. 3 c v~k i t c m r l i n f i she ry of 5cca.n City, lhryland, -TJ Swcpson Sar lc

. I ~ l p - x i 1 1 po l lu t ion of t h e 3aiq7 ? i - ~ e r ncar In te rna t iona l . 73112, :,:inn., jy 3. A . t i e s t f a l l and K. 3. 3 l l i s

3. A s t a y of ';he Yiss i s s ipp i 3 i v c r f r o 2 Cbia of Xocks, St . - .. L u i s , t.ilssouri, to Cairo, I l l i n o i s , with spec ia l r2ference t o the 2roposed in t roduct ion of ~ r o u n d garbage i n to the rl-rer by the C i t ~ of S t . Lauis, 5j. !.I. ?,I. X l l i s

3. ?oil-ation s tudies of e f f l u e n t s f ron the Dic!ri~son Sa l t i l o ~ l c s , .'ralden, West T i rg in i a , by K. I,:. %ll,is

3 a r v A. Zafison, 3 u r s u of Seclamation, Osgood R. Smith, Eureau of Zisher ies , a ~ d Pzul R. Needham, 3ureau of Pisheries.

'Phe I 'o l lowir~ report i s a r e su l t of j io log ica l and e q i n a e r i n g ia- vcst igat ions carr ied out during the past one and one-half years i n an cf- f o r t to ?-ctcminc moms of salvaging the nuzs of chinoo!: sclmon thc uppcr Szcmncnto ?ivcr basin which w i l l be blockaded from t h e i r sprsmiw grounds kr the construct?-on of Shasta Dan.

Shasta 3am and a power plant e r e being constnrcted by the Vnited S ta t e s h v e m e n t on the upper S a c m e n t o a v e r i n northern California a s the p ~ i n c i ~ l feature 0-5 t h e Central 7 a l l c j Project . I t i s t o be a

I m u l t ip lc -pur~osc d~rr , f o r thc improvcncnt of mviga t ion, flood control , , suppl~mcntnl iTr iga t ion , s a l i n i t y control i n t h c 1o:ler Sacranecto 3 e l t a

region, and e l e c t r i c power generatiox. Tbis d m w i l l be approximately 560 f ee t i1i.y1, and w i l l cut o f f a l l s a h o n spawning areas a'txme i t ic the Sacnnea to , Pi:, and XcCloud 3 ive r s and t h e i r t r i bu t a r i e s .

I 1nves:isat ioas of the f i s h e r i e s problems created 5g the const nrct icn t . o l the h n a r e fixaced by t h e United S5ates 3epartnezt of t;le I ~ t e r i o r ,

k r e m o f 2eclr?cation, ,arid a r e under the supervision of t he 3 r e m of T i s h e r i c ~ . 51c Tnitad S ta t e s Zorcst Service acd the Cal i fornia 3 iv l s i sn of Z'isl= and. Garle are cooperating on various 2hases of the problen.

Sn the p%es imed ia t c ly follovring w i l l be found the sumnary, con- clusions, an<- ~ecomendat ions of t h i s survey. The problem, acthods of invest igat ion, and data gathered during investigations a r c presented iq Scctiocs I to T'II, and i n Scction VIII i s a deta i led discusnioll of 70s- ,

s i b l e szlvctc ncasuras. 12 Section IX w i l l bc fomd tho out l ine of 3 21.~2- <cst ca ?ropam of cont iming biological i r e s t igations i n connect ion !~ i t l l the f i shc r i c s problcns causcd by the constnrctioa of Sk is ta 3 m and t:lc c r c a t i o l of thc rcsemoir hehind i t . A conplete l i s t o f a l l the mjor top ics included i n t h i s r e ~ o r t i s given i n the Table of Sontects.

I 1. Tko valus of the s a h o n pass ing BeLaing bas beeri ca lcu la ted t o ,

be 20out $95,000 anaually i n r e tu rns t o c o z e r c i a l f i shernen alone. ,. \

2. C O ~ E L ~ S of s a h o ~ p a s s i ~ g 3edding were zade by the California. C i v i s i ~ n of 3 i sh a i d Gane i n 1337, and by the Elureau of 3eclanat ion i n \

! 1933 a ~ d 1959. The t o t a l comted f ron A p i l 17 t o 9eceibcr 8, 1939, was 21,694. Of t h i s n u b e r , 5, $86 were sprins-mm f i s h , and the balance, 15,108, ? a l l m, vhich migratsd a f t e r the f i r s t veok ia Septcnbcr. TLc peak of the spring run was on : : ~ v 11, arzd tha t the fall lclln on OctoTocr 24. Thc e n t i r e run i n 1939 was c s t i z a t e d to bc a3out 27,000 fish.

- - - 3. A m a l l .steelhoaA t rou t -, 118 f ids w2s cou i te8 bctwccn April

17 and October 18, axd 114 b r c m t r o u t pnsscd fhrou.%h the weir between October 16 and Bo~cnber E, 1939. a rua cf 2,527 suckers was countea between April rad J'uly. 11; a d d i t i c ~ t o tizcsc f i s h , a few Sacranento pike, shad, and carp were sce..~ p a s s k g over tlu: l i s i l latcler,

4, A t 3 a t t l c Cree!:, 15,4>. s z h o n , 85 2cr ccnt a€ thcii g r i l s e , were cow-to2 b c t w s n October 10 , = ~ d Lccczjcr 31, 1939. On t h e Z'ca2.ar XI-:er, at the SutCe.8 Eutte Dan, 2,513 f i s h trcrc- comteS botwccn Sept.:r-.her 1 -ad Decexber 18, A t X i 1 1 Crack 21,402 salcon m r c h A d l e d bj the Latchcry. Xinety-ei&t per cent of these f i s h were g r i l se .

5. Lengths 05 saltloo m i s a t i n g ~ a s t 3 e d d i r ~ i n 1 9 3 ranged from /&2 t o 113 cen t ine te r s (16.5 t o 44 inches). About 30 per car-t of these f i s h werc g i l s e , o r males 71.5 cen t i ne t e r s (28.25 inches) a ~ d l e s s ia l scg th , t.-eiglits var icd Sron 3.7 to 50 ~ 0 ~ 2 s . The average weight t ~ s abotlt 18 g 07.-~ld s .

6. Of 807 f i s h i n which sex Ceterminatio~s.sterc made ir, 1938, 47.5 gc? cent t:c?e na lcs and 52.5 g s r cent fzanles.

7. The average a rea 02 114 Sacramnto s a k o n n e s t s measurea in t h e v i c i n i t y of Xcddir~g was 39.04 square fcef . Thc fi,ure of 40 square f e e t was used a s thc bas i s f o r c a l c u l a t i s g t b ?otc,n_tid 2m3cr of n e s t s iz the s t r e a s sur-rcyed.

8. Zxpcricental holCing oT spr ing rc snkon i n the Sacrmezto iliver Curin,; the noafvhs of :IT,-, Junc, arA& ;I*J, 1939* bras msuccessfd. . Tai lure \?as n t t r i 'm ted p r inc ip r l l y t o tb-e high t e c ~ e r a t u r e s sf the r i v c r dur icg tha t e r i o d ,

5. The averase nunullzer of ei;-i;s ?er fenals in t ha rm- at. Zed-ding was 5,790. Thc r o u d f i q r a of 7,000 was used i n calcula t ing the t o t a l number

of eggs i n the nm. A possi3lc pro2uctioc of 94,500,000 eggs was computed for a ma ~f 27,030 f i s h on the bas i s of a 1:l sex ra t io .

10. Thcrc a r o t w o d i s t l ~ c t seeward nigrat ions o f young salmon. The f i r s t occurs &=i.ilg tkc moaths of ~pr;:l, Xay, and J m c i n the r iver near Xcddir.g,m? th secozd duricg the months of September, October, and Eovmbcr.

11. 2.Tcarl:~ 1,003 miles of s t r eam wore survcpcd i n thc upper Sac;amc;lto 9ivcr bssin from tkc ?cather Xivcr :iorthwa;'d for prescnt arid pote2t ia l u t i l i z a t i o a by salrox. Gnh- four s t rcaus , S t i l lwater , 3 a t t l e , "ill, 3ccr Crceks, verc fount below Shasta which havc salvage ?oss ib i l i t i c s .

12. O f the 17 drainages exmined bolow Shasta 4an, 9 zrc dry i n ,

t h e i r lotrcr reaches during ?ar t of the yszr and 7 have d r ~ strctcl-ros during salcon s i g a t i o r ; scasons a s a r e s i l t of power or i r r i g a t i o n

; di-rersicrs. Doer Creek i s t l ~ onl;T s t rcm i n r-rhich tllerc i s n yo= romd flat;, altbougii i n nany yezrs it i s too lot? f o r f n l l lun s d o n t o cntcr it.

13. B o t a single ezfect ive f i s h scroen. on grav i ty or w? dl- versions t-JZS found i n tkc 19 6zaimges investigated i n 1938 ai~ 15J9.

14. Xost of tke f i s h ladders seen were iuopera5le because of '

lack of water. B few d a ~ s a r e en t i r e ly without f i s l ladders.

15. Coppe? p o l h t i o n f ro2 nine ckainagcsin the Skasta Reservoir area occasiorlally r e s u l t s i n coxccritration of toxic aeezlts l e t h a l t o t rout aad ::crhaps t o eggs and j r owg of salmon i n the Sacranc~lto 3ivcr below Spring Creel:.

16. Surface tcrpcrnturcs of Shasta Ecscmoir may reach 75"-77O~. and l-,i&r i n m n c r no3th.s.

17. The discharge of w a n water f ror: the Shasta Bcservoir during periods of nin- draw-down nigkt 2 c l q tkc upstrean nigratdon of s ahon , but it i s not an t ic ipa ted that i t w i l l cause any l o s s of f i s h lmlcss they are force2 t o rcnair, i n i t f c r soae t i z~e .

18. Three p l m s are p r o ~ o s c d to salvage the salcon: (1) S t i l l - water ,Plan, ( 2 ) 3 a t t i e Creel: ? l a (inclu%r;g a suggested a l t e rna t ive of 3cer Cree!: f o r the s p r i x ran), and (3) Sacranento 2i7rer Natural Sparjnil~g Flan.

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Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i

Suzz.anj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Personnel an& ackncmled.ge~ents v i i

I In t roduct ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Effec t of opera t ion of on f i s h . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Present water u t i l i z a k i o u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Cutline of salmon b i o l o g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 EIethods of f i e l d survey . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

I1 The P r ~ b l e n o f ' Preserving tine R u s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8- The . Trapping Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Water' Temperature' ProSlern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Truck and Hau1ir.g requireme9ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EJuinber of f i s k p e r t r i p 11 . . . . . . S:axim number of fish to be '.axled pe r day 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tme of ~ F J C ~ S 12 Salvage LIe thods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4

Salvage bv hatchc?riss alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Hatchery s i t e s ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Salvage by n a t n r a l propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Salvage by combining n a t l s a l and

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . a r t i f i c i a l p r o p w a t i o s 17 . . . . . .

111 Size and value . of t h e Sacramento River Fishery . . . . . . . . 18 . .

Biological Inves t i g a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . The s i z e and time of the run . . . . . . . . .

Counts i n the Sacrzuxento River at iieddirg Scrap Fish . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . Lengths and weights of n i g r a t i r g salmon .

. . . . . . . Salmon counts on other s t r e m s Sex r a t i o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Age of salmon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimated n-mber of f i s h to be salvaged . Size o l salmon nes t s . . . . . . . . . . .

Xxpcrinentzl ha121 i n g and holdizg . . . . . . . Holding pocd exps r icec t s . . . . . . . . .

. . . . fdligratior? th.rou& canal and tunnel

VI S e a ~ a r d Liigrat Chinook Salnoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1

711 Strean Descript ions a r d Surlreg 3 a t a . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 The' Sacranento and t r i ' su tar ies above S'asta Dar? . . . . . . . 46

tlcClouc? River S f l t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

The Sacranento belon Shas ta Dan . . . . . . . S t r e m s enter ing the r i v e r f r m the e a s t . . . . . . . . . . . . Churn Creck

. . . . . . . . . St i l lmate r Creel: Nat>xal foods i n S t i l lma t e r .

ConCreek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bear Creek

B a t t l e Creek . . . . . . . . . . . B a t t l e Creck hatchery . . . .

kaynes Creek . . . . . . . . . . . Antelope .Creek . . . . . . . . . . M i l l Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M i l l Creek hatchery Deer Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . Chico Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . Butte Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . Feather 9 i v e r . . . . . . . . . . .

Streams en te r ing the r i v e r from the n e s t Clear Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . Co ttonnood Creek . . . . . . . . . Stony Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . Cache Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . Put ah. Creek . . . . . . . . . . . .

VIII Sa1vw.e Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Preliminary measures d w i ~ i g const ruct ion . . . . . . . . . . 95 1 . S t i l l w a t c r Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Vater Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roscrvoir water 96 Diversion Plans . . ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Hatchery and 'holding ponds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Ihm-off water and standby supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . -99 Stream Inprovenent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Costs of S t i l l w a t e r P lan 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A m u f ~ 1 co s t s of operat ion 101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Advantages of S t i l l w a t e r Plan 101 . . . . . . . . . . . . Disaa~an tages of S t i l l v a t e r Plan 102

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . B a t t l e Creek Salvage Plan 103 . . . . . . . . . . A r t i f i c i a l propa,: a t i o n of e n t i r e nn 103 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fd.1 Run 104 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spring Run 105 . . . . . Combination use of B a t t l e Creek =d 3eer Creek 107 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cons t r~c t i onProg ram 108

. . . . . . . . . . . . Advantages of z a t t l e Crzek Plan 109 . . . . . . . . . . . Disadvantages of B a t t l e Creek P laa 109 . . . . . . . . . 3 . Sacramento Bivor !'lattlral Spaming F 1 a 109 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The ~ ) o l l u t i o l : problcm 110 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Temperatures 111 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flood conditio-n-s 111 . . . . . . . . . . . . Cons t r ~ c t i o n program and cos t s 111

Advmtagcs of Lain River 3olding Plan . . . . . . . . . 112 Disadvantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

4 . Transfer t o T r i n i t y River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

IX The Continuing Biol.ogica!_ Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Appendix 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 .

1 0 . 11 . 12 . 1 3 . 14 . 1 5 . 16 . 17 . 18 . 1 9 . 20 . 21 . 22 . 23 .

A . Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 . . . . . . . . . Xeasurements of chinook salmon nes t s 125 . . . . . . . . . Daily tenperatures of n s t e r . Redding 126

. . . . . . . . hiaximum d a i l y a i r temperatures. Reddifis 128 . . . . . . . Daily t e ~ p e r a t u r e s of n a t e r . S a t t l e Creek 129

water and a i r temperatures. Del ta . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Tater and a i r temperatures. Baird . . . . . . . . . . . 131 K o r t a l i t y among spring run sa laon . . . . . . . . . . . 132 P liater temperatures. e x p e r i m ~ n t d haui ing . . . . . . . 133 Salmon morta l i ty . holding pond . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Daily tout of salmon. 3edding. 1939 . . . . . . . . . 135 Sm.aq7 Sacramento r i ~ c r salmon c o w t . . . . . . . . . 144 . . . . . . . . . Eourly r a t e cf s a l ~ o n pass ing SeCding 146 Eeasurements of 150 ckinook salmon . . . . . . . . . . 147 B a t t l s Cree!< salmon c o m t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 . . . . . . . Becor3 . of salmon harLdled a t 3 a t t l e Creek 152 Featb2r ?Aver salmon c u a t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Seawai-d aigi-at ing chinook salmon . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Cour-ts of eggs of Sacramento R i ~ e r salmon . . . . . . . 155 Eecord of eggs taken at 3 a t t l e . C r e e k . 1909-1935 . . . . 157 E e c ~ r d of eggs taken at 3ill Creek. 1912-1339 . . . . . 158 Collect ions of young chinook salmon. 1939 . . . . . . . 159 b;a:cimum and m i n i m discharge. E l k Creek . . . . . . . 160 % o m e r c i a l salmon catches taken i n ocean . . . . . . . . qeights and pr ices of g i l l n e t salmon 161 Commercial salmon catch. 1916-1938 . . . . . . . . . . 162 Pools i n ' S t i l l w a t e r Creek. 1940 . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Appdndix 3 . Probable temperatures of surfece m t e r to Se s torcd abore Shas ta 3ao .

. . 3y C E S c t t e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

A ~ > c n d i x C . Fish catching f a c i l i t i e s f c r Shasta Trojcct . . . . . . . . Ey E a r l a s 3 Eoizcs and 3 7 . Lindgrzn 175

Ap~cndix L) . Study of the cxtcnt to v5ich the mt-ual flow of S t i l l a s t c r Cra2ck can 5e used t o replace d ive r tez f l o n f r o n the XcCloud River .

. . . . . . . . B;r Ear lan 3 2 o b e s =d 0 7 Lindgren 183 Standby na te r s m p l y of S t i l l v a 5 e r Creek .

( ~ e t t e r froi; E z l - s n 3 . Holnes to 2 . 2'. T a l t e r s . J a n ~ x u - ~ 15. 1940) . . . . . . . . 129

e x 3 . 1. Iizc t u ~ l e ! . brair_agc i n the Shasta _? s c r r o i r nrea . El; 73x1 A . Ska17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Operation of Kcnnett r e s s m o i r . . . . . . . . . . . . S Salmon c o t ~ t e d rt 3edrliilx. 1939 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 Hourly r a t e of salzon n i g r a t i o 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Chinook salnon psss ing through weir . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Length-frequency d i s t r i b u t i o n of n z l e and f e n a l e salmon 27 Percent of c o m e r c i d. sah0.n c a t c h . . . . . . . . . . 30 S ize and frequency d i s t r i b u t i o n of n e s t s . . . . . . . 33 \

Y m x i m d a i l y air and water temperatures . . . . . . . 36 I

Seaward migrat ion of chinook s d n o n . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Lengths of h p d seined chinook salmon . . . . . . . . . 45 J

S t i l l w a t e r Creek near hsadwaters . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 S t i l l w a t e r Zreek about hal f mile from mooth . . . . . . 55 South Fork of S a t t l e Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Eagle Canyon.Dan. aad f i s h l adder . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Lower end of Mill Creek canyon . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Deer Creek at iower end of canyon . . . . . . . . . . . 93 F a l l s on upper Deer Creek above Polk Springs . . . . . 7'6 Salmon f i s h i n g below Su:ter Bu t te Dam . . . . . . . . . 79 Salmon cacgnt by spor t f i she rnan . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Salmon n e s t s i n Sonth Pork. F e z t i e r 3 i v e r . . . . . . . 83 P a l l s i n 3a ld 3ock Cawon. 'riidLle Fork. Feather Biver . 84 Kidale Fork of Testher Biver above Bald Rock . . . . . 85 South f o r k gf Cottocwood Creok . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

FFJ1PS . (goided i n back of r epor t )

Vpper "scramento Biver and P r i n c i p a l t r i b u t a r i e s . Kydroelect r ic development on S a t t l e Creek .

Summary of scrap f i s h pass ing Xedding. 1939 . . . . . . 24 Actual and c o q u t e d nmbers of eggs . . . . . . . . . . 37 . . . . ~ o x p a r i s o n s of .eg.'; c9unts of Sccrmento Salnon 39 . . . . 3 i s t a n c e s and e leva t ions along Sacramento S i v e r 45 . . . S u v e y k t c on Sccrmento Xivsr zbove Shcsta Dm 48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P i t River 49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . McCloud River 49 . . . . Surve:; Dzta on Sacrrmentc Ziver bel3w S k s t r 32.3 52 Survey D 2 t 2 on S t i l l w a t e r Creek. 1940 . . . . . . . . . . 56 . . . . Tood cf young chinosk s a h o n . S t i l l w a t e r Creek 58

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Survey Data on Coe Creek 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S u r v e y D a t a c n 2 e a r C r e e k 61 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Survey Data cn 3 a t t l e Creek 66

Survey Data on 1 ..ill Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . Minimun discharges . ;!ill Creek 71

Survey 3 a t a on Deer Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 kfininum discharges . 3eer Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

. . . . . . . . . . . . . Survey Data on Tezther S ive r 56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zurvey 3 a t a on Clear Creek 58

Surve:~ Data, on Cottonv:ooc? Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

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The grea t de~elopment of daxs ,--r:d pol.fer p r o j a c t s i n t h s West p romted the A c e r i c a Sijciet:~ o f . I c L t - ~ ~ o l o ~ i s t s and Herpatologis ts and the Western Sociaty of X o f - u a l i s t s t o pa s s , on J7xe 23, i9S9, a reeolu- t i o n reconmending t ha t f i s h e r i e s resoarces be given eqcal considere t ion with a l l o the r water u s e s , u d t h a t b io log ica l s;;rveys of f i s h e r i e s resources be ca r r i ed ozt f o r a t l e ~ s t 5 years before t he s t a r t of z c tua l const ruct ion of dans c r o tke r s t r u c t u r e s i n any bas in conta ining sahor : o r sf eelhead.

Ef fec t of o ~ e r a t i o n of d= p_r, $Kn.--Shasta D a n must 3e considered -- - an jmpassable b a r r i e r t o a i g r a t i n g f i s h because i t s g r ca t height and nature of i t s operation p r e c h ~ d e t h s p o s s l 3 i l i t y of g e t t i n g f i s h over i t , as i s o f ten dore at low ass ~: i t f : rea.sona3le szccess. I t wmld be poss i - b l e and perha?s ecanonicaliy f e a s i j i e t o get t he a d u l t s over the d m by some mechaqicnl neans, but i f t h i s were done t j e r e vrould be no c e r t a i n t y t ha t t he salmon would n i g r a t e OE u? thro-agi-. 2 G o r 25 miles of s lack water t o t h e spavming streams. Chiaoo's salmon i n generel a r e not !=nolrrn t 3 m i - g r a t e throwh l akes , an2 the Sacrms=lt,r, F iver rnce of ckinooks c e r t a i n l y has never n?.grated thrcr-qh lakes . '?he salhon of t i e Zo lmbia River n i - g r a t e t h r o ~ x h the r e l a t l v e i y s lack I"orebq.7 above Bonnevil le 3am. There i s s t i l l a not iceable c u r r e ~ t i n t he 3 o m e r i l l e forebay, however. The res- e rvo i r above Shasta D m oil1 f o m a l a rge a e q lC&e, and t h e r s i s no nrecedeilt 3:- which we m y > red i c t i t s es"f ec t upon chinook saL-1.o~.

If the adu l t s d id spawn saccess fu l ly i n s t r e m s sScvs t he r e s e rvo i r , t h e r e would s t i l l be t h e ~ w b l e m of g e t t i n c the res-~1t: int s z a l l , seaward rnigrmts safe ly d0b.m over t he dun an& on t h e i r ItJay t o =he see. Fig. l. shows the .proposed operat ing scheciule f o r t h s r e s e n - o i r based on pa s t water-s~ml::. records f o r the ;rears 1917 to 1935. If the &n had been con- s t r uc t ed and ic operation during t h i s ge r i od , water r a r e l y would have flowed over the c r e s t 0," the sp i i lvay . There a l s o 1:rill be many years when the r e s e m o i r would not f i l l ug at a l l . A t such times ~ c i t e r w i l l be re leased e i t h e r through t he drCt tu5es o r through r i v e r o u t l e t s i n t he Pace of the s p i l l w q .

There a r e th ree s e t s of r i v e r o u t l e t s . These a r e 130 f a e t above each o ther and t i e h ighest s e t i s about 139 f e e t below the c r e s t - o f the spillvray. The o u t l e t s a r e 8.5 f e e t i n ciianeter, so t h a t t he dis tznce from the bottom of one t o t h e to? 3f the next i s 91.5 f e e t . Therefore, when the rese rvo i r 3r 2orebqr l e v e l has drop?ed below one s e t of ga t e s , - t h e water must be drawn of f thro-JR'n t he next lower s e t , 91.5 3elow the surface. I f young s d n o n wext do1;m t o t h i s dep th , they could only ?o so by becoming adjus ted t o t he y r e s su re , and i f they escaaed through the - r i v e ~ o u t l e t s they woula c e r t a i n l y be k i l l e d by t ha sudden re lease of pressure. . Eqer iments hzve denonstrated t hz t f i s h can stand a sudden a z l i c a t i o n ' of p ressure and i t s slrdden r e l e a s e , but f i s h can. o t s tand the sudden re lease of p r e s s 7 u e a f t e r beconing accustonea t o it.&? I t i s not

d

1 / Unpublished work by Z . 3 . E o b e s , iE Charge, Eydraulics Sec t ion , - -- u . S. 3urea.u of T i s h e r i e s , S e a t t l e , Washington.

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c e r t a i n , however, t h a t the young f i s h 1;:ould descend t 3 sach a depth i n the f i r s t p lace .

The route t h r o - ~ h the oenstoc:rs an& tu rb ines vroxld be even more hazardous. Eere the f i s h l~oil ld he subjectsd to the same changes i n o r e s - sure and they would a l so run the chnnco, of being k i l l e d by the t u r b i a e s . I n addi t ior , , :rour,,g f i s h coning down pas t the daa bjr the r i v s r o u t l e t s , zenstoc!ss, o r even over the c r e s t of the am, would be subjected to the trezendous turbulence and blacklasil which w i l l occur occasionally a t t h e Sase of the hi.

I t a i g h t sesm f e a s i b l e a t f i r s t t o screen t h e dangerous r i v e r o u t l e t s and ?enstocks a d allow the young f i s h to pass down a spec ia l skinning device of some s o r t . Zowever, the prablems involved a r e p r a c t i c a l l y un- surmountable. From neasui-ements of f q r an& e-qer ience gained on t h e Colum- b i a River , we knol,: t h a t tke screens co~d.8 not be cc~arse r than one-quarter inch square mash, i f they are t o l caq out the small downstrean: migrants ?resent i n tha.t a r e a . P a r a l l e l bar2 one-quarter inch ayar t w i l l l e t these small salmon through. Even square aesn t h l s f i n e vrould not 'see? out a l l the newly h i t ched f r y . I t would b-:! p r a c t i c a l l y impossible to naint t i in such screells a t e i t h e r thc panstocirs o r t he r i v e r owt le ts . I f these were screened, 3 sl;imer ga te would 3 a necessary both f o r co l l ec ta ! t r a s h and f o r f i s h , c7,,:-5 i t ~:rouLd be CiT:icult, i h o t impossibl2, to 5 ~ ~ 5 1 C a a u i t - ab le skime ' o u t l e t which could opera ta c o n t i n u o u s ~ y uqder a farebay f l u c t u a t i o n of 250 f e e t .

Przsent water at i1izat ion.--Thera a r e but 7 ~ e m e n e n t l y flowing streams e n t e r i c g the Sacranento 3.-rer from the eas t ' , ail& 1 f r m t h e west , between Shasta Dan and the nnr th of thc: .Feather Fiiver. 3 a t t l e Creek, however, i s t h e only s t r e a n tl-iat d ischerges an alpprsciable anount of water a t t h e nouth during the dry noctns of the yea r . This i s ahost wholly the r s s u l t oZ an exteasive caa l s y s t m whic'.~ c a r r i e s spring water t o the Colexai Porr:erhouse ?-bout 5 ~ F l e s above t h e Sa.craxento River. 3at- t l e Creek above t h e Coleaai? ?owerhouse i s not s u i t a b l e f o r salnon because d i t c h e s rericve g r z c t l e a l l y a l l of t5e vratsr fror, i t s bed ar-d the l i t t l e water rer.aining becoues veqr v e m i n the suraor . A l l of the flowing t r i b u t a r i e s en te r ing the Sacrarecto Bi-cer Selow Shasta 9an have dams o r d ivers ions which renove a l l o r a art of t h e v a t e r during c e r t a i n seasons of the year. Ynerever there I r e !l,;drs-zlactric ciiversions, nost of t h e water i s reroved fr'm long s e c t i o z s of s treazs, and the beds Zrs Cry o r have such a low flow tk . t tho t e n 3 e r n t ~ r e i s r a i s e d beyond the to le rance of salmon. I r ~ i g s t i o n divers ions a r e o f t s n krorse because i r r i g a t i o n water removed f r a n n stream a a g n ~ t re -en te r i t . I z such cases t n s r e i s no water a t the mouth 50 a t t r a c t n i g r a t i a ~ salnon except .5cring f lood s tages .

w Xo d ivers ian seen , 6 u r i n ~ a thc survey vxs screaned well enough t o kee? s a a l l salaon out cf Eitches. On e boat t r i ~ dovn the Sacrmento 3 i v e r

from Grds Ferry to C o l l i n ~ v i l l e , f o r e;;axizle, 07;er 300 unscreened pu.rrps were obsen-ed. The paral1.el bar screen a b o ~ e the huge in take p w s of the Glenn-Colusa d i t c h nezr Zamilton S i t y i s a l t o g e t h e r inadequate, and there a r e nllnerous mscreener; d ivers ions on every t r i b u t a r y i n which many young salnon a d s t ee lhead t r o c t a r e destroyed. idore a e t a i l e d in foma- t i o n on water u t i l i z a t i o a w i l l be found i n the stream descr ip t ions .

C.ltline of p r e s e n t :a-ovledze of salmon biolo,z.--There a r e 5 s?ecies of salmcn f o w d i n TacLfic 2oss t waters , but t h e runs tciich sDav,n i n the Sacrmento River a r e c ~ s f ined a l n o s t e n t i r e l y t o one ~ e c i e s ? the chinook o r P i n s sahlon ( ~ n c o r n y n c ~ ~ t schalmt scha) .

The h a b i t s of t h e 'vario17.s q e c i e s a r e a l i k e i n many- respects . I o s t of t h e i r l i v e s a r e spent i n the ocean, &?a they e n t e r f r e s h water only a t spa.wning time to l a y t h e i r eggs. 3 c t h the n a l e & ~ d f e a a l e selnon d ie a f t e r having spawned once. This occurs r egard less of whether the spatm- i n g beds a r e huadreds of a i l e s , o r only a few : r i l e s from tne ocean.

The szl- on eggs a r e depositad in ces:s which t h e f e n a l e salmon ?re- Tares on gravel bot ton r i f f l e s . Coib, c l e z r water i s so-qht f o r egg dep-

o s i t i o n , a d t h i s i s usua lk? feud nsar t h e headwaters of the l a r g e r t r i b u t a r y streams. The eggs a r e l a i d ic the r i v e r rt d q t h s from a few inches t o se'veral f e e t . They a r e covered with g r a v e l from a t . 9 ~ : 2 ro 18 inches deep which p r o t e c t s the eggs during the incu3at ion pei iod. Incu- bat ion nay l a s t from 1 to 3 o r nore nonths depending upon the temperature of the water.

Af te r ha tch ing , young selmon work t h e i r way u~ through the g rzve l of the stream bed. Yow chinook salmon go downstrean to the ocean, usual ly wi th in a few nonths a f t e r ha tching, although t h i s pe r iod v s r i e s with con- d i t i o n s i n the s t r e m , m d the d i s t ance which t h e young must t r a v e l to reach the ocean.

Kost of the feed ing a d grovth of the s&on occurs i n the ocean, where they =end from 2 t o 7 yea rs . The h a b i t s of salnoa i n the ocean a r e not e a s i l y stzdieci, but ca tch recorcis of c o m e r c i a 1 f i s h e m e n ind i - c a t e t h a t the f i s h do not go f a r f rog shore and t h a t most of them reaain along the coas t wi th in severa l h a d r e d c i l e s of t h e mouth of the stream from which they originateG.

The growth of sallnon c m be &eterzinsd 3y an exaqinat ioc of the c i r - c u l a r markings on t h e sca les . This g ives zn inLica t ion of the e a r l y l i f e h i s t 3 r y an& subseqdent growth of t h s f i s h .

I t has long beec t h e convict ion of maiiy f i s h e r y b i o l s g i s t s t h a t adu l t salnon tend t o r e t u r n to th2 g a r t i c S z r stream i n which they were hatched. Although t h e r e i s s t i l i a g r e a t deal o l controversy on t h i s

s u b j e c t , Scheer (1953, p . 427) iz h i s review of the r a t h s r l a r g e l i t e r a - t u r e on salmon migrat ion, s m a r l z e s i t as fol lows : ' I . . . . . . . snadromous salnon and t rou t hatched and res red i n a p a r t i c u l a r stream w i l l , when seeking f r e s h water to ssawn, saek out and r e t - u n i n the g r e a t ma jor i ty of c a s e s to the sane region, even Zrom consiCerable d is tances ."

Kethocis of f i e l d .sarvz.--The zethods used i n tne s t rean surveys of -- - -- - the u-pper Sacraento Biver drainage were besigned to meet t h e :>ar t icular 7roblen r a t h e r thaa to gat he^ genera l b i o l o g i c a l in fo rna t ion a f t e r the manner of the regioaal s t r e a a surveys conducted by the United S t a t e s - 3 u e z u of Z'isheriss i n connection wi th the mvlagement of spor t f i s h e r i e s .

One o l the nost important jobs was the aeasuremezt of salmon sDaTm- ing a r e a s , abcve aid below Shasta Dam. Fools and r i f z l e a r e a s were ?aced off a l o x the bank wherever p o s s i b l e . A boat :IES used on p ~ r t s of 3 a t t l e Creek and on some sec t ions of t h e Sacramento Biver below BedCing. Two in- v e s t i g a t o r s always uorired together i n the Langerous a n d of ten ineccess ib le canyons, both f o r sa fe ty end a s 2 check on ench o the r1 s judgment i n es- t ima t ing spr:rniag a reas .

S t r e a c sect ions were paced o f f with the a i d of a hand- ta l ly r e g i s t e r and observct ions recorded i n a. f i e l d notebook every hundred ?nc.es. S ize and t ~ e o? ~ o o l s and the e s t l n a t e d percentage of s t r e a a bed s t l i takie f o r spawning n e s t s was recorded. Es t imates were made by bo.th inves t igaSors at each s t a t i o n ?ad conpared before being entered i n the f i e l d notebook. Xepeated t r i a l s ea r ly i n the su,*Vey over severa l t ~ e s of t e r r a i n demon- s t r a t e d t h a t the s u n e g o r s paced a3out 1,OCO ?aces , o r 10 s t a t i o n s , t o the mi le . These s t a t i o n u n i t s were used to de te ra ine the mi les of s t r e a n surveyed and were checked aga ins t t h e mileage meesnred from t h e bes t a v a i l a b l e maps.

Geological Survey t o p o g r a ~ h i c quakang les were ava i l ab le f o r nos t of the t e r r i t o r y surveyed, and In d i s t r i c t s f o r which these maps were not c o ~ l e t e , Cnited S t a t e s Forest S e r v i c e , S t a t e , County and water 2 i s t r i c t naDs were usaa.

A resurvey of rnw sect ions of s t r c < m s &:ring the f a l l srsavming season was made to cbservo the ex tan t of a c t a a l u t i l i z e t i o n by fsmale sz,linor_ and t a check on the a s t i a a t a s sade b:y th? s7meyors ciuring the summer.

Survey data was g ~ . t h e r e d on every irnport~at , t r i b u t a r y t o the Sacra- .mento ?.iver north of the Y ~ b a Z iver . This information i s slmmarized i n - the ind iv idua l stream descr ip t i a n s , which a lso i n c y ~ d e inf o m a t i o n on present water condi t ions , b ~ r r i e r s aria bio log ica l p o s s i j i l i t i e s of the s t r e m s .

r

Of equcJ i m ~ o r t m c e with t h e survey of p o t e n t i a l spawning a r e a s was tne counting of the presext run of chi;ls3k salmon i n the Sacrament3 River. Tkis was done by a crev of cgunters i n 1938 and 1939 at t h e Anderson- Cottcnwood I r r i g a t i o n C i s t r i c t 3am on the Sacramento River at Redding. This dam i s a demountable s t r - ~ c t u . r e and it w a s yoss ib le t o count only 2ur- ing the i r r i g a t i n g season, but a, reasoaably accura te idea 05 the nun3ers of f i s h i t would be n e c e s s w r - t o salvage was obta ined f ron these c o m t s . This .phase of the inves t iga t ion i s Ciscussed i n d e t z i l i n p a r t IV of t h i s r epor t . I n a d d i t i o n t o the counts on t h e main r i v e r , the salmon runs were counted on Battls C ~ e e k and the F e ~ t h e ~ River t o ga in sone idea of the p resen t u t i l i z a t i o n of these st r e m s . z f

Ovaries were taken from 3 Sacrmento River f i s h i n 1938 m d counted d i r e c t l y , and i n 1939 a much l a r g e r s e r i e s w a s c o l l e c t e d f ron both Sacra- mento River and S a t t l e Creek females. Eggs were counted by a combination gravimetr ic and volilmetric method from 57 of these s a m ~ l e s i n the Stcan- ford Univers i ty o f f i c e of the U. S . 3urea:i of F i s h e r i e s by pembers of t h e survey p a r t y ciuring February, 1940, and t h e r e s u l t s used i n e s t i n a t ing the p o t e n t i a l egg y i e l d of the SacrL?ment3 Salnon at Redding.

I n a d d i t i o n t o these in7:estigat i o n s , s t u d i e s were made of t h e do9m- stream n i g r z t i o n of young salnon, an& t h e faod of young salmon i n S t i l l - water Creek. Experinents in hau l ing a d u l t - r ing run f i s h to B a t t l c Creek and i n holding then in E a t t l e Creek and ic the m ~ i n r i v e r at Zedding were made and a number of f i s i were marked and re leased i n an i r r i g a t i o n canal t o determine t h e i r behavior i a such a s i t u z t i o n .

2 1 d count was s t a r t e d on Deer Creek on A p r i l 1 5 , 1940, a f t e r t h i s re- - p r t w a s submitted. 'Between Apr i l 15 and Mzy 20, i n c l u s i v e , 265 chinook were counted u p s t r e m .

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1 NUMBER OF SALMON

periods over which temperatures i n excess of 75O F. a r e l i k e l y to e x i s t i s apg.roxinztely 40 days, ending by Sept. 15. A s he pointed out , these e s t i - mates a r e subject t o a nmbe r of e r ro r s , and l a t e r s t ud i e s should a i 6 ia the analyses of the temperature problem,

The e f f ec t on t rapping of upstream m i g ~ n t s - a d d probably not be s e r i - ous. In ordinary years , the water would probably be as cold , o r colcler, than i t i s low bacause the water would be drawn from below the themocl iae . In years &en the rese rvo i r i s drawn down an& water i s drawn from thz surfzce auc:~ warm-.r temperatures might e x i s t i n the r i v e r below. These high te-*era- turas ?robably would no t last much l a t e r than Sept. 15, and they nigh: delay the ear ly p a r t of the run but they probably :iould not a c t u a l l y prevent i t s movement ups trean.

Truck a r d Eauling Iiequirenents

Number of f i s h p e r kip.--On the ba s i s of experience gained i n ha-ding -- chinook salaon a t Rock I s land Dan, and assuming no d i f f i c u l t i e s w i l l be encountered i n loading and kiioading. a n a x i m of 500 pounds of f i s h per t r ~ c k load. i s considered reasonable, i f the tank capacit;. i s 1,000 gallons. Since the f i s h average around X ) pounds a t zedding, a load of t h i s weigkt would 3e 25 f i sh .

Xaxinum nunber of f i s h to be hauled per Cay.--It i s believed ciesiraSle ---- - t o haul each 2 a y t s run as i t a r ~ i v e s i n the t raps t r i tfiout delay o r holding f i s h over from one day t o the next, Xotrerer, s ince the peaks of the run a r e of shor t durat ion, t h i s standard night be lowered somewhat t o reduce t h e a-m- ber of trucks required. o r .example, plans n igh t be developed t o a l l o w no hold-overs g r ea t e r than 1,000 f i s h and the trapping f a c i l i t i e s could be de- sigzed t o rccommodate t h i s nunber. A delay of one day i n removing them from the t raps should not prove ser ious , e spec ia l ly when hold-overs of t h i s llature woulC occ-ar only r a r e ly during peak periods,

b n i n a t i o n of t he counts recorded f o r 1938 (Append.ix Table 11) shows t b a t tile peak peri0d.s occurred between Octo'oer 25 and 30. The comts on these days wera a s follows:

October 25 384 26 1 ,683 27 1,740 28 2,453 2 9 1,135 30 364'

These a r e higher counts tban any recorded f o r the 1937 o r 1939 counts. 3ight tmcks , ezch making 8 t r i p s a day with 25 f i s h per t r i p , could t r ans fe r 1,600 f i s h evexy 24-hour period, to some place not more t b n 20 miles from the trap- picg s i t e . This distance iacludes both the nearest possible s i t e of salvage operations a s well a s a convenib t place i n the r i ve r above the damsitc i f i t becomes necessary to t ransfer f i s h around the d-amsite during the construct ion. pericci. In the period mentioned above, the hold-overs would be a s follovrs: noze on October 25, 83 on October 26th, 223 on October 27, 1,076 on October 28, anZ 611 on October 29. I f 9 trucks were used the hold-over period 1.voulC 5e reduccd to 1 day with only 653 f ish. Vith 7 trucks there would be 5 days of hold-over x i t n a maximun of 1, 675 f ish.

5313 ebove calculat ions a r e based on the assumption tha t the caunts m d e ir 1939 n t the Bedding I k m represent a m a x i m u m eqec t a t ion . Since the counts nade i n l a t e October of 1938 included f i s h jumping over the dam a s i t vras be- inc: diszant led, some of the da i ly counts a r e very. high and the v a l i d i t y of the assunption that f i s h might be e-qected to enter traps a t the saze m t e rnay be qucstioncd. We believe f i s h tended t o " p i l e upu below the Bedding Dan i n 1938. and tha t the 1939 counts represent more normal conditions. 'tie a l s o believe t b t an e f f i c i en t co l l cc t i ag sgstezl, including fiehway and t m p s , v o d d provide nore even flows of f i s h in to the t raps than the fishway i n the zedding Dam provided. With properly functioning s t ruc tures , the tendency of f i s h t o " p i l e up" should be avoided and the expected da i ly maximum numbers of f i s h might 5e lowered belov those of the 1938 coimts. This i s , of co?lrse, as - suming a m u a l ivns of s imilar size. I t i s en t i r e ly possible tha t the m s i n the f i r s t cycle of ac tua l salvage vork v - i l l exceed those of 1937-1939, i n ~chich case the hold-over periods might be considcrabu longer thza P a t given above. Ho?:tever, most of the t in0 there w i l l be no delay i n removing f i s h and an occasionel hold-over should not prove serious,

&on the basis of these approximations, 8 trucks a r e recommended, plus 1 or 2 ex t ras i n case of breakdown, The cos t i n the long run would not be increased 5 j r having 2 extra trucks and using them on fewer t r i p s per day. In vie%r of the questionable nature of the bas i s used i n calculat ing the number required, cer ta in ly i t would seer, s a f e r to have 10 trucks.

TSpe of trucks.--DetaileL recommendations on the type of trucks v ; i l l be suknitted l a t e r . Zowever, i t should be s ta ted that a simple type i s Seing plaiz-,ed. A truck chassis capable of carrying 1,000 gallons of water v:i t h a r ~ n o ~ a b l e tan!?: of t 5 i s czpaci ty h s been suggested. By having a removajle t ~ n k , i t w i l l be possible to lower i t down to the traps and p e k t the f i s h to swim d i r e c t l y i n to i t thereby avoiding injury to f i s h by dumping then from er, aleva,tin= tank in to the t n c k s . The tank, a f t e r being loaded, would be l i f t e d cnto ths truck chassis.

The f i s h could be released. safe17 i f low dumping points were buLlt. r ' a c i l i t i e s should be provided t o ? e m i t backing the .trucks down close to , o r i n t o , the water over deep holes where the f i s h could e i t he r swim d i r e c t l y out of the tank o r where they would f a l l only a foot o r so. I t ~ i g f i t even prove advantageous to l i f t the tank off the t ruck and lower i t i n to the water with a d e r r i c k s o t b a t the salaon v.nuld no t have to be dropped.

I t i s glanncd to provide 2 o r more e x t ~ tardcs f o r the truc-ls so t b z t one can be f i l l i n g a t ' each of two b r a i l s i n the t r ap s while the tnrcks a r e en route.

A s ta t ionary cooling p l an t might well be provided a t the t r ap s i t a in order to cool t i e water su i t zb ly before cach haul.

Circula t ing o r a e r a t i ng pumps might be dr iven d i r e c t l y off the t rans- mission, thus e l iminat ing the aux i l i a ry engines provided on the t r u c ! ~ now being use6 a t Rock Island. To a i d i n tempering, the pump night a l s o ' b e used t o c i r cu l a t e creek water through the tank on arrival, a d i c e conpartments i n the trucks might be eliminated. To prevent mrming of the l a t e r i n t ran- s i t , the tanks should 3e well insu la ted from a i r , s u l i g f i t , an6 heat from the ex'laust p ipes from the motors.

%le cos t of the trucks with tank, a s described above, i s estimated a t $6,500 each.

-4s noted i n the discuss ion of the water temperature problem, the Sacranento a v e r reaches 73' F. f o r periods cf severa l days. In order t o caryr f i s h s a f e ly , cooling of water i n the tanks should be done a t the t r a ~ - pinz s i t e a f t e r the f i s h a r e loaded. Vhile chinook salmon might stand 7 P F . f o r shor t 3er iods without b r m , c e r t a i n ly i t would be s a f e r to -coo l the water before, r a t he r than a f t e r , a r r i v a l a t a w given dumping point. Another po in t favoring cooliag arrangements a t the t rap s i t e i s that during periods of a i n i - m draw-down of the rese rvo i r l eve l t o the 828-foot e levat ion, vmrner water i n the r i v e r below the dam nag be expected s ince the surface of the r e s e rvo i r may re?.ch 76-77' 3'. a s indicated above.

?To decis ion can be m d e on t h i s problen u n t i l the lodntion 9f the t n 2 - ping s i t e i s f i n a l l y s e t t l e d . More complete da t a from the hauling a t Zock IslanS w i l l be ava i l ab l e l a t e r from Nr. J. A. Craig of the U. S. 3weau of Fisher ies t ha t v i l l a i d i n study of the problem and therefore tho rcp l ranen ts d.iscusserl above zus t be considered tenta t ive .

Salvage Methods

%ince i t would be extremely hazardous to ~t aclult- salmon a ~ d s teelnead t r ou t over the Dan to, spawn naturs'clly, we must s e e k a s u b s t i t u t e plan. Tae 0~1;- ha: - .q subs t i t u t e s a r e (1) to min ta iz l t ae e n t i r e run a r t i f i c f a l l y by reezls or" holding p o d s and hatcher ies ; (2 ) to t r an s f e r the r u s to s o m stream o r conbizatioz of streams belov the d a m and depend upon na tu r a l re?ro?uction RE? tth hornicg tendency of salmon t o maintain the m s i n the new streams; and ( 8 ) a cox-gination of natural and a r t i f i c i a l propagation.

Salvage by hntcheries alone. --The f i rs t salvage p lan , maintaining the en- t i r e i z 521 bTche r i e s , would be an enormous undertaking wi th a high per,,ebml upkeeg. Judging from the f i s h counts a t Xedding, egg counts, aad hz t c l~e ry ~ s c o r g s of o ther s t r e a m , provis ion would have t o be made t o &n?.le a r o m d 100 n i l l i o ~ c.gzs a year. o r various reasons, r e s e rvo i r water i s not considered safc! fo1- salrnoa h a t c h e v operat ions , and a su i t3b le water supply l$oul? havz to be folmd. %ere a r e a few l a rge spr ings i n northern Ca l i fo rn ia , k t a l l of the suivL51e ones a r e a long way from the r i v e r where the a d u l t s must be trapped and the ac!ults would have to be hauled t o r ipening and holding ponS.s a t a

h a t c h e ~ a.ne the yo- hauled back and planted i n the main Sacramento Ziver. L ~ c e ? t fez l a t e f a l l arri-rals, the salmon a r e not ready to spawn vben tke? reach 3edCl.in~ and therefore they must 5e held somewhere u n t i l they a r e r ipe. Fclr the sp r ing run t h i s means a period of from 3 to 5 moaths, and salrcon nus t have p r 2 , cold water and deep pools i n order to survive f o r extended perio?-s. S a c r a z x t a ZLvcr water now reaches 73' F. a t Rcdding during the s - m e r and t b i s t m p s r a t u r e i s f a r too high f o r successful holding and ripcnicg. Af t e r Shasta Dam i s conpleted, tfic r i v e r v a t e r below nay not be s a f e f o r hclding adul t salxon a s i t nay be too warn a t t i n c s a d nay contain bamf.d conccn tn- t ions c ~ f copger s a l t s a s well a s products f r c n decomposition of o r g m i c a t t e r i n thc r s sc rvo i r . Zxper inmtal h l d i q of f i s h i n the Sacra-mento Fdvcr c? t

acdc'.ing i:1 1979 was unsuccessful. S i x i l a r experincnts by Chapnv. (pc rs3m1 c o n m i c a t i o n ) a t X ~ c k I s land Da.2 i n t he m i n Colunhia River were a l s o unsuc- cessfiil . Por these reasons i t would be unwise to a t t e n p t to r ipen and hold salnon ia ths =in Sacmnento River e i t h e r before o r a f t e r conplet ion of the SFasta %z.

X-rtcl.-erj sites.--The nearest sourca of sp r ing water i s Darrah Cree!.: S?rings on m y e r B a t t l e Creek 8 miles above the Coleman Potter House. These flol:~ about - 55 ca :~ ic f e e t per second, which is s u f f i c i e n t f o r a 'm.tchely supply, but not l a r g ~ enough to hold and r i ~ e n z l l the a d u l t s i n the e n t i r e run and t o rear any lcL:-ge ,roportion of the f r ~ r e s d t i n g f ron 100 mi l l ion eggs. I t has been c s t i - r e t c d tiiit 75 cubic f e e t pe r second t m d d be needed f o r the hatchery an& rsar- izs: 90x6s a lone , not including holding ponds, f o r a hatchery designad f o r 50 ~ i l l i o ; ; c g ~ s . k r m h Springs a ro no t large enough to supply more than a sx~Bll s'iz~!;;l-2ncntal kii? tchery.

Tnere a r e 2 o ther sp r ings , each large e n o u ~ h to s u ~ p l y a l l the necessary t . Tnese a r e 3 i g Springs, ~dhich flow about 300 cubic f e e t pe r second, on tho upper NcCloud River, and Fa l l Iliver Springe near F a l l a v e r : ,fills, :.r:zich run over 1,000 cubic f e e t p e r second. &ch of thdss springs has water sough to supply a 100 mi l l ion egg hatchery and one coulcL be S u i l t a t e i t h c r s i t 2 i n s p i t e cf the rathop d i f f i c u l t t e r r a i a . Their g r 2 a t a s t disadvantags i s tint of dista-nco. %ch s i t e i s ovor 85 milss from any poss ib le t m p p i n g s i t e i n the main Secramento -9iver and a t e l e m t i o n s where heavy snow c o n d i t i o ~ s i n winter would seriousl;7 impede opemtions . Hatchery opemt ion a t e i t h e r l o c a t i o z would n e c e s s i b t e perpetual hauling of both a d u l t s and yo- to and from t'ilz *in r ive r . The o r i g i n a l c o s t of such plczn would be high, but the worst f s a t u r e i s the high ax-1 c o s t of operat ion.

!4r. Fred J. Fos te r , Regional Di rec to r , Division of F i sh Cul ture , U. S. Bureau of F i sher ies , has e s t i m t e d t h a t , i t would. c o s t a p p r o x i m t e l y $120,008 p e r pezr f o r o ~ e r a t i o n s a lone to salvage the runs through use of the 9 i g Springs s i t e o r the upper McCloud River. Twenty-two tank trucks would be required t o haul aClults up to the 3ig Spricgs s i t e dur ing the psak of the run, on the bas i s of 3 rom2 t r i ~ s p e r day p e r t ruck. The t o t a l c o s t of c o n s t r ~ c t i o n of k t c h e r y 2nd ponds, a tc . , inc luding purchase of t r ~ c k would ba appraximately $2,800,000.

There a r e cer ta i r , b i o l o g i c a l dangexs i n a t tempt ing to handle tile e n t i r e mn 5y meaiis of a r t i f i c i a l propagation. I t woulC! b; d i f f i c a t to p l a n t the f r , r 3ack i n t o the = in Sacramento without turning them loose i n l a r g e schools. The sud6en ;.elease of l a r g e nunbers of hatchery-reared f i s h , unaccustor;cd to r i v e r l i f e , 1.iould undoubtedly a t t r a c t many preds t o r s an2 g r e a t l y reduce t h e i r cb.nces f o r survival . CertaFdly the gradual emergence of n a t u r a l l y spavmed salmon f q ~ f ron the r i v e r bed over a long perioA of time, together t r i th the i r . w i t 2 d i spe rs ion and gradual adjustment to b igger waters a s they d r i f t tovrard the s e a , vould make f o r .h igher survival .

And. t he re i s another d i f f i c u l t y . I f the gour~g were not a l l p l c n k d i n the l i n i t c d a r z a near Shasta h m , o r n a r the t raps , . the a d u l t s might z o t come back there.

I t i s r e g r e t t a b l e , a f t e r the mny years i n which salmon have been ar t i - 1 f i c i a l l ; ~ propagated, that no accura te , s c i e n t i f i c check 'm.s been 0% ta ined on

t h i s grojlein v i t h respect to chinool: .salmon. True, r e tu rns have Seen ~ e a o r t e d to a fetr streams t b t possessed no na t ive runs fol lowing the p l a n t i n g of natchery-reared f i s h , thus showing a defree of homing, but thc cxtcnt of t h i s h a b i t and i t s modificat ion by a r t i 2 i c i a . l pro?r.gation remain .to 5c demonstratad.

r i s k s a s well a s the high iri t i a l and psrnacent c o s t s of b n c ? l i % the entir2 run a r t i f i c i a l l y a t e i t h e r Big Springs o r fill River Mi l l s k v c mde i t necessary to omit these p o o s i b i l i t i e s from f i r t h e r considem t ion.

Salvage by n a t u r a l propagation.--This method of saving the run appears to be feas ib lcand . i t would be se l f -opera t ing when the runs were once estab- l i shad i n new waters. The e f f i c iency of izatural reproduction of chinook salaoil i n Mew Zealand i s , f o r example,. ."remarkably highu according to Ho5bs (1937) who f o m d t b t the t o t a l l o s s up to the time of hatching tms only 2.74 pey cent . These salmon were o r i g i x a l l y introduced i n New Zealand from the upper Sacranento Fiver basin. Studies a r e cow being c a r r i e d ,on i n Nevr Z a l a n d ev::icll ind ica te t h a t the success of s t o c a n g new streams ' n -d i rec t propor- i s a j ti03 to the amount of n a t u r a l spawning area i n the strean.- ron e-qer ieace ~ a i n e d i n the S t a t e of Washington we know t h a t chinook salmon w i l l spawn i n watsrs o the r t h c t h e i r p a r s n t stream, par t icularLv i f weirs a r e i n s t a l l e d to deer, f i s h from leaving streams to which they have been t r a n s f e r r s ~ . Theoret- i c a l l y , the homing tensency should bring the r e s u l t i n g f r y back a s ac?ults and make the run permanent. I n o rder to c a r r y out such a program i t i s necessary to have su i fab le salmon epavming streams below the dam which a r e no t spoi led by dams o r d i v e x i o n s and a t the same time not a l ready extens ively u t i l i z e d by spawning salnon.

The Columbia X v e r had. f o u r good streams below Grand Coulee; the Weniztchec, & t i a t , O b a g a n , and Kothow +%vers. These had once supported good *runs but had been g r a d - a l l y depleted and now salmon trapped a t Rock I s l and a r e being t r ans fe r re& to them.

&.fort-mately a l l the CYributary streams of the Sacramento River below the s i t e of Shasta Dam a r e now l ~ ~ s u i t a b l e f o r one reason or another , f o r t rznsference of the e n t i r e run f o r n a t u r a l propagation. The small spawning a r e a s which do e x i s t a l r s d y support a few salmon and t ransference to them would i n t e r f e r e with runs a l r e a d y established. Every stream betveen the c i tp of Sacramento and Shasta D a m and every s i z z b l e sp r ing i n the Sacnmcnto v a l l e y has been examined f o r poss ib le use i n a l v a g e operat ions.

The bnerican and Yuba River systems were surveyed i n 1938 i n connection. w i t 5 the construction of mining debr i s dams by the Corps of Engineers, United S t a t e s A n y . !i'he salmon runs of both these streams were found to 5e v i r t a l l y o ' c l i t e m t e 6 because of the rainy dams without adequate fishways, the accompany- ing mscrcnned d ive rs ions , and the extensive changes i n the stream bzds caused by mizing a c t i v i t y . Bor a d e t a i l e d account of the condit ions on these strsams, see the r e ~ o r t of Sumner and Smith (1940).

Of the streams examined f o r t r a n s f e r , most of them presen t no p o s s i b i l i - + L A ? s .. v h ~ t s o e v e r . There a r e a fet:r that a p ~ e a r e d s u i t a b l e a t f i r s t , but f u r t h e r ~ : ~ . n i n a t i o n k s shown some l i m i t i n g fac tor . I t might be poss ib le , hovrevei, i 2 L , ,ansfer --- p a r t s of the run or hatchery-reared f r y to some of these t r ibu-

-bai-.;s and so build up runs i n them, if fishways were improved and a l l d iver- s i c n s screened.

3/ Iizw Z e l a n d llarine Department, Fieport on F i sher ies f o r the Year ended - 31s t blarch, 1939.

Most of the streams on the west s ide of the val ley a r e dry. Claar Creek i s permanent, but small, and i t would be d i f f i c u l t to d iver t water into i t t o make it l m g e enough. Cottonwood Cree4 becomes dry in summer i n s p i t e of its very l a rge annual run-off. I t was thought a t f i r s t than enough water. could be s tored in i t s headwaters t o make i t permanent, but the nature of i t s stream bed and the lack of good dam s i t e s precludes the poss ib i l i t y , of using t h i s stream.

A 1 1 the streams on the east s ide with continuous flows a r e used for power o r i r r i g a t i o n , o r both. ' The .Feather River i s tho la rges t salmon stream on the east s ido of tho valloy, but i t does not o f f e r much opportunity, fo r salva-ge operations, I t s distance from the trapping s i t e s , about 100 miles, and the heat of the va l ley would make h a d i n g d i f f i c u l t . I t s upper s t r e t ches are not verj . good f o r spawning. There a r e two la rge unscreened diversions near OrovilZe which take out most of the water, and tho lower section, whero the best spawning a r e a occur, i s already axt ensively used by salmon. I f t h e Feather a v e r can be improved, i t would be wiser t o t r y t o bui ld up the exist- ing n m ra the r than t o t r y to add l1foreignlt f i s h t o it.

Salvage by, combining na tura l and a r t i f i c i a l propagation.--This i s t he - t h i r d ,generalYcheme of salvaging the salmon. It appears t o be more desir- able than e i t h e r purely a r t i f i c i a l o r purely na tu ra l propagation alone, from a biological point of view, and i t of fe rs 3 conpromise on the expense of m i n t enance. Sinco thero i s apparmt ly no previous fisheries experience from which guidance on tho Sacramanto Mvor problcm can be ob taked , a combination of a r t i f i c i a l and na tura l propagation is proposed i n order tha t each of these processes may serve a s a t l b u f f e r " o r "safe ty fsctort ' on the other. Only, experience i n - the ac tua l salvage work i t s e l f ~ w i l l indicate the efficacy of salvage measures and serve as a guide to fu tu re procedures.

The d e t a i l s of such a combination plan w i l l be found undcr the discus- sions of the S t i l lwa te r salvage plan i n Section VIII, together with severa l a l t ernat ive plans.

3-c value of the s a h o 2 spanned i n the S a c m e n t o River syston i s d i f f i cu l t to calculate. I t i s represented by known values of tho comer- c ia1 catch taken within the r ive r i t s e l f and an unknown proportion of the salnon caught i n the ocean but originating i n the Sacramento River. There 6 .

i s a lso a large sport catch of u n h o m value. -

I t i s well h o r n tha t salmon migrate up and down the coast long distances, but tfierc i s also some evideaco that most of the salmon c a q h t i n tile occan off Cal i forcia a rc derived from the streams of t ha t state. There i s sono ovidencc of evcn grcater localization, instating that nost of the occai; catch t&cc south of the Humboldt-Kendocino county l i c e i s produced i n the Sacramento River. This hypothosis i s not contradicted by the f ac t that salnon a r e known to t rave l 10% distances i n the ocean, f a r f ron t h e i r "hone" streams before migrating up to spawn. McGregor (1923b) pointed out that salnon caught o f f nor them California tend t o shorn anatomical char- a c t e r i s t i c s typical of the Klanath River salmon. Also, California i s the soutierr! l i m i t of Pac i f i c salnon. Of the 5 species of Pac i f i c salnon, only 2, the s i l v e r and the chinook o r king occur i n s ignif icant m b e r s i n the s t reass ar~d r ive r s of California. These 2 species a lso makc up a large pa r t of tho occan catch off t h i s coast. Exccpt fo r some s d l coastal s t r m s with m s of a few hundred f ish, the Sacranonto Rivcr systen i s the southcrxnost Pac i f i c salnoa r ive r , and the runs i n t h i s r i ve r a re almost en t i re ly c2-iiil00l~ salmon. I t i s a generally observed pheromeson that s i l ve r s form a smaller and chzinooks a l a rge r percentage of the catch from north to south along the California Coast.

The only r e l i ab le da ta 02 the proportior, of chinook and s i lve r salmon off the coast of Ca1ifo1-cia were secured @ the Cal i fornia 3ivis ion of EL? and Game. (These data, unpublished, were kindly supplied by S. Ross Hatton, Sexior Fisheries Researcher of the Cal i fornia Division of Fish and Gane.) Fifty-four salmon wero caught t r o l l i n g of f Euroka and tho mouths of the kiad and Klamath Rivors betweon July 23 and 30, 1939. Of t l i is rmbcr 36 were s i l ve r s and 18 cninooks. South of the Hunboldt-Mendocino coar~ty l ine, 373 salnon ncrc caught between A w s t 14 m d September 2, 1939. A l l but 6 of these were chinook salnon. Therefore, the salmon tau,-kt off Mcndocino Coirnty and south w i l l be considered chinooks fo r the pnrposc of e s t i m t i r g .

i n AppenSx Tables 23 and 24, f igures a r e giver? f o r the to t a l yearly snlaon catch f o r the s t a t e and fo r the Sacrrucrrto X v e r since 1916 and the occan and r ive r ca tc l~es &r~d t h e i r values from 1924-1938 inclusive. I t nust be remabered tha t those mlues cover a period following a great de- c l i x ill the r ive r fishcry, possibly caused 5y over-fishing, and that they w b

a l so correspond v i t h the econonic d c p r e s s i o ~ nhich had the effect of l o p e r i r g oriccs. Vith proper regulation of the f ishery and b c t t e r pr ices , i t m y be assumed that the s a k i o r f i shcr ies of California n o d d becone la rger

and nore valuable. This a s s w t i o n i s based on tho condition t h a t spam- iq arcas w i l l not bo' fur ther ms.trictcd,

. .

For valuation purposes i t i s por!mps be t t e r to use ar, avcragc valus of thc 1CLycar poriodl929-1938, rnthcr than that of tho World V a r years

L 4 nhcn the fishory was exploited t o i t s linit,

The avorage anzlual valuo of the salnon caught within the Sacxmzczto b River systec, from 1929-1938, inclusive, m s about $57,000. Thc a v e ~ c g o

v d u c of tho conbinod catches fron thc r ivc r and fron thc occrzn off i:Icndo- I

cino County and southward fo r the snco ycsrs m s about $196,000. Sincc re can safely assume tha t the value of the Sacrame~to River fishery i s represented 'cry the value of the catch i n the r i v e r i t s e l f plus an uakmrrm Fro- portion of the ocean catch, i t s value to the fishernen must l i e betneen $57,000 and' $196,000. I f we caa a190 assume tha t the number of salmon wandering in to the ocean fishing area from other r ivers about equals the number wandering out of it, tho avorage annual value of the Sacramcnto . -2Lvor salmon may bo placed near tho *per of the two limits, The valuo probably can bo placod at $175,000 annually, i n pricos paid t o fishcrncn,

Nonc of thcsc valuos takc into account p r o f i t s to wholcsalcrss re- t a i lo r s , ship chandlers, and many others rrho receivo i r d i r c c t benefi ts from tho industrg. Nor do they includc tho sport catch, which i s of cc3- sidcrablo and groning importanco. Clark (1940) rcportod an ocean sport catch, on charter boats only, -of over 53,000 pounds off San F m c i s c o and Uontcrcy i n 1939.

The valuc of the Sacramcnto Eivcr systen a s a h o l e has been discussed up t o t h i s point. As pointed out by the fl?.cport of the a a r d or" Consult- an t s on the Fish Problems of thc Upper Columjia Xivcr, (1939), honcver, our conccrn i s not with thc evaluation of the fishcry of tho r iver s ~ s t c n a s a whole, but nitb that f*ction of the f i shc r i e s dopcndcnt upon thc prcsent escapomont past the s i t e of Shasta Dan, 'Jnforttmataly, no r c l i - able data i s available upon nhich t o bnsc an cstimnte of &at t h i s fmc- t ion may' be worth. P a r t i a l counts shov that the run past the s i t e of Shasta Dam i s over 22,000 salmon yearly. The s ize of t h i s run i s not a f a i r inCication of i t s value because i t i s p a r t of the run which has es- caped the f ihennan and i s going up t o spam and perpetuate the race. The true value of t h i s run should be e-xpressed a s the poundage which i t pro- duces and i s subsequontly taken by fis,bing. PAS fract ion of the t o t a l i s not known.

I n the "Report of thc Board of Cons3iLtants on t h o Fish Problczs of the 'Jppcr Columbia River", (loc. c i t . ) the r a t i o of catch t o cscapomcnt f o r chinooks a t Rock Island i s estimated a s 5:l.' >To 'counts of salnon en- tcring a v la rge portion of the Sacmento Fiver systcn, such a s the 3cn- ncvi l lc Dam counts on tho Colunbia Tivcr, a rc available and tkcrcfore EO

data upon which t o bnsc cstimatc of the r a t i o of catch to oscapcmcnt can 5c obtdacd. Eomcvor, i f the s a c r a t i o , 5: 1, i s used t o e s t ina tc t h e

valuc of thc run past Redding, thc commercial catch muld be 110,000 f ish, or, a t 24 pounds each, 2,640,000 pounds. This i s l a rge r than the avomge a d catch i n tho river. Thorc a re two possible cx-

f o r this; c i thc r the groatcr part of the catch i s takcn i n the o c m , o r tho oscapcnent at Redding i s l e s s than 1:5.

Most of the commercial catch landed i n California comes from the oceap, not the Sacranento ~ i v e r (Appendix Table 23). This i s not true, however, of the Colunbia River, where most of the catch i s made i n the r i v e r i t s e l f . I t i s cpi te possible therefore tha t the catch r a t i o fo r the Sacramento c:hinoolcs nay be a s high or higher than i t i s for the Colunbia River chinooks, even though tho figures fo r the r ivor f i shery alone nay not show it.

It i s assumed thst nost of the salnon caught i n the ocean off Mondo- cino County and southmard are dedvod fmn tho Sacramento River. Thcro- fore, i n os t ina t ing tho valuc of thc salnon producod by the run pas t Rod- ding, nro should base our calculations upon thc weight of the oconn-caught f i sn as w e l l a s thc rivor-caught fish. To know that tho catch d o Rith in thc r ivc r mounts to about thirty-four per cont of the t o t a l ocean and r i v c r cntch fron ldcndocino Counw southnard (Appendix Tablo 23).

There i s no data avai lable on the average weight of salnon i n the commercial ocean catch. However, t h e salmon col lected by the t r o l l e r f o r the State of California yrovide a good s q l e upon which to base calculations. This t r o l l e r caught and marked salmon of all kinds and sizes. 'me Sta te of California has-had a lega l s ize linit on chinooks of twenty-seven inches since 1931, therefore the average longth of the comnercial catch should be groatcr then twenty-seven inchos. I f we o n i t all the salmon twenty-seven inches o r l e s s i n length caught by the S t a t e t s t r o l l e r , the average length was a l i t t l e over thirty-two inches. AccordiIg to length-weight relation- ships of salnon at Redding, a thirty-tno inch salmon mould weigh about seventeen pounds. This nay be taken a s the average neight of legal l e rg th t r o l l caught salnon. Honever, nost of the f i s h takon i n the connercial ca%ch are not actual ly neasured, but t h e i r length i s ostinated quidkly and may salnori a l i t t l e under tnenty-seven inches long a r o bmught in. Thcro- fore scvcntoen pounds might bo a l i t t l o highcr than the ac tua l average ~d to nssuro a consormtivc c s t i m t c , sixtocn pounds nil1 bc taken a s tho avcmgc neight of t r o l l caught chinoolcs i n thosc calculations.

As ncntioncd abovo, thc possible nunber of f i s h proctucod by the r u n past Bedding, basod on a 5:l oscapcncnt r a t io , i s about 110,000 fish. I f thirty-four por cent a r o caught i n the r ive r , at twenty-four pounds wch, and sixty-six pe r cont i n the ocean at s ix tcen pounds oach, thc t o t a l m i g h t of tho catch produced by tho run past Redding nould bo a b u t trio n i l l i o n pounds (2,049,200).

The a v c n g c narlrct p r i cc f o r sab-lon laiidcd at S22 B n n c i sco duri-lg the years 1329-1938 was 7.8 cents a pound. V s i r ~ t h i s value, 7.8 cents, and the approximate weight (2,000,000 pounds) derived 55. the assumption t,hat the 5 : l r a t i o found on the upper Colunbia can be applied to the Sacra- mento Fiver, ne a r r ive at a poss ib le value of $15~,Or)C. The value to the fishernen fo r the salmon of the nholc Sacramcnto-%.n Joaquin s j s t cn does not appcar to avoragc nore than $171,000 annually, artd t h c r ~ f o r c $156, OCC) nay bc too high a d u o to ass ign to t h ~ par t of the =.going pas t t he s i t o of Shasta Dan, d r a t i o of cat& to e scapc~cn t of 3:l w u l d g ive a, catch o f 56, COO f i sh , o r 1,235,520 pounds, north $95,000. Sincc a l l thcsc f igxrcs a r c rough o s t i m t c s , probably $95,000 milld kc a conscmative fig- uro t o . adopt a s tho annual valuo of the s a h o n n . nhich w i l l bc blocked by Shasta Dan.

This valuo, of course, rcprcsents only the anount paid t o thc fishcy- ncn snd.does not includo other p r o f i t s dcrivoa f m n the industry. 'Ihe sport f ishing f o r s&on a l so i s of cons idonblc izportance to t hc s t a t e , I t m v l d bc d i f f i c u l t o r i q p s s i b l c to a s s ign an a c c u n t c ocononic value u 6 c r thcsc circunstsnccs, Sut i t nould 'proball-J bc s c v e n l times the value of the f i s h to the fishemen,

The value of t b t Dart of the Colunbia River run pas t . Grand Coulee k n F T ~ S e s t i ~ t e d at $125,000 annually -to : the fishermen, on the basis of the tzn year average pr ices f a r 1928-1937 fron the 3. S. Bureau of Fisher ies 2sports.

' There i s another sore intangible value of the run now passing Shasta Dam. I t forms a def in i te , though u~?knonn, f rac t ion of the t o t a l run. I f t h i s por t ion of the spanniz-g nu i s destroyed the l o s s may be g rca t c r than i t s f r ac t ion of the whole bccause i f a natural resource l i k c a f i s h papula- t ion i s rcduced enough, i t w i l l reach a point nhcrc i t docs not paF to har- vest it. I f t h i s point i s rcached t h ~ rcmabndcr may bo nearly northlcss , lilcc sca t to red t inbor, regardlcss of i t s markst valuo. T ~ i s dargcr i s es- pecidl ly r e a l i n an industry l i k e the Sacramento f ishery, rhich has already undergone a serious decline.

I n t e rns of pounds of salmon to 5e salvaged, the Skasta Can problem i s considerably grea te r t!an the Grand Coulee problan. I n the former case thcrc a r c rowbJy 400,OOC pounds, a ~ d i n the l a t t e r a3out 295,000 pounds. T1=c evaluations of tkc iid passing Shasta Earn a r c loncr tban thc cscapc- nsnt past Bock Island, but i n fu turc ycars , throvgk c>anging conditions and pr ices , thc v d u c of the S a c m c n t o Salmon m4- increase. 3nc of the pr incfpa l rcasons for thc lover evaluation of t h i s f i shcq- i s thnt Sacm- rnsnto salmon a r c no l o x c r camcd. I f tilere i s a ,ycncnl decl izc of s d i ~ o n rosocrccs of ; lcstcm r ivcrs , thosc r m s snrvivir.i; ail1 i x r c a s c i n valuc.

C c r t a i r a thc gross v d u c s of thc Z i s h e q 2111. thz i:ztcnsivc sport f i s h c r j f o r salnoc tha t i s b e i ? ~ dcvclopcd il: California 2 u s t i f i e s con- s idcmblc c f f o r t and expense t o savc thc n r t s passi rg Sastc?. Dm.

Tha Size a:ld Time of the 2un

Counts i n the Sacrariento Tiivplr a t 9edding.-- The salmor. runs passing - -- - the hderson-Cottonnood I r r i g a k i o n D i s t r i c t Earn a t 3edding have been counted f o r th ree years , 1537-1939, but i t ma: not ~ m t i l 1933 t h a t a complete c o ~ q t mas attempted. The nk-ere co7mts ncrc m d e i s a demountable s t ruc tu re , operated only during thpl i r r iga t in ; , season. The dm r 'ma ins dismantled f ~ o m l a t e October o r ea r ly lio~renber u n t i l m t e r i s needed i n P-pril o r i!a;r. %en the m p e r f l a s h boards a r e removed the fisl:rra;r becoaes dry and i t i s ilipos- s i b l e to count the f i s h accura te ly a s they jump over the lowered d a m .

I n 1937 the Ca l i fo rn ia Ci-rision of Tish and Game counted salmon passing through the f i s h ladder from A u g u s t 7 to October 14, vhen the dismantl ing of the d m was begun. ' J n t i l OctoSer 23 t h e coun$er t r i e d t o es t imate the h b e r of f i s h jumping over the d a m a s i t mns 3eing dismantled. 3y October 15, 1937, 5,280 f i s h r e r e counted, and 10,990 ere estirnatcd t o have c lea rcd the dam between October 16 and 23. Taf t (1938) e s t i m a t e d the run of 1937 to< be about 19,000 f i s h , on the S a s i s of these coMts .

On September 2, 1938, a a e i r mas i x s t a l l e d i n the f ishnay at the dvll by the X r e a u o f 2eclamation and. f i s h nere comted u n t i l Bovember 3. 9is1m. n t l - ing of the dam was begun on 3s tober 26 and continxed u n t i l ?jovernber S, 6uring which time c o ~ ~ t e r s nere posted a t both ends of the d m ant! the j m p s over t h e dam counted. h t o t a l of 13,855 f i s h nere counted and a n a d d i t i o n a l 5,500 estimated. The peal: of t h i s run came on OctoSer 28, mhen 2,453 f i s h cleared the dam.

The counting weir i n s t a l l e d i n the f i s h ladder In 1939 was a metal n i r e scree2 a i t h 1.5 inch scpare mesh. The f i s h passcd t h r o q h ar. opening ilear the to? of the screen ( see 7 i g . - 4 ) . A t the base of t h i s o p e n i ~ g nas a nh i t e board over :7hich the f i s h snan and could therefore be seen even i n mum water. A g a t e closed the o p e n i x mhen the counters nere not on duty.

-4 m b e r of trial C C ~ L ~ ~ S nere made a t x ight , Sut upstream migration during t h i s t i n e m s negligible ant? counting :ms done durixg the day, f o r s ix teen hours, from 5:00 A.;,:. to 9: 09 ?A[. , fo r scven months, from April 17 to Bovcmber 15. C;1 iqovenber 1 5 d i smzt l ix -4 of the dam mas b ~ q u n end thc f i s h 17erc counted from both cnds of tkc daa u n t i l Cecember 8. The granh of these connts (Xg. 2 ) , smoothed bj a moving average of t h r e e s , i n d i c a t e s v e c n e l l the d iv is ior , Setveex t h e sl;rir,; a:ld f a l l ~ E S .

The spr ing I-E l a s t e d u n t i l SeptecSer, -her, f i s h p a s s i r g t h e d m had d ro~pec? o f f to o2e o r t-5 f i s h a d2y. On a fe:: &"is bet reen the middle of A - q ~ s t an? f i r s t me!: of Septenber the re cc rc nonc.

-92 Lqq no 16~ sw I:q a-@xrs I? ar paq~x03 JaoLm ;sai?~z1 aq; *TI: L1n~ Jaq2-z paq~~,o:, a.xar? s~oyans og -9 ~2pp

P-JLJ '6 xnL_r '92 .fcp '~1 LUL 'TI: hc; '6% ~~~iij- '02 TTJ~~ uo pap~o33~ ozo& sqvod T-~IS *s;goo~: OL;~ 12~a~o ;noqs qcat-I .e pv4 rm;r ~ay3r.s aq& sm~.r 2ur~cs

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FIGURE 3 .

HOURLY RATE OF SALMON MIGRATION, REDOING, 1939.

A.M. TIME OF DAY P.M.

14 3 0 f

a 12 W a. ar 10 W m I 3 8 - z

AVERAGE NUMBER OF FISH PER HOUR. --- - PER CENT OF RUN BY HOUR.

- 1'' \ - /

/ \ - / \ -

/ \ SPRING RUN I \ 4PRIL 17 TO SEPT. I -

I \ -

\ I

14

12

10 l- z

\ /'< \ \ 0'

I '- - \

s a W

- 6 a

4

0 0

FIGURE 5 .

LENGTH FREQUENCY DlSTRl0UTlON OF MALE AND FEMALE SALMON SAMPLED AT REDDING, 1938-1939.

LENGTHS CF SALMON IN CENTIMETERS

MALE SALMON ------ FEMALE SALMON

3

50

'

OCTOBER 1939 - - 66 MALES 84 FEMALES

Countirg began on the Peather X v e r on September 1, 1939, and continued (wit'n an eleven day gay, during which t h e counter wzs ill, Setween October 8 an? 1 8 ) u n t i l December 15. C o u t i r y was necessar i ly incocp le te s ince t h e r e was no way t o s t 0 9 t h e fish d i ~ r i a g tile night a s at Reddiw, and t h e counter w a s on duty only e igkt ' b u r s a clay. The t o t a l n u h e r of f i s h counted over the dam was 2,513, i n d , i c a t i w a n a t i v e run o n t h e Teather F ive r of sone size. There may be more f i s h in the r i v e r below th is d m , s i a c e

good qawning a reas were seen ic t h a t sect ion. In add i t ion , an a c t i v e horde of a,?f;lers prevented many f i s h from pass ing 3ver the fishway.

A t ' t he ? :Xl l Creek racks, - 21,402 salmon were c ~ n t ed by t h e s p a t e n - t d i i g crew from l a t e i n October C n t i l t h e l a s t of 3ecemter, 1939. This w a s a carc- ,̂ ul count 02' all s a l p n enter ing t h e i-ocks and ne t t ed out of t h e holC%- area.

Sex i?atio,--me sex m-tio i n t h e s q l e talien i n October, 1938 was 382 -- males t o 423 i'emales, o r approximately 47.5 p e r cent to 52-5 p e r cent, me r a t i o s f ron t h e smaller spr ing and f a l l s a q l e s taken i n 1959 were 40 males to 72 f w l c s and 66 males to 84 females, r e s ~ e c t i v e l g .

The p rosor t ion of g r i l s e i n t h e Sacramento 2 i v e r at Seddtng, appears to be smaller i z t h e spr ing run thaz is t h e f a l l rm. Twenty-two p e r cent of t h e s q l e taken i n the f a l l of 1939 were males under 71.5 cec t imete r s long. These a r e considered g r i l s e .

Of t h e 1.;,861 salmon handled at S a t t l e Creek (Appendix Table 15) 847 femaies were spawned between October SO ard December 4, and 332 f e d e s were fond dead i n t h e holding pond a f t e r having spamed n a t u n l l j r , and 12,695 g r i l s e were counted. The percentage of g r - i l se i n t h i s run w a s 85.

The Xi11 Creek ru shows an e+& g r e a t e r discre$azcy i n the numbers of male and female f i s h t'aan t h a t of S a t t l e Creek. (>? the 21,402 f i s h coitnted at tllc kolding pond, only 184 were females. The hatchery superb- tendent est imzted that t h e r e were about t h e same nunber o f l a r g e males as f e m l e s , and. that the balance, o r about 98 p e r cen t , were g r i l s e .

Thcl-o i s no inI'orniation at hand t o ~ x p l a i n the v a r i a t i o n is sex r a t i o s i n t h e s e ttro small streams.

Age -- - or' sa1non.--Clark (1929, p. 61) conclilded t h a t 50 p e r cent of t::e Sacramento-Sm Joacpin salmon mature at 4 yea rs , s t a t i c g ~ i u r t h e r t h a t : -

"The ages of t h e G t u r e salrncn o f t h e ca:ciz..are iil decreasing o ~ d e r of abundance: ?our years , f i v e y e a r s , t h r e e y e a r s , s i x pears , and twc ;-ears. " These c o c c l u s i o ~ s a r e based on t h e co.acrc ' ia1 f i s k ca tch i n t h e r i v e r s , a d a s y e t t h c r e i s l i t t l e iaiormztion on the age of t h e salnon pass ing Zeddiri . The s c a l e s x c l e s taken 3y the surrey p a r t y i n 1938 and 1939 a r e now Seing s tud ied 'c;. Zr, Y i l l i s 3. -Xch of Stanford i 'n ivsrs i ty .

In terms of salvage operations, i t may be assumed tha t the average size of the Sacramento salmon at Redding vnr,ies from 3 t o -6 years, and that no decrease i n the nunber of f i s h to be salvaged can be expected f o r a: l e a s t 4 ears. Furthemore, a f t e r a 4-year cycle has been transSerred f;o nem J e r s , o lder s a o n returning t o the upper Sac raen to dramage m.11 have t o be salvaged f o r several more gears before the e n t i r e run can be considered established in new home waters. M t e r tha t period, strays w i l l have to be . t ransfer red a.mua.1I.y i f they occur i n su f f i c i en t numbers t o j u s t i fy the cost;

Estimated t o t a l nunber o l f i s h t o be s a l w . - A complete count s f all the salmon passipg Redding i s impossible, &. i t i s therefore necessary to es t ina te the t o t a l nm from various sources. .The counts at Bedding i n 1939, covering both tha spring and f a l l runs, mere made over a period of 9 months, and const i tute the most coinploto record available. The ac tua l count past Redding i n 1939 mas 21,894.

. - -. One estimate of the nunber of salmon migrating past Redding d u r i ~ y the

period when no co-mt i s possibie mas made by in te rpola t ion based on an assumed rela t ionshi? between the comriercial catch i n the r i v e r and the count past Eleddiry .

Fig. 6 gives a comparison between the commercial catch during the gear and the RedCing count i n 1939. Comting d id not begin u n t i l April 17, 8nd consequently tile point representing April on the graph should be somewhat higher a s some f i s h undocbtedv migrated upstrean during the f i r s t pa r t of the month. The months of July and October a r e closed to commercial f ishing. The catch i n the lower r i v e r cluing November, December, January, February, and March should be e ected i n the m~yamnt-of-fish-a_month o r s i x m k ~ laur ?ar t Bed* commercial catch during ~ecembe~-7Z&%, Febn--

,I ary, m a r c h , 1 30-1938iUrepresent s a3oat 3.7 pe r cent of the t o t a l annual ,/T ' catch i n the lower river.--If t h i s re la t ionsh ip held, 3.7 per cent of the , - - , to '~a l number counted i n 1939, mould be approximately 800 fish?J%is repre-

-mate of the numbers migra~fng-=w the period from December t o April when no counts were made, giving a possible t o t a l of 22,694 salmon f o r the year. I t i s believed, however, tha t the estimate derived from t h i s method of calcclatini; i s too low f o r sa fe ty , because from records of salmon counts elsenhere i t i s obvious that considerable var ia t ion may be expected. The ac tua l count past >&ding i n 1939 m s 21,894, but the t o t a l run might be estimated a s 27,000. The difference between these tm f igures i s 5,106

On April 5, 1939,- a salmon mas marked with a red tag on the l o f t side by the Caliyornia Division of Fish a.n< Game at Port Cos ta , about 285 miles below Sedding. This salmon was seen passing through the weir on ?day 14, 39 days l a t e r . The average da i ly r a t e of movement f o r tlxis f i s h mas. 7.3 n i les .

'6~61 'wva 9~taa3a IW 1~no3 01 SHINOW AB a3avd~o3

'6E61-IE61 't13~1& OlN3YJVtl3VS NOBA H31V3 lV13t13WrJ03 A0 lhj3383d

'9 3tln91~

f i s h and includes a n est imate of t h e unlmovm number thzt passed up-river i n 1939 during t h e 120-WJ per iod when counts could not be rmde a s wel l as al- lowing f o r a sa fe ty fac tor . This sa fe ty f a c t o r i s to take ca re of f1uct;ua- t i o n s i n the &run, and f a c i l i t i e s f o r handling t b i s w b e r should 3 e r o v i d e d . This numbsr i s used as t h e b a s i s f o r ca lc t r la t ing t h e s i z e of the p o d s and hztchery - m i l d i x s that w i l l 3e needed.

Size of salnon nes t 3:--9uring t h e spawning season 116 n e s t s were meas- -- ~ r e d i n severa l d i f f e r e n t t-ypes o f bottom i n t h e m i n Saci-anento a r e r and

some of i t s t r i b a t a r i e s . The length, width, and ~ c r i n c t e r of the d is turbed a r e a was meamre6 w i t h a tape and p lo t t ed on cross s e c t i o n paper i n the f i e l d notebook to t h e s c a l e o f one foo t f o r each square of t h e paper. The number of squares within t h e per imeter was cansidered t o be t h e a r e a of t h e nes t , The a r e a 02 1 3 a i l s p i l T t t o r t h a t p a r t of the g r a v e l rn~und downstream Tron t h e c r e s t was riot included i n t h e nes t area. Trom t h e frequency graph (Pig. 7 ) of these nes t a r e a s i t w i l l be seen t h a t t h e mode was about t h i r t y - f i v e square feet . The average was 39.04 square f e e t . Tor t h e p u q o s e s 03 e s t i - mating the spawning capaci ty of t h e var ious streams, 40 square f e e t was considered to be t h e average nes t area.

In c a l c u l a t i n g t h e number of n e s t s t h a t each stream colsld p o t e n t i a l l y support ( r e f e r r e d t o ' in t h e s q a r a t e t z b l e s f o r each stream a s ?Po ten t i a l u t i l i z a t i o c ir t e r n s of female salmon.tl), the cercentage of the a r e a of the stream s u i t a b l e f o r salmon spawning was divided by 49. The percentage of the a r e a of the stream was determined by multi?lying t h o average widtk of t h e s t r e m b;; i t s l eng th and taking t h e a v e n g e estiinated percentage s u i t - a b l e f o r ~1)2w~k-g of t h a t t o t a l , area.

k q e r i m e n t a l Hauling a d ' iolding

Soldiaf pond e.qeriments.--Experiments on t h e t r a s p o r t i q and holding of adu l t salmon were conducted t o c l a r i f y s o ~ e of t h e ~ r o b l c m s invol-red i n

&

the tnnsCcrcncc of adu l t f i s h from t r a p s on the main r i t e ? to s u i t a b l e holding ponds where they might be confined u n t i l r ipe .

4

%ri-; the rnont!ls of June a?d July , 1929, a m 3 e r of adu l t s p r i ~ nm Chinook s a h o n tIeTe t r a n s f e r r e d from the S a c m e n t o , aver at Zedding t o % t t l e Ci.ce4. Some of these were placed between the racks at t h e 3 a t t l e Creek Xatc:=e~j of t h e U.. S. aureau of Z i sher ies , some j c s t above t h e upper rack, ad. others i a 3 a t t l e Creek above t h e h a t c h e r j d ive r s ion dm.

A l l of the salnon used i n these e q ? e r i n e z t s were taken with a lo lg- handled di? r ~ c t from t h e f i s h ladder on the Anderson-Ccttonwood Irrigatio:: D i s t r i c t 3,m at &?-ding. They tiere then t ranspor ted i n a ~ e t a . 1 tank car- r ied on tiie be2 o i a pick-ua truck. 'The tank was r e c t a ~ g u l a r i n shape,

20 by 45 kp 56 inches. The inside add octs ide surfaces were coated with alurcinum p a i ~ t . ??;;e novenait of t he truck over as. uneven road bed made a r t i - f i c i a l ac ra t i cx o r c i r c ~ l a t i o n of the water by p u q s unnecessary. Fish were placed i n the -lank th rwgh a 'hatch on the zap. While f i s h were b e i w hauled, t h i s opening was covered by a t i gh t f i t t i n g wood hatch cover. The capacity of the t a r k cas anproximately 200. gal lons , althoagh l e s s was car r ied tincn i ce was us&.

The salmoa were ha- led f 3 r a d is tance GI^ about 23 miles, and the average perioc? of time when the f'ish were a c t u a l Q ~ i n t r a n s i t was 50 minutes. Water frcm both the McCloud a ive r and the Sacrz~onto X v e r was used, but the !IcCloud i?iver va te r , which was ~ s u a l l y from 1203'. t o lS°F. cooler, groved to be more sat isfactory. T e q e r a t c r e s were recorded both a t the beginning and the end of each haul, Thz avewc iccreasc i n t q c n t u r e pcr t r i ~ 1.s about 30F. Tlxc use of i c e was benef ic ia l , f o r the v i t a l i t y of the fish! u$on a r r i v a l was noticeably be t te r , Use of warn Sacramento water without i c e had an e n t i r e l y d i f fe ren t e f fec t , and the f i s h ofter, arr ived i n a weakened condi t ion. Seven1 f i sh were usua l ly fount gasping an the bottom of the tznl: a f t e r t r i p s with warn r i v e r = t e r m The tempemture con?.itions at the time of each h a u l a r e l i s t e d separately i n -4-ppen&ix Table 8. From 3 t o 8 f i s h were c a r ~ i e c 03 each t r i p , but 5 f i s h seemed t o be the nost s a t i s f ac to ry number t o c a r q , This allows about 4C; gal lons of water f o r each fish.

Experhea ts a t Grand Coulee 3 a m indicated t'ut about 35 gal lons p e r f i s h were r e q ~ i r e d f o r chinook salmon duriag hauling from Xock I s l a d 9a~1. t o I c i c l c Creel: ncar Leave~worth, Washington.

The re2'lar trapping recks a t the 2 a t t l e Creek Eiatchery were used a s a holding pond, The racks a r e a3out one-kalf mile apar t , and the enclosed stream sec t ion contains both pools <wd r i f f l e s . On the lower o r downstrean rack n s m l l opening was maae through which salmon nat ive t o the stream could make t h e i r way into the e n c l o s ~ r e . In t h i s w a y the na t ive f i s h of tile s t rean were not e n t i r e l j blocked off ,

Salnox place6 i n the holding po:rd were marked b4J excision of the adipose f in , T'is was accomplished with v e r j l i t t l e e f fo r t o r l o s s of t i n e with a p a i r of s h a q scissors. The e f f ec t of t h i s operation caused no noticeable injury t o the f is i l sad within a r~or?th the wound was completely healed, Fish l i be ra t ed irL the open stream were marked with two c i r cu l a r ce l lu lo id tags, one on each side of the f i sh , One of these was yrhite and the o ther yellow. The tags were he15 i n place by a n icke l pin which yierced the back of the f i s h at the base of tke dorsa l f i x ,

Sone of the 7srl:ed f i s h were recovere& a t various in te rva ls over a three-montk period. The f i r s t recovery of a dead marked salmon was on JUle 5, 1939, soor a f t e r the f i r s t load. was t rass fc r rod t o the strean, Others verc

found at vzrious i c t e m s l s throughout the s m e r u n t i l Septenber 9, 1939. Tif ty-e ight s a l ~ o n weze tagged and l i b e r a t e d i n the open stream and, of these , 9 were recovered. This hown mor ta l i ty was 18.2 g e r cent. Tie l=lo~-111 l o s s fron; 105 f i s h marked with ezcised adipose f i n s was 49 ind iv idua l s o r 4A. 7 p e r cext. The remaining f i s h i n each group were u.?accounted f o r , a d

- while i t might 5e assumed that t h e ac tua l l o s s i n each ins tance ap~ronc:?cd 100 p e r cent , i t i s l i k e l y that many of t h e f i s h reached sexual matur i ty an2 spawned i n t h e s t ~eam. Tke normal spawning per iod, based on t he egg - tdx i r~ records of t h e 'hatcherty formerly maintained by tho U. S. 3ureau 0 2 Fisher- i e s on the 1-IcCloud. X v e r at 3a i r6 , i s from about k : ~ ~ s t 20 to September 20.

~ i ~ i l a r eqer iment s on hauling adu l t f i s h were conduct ec! below Grand Coulee Dan ia t s e S t a t e of :?ashixton, Iccording to the report of tkc PIas:l- ington Depertment o f F i sher ies o n t h e Columbia c v e r salnon-. Invest igat ion, the holdiilg ~ o n d m r t a l i t y var ied from 3.5 p e r cent t o 30.0 p e r cent with Bluebac;;: Sslnon, (~ncorhynchus nerka) , from 5.4 p e r cent t o 10.0 p e r cent with Chicook salmon.

A s n a l l holding pond was constructed below the %illway at t ne hzad of the d ivers ion tunnel of tke Anderson-Cottonwood I r r i ga t i on g i s t r i c t at Zed.- , C i o i a The purpose of this experiment was 50 deternine whetllcr o r not f is l : might be held and ripened success~ 'u l ly ic Sacranento Biver water, thus e l i m i n a t i e tlle ~ l e c e s s i t y of d i n g long overland hauls. A good f l o ~ entered t h i s holdillg pond from l eaks i n t he f l a s h boards. m e r e w a s no f a l l which trould indace the salaon to juml?. F i f t y adu l t salmon were c a p tured 3etwec- !&qr 11 a d 15, 1939, and placed i n the enclosure. Eowever, on May 20 m d 21, a f reshe t washed o - ~ t a part of the lower racks and t h e f i s h esca13ed. The lacks were l a t e r repai red and between June 5 a d 21, 83 salmon were ?laced i n t he pool. rJf t h i s second grou?, 45, o r near ly 50 p e r cent , were found dead agains t t he racks 5y J u p 27. The o thers d ied t:it:lin the next 5 vecks, a i d by the middle of Septamber, 1,ihcn sparmi= w o ~ l d nor- m l l y comence, t he pond was c o q l e t e l y enpty.

P r e v a i l i ~ ~ t e q e r a t u r e s of S a c m e n t o River water &wing the mo-nths of June, Ju1;-, md A u ~ T s ~ , 1939, va r ied from ~32~3'. to 73O?., and the average da i l y n a x i x i I t c q e r a < u r e f o r t h i s period was over 6gGZ'. ( X g . 8, Apperd-ix Table 2 ) A i r t e q e m t u r e s f o r t he s m e ?er iod a r e giver, ir; A ~ p e n d i x Table 3-

T i s : ~ held ~ n d e r these cocd i t iocs were r e s t l e s s and keczme b r ~ i s e d and lace ra ted fram S m s h i x g a i n s t t he racks a-?d rocks or; the bottom oI^ t h e ~ o n d . r ~ e condi t ions appeared a l s o to -3s i d ea l f o r t h e r q i d growth cf fungus or- a r e a s bmi sed during bar_dli% 2nd su3seq~er , t i r- juries. 12 was conclude?. fror, t h i s experiment t h a t the r a i n r i v e r 5ioulJ 3 e unsa t i s fac to r j . i n holdizg ?on2 cperations with t he spr izg r m a t l e a s t .

Pla~zs- had been made b:r t-he survey gar ty to undertake a holding pond experimect i n the uDper McCload 3 iver a t 3ig Springs, but prel i !ninsr j in- .?es t igat ions i n !.by and J'une showed that salson veYe already p r e s e ~ t end spaG-ing i n the upper river.

Migration through canal and tunnel,--There has been c o n s i d e ~ ~ b l e con- -- t roversr over the a b i l i t y of salmon t o t rave l through a r t i f i c i a l canalsv flumes, and tunnels .while on the i r upstream m i g r a t i o ~ . An experiment on t h i s yroblem was conducted i n which 34 tagged salmon were released a t various ~ o i n t s along the main ca-?a1 of the Anderson-Co ttonwood I r r iga t ion Dis- t r i c t , In order t o re turn t o the = in r i v e r channel the f i s h had t o svnn upstreem through several miles of c+nals esd flumes, and through one tunnel one-quarter mil;, long. Two of these f i s h were subsequently captured by sports fishermen, one on the tpper P i t River a t Big Bend, 60 miles f ron the point of re lease, and one a t P i t iJo. 4 b m , nearly 75 miles anay. These records incicate that salcon can migrate upstream through a r t i f i c i a l stream channels and tunnels.

,The average number of eggs p~oduced by Sacramento salmon was computed from 57 s a q l e s preserved i n 4 per cent f o m l i n . Twelve were taker from the Sacramento Fdver a t aedding between Eizy 15 and July 15, and 45 from Bat t l e Creek between June 14 and September 10, 1959. The samples were counted i n the following manner: 500 ( o r 250 egks, &?ending upon t h o i r s i z e ) were counted and the displacement measured i n graduated ce~ t r i f i - ge tubes, zzd then weighed on a tors ion balance.

Two ~ e t h o d s vere used i n computing the number of eggs p e r f i sh : f i r s t , the t o w 1 weight of the eggs i n the ovary was mul t ip l i ed by the number of eggs per gram a s determined by wei*ing the counted sample; second, by mul t ipb ing the displacement of the t o t a l number of eggs by the number of eggs p e r cubic centimeter,

n r e e samples were counted to check on t h e two aethods of computing. -30th netkods were found t o be reasonably accurate , n e i t h e r showing a x r l a rge or consis tent dev ia t ion from the a c t u a l count.

Snyder (1921) claimed an accuracy o l from 1 to 3 egss p e r 100 ezgs by weighing and coul t i n g a 10-gmm sarcple, and ?IcGregor !1922) found t3L s method to be accurate "...witkin about one per cent" , qlthough i n 5 i s l a t e r Taper (192%) he simply dec la res the ne thod t o be It.. .rsillyaccu&e enoxh for puryoses.ll Stone (1874) a r r i v e d a t a r a t i o of 700 eggs p e r pomd 03 f i s h , and considered a 10-pound f i s h a s having 7,000 eggs t o be z t g i c a l exanple.

12 the following tab le t h ac tua l counts and computed num5ers a r e compare& ...nth the three check samples of the coxmts made i n t h i s stuiiy.

Table 2 Actval 1 Coqu- ' Percant- ( T t e d 1 Percent- 1 Xean j Percent- Comt I t ed / age er-or a.ge a r r o r of ! ago e r r o r

I (one 1 k y i by I wei&t by j coqu- i of o v a ~ j ) I rol-me I volume 1 weight ) t a t i ons 1 mean

! I I !

I I

2,783 ! 2,771 i 0.4 12,720 i 2.1 I

1 2,745 / 1.3 I

(zhese checks were m d e on Za t t l e Creel. sampled, in which only one ORFJ m s preserved.)

m e nean of the two methods has been accepted a s nearest the t rue value since i t ; a s believed tha t i t would tend t o reduce the percentage of e r ro r i n most cases.

Both ovaries were preserved i n the Sacramento Xiver samples, but i n the a t t l e Creek samples only one ovary was preserved. The t o t a l number of eggs i n the Bs t t l e Creek- l o t s nas computed by .mtlltiplying the or ig ina l calc-iilations by 2, The average of 6,253 eggs per f i s h f o r S t t l e Creek der i red f m n these calculat ions i s s l i g h t l y l e s s than tbe 29-year average of 6,534 from the Ba t t l e Creek hatchery records, but f a l l s well within the extrenes of year ly averages f o r that s ta t ion .

In 1938 the &eau of Seclarnation survey par ty msde d i r e c t counts of eggs from the r igh t ovary of 3 immature salmon from Ba t t l e Creek and found 3,905, 4,785, and 3,340 eggs. If these fi,gres a r e doubled t o al low f o r the eggs i n the l e f t omry, the counts become 7,810, 9,570, and 6,680. The average of these 3 counts is 8,020.

!?he average number of eggs per f i s h (Appendix Table 18) derived from the samples taken i n 1939 ms '6,404. This is the average of the volume- weight computation from 57 samples, including 12 from the Sacramento River a t Sedding and 45. from Bat t le .Creek. The average of the Sacranento a v e r , however, i s 5,970, compared with the Ba t t l e Creek averages of 6,253. The counts varied fmm 4,287 to 11,223, a range of 6,926. Both these e x t r c ~ c s occurred i n the Bat t le Creek samples, 5 e Sacramento River samples were more homogeneous, with extrenes of 4,006 and 8,846, a difference of 4,840.

McGregor (192,?a), i n his study of 50 samples, derived a mean of 7,454 eggs ye r f i s h , with, extrenes of 4,795 and 11,012, a range of 6,217. These f igures represent the nmber of eggs i n salmon a t Suisun, where the f i s h b v e j u s t begun the i r migrations vq the river. E s t i m t e s of fecundibj derived from studies of r ipe f i s h and f i s h hatchery records must take i n t o considerstion the l o s s of eggs by spawning o r other causes. A l l the samples avai lable for the present survey study were taken from dead f i s h , some of which were r ipe and which m y have begun t o spawn.

The average number of eggs per female salmon a s calculated from the Bat t le Creek and M i l l Creek hatchery records (Appendix Tables 19 and 20) over 29 and 27 year periods, respect ively, i s somewhzt l e s s than McSregorls f igure , being 6,534 f o r the 29 p a r s a t Ba t t l e Creek with extromes i n the yearly averages of 4,710 and 8,115, a rzcge of 5,405, and f o r the 27 years a t X i 1 1 Creek the average i s 6,477, w i t h extremes of 5,291 to 8,440, a range of 3,149. These figures compare c losely with those determined by the survey party.

Vnfortunately, the records of th.5 b i r d Ektchery e re s c n t t e r e c aild In- complete, and they were not used i n these e s t i m t a s . In the Report 03 the U. S. Commissioner of Tish and P i sher ies f o r 1900 (1901, p. 57) the average y i e l d of eggs p e r f i s h f o r the f a l l run 02 1899 a t Zaird i s given as 5,494, and the Eoport f o r 1902 (1904, p. 71) g ives .the avarage y i e l f a t s i r 6 f o r the f a l l i-un of 1901 a s 6,690.

Tile averzges f o r the 3 hatchexy s t a t i o u s a r e very c lose and a l l a g r e e i n Seing below McGregorls fi,=res f o r s a h o n i n the lower r iver . This i s to be e ~ e c t e d , inasmuch a s the f i s h a r e k q t a t t:-e b t c h e r i e s u n t i l r i p e and many :=ve a l r e a d y begun to spawn. I n add i t i or-. the p r a c t i c e of Cis- cardid= unripe eggs from Itstrin&' ovar ies n u s t be cansidered a f a c t o r i n lowering the average, s ince no at tempt i s aade t o e s t i m t e tha numbsr of eggs discarded i n this manner.

Table 3 Comparisons of egg counts of Sacramento salmon

I i%tchery , ; 1909- Becords . ; 1938

! I

Zatchery 1 1912- 2ecol-3~ i lgz9

Observer j Date I

!

Survey ? a r t y

Method ' Loca l i ty I Av. pe r f i s h

I Computing Suisun 7,454 from ! ! samp 1 e i I

I I

Calculated I j s t t l e from I Creek records !

i Calculated I M i 1 1 from j Creek records 1

j ' Computing 1 3 t t l e ! 6,253 from Creek sample

! ! ! i

Computing Sacramecto i from I River a t s a q l e j 3edding I 6,570

From t h i s data i t i s evident that tne a v e n g e y i e l d of eggs p s r f e a a l e Sacragento salnon must be c lose to 7,000.

There i s no evidence from the f i w e s ava i lab le f o r any r ac i a l d i f - f e r en t i a t i on as f a r a s the number of eggs a r e concerned i n the two tribu-' b e e s , k t t l e and M i l l Creeks, and the w i n r i v e r runs of f i s h , such a s has been demonstrated by McGregor ( 1 9 2 3 ) f o r Illzmath and Sacramellto Fiver salaon. I t i s of i n t e r e s t to po in t out t ha t the average n7mber of eggs per f i s h i n the chinook salmon taken a t the Rock I s land Dam on the Colmbia Fiver dcring the Grand Coulee invest igat ions i n 193'7 was 4,885 (Grand Coulee report , p. 16). o r roughly 2,000 l e s s than the average of the Sac ramen t o -3iver chinook.

Based on a 1:l r a t i o of females to na les , determined from a sample of 805 fish from the run of 1938, and a.round e s t i m t e of 7,000 eggs per female, a t o t a l of 76,640,000 eggs could be expected from the run of 21,894 salnon which passed the Anderson-Cottonwood I r r i g a t i o n D a m a t aedding during the spr ing and f a l l of 1939. For an estimated en t i r e run 05 27,000 f i s h , however, the possible pro&llction would be 94,500,000 eggs.

Original observations o r the seaward migrations of younc chinoc1.- s a l ~ o ~ i n tk.2 Sacraaento Civor nere made b;r Cloudsley Z n t t e r , a n a s s i s t a n t of t!:e 5 n i t e d S t a t e s Fish Co-mission, a x r i r g the years 18% to 130i.

I n repor t 3 u t t e r (1302) s t a t e d , !'The f r y begin t h e i r dorrnstrean m i - g r a t i o n a s soon a s thej- a r e a b l e to snin . I n the c l e a r - tcr thq: t r a v o l more a t n igh t ; i n mud&- v ~ t e r a s nnrch o r nore durilig the mi. Such of the t i n e tl;q- f l o a t domst rean ta i l f i r s t , and i n t1;c l z r g c r s t r c a . ~ s tncy t n v c l morc oT l e s s i n schools. I n the l a r g e r streams t h c i r Col;nstrcm novencnt i s not dc;;cnLent uuon the height of the ::mter, 51it upon tke age of the f i s h . Fro3 9ctober to Apr i l , inc lus ive , over 99 p e r cen', of t;ie f i s h that pass i n the v i c i n i t y of 3 a t t l e Creek a r e o f the sane s ine , 1.5 inches l o x . The- -J

pass d c m the r i v e r a t the r a t e of about 1 0 miles a day, aad a r e about 5 meclrs reaching brackish m t e r , being 3 s o ~ t i l s o l d a t t h a t t i a e . Tcey a r c probably 4 o r 5 nonths o l d 7nen tncy roach the ocean."

? u t t e r used s e t n e t s placed a t va r ious po in t s slow the r i v e r tr. c o l l e c t seanard n i g r a n t s , and discovered tAkt some of the young remained ir, the strezrri over tho winter e s t k a t i n g t h i s ,?umber to be approxi-mtely 10,CC)O f i s h to the p i l e i n tl:e Sacramento River near I h t t l e Creek.

dccordi,?g t o Rich ( 1 ~ 2 0 , pp. M, 70) the migrat ion observed b;. Xut te r "......is mcb. c a r l i e r than t h a t obso1-veC by. tho author [Ilich] i n t h e Colmbia 2 iyc r , a f a c t a s soc iz ted v i t k the c a r l i e r hatching of the eggs and t k ~ norc r a ~ i d development of the f q i n the rmrmer water of the southern strean." ".....in the.Sacranento Biver there i s a d i s t i n c t migration of f q - l a s t i ~ g from Zanuaqr to June, inc lus ive . Although d e f i n i t e proof i s l a c k i n s , I t i s probable t h t there ' i s another per iod of seaxard s i g r a t i o n &=rrirz the i a t e r - aut'm2.

Fp-e Sacrame~to Siver 'has tm d i s t i n c t s p a d r e ; runs of arlult salnon, occ i n the f a l l and the o ther durir_g the s g r i n g mozth;, and each run, thcrofore , shc~2.C- hhave i t s corresponding aomstrea.n movemcnt of y o u n g f i s h .

T a l l m n s a l m o ~ normally npam from Xovelbcr to J snmry . Adult salnon of tho s p r i r g run xsua l lg s p a m bct r~ccn August 1 axd Cctobcr 15. 2gg3 f ron s 3 r i r g nrr_ salnon norc talcen betneen >-iwst 20 a ~ d SqJtenber 18, 1878, accord- i?g to Za i rd Fatcb-exy records. ,The l a r g e s t da i ly egg take as oil Segtenber 13, ::iic? i n d i c a t e s thz t the pealL ~f zatural spanr?_f>g act iviQ7 migilt 3e ex- pects& to occur near t h a t t i m e ? .

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n. betneen L c a e ~ P a l l s ax;? 3is Zprings, ,nixoolr salmon ..ere observed spac-ning a u r i , ~ ;Jay sad June, 1939. On :,:a:; 2.5, 25 a ? ~ l t sallcon aera seer- or. n e s t s , nost or the2 a t 3 ig S ~ r i n g s , and on J m e 12, a spamed-out fenale, i n .>zhich gd:r 4 ~12.ture eggs renained, m s rac?cered. -4 r,w.>er of the f i s h ha2 ncrn cazdal fills, a b r a ~ i o ~ s , S n F s e s on tLe bod;., snd the 1a3,32s gror tks d i c k =rsmll;- r e s u l t from s p a m i r g a c t i v i t i e s . O n Arne 23, 19SS, 2 ~ s merc re- caverec! from tm nes t s , and on June 27 a s a q l e mas s e c ~ r e . 3 from a. third nest. On k ~ g u s t 5 , cged eggs a ~ d a lev ins o r r,e:71:~ hatc11cd f q r m r e tdscn f r m t m ncste, 2 ~ d on ScptcnScr 29 scvcra l yo-= salmon ncrc seined Trcn th2 r ive7 a t Eig Spri-ngs.

,E:e Annual Seport, oi' tfie Znited S t a t e s b m l s s i o n e r of l i s h e r i e s f c r 1902 (i2~4, p. 73) s t a t e s : "On Apri l 24, 1902, a quixnat salnon ;mo m t i z e d s p a m i r g ir, the r i v e r opposite the hatchery (3a i rd , ~.:cClouL "ni~~er! . I t had f i c i s l e d spanning, only 10 o r 15 eggs being secured. I t i s aot 'm-om nliether t h i s f i s h i s a s t r a g g l e r fror:? the f a l l and inter ~ur? or an ea r ly concr i n the spr ing run."

This ir?fornation po in t s to the ;oossible c:ristcnce of a t h i r i run of salnor, ill the Sacramento Bivcr. Tkcse f i s h a igh t 5e c lassed ia any of t h e i'ollor;ir.,- grouTs: (1) extrcnoly l a t c s p a m i z g f i s h frqrr, the f a l l run; ( 2 ) voqr ea r ly spami?< - r ing rs? f i s h , o r (5) 2 separa te r i n t e r run.

The periods of seaward rcigration a s d e t l r z i n e d 53 t h e present and g a s t inves t iga t ions on the Sacramento Biver saliilon a r e smxiarized on ?i,rlre 9.

Y o u r g salnon fry cac t -ned by the survey par ty Apr i l , :hay, and June, 1939, had a n average length of 41.26 n i l l i ~ e t a r s (1.62 i ~ c h e s ) . 2 i l t t e r foimd iil 1899 that the seaward n i g m 7 t s p a s s i , ~ i_r_ tha v i c i n i t y of S a t t l e Creel: had a n average l e n g t h of 1.5 inchcs. !?his covcrcd a period of 7 months, from October t o Aoril, inc las ive . kp~cndi:: Table 30. 21 gives a sum- m a ~ of the average l eng ths of a l l young salasr, caught by the survey cren.

Sich (192'3, p. 70) s t a t e s : "The average lecgt:: o f the jrowest f , " ~ i s betreen 35 and 43 an. The r a t e of growth i s especiall-J rapid d u r i x the f i r s t 5 o r 6 months, b:r nhich the the avsrage s t a t u r e of the f i r s t !rear -has Seen a t t e ined . average l e r g t h of :rearlin,ys i s approximately 100 (4 inches ) , both i n the Colurn5is and Sacramento Rivers." Xich kes shoan tha t tha ner iod of most a c t i v o zronth i n :Tol~ag chinook salnon previous to o r dur- i r z t h e i r seanerd migrat ion occurs during th? s a ~ i n g o r m z e r k t v a r i e s sonc:~kat v i t h the l o c a l i t-,..

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I.icC10~d Biver silt:--The KcClolrd Ziver i s subject to per iodic poll* -- t i on wi th v o l c m i c s i l t from Yud Creek, a t r i b u t a r y near the headwaters. The source of N u d Creek 1s the Xonwaklton Glac ie r h igh .on the south s i d e of M d u n t - S ~ s t a . In pears of slighL snowfall and high temperatures the g l a c i e r i s melted s u f f i c i e n t l y t o exposo l a rge beds of volcanic ash. This a sh is wssRed dovm by M Creek during the summer, but in l a t e f a l l and wint e r t h e --off i s prercnted by the f roezing t empera tues at the high e levat ion (11,000 f e e t ) near the o r i g in of blud Creek. While t h i s phenomenon tss espec ia l ly spectccula.r i n 1924, i t evidently occurs during nos t dry hot years . Stone (1880) observed i t f o r the f i r s t time i n connection wi th the hatchery operations at 3 a i r d during the hot summer of 1877. According to h i s l i v e l y account, the s t a i f at the hatchery a t f i r s r ; a t t r i b u t e d the s i l t in the i,ic- Cloud t o mining a c t i v i t i e s of "chinamentt a in ing upstreani, but Stone, by inves t iga t ing t h e upper McCloud and i n t ervietring o l d s e t t l e r s , determined Xud Creek to be the cause, and the "chinamen" were forgiven.

According t o ifales (1939) , Nr. Zugpel, C. E . , San Francisco, est imated t'nat 10,000,500 cubic yards of g l a c i n l 2ebr i s were movsd by Mud Creek in 1924. Between 1903 and 1910, when 3. V . Casse l l w a s a t Baird Satchery,, the McCloud was r o i l y f o r a few weeks e v e r j sunmer, never theless f l y f i sh ing was excel lent when the water w a s c loa r .

Fron Appendix Table 22 an estimata can be mado of the amount of s i l t e d water from I<ud Creek, s ince Mud Sreek, according t o U. S. G. S. Surface Watcr Supply Papers, " i s diver ted in to Elk Cradc above the gauging s t a t i o n and conpriscs nos t of t hc flow rccordod. Tr ibutary spr ings add about 10 second fe-et to Ellr Creek below the gauging s t a t i o n H .

The Sacramento Biver below Shasta 3am;--3etween Shasta Dam and Xed - -- - >luff' the Szcranento Iiiver begins to lose i t s g rad ien t and f a l l s oaly, 4 7 f e e t in the 67 miles between the mouth of P i t Iiiver and Bed S luf f . For most of t h i s d i s tance i t i s broad a d slow, but below J e l l y ' s Forry i t en te r s Iron Cmyon an& f o r m a s e r i e s of' rapids before enter ing the Sacranento Vnllcy proper j u s t above Red Bluff. There a r e many shor t s t re tches of r i f f l e a rea s u i t a b l e f o r spawning which a r e used by the salnon in years of low wzter s m h a s the f a l l of 1939, and the a s t i na t ed p o t e n t i s l ~ t i l i z e s i o n i n t e rns of female salmon f o r the 50 miles surveyed between the b r n s i t e and 3end 3r idge i s 25,822. The r i f f l e areas observed by t he survey crew in rubber boat t r i p s in 1939 agree c losely with those ? lo t t ed by Rutter i n 1899, ind ica t ing that the main r i v e r has not a l t e r e d g r ea t l y i n the l a s t fo r ty , years.

The Anderson-Cottonwood I r r i g a t i o n 3 i s t r i c t 'Dam a t Bedding i s the only dam on the main r iver . It i s an i r r i g a t i o n divorsian dam 440 f eot long and about 15 f e e t high. I t was constructed in 1917. The d a m had no f i s h ladder before 1927. According to McGregor (1922, p. 154) t h i s dan; was I t . . . . an almost perfect ba r r i e r ageinst the upstream migretion of salmon t o t h e i r na tura l spwning beds." Se found tha t during a th ree week period, 99.53 per cent of the salmon were unable t o pass over the dam. Following t h i s inves t iga t ion and subsequent l i t ig s t ion, a concrete f i s h ladder was construct od on the east s ide of the dam in 1927. The l a t t e r now in operation i s f a i r l y , satisfzctory, .

The Anderson-Cottonwood diversion c m a l d iver t s over 400 cubic f ee t per secon& of water, which is about one-tenth of the normal summer f l o w of the e n t i r e r i v e r a t Redding. Screens on the diversion canal a r e wholly, inade- quat e , however, and la rge numbers of seaward migrants were observed in the main canal. Many young salmon were taken with a hand se ine below the Clear Creek siphon on April 10 and 21, 1939.

Below R e 5 B lu f f and Sacramento River becomes a broad s luggish s t rean with a gradient of one foot per n i l e . In former years it was nsvigcble a s f a r a s Red Bluff; now boats ssldom go zbove Sacramanto.

R i f f l e areas were observed a s f a r south a s Butte City, ne?,:. Tek::%, and the present conditions agree with Clarkt s ( loc. c i t . , p. 34) descr ipt ion of t he r i v e r as i t was ten years ago: "The spawning beds of the main r i v e r extend from below the town of Tehama in Tehama County a s f a r a s the r a i l road s t a t i on at Sins on the L i t t l e Sacramento River in Shasta County. The beds f ron Tehama to where t h e P i t River joins the main r i v e r a r e l imited to occasional gravel bars t ha t occur in the main r i v e r and a t t he -mouths of the cre&s.lf .

Table 8

Sumey Data an t h e Sacra~lecto 3 v e r 'oelow Sbasta Dam

r i v e r ; recorded surface

temperature i n Sept en$er,

S t rean s e c t i o a

3am s i t e t o

A . C . I . 3 . Dam ...... ( ~ e d d i ng ) -

A . C . I . 3 . :an t o

Clear Creek ....... . Clear Creek

t o B a t t l e 3re& ....... S t t l c C~eeiz

to Send 3 r i d g s .....,.. 3end- 3 r i d g e

to %utte City.,... .... h t t e Ci ty

t o Collinsville. . . . . , . 14 5

* Last riI'Cle obsemed was a t 2;utte City.

1939, yeached 75OP. *

?o t ent i a l u t i l i z a - t i o n i n nun5ers of I e r a l e salson

Length i n miles

25,822 1.

Totals. . . . . . . 1 870 - I I

I I Is t imated

I percentage Average 1 o f stream width bed s u i t - i n f e e t a51e f o r

-

193

spawning

I 1.122

575 !

1.97

400 1.5.

350 . 0.19

Bot est imated, broad slow

Strcams en te r ing t-he Sacranento River from the East

Churn Creek . Churn Creek i s the f i r s t t r i b u t a r y en te r ing the Sacraaento Iiiver belon

Shasta dam from the eas t . I t r i s e s i n t h e f o o t h i l l s near Toyon and % m a i t City and flows r,ougk.,l;r p a r a l l e l t o the Sac~arnnnto River f o r about 20 mi les t o j o i n the r i v e r about a mile above the Anderson bridge. This s t r e m i s i n t e r - n i t t e n t and d r i e s up e a r l y i n smer, remaining dry u n t i l f a l l r a i n s re- p len i sh ground waters and the runoff supply. 4- f e n f a l l run salnon have been h o m ~ to spann i n the loner sec t ion i n yea rs of ea r ly f a l l r a i n s but i t i s not a salnon s t r c m at p rcscn t . I t m~ surveycci because of a p o s s i b i l i t y of using i t i n a ~ a l ? ~ a g c plan i n combination with o ther streams.

S t i l l w a t e r Creek.--This i s the s@cand t r i b u t a r y en te r ing the r i v e r from the eas t below Shasta dam, begins i n 5he f o o t h i l l s t h a t bound the south s i d e - of the r e s e r v o i r area . The ves t fork o r i g i m t e s xear Bass E i l l Summit on Eiglhmy 99 and tha eas t f ~ i k begins about 2 mi les southeast of t h a t point . The t170 fo rks f l o v soetnmrc'. to t h e i r j ~ n c t i o r ! near 'dighnsy ,299 crossing. The main creek f l o r s i n a souther ly c i i rcc t ion and jo ins the Sacrmento X v e r e a s t of Anderson, near thc o l d Anderson-?ella '?ista -Railroad bx l <gee The lsngth , by c l 2 . i ~ and t r averse acasuremcnt, i s 24.4 milcs from t t ~ ? sourse o f thc nest f o r k to the jurlctioc n i t h the Sacramento Bivcr. The avaragc rsidth during f a l l and spr ing f l o n conditioils v a r i c s from 40 to 60 f e c t . The strcam has a gen t l e g rad ien t . f r cm an e leva t ion o f about 1,300 f e e t above sea l e v e l at the source t c 400 f e e t above sea l e v e l at the month, a drop of approximately 600 f e e t i n 24 miles o r 25 f e e t t o t h e mile. The.stream bed i s covered a l n o s t e n t i r e l y with gravel . I n winter t h e m t e r forms a continuous s e r i e s of quiet pools and r i f f l e s . Therc a r e no b a r r i e r f a l l s i n the s t rean. A t present the f l o ~ i s i n t z r m i t t c n t . Running watcr disappeared from the surface of thc stream bed i n J u l y , 1935, and thc remaining pools g r a h a l l y disappeared a s summer progressed.

The s t r e m . meanders s l i g h t l y through a wide, open va l l ey and good pools a r e formed a t the bends (Appendix Table 25). Zhe s t r e a ~ i s not well shaded but there a r e some t r e e s along i t , and i f o t h c r streams i n t h e region a r e any ind ica t ion , wi l lons and cot tor?~oods should grow r a p i Q - along i t s banks i f n a t e r i s suppl ied durinz the dry season. The strcain i s r ead i iy a c c e s s i b l e by a road through i t s va l ley . . + .

Three t e s t m l l s ae re excavated i n tile bed of the s t r e a n i n August and the rnter t a b l e elmrations were recoraed weekly u n t i l December nhen f a l l r a i n s re-established surface flon. These t e s t n e l l s indica ted only a re la - t i v e l y small lover ing of tne r ~ t e r t a b l e i n t h e f a l l of 1939 althouglh the seascn was except ional ly dry. From t h i s information i t a?pears t h a t i f fo re ign m t e r i s added to S t i l l n a t e r Crcel:, the l o s s through perco la t ion n i l 1 bc small..

/ 0pESJ 30 i .I03 &TO-2 '

i puo~as ~3d $323 ssaqmu I -3~s paq ~ao J uy

3yqn3 u? a9~~q3s~a 1 iTJ uojq j IETBJ?S 30 qlprfi i soTym ny

q32uor; UOr3335 / -~zylrm I a2.iluc3~;d ia&zaay I I *

Fnl l run e&on use Stilivrat$r Creck to some cxtent in years of early rains. Dcring 1938, ra ins besan in %he valley i n October and s a h o n ni- grated 20 miles up the Creak to spaw~. SejWasd ~ l i g r a n t s froin that spavming a c t i v i t y were collected from tne s t r e ~ m during the following spring 2nd a f a.v were fo-~nd i n isolated pools as l a t c 3s July 22, 1939. There was no flow Ln the croek from July u n t i l l a t c December, 1339; therefore none of thc 1339 f a l i run spswzod in the stream. There, a r e no ava i lab le records of pres- e3t '(zter r igh ts or u t i l i z a t i o n on t h i s stream. A low masonry an6 concrete d m about 4 or 5 f ee t high has been constructed. near the neadvraters on the West "or4 of the cre2k. In tho past i t bras used as an i r r iga t ion diversion fo r a nearby ranch but has s ince boon abandoned. Another small tcmporzry diversion dam, also on the F!est Fork, i s i n s t a l l ed each spring by a r-mcher who d iver t s s small amount of watsr from t'ne creek to i r r i g z t e a s t r e a s i d e gsrden patch. Ifhen s t r e m flow ceases i n Zune, the d m i s removed u n t i l the followiag spring.

The survey hts tsbulated below shows stream conditions i n Stillwcbtcr Creek with respect t o tkLc e s t h a t o d ?mo-at of g r ive l su i t ab le f o r nes t building 'cy s ~ l n o n . Gravel areas ~ i g n t provi6e nests fo r about 5,000 lear-de sdmon. T;le run past ileading counted bsttreen Apri l and Decesber, 1939, was nem 22,003, which incluied females, males, and g r i i s e . The sex r a t i o of s a l m o ~ passing Iiedding i s roughly one f e m l e t o one male. If s imi la r sex r a t i o existed i n a run of salmon Fn St i l lwa te r Sreek the s t r e m bed could acco-date a run of approximately 10,000 f i s h ir" a su i t ab le supply of wstcr were provided.

3at-ma1 foods i n S t i l lwater Creek.--The food habi t s of young chinook -- salmon i n S t i l lwater Creek were found t o 5e very similar t o those of ~ ~ - m i : - trout. Xymphs, larvae, znd adu l t s of aquatic insects comprised the e n t i r e d ie t of the f i s h exmined. Young f i s h were often observcd r i s ing to f l i c s in the pools, and in the KcCloud Rivor s numbar of young salmon wcrc caught on a r t i f i c i a l f l i e s ,and salmon eggs.

The p len t i fu l amount of food mater ia l found in the stomachs of young salmon i s sviaence of the rap id i ty of growth of stream organisms a f t e r the f a l l ra ins have s ta r ted the flow in S t i l lwater Creei:. During the spr ing months, pupal cases of Cuddisfl ies, ~ a r t i c u l a r l y Zlossosoma, were extrenely, abundmt. Large numbers of water bee t les , Gyrinidae, and KayPly nyi!qhs were observed. S t i l lwater Creek has a fa i r ly r i ch food supp1.y ever: uncier condi- t ions of intermittent flow.

The following t ab le (10) givcs an itemized i i s t of foods found i n young chinook salnon stomachs. The f i s h wora takcn with a hand seine fron small pools in Sti l lwator CreA, preserved i n f o r w l i a , m d exanined l z t e r .

T3,ble 1 G Food of ; -oug chisook s ~ l c o n tqksn i n 3 t i l l e i s t e r Creek, 1939. - - ~l i l i~bers m d . 2 e r c e n t ~ g a of c3,jcr foods eaten. *

Xphenerlk. (~I?,yf l i e s )

Diptera (Tiidges )

-- 1 sZul t ~ s n i p t e ra 1 adalt Coleopt era 1 round worn

* 3ased or. 2 1 f i s h avsraging 2.51 inches i n length; naxinun length -- 3.26 Inches; -iliaism length -- 2.16 inches. Taken by se in ing on Nsy 9 , 1933.

I f t h e flot: of S t i l l w a t e r Creek i s nade constant by the s d d i t i o z of Lore watez i~ t h e stream c h m n d , it seens probable t h a t the nmbers of a q u t i c o r g a n i s ~ s v:ould 'oe g r e a t l y increa.seC. S a i t a b l e types of bottor; e r c present f o r zhe development of a r i c h food sup?ly. S m a l l rubble and g x v e l forms the bottoms oZ most r i f f l e s , and wi th a pemznent flow n a t l x a l foods should Secome nore than adequate f o r a l l the young pre-seaward, migrmt chinoo;: s l l n c n t h a t might be placed i c t o the str2.m ?.s 2. r e s u l t of s?.lvc2ge T c t i v i t i c s .

Cow Srczk

Cow Creek, t h e t h i r E t r i b y ~ t s r y 5 e l o ~ Skss ta Da=1 t o en te r tne Sacraneiito .. - a l v e r f ron the e a s t , i s s f lov ing s t r e s n t ; i ro~qhout the year. I t o r i g i a a t e s a s a :;roup o f 5 indegendent t r i b l l t a r i e s flolving down t h e slopes of t h e Cas- cade ? a g e bet-.reen Zound Xomtain znd Latur ( o r La tom) Butte. 'roa n o r t h t o south t h o ordcr of tho t r i b u t a r i e s a r c : L i t t l c Cow ",rock, Oak ?:a, Clovcr Cr2ck, Old Cow Crcsk, and South Cow Crzsk. ?he general d i r s c t i o n of flax i s southv~est to the tovm of ?sloceCro an2 then s o l ~ t h t o i t s j -mc t ioa llrith 'ilie Sz.cl-mento 3 ive r e a s t of Anderson, about z mile belol;! the nouti; of Still:-;a ' ier ?he lecgtk of Cow Creek from i t s nouth t o the sou-cc 02 the l o n g ~ s t t r i b u t a r y , S o ~ t h Cov: Crzsk, i s n b o ~ t 40 r i l 2 s . The u m c r scc- t ions of tho t i - ibu t s r i c s flow rap id ly .iown t h r o q h t i sbc roa slopcs of ;2iac

and f i r . Intermediate sect ions flow m3re l e i su re ly through r o l l i n g f o o t h i l l s sparsely covered with oaks and shru3s, and lower sluggish sections through eroded ,gullies in the cen t r a l va l ley f loor .

-- b~atura l ba r r i e r s , o r f a l l s too Ligh f o r salmon to leap, occur i n every

t r i bu ta ry e;:cegt Clover Creek, but they a r e so f a r up in tho f o o t h i l l s t h t . .. very l i t t l e spawning gr-vel i s avai lable i n sections above. Clover Creek does not have a barrier f a l l s bu t , about eight miles ugstream from i t s junc- t i on with South Cow Creek, the s t rean becomes too small t o be a t t r a c t i v e to migr l t ing salnon.

?To &alqing s ta t ions a r e aaintained on the stream and records a r e not ava i lab le t o indicate the quant i ty of flow. 3stimates by surveyors show a p proxlmte1:r 5 t o 8 cubic f e e t per socond leaving the mouth during l a t e sunmer.

Pc t en t i a l u t i l i z a t i o n i n t e rns of nm3ers of fena le salmon i s es t i - r a t e d at about 9,000 f o r tho 66.5 n i l e s of s t r c sn bod. A sslall f a l l run of scrlnon enters the s t r e ~ and spawns i n the lower renchss, but t he upper sections a r e not usak ext e a s i ~ e l y 3zcause of i r r i g a t i o n and Fower deve lop nent s .

Kost of the t r i bu t a r ig s of the Sacrazlento River contain long s t re tches of spawning gravel i n t h e i r lowey soctions. In Cow Creek, however, there a r e may. arcas of clay h a r d p n unsui ta3le for s p a n * in the section fron Mi l lv i l l e t o the nouth.

There a r e no power developments i n t he lower sect ions of the main stream or i t s t r i bu t a r i e s . Power p lan ts i n the upper sec t ions a re Rilcarc on Old Cow Creek and Cow Creek power house on South Cow Creek. Water di- v e r t ~ ? f o r powcr use a t f l i larc i s rcturned to the stream abore the f i r s t na tura l b a r r i e r (and hence does not influence migretion of salmon but wator used at Cow Creek Powerhouse i s diver ted around the sec t ion of south COW Creel: betv~een Eooten Gulch and the head of Wagoner Canyon, a dis taace of about four n i l e s . The stream i s ro&uced to a fow standing pools during l o w water s tages i n t h i s sect ion and therei'ore bars migration during t h t period. There a r e , however, several i r r i g a t i o n diversions below the power t a k e o f f s that reduce the flow i a a l l the t r i b u t a r i e s of Cow Crock s o t ha t they, a ro t o o small f o r salmon. I f a l l tho wctar nov: diver ted by i r r i g a t i o n c d 8 were released down the n z ~ u r a l c--el, nowever, i t i s doubtfxl i f there would be suf f ic ien t flow t o a t t r a c t many of the spring run salmon. There would undoubtedly bo a groater use clade of the stream by the f a l l run i f water wJre not diverted.

1To a ~ p r e c i a b l e amount of mining has. been car r ied on in the strean. Some nine drainage water from abandoned mines enters L i t t l e Cow Creek in the v i c in i ty , of Ingot.

Although L i t t l e Cow Creak r i sos in the mountains not f a r from the P i t River, i t s elevation i s t o o Ligh f o r wa.tcr t o be diver ted in to it fron the ?it 2iver . Sccaxse of lack of water it has not been included i n m y salmon salvage plan.

TaSle 11 S u ~ r e y da ta 02 Con Crcek

- I -. I j X s t i a t c d j P o t e n t i a l 1

I t o ! Clover Creek.. . . . 1 9.5 1 60.0 4.04

Stream sec t ion

I , ;-verqe p e r c e n t q e u t i i i z a - I Length Fidth 1 of stream t i o n i n / L i n i t i %

I bed su i t - j nunbers i n miles I i n f e e t 1 f a c t o r s

I I Old Son Creck ?docth

I I

I to I

CO. r o a d c r o s ~ i i ~ g : 9r0 1 25.0 1 1.60 I I

i I able fo r ) of female, I 1 s p a m i x / salmcn

I I I I

South Cow Creck Clover Creek

to

i Clovcr Creek I I Xou t h

I I

t o : I I GryCloverCreek 1 8.3 1 35.0 2.20

I i I !

I oak mt? i I I I ! I

Idouth to I i j

I C O road cross ing ! 1 2 0 32.0 i 5.94

I ! I

I 13.0 ! 3C.O i 2.17 Tagoncr Canyon. .. , 1

I i

I I I

I L i t t l e Cow Creek ! I I

i i?iouth i I !

to ! I I I

Seman Gulch.. . . . j 15.0 I , i 25.0 I 1.43 1 69 3

1, I

Yater temperature high.

*dm- e l e c t r i c dcvclopnent., .

S trcam in te rmi t t cnt.

Lon m t e r f ~ o w . 9cd rock bo t ton.

In te rmi t t en t f lon, i r r i g a - t i on diversions.

In te rmi t t en t f lon, i r r i ga - t i on diversions.

3ed rock bottom, irriga t ion divers ions .

- -

i i j T o t a l . . . . . . . . 66.5 1 __ ' - - 1 9,149 i I i I I

3ear Creek

3eer Zreelc en te r s the Sacramento 'iver a'ooy:t 4 n i l e s nor th of S a t t l e Creek. The s t r z m c r i g i ~ a t e s 1% the l a o t y ~ i l l s 2 fen milcs south of the Con r e o l r Lrairage and trPverss; c : ~ k the s a x t:ipe of t e r r a i n , f l o n i r g i n a soilthncst d i rec t ion to i t ; .j>mction 3 i t k ti12 Sacranezto Fiver . I t i s approximately tnenty-four miles from the mcuti-i to tke f i r s t ~ t a r a L 'carr ier .

60

?'o gauging o r o ther records of f l c n a r e e v a i l a b l c , but the summer f l o n i n 1C;9 rras ayproxil latel~r t e n c i b i c f e e t Der socond. '?he stream i s too a r m azci small f o r holding salmor, acri2,- t l ~ e surr~aer. Terrperatures over 800 F. ;;.we rccordcd i n AXTIST, 1939.

S p a n i n g a r e a estirnatcs a r e s h o ~ ~ . i n t a b l e 12.

A fen f i s h f ron thc f a l l r ~ n no.:: c ~ = t c r t h c l o a c r szc t ion o f the stream ir, :rears of e n r l r r c i n f a l l . I n 1929 one n e s t I J ~ S foun? nezr the mouth of the strear;. I n yea rs of e a r l i e r r a i n s the stream undoubtedly has mn~v more suami-% salnon i n i t . Because c f prevai1i .x high m t e r t enpera tu res and 10?7 s t r e a s flcrn, t h e creel: i s not cczsidci-od a v a l u a b h stream i n r e l a t i o n to a v s a l v q c plan .

TaSie 12 krvc:r Eat= or: 3e.a~ Crdok

I ! I Xs t ixz ted F o t e n t i a l ) - I I 1 ; percextage I n t i l i z a -

I i~vera:c stbeam sectior . L e x t h a I of s t r e a n i t i o n i n / Limiting f a c t o r s

i width

I in Ixiles ! b e d suit- e r I

i I I in feat a b l e f o r l of famnle '

s p m ~ n g I s a l s c n i 1 I

I I I

I , Zi ~ ~ T z L : - I I I

I . I I ) Bed rock bottom. t o ! I

Tino basin. . . . .I 9.5 9.91 1 285 I Tater t e ~ ~ e r - I i

I 1 a t u r c s to 830 T. ! I

% t i l e Crsek

3 a t t l e Creek e n t e r s the Sa~rarne~l to X v e r a t 3iood.y Is land about 3 mi les below 3 1 1 s Terry Sr idge , opposite Cottonwood. The s t r e a s has f t S s o ~ c e i n two m i i ~ forks , one r i s i n g neay Latour S t a t e Torcs t northwest of I a ssen '\'olcanic Xational ? a r k and the o the r nea r W i n e n l southvest oc tho park. Tne two forks flow ir, a wcsterly direction through deep rocky cagzrons to t h s i r j u c t i o n near S lack h t t e . Thcrc i s vcqr l i t t l e gravel i 2 e i t h s r fork . Fron?, 'i1lci.c the m i t s d car\yon i s some~:.rkt v i d c r an? the stream flows norc l e i s u r e l y dot.'?^ to the mouth about 1 3 miles below.

The lower 5 nixes belcn v ' ~ l e a s n 7o~:er~ou:-e i s ~ a d e ur, of a s e r i e s of lo r< por,ls an? sior ' , riffles, -.:it2? a ,ocd g ra te1 bottoz. Frorn Coleman U?

t a tlle ,'nr:;s, 8 n i l ~ s , t.hc Lofts?. i s naee 1 ; ~ of coarser boulders but the spa=liqg ayes; are s k i l l good. Trio l e z g t ! ~ of tki, s t r e a r i s about 40 miles. The d r a i r a , ? ~ i s a l aoc t d n t i r e l g ovei noroas lava a:;d d~.lrir?.g dry sdasons of thc pea r the only soLrce of mite;. i s fTon lava. snr ings s e e p i x thro~;h the 'I

s ide? of cawjon mils. X3tura.l b a r r i e r s a r e (1) 3 f a l l s on the So:;th Torlc near E i ~ ~ m 3 . ' 36 crczsixg and (2) roc^ cascades d t h l r s u f f i c i e n t 1107 i n ti-le :Tor2;h iorl: r,dar the t o m of liantcn.

Gauging records o f florr r r e av?.il;zble ozly during lorr u a t e r stages. ,

m7 ~ a e s e recards a r e s f q r l an t i t i e s ca.rried i n ?o.:or di7;ersior d i t ches and, s ince a l l of the n a t e r is the s t r e w i s di7,-el-ted f o r poW,:er d-xi?_? low na te r s tagcs , these reccrds reprcscn-l s t r c a a f l 9 v 2ur isg such ncriods. I l i n i r m

i n the s t r e m bc lo r Colcran lonerhouse i s 5et:7ee_? 175 and 2017 cubic f s c t por second f ron Jxmc to Cctc'car.

E a t t l e :reek na te r a3ove Zolenen Fo~er5ouse i s 7 r a c t i c a l l y a l l diverted f o r ?-jdroelec'ric pqtier from ilme -~ .z? i l tke f z l l r z i n s 'oegin. L:ap B, shows the corrp1icet;d system of c a n r ~ l s operated -zy the ? n c i f i c Gas and 3 l e c t r i c Coqaqv. Eydroelectr ic ~ o ~ ~ o r i s developed i n focr pc:er p lan t s : 'Jolts, - Souti.;, Icskin, and Col~na_?. . a t e r frorr, t::c t a i l r a c e a t the 'Jclta y l z n t on thc Fcr th Fcr!: i s rccovcr.?d and -.J-paszed to tho f:jr~b=:r o f Sou?- 3oc?rhousc i7here i t i s ac'.ded to the Scuth 3 a t t l e Sr2ek ~ ~ 7 9 1 7 . 7ke2 tnese cor?bi2ed sunpl ies :have passed throxgh the t u r b i r e s of Smth Porrerhduse, the na te r i s asin ~ic!ced c p i r ? a canal which corciucts i t t o the fore3ay of Inskip loce r - - house, ??here i t i s ,joined 3y a canal carr;.riq; m t e r frorr. ia,ole Canyo2 on the 77 m r t h ?cr!c. X a ~ l e Cary~on 3 m di - i e r t s s3rir.g r a t e r from Yorth Tor;: halo:.? the Yorth 2;'attle Creek feeder d iva rs lon dam and Zigger Creek. The t o t a l o c m - l a t i o n i s then passed througi: Inskip ?ocer3ouss. Za i l r ase n a t e r f ron thc turbine of t h i s p l a x t , p l u s a?y acc:m;Llation of t;at,er I r _ 307uth 3 a t t l e Creelr at t L i s p o i ~ t , i s again picked. u? xr,d passed t>ro&;h the Solesan S a r ~ l . -&-fte;. tile adz i t ion of a b o - ~ t t h i r t y - f i v e c: l*~ic f e e t per seconC from the Ss- 5ury pm.;i,%y z ~ l n n t or, Saldnin Creel:: and. 8x7 -;;etuer iz the Xorth For!: 3stneen zagis Zz?~-o!-, 3ain and T i ldca t 32-1, $22 ~ m t e r r e ~ c k e s the lorc7za:;r or" Colezan Tonerhmse .

TI&: - - . ~ s reccilres a;l acc-n~iaf io : : cc;' a l l na'ssr i:? a l l t::c t r i ' su ta r i c s of 3 a t t l c ,Zrcck durizg SulTzcr and f z l l a:?$. hzzsc t1-x t a i l r a c e discharge from t h e t p lan t represents tke tot2.l floe 9;' ;..- ~ l , e ; t r saa except f o r seeoage ac- c ~ m u i a t i o ~ s je tnee3 '-iZdcp-t Sa an5 Colexer, h . i ~ e - h n c s e . That a c c ' ~ ~ ~ i l ? . t i o n . - . . . i z 1258 and 1939 mas n e g l : g l ~ l s i 2 aT.oz.ns a::?- i t reechcd temperatures i2 excess c f 850 P. Cze a d d i t i o z o f tkis m r n - z t e r contriy.r;Ltss t o ti:e r e la - t i v e l y kigk- t c m ~ e r a t a r c s i n t h c s t r enn b e l ~ ~ ~ .

*sxy.sda~ jo paau ur pc-e pyo sr ;kac;31q aqL *mu %y.~ds eyq ;to3 rruw 003 sy pu-e 3~:s jo p-eo~ heaq ~~~VJTS~?U~L c-e sar~x-e:, qy qnq

‘sS.3a trnr ~-pj Suypqri x03 aTqzqrns aq 0% s~~ad<-e .arrm~; 1Cq yaam ayq u1o.13 sacra3 L~G3ns xaqm ICSaq3;rq aqz *pay %~aq qnouqy pasea7::SJ ax-e oyq

jo yy-e P'J~ ''2:'Sa 000 '~GO'ZT: "0.1; ~VIG~ ~TTLO~ ~37y~i 2.13 ST: .reax 03 DZIZ~S pod xo ;gxo.~q r;-%oua qou s: o;raq, -s~-eo;; quo3ax c~ poTTrI uooq r;aqjo qorr s.erl

J^Joq~qey oyq qnq 'a;rai;iiasya puu ;ka?.pq~3 pzyeE ar;? 03 paddn-s axar; sma ayq 'qsd ayq u~ uaq-eq axah s2Za JO sJaqvm xa2xey cav- =s%a ~C~'OCG'~T qnoq-e sy f~aqaqq ayq jo 6$r~-eci.-e:, a-a *saq3cy 8 -3 say3uy +7: fq qaaj 37: 'sqa%oxq

581 Sm 11 'Lfj81 l2: q1Tnq Sa ~ka?33~.;37.! 'POrxq A$€?'3~~~ S.=C ,%J~Q;I~S

-a? ~fqo~ayq 'sqsau s~ouqo q3sa Ln Fip 2;~nuy;rro~ pu-e -u-ecis 03 qcirna3q.e naqq uaafiqaq pepnox:, uonps ayq ssnmaq s213-e~ ag? rrew~qeq s33a jo sso-[: ayc,-e;rapys -a03 s~ o;raru -mar;q aaoqe -ui-eus 7u-e arqd rry ax-e sq3-e.1 ayq Laqj-e .IO acrojaq ma~qscIn 03 uou11-e~ auos PUB 'mar~q zaacqac. se T1ad s.e 's:;3-e.1 ayq no1ac u-eds

uoupg *9u~-eds 1-e:n:m- aTqexa?:stroa os~ sr alraqq qnq L11.cy3yj~q-r-e paq~q~y s39~ ayq pu-e ?:lo paqqax are a1qyssod s.e rrom-[:-es ~1-e~ .km sp *LZ ?z;~cis syq noxj s32a 32~q oq opm sr qcTuIoqqe og *nay: comqaq p~oy pTre p9dd-e.1~

sy urn ~1-e~ oq; JG qsom pnz m-saxzs oyq sso.13~ ~33-e~d a.I-e s1;3-ex on3 *y:non

--ea.:e qqq TIT paqrmo:, aJan sqsau 3s puu 1Crayaq-e;- a:;? qe symx .iadGn aqq aA2q-e pcz umaTo3 caauqaq Yu-pnzds uaos eJan ~oc1-e~ CE '6~61 'OT .x~qoq~3 u3 *ma9:s ayq ;ca:ca LOU ur~ ~TEJ .ral;re1 -e pce ernr X-p~ils T~US b- *ET aTqq rr; ua~r2 ST .ra!:od ;roj Fsqsanyp ;ox a;raa .?aqzc~ j; q~ as-a qr;Sru y3~ya uom1zs aTzzigj :o szaqmu cr uorq-ezr1yqn -[-e~luaqod: aqq

puz uoar~vs .%;~~-eds JOJ a-jqzq-,ns paq LTa;rls ;o 3ca3 .xad pal-enyqsa ayz

Fig

=e

14,

Eag

le

Can

yon

Dm

an

d f

ish

la

dd

er,

Nor

th F

ork

of

Ba

ttle

Creel:,

Nov

embe

r 1

0,

1939

(~

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rap

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) .

%-ale l3 Survey Data on 3 a t t l e Creek

Mouth t o

Junct ion o f ITorth Fork a d South Pork

I I

f i i Average

I S trearz sect ion l ~ e n ~ t h ] w i d t h

I i n miles1 i n f e e t I I

1 I I I

South Fork Mouth

t o S . Powerhouse D:m ...............

3 s t i m t e d ! p o t e n t i a l ! I

percentagei u t i l i z a - : of stream i t i o n i n i l i n i t 3 g bsd su i t - nmbers I f a c to r s ab l e f o r j of fe rn le i spawning I salcon

I I

S . Powerhouse Dam

t o Highmy 26 ........ North for^ I I Xouth !

i

Digger Cre3k Mo ut h

t o I d a n t on ............

! I i ; Low w a r n water i I flow above

3.97 i 2.107 1 Coleman Powerhouse . I i

I I I Eyciroelectric 1 ! c b m s and ' 595 !divers ions . 1.05 1

i ! !

I I !

! I . . ' 473 Boulder bottom. 1.01 , I

I I / Hydroelectr ic j J h s znd ! 1.02 I 700 ' divers ions.

I I ' I i I 1 Steep gradient ;

83 (boulder bottom.

i i I I ! I I Tota l 49.5 -- i - - ! 1 S,958 . ---- i !

P a ~ e s Creek

? a p e s Creek o r ig ina tes i r _ a s e r i e s of s n a l l leva s ~ r i n g s about s i x ~ i l e s w e s t of the tovm of Minelal. I t flo\:s west app rox imte ly t h i r t y ~ i l e s t o i t s junction wi th the Sacrane2to 2 iver a t Sig Send, about e i gh t miles z'oove ,9ed B l u f f . The stream was no t sarveyed but a s inspected a t soveral ~ ~ o i n t s . Several t r i p s t o var ious po in t s a long the s t r ean silowed v s r r c l s a r l ~ r that p reva i l ing nigh tenperatures , low flow, and l a ck of a possi'ola wcitiaq- su-pply of water el iminated any p o s s i b i l i t y of u t i l i z - ing the strcam i n axr salvage pl2-n. The ~ r e s c n t flow i s p r a c t i c a l l y 2-11 used by l o c a l ranchers f o r irriq-tim.

Antelope Crack

Antelope Creek has i t s o r i g in i~ tLe v i c i n i t y of Turner Kountnin, about 8 n i l c s s 3 s t of L::-onsvi'le. I t f l ovs f o r ~~pp rox ima ta ly 25 n i l c s an?. soutl~ires t f o r ~ n o t h c r 5 milss. I t Jo ins the Sacnmento x i v e r bjr scv- era1 s a a l l chsL3els about 10 s i l e s belov 3ed 3 1 d f . With the exception of the lower 5 d . les the d r a i w g e ares Is i n e. lam formation.

Xo conr le te gauging records a r e a v a i l e b l e , j u t a p r i v a t e record of minim- f l o ~ s 6uring i r r i g a t i o n seasor=s i s kept by the Coneland Yatcr Con- pany. Prom izlormation su2plied by t h i s c o w = i t i s apparer. t that there i s not enoui;h v a t e r f l o w i q i n Antelopa Creek f o r i t t o be u se fu l i n a salmon salvage plan. The usual s m e r f l 0 1 ~ s ince 1915 has been around 25 to 30 cubic f e e t pe r second, and occas ional ly i t has f a l l e n below 20 cv-bic f e e t ? o r socond. Water r i g h t s on thc e n t i r e strcam flor-! have been a l l oca t ed to p rLva t e ownership and. the municipal water supply of Xed S luf f .

There a r z repor ts of salmon sgwning i n Antolope Creck but l i k e so m a y of the i n t e r n i t t e n t streams, t h i s probably occurs only when the re a r c p l an t i - f ~ l ~ a i l y f a l l rains.

Ell Creek

M i l l Creek r i s e s from a s e r i e s o f small springs i n Lassen 'Jolcanic Ya- t i ona l Par!.: about 10 miles ~ o r t h e a s t of thz town of Mineral. I t flo?-ls i n a v e s t e r l y direction f o r about 40 miles t3 join the Sacramento - ave r near Tehrzma. Y i t k the exceptiox of the lower LO z i l e s , the stream i s confined i n a narrow canyon. The g rad ien t i z the cpper 15 miles i s s t e e ~ and the creel; rlov-s rapidly down i n a s e r i e s of cescades. Selow a po in t h o r n a s Black 2ock -Falls, the stream flows more l e i s u r e l y v i t h occasional pools 3f relatively quie t water. From the rcouth of the canyon the stream m t c r s the

main va l l zy f l c a r a s a meandsrin,~ gmvel-30 ttonsc? c r e ~ k with a l t e r n a t ? 3001s end r i f f l e s . %is ? a r t of t h s s t r e a n o f f a r s g ~ o d spawning condit ions f o r snlmqn.

There a r l no m t u n . 1 b a r r i e r s i n the stream u n t i l the u p p " ~ reacles l e - coce so small a s t o be vna t tm.c t ive to migrat ing salmon. Ir?saker f i s h a r e

\ he16 up 'cy the cascades a t Black Tack -%lls b u t makv have been lnolim to migrate beyond tnese mpids .

e Tile anout of flow i n K i l l Crael? v a r i e s from e m~xim-m of 12,300 ccbic f e e t >el- second (December 11, 1977) during peak I ~ O O ~ S , to a mininum of 49 cubic f e e t ? e r szcon?. dxrirs low water s t2ges. Table 15 l i s t s ;ainir,'m flol.!s f o r ths ~ a s t 11 pears. Yor tha g r e a t e r p a r t of tha yea r , 2.isclmrges f ron I I i l l Creek a t ",,la ga lg ins s b t i o n rear Zos 2olinos a r e around 60 cubic f e e t p c r sscoxd. According to thc survey ?.ata (Tzble l i l ) , i d i l l Crcel: i s not n a t u r a l l y s u i tcd to any l a r g e populat ion o f spa1:;ninz - sa lson, a2d i t i s estirimtod thh2t from 50 t o 60 few.la s?-?-non p c r mile c o d d make nes t s 1-iitfi- out c r o v d i i ~ ~ i n t h i s stream. Vnr3.oubtadly g r z a t c r nunbers lmve us& t,hc s t r ean ir; ti.-.. p a s t when 5o:d.e~ o2 salncn !\rere repor ted to have entered every ava i l . a j l s t r i : ~ u t a r y of the Sacra:iento -3ver. I n terms o l salvage, hor~ever, i t does lot a<?Ge.a.r to o f f e r enolgh sFace, i n a d d i t i c n to i t s pr3ser.t a t i l i za- t ion 5-1 the w-tive run, to be co,si?.e:ed c?daptc?')le f o r ths trs.nefer of t h e run nov passing aedding.

20th spring end f a l l run salzon and 7:Cnter run steelhead entcr the stream e.t $hi? przsan t t ine . lkny sp r iag run f i s h a r e prevented from zscend- ing the cree!: b y removal of v a t e r f o r i r r i g z t i o ~ , and th; salmon t ~ a ~ ~ c d i r ? oools b:lo.;~ d i v e r s i o ~ dams ~Licr; va',er i s viithdnwn. O ~ e r 100 d ~ a d sa l : -~o3 werc rcnlovccl. i n ona d.ay from oae cool below tkc l o v e r k ivcrs ion dam L i l earl:? Jw-c 1935.

T;>e f a l l run i s trap?& a t the T. S. 3ureau or" F i sher ies 2 t t c f i s r r a t Los I.Iollnos and the eggs a r e b!r;en a r t i f i c . f a l l y and b.tched i n the b t c l e r y , wher.3 the :rowlg a r e he12 until e a r l y spring.

The e n t i r e Iloti of Y i l l Creek i s 6.ivarteci f o r i r r ig= . t ion use bet!-reen i t s erserzenc2 f ron the caczron and t?s :ow?r ?an, a d.is tance of about four mil3s. T:i9 stream 'sed from t h i s 6am t o the aoutk i s 217 f ron Ifap or Juae mt i l Octobar 15 whez con t rzc t s betwesn the G. S. h r e a u of Xisheries ail6 the i r r i p . t l o i i d i s t r i c t s zna'sle r e lease 02 the t e t a r to i t s ~ a . t u r a l ck~rr- nc l . Tixrz ; 2 ~ c t k r s e Lans on ti:? crzek. The f i r s t i s a-?cut 2.5 miles in?- s t r s e a fro- the zoutk. I t i s Caou",thi-ea f e ~ t ?ig:?, c,ade of concrctz, aiid lf!ith f l a s h boards a long the c r e s t . Tks szcocd i s 9. concrets s t r u c t c r e 1.75 c i l c s aoovz the f i r s t dam. This &n i s a'aout s ix tcbn f e e t high ail6 i s eclui>~cC ~ , r i t!l a f i s h laddzr. Ths lal.der 1.m~ p-?rtic?.lly des troyec? d1:ri::g t h e floo6- 05 1957 and. a s a r e s u l t i s p l r k i p s z o t a s efficient a s i+v : a s 9:-isi;lr?lly. A fs':: f i s h i ~ z v e been reported i:: the s t r s r , axbovz t h i s dzn s ince the f l o o i .

The t h i r d aad l a s t dam i s a ~ o the? c o z c ~ c t c s t r u c t u r e , about 7 f e a t F ig l i , ~ r , c - ~ % l f n i l 2 up s t rcnz ic thc cawon. A f i s t l?.dder is p rz scn t 1;.?.ic4 i s well desiqcd ar-,d cor.structod, jut h9.s b c c n e pr?.rti?.ll:- f i l l e d ? ; i t h lnrgc gE .v e l , prcve;ltin,- t h c easy pnssagc f o r f i s h inte~_Clcd ir, the dz.siG.

Tone ~f the d ivers ion d i t ches were ~ s r e e n e . 2 ~ a t the time of the survey. Some ha.3 been screened 'mt the screans \.!ere ~exoved f ~ o m the c'.i t c h ? ~ s a d dlscar+.c?.. There a r e 20 F O I ~ " ~ o r miring divers ions on thz stream, a25 no exte2si70 ?l?.zer ziuing o r bqdraulic mining W s Sesc c ~ . r r l e d out alon; the strcam.. Z:ccc$t f o r tha i r r i p - t i ~ n Siversions i3 thc lower seve,? n i l= ; , the s t r c an i s u i r t u a l l y unchanged f ron i t s o r i ~ i r a l s t a t e .

%ale 14. Survey &ta OE Xi11 Creek

S traani sec t ion

Gouth to

USGS &.- -.'- - db1+ sta.

USGS Gau;.ing S t a . t o

P onde r o sa Yay Byidge lack ?9c17)

P onael-osa G?ay EriQe

to Hole-in- tha-Ground Forest Ca,q

Tota l

L i z i t i ng f a c t o r s

Lezgth i n miles

7.5

Cascac7.e~; 5012- de r bo t tcln

I Estim tcd : T o t e c t i a l

Avongc IP ci-cesltagc ; uti li za- i of s t r a m , t i on i n +:'.th . lboci s u i t - I zumSers i n f eo t ' a b l e f o r i o f fezx-le 1 spavnil,g 1 salmon I v- I i I I

28.0 1 1.79 1 496 I I

Cnscacies; boulder Sottom

X i 1 1 -- Creek 3atchery.-The M i l l Creck salnon hatckery i s loca ted 17 r i l e s south of Xed 3 l a f f on the l e f t bad: of :.Till Creek on the b-ighmy betneen 3ed Bluff ar,d C l l i c~ (3iGhm;r 99Z). The present ba t che r j b u i l 6 i ~ g mn, r e b u i l t ix 1939 and i s i n zoori ca~ ld i t ion . I t has a capaci ty of about 9,0GG,300 eggs.

!The i ~ t c h s x y 1:a.s no water r i g h t s &uring the i r r i g a t i o n season and i t i s necessary to re lease thc f i s h by t2.c t i n e i r r i g a t i o n begills ia tkc spring.

311 Crzek Fa tchcr j was f i r s t o?cratcd i n 1902, azd a t t c ~ t s t o kold tllc spliqq rv~n ?roved U ~ S U C C ~ S S ~ U ~ . Tho troatmcnt of tho spr inz r u n at X i L l CYcci; d t l r i , ~ thc f i r s t scsson or^ ha t chc r j opcrat ions i s Scs t described i n thc En,port of t h ~ ComL1issioner of Tish and F i shcr ies f o r 1902 (1904, pp. 74-75):

"The salmon of tho summer run ;rhich ncrc i n t a r c c ~ t c C by the racks a l l dicd bcfore bocornil-,?; r ip2 enough t o spam-, acs th Scing dcc t o thc extronely w a r n ncathcr . . . . As I t h a s bccn found i q o s s i b l c $0 secure eggs from tnc summcr run of l i s h at' X i i l Crcc:: Statior-, C u r i n g t nc s p r i x tom>omry racks ncrc constructcd across the no-cti: of thc crcck i n o rder t o t u rn the salnon back i 2 t o thc Sacnmcnto 3 i v c r v l t h thc hopcs t,%t a l a rgc p r o p o p tio:: 3f thca rmdd continue :~.p t k s r i v c r rnd or, to 3aird S t e t i on (on LicCloui Bivci-), nhcrc t h ~ a t c r i s coldcr m d c g ~ 3 can > C t&cn. -4 la rge rvll 0;' salrr-0:: pas-,?& u? t k r i v c r 6ur i rg 3 rd ?mc, and thc f i s t m r e cont inual ly P i g h t i ~ g tk-z racks, but n l l m r c c o q c l l c d to r c t c r n t o thc r i vc r .

A t o t a l of 193,204,400 cggs 1x3s bccr, takcn at b i i l l Crcck s incc 1C12, 3 yca rb j avc l - a~o of 5,9CCl,l57. Iri 1933, 1,141,000 cggs ncrc talccn. Con- p l c t c i::fomtion 0;: eggs takcn a t t i c !!ill Crccir Ea tchcr j :;ill Se f o ~ q d i n -$2cndix t ab l c 29.

Table 15. :dlri~;;um d i s c b r g c i n cubic f c c t Tcr scccnd of Z i l l

Srcck, Los ikioiinos, C d i f o r n i c . 1928-1933, inclusive.*

T c a r I -4pril 1 bh>- 1 ZIJ~ / J I 4 . I Scpt. Cct.

..- - * * h t a fro: G. S. Geological S3~rve;~ .:a;er-Silpply Taper 240s. 691, 705, 721, 7 5 3 , 751, 756, 7 9 , 811, E3i, 361.

Deer-Creek

Deer Crcok r i s e s fro^ a gYocp c f mall sprirg-s i n Childs t'ieadows, about 6 rniles ea s t of the toan of Miner2-1. C'r-ilds ':.leadocs i s near t he center of r n a r ea of about 10 square n i l e s nhich i s tile o r i g i n of severd t r i b c t a r i e s t o the Sacrmento Rive;-, a11 once celebrated a s salmon streams. These t r ibu ta - r ies a r e Bat t le Creek, hli11. C r e ~ k , h e r Crcck, ail& the Xorth Fork of the F c a t h c ~ Siver.

._ h e r Creek f lons from 8hi lds Xeaaons i n a southeasterly d i r ec t ion

abo-at 6 n i l e s to 9eer Creek !:eadovs, here i t turzls southwest. I t f lons i n t h i s d i r e c t i o ~ f o r about 45 n i l e s to j o i x the Sacrmento River near the t o m of Vim. I n cornon xith m-?Y othor s t r c m s firairing the n e s t e m slope of the S ie r rzs , Desr Creek, a f t e r i t s beg in rz i ,~ i n a noui ta in nmdon, thrcads i t s !my t h ~ o u g n scveml milcs of wged canyon before flot-iing out onto the cen t r a l m l l q ~ plain , rhcrc i t r5nds through shallon & l i c s toward the na i3 r iver . Like those of E i l l and % t t l e Creeks, the Deer Creek caw-on i s a deep cut i n a n ancient lava r'lon. A t higher e levat ions the terra i r , i s forested n i t h co-nife~s; i n the lower regions the cover is the typical Cal i fornia val ley oak-grasslalld association.

Tl,-e f i r s t zatural ba r r i e r i n tho s t r eax i s a f a l l s about 9 milcs above Polk Springs, and ap?ror-rinately 43 miles from tha noath. This : s l l s i s about 16 fee t nigh, and salmor, havo never been 1~'1om to pass 'ccyond it.

Therc i s a sccond f a l l s on Eocr Crock about 10 milcs above the f d l s ncar Tolk Springs. This f a l l s i s a shccr drop of about 20 fcct.

Table 17, conpilod f r o m thc United S ta t c s C-cologicnl Survcy records, &om tnc m i n i m disc,har'gos i x cubic f c c t pcr sccond at (1) &cr Crcck Ilcadons, ncar thc sourcc of thc s t r c m ; ( 2 ) Polk Spri-xgs, about midway ir! thc lczgth of the s t r c m ; and (3) n.car V i m , about 9 miles frorrr tllc mouth. Tncnc kt2 izldicato that thc m i n i m d i s c h r g c s i n thc lowcr cnd of the s t rcm nrc i;: gczlcml fror, 5 C t o 70 m b i c f cc t pcr sccond d u r i w thc dxy S C a 8 0 2 .

If t l i i s stream r e r e to be use6 i n s a l v q e operations w t e r could be diverted f ron upper K i l l Creek to 3eer :reek t o add aSoct 25 cubic f e e t per second t o the flox. Q3is could 5 s done by means of a short d i t c h across a low f l a t s m ~ i t near i.lorga2 S p r i x s a s pointed out by Bonner (192e). Vater diver ted f ro3 7ppt.r I . I i l l :reek co-dd be pumpcd in to irriga- t i o n di tches at thc lower on6 of tilc i r r i g a t i o n system on M i l l Crcck and thcrcb;? rcduce thc p'mpi-g dis tascc fron t:mt of p q i n g in to tho Bcer Crcclc i r r i g a t i o n system.

The s u v e y data on Deer C ~ s e k i s sunmarized i n Table 16. The poten- t i a l u t i l i z a t i o n i n m b s r s of fer;als salmon i s s s t i n a t e d at 3,758 f o r t h e 4 1 ~ i l e s of stream ava i l zb l2 t~ ~ l g r c t i a g sa laon and stselhead. This roughly i n d i c a t e s ava i l ab le spawning gravel a t an averaga of about 9 1 salmon n e s t s pe r m i l s of straam.

'i The amovnt of spawning g rave l i n Dzer Creak from tLe f i r s t b a r r i e r f a l l s to Potc to Patch C a p ground, E: d i s t a a c e of about 3 mi lss , was c s t i - matsd to bc x o ~ h f o r 95 n o s t s of chinook salmon. The Listance from *

Potato Patch Canp ground to the nes t b a r r i e r f a l l s i s about 1$ miles. T h i s s t r ean s e c t i o n was not surveyed but reconnaissance observations in- d i c a t e tlzat spawning g rave l i s c a t p ressn t i n g r e a t e r m o u n t s than i n t h e s e c t i ~ n below t!le C q grounc, and the re fo re i t i s bel iaved t h t t h i s sec- t ion could acconmoCata only about f o r t y ? a i r s of salmon. In o the r words the mount of n a t u r a l spzwning g rave l a r e a s could bo increased i n spaca f o r about 135 a o s t s il the lowcr f n l l s were b l a s t e d out m d the s t r e t c h betwean the two f a l l s made a v a i l a b l e to ~ i g r 3 t i I l g f i s h .

The uppsr f a l l s i s about 21 f e e t high znd, while i t might 3 e naLe passable to f i s h i f a ladaer wsre coas t rucfed aroxnd i t , t he scenic va lue would be los-L. I t i s quast ionable i f enougn adi!itional spawning gravel could be made access ib le by a f i s h ladder over tkz f a l l s to , i ' ~ s t i f y the sxpense of cons t ruc t ion a d l o s s of scsnic ~ a l u e . Tho a r e a ab;:rs tiis upper f c l l s ?/as not surveyed but was inspected 2-t s sve ra l pla??;. 1; i s a good t ~ o u t stream aad there a r e 15 n i l e s of stream from the upper f a l l s t o Chi ld ' s Meadows, where Daer Creek begins. Bcwever, the re a r e few deep poo l s and because of i t s srmll s i z e , t h i s s s c t i o n cf stream probably would riot be a s u i t a b l e ? lace f o r -the spring run t o hold over sumer . The f a l l run f i s h which cone i n naa r iy r i p e probably would spawn i n tha lowcr p a r t s of Dezr Cresk and it i s ud l ikc ly that many would migrate t o the hcadwaters.

A mall s ~ r i n g run ontors the s t r c a , tx~d i n yea rs of a a r l y r a i n f a l l the re i s a f a l l my. During the f a l l of 1938 the lower few miles of stream were heavily used by s~awning salmon while i n the f a l l of 1939, when t h e r a i n s d id not begin u n t i l l a t e Eecembsr, no salmon wsre found i n s e c t i o n s used i n 193a.

Exring the survey of Dear Creek i n ilecenbar 1939, severa l salmon n e s t s were ssen i n t h e s a c t i o c between Czm?bellville and Polk Springs.

TITO ccncrc te d i v o r s i ~ n dams have bacn b u i l t on the stream. The f i r s t i s tkz StarYord V i l l a D a , sbout t h a e a i l a s from tha mouth. About 8 n i l e s from the aouth i s tha 3aer Cresk I r r i g a t i c n D i s t r i c t Dam, a denourtable

stnrcturc. The Stayford Ti-% 3a. i s cqilippcd v i t h a f i s h ladder, but i t i s dry ruch cf thc t i ne d u r i ? ~ 107 w t c r s t q c s bccausc of frequent changes ir. the sti-can c53-qcl. =sil scrccns have bec:~ i x p c r a t i v c i n the divcr- sion di tch fo r scveral years, bat f~ur-Lat io?~s ncrc b c i x l a i d f c r ccn scrccns i n tno of tilo canals d u z i ? ~ Fobmar;- of t h i s year (1040).

Nc hydraulic riining o r poncr dcvclop~lcnts a r c operating on thc strcan u

a t prcscnt. Eh?? ;-cazs a g o a t t c q t s ncrc m d c t o reccvcr gold fron gravels ir, the v ic in i ty of 70% S p r i ~ g s , but ?ract icalQ- a l l evidence of tha t ac- t i v i t y has. been cb l t te ra ted . I t modd be possiSle t o r e s to re the stream ..

to soiaething approaching i t s o r ig ina l s t e t e of salnon p r ~ ~ ~ c t i o n ner5 it r?ot that nost of the 50 t o ?C cubic f e e t per second of the surm;ler f lon now emerging fro=! the cw-02 i s used f o r irriga.tion. b i w nigratior? of the 1939 f a l l ra of salnon i n tho r ivor , fo r exaaplc, the watel- mas only a fcn inches decp i n Dccr Creolc a t the mouth and very fcn salmon cntcrcd the strcan. M i n i m discharges c f Doer Creek are given i n t ab lo 1'7.

TaSle 15. S u r v q data on Dccr Src&.

~ J U L C ~ L J ~ I S O C L L O ~ m ur;n l ix n i l c s I

i - I Xouth I I i

to ' I 'JSGS gaugc s t a t i on 1 11.0 1 40.0 1 2.13

I I i I I USGS gauge s ta t ion I

t o I I

I ! Polk Springs ) 23.0 1 45.0 1 1.33

i I

A 1 1 lov :ntsr flon divortcd) Unscrccncd diversion,

Stecp grcdicnt; boulder bo t tom.

h t t e Creek

Butte Sreek Segins a t a n e l e v ~ t i o n o'f a b o ~ t 5,503 f e e t ir, t he S i e r r a Nova& i ; i o ~ ~ t z i n s about IC n i l e s e a s t of S u t t e bleadorrs. lrnc s trsam f lons i n a southmcsterly d i r ec t i on from i t s scurcc neaz J o n e s v i l l e to i t s junction nit!: tkLo Sacramento R i v ~ r ( a b o - ~ t 5 r i l e s bnlon ~ o l u s a ) . This s t rean i s rcsor tod to have been a vezy f i n e sd.mon s t r cm , i n the p a s t , but mining arli hy*oe!-cctric ponzr devclopnccts i n the upper axd r i d d l e por- t ions of i t s ~7nl lzy , and i r r i g ~ t i o c divers ions i n the love7 s ec t i ons 5.2~:~ so a l t e r n a :?-c s t r c m tha t i t i s no longer s u i t a b l e f o r salmon. Butte Creek i s nbont 53 niLes long azd f l o v s through evcrgrecn timbered slopzs f o r the f i r s t 20 n i l e s of i t s lerigt5. %i s region has recen t ly been logged o f f . R e next 15 miles i s thi-ou& a canyon which has been a mining center s i x ? the ea r ly b y s of gold r;..inir.;: i n C d i f o r n i z . The l a s t 15 n i l e s i s i n the Sacranento Valley. Water discharged f ron mining operations i n smer i s conducted through i r r i g a t i o n di tches to f e r t i l e ranch lands i n the vall-ey south of Chico. No::e of the flom of S u t t e Creek except per- haps a l i t t l - c sccpagc reaches the Sacramento 3ivor &uri~.g the SLTI?~.

Thc Goological Survcg rcai2tair.s a g a q i n g s t a t i c n about, 7.5 miles e a s t of Chico and a shor t d i s t a c e downs-trean f r ~ n the mouth of L i t t l e Butte Creek. Thus discharges meascred at the gals ing statio:: comprise the e n t i r e f l o n from the basin. Records a r e a ~ a i l a b l e f o r tkc p a s t nine yezrs. Tho n i i l i rm f l o n r eg i s t e r ed nas 36 cubic 2eet p2r second. Butte Crcelc receives sone water f r on thc V7cs t Sranch of tho Fcather River through the povrer houses a t De Sa lba and Centervi l le . During 1937-1938 t h i s amount va r ied betneen nothing i n h.lw to 83 cubic f e e t pe r second t i e follovrinz Mach.

The s t r e a mas not 'surveyed t o determine spawning areas . But te Creek is no: coilsidered as a poss ible tr ibutmw.7 iil m?.ic;? t o t r an s f e r salmon from Shasta Dm because o f , (1) g rea t l y a l t e r e d s c c t i o r ~ s of stream i n the min- iilg and poner development aTeas, ( 2 ) demanJs f o r s t r c m charincl u se f o r carrying C i v ~ r t c d Feather Rivcr n a t c r as a p a r t of a l a rgc i r r i g a t i o n canal sys ten. (3) i r r i g a t i o n dernz2cis f o r t'nc nab-a1 flovr, and (4 ) the g roa t d i s tasce fron Seddicg.

!RLc Pcathcr E v e r i s the l a r g e s t t r i b u t a r ; of the Sacramento Rivcr. I t or ig i : i , r tc~ :?i& in t3ii S i e r r a ~isvada'L.~ountair.s i n four midely sepa- r a t e d forks. TkLe >?ortli Fork i s the l a r g e s t , r i s i n z about 6 n i l e s south. of Lassen V o l c z ~ i c National Fark, and follows a general southwesterly course. T'ne :!Iiddle Fork begics i:; S i e r r a ?deadoms z3out 12 n i1 .e~ e a s t of 'ortola aild joiils the North Pork at 3 i d n e l l about 5 n i l e s a-oove Orovi l le . m ~ n e South Pork hzs i t s o r i g in near F i l o t P e j k jo ixs thc biiddle Fork

a t Biclwell B a r . The Test Branch of the ri-rer or ig i r ia tes :n Snag Lake near the head of 3 u t t e Creek 12 n i l e s the t o m of S t e r l i n g Ci t : r . -The drainage basir. above Ororrille occupies =- aren of 3 , S l l square mi les , m c k of w!iich i s c o ~ p o s e d of deeply eroded g r a a i t s c a a y o ~ s . T'e gradient. i s s teep. The four main forks a r i s e at a e l o r a t i o n of spproxinata ly 5,000 f e c t and &OD to l e s s than 200 f e e t Loout 75 n i l e s . Vi th the exception of the s c c t i o n betaecn Orov i l l e and the aouth, the s t r c m bed i s strewn ~ l i t l i hug2 g r a i t c bozldcrs. ,a1 s t r c a n s IC t h i s s c c t l o ~ r the Featner River i s sub jec t t o f l a s h f loods mhlc:2 smee? the chan-riel clean except f o r occasional c a v e 1 bars t5ro-m~ zp i n spots alone the rar- g i n of fae s t r e m . Tne adges asd t e m i n a l r idgss of scc?! bars a r e prac- t icaLly the only p laces here s u i t a 5 l e salrcon s;arnling gra-iel a reas a r e found. %ere a;-e n a t m a l b a r r i e r s t o s a h o n z i g a t i o r ! i 2 encn f o r k of t h ~ r i ~ e r , Sut f o r the past severa l :rears povrer w.3. i r r i g a t i o z a s have prevezlted sa lnoa from ascending the t r i b u t a r i e s e7en as far as the natural 3 a r r i e r s i n a l l k t tbc Liiddle Fork.

,T'r,cro =c s e r e r a l Geolog-ic,d Survey gaugiag s t e t i o n s on the m i 2

forks and the main chasncl. Tho discharge at Orov i l l e Sclon the con- f luc rce of z l l main t . r i lmta r ics v a r i e s from 2,C00 cubic f e e t per s e c m d duzWiilg th3 noilths to 20,OCO cubic f c c t p e r seccnd &fling the ~ i n t c r m - o f f . Koxentary peaks of f loods reack 145,000 cubic f e e t per second.

Over one-half the ava i l ab le spar iss gravel (See Taola 18) i s f o u d i n the lower s e c t i o n of tka s t r e m -- t h a t s e c t i o z between &dys;rille aiid 3idne l l . Tfiz Xorth Fork f ron Sis l re l l t o Salnon Tails, about 64 n i l s s . has spar;;-in& grave l f o r onla aboct 7,000 f e n a l e sdmori. Salnon do not have access to spa=iag S e b aSove Las Plums S e c a ~ s e the North Pork a307re there has besz! cu t off 37 a ;over d ive rs ion &.n at In taka a d ccnsequcntl;. sevara l n i l 2 s of the scc t i o n lmom a s Big Bend arc cLqr a s o r t i o n of t h s ycar. 3atc8, f c r t'2e i7est 3r~7c!1 i a d i c a t c s kat c b m ~ t 9 n i l e s of s t r c m i-r, t h i s f o r k u e a-iailnbla f o r s ~ a r m i a g b ~ t the n a t e r i s di-iorted fro^ Ylis streasl fo: powel- d s v c l o ~ a e c t ir. t h e 3 u t t c Creek S a s i z a?? Vcst Bra-ch i s p r a c t i c a l l y 2121 -ng nuch cf the year .

Yellow Creek, Spanish C ~ e e k a d Indian Creek a r e t r i h t a r i e s to the North Tcr !~ , a l l of vriilch hayie good s?avminz a r e a s . Spanish Creek i n pa-- t i m l a r has sone exce l l en t spami3g r i f f l e arszs. S a l ~ o n dc t ave access to x-i of these strcarns a t Fresent because of t k e power diversion

a t InCdxs. Two nem da~; a 3 ~ v e Intdks are c o n t s ~ ~ l a 5 e c i f c r the i m n - Giate f c t u r e n:iich v r i l l er.ti:-el;; g;.eveat sal?r.:;l r . igra t izn i n t k i s fork.

,?he m i l i l a fork of the T e z t C ~ r _?ivei- has a f a l l s a b ~ ~ i t 13 f e e t kigk i n the 3 a l d 2ock Czqon 11 z i l z s 3 1 D S 5 ~ ~ a - ; fro1 2 - 2 zoctn . Tne s t r e z bed trot:: a'oov,. a d bolorr the f a l l s i s strewn wit?- hcge bocl?.!.ers an& zass ive

f r a g s n t s of rock broken from the can;.ion *r&ls.5/ The only rpaT,nir.$ gravel f ouild vas i n small s c a t t e r e d patches among the bozlders .

The So-~.th Fork has nuch nore s ~ a r m i n g gravcl pe r n i l e of s t rear : than ei ther- tkc i:id&le o r ITorth Pork but he re again g r a c t i c a l l y a l l the vntc? has Scer. diver ted f o r i r r i g a t i o n '&rough the For5cstomn and a l c r n o Ca.lcJs m d salnon cannot use the a reas except whe2 thc s trsm i s a: f lood scakc.

The b a r r i e r s a?& divers ion nentioced above prevent migation i n the upper t r i S u t a r i e s , h t the r e d ~ c t i o n of flow i n 'he main r i v e r 3y i r r i g a - t i o n d i re r s io2s 3elom Orov i l l e i s more s i g E i f i c a n t . Tno l a r g e unscreened i r r i g a t i o n c a d . ; a fe:? lci les balon Orov i l l e tako out l a r g e amoucts of mater from thz r i v e r . A compzrison of the discharges at. Orov i l l e and Xicolaus shons t i - ~ t discha-ges at X i c o l a s a r c only a s n d l f r a c t i o n of the r i v e r flow a t Grov i l l e i n s g i t e of the a d d i t i o n of the Yuba River. The di f ference i s a9proximately a n o u t of water withdrawn by tlne Tes t - e rn and S u t t e r 3 l t t z s C 3 n d Cocpariicsl i ivc r s ions . Thcre have been poriods i n recen t ye=s ~3.cn no flow w a s r o g i s t c r e d at ITicolaus. Despite low d i s - charges i n thc l o s e r r i :~er t h e r e i s s t i l l a smali run of s d n o n en te r ing the Feather River. A p a r t i a l c o - z ~ t of the fal.1 run at S u t t e r Bu t te Dam i n 1339 ~ l l be found i n A9pendix Table 16. Salmon a l s o s p a m i n consid- e r a b l e nm-aers f o r 25 n i l e s belom t h i s ~ i a z .

I t has baen suggested t h a t the Feather Eiver be s e l e c t e d as t h e s t r e a n t o -::_ich t h e ~ u n nov pass ing Redding 3 e t runs fe r red . There a e th ree ar;:~ments agains t suck a scheme. F i r s t , the c o s t of hau l ing 3etneeri 20 ad 5C t'nousaiii chiaook salmon about 100 miles noulC b~ very h igh. Ssc- ond, tho leek of s c f f i c i e x t v a t c r i n the loner r i v m to a t t r a c t thz run a f t e r tllc f 'lrs t cycle Lad boen ,bu le&, m d t h i r d , thc l a c k of s u f f i c i e n t a:7eilablo s;-,ar.r;..ing a reas i n the t r i b u t a r i e s where v a t e r mould be coo l enough t o liold the s p r i ~ g run f o r r i p e n i x . I t nould probably be ~ i s e r to in-grove condit ions f o r salxion i n the Feather River and al low the n a t i v e mr, to .mi l6 up. Z f f e c t i v e l adders and. f i s h screens (nould m a t e r i a l l y i m - prove c o n e t ions f o r salmos.

According t o r ecen t re:,or',s f rcr : Fores t Servic2 o f f i c i a l s and o t h e r s , the cidGle fo rk of the Fes thz r above B a l L Rock Canyon i s mainly a j m b l s d nass of rocks a ~ d bo:dder f r w e n t s nit>- a f e n i s o l a t e d patchcs of subta-ale s p a m i i q gravel.

TaS1.e 18 Survey 3 a t a on the Feather X v e r

S t ream sect ion

:m maK Eidwell

to Salmon h l l s

Length iz miles

W3ST 33A.Xrn Mouth

to Concov Creel:

Average width in feet

STUTISI c m I i bIou t h

to Point 8 m i above Quincy

IIDIAN C-XX Mouth

t o P a l l s

:LT! 3'oRK iuth

to rbestown

Estimated 1 P o t e n t i a l p e r cent i a t i l i z a - of s t r e w ! t i o n i n bed s u i t - ! mmbers ab le f o r I of female s~awnirj.2 I

I salmo n I

1.96 / 23,385- I

I Limiting f a c t o r s

I r r i g a t i o ~ l dams and divers ions

Hydroelectr ic dans

Xining d e b r i s

Mining d e b r i s

Mining debris: i r r i g a t i o n d ive rs ions

Zedrock bo t t o n

Boulder 30 t t o n

I r r i g a t i o n dam and divers ion; mining debr i s ; low summer flow

t a l

Stree.xas 3nt ering Sacranento 3Lrer f r o m the !'lest

Clear Creek

S lea r Crec!r r i s e s abo-~t 20 miles nor th of the town of Prench Gulch, i 2 the rough mountainous region between the Sacranento and T r i ~ i f y a v e r s . I t f1ov:s sout!~, roughly ~ a r a l l e l to these t w o r i ve r s f o r about 25 miles, tile2 turns southeast tov~ards tho Sacramerfo 3iver. I t reaches the r i v e r about 7 miles below XedLirg, a f t e r 30 n i lo s of xg-ged canyons an6 pyccipitous gra- dicnts. Tile L r a i x g c a rca i s 182 squzre' milcs.

The g rcz t c r pcr t ion of the strean? 5ed i s s h l c cxccpt f o r the f i r t 4 o r 5 milcs a'aovc i t s @nction with t he Sacramento 2iver. There a r e 20

natural bz r r i c r s on the s t r c a ~ , but above 7rcnch Gulch thz s t r c m i s not l a rge enough to a t t r a c t m i ~ m t i n g scllcon. The BicCornick-Saltzcr 3a3 i s an i r r i g a t i o n Livcrsloc a,m c?proximtclg 18 f cc t high a d i s about 7 milcs f ro3 thc mouth of thc ntrczu. This dam h s a f i s h ladger, but at low water S ~ Z C " J

thcrc i s not c n ~ u z h water T o r i t t o function. In addi t ion t o thc i r r i g c t i o n dcvclopncnt, thorc i s consihemblc n in i -q along Clecr Crcck, p r inc ip~ l l ; . on s m l l c ln ins a d 5y I1snipersn. m e r e a r e large nines near "ezch Gulch. In the f a l l of 1939 the water was so mddy fro=: nici7g debris t h a t i t was i w possible to see the 'sotton of t he streaq. Salzon spawn o c c a s i o r a l ~ il the lower s i x r i l e s , however. ?Tests were fa i r l j . a5undant i a t h i s sec t ion ?uring Xove3ber 1%39, k t noEe were found i n 1939.

1 .* ,~n i i i i - , f l ~ w s at Cld S S s t a , 7.5 n i l e s above the McCornick-Seltzer divers izn, l ave bccn reccAded at . orowd 10 cu3ic feet per secznd during t n e . nonths of Cctober :Tovezbcr. Afthcugl thcrc a r e arcas of exccl1c;lt ~1)3\111- i'ng g n v c l cSovc a s wcll as below .the & a ~ , r;h= im.dequatc water supply, v.cm te rpemtu res (ir, J.i~ly 1958, water tezperatures or' $4 t o 28O 7. were recorded), and mini= i r r i ga t ion developmects inake Clear Creek o l l i t t l e value a s a salmon s t rearil.

Vhile i t r.rould be possible to supply Clear Creek with water diver ted .

from t h e Trini ty ,%vcr by a 6 o r 8 mile tu rne l , the e-qecse of such a pro j- ect would pc?.-hps ' ~ e grea te r thaa t he advantctgc 05 supplyin& water t o t he 6 o r 8 miles 05 S L c m Crcck s ~ . i t a b l e f o r srrlaon spawning. % i s z ight a l so do more ham! than good by d f c c t i n g adversely thc spavning arcns i n the ?~ir-i t ;- Xve r .

3 ~ r t l l e m o r e , Clear Cree!: ?i,ures i n tke Trini ty Ziver divers ion unit of the S t a t e T'iate;. ?im-. In b r i e l t h i s ~ l a n c ~ l l s f o r the eonstluction of daxs azld powerhc~~ses on Clear Crlsck u t i l i z i n g watcr d iver ted ' f ron the T r in i ty Iiiver -33- a t u r ~ c i . Kater would be rcsovcd fron sections of the s t r m , m d i n one section, cozlincd $0 a coiduit on. thc stream bed. Xf tc r c o q l e t c

u t i l i z a t i o n , the plm c a l l s f o r the di-:ersior, of the watsr in to t hc Xeswic!~ Aftor3a;r rcscmoi;. o r s toWc behind m o t h e r &an on Clmr Creek f o r s t i l l f u r t h e r p t r e r generation. These e laborate p lans f o r the use of Clear Creek ic. power developnent remove it from considera t ion i n salnon salvage opemt ions.

Table 19 '

Survey d a t a on CleAr Crcek

I r r i g a t i o n -; r o c Q bottom; m i n i x debr i s ; low, w a r m ?lows

Po t en t i a l 1 u t i l i z s - t i o n i n I Li rn i t i ng fzc to r s

I numbers I of fo-mle 1 salmon 1

I I I I Average / ' E s t i m t c d

?or cent Stream scct ionl Length width of s t r c a a

I

2 4 0 ~ t h I I i

I ! t o 14.5 I 42 4.13

Stony Crcck I

! i i I i

Shale 3ot tom: m i n i x debr i s

i n miles

3,316

T o t a l

i n f c c t bed su i t -

i I

ab l e f o r spawnin?

Sottonwood Creek.

Cottonwood Creek o r i ~ i n a t e s in the rugged i-mer coast range near the c ~ e s t of Yolla Bolly arld 33u11g Choop ?doutains a t an a l t i t u d e of about 4,OOC fee t as6 enpties i n to the Sacramento Biver about f i ve n i l c s eas t of the town of Cottomood, near ly opposite thc mouth of 3 a t t l c 2ree.l~. I t has a ?rainage a ree of 929 squrrc miles. The length cf the strenn and i t s three n a b io rks i s over 100 c i l e s . The distaucc below n a t u r d ba r r i e r s i n Cottonwood Creek and i t s for!cs i s approxinatcly 83 n i l e s , of which 1.39 per cent has 5een coxsidered sui table f c r spawning gromds. The western o r upper par t of the &sillage i s over a ,hard shale and co,n.glomerate f0rD-

ation. To the eas t cf Gas Point the drainage occupies an a l l u v i a l forna- t ion in which there i s some s i t a b l o sgawning g r a v ~ l , but in m y places the s t rean flows i n a sand gravel wash nearly ono-half n i l e i n width.

A f a l l s on t h e North Pork f o r m a natural bar r ie r . The other two forks do not have ba r r i e r s but =e dry i n s m e r .

The Eorth 7or:z. The f a l l s on the North Fork consis t of two - ( a ) -- - par t s , about f i f t e e n and t en f e e t high, i n a narrow s l i t ic a hard conglon- e r a t e fornation, a b ~ u t f i v e ~ l e s upstrean fron Ono. The water drops f ron overhanging ledges into deep pothclcs. Tho s t r e a r above "Aese f a l l s i s rugged and ? a r r o w and i s inpomded about 12 n i l o s upstrean by the Mussel- back D a n , an i r r i g a t i o a developnent. The dan i s about 90 f e e t high.

I,!hile thcre a re a few short s t re tches of shallow r i f f l e s and pools on thc North 30rk below the f a l l s , the gravel i s very shallow 3 t o 6 inches decp) and overlays the shale fornat ion conion i n the drainage area. Tor 5 miles below Ono the s t r e a a flows over bare shale, i n nany places so shallow t h a t the strean 3ed i s barely ccverod with water. There a r e pract i - c a l l y no pools or places whcrc f i s t could res t , and say head of watcr would flow through t h i s section a s i f i n a f l m c . Thero i s a diversion dam i n thc rugged cangoa 2 n i l c s above Ono h i c h was r.ot seon, bat t h i s diversion i s l e s s than 1 cubic foot per seccnd. There i s a m a l l o r diversioil with a low dan 2 or 3 f ee t high about a n i l o above Gas P o k t .

Thc 0217 f i s h seen were a few large zimows ia a 2othole a c i l e below 0x0. The z ~ o ~ nki;nu: flow necr Cno fro,? July to Bovenber i s aromd 4 cxbic fee t per secccd. J u s t above the juction with the z.idi3.e Tork there were t w o sgnl l nining &ed.gcs or I1dc,o&lc bugs" i n operation i n 1939.

( b ) Widd1.e -- For!=--frog Si lves ter ' s -- iiaach - t o 2:mction -- with - iTorth Pork.--3e streaz botton i n t h i s section i s ninety-five per cent shale, with occasional patches of g a v e l caught in up l i f t ed pro jectiocs. 7 i sh a re reported t o cone up t h i s fork i n hi* water years 5ut tho nzns a re probably sporadic. Jeogun Creek, in t r i b u t q r t c the Middle Fork, i s the one real ly l i v e s t rean i n the drainage, an6 i t s Sed i s a lso predoni- n m t l p shale. While Beegun Creek has some reputation a s a t rout strean, the volume of f l o w i s low Curing most of the yea?. There i s a dredge o p e r a t i ~ i n the Mid2l.e Tork, and a small PG-&a-d.ic minhg de~zelopmcat a t tke zouth of 3oyync Xiver, which enters Cot toavo02 Creek just above the mouth of t h c Middle Fork.

(c) South Tork, from WcCartneg. D m to junction with Cottonwood -- Creek.--?or 26 a i l e s the South 'ark of Cottonwood Creek i s a dry gravel wash w i t h the exception of a t r i c k l e from the McCartneg D a n which seeps back intc the gravel a f t e r forniag a few pools about two n i l c s S e l w tho dan. T5e flood plain i s very wide, about one-hah* mile in sone places, Tae chamel wanders bac!: and fo r th snd crzates many places that tmuld be pools i' water ran in the stream, It would tako a considerable mount of watcr t o nake the s t rean inha3itsblc fo r S i b , an2 i t would Se ncces- s a q t o construct dikes to prevent watcr fron beicg diss ipated over tke broad flood plaia. The watcr table in t h i s country i s very low,. a d m3ny wells vero brJ ia 1939. O c l y twice since 1901, accordi.?e; t o 14r, McCartney, has there been a Ifr?orn,al" gear with ezo-z& water i n the strean t o bring up the salnon. Tke shale formation i n tho South Pork begins just a b v o the IkCartnoy Dan.

3ry C r ~ e k an& S a l t Creels arc two t r ibu ta r i e s t o the South Fork with prcdoninmtly skiale bottons. Thcy are dry or nearly so nost of the year.

Although Cottonwoo2 Creek i s ocly about sixtee= n i l e s fron Zedding an& 32s oil meal runoff of ovcr 800,000 acre fee t ,D/ i t Loes lot appear t o offer any opportunities f o r salmon sdvage operations Secausc 02 the followizg serious disadvaatages:--

I n order t o sup?ly water t o Cottonwood Crcclc, a se r i e s of large dams would be necessarj t o control the runoff. I t i s tho gcne rd opinion among Siologis ts that watcr s tored f o r aay length of timo behind dams i s unsuit- able fo r ar t i ' ic ia l propagation of s i h o z . I,? eclditioz t o dams, an elabo- r c t e systex of dikes m d r e t a i n i ~ g walls vrnu2.d 3e necessary t o keep the watcr f ron sp-cadi%. out ovcr the flood lai is. i,Zlilc there a rc several 2ossiblc h s i t c s 03 the Xorth and Xiddlc Forks, there are none for over

twenty-five n i l e s o a the South Fork,--the oaly t r ibu ta ry with m y aspro- ciable areas of g ~ v c l bottom. I t might 2ot be possible to i ~ p o u c & eslough water t o keep t h i s s t r c m flowing all suminer, sinco well w e r 200 cubic f c c t ?er sccond would cer ta in ly be needed to covcr the wid0 grzvel a c a s of tho South ?ork clnd tho lower main strcan. Iu sono y c z s t h i s would havo to bo supplied f ron $tored water fo r about ton nonths. N o good hatchew s i t e s , o r q r i n g s a r c available.

Table 20. Survey data on Cottonwood Creek

I / perccntagc lu t i l i za -

Strean section I Length 1 AVorwcI of s t r ean 1 t i on i n ' lqidth 1 bed sui t - Inunt'crs ; i n n i l e s ! I i n f ee t iable fo r jof fenaJ.

North. ~ o r k i 1 1.Iouth I

1

i t o I i I i

! F a l l s above Ono 1 14.5 ! 37w0 1 O e a g 4

1 208 i I '

I I 1 spawning !

Mouth 1 ! t o !

I

I Eiiddle Pork ! I

i40uth I

salnon

Sout5 Fork Nouth

North Bork I I I 21.0 44.0 1 2.84 ! I I

I I

T o t a l .. . . . . . . . . j 83.5 i ! !

I Lini t ing f ac to r s

Low f lovr: high t cnpcrature s

Shalt botton; irri-t ion diversions

Shalo bottom; i r r i g a t i o n diversions

Dry streain bed; wida, changing chamel

Stony Creek o r i g i n a t a s i n the Coast Hange about 25 miles wast 02 Max- well and flows nor th to a point about 8 mi les west of Orland, thence t u r n s e a s t t o the Sacramento River. The creek i s about 90 mi les long. A l l t h e water i s u t i l i z e d by the Orland I r r i g a t i o n D i s t r i c t , a Bureau o? Reclaaa- t i o n p r o j e c t . Tine stream was not s--eyed but was i n s ~ e c t e d i n s e v e r a l p lzces . There a r e two dams. The lower d m , a t S t o w Gorge, about 34 m i l e s u ~ s t r e m f r m the mouth, i s 90 f e e t h i g h , and i s an i q a s s a b l e S a r r i e r t o f i s h . About 16 n i l e s - ~ p s t r e a n from S t o w Gorge Dem i s East Pzr!:e 2 e s e m o i r on L i t t l e Stony Creek. Below Stony Gorge D a n , S torg Creek i s a broad gravel wzsh. I t i s dry a t the highway cross ing a t Orland, where a sand and g rave l c o l l e c t i n g p lan t is i n opera t ion i n the stream bed. About 7 miles e a s t of Orland a gravel &am i s thrown across the stream bed each s m e r t o r e t a i n the water of the Slenn Colusa Ditch. ?later i s backed up behind t h i s d i t c h f o r some d.istance 5 u t t h e r e i s p r a c t i c a l l y no seeDage below the weir and the stream bed i s dry a few hundred y a d s below. The mouth i s very Sroad, about 600 yards wide, , ~ d opens i n t o a slough o f t h e Sacramento River. There i s no d a f i n i t e channel a t the xouth. The stream above Orland i s dry f c r 3 o r 4 n i l e s t o the t&e-olf of the nor th cana l . The south carial take-off i s about 5 miles above Crland. This i s a head gate on the south s ide of the c h m n e l i n t o which t h e water i s d i r e c t e d by a low concre te s i l l ,?cross tine flood. p l a i n . The minimum flow of Stony Creek above Stony Gorge r e s e m o i r i s 6 cu'oic f e e t o e r second i n August.

Stony Crpek a t Crland i s s i x t y mi les from Zedding. The conple te u t i l i z a t i o n of i t s avai1251e water by the Orland I r r i g a t i o n D i s t r i c t p re - cludes any p o s s i b i l i t y of i t s use i n salvage opera t ion of salmon.

Cache Creek

Cache Creek i s the o u t l e t of Clear Lake, which i s s i t u a t e d i n the Coast Range 90 miles nor th of San Francisco a t EUI elevat ion of 1 ,318 f e e t . The g r e a t e r p a r t of Clear Lake i t s e l f i s unsu i t ab l s f o r salsonoid f i s h e s because of the high water temperatures and the nany hot s ~ r i n g s i n the l ake basin. Cache Creek i s about 30 miles long, flowing i n an e a s t e r l y and souther ly 6 i r e c t i o n toward. the marshes of t h e Yolo Zasln. I t does not reach tile Sacramento River. The stream i s d r j from July to iIovember. Cache C r e e ~ was not surveyed 5ut was i g s p e c t e i a t severa l po in t s . Accord- ing to Clark (1329) Cache Creek has never had a i r s a h o n .

I t has been repor ted tha t salmon were taken fr3m Cache Creek a t Capqv D a n fol lowing the f l o o d of 1937. I f t h i s i s t r u e i t i n d i c a t e s t h a t salmon occas ional ly migrate i n t o the stream. I f the streasl could be supplied with s u f f i c i e n t water of s u i t a b l e temperatures a xun might be W i l t up. The d i s t ance from Sedding (136 miles) and l ack 3f s u i t a b l e water remove Cache Creek from cons ide ra t ion i n any salvage o l a n s f o r salm3n pass ing Bedding.

Putah Creek

Putah Creek a r i s e s i n lower Lake County i n t h e v i c i n i t y of Kiddle- town a d flows f o r about 80 n i l e s i n a souther ly and e a s t e r l y d i r e c t i o n towards the overflow bas in of the Sacraento River nea r Sacramento. Like Cache Creek, i t does not reach the r ive r ' , but flows i n t o the marshlands of the Yolo Basin. The s t r e m i s dry below Winters f o r severa l nonths of the yea r because a l l t h e water i s d i v e r t e d f 3 r i r r i g a t i o n o r i s l o s t through evaporation. Putah Cree!< was not s u n e y a d but was inspected at severa l po in t s . The stream has a minimum flow of 4 t o 6 cubic f e e t p e r second near Winters & w i n g the dq- months. The inadequate water supply and d i s t ance of 145 n i l e s from Bedding t o t h e highway cross ing near ~ d v i s make t h i s stream w L s u i t a b l e f o r use i n salvage opera t ions of the salmon run a t Bedding.

VIII. sALV-4GE PUNS

I n order t o ca r ry out any salvage plan it w i l l be necessary t o con- s t r u c t t r aps i n which t o ca tch the f i s h . The cos t of these t r aps , e s t i - mated.to be about $500,000, therefore , should not be charged agains t any, p a r t i c u l a r salvage p l a n e l / A f l e e t of t rucks w i l l a l s o be necessary,, and although the exact number of t rucks may vary somewhat wi th the p a r t i c u l a r p lan , the b a s i c truck requirements, at l e a s t , should be considered p a r e l l e l with the trzpping requirements. Those pral iminary roquirements A v e beon discussed i n Section I1 of this report .

P r e l i a i n a r y measures dur ing cons t ruc tion.--As a l l plans discussed below require const ruct ion of roads , ha tcher ies , wa.cer supply systems, purchase of property, easements, e t c . , i t may not be p o s s i b l e t o place a p e r manent salvage plan i n opera t ion before tho const ruct ion of the D a m has reached such a s tage that f i s h a r e blocked from the upper r i v e r basin. I n tha t event i t w i l l be necssss ry to t r a n s f e r them abova t h e dam s i t e u n t i l the permanent p lan i s ready,

, Ten t rucks a r e considered s u f f i c i e n t t o t r a n s f e r t h e f i s h 3rom t h e Keswick Afterbay t r a p s i t e to the main r i v e r above tho dam s i t e . ~ o c a u s e of road loca t ions , t h e t r i p would be sornewkat roundabout and possi'oly, d i f - f i c u l t , and would grobably be from 15 t o 18 miles one tray depending upon loca t ion of t rapping and dumping points .

It i s a l s o poss ib le t h a t t h e t r a p ~ i n g s t r u c t u r e s might not be ready i n time t o oake t h i s t r a n s f e r . I f the Dam becones inpassable bafore t h e completioa of the trapping s t r u c t u r e s , i t n ight be necessary t o const ruct a n improvised 3ish1m.y over t h e lower blocks of t h e D a m o r to modify the const ruct ion program i n some way t o enable the f i s h t o pass upstream to t h e i r na t ive spawning grounds. ':.%ile it i s d i f f i c u l t t o deternine how long i t w i l l be poss ib lo f o r seaward migrants t o r e t u r n s a f e l y , i t i s cer- t a i n that t h e permanent salvage plan should be in opera t ion boforo t h e a d of 1942, and ?referably by Jrmuary 1942.

. .. '. 1. S t i l l w a t e r Plan PC

The S t i l l w a t e r Salvase P l a a proposes t h e t r a n s f e r of the r - u s notr pas- s ing Redding in to nearby S t i l l w a t e r Creek, where tney would be maintained by a cozbination of n a t u r a l and a z t i f i c i a l propagation. This p lan i s c o w parable t o t h e salmon sa lvage progrem now being c a r r i e d out below Grand Coulee 3an i n the upper Columbia River, with the exceptior, tha t only one

r - t r i b u t a r y of the Sacramento, S t i l l w a t e r Creek, would be made s u i t a b l e f o r receiving t h e t ransplanted runs , whereas a number of t r i b u t a r i e s a r e being used on the Columbia Xiver.

e

?/ Pre l in ina ry ostimate by D. C. McConaughy, Bureau of Rec lamt ion , Noven- - ber 27, 1939.

Although S t i l lwa t e r Creek i s a t present an in te rmi t t en t s t r e en , drg during the summer 2nd ea r ly autumn months i n most years , i t i s so s i t u a t e d that watar could b s d iver ted in to i t s upper draina,gs bas in and a parn-anent flow es tabl ished. About 24 miles of stream, most of i t su i t ab l e f o r salmon spawning, would be m d e access ib le t o sa lnoc throughout the year. I t !!auld fu rn i sh enough spawning area f o r a l l the epring run and pa r t of the 1211 run. To t,*e ca re of the balance of the f a l l run and t o spread the r i s k 4

involved, a hatchery would be required at t he head of S t i l lwa t e r Creek, l a rgo enough to handlo approximately one-half of the m., or up t o 50 n i l - l i o n eggs. A rack would be necessary ac ross the mouth of the creek t o prevent t he f i s h from re turning t o tho r i v e r . Other racks might we l l be placed acrogs the stream at various points t o obta in b e t t e r d i s t r i b u t i o n of na- t u r a l spawning f i s h along the stream.

It would be necessary t o lsapil t h e Tish from the Sacramento River t o S t i l lwa t e r Creek f o r at l e a s t t he f i r s t 6 o r 8 yaars. The average haul ing d i s tance wocld be about 20 miles rolmd-tr ip, depending on the f i n a l loca- t i o n 02 the trapping s i t e on the main r i v e r . It i s bel ieved tha t a l t e r the f i r s t complete cycle has been t r an s f e r r ed the hauling problem w i l l be con- s ide rab ly reduced because of t he homing tendency of salmon, and that a f t e r 6 o r 8 years , hauling would only be necessary f o r s t rays .

lcater suua1y.--Since S t i l l w a t e r Creek is an in te rmi t t en t stream, a permanent supply of watar would have t o be brought i n to i t s basin. I n o r der t o r e h a b i l i t a t e the stream f o r salmon, 150 cubic f e e t per second of W-

t e r would be ilecossary. This amount was decidod cpon a f t e r an i nves t i ga t i on of salmon streams with hohm flows and siailar types of bottom.

There a r e th ree sources of water supply ava i l ab l e f o r d ivers ion i n t o S t i l l w a t e r Creek: ( 1 ) Shasta Beservoir , (2) P i t River , and (3) McCloud Xiver. Of these th ree p o s s i b i l i t i e s , the McCloud Siver supply i s considered t he best.

Reservoir water,--%a eas i s s t and chaapest method of d iver t ing water i n t o S t i l l w a t e r Creek would bc t o take i t from the r c s c m o i r by a g17avity - - ,

flow t ~ o l . However, r ese rvo i r water bas not been found s a t i s f ac to ry , f o r holding adu l t salmon or raar ing the young, and i t i s not considered s a f e f o r use i n the S t i l l w a t e r Plan.

I n the f i r s t p lace , a rese rvo i r i s very d i f f e r en t b io log ica l ly , from a na tu r a l W e . I n most rese rvo i r s t r e e s and p lan t debr is a r e f looded and these slowly decay, using up oxggen.and producing carbon dioxide, and o ther by-products of organic decomposition. Shas ta Zeservoir w i l l be espec ia l ly , bad i n t h i s respect because the r x i o n i s wooded and the vegetat ion w i l l not be e n t i r e l y cloarod below the minimum water l eve l . This w i l l l eave t r e e s and o t h r debr is su3aerged by some 200 f e e t of water even a t t h e low- e s t r e s e rvo i r level .

B r i e 1 D a m on the Lewis River, Washington, i s a n outstanding exanple of the harmful e f fec t of r e se rvo i r water on salmon, The S t a t e of Washiw ton F i s h e r i e s Department has been carrying on oxporincntal work with s a l - mon t h e r e f o r severa l yea r s , and they have found t h a t adul t salnon w i l l not hold and r i p e n and the eggs w i l l not ha tch w e l l i n r ese rvo i r watzr , but the same opera t ions a r e success lu l on Cougar Creek, one of the t r i b u t a r i e s above the rese rvo i r . Although the water below A r i e l 3 a m has been found to be un- s u i t a b l e f o r f i s h c u l t u r a l purposes, i t does not prevent the a d u l t s from coming u ~ s t r e a m t o the base of the dam. Presumably the same s i t u z t i o n t r i l l ex i s t a t S h s t a Dam. Iiesorvoir water should not prevont tho f i s h from con-

L 1ver. ing up t o t h o trapping s i t e s i n t h e Sacramento P'

Since t h e cause of f i s h m o r t a l i t i e s by t h e use of r e s e r v o i r water i s s t i l l unknown, i t would be d i f f i c u l t t o c o r r e c t the s i t u a t i o n and the chance of inmediate success soems too remote t o warrant using water from Shas- Zieservoir i n S t i l l w a t e r Creek. The bad condi t ions caused by t h e l ack of oxygen o r a n excess of cabon dioxide or o t h e r gases i n so lu t ion probably, could ba cor rec tad by ae ra t ion . Proper t snpera turos could bo maintained with some t n e of ga te tower, but t h e r e is no way t o counteract t h e unknotvn h a r n f d f a c t o r s i n rese rvo i r water.

Water from Shasta Reservoir d g h t have the same e f f e c t on f i s h l i f e a s water from t h e , h i e l Dsm and i n add i t ion t h e r e w i l l be great danger of C o p per po l lu t ion . Unless the present p o l l u t i o n from o l d copper mines in t h e rese rvo i r area ( see t h e repor t by Paul A. Shaw, Appendix E) is stopped con- p l e t e b , , t h e copper w i l l c o l l e c t i n the r e s e r v o i r and m y become espec ia l ly , bad i n t h e stagnant lower l e v e l s . The upper layers of water w i l l be too w a r m f o r f i s h - c u l t u r a l purposes, and i f t h e copper mine wastes a r e concen- t r a t e d i n t h e lower l e v e l s , i t may be i m p o s s i b l o t o avoid drawing off water which i s c i t h c r warm o r p o l l u t od.

Diversion Plans.--The P i t River arm of the rese rvo i r w i l l be t h e long- es t and water would, the re fo re , have t o be c a r r i e d a much g r e a t e r d i s t a n c o than from t h e IdcCloud Xiver and would be a much more expensive somce.

Although t h e McCloud River becomes s l i g h t l y s i l t e d with volcazic ash from the Kud Creek during the middle o f tha summer, i t i s not bel ieved t h a t t h i s v o d d 3ave any mate r i a l e f f e c t on f i s h - c u l t u r a l opcrat ions. The s i l t problem i s discussed i n f u l l e r d e t a i l .

Ir order t o d ive r t water from the >lcCloud ?Aver, a d i t c h above tke high water l e v e l of the rese rvo i r o r a tunnel completely underground n i g h t be used. The following construction program would be necessary l o r diver- s ion by, canal:

1. divers ion clan above the high water l e v e l of the r a s e r v o i r ,

2 . Su~p1.r d i t c h about 40 n i l e s l o w , designed t.o d e l i v e r 150 cubic f e e t c r second a t the Fir; S i v e r c;-osaing,

3. Suspension b r idge ac ross P i t E v e r et i t s m r r o s e s t ~ o i n t ; designed t o ca r ry t h e n a t e r a t a high v e l o c i t y i n s pipe to l e s s e a t h e loed on the br idge ,

. . 4. Tunr,el through the ''Grzy Rocks" designed t o car77 152 cuolz

f e e t per second, u r J i n e d i f rock i s s t a 3 l e .

Diversion by a t u r n e l rrould be b e t t e r i n t e r n s of bo5h n a i n t e n a ~ c e and r e l i a b i l i t y . T a t c r could b e ?rought i z t o S t i l l ~ a t e r Creelc from t h e McCloud Biver by o tunnel , wi th ail i cver ted k r - n e l aipb.09 m d e r the P i t River ins tead of e. d i t c h . A tunnel couid be n e a r l y s t r a i g h t and about 14 miles l o r ! . 9he t u m e l aould e l i ~ i n a t e the e-ense and r i s k s of main- t s i n i n g a forty-mile d i t c h , the 3 r idge aver t h e P i t River a m of t h e rese rvof r , and a stand5y supply a t the head of S t i l l n a t e r Creek. I t nould provide a ~ u c h more r e l i a b l e n a t e r supply and k a ~ e the added advantage of u ~ i f o r n l y l o r t m p c r a t u r e . I f tks i n i t i a l cos t cazl b e met, a a t e r should 'oe d iver te j . b;? t k i s means.

Z a t c h e q and HolCing Fonds. --If i t i s plarined to k n d l e h a l f the Iun, o r 50,000,000 eggs by 2 , r t i f i s i a l p~og'agation, a hatchery of s u i t a b l e s i z e , r i t h holding, r i p e n i x , and r e m i x yonds n i l 1 be required at t h e heed of S t i l l w a t e r Cree1:.

As shorn i n Seztioil 111 the t o t a l a n - w l n n i s est imated to be 27,000 f i s h . F a c i l i t i e s f o r handling half t h i s n m b e r of f i s h by means of z r t i f i c i a l -jxopzgation tvonld the re fo re r e q x i r e holding and r ipexing ponds s u f f i c i e c t so accaimo&zte 1S,500 adu l t salgon. I f ha l f of these f i s h a r e assunec t c bs f e n a l e s , a p o t m t i a l egg t ~ k e of 47,250,000 eggs could be expected from 6,750 f e c s l s s zt en sverage fecundi ty of 7,000 eggs p e r f e n a l s .

I f h t c h e r y f a c i l i t i e s to accomodate 50,030,0@C eggs a r e cans tmcted , t h i s nouid provide an a d d i t i o n a l s a f e t y f a c t o r Sy ndcing i t poss ib le to take eggs f ron mora than h a l f the nln is: yea r s of sao.11 runs.

The 1959-40 winter su-vey o f m ~ u r ~ - l s p a ~ ~ i r g a r e a s of S t i l l n a t e r Creek, under ti;e c c r d i t i o n s ol f ior; during that per iod , i a d i c a t e d tliat t h e r e r a s rooa f o r a?proximetely 5,OQC nes t s . I f t h i s i s t r u e and i t i s a s s m e d t h a t the t o t a l run mas 27,000 f i s h , and t h a t ha l f of these o r 13,500 \-rere taken f o r a r t i f i c i a l propagation, t h e r e vould be 13,500 placed i c the s t r e v l f o r mturzl pro?egatior . I f h a l f a f these c e r e females, space f o r over 6,00C n e s t s ~ i o u l d -3e required . I n o t h e r arords eggs from about .1,000 more females ~ o u l d nave to b e taken f o r a r t i f i c i a l gropagation i n o rde r t o prevent 01-ercronding of ,spa;lniag beds. 5oaever,

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d e f l e c t o r s an? bar-! p r o t e c t o r s , s i x i l a r tn those o f t en used i n t rou t - s t r e m improverent work. I t i s a l s o poss ib le to deepen and inprove pools i n t h i s and thereby i zprore condi t ions f o r n a t u r a l holding and ripening of a d u l t s . I t i s not p o s s i b l e a t t h i s time to g ive a n es t imate of the amount of t h i s nor!; needed o r the b e s t tries ~f devices to use . Tach bend of the stream bas i t s o m pro9lens and these can be ne t only by care- f u l f i e l d vorf; dur i rg various s t ages o f stream flom. I n genera l , however, the s t r u c t u r e s should be lov , so t'mt f loods n i l 1 go over them, and di- r ec ted s o es to concentra te o r d i r e c t t h e flow of nz te r . Log c r i b b i ~ l g s t r ~ c t u r e s have been f o n d s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r the purpose. on smal ler s t r e a n s and, i f deeply imbedded, they should prove e f f e c t i v e i n S t i l l w a t e r Creek. Sheet a e t a l o r timber ~ i l i n g , we l l bur ied , might be the b e s t and cheapest s t r u c t u r e s i n t h e g rave l ly s o i l of lower S t i l l n a t e r Creek.

Costs of S t i l l w a t e r ?lan.--The c a p i t z l cos5s of a p lan involving the -- const ruct ion p r c g r m ou t l ined f o r the S t i l l n a t e r Creek 2la.n a r e d i f f i c u l t to es t imate . Tilere has not been t i n e f o r adequate surveys on nhich to base c a l c u l a t i o n s . A canal f o r d i v e r t i ~ g rvcter from the uppeP licCloud Biver could be b u i l t f o r approximately $50,000 a n i l e . Suck: 2 canal would be about fort>- r i l e s 1or-g. I t nould have to connect m i t h a b r idge across the ?i t Xiver and a tunnel through t h e Gr%y Rocks. A d i r e s t tnnnel and t u m e l siphon beneatk P i t F5ver t o the n e a ~ e s t poss ib le i n t a k e on the KcCloud River n o d d be b e t t e r . The tunnel might be cheaper than the d i t c h because i t nocld be much s h o r t e r and vould e l i z i n a t e the b r idge . The tunnel through the Gray 30cks vcu ld have to be c h a ~ g e d a g a i n s t e i t h e r t h e d i t c h o r t h e 10% tucncl . No es t ima tes Dn t h e cos t of a long tunnel a r e eva i l ab le . Tmo d i s t i r l c t a d v a n t e e s of a d i r e c t tunnel nould be the reduced cos t of maintenance, and a standby system could be d i spensed rvith s ince the re ~vould be nc danger of a break i n t h e supply l i n e .

The fo l lon ing ~ o u g h pre l iminary es t ima tes of the cost o f angineering s t r u c t u r e s necessary to c a r q - o c t t h e plar: mere supplied by t h e Construz- t i o n 3-ngiaeer a t Shasta 3m.:

1. 2 i v e r s i o n dm. a d d ~ t a k e s t r u c t u r e s on up?er bScClou& 3 i t e r - - - - - - - - - - - - $140,030.00

2. Canal, 40 o i i e s ( a ~ p r o x i x a t e ) at $50,00G p e r mile - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 , 0'20, 000.00

3. Suspension b r idge over P i t E ive r - - - - - - - 530, OCO . 00

4. Tunnel through "Grzy X3ckstt - - - - - - - - - 3C0,OOO. 00

Xstimates of the cos ts of the hatchery , pond f a c i l i t i e s , e t c . , de ter - mined by htr. Fred ;. Foster , 3egionzl D i r e c t o r , Tes tern D i ~ i s i o n of F i sh , k l t u r e , U. S. 3urez.u c f F i s h e r i e s , a r e g iven below:

5. Stil1:vater Creek Yatchey:, holding, r i p e n i x , and rear ing ponds, r e s idences , cold s torage p l e c t , garage , roads, h r i Q e s , grading, fencing, taLc t r u c k s , e t c . - - - - -$1,256,500.00

6. Experimental ponds for biological i n v e s t i ~ t i o c s t o deternine rearing pro ceda-es for c'ninoo k sainon a d to obta i r a sc i en t i f i c check on the s-xcess of the salvageproblem - - - - - - - - - - - - - 19,500.00

7. Iiacks o r weirs for h l d i n g f i s h w i t 5 ~ selected sections of S t i l lxa te r Creek - - - - - - - - - - 8,000.00

Total est inatas of capi tal costs - - - - - - - - - $4.2 54,000.00

costs of operation.--3stimates furnished by -- Y r . Fred J. Foste:, Zegional 3 i rec tor , Besterr- 3ivis ion of Pi sh C u l t u e , U. S. 3ure.z~ of Fisheries.

1. Trasping and hauling of adul t s based on annual of 30,000 f i s h - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - $ ~ o ~ ~ o o ~ o o

3. General, for hatchery operatio= and a a k t e ~ m c e - 25,15C).OO

Tine amual operating cost es t ina te of $54,190 covers only t ransfer of Tisk: and hatchery operations. I t i s based on an estimated t o t a l m of 3C,000 adults vhich i s higher than ths 27,000 e s t i m t e d ir, t h i s report.

Ar; es t ina te of $62,500 for firm pomer loss resul t ing fron diversion of 150 cubic fee t per second fron S h s t a B e s e m i r supply was supplied b;r:fr. S. 0. I h p e r , Acting Chief Engineer, 3uraau of Raclamation, i n a l e t t e r of :vbrch 29, 1940, t o Dr. 7. 3 . W a d of S t d o r d gniversity. Wo cost e s t i aa te s are availakie for naint&ning thc water suppl:r canal 3m.d bridge ovcr the P i t Bivcr a m of the reservoir.

.Wmntwes of -- tlle S t i l l ~ a t e r Plan:

1. The water mould 5e the best a ~ a i l a b l e , the sane a s that i n which ;lost o f the an has alrraj-s spanned and there should be PLO docbt a -~out i t s ~ ~ ~ i t a b i l i t y for 2 o l d i ~ g , ripening, hatching, and a l l other phases of tke sslhonrs fresl-xater existence.

2 . There i s 30 pover, i r r i g a t i o a , o r other u t i l i z a t i o n on S t i l lna te r Creek, heace $here ao-dd be ao zoc- f l i c t i w in teres ts n i th the f i she r i e s program m m t e r r ights t o pcrchase.

3. The kablling distance could be the shortest o f any plan proposed.

4. I f the honiag tendency proves strong, 2laulir-g night be elimi3ated a f t e r one o r t a o cycles of t ransfer .

5. Still-rater Creek- i s readi ly accessible by road along i t s e z t i r e length, uhic3 i s not t rue of other stream proposed f o r salvage use.

6. Climate conditions a re sui table i n 50 t h minter and summer f o r all operations.

7. The mouth of Stillvzxter Creek i s below the trapping s i t e s the returning nigraats could enter S t i l l - water Creek f i r s t . Tfiis would make po s s ib l e a reasonably accurate check OE the homing tendencg of chinook salmon.

Disadvantaqes of the Stil lmater ?Ian: --

1. 2igh i n i t i a l cost .

2. lkintenance cost high i n proportion t o value of the salmon m.

3. L i ~ i t e d areas f o r u t u r a l spaming i n the strean.

4. Iroposed d m a h v e Red Bluff i n Iron Cayon would bar future nigrzt ions into S t i l l m t e r Creek. In mould be possible, hanever, t o carry S t i l l n a t e r Creek around t h i s future r e semoi r by a 6itch.

5. VT~-certabty concerning the future behavior of salno~l i n holding and ripening ponds nzld on the na tura l spam- i r g beds i n St i l lmater Creek.

6. Lack of Cefini te , conclusive evidence of the va l id i ty of the "parent stream" theory.

7. 3anger of a break i n the nater supply, unless Kccloud Xiver water c a be carr ied i n tunnel a l l the m a y t o St i l lwater Creek.

8. Pocer lo s s at Dan by diversion of water fron the IJcCloud Ili ver .

I t n i l 1 be noted tha t sone of the itercs l i s t e d a s advantages of the S t i l lwater Plan a re i n apparect conf l ic t x l t h some of the disadvantages just given. Principal contradictory i t e c s a r e with regard t o na tura l spam-ing and honing tecdency of chinook sahon. 0nJ.y a continued biological s t u w rill provide the answers t o these pro-aleas.

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The problem i s e~sent i2~l l : r the task of salvaging a f a l l run of over 16,000 f i s h and a spring ~vll of over 6,000 f i sh . The spring-run f i s h a re m r e d i f f i c u l t t o ?ipen beca~rse they a r r ive green and do not T a m ur i t i l some time i n September, while the f a l l run i s merely ready to spawn upon a r r i n 3 . Consequently, the treatment recommended i s d i f fe rent f o r each run.

Fa l l - -.- RE.--A new hatchery would have t o be buXt fo r the f a l l rm because the present one i s t o o o ld and i s not la rge enough to take care of m r e than the f i s h now entering 3 a t t l e Creek. The f a l l run passing Snasta Dam would produce me11 over 50,000,000 eggs while Bat t le Creek Eatchery can handle only about 12,000,000 eggs. A hatchery having a capacity of at l e a s t 75,000,000 eggs would have t o be b u i l t to take care of the t ransferred f i s h a d the exis t ing f a l l runs i n Bat t le Creek.

Lbst of the water i n Bat t le Creek i s spring water except t lmt contrib- rr uted dniiing peeads of run-off from snow o r ra in . mwever, the m t e r tends

t o warn up i n the lower s t retches during the summer (Appendix Table 4) . In order to ge t the bss t water s q g l y possible , a pipe l i n e should be constructed f r o s the t a i l r ace of Cola= Fomerhousc f o r abotlt 3 miles to a sui table s i t e on the north bank of the stream a'mut a mile northeast of the present Bat t le Creek Hatchery. Ample space i s avai lable there f o r the con- s t ruct ion of ponds and hatchery.

The nirlmun amount of f l o m at the forebay of Cole- Pomerhouse i n 1939 was 174 cubic fee t per secoad. This vas i n July. Since i t i s estimated that approximately 150 cubic f ee t par second nould be necessary f o r hatchery, holding, ripening, and rearing ponds, there mould be enough na ter available. There nould not be enough water a t any one of the springs higher q i n the valley t o handle the ec t i r e run.

The mater supply f o r the present S a t t l e Creek Hatchery i s diverted fron Bat t le Creek by a l o w dam about one-quarter a i l e above the hatchery. This has d i s t i n c t disadvantages because s i l t i s car r ied into the hatchery troughs and deyosited on eggs. By taking the water supply d i rec t ly from the tail- race of Cole- Powerhouse and avoiding creek water, i t would be possible t o e l in ina te sone of the s i l t now picked q i n the s t r e t ch of stream between Coleman Powerhouse and the hatchery, as me11 a s some of the s i l t from the natural stream bed above Coleman. A l l the mater going through Coleman ?omer:muse t raverses a long system of ditches end small reservoirs and i n the s w e r does not carry a heayr s i l t load although i n minter run-off periods i t i s of ten bad. h s e t t l i z g Sasin o r f i l t e r nould have t o be in - s t a l l ed t o secure mod water throughout the yoar.

Using water from the Poner conpany canal i o t h i s nay zould not in t e r - fe re i n any Tay n i t h the co=rpanyls operation o r water r ights since the nater could be taken up a f t e r i t i s t'nrough r i t h i t .

T ~ s plan presents one ser ious drawback. The pol:rer company could not svalzntee a 2ermanznt flow through t h e i r cana l s , and i f a break should. occur a t some p lace , there would a l s o be a break i n the hatchery and pond s u ~ p l y vhich might prove f a t a l to an d n t i r e season ' s mn. Spring-run f i s h would not genera l ly be held dur ing t h s season of f l 3 s h f loods vhzn a b reak in the m t a r s u ~ p l y might occur. m e r e i s however, constant danger from a break caused by f i r e o r s l i d e s o r some o t h e r f a i l u r e i n the canal system, o r n break i n tile powar l i n e i t s e l f which might make i t necessary f o r the power compaqv to shut off the water.

Sgrizg 3m.--Since the spr ing run f i s h a r r i v e st S b s t a Dam i n a verJ "greentt condi t ion , at tempts to 1-ipen and hold these f i s h i n the comgara- t ive l j . warm v a t e r of 2 a t t l e creek- woilld be extremek? hazardous. ' le&sratures d u r i n ~ the s 7 m z r , a r e somctimes a s 'nigh as ?Z0F. (Appendix Table 4).

Spring-= f i s h might be t ranspor ted up to Dnrrah Springs where holding an? r ipening ponds could be bu i l t . The d i s t a n c e of the t rans2er would be ap,roxim-telp 32 milas from a trapping s i t c near ?&Ling.

Approxinately 35 cubic f e e t p e r second of water a t a t e n ~ e r a t u r e , of 2;;-

proxi .mtely 5e03'. i s a v a i l a b l e a t k r r a h Springs. %is water i s noy:? p -aped up 8 f e e t by the power company i n t o t h e i r 3aldwin Creek pipe ?.in" from wirich i t Ilows by g m v i t y i n t o the C o l d m a Cam1 f o r g a n e n t i o n of povcr at the Colaman 3ov1erhausa. Use of tha m t a r f o r f i s h - c - d t u r a l purposes would nc - cessitate - m a n g arnngements wi th the company t o p u q the water up zpproxi- m - t e l y 50 f o a t to a f l a t a r e a s u i t a b l e f o r c o a s t ~ u c t i o n of pon& through ~ N c h i t !:tould flow by g rav i ty . Fhs c o s t of _ourping wodd be a considorable sun anxxu-llp. A d i t c h a p p r o x i m t c l y one-half mile long wodd be rzqxired to l ezd the m t a r from the ,ponds back i n t o the Coleman Ditch.

N r . Zred J. Zoster of the 3ureau of B isher ias has examined the b r l ' ~ t h Springs s i t e azld repor t s t h a t a s u i k b l e nolding pond could probabl:~ be b u i l t i n the a r e a ly ing between k r m h Springs and Ealdl~in Creek above t h e in take of t!le yower coeany . M r . Fos ter says: !!The hol&ini; pond cocld be so coxstructed a s t o p ~ ~ n ~ i t a g rav i ty flow of an a s t i m t n d 10 to 1 5 second f e e t cf -,,atzr i n t o the head of the pond a t a l l times which volume would be s ~ f f i c i z n t f o r h o l & i i g the f i r s t of the f i s h l i b e r a t e d i n ths h o l d i w pond.. As tile wmbcr of f i s h increased i t would bo ?oss ib le t o pump the s s r ing m t e r , of ?!hizh there i s a t o t a l of 2p?rox imte ly 54 sccond. f e z t , a t a t empdr~ ture of 5G0 P . , from below the holding pond bnt s t i l l abova the power hots? l n t a k s and discharge the v o l m e i n t o the head of the h o l d i r ~ pon2 o r a.t points a s desired."

This water scyply i s the. .best eva i lab le on Bat t le Creek and would o f f e r the gr2at:st p o s s i b i l i t i s s f o r success i n holding and r ipenins spring r-~n f i sh . The la rge loss among the spring run f i s h tmnsfer red from the ?.zd.Cing Darn to the Bat t le Creek mcks i a 1939 indicates t h t S t t l e Creek l a t e r i t - se l f i s not su i tab le f o r holding the spring run. For da ta on holdin; gond experiments, see the sect ion ""3cperime~tal = d i n g and Xoldingtt e a r l i cr i n t h i s rzport.

Fish handled a t Ih r r ah Springs wodd have to be hauled about 32 ~ i l e s t o ri?ening and holding ponds f o r ons o r more cycles. The young, i n turn, would have to be planted i n Z a t t l e Creek bolow Colem-n Powerhous? and, assuming tbt they returned to Bat t le Creek as a d u l t s , they would. k v c t o be hauled nnnuzlly about 8 milss up to nolding ponds a t Darrah S ~ r i n g s fron the Colcmn s i t e . This vould require construction of approximztely 10 n i l j s of neiq rocd from the 2 ~ 1 1 ' s Ferry Pridgc to I h r n h Spricgs on the north si?.e of k t t l e Creek. I f constructed, the road should go by m y of thc 211- run katchery bolov Colemc Powerhouse a n d . ~ r o c e e d by a s e r i e s of easy g n d e s t o m r n h Springs.

The following items would be required f o r carrying out t h i s ~ l a n f o r both the spring and f a l l runs. No cost estimates on t h i s plan &ve been prepared:

1. A ID tchery having ?& capacity of approximte ly 75,000,000 eggs, holding, r igeniag, an& rearing ponds constructed below Coleman P~werhouse for the f a l l run.

2. A h t c h e r y a t B a r n h S ~ r i n g s of a t l e a s t a capaci ty of 30,000,000 eggs w i th holding, ripening, and rear ing pon2s ?or the s ~ r i n g m ~ .

3 Eeadw~rks and pipe l i n e to bring 150 cubic f e e t per second of water from t a i l r a c e of the Solemn Powerkiouse t o the Colemn s i t e .

4. Catchment works, pumping works, and pipe l i n e to r a i s e 35 cubic f e e t per second of water 50 f e z t and carry i t from thz springs to thc Dnrmh Sprizgs s i t e .

5. Trznsfer of a l l f i s h fron! traps i n thc: = in r i v e r near Bedding 25 miles -(one way) t o thc Col~m.11 s i t e with fa l l - run f i s h , and 32 a i l e s (one way) to the 2arm.n Springs s i t e with spring- m- fish.

6. A f l e e t or' a t l e a s t 16 tank trucks f o r t r ans fe r of a l l f i s h fo r an avemge round-trip d i s ta rce of 58 miles.

7. F!?irs, co l lec t ing systems, t raps , e levators , cooling p lan t , e tc . , for :

a. T rap~ ing of returned spring-- adu l t s fo r t ransfer t o l k r r a h Springs.

b. Leading r e t u n e d f a l l - p a migrants i n t o ko ld i fg and r ipening ponds a t the Colemn s i t e .

8. &?ding young spring-run f i s h fron? Earmh S ~ r i n g s m t c h e r y bask to 3 a t t l e Creek near S o l e ~ n f o r p l a n t i n g i f the water i n the s t r e a n i s too low.

9. Screaning of i r r i p t i o n d i t c h e s below Colezan Powerhouse znd removal of o ld S a t t l e Creek Ehfchery Can.

10- PossiSle strengthening o r rebui ld ing of 3 l l ! s Ferry Sr5dge f o r the ten ton t rucks used f o r h a u l i ~ s a l ~ c n .

11. A b u t ten miles of new road from 3111's Terry Bridge to Cctrrah Springs s i t e v i c tha Colemn s i t e .

Another poss ib l s modificasion of the above p l a c should be mentioned. I f the 35 cilbic f z e t p e r second o? s ~ r i n g water a x a i i a b l e a t 3arrah S~rir-g-s were considered a s u f f i c i e n t qcantiQr f o r eyeing and h ~ t c l h i w the to t31 egg take (a5out 100,000,000 e g s ) of the e n t i r e m, only oce La tchargr woulC! naed to be b u i l t . Since the supply a t Darrah Sorings waul?., i n any c a s e , a l s o have t3 ba used to hold and r ipen t h ~ e n t i r e spr ing m, i t n izh t not bc a sa fz proc-.dure to use such a l i n i t e d supply severa l t i n e s by passfng i t ovcr aggs O 2 f r y 2nd thcnce through a s e r i e s of holding ponds. 3 o amount of water i s o3viously too l imi ted t c a1lol.1 sc-prate s ~ p - p l i e s f s r a l l th ree o p c ~ . t i o n s , v iz : r i p e n i x , k a t c N e , aad rear is ; o f a l l f i s h i n both lu.ls. 3tll-run f i s h n igh t be held acC! ri?ened balow C o l c s n , and the eggs c ~ r r i e d - ~ p to k r r a h Springs f o r e y e i ~ and k.tc1da.g. The r s s u l t a n t f i r - z r l i z g s could be truckcd back to tile r e a r i ~ g poncis below Cclemn o g e ~ . t e d i n conjxrxtion with the r i p e n i w poads.

E:e 0217 d i f fe rence i n the l a t t e r . ~ l a n i s tile eyeicg and kitchin;- of the f a l l 1-u sggs at , Darrah Syrings. The super ior qual i t j - of the ;Jater szp- p l y the re ce re - in ly warrants s i v i n g ca re f -d c o n s i d e ~ z t ior , to t h i s n o s s i b i l i ty.

Combination use of S t t l e Creek an?. Deer Zree !~

Desr Sree!r i s the only o t h r st;.eam is the lzppar Sacra2mcr,to Valley t o vrhich t r a n s f e r c o u d conveniently bz mlz?e. bl tkocgk i t i s a ~ ~ 1 1 ~ t E T - i n , w i th l in i tec? s p m i n i ; a r e a s and p r i o r 1tmt;r 6.iv.3rsion r i g h t s , I t n ight be poss ib lz to use Deer Creek a t leas t , i n conbinatioc 7:ritli a hatchery on 22tt l .z

i C ~ e e k . ;$fi l l Creek, another s m l l s t r a a z , near Deer Creek, i s conslaered * w s u i t ab le because survey es t in% t es ir,?.f G?- t ad SF-wninz ?-??as f o r only a j o u t

1 ,500 faw-le sa.laon. I t alrart8y has a f a i r f a l l n n 2nd a s n a l l sp r i cg m. Deer Creel: has sp -~ming e r e a f o r about 3,700 f e z a l s s s l ~ o n bctvean thc aocth a.n? the f a l l s nbore Tolk Spri=s. 3n ly tho r;pricg ma, hosovtr , she-iLd be trs.nsferre?. bocause the s t r = a i s too s m l l f o r the l a r g c r f 2 l l rm.

&?ore any t r a n s f e r c o u l t bo m~--de i t woidd be necessaq,, to assure a p e m n e ~ t flow 3f m t a r i n t 'ne lower reaches during the i r r iga . t ion seasor,. o r z t 1 eas t during the time t i ~ t f i s h wo?ild be migra-ting u2stream. Tihis could b e dcne by pmping t a t o r from the Sacramento Hiver f o r tha i r r i s - t ion d i s t r i c t s and al lowing the water i n 3es r Creek to flow without a break to tile niouth. The i r - i tisl cos t f o r a pumpiw p l a n t , not icc luding the t i s t r i b u t i o g system, screens, etc.., has 'oecn estimated 2s $100,030 57 brea-6- of Bccla3ation Enginzers a t BadLing.

mdor tiis coabinatior? *.ttle Sreck 2nd Deer Sreck plan the f a l l run would >c laandled by a b t c h e r y a t the C o l e u ~ s i t e on Ba t t lo Creoli, 2nd the spr ing run would be t m n s f ~ r r e a to Decr Creek poss ib ly f o r both c2tu~1l and a r t i i ' i c i a l propagation. F l o f i s h could be he ld i n gonds i n the 3ae r Creck can:rog u-? il r i p e s inzc spr ing run f i s h a r e hown to r ipen n a t x - a l l j ~ i n the stream.27 The eggs could then be s t r i p ~ e d a r d taken t o a hatcher,? OR Deer Cree:.: a t some a c c e s s i b l e spot above i r r i s t i o n divers ions . Most of the f v should be p lanted back i n DeeT Creek ia order t o b u i l d up the sp r i5g run , a l though a h a t c h e v would be a con-~enient c e n t e r from which to d i s t r i b u t e f r y to r;he Feather , Yuba and Anzrican riivers and o t h e r degle ted streams of the wester2 S i c r r a Nemda watershed.

Tkc p r e s e a t a c t u a l u t i l i z a t i o n of Deer Creek i s n o t h o r n , j u t if i t -,groves t o 50 s m 1 1 , azd i f prater t cnpera tu res a r e f o n d s u i t a S l s , the s ~ r i - . g f - from the Sc~cranezto a t Bedding might well be t r a n s f e r r e d to the str.eam

and allowed t 3 cpavm ? a t u m l l y .

The round-tr ip d i s t ance f r o a Keswiclr t o Deer Creek a t Highwas 99E cross ing i s 124 miles. Since the mxinun number of f i s h p e r day counted t h r o ~ h the fishwap a t Zedding during the sp r ing run was 308, and the re were only 5 days i n vhich the nunber axceeded 200, no a d d i t i o n a l t rucks would 3e needed beyond those suggasted to t r a n s f e r the f a l l run to B a t t l e Creek.

Coastruction prograa:--The following cons t ruc t ion prograri would be required f c r t h e h t t l e Creek-Deer Creek p l a n , ic a d d i t i o n to the construc- t i o n of a 1?3tcLery, ponds, roeds, weirs , e t c . , suggested f o r the s a l v a g i x of tha f a l l ra a t the Coleman s i t e :

1. Yeir on lower Dear Creek to prevent f i s h from returriicg to the Sacranel to ?.iver.

2. Adequate f i s h ladders a ~ d f i s h s c r e e x i on the two Deer Creek t i v e r s i o n b n s .

6 / Z n f o r t m a t c l y thore a r e co a v a i l a b l e t a q e r a t u r e s f o r lower Deer crock - dur izg tha w a n e s t p a r t of the year. T c q e r a t u r e s during October verz recor-ded a t 50° and 50° below the canyon.

3 . Sa tcne ry , holding and reari,ng ponds , w e i r s , t r s ~ s , e t c . , i f a r t i f i c i a l ~ r 3 p g a t i 0 1 1 i s to be a t t m ~ t e d .

4. Xew road , between tan an? t h i r t y n i l e s , dependin& on l o c a t ion of h a t c h e r j .

5. Pmpir-g p l a t m d p ipe l i n e s t o rep lac ; water t o i r r i g a t i o n d i s t r i c t .

Advantages of the E a t t l e Creek P lan :

1. The only 3utstandLng advantages ~f the 3attls Creek p l a over t h e S t i l l w a t e r Plan a r e i t s l o v 2 r i n i t i a l c o s t and t h e f a c t t h a t i t would not e n t a i l a gower l o s s at Shas tx Power P l a n t .

2. I f t he 3 a t t l e Creek-Deer Creek combination p l a n of hcmdling the s ~ r i n g run were eaopted , t h e r e woulfi be a n ample su2ply of c o l d water i n Deer :reek. dXrthsrmore, il" i t i s d e s i r e d , a l a r g e p a r t of tha q r i n g n;n could be allowed t o spawn n a t u r a l l y .

Disacivantages of th.5 3 a t t l e Creek Pla?:

1. Dependence UFOri a r t i f i c i a l propagat i o s 3.s t h e so le salvngs measure ( f o r the f a l l ~m at l a a s t ) .

2. Vnre l i aS le water sup*. The water s u ~ p l y of the Colemn s i t e Pcr a hatchery o r hold ing ponds i s en- t i r e l y aependent upon t h e o p e r a t i o n s of t k e power c o q a r j .

3. Native runs i n both B a t t l e and Deer Creeks which would probably inc rease with a.ny s t r e a n iqr3vernent progzam encl might cause overcrowding i f alzy aatu-21 ?ro?agat i o n were contemplzted.

4 - Lorz h a u l i n g d i s t a n c e t o 9 e e r Creek.

5. Necessi ty of r e p l a c i c g i r r i g a t i o n xa te? ~ i t h a 3er - mment p u q i 3 g p l a t i f 3 e e r Sreek i s t o 'se :lse:?.

6 . 99ed c o n s t r u c t i o n 2nd ? o s s i b l e s t r z c g t h e n i n g of the 3211' s F s r r y 3ri?.ge.

S t i l l another ~ l a n , suggested by K r . F. J. P o s t e r of the 3. 3 . 3ureau of Z i s h o r i e s , i s tn3.t 0 1 holdin:? the f a l l - r m s a l p o ~ i n a reas of the Secramento E ive r below Bedding u n t i l they spav.wed n a t u r a l l y . According t o t h e stream survey d a t a t h s r e i s room snough f o r 25,OC.O f ~ m e l e sa lacn i n t h e

main r i v e r Setween the s i t e of the proposed Kesbrick <am and the mouth of 3 a t t l e Creek. To take ad\-ariitage or' t h i s po t en t i a l spamini; a r ea , t w o Qr more ~actcks vould be i n s t a i l e d i n the main r i v e r and a d e f i n i t e nuziber of sa ino~l p e m i t t e d i n esch a rea accgrding to the es t imate2 cagsc i ty of the ar ec?. .

The spr ins ran would be t r q p e d ~-n3. t r an s f e r r ed t o 3 a t t l e Creek o r perha2s on 3eer Creek.

Vnder the Sacramento 2 ive r na tu r a l spaming p l a n , most of the P a l l rm would be held i n the main r i v e r , where they woula Se expected t o s7am n a t u r a l l y , and the rema.irider tzken t o a hatcheqr on B a t t l e Creek a t the Coleman o r Darrah Springs s i t e . Since water condi t ions a t present a re unsu i t ab l e f o r holding the spr ing run ir, tZe main r i v e r , the e n t i r e spring run would be t rans fe r red .

The Pol lu t ion Problem. --The Sacramento River i s sub: e c t t o ~ o l l u t i o n - from mine 6 r e i n a g e ~ i n tZe visinit:; of the Shasta r e s e n r o i r area . Studies of t h i s po l lu t ion ?-y N r . Paul haw (See A?pendix 2') i nd i ca t e t ha t concen- t r a t i o n s of d i s s o l ~ a d cJpper i n the r i v e r at Spring Creek, immediately above the Keswick J 5 t e r b ~ ~ y s i t e , a r e Lerr the l e t h a l l i m i t f o r t r ou t and poss ibly small sainc~n f o r most of the ger iod f r o 3 Bovember 1930, to Peb- ruary 1940, a2d above tke l e t n a l l i ~ l i t f o r several days dur ing t h a t period. Ths t o t a l amount of copper i n solut ion increases &zfter a ra in- f a l l , p e r h z ~ s as a r e s u l t of 1ea:hizg ac t ion on e-qosed ore bodies. If t h i s i s the czilse, i t would be i m o s s i b l e t o prevent i t from en te r ing the r i ve r . I f , on the o ther hand, the pz inc ipa l source of the co?per i s drainage f r o 3 abadoned mize t - m e l s , it ziqv be poss ib le to s ea l the t m e l s t o prevent a l a rge p a r t of She p o l l ~ l t i m . Studies a r e now under way t o de- termice nore d e f i n i t e l y the so-uce of the po l lu t ion .

Th i le the re i s no -;;F$- to Letemir-2 the poss ib le l o s s e s caused by d i s - solved copper t o ne tu r a l l y spawned eggs =d a l ev in s i n the main r i v e r , i t i s reasanable to a s s u , ~ ~ t h a t i t c e r t r i n l y has no bene f i c i a l s f f e c t . fnere- f o r e no plan i n iifiich salmon woula be concentrateci f o r na tu r a l spawning imnediatelg below the source of t h i s g ~ l l u t i o n should be considered u n t i l nessures a re tc&-ez: to rscuce tile coacelltra.tior, of copger. I f t h i s proves t o be ingoss ible o r econosically ~ m f e a s i b l e , t he plar- of holding salnon f a r nature1 sga;.ni?4 i r - the ~ ~ a i n r i v e r i m e d i a t e l y below the source of pol lu- t i o n shauld ncJt be cocsiCered. The ? o l l u t i a n nay be l e s s se r ious a few miles below Xedding i n the r e ~ i o n of the bes t r i i f l e s .

-4side from the coFper p c l l u t i o c , i t i s poss ible th;-t the r i v e r vmter below Shasta D a m and Keswick D a m w i l l have h n n f u l p roper t i es as a r e s u l t 09 being s tored i n a reservoir . T11e d e f i n i t e l y harmful n s k r e of some r e se ivo i r va t e r was discussed undor the Stilll: ,ater ?lan. 3css rvo i r water probzbly 7:rould not pravsnt the elmor- from csining upst rean to th2 t n ~ s , but i t n igh t be unsa t ix f~ .c to ry f o r holding the a d c l t s or f o r Q ~ ' Z J . I ~ . ~ spwning i n the mi2 r iver . Or- the o ther :x%n&, i t i s poss ib le t ha t any k n f u l p roper t i es of rese rvo i r w t e r w i l l c o ~ r e c t themselves by the t i ne the water b s reached xed?-ing. I t i s i q o s s i ' o l e to s k t a d e f i n i t e l y a.t t h i s t i n e ~.~het!ler o r nr?t r ese rvo i r m t c r w i l l prove s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r the Sacraneat0 X v c r >Tat-ual Spawning Plan.

Temer2tures.--7emperctures i n the main r i ve r become dangerously high. Temperaturps above SOOT. have been found r;o cause 'nigh m o r t a l i t i e s among salmon being held f o r r ipening, and s ince t e e e r a t u r e s i n the main r i v e r a r e sonetines above t h i s (Fig. 8) u n t i l l a t e i n Se?tember, the spring run and ? a r t of the f a l l ' m would nave to 3e tra'p~,ed. and ilzqdled sisewhere.

Evicence f ron s tud ies of the groblem of h o l d i , ~ and r i pe r i ng of sa l - mon by inves t iga to rs of the Yisherie s Depa r t~en t of the S t a t e of Vashing- ton ind ica tes tha t t e q e r a t u r e s of over SO0?. should not be considered su i t ab l e . Danger of high teirperatures w i l l be g r ea t f o r the ea r ly p a r t of the f a l l run before Shasta Dm. i s c o n ~ l e t e d . !\rate- temperatures remained above 50°F. u n t i l 3ctober 2 , 1933, before which date nearly 25 p e r cent of t h e fa.11 run had already migrate2 upst rean. Af te r c o q l e t i o n , r i v e r tempera tu res usuallv w i l l be lot.ver than they a r e a t p r e se r t because water w i l l ,

o r can be discharged from below the r e se rvo i r theimocline. Eowever, during per iods of successive dry yea r s , such a s occurred fram 1931 t o 1934, in- c l u s ive , the opera.ting scllecl-dle ( ~ i g . 1) shows t h a t water w i l l be drawn a t o r near the surface or' the rese rvo i r . The analys is of possi 'cls t enpe ra t i s e s ( see Apendix 3) , ind ica tes t h a t a t such t i n e s surfsce water i n t he reser- v o i r may be above 75OP. a s l a t e a s September 15. Such temperatures might d e l q tke f a l l r u n , but probably would nct ?revent f i s h from swimmlrg q to the t r aps . Xowever, temperatures might jecome high enou@, es2ec ia l ly 10, o r 26 miles below the a m , so t h a t f i s h would not hold and r i ~ a n i n the riain r i v e r a s t h i s p l v l proposes. I f t h i s should Se t r u e , a s e r i e s of dry years might e i t h e r wholly o r p a r t i a l l y destroy the f a l l ran.

?lood coz i i t ions : --Fdcst of the b i g f loods i n th; Sacranento Biver -- come a f t e r the f a l l m a m f c g season, ;.~he,? the racks would not be needed, but f loods come of ten enough ia the f a l l so that the racks tiould have to be b u i l t to withstand high water. Becords fron $he 3ed 3 lu f f gaugitlg s ta- t i o n show tha t i n 4.3 years the re were 18 t i n e s when flows wera over 10,G00 cubic f e e t ? a r second before o r about t h s niddle ~f Novenber, 10 f loods with ~ ) e s k s of over 30,Q00 cubic f e e t pe r second and. two f loods of over l @ C l O O O cubic f e e t pe r seconcl. The s-g~-wning 7e r i oa l a s t r u-?t il e a r l y 3s- cenber, an6 therefore the rscks might nave t o wi ths tmd f l a s h f loods char- a c t e r i s t i c of tiie upper Sacrzmento Biver basin.

Vnless the racks i n t h s mzin r i v e r 2re excegtionally wel l h i l t , there wculd be great danger of t h s i r being wzshed olrt b j r f loods before Shasta D m i s c o q l e t a d . Daring f loods , the Sacramento xi-rer ofter , doubles i n volume between 3edding .md 9ecl 3 l u f f , and conseq-aently i t w i l l be d i f f i c u l t to i n s t a l l r ~ c k s el-en above "uttorrv.r3od ayd 3 a t t l e Crzsks t h e t r~cu ld stand

c a chance of rexaining i n t ac t 5uri1g I l aod psr iods .

C o n s t r ~ c t i o n Pr3irru;l m d Costs: --I2 order to czr?j out t h i s p l an , i t 1

would 'oe necessar j t o i n s t d l t r a?s i n tne main r i-rer a s i n any c t h e r p lan , although i t has been suggested t h a t the7 need not be a s l a rge a s i;? other

plans l.,rhicn contea-plate t rappicg of the e n t i r e rm. The saving i n con- stl-uction c o s t s by reducing t he s i z e of the t r z ~ p i n g s t r uc tu r e s would not be d i r e c t l y propor t ional t o the nod i f i c a t i ons suggested. I t seems aav i s - able t he r e fo r e , t o have trapping s t r u c t u r e s l a r g e enough to handle t he en- t i r e run i n the e;-ent of W o r s e e n emergencies ( s e e sect ion 11) . -4lthoug;tl i t has been s l . ,?es ted t h a t only t h r ee truclcs would Se needed t o t r a n q a r t the spring m a d p a r t of the f a l l run t o a. hatchery on 3 a t t l e Creek, It would be a d v i s ~ ~ b l e t o have m r e tAlrcks i n o rder t o keep up with t he caoac- i t y of the t r a ~ s i f i t Sectme necessary.

I n add i t ion t o the above, the c o n s t r ~ c t ion program inzrolved i n the Sacramento Biver holdtng p lan includss :

1. Hatchery of 47,C00,000 egg capac i ty 2/, holding the r ea r i ng ponbs, residenze , cold storege p l a n t , garage an6 work sh D , roads, e t c . ( includes contingencies) ------- $1,276 , 0 0 L 10 9-

2. Three racks i n the Sacranento River , from 350 t o 450 f e e t long. The racks could be dismantled when not needed to con- t r o l the f a l l run, but s t ab l e concrete s i l l s , p i e r s , and bank pro tec t ion would be necessary. -------- $300 , o o ~ /

3. Strengthening or reconst ruct ion of 3 a l l s F e r r , ~ Bridge i f . hatchery i s cocs t ructed on 3 a t t l e Creek.----- Iio es t imate

4. ~ i n i a & of th ree trucks f o r h z d i n g . --------- $19, SO@/

Annual operat ing c o s t s , est imated by Mr. Fred J. Fos t e r , a r e a s follows:

T r q p i n g and haul ing 10,000 f i s h ------------- $6,380.00

S a l a r i e s , hatchery operat ions ---------------- 15,000.00

T o t a l annual operat ing cos t s ----------------- $40,380.00

Adva tages of Kain River hgldine o l u l : -- 1. The c a p i t a l co s t s of t h i s p l an ~ o d d be lower than f o r a.w

other plan.

2. Lmparently more ava i l ab le n a t ~ l r a l spaming areti than i n ang- o the r salvage p l a r . -.

9 / This hatchery would s u p g l a t the p resen t B a t t l e Creek hntchery , a s \!ell - a s handling f i s h f ron the Sacrmento Xiver.

l o / Estimates by 7. J. Toster. -

3. Water i n t h e n a i n r i v e r remained below 5C09. d t e r October 2 , 1959 and 75 p e r c m t o f t h e f a l l run migrated p a s t Sedding a f t e r t h i s d a t e . On t h e b a s i s of t enpe ra t - l r ea a l o n e , i t would be p o s s i b l e t o ho ld most of t h e f a l l rm ia t h e a a i n r i v e r when the r e s e r v o i r i s no t drawa down t o mininun l e v e l .

1. The nos t s e r i o u s disadvaqtage of t h i s p l a n i s t he u n c e r t a i n t y of i t s success; Behaviour of f i s h when h e i d Sehind racks i n the mzin r i v e r cannot be p r e d i c t e c . !(%ils thay nre sonetimes !mown t o drop 5a.c;: a n a spa.\m below o b s t r ~ c t i a n s , t h e r e i s iio assurance t h a t a run ca be succes s f i l l l y n z i n t a i n e d ';y t h i s means and h igh ort tali ties p r s v e n t e a . T u r t h s r c ~ o r e , observa- t i o n s of f i s h h e l d behind r acks s!:ow t h e t f n s f i s h tend t o concen t r a t e toward t h e u m e r end of t h e ho ld ing a r e a s r e t h e r thnn d i s t r i b u t i c g thense lves eveniy over then.

2. Copper concen t r a t ions i n t h e Sacrament3 B i ~ e r from a i n e d ra in - ages n e a r t h e scene o f groposed s a l v q e ope ra t ions a r e at t imes l e t h a l t o t r o u t ~ o s s i b l y young salmon (Apnendix 3 ' ) .

3 . Temperatl.~res of water i n t h e S a c r z s n t o 2 i v e r at 2 a d d l r ~ a r e g e z e r a l l y a jove SCOF., 3 - 0 3 631- t o O c f ~ 3 e r (0c:ober 2 , 1339).

4. Cons t ruc t ion of the proposed Tzble ;tIountaiz &an would e l i m i - n a t e a l l sgav.nir_e z r e a s cons id2red ia t h i s p l m s ince t h e d m v~ould back the water t o Zedding. There i s v e q - l i t t l e 2vai la .bla spawning a rea i n t h e S a c r ~ a e n t c Z ive r below t b i s damsite .

Th i s ?lea asswnes t h a t temperature r e a ~ ~ i ~ e r n e n t s a r e of g r e a t s r im- ~ a r t a n c e than s p a t i a l requirements f o r ho ld ing and r ipen ing sainon. 3 i g , deep p ~ o l s ebouxd i n t h e mein ~ i u e r while one 3f t h e p r i n c i o a l l i m i t e t i o n s of o t h e r sa lvage 2 l a n s a r e the r e l a t i v e l y =al l p o o i s a l ~ d l i n i t e d s t ream a reas . Ve do not know which i s s o s t i q o r t a ~ t , t e - m e r s t u r e o r space , bu t vie assume t h e former should r ece ive g r e ~ t e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n t e r n s of f i s h e r i e s exper ience .

Another p o s s i b l e salvage nethod f o r hz?Zir,;t tile x r i z g run iiol*ld 5 8 t o t r z n s f e r t h e f i s h to Deer ? r eek i n s t e a d o f 3 a t t l e S re~ :< f o r nzt-&-a1 sgamlng . As mentioned above, t h i s would 3 e y r a c t i c a l if i t i s shown t h a t p r e s e c t u t i i i z a t i o n of the s t r c m i s s,:.+.ll e m - 2 " t 3 p e r n i t t h e iRtrod-dc- t ior , of t h e fore igr . f i s h . ?nis rnetk35 -. is.~ld s l i z i 2 z t e t:;~ n e c e s ~ i t y f o r ho ld ing , h a t c h i n g , an,? r ea r ing the ~ r i . ~ lu?. Sou;l%s c f ? r i n g I - ~ s a l - son a r e be ing nade i n t o Ceer Creek t h i s s? r ing (1942: ,zr_< tha r e s u l t s w i l l Se a v a i l a b l e l a t e r f o r ~ x a l y s i s of t h i s c r o k l e ~ .

T r a s f e r t z T r i n i t y ?i-;.?r

I t has a l s o been s - ~ g 9 s t e d . t h a t t h e salmon m s be t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e - * r i n i t y 3 i v e r and then ail3wed t o scawn t h e r e n a t u r a l l y . The f i s h .:rould

have t c be haxlad cbout 50 miles over a s teep and narrow road thr3ugh the T r i n i t y biountains. I n t h i s p lan tho,re would be no maintenpace cost a f t e r 8 o r 10 years because bg t h a t time a c o e l e t e cycle v;ould 5e t rans fe r red m d only s t r a y s would be expected t a re tu rn to the t r a ~ s belolv Szasta Dun.

Fram a S io log ica l po in t of view t h i s ?la has se r ious disedvantagss b e c a s e tke f i s h would be t r an s f e r r ed to e. d i f f e r en t r i v e r basin. The T r i n i t y Bivar already has a nz t i ve rdn of s~.lmon, an6 anetomical s tud ies have ind ica ted d i s t i n c t d i f fe rences between the Sacramento and Klamath River races of salmon ( T r i a i t j ~ Biver i s 2 t r i b u t a r y of the KlamatC 2 i v e r ) . There may be a balance between the two races and t h e i r en~~i ronments vinich mightbe conpletely uyset by t he t r a n s f e r of one race t o the drainage basin of another.

-Furthermore, t h e complete development of t he Ca l i f o rn i a S t a t e l later P lan i n c l u d ~ s two u r n s on the T r i n i t y River and the divers ion of prater from one, the Lewiston Tain, t o the S a c r a ~ e n t o Ziver above the ~ r o p o s e d Keswick Dam. This p lan i s i e s c r i bed i n M l c t i n 2 6 , Ca l i f o rn i a Division of \later Xesources. If t h i s plan i s eventual ly zarz ied o u t , the T r i n i t y River would be of no t-alue fo? salm3n above Leviston. Comer ica l and spor t - f ishing in- t e r e s t s wouli, probably op?gss any t r a n s f e r of f i s 5 ou t of the S a c r a e n t o River basin. For these reasons t h i s ~ l a n i s not considered p r a c t i c a l .

IX. TEZ C O ? ~ I ~ 3 T G SICLOGICAL P-WGRhM

I f present trends continue i n the development of m j o r dams f o r irri- gat ion, power, a d flood cont ro l i n Pac i f ic Coast streams, problems in the

, iOUS conservation of salmon and steelhead w i l l become prograssively more s e r ' Much w i l l be learsed from the salmon salvage work made necessary by the con- s t ruc t ion of the Grand Coulee and Shasta Dams tha t w i l l contr ibute toward the solut ion of s imi la r fu tu re problems. In essence, the salt-age programs under wsy in connection with the Grarid Coulee Da-i, and herewith proposed fo r Shasta Dan;, represent large-scale experiments. i t i s unfortunate that so much necessary f ac tua l information i s lacking q o n which procedures oi' known value might res t . This being the case, aay salvage plan placed in operation should k v e the benefit of thorough s c i e n t i f i c ana lys i s t o determine the degree of success achieved. This would Fnvolve keeping of accurate records of a l l operations from the time adul t s a r e co l lec ted i n t raps t o - t h e time tke adul t s re turn from the sea. By marking pre-seaward migrants, both those reared in the hatchery and those spawned na tura l ly , a comparison of the success of each in terms of returned migrants would be possible,

The problem of holding and ripening adult s a h o n i n ponds remains un- solved, X con t iqukg b io log ica l program would provide a splendid opportunity fo r study, of t h i s problem,

P rac t i ca l l y nothing i s 7 ~ o w n about the nu t r i t i ona l requirenents of young salmon when r e a e d i n hatcher ies . Zpidemics of disease s t i l l cause lnrge annual losses is hatcher ies . and the opportunity f o r studying them should not be neglected.

In b r i e f , the following program of biological s tudies i s proposed:

8. A s to success of salvage operat ions, determine:

1. Xumumner and s i z e of f i s h t ransfe r red and losses r e s u l t ing therefrom.

2. Sequirements f o r successful holding and ripening adul t chinook salmon. I

3. Xigratory hab i t s of both adul t s and young from n a r k i q experkents .

4. Nusber, s i z e , aqd o r i s in of f i s h allnually entering rac!cs o r t raps o r streams to which s a h o n a r e t ransferred as a chsck on tho homing tendsncy.

3. -4s to a r t i f i c i a l propagation of chinook salmon i n hatcheries, the following s tud ies a r e s q g e s t ed:

1. Butr i t ion s tud ies t o determine the cheapest and best d i e t s in re la t ion to growth and mortali ty r a t e s .

2. Disease s tudies to determiae time and sever i ty of epidemics and to develop s a i table therapeutic methods of prevention and control .

3. Comparative s u r ~ i v a l of hatchery reared f i s h with na tura l ly spawned f i s h in terms of returned nigrant s .

8

I n order t o carry out t h i s program adequate laboratory and o f f i ce fa- -

c i l i t i e s , troughs, aquaria, and pond space should be provided a t any,hatch- I

ery constructed as par t of t he salvage program. In addi t ion to the indoor f a c i l i t i e s , outdoor ponds and raceways and a small experimental stream should a l so be provided. Living quarters f o r invest igators similar t o the quarters f o r r e g d a r hatchery personnel w i l l be required.

Three permanent b io log is t s , namely, an Associate Aquatic SioLogist agd two Junior Aquati.: Biologis ts , and temporary seasonal helpers for f i s h count- in& aad general work would be needed t o carry out t h i s program adequately,.

The es t inated cost of carrying out t he biological program i s a s follows:

Salaries----------------- $18,000.00 Equipment ( 1s t year )----- 4,000.00 Travel------------------- 500.00 Miscellaneous supplies

and services--------.--- 1,000.00 Total . $15,500.00

The suggested program of b io log ica l invest igat ions should be ca r r i ed out t o determhe the success of the salvage operations and t o seek ways of improving tile nethods employed. Such invest igat ional work i s e s sen t i a l to. the success aad improvement of such la rge sca le operations involving bio- log ica l problems of a magnitude never before encountered in f i she r i e s work.

Sport f i shery investigation.--The invest igat ive program recommended above deals en t i re ly with salmon. 'construction of the Shasta 3ani w i l l a l so a f f e c t , t o no s m l l degree, an important sport f i shery f o r t rou t i n the SacrLmento, P i t , and E!cCloud Rivers and t h c i r t r i bu t a r i e s . ~ o n a i d e r a t i q n should therefore be given in t he b io logica l program to the shudy of non- migratory, res ident f i s h resources, before and a f t e r completion of Shasta Dam. From the r e s u l t s of such an invest igat ion a su i t ab l e stocking and maaagenent progran for the maintanance of good sport f i sh ing i n waters of the reservoir a r e a could be developed,

Predominzt ly non-nigratory t r ou t aad s imi la r inland f i she s which of- t en inhabi t the areas a f fec ted by the const ruct ion of l a g s dams b v e re- ceived no inves t iga t ion whatsoever t ha t could form the bas i s of sound f i s h mn%enent programs f o r such a reas e i t h e r before o r a f t e r completion of ma- jor dams. The common method of handling s imi la r p rob lem i n the pas t has been to e s t ab l i sh hatcher ies in l i e u of f i shv~ays , o r t o bu i ld hatcher ies in which res ident f i she s can be propagated on the assumption that the 1-iatcheiy w i l l compensate f o r any po t en t i a l o r a c t u a l 'i tarm done without a c t u l l g ~ O V I -

ing whether o r not such hatcher ies a r e j u s t i f i e d .

Tkere i s s t i l l time enough f o r at l e a s t two y ? a r l s studjr before t h e completioc of the dm. This research sho-dd a l s o 5e continued f o r a t l e a s t a rci?llnum of f i v e years f o l l o ~ ? i n g ~ c o n s t r u c t i o n . Such an inves t iga t ive program i s the oniy method by which the r e l a t i v e good or harm can be deternined on a f s c t m l basis .

Tne research progrzm on sport f i s h e r i e s i n the rese rvo i r area would cover two d i s t i n c t phases: ( 1 ) study of f i s h populat ions and (2) study, of the rese rvo i r i t s e l f a f t e r completion.

I n order to c a r ry out the f i r s t p a r t of the research plan r e l a t i u g to movements of f i s h , 2 two-wag f i s h counting dm or weir with f i s h t r ap s should be i n s t a l l e d In or2 ef the t r i bu t a r i e s . Squaw Creek, a l a rge t r i 3 u t a r y of the P i t River , W O ~ U be a good stream f o r t h i s p q o s e . It would seem ad- v i sab le t o concentrate t h e work on one such tr i 'outsry r a the r than t o spread the worlc over a number of t r i bu t a r i e s . The U. S. Z'orast Service hs?s taken catch recor6s on Squaw Creek f o r the pas t t h r e e years. 3y continuing t he catch records a n i c o r r e l a t b g them with the da t a from migration s t ud i e s , it woulC be poss ible to show the effect of a new rese rvo i r -Lpon the angl ing in one of i t s t r i b u t a r i e s . The question of vhether s spmning t r i bu t a ry i s of more value f o r stream angling o r a s a "feeder" or "nursery" s t r e an t o s tock the lake could thereby be =strered. B.J marking ex~er imznts i t would c l so bo 2oss ible t o determine whether the planted f i s h were caught by anglers, migrated t o the r e s e rvo i r o r were a f i n a c i a l loss .

I t i s proposed t ha t a dan with fishway be const ructed in Sa.m.w Creek so tha t i t w i l l be poss ib le to count a l l t he f i s h going over i t and a s nany, a s ?ossible of the downstrem z ig r a r t s .

A l l a du l t s on t h e i r spa.:inix migrations upstream could be counteC through the trar, without i-&vin,o a man on 6utp twenty-fo-c hours s d ~ ~ ; ~ , . The young b ~ m s t r e a s migrants could be trapped i n inuch the sarce way. A screen and byy-pass could lead them in to a t r a p , m d e in connectioa wi:h the t r a p f o r u ~ s t r e a m migrants.

The downstream t r zps should be l a rge esough t o c e r G 1 1 the creek wa- t e r d-niag periods of oder rate Ilow, i n order to in te rcep t a s may, f i s h a s possible.

3esides the tlr.ro-vay f i s h t r ap , i t would be necessary t o have a small combination cabin and la30ratory t o house a worker of the grade of Jun ior Acquatic Ziologis t t o watch the weir and m o t h e r man t9 take the ca tch records during t he s i x months of the angling season.

Study of the rese rvo i r should consider the following more iapor t&t phases: (1) species of f i s h p resen t , (2 ) f i sh ' foods , ( 3 ) temperatures ,* gases i n so lu t ion , minerals , po l l u t an t s , e tc . , ( 4 ) changes r e s u l t i w from

I

.* age of the rese rvo i r and f looding of i t s bottom a r ea s , (5) e f f e c t , of f l w - t ua t i ng l eve l s , and ( 6 ) spawning areas i n r e l a t i on to species of f i s h pres- r -

ent both in the rese rvo i r and i t s t r i bu t a r i e s .

Estirmted cos t s would be as follows:

F i r s t year:

Dam and trap----------------- $7,000.00 Sell-cleaning screens------- 1,000.00 Livlng quar te r s , with

small laboratory----------- 2,700.00 Kiscellaneous suppl ies and

services------------------- 600.00 Sa l a r i e s l o r one Jun ior

Aquatic Bio log i s t and temporary help------------ 3,400.00

Tota l $14,700.00

S econd and succeeding years :

Miscellzneous suppl ies and semices------------------- 600.00

Salaries-------------------- 3,400,00

Tota l $4,000.00

This p ro jec t would not over lap , o r dup l ica te i n any m y , s t ud i e s t o d e t e r ~ i n e the success of the salnon salvage program.

I t seens evident , s ince t h e Federal Government i s cons t ruc t ing Shzsta Dam, t h a t t h e U. S. Bureau of F i she r i e s would be t h e l o g i c a l agancy t o under take the inves t iga t ions proposed. Zespons ib i l i ty f o r saving t he runs of migratory salmon and s tee lhead which w i l l be blocked by t he Shasta Dam has been assumed by t h e Government, a d i t i s equally l o g i c a l t ha t t he Gov- e r m e n t should a l s o assume t h e r e spons ib i l i t y f o r determining the bes t ways

f' and means of stocking and managing the in tens ive sport f i s h e r y above t h e d . a ~ s i t e .

I n rcccnt years i t bccr tkc golic:: af tha Govcr?nent t o supcr- v i sc the ada in i s t r a t i on of lands surrounding such i q o ~ n d e d m a t e r z tk~ougil the Xational ?ark Service o r o ther Federal agsncies, and f o r ';I--e 3 io log ica l Sumey t o manage the a i g r a t o r j b i rd s upon nuc3 lands and m t e r s , and i n Z-AW i ~ s t a m e s raking thc a r ea s v i l d l i f e r ~ m e s . The Fcdcral Goverraent migkt well ass:me, through the Burcau of Fishcrier, , responsibility x.?d J u i s L i c t i o n over the f ishery resources 0 2 suck inpomqdnents. I f t b i s agency u d e r t o o k the stockillg and management of na te r s i n the r s s e r ~ o i r arca , i t r i g h t 5e nost econonically and e f f i c i e n t l y a c c o q l i s h e d by including t l ~ c propagation of rcs iden t gane f i she s w i t h the salmon salvage gro- gram. I n v e s t i q t i o n of the e a r p j seanard nigmtic.1 of chinoolc s a h o n f i ~ g e r l i n g s i n thc Sacmento River basin, f o r CYLXT~LC, shons that sonc of the rcar ing ponds necessary f o r tho use of salnon ca r ly i n thc scason night l a t c r bc used to good advantage f o r the production of rainbow t r o u t o r o the r spccias of m e f i she s which could 30 planted i n n a t e r s of the reser- v o i r area.

I f the proposcd spor t f i shcry inves t iga t ive p r o p m mere c a r r i e d t o c o q l c t i o n m d e r a careYu2.l~ plamzed and c o q c t e n t l p cxcnl tcd f i e l d , p r o - g n n along thc l i n e s suggested, i t m u l d represellt ~ r a c t i c a l b the f i r s t e f f o r t t o solve inland l i s k c r y pmblcns crcatcd by const rcct ion.

Oncc the f a c t s acre o b t a i m d Tor an effective f5sh stocking acd n ~ ~ a g c n c z t 31az f o r the r c s e m o i r and i t s coztiguous matcrs, they would kc mcie a w i l a 5 l c to thc gm.c c o n n i s s i o ~ ? ~ of the s t z t c s t o a i d i n thc solu- t i on of s i ~ i l n r p rob lem elscvhcrc.

. (par;ci=Jsoan;;i) 2~-1 *dd oy;r Slciax .uo?%yyse; gc a3eTS 'sarJaysrj jo -3daa -?noJ? pay

-1aaqs ~GB uoqes qoourq3 anoL s~e~nzy3~ad 27 'a?-eu:a~p JonrE eyqanTo3 TeJqca3 qq~og ay3 ;o sausrj urc3.Ias 30 pooj aqL -8~6~

~JJC~S;* '5 pu'e '*I-: *k '~eud-3

'~213 9 '5ST-TPT 'dd 'E .CXZ 'e 'TOL 'atR'e3 pr;~ qstd *j?~z3 -C-."CJ ayppag ayq qn uoa~ws %yq~~Sj;: *e '22~~

-y .z 1~03a~33;;

Rich, T i 3 l i s 3. 1925. Gronth azd degree of n a t u r i t y o f Chinook sa lnon i n the

ocean. 3 u l l . U. S. Eur . T i s h e r i e s , vo l . X I , pp. 15-90, 42 f i g s .

Rich, F i l l i s H., and Ear lan B . Hoh.es 1929. E ~ e r i r n e n t s i n n a r k i x young Chinook salrnon on t h e

C o l m b i a River , 1915 t o 1327. 3211. 3. S. 9 u r . F i s h e r i e s , 7701. LXIV, p?. 215-264, 8 5 f i g s .

B u t t e r , Cloudsley 1903. Yatura l h i s t o r y of t h e m i a t salmon. B u l l . U. S. F i s h

0 1902, g. 65-141, p l . 10-18.

Scheer , Eradle2- T. 1939. Eonin(; I n s t i n c t i n Salnon. Quar t e r ly Beviev of S io logy.

v o l . 14 , no. 4, pp. 408-430.

S c o f i e l d , I?. I,. 1921. Sacrazento ?.iver s a l ~ o n m n k i n g , 1920. C a l i f . F i s h and

Gnne, v o l . 7 , no. 2 , pp. 125-126.

Snyder, Zohn 0 . 1921. Eorv n a q r eggs dces a salmon l e y ? C a l i f . F i s h and Gane,

v o l . 7 , no. 1, pp. 63-64.

Stone, Liv ings ton i874. Ee2ort gf o p e r a t i o n d u r i r g 1872 a t the United S t a t e s

salnon-,hatching es tab l i shment on t h e k!cCloud R ive r , e t c . 3 e p t . T. S . . F i s h Co~si . 1872-75, pp. 168-218.

1880. Bept. Ll. S. F i sh S o m . 1878, pp. 741-770.

1896. The a r t i f i c i a l propaget ion of sahon i n the P a c i f i c Coast of the United S t a t e s . B u l l . U. S. S i s h Corn., 1896, pp. 203-235, p l . 73-E7.

Sumner, F. E. , and Osgood B. S n i t h 1940. g y t r a u l i c n in ing and d e b r i s Cans i n r e l ~ t i o n t o f i s h

l i f e i n the Anerican and Puba r i v e r s of C a l i f o r n i a . C a l i f . F i sh and Gme, v o l . 26, no. 1 , pp. 2-22, f i g s . 1-10.

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Record of 3ggs Taken a t !{ill Creel: ilatcl?ery,* 1912-1939.

Year 1 Eggs Taken 1 I Fenaies Average rmnber

p e r f i s h

5,488 6,030 6,225 5,820 5,624 6,466 7,532 5,829 7,970 5,983 5,859 5,335 5,984 6,957 6,722 5,291 5,476 5,714 7,019 8,233 7,261 8,440 5,761 6,497 6,389 6,392 a, 497 6,201

T o t a l s 1 19 5,204, COO I

* Table compiled b;. Work P r o j e c t s Adqir ; i s t r s t ion p r o j e c t #I0553 from o r i g i n a l . r e c o r d s on P i l e a t Xi11 Creslc Xatcheqr f o r y e a r s 1912 to 1935. Tor t h e pe r iod 1936 t o 19S9 records a r e f r o x unpublished K i l l Creek Katchery r epor t s .

** This f igure does no t r ep r s sen t the t ~ t a l "take ' : f o r the year , but in- a s m c h a s t h e record i s incomplete as to t h e number of f i s h , o a i s s i o n s ;lad t o bc nade Trorn t h e number of eggs.

Collections of young chinook salmon fmn the Upper Sacramcnto Z v c r %sin, 1939 I Xo. Av. length

gtc ~ o f f i s h l i n . mm.

May 1 3 4 8 9 9

15 16 17 17 17 18 29 31

S t r w Location

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26

4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 7 7 7 8

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48 2 1 65 97 53 7 3 6 5

1-20 40

200 21

6 5 0

100 6

29 2 2 5 0 49

Scpt. 3

27 ! 36 i

McCloud Rivcr a t B i r d Sacramento Rivcr at ?olloclc McCloud Zivcr at 3aiA NcCloud River ncar nouth P i t M v c r ncar mouth Kosk Creek near mouth; from i so l a t ed pools P i t River near mouth P i t River near Big Eend ? i t River near mouth P i t X v e r near Squan Creek Sacranento Biver at Pol lock Sacrmento X v e r a t 'Sins Sacrmento Rivor near Hazel Creek Sac-ento 3 ive r at Xennct t A. C. I. D. cana l near Rodding A. C. I. 3. ca-?a1 near 3edding Deer Creek-Vim c a r d near Tina !,.kcloud Biver near Sollibolcka Club P i t fiiver near Sqmn Croek P i t Iiiver near Squan Creek

Con Creelr about 1.5 mi les from inouth S t i l lmate r Creek near thc mouth

I S t i l l m t e r Cre& ncar Lnssen B&'J. Crossing I I S t i l l m t c r Creek near A l tu r a s E&. Crossing / S t i l l n a t c r Crcck ncar Moody Crcek , S t i l l n a t c r Crcck u p s t r c m f ron :,loo& Creek j Sacramento Bivcr at Kcnrlctt I I South Pork of Con Creelr near ponm kouse I Sacrmcnto Elivcr at Tollodk

SacrLmcnto Bivcr at Sims Sc rancn to Bivcr at Hzzel Crcclc P i t Siver near Squan Creek S t i l l v a t e r Creek near upper school house XcCloud X v e r near 3ollibol-ka Club

I

Sacraael-ito Ziver a t Xennett ? i t ?.iver near Squav Creek :dcClon3 3 ive r near 3 a i r d S t i l l r n t o r Creelr nea;. upper school house i~icCloud 2 ive r ncar Squan Vallay Creek

;IcCloud Eivcr at Sa i rd %crmcr.to Zivcr at Xcnnctt S t i l l m t o r Crcclc abovc mouth of :loo&v Creek.

Maximum end LIizim Discharse i n Cubic 3ae t Fey S e c ~ i l d of 3lk Creek, Eear I-:cCloud., C a l i f o r n i a , Parch 1927, t o Sept en'cer 1929, i n c l u s i v e *

- - 1926 ! 1929

lv!ax. Nin. I Max. Min. -- -- -- ! 9 5 . 5

I

Far .

A p r i l

hfkly

J u n e

J u l y

Aug . Sept . Oct .

Bemarks: Piud Creek, which i s n o t a b l e f o r i t s l a r g e load of g l a c i a l s i l t from 3. Xlas ta , i s d i v e r t e d i n t o I l k Creek above t h e s t a t i o c , and t h e r e c o r d i s p m c t i c a l l j . t n e f low of i<ud Cree.!.!. T r ibu ta ry s p r i n g s add aborat 1 0 second f e e t t o 3 l k Creek below the gauging s t a t i a a . 3ecord of La i ly d i s c k r g e f ~ i ~ i s h e d by EI. L. HaebJ . *

* 3a2a frcm Geclogica l Survey Water Supply Paper 170s. 551, 671, 691.

. - ** Gacgiae s t a t i ~ n d iscont inued.

Zornerical Salmon Catches ,Zaken i n Ocean off Ca l i fo rn ia , from Kenaocino County to Xonterey

Year

Weights and P r i ce s Paid t o Fishemen of B i l l ne t Caught Salmon Takec i n Sacramento 3 i v e r f o r Years 1929-1936.

Weight I P r i c e I

i n Pounds* 1 pe r l o u d * * I Value I

Tota l s

To ta l s I

! ! i Average i 1,781,131 1 0.078

I $138,816

1 I

17,811,313 i --

* >/eights fzcn Clark (1940). ** P r i c e s for 192s-1936 ca lcu la ted f ron Z icd le r (1329-1337) , p r i c e ?or

1937 f ~ o n il. S, 3ureac of f i s h e r i e s S t a t i s t i c a l 311, Yo. 1323, za& p r i c e f o r 1938 f ron uqmbl i shed h t a f ron Sa l l f o rn i a 3 i v i s i o n cl' 7 i sk and Sarnc.

161

1,388,165

7alue Year k!eight T r i ce . in Pounds*

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P9OBBL3 TZ3f?m-S Or' SUFLFaCE tM3R TO 3E STClBD ABOVE: SHASTA U ' d .

-0. E. Sette, U. S, Bureau of Fishsries

Trom the mean mid-ran6-es of a i r temperature and the surface and subsurface tenperatures a t Lake Kead for the y e a 1939, the. proba3le temperatures that nay exis t i n the surface waters stored 'oy Shasta Dam have been computed. This coqu ta t ion was based on the monthly me= mi<-range of air temperetures obscrred st S c m e t t &ring the yea- 1924, which w a s the year of highest air tci,peratnres i n the 14-year record at. tha t station,

I t i s d c r s t o o d t h t tho records of Lake Zead a re the inost sui table a s a basing ?oint f o r such compctation because that reservoir, l i k e the one a t Shasta, i s located i n a hot a r i d region at a s i n t l a r elcvat ion and the volmes of water stored there arc of the sane order of magnitude,

Judging th?t the ~riGlar7 cause of c h g e s in water teqernt-cs i s due t o ,the diffcrcnce 30tweez a i r t ~ g e r a t u r o and m t c r tcnpera%e, the rela- t ionship between these two var iab les was esLYablisl~cd f o r Lake Head as shown i n r'ig. A, This indicates an a v c r q o d a i l y change in watcr tempcrztures of 0.165 dcgrecs Tahscrheit f o r each degree Fabwen,h-eit of difference exis t ing betwcan a i r a d watcr tcnpcratures.

To t e s t the accuracy of t h i s determination of the relat ionship jetween the difference i n air sad water teoperaixres 03 the ono hand and the change of watcr tcinperature or, the other hand, and t o t e s t the method of conputhg the effect of th i s re lat ion, a thooret ical curve of s u f a c c water toapera-

. t u ro a t Lake Head was c o n p t e d by usiag only thc noilthly n e a n id- rage of air tenperaturc and a s t a r t ing point f o r sa t c r teaperature of 55' on F a c h 1. The resu l t iag theoreticaJ. curve of m l ' e c e m t e r tenpcreturcs i s plot ted along with the obsemec! surface wa:er t e ~ p c r n t u r e s i n Lake f.:czd during 1S38 (Tig. 3 ) trnd i t i s a22arent t,bt the netnod =rives at r e s u l t s substant ial ly ident ica l with the observed values. (The p ~ i a c i p d &i f fe reme cx i s t i zg be-

. - . tween the theoretical =&-the observo& carves of smfacc wator tmperatuzcs i s thc lag of the fomcr Sehizd t h t of the l a t t e r . CadoubtcCg t h i s i s ciuc to the accelerated cool&- c o r ~ c c t c d v i t h the Eorc rcpid hest t r m s f e r whca ve r t i ca l t h e n a l s t r s t i l ' i c s t ion i s reauced i n the cooling process, and con- vcrsely, a retardation of the hczt t r ~ ~ s f e r w h c s ver t ica l thernal s t rat i l ' i - ~ a t i o i l i s increcsec! by the trarnilig 2roccss. This could bc adjustcd =tile- a a t i c d l y , but would z o t a f f e c t tile ?resect cc; lc l~sions) .

U s k g the sane ccthods, two se r i e s of water t e q e r a t u r c s wcrs con- p t e d for Shasta Ecservvir using the 1324 r;onthJy rcan niL-rangos of a i r tmperatures in both scrios but with ass-~med vrater 2emperatures T o r Xarch 1s t of 45" and 55O, respectively. The resul t ing curves ol^ water temperature are given i n 7ig. C. From t h i s figwe i t i s apparent that:

1. Thc tt;o ser ies a re convergent 2nd the indicated warning rzaches a?proximatciy the same poiilt i n both ser ies by aid-suimcr, therefore, the minimum tcnperaturc reached at the end of the winter 2eriod has l i t t l e t o do with the na~ inum temperatures rezched in the sunner t ine and ihe ~vJ@--

tion i s val id regari less of t h i s s t a r t ing p i n t f o r the integration,

2. The naxhm water tonperature t o be anticipated i n a w a r n yea?, such a s that of 1924, i s bctweon 76' and 77'.

3. Thc period over th ich tezperat-es i n excess of 75O a r o l i ka ly t o exis t d ~ r i i l g w m years, such a s that 02 1924, i s ap~roximateljr 40 d a ~ s , &in that yoar wculd have ex',c=1&od fron Augast 5 th t o September 15th. illthoudl t h i s gives a zpgroxination of the order of magitude of the 2rcblem of surface ~ ~ ~ i . n g l ikely t o ex i s t ia the Shasta Reservoir, there are at l e a s t two obvious variables, which under cer ta in summer conditions, night cause the m t c r t o be vmrnod appraciably higher thaa indicated and cause c r i t i c - . a l l y w a r a wzter t o pers i s t over longer periock than indicate&.

One of these variables i s the m e r air ter?erat=e a t Xemett. A l - though the year selected (1924) was a w a i n ore as indicated by the annual neaa =id-range, other years nay haw had w m e r m c r s . ' (?he so nust have had. cooler winters but it has been daons t ra t cd that the coolnoss of the wiatcr Locs not affect the height of tcnperaturo reached by t+he water in the m e r t ino) . The a i r teapera twe ser ies for Sennett should be studied, and the yecr of ra;rim m c r tenperntul-e selected, f o r a conputation of water wami9g. TEs wodd give the extrese contition tha t night 3e expected oc ac h i s t c r i c a l besis.

The other variable i s the degree of ver t ica l thermal s t ra t i f ica t ion . '

Since the water teaperatures enplope& i n t h i s coqu ta t ion refs r rcd t o t he ncas water t e n ~ e r a t u r o i n the u>permost 50 f t . layer, i h a y be ant icipated that the tenperature at the veq- surface o r at any part icular subsurface level would vary a a t s r i d l y fron the indicated vaPx s. The extent of de- p a t u r e 1:1ill depend on the v a r i a t i o i ~ s i z v c r t i c ~ l t h c r - a l s t r r t i f i ca t ion . Jzdgiag fron thc thema1 gra&ionts during ;lid-su=;=er i n Lakc ?lead ('l;'ig. D) , variat ions of a t lcas t 8' a t :kc surface m y bc mt ic ip r t cd , but t h i s veluc i s an exceediq ly u c e r t z i n one for therncl s t ro t i f i ce t ion probably depends ?r lc=i ly on ver t ica l turSulcnce caused by wind action. There i s 20 assur- a c e that the observat io~s o;l L,&e ?bad, only four ir nunbcr during tho

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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Harold L ...

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