UNIT PAGE NO

ACADEMIC YEAR 2021-2022, SEMESTER – I STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.COM

COMMUNICATIVE ENGLISH --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

of 80

UNIT PAGE NO

1 2-13

2 14-32

3 33-37

4 38-55

5 56-80



of 80

UNIT – I

Task 1

Speak about yourself for about a minute or two. You may want to write it down, just to get the

sequence right and it will give you a lot of confidence before you start speaking.

Relax and smile when you present yourself!

We cannot speak the same things and in the same manner with everybody. Depending on the

people and purpose of our meeting them, we can broadly classify the instances as formal, casual and

informal. When you are with your family and friends an informal approach is acceptable. However,

when you are with a group that has met to accomplish a task, like a teacher and taught relationship,

a service provider and customer, an employer and an employee, the engagement is a formal one. A

casual tone is used among peers and people after they have become familiar with each other or they

have a long-standing relationship. So depending on whom you are meeting and why you are meeting

them, you need to be selective about what you say about yourself.

When attending an Interview

Ans : Good Morning. I’ Ramesh. I come from a remote village in

Thoothukudi and so was a tough task to get along with town people.

I graduated from Kamaraj College, Thoothukudi. My 5 years of education in Kamaraj College

has transformed me into a new leaf. I’ve got three siblings and I am the youngest in the

family. I aspire to learn more and to be part of a growing organisation.

Task 2

Choose any two instances from the list below and make notes of that you would be speaking and

then present it to the class:

1. With the Language teacher in the staffroom.

Good Morning Mam/Sir, I am Rahul of I Year B.com, I wish to get the notes for

Communicative English.

2. With a fellow student in the canteen.

Hai, Ram did you have your breakfast, would you like to have idly with me?

3. With students/ volunteers of your club, team, group etc.

Dear friends, as members of Phoenix Literary Club, let us join hands in organising this

literary association meeting which is to be conducted on March 25th. Each set of

volunteers will be assigned with a task, and I hopefully believe that this association

meeting runs smoothly without any hindrance.

4. With the chief librarian

Good Morning Sir, I am Ravi of PG English Department, I am preparing for competitive

Exams, I would like to borrow books useful for my examination. Could you please help

me to find the books, sir. Also let me know the rules and regulations of the library.



of 80

5. At a competition registration desk

Good Morning Mam, Please excuse me. I am Rasheeda from Kamaraj College, We have

come to participate in today’s competition, this is the list of participants for Registration.

May I Know the venue of Competition.

6. With a guest at college

A Warm Welcome Mam on behalf of Kamaraj College, We are glad that you are with us

today. I hope you will enjoy the day with us today.

Task 3

There are several other instances you may have to speak about yourself. Choose any two of the

following and introduce yourself with appropriate details:

1. At the Bank Manger’s

Good Morning Sir, My name is Saleema, I reside in Tamil Nadu housing Board Colony,

Ettayapuram Road. My father is an entrepreneur Mr. Jaffer who has account with your

bank. I wish to know the details about Educational Loan.

2. At the Hotel Reception

Excuse me, I am here on a two day trip. I need single room accommodation for two days.

Kindly let me know the details.

3. At a ticket booking counter

Excuse me Sir! May I know the ticket fare from Madurai to Chennai in Sleeper Coach. I

need three tickets to Chennai.

4. With a new neighbour

Hai, I am Mala, Welcome to our colony. All of us here are friendly we live as one family,

feel free with us. The water supply in our colony is good, the vegetable vendor, fruit

vendor and other sellers come to our door step. So you need not worry about anything.

In case of any help you can call me any time.

5. At a conference, where you are presenting a paper

This is Suganthi from Stella Maris College, I am doing my M.A Second Year. In today’s conference I

wish to present a paper titled “Counter Cultural Resistance in Adichie’s Novels.”

Many a time you may have to send an email, a text message from your mobile phone to a person

whom you are meeting/contacting the first time. Here again, you have to introduce yourself.

Task 4

1. Draft a text message that you will be sending through Whats App to a guest, whom you

wish to invite for an event organised by your club. This is the first message you are going

to send him/her.

Good Morning Sir, This is Saraswathi from the English Department of Saradha College,

Tirunelveli. I received your number from the Dean of English School, VIT. The

department of English would be happy and pleased if you could be the chief guest of

honour for our Phoenix Literary Club. Awaiting your positive response.



of 80

2. This is the first time you are messaging your English teacher to clarify a doubt regarding

the lesson taught in class. Compose the message and send it to your English teacher.

Respected Mam. I am Helen of II B.A English, I have a doubt in the chapter taken today

in Phonetics and Spoken English. How should the diphthongs classification of vowels be

represented diagrammatically. Kindly let me know why the arrow mark is drawn.

You will have to speak about yourself/ introduce yourself on several social media websites. Try

creating a bio note.

Task 5

1. Write a bio note about yourself to publish on your blog in about 120 words

Anita Rahman, as the name suggests I do not confine myself to any particular religion, I am secular.

Educated in Thoothukudi and then moving on to a city life like Chennai and Hyderabad has changed

the course of my life and writing. Though in the beginning I just got into official work. My interest in

writing was my priority, in 2005 a turning point in my career came when I started to work in a

magazine which moulded be all the more. And now this blog writing on various topics is by

experience as a journalist and my interest in writing. I know languages like Tamil, English, French,

Latin and Greek. My mother Tongue is Tamil but English has become my native language as that is

my medium of Education.

2. Write a short note about yourself to add to your profile on social media like Facebook

and Twitter in about 160 characters.

3. Write a bio note that you would send along with an article/poem/short story that you

would like to publish.

Shanti Lokanya : I started writing at the age of 16, my first poem got published in my School

Magazine. This opened my career prospects of writing and since then I started publishing poems and

short stories in college magazines and in Reader’s Digest. I have graduated in M.A Creative Arts &

Writing. I have published about 50 poems and 10 short stories and at present working on a novel

based on the tribal people.

Task 6

4. Introduce a friend/classmate to others in the class.

Hai, this is my friend Shakila. She is a violinist and is part of the orchestra in our

college.

5. Imagine a guest/resource person is visiting your class, introduce him/her.

Good Morning, it gives me great pleasure to introduce Dr. Rajan Head of the English

Department of Sardar Vallabai Patel College, Trichy. He has worked there for 20

years and hold several responsibilities such as The Dean of English Language and

Linguistics School, Coordinator Culturals, and a man of letters.



of 80

Task 7

6. Write down a formal introductory note on a famous personality, who is visiting your

college for an event. This introduction will go on the brochure/ notice board with the

schedule of events.

Dr. V.K. Karthika earned her Master’s degree in TESOL Studies from the University of Leeds, England

after a Master’s in English Comparitive Literature from Pondicherry Central University. she worked

in England as an ESOL instructor and assessor for ESOL Examination from 2009 to 2011.she is the

recipient of “Community Care Award for Teaching from Word of Grace Learning Centre, Leeds,

England in December 2009.

7.You are on the editing board of a college e-mag, write a bio note on the contributors

of articles, poems and short stories.

Chris Beniot, a student of III BA English, has keen interest in writing poems. He writes both in Tamil

and English, but writes more in his mother tongue Tamil. He inspires his class mates through his

motivational speech.

Muthu Madathai of II B.Sc Maths is a very good artist, she draws minutely and her pencil sketching

are wonderful. She also carves in pencils and chalk pieces.

Jindhuja of II M.Sc Computer Science is a short story writer, her articles are published in Tamil

Magazines and she is a well known literary figure in the field of Tamil Literature.

Yasu Rahim of III B.A Tamil writes Tamil Poems, his poems have been published in Tamil Weekly

news magazines. He has also received young poet award from the South Tamil Poets Association.

NOUNS

Task 1

As the focus of this lesson is ‘naming’ (i.e. use of nouns) and describing (use of adjectives), can you

list the nouns and adjectives in the story you have read ?

DAUGHTER, FATHER, LIFE, CHEF, KITCHEN, WATER, POT, EGGS, COFFEE BEANS, BOWL,

POTATOES,EGGS AND COFFEE.

Task 2

Using the nouns you are familiar with from the passage given, complete the following sentences

1. A person for whom cooking is a profession is known as a CHEF

2. There is a proverbial expression which says, “Don’t add fuel to the FIRE”

3. This endless argument is like asking, “Which came first, the chicken or the EGG?”

4. The empowered woman doesn’t spend her life in the KITCHEN: just cooking and cleaning

VESSELS and pans.



of 80

5. You should be emotionally strong in times of TROUBLE/ ISSUE

Task 3

Using the adjectives you are familiar with from the passage given, complete the following sentences

1. Having lost her wallet, she felt HELPLESS/SAD

2. Handle with care: THE glassware inside.

3. SPICY garam masala is sprinkled before serving.

4. There are two types of water, ORTHO water and PARA water.

5. He complained of HIS high fever.

Task 4

List some of the nouns that you already know

Proper

Nouns

Common

Nouns

Concrete

Nouns

Abstract

Nouns

Collective

Nouns

Countable

Nouns

Uncountable

Nouns

Delhi Table Sad Honesty Herd of

cattle

Books Water

Ram Chair Phone Love Bunch of

keys

Chairs Milk

Aruna Girl Noise Dream People Apples Rise

Induja Father Rainbow Beauty Family House Information

Raju Lion Courage Staff Idea Sleep

Erode Tiger Calmness Group Paper Rain

Sony Pen

May

ASPECTS OF NOUNS

Task 1

Fill in the blanks from the list of words given above (No Singular Form & and No Plural From)

1. My mother is a good seamstress. She needs a new pair of Scissors

2. You can cut the wire. I have a pair of scissors in my tool kit

3. I’ll be going to the beach in a pair of shorts

4. I am not able to read without my spectacles

5. The television is awash with Information about the President’s visit

6. Of the new Furniture we got for our home, I like the sof/a.

7. Some people do not listen to the advice given by their well-wishers.

8. The News is on the notice board.



of 80

9. The flight arrived on time. But our Baggage came late.

10.The Police are the law enforcing agency.

Task 2

Fill in the blanks with the Singular/Plural

Singular Plural

Foot Feet

Knife Knives

Baby Babies

Watch Watches

Tooth Teeth

Medium Media

Shelf Shelves

Dictionary Dictionaries

Tax Taxes

Industry Industries

Gender

In human beings

Masculine form of noun Feminine form of noun

Father Mother

Husband Wife

Son Daughter

Among animals

S.No. Animal Male Female Young

1. Ass Jack Ass Jenny Ass Foal of an ass

2. Chicken Rooster/Cock Hen Chick

3. Deer Buck Doe Fawn

4. Dog Dog Bitch Pup

5. Sheep Ram Ewe Lamb

6. Goose Gander Goose Goslings

7. Whale Bull Cow Calf

8. Swan Cob Pen Cygnet

9. Horse Stallion Mare Foal

10. Rabbit Buck Dose Bunny



of 80

PRONOUNS

Task 1

Imagine that Ravi is your friend and that you are relating something about him to an

acquaintance. Choose the correct personal pronoun from the one given in brackets to complete

what you have to say about Ravi:

Ravi and I have been buddies for ages. Now I (I/my/me) am a Professor at Chemistry at Guru

Nanak College and he (he/his/him) is a Professor of Chemistry at Vivekananda College. We (We

us) met two decades ago. Our families also became friends. His (he/his/him) father and my

father were colleagues at the Southern Railway office. We (We/us) lived in the Railway Quarters

and so did them (they/their/them). When they (they/their/them) bought their

(they/their/them) own house, they moved out of the quarters. A few years later we (we/us)

bought our own house and went to live there. Our (Our/we/us) friendship didn’t fade. Both of us

(we/us) joined the same college and the same course as well! I used to share my class notes with

him (him/he) when he couldn’t make it to college. He also shared his (he/his/him) with me,

whenever required. We studied together, but did our (our/we/us) projects independently. He

got the first prize for him (he/his/him) and I got the second prize for mine (me/mine). When Ravi

congratulated me, he said, “I like your (you/your) project. its(it/its) awesome.” I replied, “I think

yours (you/yours) is the best. You deserve the first prize.”

Task 2

Fill in the blanks with a suitable reflexive pronoun or emphatic pronoun:

1. I myself learned painting

2. I taught myself painting.

3. They put themselves into unnecessary trouble by fighting with their neighbours

4. She blamed herself for her poor performance

5. The dog hurt itself

Task 3

Fill in the blanks with suitable reciprocal pronouns:

1. At the end of the tennis match the players congratulated one another

2. Friends should support one another

3. Love each other

4. Siblings should care for each other

5. In a crisis we should be there for one another



of 80

Task 4

Fill in the blanks with suitable demonstrative pronouns, indefinite pronouns or distributive

pronouns. Choose the appropriate form from the list given below.

all, anybody, each, either, everybody, everything, few, many, neither, nobody, none,

nothing, one, somebody, such, that, this, these, those.

1. You should not give it to anybody

2. This is welcome

3. All are welcome.

4. Neither father nor mother responded to the call from the Principal

5. That parent can sign to acknowledge receipt of the Report Card.

6. Donate your books to the Book Bank or Library. They might be useful to everybody

7. Give each child a notebook and a pencil

8. Buddha gave up everything for his spiritual quest

9. This is my wife and all are my children

10. The mangoes on That tree are not as good as one from the other tree.

ADJECTIVES

Task 1

List the ‘describing words’ in the song Favourite Things

1. List the phrases where there is only one adjective before the noun. (Examples:

favourite things, white dresses…….) wild geese, sleigh bells

2. In some phrases, two adjectives precede a noun as in “bright copper kettles”. You

should be able to spot 4 such phrases. Warm woollen mittens, brown paper

packages, crisp apple strudels, blue satin sashes

3. There are two hyphenated adjectives. One is “cream-coloured”. Spot the other one.

silver-white winters

Raindrops is a noun and a compound word. Can you spot the other two compound

nouns in the song? Doorbells ,snowflakes

4. In these expressions “feeling sad” and “feel bad” the words “sad” and “bad” are

adverbs/adjectives (Tick the right answer) The words sad and bad are adjectives.

Task 2

1. “These are a few of my favourite things” is a refrain in the song. What is the

difference between “These are few of my favourite things” and “These are a fewof

my favourite things”? These are few of my favourite things means only a small

number of favourite things I have with me. These are a few of my favourite things

means I have some favourite things with me.

Though the question paper is tough, a few of you have passed the test.

Though the question paper is easy, few of you have passed the test.



of 80

2. The song says, “When I’m feeling sad, I simply remember my favourite things and

then I don’t feel so bad.”

Substitute the word sad with other adjectives from the list given below and form

more sentences of your own in the following structure:

When I’m feeling _______, I __________.

(for example: When I’m feeling lonely, I listen to music.) When I am feeling

happy, I dance.

When I am feeling unhappy , I go to temple.

When I am feeling angry, I shout at others.

When I am feeling excited ,I sing songs.

When I am feeling anxious, I talk to my friends. When I am

feeling bored , I watch TV.

lonely happy unhappy angry excited anxious bored

3.Fill in the blanks with words which describe the “favourite things” or “favourite” people

young children, teenagers and adults turn to whenthey feel sad. The first one is

done as an example.

Young Children Teenagers Adults

Cuddly toys

Interesting_____games

Drip-dry_____dress

(girl child)

Lazy_____friend

Homemade_____sweets

Generous_____parent

Delicious_____food

Classical_____music

Hard-working friends

Smart______mother/father

Tidy_____brother/sister

Outdoor______games

Autobiographical books

Entertaining TV programmes

Appealing_____food

_brave____friends

Formal_______dress

Chatty companion



of 80

Task 3

In some of the sentences given below the adjective is in the wrong place.

Correct those sentences oI saw a really good movie last night. No error My brother has

got two young children. No error oI didn't know your mother Chinese was. I didn't

know your mother was Chinese.

o Are you OK? You look terrible! No error I've just bought a new

printer. No error oThis food doesn't very good smell. How old is it? oThis

food doesn't smell very good. How old is it? They're building a factory

big next to our home They are building a big factory next to our

home.oRussia can be a country very cold in the winter. Russia can be a

very cold country in the winter.

Sorry, can you stop the car? I feel sick. No error I'd like to see that new Hindi film. It interesting

sounds. I'd like to see that new Hindi film. It sounds interesting

Task 4

Choose from the ‘-ing’ and ‘-ed’ adjectives’ given in the box

delighted, annoying, boring, frightening, amusing, exciting, frightened, excited, bored, annoyed,

When we travelled this summer, in the same compartment, there was a family travelling with

their little girl. We enjoyed her company. She was amusing. We were delightedto listen to her.

On the other hand, there were a few people who spoilt our journey. They were annoying

because they talked loudly after 9 pm (which is bedtime). We were annoyed with them and so

were the others who travelled in that compartment. The train passed through the Western

Ghats. It was

frightening when we travelled through tunnels. It was also exciting . That is what adventure is.

We are frightened when it is scary and excited when it is over. There’s one thing, we can say

forsure. The journey was not boring . We were not bored even for a moment.



of 80

Task 5

Match the adjectives and the noun:

Adjectives Noun

Task 6

Find as many associations as you can for each of the hyphenated words given: (the first one has

been done for you)

Adjective Associated Noun

broken-hearted lover, friend, mother, brother, father, sister,

wife,

self-confident Friend , Woman , Man

hard-working mother , father, sister, son

bad-tempered Manager , teacher, father

low-paid job , journal , workers

world-famous music , artist, temple, drawing

time-consuming job , studies , work , task

lazy little

poor old crazy

young big old

creamy white

tasty red

sweet juicy

old stale

Bread mango

strawberry

soup

mansion

artist

beggar boy



of 80

well-known artist , doctor , engineer

broad-minded man , woman , girl , boy , friend

long-term course , work , punishment



of 80

Unit II

1. Listening and Speaking

Activity 1:

Listen to the following utterances and identify the tone associated with each of these.

1. What a wonderful surprise! Ans: Falling tone

2. Do you have white sheets? Ans: Rising tone

3. They are heavy, aren't they? Ans: Falling tone

4. Shut the door. Ans: Falling tone

5. Where do you work? Ans: Falling tone

6. Did they ever tell him the truth? (uncertain) Ans: Falling rising tone

7. Turn left at the junction. Ans: Falling tone

8. Keep quiet. Ans: Falling tone

9. Leave this column blank. Ans: Falling tone

10. What did the manager say? (with polite deference) Ans: Falling tone

a. Listening for information

Activity:

Fill in the blanks:

1. Rajan was getting ready to go to the College Readers Club.

2. Sneha hasn't joined the Club yet, because she did not have membership.

3. College ID is mandatory to get membership in the Club.

4. The Club gives an enjoyable learning experience.

5. The Club functions on weekends from 3p.m to7p.m.

Say True or False:

Sneha brought a cake for Rajan. (True)

Sneha's house is very far from that of Rajan's. (False)

When Sneha came, Rajan was taking a nap.(False)



of 80

Sneha decides to join the Club immediately.(true)

The Club asks for a membership fee of 200 Rs. (False)

Answer the following questions:

1. Where is the College Readers' Club located?

Ans: The College Reader’s Club is on the Trunk road, near the Hill Station Mall.

2. Does the library lend books?

Ans: No, the library does not lend books.

3. What are the events that are held in the Club?

Ans: In the library they have film screening, group discussions and Quiz programmes.

4. What sort of books can one find in the library?

Ans: In the library one can find a wide range of books like fiction, non-fiction, travelogues, fantasy

and even newly published books.

5. If a member has not visited the Club for a month, how will he/she know about the events?

Ans: If a member has not visited the club for a month, he/she will find the events updated on the

club Web pages.

b. Asking for Information

Phrases used:

In ordinary conversation

1. Do you know where the museum in Chennai?

2. Do you happen to know about PM’s visit to Tamilnadu ?

3. Can/Could you tell me about your visit to Kodaikanal?

4. I’d like to know how is your grandma’s health now?

5. Do you have any idea about our College Sports Day?

Asking for Information

Activity 1

There is an Exhibition of homemade products being held in the city. Vandhana asks for

information about the products to the sales man who comes to distribute sample products.

Fill in the gaps and complete the coversation.

Vandhana: __Could you tell me___________ Sir, how long will the exhibition go on?

Salesman: It's open till October 30th. _____On______ Sundays too Ma'am.



of 80

Vandhana: Oh Good. What _products are there_____________?

Salesman: We've a range of homemade items, utility products, homemade masalas, indigenous

health drinks and such other items.

Vandhana: _Where all the other products you sell?___________________

Salesman: We sell Organic products too.

Vandhana: Nice to know. __Do you have_________ herbal plants?

Salesman: Yes, a few plant varieties, we do have. But the point is, they get sold very fast... so if

you need to buy herbal plants, please don't delay.

Vandhana: Sure Sir. ___I want_______ to know if Kokum -- the evergreen spice is available?

Salesman: Yes, ___we have Kokum________ and we have ordered for more, as the stock is

getting over.

Vandhana: __What is the price of__________... Kokum Ring per Kg?

Salesman: Just a minute, please. ( He looks at the catalogue) It's 300/= Rs. per Kg.

Vandhana: Thank you. ___I want______________ some tangy Jamun, Hmm.... blackberry

squash. Is it available?

Salesman: Yes, it's the _best___________. (He hands over a packet to Vandhana)...

Kindly accept this sample of homemade snacks. All of what we have are quality

products. Do not miss the opportunity Ma'am. We'll appreciates your patronage.

Vandhana: Thank you .... I'll definitely make it this sunday.

Activity 2:

Role play: Ask for information about

1. Procedure to apply for a College ID card

Rani: May I know the procedure to apply for a College ID card, sir?

Sir: You should produce the admission card , fees paid receipt and aadhaar card to the office

authorities.

Rani: Sure, Sir. I have paid the fees and got the admission in first year English class.

Sir: Okay, then you should also come prepared with your blood group information.

Rani: I have them with me and what else I should prouduce, sir?

Sir: you should go to office with three passport size photos.



of 80

Rani: I will have them ready tomorrow, sir.

Sir: Then you submit all the items tomorrow and book your ID card.

Rani: Thank you, Sir.

2. The programme in which you wish to participate.

Tutor : There is going to be an oratorical competition on a specific topic in our college this weekend.

Whoever wishes to participate in it can give their names to me.

Mani: I am willing to participate in it, Sir.

Tutor: Well, I advise you to spend your time in the library and read books and collect materials for

your competition.

Mani: Yes sir. I have been in the habit of going through all those important books.

Tutor: Prepare well for the competition. I wish you all success.

Mani: Thank you, sir.

3. A new product you wish to purchase.

Anu: Mam, I wish to buy a scooty.

Madam: Well, it’s a good idea that you go in for a brand new scooty. Let me know what type you

want to buy.

Anu: I want the latest model which gives more mileage and consumes less petrol.

Madam: There are many models. The newer one is priced at Rs.60000/- It can run 60k.m per a single

litre of petrol.

Anu: Is it readily available?

Madam: Yes. You can have it anytime you want.

Anu: Do you arrange for a loan in a bank?

Madam: Certainly. The initial payment is Rs.10000/- The rest you can give through bank.

Anu: I will come and meet you with the necessary documents and the initial payment amount .

Madam: Ok. I shall do everything possible. See you tomorrow. Bye...

Anu: Bye.Thank you.

Take turns and continue the activity with you being the respondent



of 80

2.READING AND WRITING

Activity 1

Do this as a group activity. Let the teacher divide the class into pairs. Let the first group, Group A

read through the text for 7-10 minutes silently and write a title for each paragraph. Maximum time-

15 minutes.

SAY NO TO DRUGS

Questions-Group A

1. What is the main topic of the above passage?

ANS: It is skimming and scanning.

2. Title the above passage.

ANS: Skimming methods and functions.

3. Give a subheading to each paragraph?

ANS: use ful skills of Reading ,and skimming methods ,conclusion.

4. What difficulties did you face reading?

ANS: Long sentences ,New vocabulary, lack of fluency in the reading ect.are the problems ,the

students faces initially in this attempt at reading the passage.

5. Could you finish reading within 10 minutes?

ANS: Yes, I finished reading within 10 minutes.

Questions – Group B

1. Did the title and sub headings help you read faster?

Ans: Yes, I could read fast with the title and subheadings coming to my rescue.

2. Did they help you in understanding the content better?

ANS: Yes, they helped me in understanding the content better .I Could infer the meaning of the

words and the context in which they have been used.

3. What are the main issues in the above passage.

ANS: The youngsters should be mode aware of the dangersof drug abuse .The brain and nerve celles

get damaged by using sensual drugs.Social awareness should be created to make people desist from

drug usage.



of 80

4. Were you able to grasp the meaning of the passage in five minutes ?

ANS: Yes, after reading the passage for the second time , I Could get the meaning of the passage in 5

minutes.

SCANNING

Ersof I

Activity 1:

1. What is the author’s main purpose in the passage?

(A) To offer a criticism of the works of pearl buck.

(B) To illustrate pearl Bucks’s views on chiese literature

(C) To indicate the background and diverse interests of pearl Buck

(D) To discuss pearl Buck’s influences on the cultures of the east and the west

2. According to the passage, pearl Buck is known as a writer of all of the following EXCEPT

(A) Novels (B) Children’s books (c) poetry (D) Short stories

3.Which of the following is NOT mentioned by the author as an award received by pearl Buck?

(A) The Nobel prize (B) The new berry medal (C) The William dean howell medal (D) The pullitzer

prize

4. According to the passage ,pearl Buck was an unusual figure in American literature in that she

(A) Wrote extensively about a very different culture

(B) Published half of her books aboard

(C) won more awards than any other women of her time

(D) achieved her first success very late in life

5. According to the passage, Pearl Buck described herself as "mentally bifocal" to suggest that she

was

(A) capable of resolving the differences between two distinct linguistic systems

(B) keenly aware of how the past could influence the future

(C) capable of producing literary works of interest to both adults and children

(D) equally familiar with two different cultural environments

6. The author's attitude toward Pearl Buck could best be described as

(A) indifferent (B) admiring (C) sympathetic (D) tolerant



of 80

(Passage taken from TOEFL Practice Test 47- January 1993)

Ans: 1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (A) 5. (D) 6. (B)

Activity 2:

Let us now try and do an intensive reading of Emily Dickinson’s poem which is both simple and

complex at the same time. Answer the questions given below.

Grammar

. In what tense is the poem written?

Ans : The poem is written in present tense.

. Pick out the helping verbs?

Ans : Is, Could, Must are the helping verbs.

. List out the main verbs.

Ans : Is, perches, sings, stops, heard, sore, abash, kept, asked.

. Pick out the adjectives.

Ans : The sweetest, the chilliest, the strangest.

. What is the conjunction used very often?

Ans : And is the conjunction used very often.

Vocabulary

. Find out the meaning of the following words and write what part of speech they belong to.

Meaning Part of speech

Perches - Sits Verb

Gale - Strong Wind Noun

Sore - Painful Adjectives

Storm - Strong wind Noun

Abash - Feel ashamed Verb

RESPONDING TO THE TEXT:

TASK1

Here is a list of words that refer to the actions/reactions of of Mrs. Jones and Roger. Tabulate these

in the corresponding columns. The first one is done for you



of 80

Dragged shook bending over the sink

snatched struggled jerked

whispered frightened went behind the screen

sweat popped out left the door open looked at the door

Mrs. Jones Roger

Dragged

Shook

Jerked

Went behind the screen

Left the door open

Bending over the sink

Snatched

Struggled

Whispered

Frightened

Sweat popped out

Looked at the door

TASK 2

Choose the correct answer:

. 1.Roger tries to snatch Mrs. Jones's pocketbook because

a. he is hungry

b. he wants to buy blue suede shoes

c. he wants to buy a shirt

2. Mrs. Jones works

a. in a hotel beauty shop

b. at a restaurant

c. in a library

3. Why doesn't Mrs. Jones call the police?

a. Roger returned the pocketbook



of 80

b. she wants to help Roger change his ways

c. Roger is afraid of the police

. 4. Roger offers to go to the store for Mrs. Jones because

a. Mrs. Jones wants cake

b. he wants to get her dinner

c. he wants to show her that he can be a good person and be trusted

5. Mrs. Jones doesn't ask Roger about himself because

a. she doesn't care for him

b. she is tired after work and wants to rest

c. she doesn't want to embarass him

Ans : 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (c)

TASK 3

RECALL:

1.What was Mrs. Jones's initial reaction when the boy tried to snatch her pocketbook?

Ans: Mrs.Jones simply turned around and kicked the boy right square in his blue-jeaned sitter.

2. What does she say she would teach Roger?

Ans: Mrs.Jones said that she would teach Roger right from wrong.

What do Mrs. Jones and Roger talk about during their meal?

Ans : During their meal Mrs.Jones told Roger about her job in a hotel beauty-shop that stayed open

late, what her work was like and how all kinds of women came in and out.

MAKING INFERENCES:

1.When Mrs. Jones makes dinner, Roger sits far away from her purse. Why?

Ans : When Mrs.Jones makes dinner, Roger sits far away from her purse, because he did not want to

be mistrusted.

2. What does Roger say when he leaves the apartment? Why can't he say more?

Ans: When he left the apartment, Roger barely managed to say, “Thank you” because he was much

touched by the way he was treated by Mrs.Jones.



of 80

3. Identify the details to support Roger's poverty and his rough home life.

Ans : Roger face was dirty. He had no one at home to ask him to wash his face. He did not have his

supper because there was no one at his house. He tried to snatch Mrs. Jones’ pocket book as he

wanted to buy a pair of blue suede shoes.

INTERPRETING:

1.Why does Mrs. Jones say that she has “done things too”?

Ans : Mrs.Jones said that she had done things too to mean that everyone is liable to do mistakes, but

they must change. She said these words to make Roger not to feel very bad but to realize his

mistake.

2. What is meant by the expression “Shoes got by devilish ways will burn your feet”?

Ans : The expression, “Shoes got by devilish ways burn your feet”, means things got by evil ways will

bring only punishment.

3. What more does Roger want to say, other than just a “Thank you”?

Ans : Other than just “Thank you” Roger wanted to tell Mrs.Jones that he had realized his mistake

and had changed, but his heart was so full that words did not come out.

EVALUATIVE:

1. How does Mrs. Jones's kindness to Roger change him? Provide evidence from the text.

Ans : Mrs.Jones went behind the screen to prepare the supper for them leaving her purse on the

day bed, Roger never attempted to run away with the purse but sat one the far side of the room

where he thought she could easily see him, if she wanted to. He did not trust the woman not to

trust him, as he did not want to be mistrusted.

CRITICAL THINKING:

Point of view refers to the perspective or vantage point from which a story is told. When a

story is told in the first person, the narrator is a character in the story. In a third-person

narration, the narrator stands outside the story. The story, 'Thank You, M'am' uses third-

person point of view.

1. How do you think Roger would tell the story of his meeting with Mrs. Jones?

Ans: One day about eleven o’clock at nigh I saw a large woman walking alone the road. A large

purse slung across her shoulder. I ran behind her and cut the strap. The strap broke. As I lost my

balance, I fell on my back and could no get the purse. The woman turned around and kicked me she

picked me up and around and kicked me she picked me up and shook me. She dragged me behind

her while those who passed by stood and watched.



of 80

She said that if I were her son, she would teach me right from wrong. I was frightened that

she would take me to jail. She said that she would not take me anywhere with that dirty face. So,

she dragged me home and made me wash me face and comb my hair, so that I looked presentable.

She asked me why I snatched her purse? Was it because I was hungry, I told her that one she

too was young and wanted things, she could not get but she never snatched anyone’s purse. But

she too had done things.

Then she went behind the screen and prepared supper for us. Though she left her purse

behind on the day bed, I was much careful to sit one the far side of the room, where she could easily

see me because I did not want to be mistrusted by her any more.

She made me eat to my full. Then gave me ten dollars and asked me to buy blue suede

shoes for me. She advised me to behave myself and not to try to snatch any one’s purse.

When she opened the doors for me, I wanted to tell her that her kindness had changed me

completely but my heart was so full that I only managed to say “ Thank you” I never saw her again.

APPLYING :

Read through the quotation given near the author's picture. How do you relate the quotation and

the story?

QUOTE: “When people care for you and cry you, they can straighten out your soul”

Ans: Mrs. Jones kind treatment and the care she showed for roger and changed him completely.

Activity 1

Answer the following questions:

1.What is a topic sentence?

Ans: The first sentence of the paragraph that explicitly expresses the main idea of the paragraph is

said to be topic sentence.

2.Write a note on the structure of a paragraph.

Ans: A paragraph can be structured in different ways depending on the purposes. But all paragraphs

should have three important components. Firstly, the main ideas of the paragraph should be

introduced at the beginning. Secondly, the main idea should be explained and thirdly, the supporting

details should be included to explain the main idea.

3.Mention at least two types of paragraphs.

Ans: Description and sequence are the two types of paragraphs.

4.Give at least one example to explain cause and effect.

Ans: A stitch in times saves nine. A stitch in time is the causes and the effect is the saving of nine

stitches.



of 80

Activity 2

Write a paragraph on the following topics:

1. My Dream Home

Ans : Home is a symbol of human togetherness, that is, a place where every person learns the first

step of his life. Home is a place where we live with our family in full security and safety. My dream

house is a place where I wish to live with my parents and siblings. My sweet home should be an

ideal place

where I should feel secure and comfortable to stay there. My house should be surrounded by a

small garden outside with some plans and flowers in it. My dream home should help me to

realize my dreams and be a suitable environment for my vision of the future of my life. It

should allow me to envision a number of exciting upgrades to my everyday life. My dream

home should have enough space and right kind of spaces for every member of my family.

2. Ban of Plastics

Ans : Plastics are a man made disaster that will stay with us for thousands of years to come. As

plastic is a man made material, it cannot be degraded in nature. The world produces more than

six billion metric tons of plastic waste annually. Plastic is dumped in lands and oceans causing

massive pollution and environmental problems. On average, a person consumes more than

100Kg of plastic every year. Irresponsible disposal of plastics will lead to disturbances in the

natural ecosystems as well as our food chain. Banning plastics altogether is not possible

because we are heavily dependent on plastic every day. From our smart phone to computers to

medical devices, plastics exist in every sphere of lives. But banning certain plastic industries like

the plastic bag seems like a good idea because alternatives exist for plastic bags. Proper

awareness and educational campaign should be conducted to make people aware of the

disadvantages of the use of plastics.

3. A stitch in time saves nine.

Ans : When a dress is torn, it must be mended as early as possible. If it is postponed, the small

hole may become bigger and will become difficult to be mended or it will not be able to be used

anymore. Things done then and there is fruitful. Right things should be done at the right

moment as timely action brings great success and achievement and prevents great loss. If one

is easy going and lazy and does not do the work when it is little, it will add on, and on, and make

it impossible to be done. Students should learn their lessons everyday, otherwise they would

find it difficult to learn the entire thing before the examination.

Using the Internet as a Resource

Activity 1: Search for the keyword(s) given below:

a. Mask



of 80

Ans: An object normally worn on the face, typically for protection, disguise,

performance or entertainment.

b. Computer

Ans : An electronic device that stores, retrieves and processes data. The term

was originally given to the humans who perform numerical calculations using

calculators such as abacus and slide rule. Later it was given to a mechanical

device.

c. Tamil Nadu

Ans : A state of India, located in the extreme south of the subcontinent bounded by

the Bay of Bengal to the east, the Indian Ocean to the south and by the States of Kerala to the west,

Karnataka to the north-west and Andhra Pradesh to the north.

Activity 2:

a. Search for the keyword(s) given below and note down the number of entries

displayed

i. cooker – a utensil, person who trends a cooking process, srove

- No of entries: 3

ii. solar cooker – low tech device, large scale solar cooker.

- No of entries: 2

iii. box type solar cooker – outer box, inner cooking box, double glass lid

- No of entries: 3

iv. box type solar cooker Tamil Nadu – made in Tamilnadu type.

- No of entries: 1

b. Search for the keyword(s) given below and check if you get the relevant

information

i. crane – Siberian Crane, eot crane, tower sarus crane, hydra crane, crane images, crane games – 7

entries

ii. Truck crane – book truck crane, Sany STC 500 truck, lower-priced truck crane, mini truck crane,

mobile crane- 5 entries.

c. If you are looking for 'crane' from the field of Zoology, how will you refine

your search?

Ans: The search string should include at least one key word from zoology, It can be ‘bird crane’. This

will show information only with regard to the bird species.



of 80

Activity 3:

a. Search for the keywords given for the tasks above :

i) Computer – a machine that does everything like opening out new items of

expressions, if commanded.

ii) TV – a machine entertainer that telecasts aural / viral pictures.

b. Search using the following keywords

i) Mango OR pickle – a stone fruit produced from species of tropical trees belonging to a

flowering plant genus Mangifiera. Pickle is an edible product, solution of brine or vinegar, a chemical

solution, disagreeable or troublesome situation, baseball.

ii) Mango AND pickle – Mango, a fruit tree, member of cashew family.

iii) “Mango pickle” - after meaning refinement, it just means an eatable substance made of

mango.

Activity 4:

Read the following and fill the check list box with a √ if yes, and with a× if No.

□ Plagiarism is a disciplinary offence. √

□ Acknowledging the source used is not necessary.×

□ Checking the Index of a book will not help in selecting a book of reference.×

□ Copyright protections apply even to the images posted online.√

□ Swayam is one of the e-learning resources of Government of India√

□ e-Pathshala offers e-resources likes audios and videos.√

□ Podcast means recommended books×

□ QR code is star-shaped×

□ Blogs are formal in nature×

□ Bibliography means booklovers. ×

GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT

Involving Action - 1

Verbs

Verbs, as you know are action words. But before we get to talk about it, let us go to places where

the action is. First of all, are you hungry? Then let us head for the bakery and see how they make

yummy pastry.



of 80

Making Puff Pastry:

Puff pastry is made from hundreds of paper-thin layers of butter trapped between hundreds of

paper-thin layers of dough. In the oven, the liquid in both the butter and the dough rapidly

evaporates, puffing the individual layers skyward. The butter melts into the dough, turning it golden

and crispy.

Getting to this end result takes a little work. First, you make a “lean” dough of just flour and water

— it’s considered lean because it contains no fat. Then you wrap this dough around a block of cold

butter. Roll it out, fold it up like a letter, roll it out, fold it up, and repeat. At the end of this whole

process, you will have created all the paper-thin layers that make puff pastry puff.

Task :-

Fill in the blanks with suitable verbs underlined in the above passage:-

1. Chapati is made of wheat flour.

2.2. A cat survived after being trapped underwater in an air pocket for nearly four hours.

3. Water evaporates as gas on heating.

4. The chimney was puffing out clouds of smoke.

5. Great heat melts iron.

6. Vasanth’s hair is turning gray.

7. You can't make an omelette without breaking eggs.

8. Wrap all your glasses in newspaper.



of 80

9. She was chomping on a bread roll.

10. Fold the paper along the dotted line.

11. I'm sorry-could you repeat that?

12. The boom has created job opportunities.

Do you love riding your bike? Hope you enjoy reading this excerpt from a biker’s diary.

I hardly need to state that biking is a passion: The first tiny touch of counter steer to initiate the

turn, feeling rather than seeing the road as it curves in from the left and then dipping a shoulder

into my own turn as it starts, shadowing the road’s moves, squeezing in power, feeling it tighten,

feeling the grip from the tyre as surely as running the palm of a gloved hand along the tarmac.

I think all biker’s will agree. This is not about going from point A to B. I’m not going anywhere, in the

sense that the point of this journey is the journey. It’s Sunday morning and the weather is pleasant.

This is going out for a ride just for the sake of the ride.

Task 1

Fill in the blanks with the correct past tense form of the verb ( irregular verbs)

1. I lost (loose) my watch in the park.

2. David did not hurt (not hurt) his knee.

3. I kicked the ball and it broke (break) a window.

4. My new shoes did not cost (not cost) a lot of money.

5. I got (get) this book from the library.

6. We had a garage where we kept (keep) our car.



of 80

7. Ali cut (cut) his knee.

8. The glass fell (fall) off the table.

9. The glass did not break (not break).

10. We sold (sell) our old car.

11. We bought (buy) a new car.

12. The bell did not ring (not ring).

13. We all went (go) to school.

14. The dog caught (catch) the ball.

15. The man did not kneel (not kneel) down.

16. Our cat ran (run) onto the road.

17. Jane did not write (not write) a letter.

18. I bought (buy) a new camera last week.

19. We drove (drive) to a safari park yesterday.

20. Yesterday Dad did not take (not take) me to the carnival.

21. Elizabeth gave (give) Eva a chocolate.

22. Jack and Jill did not go (not go) up the hill.

23. Her ring cost (cost) ten Euros.

24. I put (put) sugar in my coffee.

25. He did not hit (not hit) the ball over the net.

Concord

Exercises

A) In each of the following sentences supply a verb in agreement with its subject:

1. The cost of all these articles has risen.

2. That night every one of the drama troupe was overjoyed.

3. One of those people has stolen the watch.

4. No news is good news.

5. A good man and a respectable citizen has passed away.

6. Two-thirds of the city is under curfew.



of 80

7. The Three Musketeers is written by Alexander Dumas.

8. The accountant and cashier have been summoned for enquiry.

9. The ebb and flow of tides are influenced by the moon.

10. Each of the talented students is awarded a cash prize.

B) Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb given in brackets:

Vivek has gone to the bank. He wants (want) to take out some money. First he has (have) to fill in a

form for a new cheque book as all the cheques leaves in the old book have (has) been used. He

needs to make (make) out a cheque for the amount he has (have) to pay as rent. The manager as

well as the counter clerks try (try) to persuade him to use an ATM card.

C) Choose the correct form of the verb that agrees with the subject.

1. Annie and her brothers (is, are) at school. (are)

2. Either my mother or my father (is, are) coming to the meeting. (is)

3. The dog or the cats (is, are) outside. (are)

4. Either my shoes or your coat (is, are) always on the floor. (are)

5. George and Tamara (doesn't, don't) want to see that movie. (don’t)

6. Benito (doesn't, don't) know the answer. (doesn’t)

7. One of my sisters (is, are) going on a trip to France. (is)

8. The man with all the birds (live, lives) on my street. (lives)

9. The movie, including all the previews, (take, takes) about two hours to watch. (takes)

10. The players, as well as the captain, (want, wants) to win. (want)

11. Either answer (is, are) acceptable. (is)

12. Every one of those books (is, are) fiction. (is)

13. Nobody (know, knows) the trouble I've seen. (knows)

14. (Is, Are) the news on at five or six? (is)

15. Mathematics (is, are) John's favorite subject, while Civics (is, are) Andrea's favorite subject. (is)

16. Hundred rupees (is, are) the price of a movie ticket these days. (is)

17. (Is, Are) the stationery in this drawer? (is)

18. Your pants (is, are) at the cleaner's. (are)

19. There (was, were) fifteen mangoes in that basket. Now there (is, are) only one left! (were, is)

20. The committee (debates, debate) these questions carefully. (decides)



of 80

21. The committee members (leads, lead) very different lives in private. (leads)

22. The Prime Minister, together with his wife, (greets, greet) the press cordially. (greets)

23. All the CDs, even the scratched one, (is, are) in this case. (are)



of 80

Unit III

Listening and Speaking

TASKS FOR PRACTICE

Fill in the blanks given in the sentences below choosing a suitable imperative from the selection

given below:

Go to Turn right Go straight on Walk along Go down Go up Walk up Go along

Go through Go round Go over Go across Stop at

1. Can you tell me how to reach the nearest hospital?

Ans : Go straight on the street corner and on your left is the hospital

2. I need to buy a pen. Where is the stationery in this area?

Ans : There is a stationery if you walk along Gandhi road, next to the fruits shop.

3. Is there a temple nearby?

Ans : No. But there is one when you go up the hill 15kms from here.

4. Does this train go to Yercaud?

Ans : No. All trains stop at Salem.

5. Have you travelled by train from Mumbai to Pune?

Ans : Yes. All trains go through the tunnel on that route.

6. Is there a library in this block?

Ans : Yes, if you go down to the first floor, it’s on your right.

7. My friend has hurt herself. Is there a nurse’s room in this school?

Ans : Walk up to the Reception. The attender will take you.

8. Aruna’s parents want to meet the warden. Can you tell me where to find her?

Ans : Walk along the corridor till you reach the Hostel Mess. She is there.

9. Excuse me, Can you tell me the way to the nearest bank?

Ans : Go across the street, the bank is between the Photo studio and the Opticals.

10. How far is the train station from here?

Ans : Go to the Cake shop, its two blocks from there.



of 80

Fill in the blanks choosing an appropriate word from the list given:

1: If you go up to the fifth floor, you'll find his office on your right as you come out the elevator.

2: Go to the end of the road and turn left by the traffic lights.

3: Take a right just after the supermarket.

4: You can’t miss his house, it's painted bright pink!

5: Go straight up to the end of the road.

can’t miss straight turn take on

Using the words and phrases given in the columns below, form meaningful sentences:

Boys

are dancing out of the space

They is flying Along the street

Players is walking Across the fence

The girls is passing Over the stadium

The bird are coming Round the bridge

The boat are going Past the volcano

He is coming Under the bus stop

They is jumping Through the music

The dog are riding From the forest

Lava are running To the sky

Ans :

1) The boys are dancing to the music.

2) They are coming from the forest.

3) The players are running round the stadium.

4) The girls are going to the bus stop.

5) The bird is flying across the sky.

6) The boat is passing under the bridge.

7) He is walking alone the street.

8) They are riding through the space.

9) The dog is jumping over the fence.

Lava is coming out of the volcano.

Tasks Using the examples given above, frame sentences with list provided to form sentences using

the connective words



of 80

Fill in the blanks using the wordlist given below:

Therefore instead in spite of despite likewise otherwise though furthermore

nonetheless whereas unless

1.Please call your grandmother on her birthday; otherwise, she'll get upset.

2. Her son looks a lot like his father, whereas her daughter looks like her.

3. We enjoyed ourselves in spite of the poor weather.

4. I'm no athlete; nonetheless, I'm terrible at sports.

5. Furthermore tattoos and piercings seem trendy nowadays, they have actually been around since

ancient times, and are practiced in many cultures.

6.I'll phone you if I receive any more information and you can do likewise.

VERBALS – GERUNDS, PARTICIPLES INFINITIVES

Task 1:-

Use the appropriate Gerund or Infinitive:

1. They are likely to show up at any time. (show)

2. The man denied committing the crime. (commit)

3. Their memories of travelling in London will stay with them forever. (travel)

4. John has always been afraid of flying. (fly)

5. Swimming is good for your health. (swim)

6. Would you mind passing me the sugar. (pass)

7. She promised to read the report as soon as possible. (read)

8. I had a hard time explaining the situation to my husband. (explain)

9. She had some problems reading without glasses. (read)

10. My friend was happy to see me at the party. (see)

Task 2:-

Complete the sentences with the correct form of GERUNDS and INFINITIVES.

1. He decided to study (study) engineering.

2. I dislike waiting (wait).

3. I promise to help (help) you tomorrow.

4. We discussed going (go) to the cinema, but in the end we stayed at home.

5. She agreed to bring (bring) the pudding.

6. I don’t recommend to take (take) the bus, it takes forever!

7. We hope visiting (visit) Agra next month.

8. She suggested going (go) to the museum.

9. They plan to start (start) college in the December.

10. I don’t want to leave (leave) yet.



of 80

Task 3:-

Combine the following pairs of sentences by using participles.

1. We met a girl. She was carrying a heavy bag.

2. The park was decorated with lights. It looked beautiful.

3. The thieves saw the cops. They ran away.

4. I found the door open. I went inside.

5. The police saw the body. It was floating down the river.

6. He cried at the top of his voice. He rushed at the thief.

7. We had worked for several hours. We came out of the office.

8. The troops gave a blow to the enemy. It was stunning.

9. His handwriting was illegible. I couldn’t figure out what he had written.

10. We make some friendships in childhood. They last for ever.

11. The sun had risen. We set out on our journey.

12. I walked along the road. I saw a snake.

13. He lost all his money in gambling. He became a pauper.

14. I took a cue from his words. I solved the riddle.

15. The burglars broke the door open. They entered the house.

Answers:

1.We met a girl carrying a heavy bag.

2.The park being decorated with lights looked beautiful.

3.The thieves seeing the cops ran away.

4.Finding the door open,I went inside.

5.The police saw the body floating down the river.

6.Crying at the top of his voice , he rushed at the thief.

7.After working for several hours, we came out of the office.

8.The troops gave a stunning blow to the enemy.

9.I couldn't figure out what he had written from his illegible handwriting.

10.We make some friendships in childhood lasting for ever.

11.The sun having risen, we set out on our journey.

12.I saw a snake while walking along the road.

13.Having lost all his money in gambling ,he became a pauper.

14.Taking a cue from his words, I solved the riddle.

15.Breaking the door open, the burglars entered the house

MODALS

Exercises

A) Fill in the correct modal verb:

1. Jaguars _____run really fast. (can/might/may)

2. I _____go for the wedding reception, but I’m not sure.(might/can/must)



of 80

3. I think you ______go out and meet new people. ( should/mustn’t/must)

4. You ___________come with us if you don’t want to (mustn’t/don’t have to/mightn’t)

5. This is a secret between you and me, so we ____tell anyone (mightn’t/don’t have to/

mustn’t)

6. It's dangerous to go into deep water if you ____swim (cannot/may not/ shouldn’t )

7. I feel miserable, so I _____stay at home (can/may/have to)

8. I ____go out later with my parents but I don't really know. (might/should/can’t)

9. All passengers ____(needn’t/ can/ mustn’t) remain in their seats and ________(mustn’t/

might not/ don’t have to) use their mobile phones.

10. To get a driving licence you______ be over 18. (may/can/have to)

Choose the most appropriate answer for expressing the idea specified in parentheses.

1. I speak to Mr.Shyam, please? (Formal polite request)

Can May Would Would you mind if

2. you open the window, please? It's hot in here. (Polite ui)

Could Couldn't Won't Wouldn't

3. Would you mind if I your dictionary for an hour or so? (Polite request)

borrowed will borrow would borrow

4 . Would you mind if I come to your party? (Asking for permission)

didn't won't wouldn't

5. Could I use your cell phone, please? – Sorry, you . (Permission not given)

can't couldn't mustn't won't

C) Make the following sentences more polite by using- Please/ can you/ could you/ would you/

would you mind/

• Pleasefill in this form.

. can youbring us some water?

• could yousend them an email?

• would youshut the window?

• would you mind switch off your cell phones?



of 80

Unit IV

LISTENING AND SPEAKING

GIVING AND RESPONDING TO OPINIONS

Session 1

Identify phrases from the above dialogue that are used

while asking for an opinion (wouldn’t you say so?/ What do you all feel?/ What are your

thoughts on that?)

before / while giving an opinion (I think/ I feel/ I really believe/ In my opinion/ From my

perspective)

while agreeing or disagreeing with another’s opinion (agreeing: I agree with you/ I

completely agree with you/ I couldn’t agree with you more) (disagreeing: I disagree/ I feel

you both of are wrong)

TASK 2

Phrases used while asking for opinion

Formal Informal

What are your thoughts on…. What do you say?

Would you say that….. What do you feel?

Would you agree….. Sarika? (using the name of the person from

whom you are asking for the opinion)

Do you think it’s a good idea to… Do you think it’s a good idea to…

Where do you stand on the issue of Do you agree?

Can you share your opinion on… Ans: Do you agree with me

What do you think?

How do you feel?

Don’t you think?

Ans: What do you think….

Would you go along with..

Could you have your opinion..

Phrases used while giving an opinion

Formal Informal

In my opinion… I feel that..

I firmly believe that… I really think that…



of 80

It is my (humble) opinion that… I believe…

From my perspective/ point of view… I would say that…

In my view… Ans: In my opinion

To my mind

I really see that

I strongly believe

It seems to me that…

Ans: The way I see it

I honestly think that

Phrases used while agreeing / disagreeing

Formal Informal

Agreeing

Yes, I agree with you… I agree with you…

I think you’re right You’re right

I couldn’t agree more I couldn’t agree more

Ans: I have nothing against

I thing so too

You are absolutely right

I had go along with that

Me too

Definitely

Of course

Ans:I feel the same

I approve

Disagreeing

I’m afraid I don’t agree with you Oh, no. I feel

I have to disagree with you No, you’re wrong. I think

I’m sure you’re right, but I feel… Yeah, but…

I beg to differ

Don’t you think it might be better ….. Ans:I don’t feel the same ..

I don’t believe ..

Certainly not..

I don’t agree with you..

I don’t think..

Ans: That’s not the way I see it..

I’ll be inclined to disagree..

I’m afraid..

I disagree..



of 80

TASK 3

Complete the following using the correct phrases for asking for, giving opinions and agreeing and/ or

disagreeing with opinions.

Arpita: You have been away from your family for a long time. I think you should move

back home with your family.

Bhaskar: You’re absolutely right. I really miss my wife and daughter.

Press reporter: What is your opinion about the government’s decision to hike fuel prices?

Opposition Leader: I feel that the move is wrong. I really think that the fuel prices should be

cut.

Sahana: In my view Switzerland is the best place to visit for our summer vacation. Do you

agree with me?

Tarun: I totally disagree with you. Why should we go all the way to Switzerland? We have

lovely hill stations in India.

Dinesh: I feel the same. We can go to Missouri or Dehradun instead.

Activist 1: In my opinion it is important to treat all creation with respect and I strongly

believe it is wrong to test cosmetics on animals.

Entrepreneur: No you’re wrong. Animals are different from us. And how else can we find

out if the cosmetics are safe for us?

Activist 2: I have to disagree with that point of view. Science has grown so much. I

firmly believe we can find a more humane way of finding out how safe cosmetics are.

Session 2

TASK 1

Is animal testing on cosmetics necessary?

Ans:

Ravi:I don’t think animal testing on cosmetics is necessary. Peter, what do you say?

Peter: Yes, I agree with you. In the production center they take care of everything.

Krish: No, no. The cosmetics have to be tested for their rightful use by the public. Don’t, you

understand?

Peter: Sorry differ from your opinion. I feel that animal testing will have certain undesirable

effects on the products themselves.

Ramu: Yes, I concur with you. As of now, there is no urgency to try it with the cosmetic

products. Let us have products as they are available now.

Ravi : Okay then, we shall have the on an experimental basis and try them for the present

Are Indian systems of medicine better than allopathy?

Ans: Raja: In the present day world the use of allopathy has increased manifold. Do you

know?



of 80

Mani: Yes, of course. But you see, there are other methods of treatment like Ayurveda and

Eunani which too cure Patients’ diseases. What I feel is the locally available herbs and

medicinal plants can as well cure the diseases like cancer and asthma.

John: Definitely. There is no harm in trying the ancient Siddha type of medicines in curing

deadly diseases. Many a Siddha clinics have come up and have successfully treated the

patients.

Mani : I am with you on this matter. Instead of relying on the western type of treatment and

going on for costly treatments, it is better to have the country-made medicines available

through the herbs and plants.

Raja: No, for ailments like heart problem, there is immediate cure only in western treatment

like operation and replacement of the internal organs, etc.

James : I too disagree with what mani has said. Only by adopting the allopathy method we

can have lasting cure and remedy.

Should children be taught only in their mother tongues?

Ans:

Rani: I am of the view that the children should be taught only their mother-tongues.

Anitha: No, it will only produce limited talent among them. They should be given the

opportunity to learn more languages.

Meena: Yes. That is what I feel. If children are taught other languages like English and one

more either Indian or the European, they can emerge easy job-pickers in future.

Mala: No, why do you trust languages in young minds? It may not work out on the expected

lines. I for one, am for mother-tongue teaching only.

Rani: I agree with you. Let us have the opinions from the children and their parents.

Should village cuisine be promoted in cities?

Ans:

Mohan: I feel that the village cuisine should be promoted in cities.

That way the people in the village stand to gain.

Govind: I don’t agree. The new types of food, junk food and fast food have come on the

scene. People go for them increasingly. So there is market only for these foods.

Should food delivery services be encouraged?

Ans:

Devi: I am of the opinion that food delivery services should be encouraged.

Rani : Why do the day so? I feel it is not necessary in these days of infection in the

surrounds.

Jenni: Yes, that is what I would suggest. Home made products can do good for our

consumers. There are now umpteen such homes engaged in the business of food

preparation.



of 80

Nisha: No, in these days of hectic business activity it is advisable that we have food delivery

to ease the work load.

Devi: Right. I agree with you. There is enough convenience in getting food delivered.

2.READING AND WRITING

Note taking

NOTE TAKING

SESSION 1

TASK 1

From the following list, place a tick against sentences that are true about note taking.

We use full sentences.

We use abbreviations.

We put down in short sentences everything that is there in the passage.

We put down only the important points.

We make use of our notes to plan an essay.

We throw away our notes as soon as we make them

Roman plays

Example: Antony and Celopatra, Julius Ceasar

Five narrative poems

154 sonnet As you would have noticed, sentences 2, 4 and 5 are true about note-taking.

TASK 2

William Shakespeare

Life6

1564-1616

Born and died: Stratford-upon-Avon

Career—plays

Perf. in London

At Globe Theatre

written for Chamberlaine’s Men

Works

39 plays

Comedies

Example: As You Like It, A Midsummer Night’s Dream

Tragedies

Example: Hamlet, King Lear



of 80

Histories

Example: Richard II, Henry IV

Abbreviation :

Ad for advertisement

1. Ltd for Limited

2. Std for Standard

3. Regd for Registered

4. Eg_for Example

5. @ for Therefore

SESSION 3

TASK 1

PAPER BOOKS AND E-BOOKS

Similarities:

a. structure

b. information

c. to study & to relax

d. to work & to learn

Differences:

Paper Books E books

Looks

Tick, Large, made of paper & ink Sleek, thin, digital form

Durability

Last for years Easily break

Cost

Expensive, resold for profit Less expensive, No resale value

TASK 2

Ans:

1. The Acacia Tree

Grows in – Tropical and hemispheres

Types – More than 800



of 80

Life span – 15 to 30 years

Appearance – Height – above 40’ , Leaves – Feathering , Flowers – yellow white blooms,

Fruits- Brownish dry seedpods.

Acacia in South Africa – First topped

Central America – Swollen thorn

Hawaii – Dark hardwood

Flowering Acacia – Balleyana, Farnessians

In India- It was known as Khair

Three divisions – Catechu, Catechuoides and Sundra.

Introduction in Europe – 1601

In North America – 1960s

Uses – Yellow Blossoms – gifts

- Nector – food to ants

- Leaves – food to giraffe, cattle

- Throne – strung into necklaces, belts

III.THE NEW MUSIC

ANS:

THE NEW MUSIC

New music built in 1966-67

Out of exiting materials- blues , rock’n roll , folk music. Till 1965 olden elements expressed – black

soul ,youthful sensuality , anti-war sentiments

Transformation brought by – Youthful rock groups in San Francisco, Beaties in England.

Happenings – First – Musical traditions – rages, jazz, country music and chants

-Second – Used Electric Instruments

-Third – Music becomes a multimedia

Effects – Developed Protean Music , Increased Music volume, Began new art of light show, the

audience danced.

Narrative writing – writing narrative essays of two to three paragraphs

WRITING NARRATIVE ESSAYS

Session 1

TASK 1

Think of an incident that happened to you that



of 80

a) surprised you the most

Ans : In the classroom the teacher asked Gopal why he was absent the previous day. He told

a lie that he had gone to his uncle’s house in selam. But the teacher knew that he was telling a lie.

He actually saw him in the town going with his friend to a movie. The teacher caught hie

red-handed. Its surprised Gopal so very much.

B)scared you the most

Ans : On my return home yesterday, I cam across a big snake. It just passed ahead of me.

On verification I found that it was a poisonless snake that had quit its wet place and came

out to the street. It scared me so much and I south the help of a passer-by who just drove it

to the other side of the hedge.

C) left you very happy

Ans : I took part in an interview last week. They asked me questions on environment. They wanted

me to demonstrate how I would persuade a boy to grow the plants for the sake of the world’s

population. The boy in fact showed pictures of plants he had planted in his garden. He also

explained how smoke, unhygienic conditions and pollution would change the atmospheric air into

unlivable one. The demonstration was superb. The panel on the interview board felt impressed. It

made me happy at the end.

d) left you very confused

Ans : It was the day of reckoning for me. In the school, a team calling for meritorious

students in order to give employment. While that day my father insisted that I should

remain at home for my sisters betrothal function, my elder brother pressed me to go and

appear before the job sectors. So that I would get employed easily at the year end. This left

me greatly confused as to what I should do.

e) taught you a valuable lesson

Ans : The teacher advised that drug taking is a bad trait which ought to be stopped for future good.

Drug traffickers are like self-consuming killers who not only harm themselves but bring harm to

others as well. The effect of such a practice will come to be felt only later. It also serves as a

warning and makes one realize his mistakes. Keeping good habits is a personality trait. Thus, the

teacher taught me a valuable lesson.

TASK 2

Write down words to describe the following atmospheres. The first one is done for you.

Scary

spooky

dark

gloomy

Happy

Gleeful



of 80

merry

exhilarating

cheerful

Confused

confounded

bewildered

preplexed

puzzled

Surprise

amazing

astounding

astonishing

Session 2

TASK 1

Add relevant adjectives to the following verbs. The first one is done for you.

Walk

slowly

fast (remember: not fastly)

jauntily

hesitatingly

with a spring to my step (an idiom meaning happily)

happily

Sit

Straight

down

backtoback

upright

outside

Think

right

well

good

fast

lovely

Sleep

alone

well

good



of 80

fast

lovely

Wait

outdoor

sometimes

up

alone

long

TASK 3

INCIDENT 1

Person 1 Description

The Narrator I am a 10th standard student was of average

height and moderate weight. I was always very

particular about my dress. So, in my neat

uniform and tidy shoes, I looked smart. I was

studious, hard-working and friendly, so my

teachers and classmates like me.

Person 2

The English teacher

My English teacher was a tall, slim, fair looking,

middle aged lady. The way she had dressed

herself, her light makeup, and her kick dark

curly hair had made her look incredibly young.

She was popular both among her colleagues

and students because she was kind and

affectionate.

Person 3 The Principal of our school was tall and strongly

built. She had a sharp nose and a commanding

tone. Sitting on the rolling chair in her room,

she gave a majestic appearance. Though

looked strict, she was kind, looked strict, she

was kind, considerate and easily approachable.

So was respected by all.

The Principal

Person 4

The Judge

The judge was a Professor from the local

government college. Having put in long years

of retirement. Her modest dress and her

glasses gave her a scholarly look. She

announced the results of the contest in her

ringing tone.



of 80

INCIDENT 2

Person 1 Description

The Narrator I was at my school finals. My body was strong

and well but. I was over confident and I used to

walk wit my head held high. I never paid heed

to others advice in anything. I was essay going

and took nothing seriously. I never realized

that only practice makes one perfect.

Person 2

My coach was a man with a warn personality.

He had a big moustache in his clean-shaven

face, and was always in his formal dress. He

looked grim and serious, but was open minded.

He provided enough training and guidance to

the players to make them achieve their goal.

The Coach

Person 3

My opponent was a teenager with large, dark,

bright eyes in his round face. He was quite

stylish in his dress. He looked relaxed but was

very optimistic. While playing. He was honest,

sincere and well mannered.

The opponent

Person 4

My parents were a middle-aged couple. My

father, a quite tall man, had a long face, fine

moustache and black, straight hair, my mother

was smart, Sociable, independent and fun

loving. But on that day, she was sitting in the

ground with full of anxiety. As my father never

like talking people, he was sitting quite by the

side of my mother.

TASK 3

Session 3

TASK 1

Develop the two first paragraphs you wrote in the previous session into narrative essays. Each essay

should not exceed 500 words.

(a) The incident that left me very happy

Ans:



of 80

I was sitting in my science class in tenth standard. In the middle of the class, my English

teacher approached me and took me out of the class. She said that I was selected to represent me

school at the Inter school Declamation Contest in Our city.

The English teacher gave me a list of tropics and asked me to choose one. Though, there were quite

a many interesting topics, I selected the topic, “If is better to have tried and ailed than never to have

tried at all.” The next day the teacher gave me an inspiring script for the speech. Every day I was

given three periods to prepare for the speech, until the contest. I read the script lots of times. The

English teacher would near me speak atleast five times daily. She corrected my pronunciation,

instructed me on modulation as the speech demanded. Thus, word by word by word, sentence by

sentence, I perfected my speech.

The Principal also heard my speech in her office and gave me some invaluable times. A day before

the Declamation contest, I delivered me speech with clapping thunder. That inspired me with self-

confidence and self-belief.

On the morning of the competition, my teacher accompanied me to the host school auditorium. I

did not feel nervous at all. When my turn came, I just gave a flawless rendition. I received a

standing ovation from the audience.

At the end, when the Judge declared the result, I jumped out of my chair three feet high because I

given the first prize. I felt very happy and contented. I received a cash prize along with a trophy and

a certificate.

At my own school, I was applauded in the morning assembly the next day and was overwhelmed

with congratulations. When I look in retrospect, I fell so proud of my efforts and the rewards that

followed them. The feeling of achievement after struggle is the best form of happiness that one can

feel. It surpasses all other forms of happiness. The hard warned joys are the sweetest.

b) The incident that taught me a valuable lesson

Ans:

Each one of us has some talent in us which differentiates us from others. We have to find it

out and try to excel in it. Once being excelled, we have to be humble and should not be over

confident.

One day, I went to play badminton and to my astonishment, I found out that the traditional

and natural shots came naturally to me. Thinking it to be an extraordinary trait gifted to me, I

decided to pursue my career as a badminton player. I worked hard for two years and became the

champion at the district level. I had stepped into the professional panel of this game. I thought that

I was the best player in the district and this thought made me to decrease gradually the length of my

practice sessions. I was floating in joy. I never paid heed to the senior players or the coach’s advice.

Days passed, the time for the state level tournament came. As I had won at the district level, I was

so full of over confidence that I thought that I could win that state level easily. I completely forgot

the fact that there were many other district players like me. To my utter surprise, I was knocked out



of 80

in the first round itself by me opponent, whom I had defeated at the district level. It was exactly a

shocking and traumatic moment for me.

I had let down my parents and my coach. I felt ashamed to show my face to them. My coach came

searching for me. I was felt that he would lash me out for being so careless and irresponsible and

losing such an important match, but rather he was calm and affectionate. In a matter of five

minutes. He taught me greatest lesson of my life-hard work and humbleness.

He explained that he had been noticing my change of attitude which was the cause for my defeat.

He also pointed out my over confident behaviour and advised that one should always be rooted to

the earth, no matter whatever height of success one reaches. Moreover, one should always be

humble and respectful at all times even to ones apponents. From then on, I vowed to follow my

guides advice all my life.

As my coach wanted to teach me this lesson in the practical way, he did not point out my short

comings earlier. Though I suffered a big defeat, I was happy to pick up a valuable lesson after the

defeat. To me it was a blessing in disguise.

GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT:

Tense

Present

Past

Future

A) Write a suitable sentence using the PRESENT PERFECT TENSE:

1. Ann’s hair was dirty. Now it’s clean. (wash)Ann has washed her hair

Answer: Ann has washed her hair.

2. Tom was 80 kg. Now he’s 70. (lose weight)

Answer: Tom has 80 kg. Now he’s 70. He has lost 10kgs.

3. Bill played football yesterday. Now he can’t walk; his leg is in plaster. (break)

Answer: Bill has broken his leg.

4. My sister is looking for her pen. (lose)

Answer: My sister has lost her pen.

5. Mary is on holiday in France. (go)

Answer: Mary has gone to France on holiday.

6. Mr. Hill was in Canada last week. He’s back in London now. (be)

Answer: Mr. Hill has come back to London now.



of 80

7. Look! Mrs. Smith has got a lot of packages. (buy)

Answer: Mrs. Smith has bought a lot of packages.

8. I can’t eat anything now. (eat too much)

Answer: I have eaten too much.

9. Mrs. Jenkins is very tired. (clean / house)

Answer: Mrs. Jenkins has cleaned the house.

10. Tony needs a holiday. (work / hard / this year)

Answer: Tony has worked hard for this year.

B) Use PRESENT PERFECT TENSE after BECAUSE:

Example: She can’t go to the party. (catch a cold) She can’t go to the party because she has caught a

cold.

1. He can’t walk very fast. (hurt / leg)

Ans: He can’t walk very fast because he has hurt his leg.

2. I can’t get in. (lose / key)

Ans: I can’t get into the house because he has lost the key.

3. I know this story very well. (see the film)

Ans: I know this story very well because I have read the book.

4. I can’t post the letter. (not put / stamp / on it)

Ans: I can’t post the letter because I have not put the stamp on it.

5. He can’t stand up. (eat too much)

Ans: He can’t stand up because he has eaten too much.

6. They can’t go on holiday. (not save / money)

Ans: They can”t go on holiday because they have not saved enough money.

7. I know him. (meet him before)

Ans: I know her because I met her before.

8. We don’t know how he is. (not hear from him)

Ans: We don’t know how he is because we have not heard from him.

9. He won’t take a cigarette. (give up smoking)

Ans: He won’t take a cigarette because he has given up smoking.

10. She can’t get in. (he / lock the door)

Ans: She can’t get in because he has locked the door.

C) Follow the example and do the same using ALREADY:

Example: Bring the milk in, please. - I have ALREADY brought it in.

1. You must find the tickets soon. I have already found the files.



of 80

2. Turn the radio down, please. I have already turn down the TV.

3. Tidy your room. I have already tidied my room.

4. Could you post the letters, please? I have already posted the letters.

5. Why don’t you see a doctor? I have already seen a doctor.

6. You have a bad cough. I think you should stop smoking. I have already stopped smoking.

7. Why don’t you clean your shoes? I have already cleaned my shoes.

8. Brush your teeth, will you? I have already brushed my teeth.

9. We have guests today. Shall we make a cake? I have already made cake.

10. We should invite Mary to the party. I have already invited Mary to the party.

D) Follow the example and do the same using YET:

Example: She has been in the shop. (buy anything) - She has been in the shop but she hasn’t bought

anything YET.

1. I’ve written to them three times. (not reply)

ANS: I’ve written to them three times but they have not replied yet.

2. I’ve asked you again and again. (not do it)

ANS: I’ve asked you again and again but you have not done it yet.

3. I lent him $10 last month. (not give it back)

ANS: I lent him $10 last month but he has not given it back yet.

4. He lost his pen a week ago. (not find it)

ANS: He has lost his pen a week ago but he has not found it yet.

5. He borrowed my book last year. (not give it back)

ANS: He borrowed my book last year but he has not given it back yet.

6. She went to New York six months ago. (not return it)

ANS: She went to New york six months ago but she has not returned yet.

7. She gave me $2 a week ago. (not return it)

ANS: She gave me him $2 a week ago but I have not returned it yet.

8. I finished reading my library books a long time ago. (not change them)

ANS: I finished reading my library books a long time ago but I have not changed them yet.



of 80

9. She went to the bus-stop half an hour ago. (the bus / not come)

ANS: She went to the bus stop half an hour ago but the bus has not come yet.

10. He’s still studying that lesson. (not learn it)

ANS: He’s still studying the lesson but he has not learnt it yet.

D) Fill in the blanks with ALREADY or YET:

1. He hasn’t called us YET.

2. They have ALREADY sent the letter.

3. John has ALREADY bought the tickets for the football match.

4. We have ALREADY been to Mexico three times.

5. You haven’t visited Tokyo YET.

6. John has bought a new car ALREADY .

7. The plane has ALREADY left.

8. Has she done it ALREADY No, not YET .

9. A: Haven’t they arrived YET B: Oh, yes. They have ALREADY arrived.

10. Hurry up! The class has ALREADY started.

11. Be careful! They have ALREADY painted the door.

12. Haven’t you read the book YET.

E) Follow the example and do the same using JUST:

Example: he / go out - What has he JUST done? - He has JUST gone out.

1. She / leave the room

ANS: What has she just done?- She has just leaved the room.

2. they / watch the news

ANS: What have they just watched?- They have just watched the news.

3. I / finish homework

ANS: What I have just finished?-I have just finished my homework.

4. he / put on the jacket

ANS: What has he just put on?-He has just put on the jacket.

5. she / catch a fish

ANS: What has he just caught?-He has just caught a fish.



of 80

6. he / call a taxi

ANS: What has he just called?-HE has just called a taxi.

7. you / write a letter

ANS: What have you just written?-You have just written a letter.

F) Put the verbs in the correct tense. Use the SIMPLE PAST or the PRESENT PERFECT:

1. Hasn’t Tim finished (finish) his work yet?

2. They have just gone (just / go) out.

3. Haven’t you send (send) the letters yet?

4. They have not seen (not / see) the film yet.

5. The train has just arrived (just / arrive).

6. Have you ever been (ever / be) in a TV studio?

7. I lost (lose) my dictionary. I can’t find it anywhere.

8. My bicycle isn’t here. Somebody has taken (take) it.

Rewrite the following sentences twice, using SINCE and FOR:

Example: I haven’t seen you. (Christmas / 3 days)

a) I haven’t seen you SINCE Christmas.

b) I haven’t seen you FOR 3 days.

1. We’ve been here. (an hour / 4 o’clock)

a) We’ve been here since 4 o’clock.

b) We’ve been here for an hour.

2. She hasn’t spoken to me. (2 weeks / last / last week)

a) She hasn’t spoken to me since last week.

b) She hasn’t spoken to me for the last two weeks.

3. They’ve lived in this street. (1970 / a long time)

a) They’ve lived in the street since 1970.

b) They’ve lived in the street for a long time.

4. I haven’t had time to do it. (last Monday / a few days)

a) I haven’t had time to do it since last Monday.



of 80

b) I haven’t had time to do it for a few days.

5. We haven’t bought a new one. (ages / many years)

a) We haven’t bought a new one since ages.

b) We haven’t bought a new one for many years.



of 80

Unit V Listening and Speaking

a. Group discussion

2. Reading and writing

a. Reading diagrammatic information – interpretations maps, graphs and pie

charts

b. Writing short essays using the language of comparison and contrast

3. Grammar in Context: Voice (Show the relationship between Tense and Voice)

GROUP DISCUSSION

Where it begins:

Group Discussion need not be daunting. Just go back to the times when you sat around the table in a

restaurant and discussed matters of interest with your friends. Even at home, sitting with family and

sharing a meal could also be a time for interesting discussions.

Formal Discussions:

As you get ready for professional life, you should be able to participate in a discussion.

Discussion is the lifeline of creative and progressive organisations. Being creative and innovative is

important. But equally important is your ability to communicate your ideas in a group without

feeling inhibited or without being too aggressive and offending the others in the group.

Participation in group discussion is indeed a skill. While arguments due to disagreements might be

accepted and forgiven by friends and family, it is totally unacceptable in formal discussion



of 80

What is Group Discussion?

Group Discussion! Is a methodology or in a simple language you may call it an interview process or a

group activity. It is used as one of the best tools to select the prospective candidates in a

comparative perspective. GD may be used by an interviewer at an organization, colleges or even at

different types of management competitions.

A GD is a methodology used by an organization to gauge whether the candidate has certain

personality traits and/or skills that it desires in its members. In this methodology, the group of

candidates is given a topic or a situation, given a few minutes to think about the same, and then

asked to discuss the topic among themselves for 15-20 minutes. Freshersworld.com brings you an

elaborate section for GD as you had ever seen anywhere else. It is a very useful tool to screen the

candidate’s potential as well as their skills.

GD evaluation is done by the subject experts based on the discussions. A report will be prepared on

analyzing the facts at the end of the discussion.

Some of the personality traits the GD is trying to gauge may include:

* Communication skills

* Interpersonal Skills

* Leadership Skills

* Motivational Skills

* Team Building Skills

* Analytical /Logical Skills

* Reasoning ability

* Different Thinking

* Initiative

* Assertiveness

* Flexibility

* Creativity

* Ability to think on ones feet



of 80

* Why GDs are implemented commonly:

The reason why institutes put you through a Group discussion and an interview, after testing your

technical and conceptual skills in an exam, is to get to know you as a person and gauge how well you

will fit in their institute. GD evaluates how you can function as a part of a team. As a manager or as a

member of an organization you will always be working in teams. Therefore how you interact in a

team becomes an important criterion for your selection. Managers have to work in a team and get

best results out of teamwork. That is the reason why management institutes include GD as a

component of the selection procedure.

Company's Perspective:

Companies conduct group discussion after the written test to know more about your:

* Interactive Skills (how good you are at communication with other people)

* Behavior (how open-minded are you in accepting views contrary to your own)

* Participation (how good an active speaker you are & your attention to the discussion)

* Contribution (how much importance do you give to the group objective as well as your own)

Aspects which make up a Group Discussion are:

* Verbal Communication

* Non-verbal behavior

* Confirmation to norms

* Decision making ability

* Cooperation

Exercises:

The class teacher may divide the students into groups and choose some of the following topics for

discussion:

Safety of industrial and construction workers

1. Making Healthcare available to all

2. Using renewable energy to reduce pollution

3. Promoting the fitness culture

4. Consumer Awareness

5. Wasteful expenditure at weddings

6. Nature cures versus allopathy

7. Child Labour

a.READING DIAGRAMMATIC INFORMATION: INTERPRETING CHARTS, GRAPHS AND MAPS

SESSION 1

AIM : By the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to interpret charts, graphs and maps.

They will also be able to use appropriate vocabulary to describe them.

Ask the students to think about the kinds of data that can be represented by graphs and charts. Also

promote a discussion on the different kinds of charts and graphs (bar graphs, pie-charts etc.)

Encourage the class to think of the kinds of words commonly used while talking about such



of 80

data. Put down the responses on the board. A possible board map is given below:

(20 minutes)

Cricket scores trends in sales existing green cover decreasing

change in green cover Increasing marginal rise steep drop

remain steady Changes in trend go up a little

cricket scores fluctuate

Elicit from the students the meanings of the words / phrases with examples. The sample

map

given below can be used as reference.

Graph representing the

sales of fidget spinner in

a toy shop through a

single day.

Ask

the students

to complete

Activity I

Activity-1

Answer the

following



of 80

After discussing the answers, ask the students to complete Activity II.

Activity II

Given below are five graphs depicting the run rate of the Indian cricket team in each match in a

tournament. Match the graphs to the sentences that best describe them.

(5 minutes)

Answers : 1. b , 2. e , 3. c , 4. a , 5. d

1. The runrate fluctuated through the match.

2. The run rate was very low in the beginning but it rose sharply and then remained steady.

3. They began very badly, then improved marginally and suddenly showed tremendous

improvement.

4. The run rate was a bit poor in the first few overs, then it showed a sharp rise before falling.

5. They began with a high run rate but soon the run rate showed a sharp fall and remained bad for a

few overs. After this, it rose sharply.

1. The runrate fluctuated through the match.

2. The run rate was very low in the beginning but it rose sharply and then remained

steady.

3. They began very badly, then improved marginally and suddenly showed tremendous

improvement.

4. The run rate was a bit poor in the first few overs, then it showed a sharp rise before

falling.

5. They began with a high run rate but soon the run rate showed a sharp fall and

remained bad for a few overs. After this, it rose sharply.



of 80

After discussing the answers, ask the students to complete activity III.You could recap quickly

different kinds of graphs – line, bar, pie – before the activity.

Activity III

Given below is a pie-chart depicting the percentage of people watching the various categories of

TV channels in Chennai. Read the pie-chart and answer the questions.

(5 minutes)

1. Which category of channels has the least viewership?youth-0.44%

2. Discovery Culture is a new channel that deals with the art, culture and heritage of different

places in the world. What percentage of viewership does the category it belongs to

have?11.02%

3. Sirippoli, the Tamil comedy channel, belongs to a category that has ____51.25%______

percentage of viewership

4. Ramya’s grandmother finds it difficult these days to make a trip to Velankanni. So she

prefers to watch the Mass being telecast live on TV. Which category of channels will she watch?

What is the viewership percentage of that category? Devotional /Spiritual Channel - 2.17%

After discussing the answers, ask the students to complete Activity IV.



of 80

Activity IV

Read the graph depicting average rainfall and temperature of a city through a year and answer the

questions that follow. (10 minutes)

1. Which month has recorded the highest temperature? August

2. Which month has the highest amount of rainfall? April

3. The peak monsoon season for this city is from ____April______________ to

________October__________.

4. The driest months of the year are: January, December

5. What is the range of the average temperature? 15°C – 25°C

6. Is the temperature the same all year round? If it is different, how many seasons does the

location experience? No , 4

7. Which months are the warmest and which are the coldest? July and September-warmest ,

December and January-coldest

8. Which months do you think the city will be most uncomfortable to live in and why? June and

October. Because at that time of the year, the city won't be hottest and it won't be coldest.

9. With the rainfall and temperature information, briefly describe the climate of the city

between May and August. In May, the city will not be the hottest one and you will get the

maximum rainfall. In August, the city will be the hottest one and there will be a slight

decrease in the rainfall.



of 80

SESSION 2

Activity V

Elicit from the class the different uses to which maps can be put and write these down on the

blackboard. In all likelihood, ‘finding their way,’ gauging distances’ and ‘identifying directions’

‘finding alternate routes’, ‘finding specific places’ (such as hotels, petrol bunks etc.) will be among

them.

Also encourage them to bring out words / phrases they have read / heard while using Google maps.

Put down these on the board. Words / phrases such as the following would emerge:

Go straight for 2 km, turn right on Cathedral Road, turn left at Saidapet Signal etc.

Activity IX 10 minutes

Read the following map of India showing the movements of different winds over the

country and answer the questions



of 80

1. When does the monsoon usually start in Pakistan? July 15th

2. Hyderabad can expect rains to start from ____June 5th______________________.

3. The city at the southernmost point, as seen in the map, is

________Trivandrum____________________.

4. Arrange the following places in the chronological order of the onset of monsoon 1.Trivandrum

2.Hyderabad 3. Varanasi 4.Karachi

Varanasi Karachi Hyderabad Trivandrum

5. Name the river that flows between Madras and Hyderabad. Krishna

6. The monsoon that brings rains to Calcutta moves in which of the following directions?

a. Northern

b. Eastern

c. Western

d. Southern

b. WRITING SHORT ESSAYS USING THE LANGUAGE OF COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

Have you heard the expression, there are two sides to every coin?

The expression is metaphorical and conveys that with regard to

any issue/product there are merits and demerits, positive and

negative aspects.

One of the benefits of college education is analytical and critical thinking. College education is not

only about making you employable, but also about the making of an intellectual. Thinking patterns

are nurtured and honed in the college environment through thought-provoking assignments,

debates, oratorical competitions and essay writing contest.

The art of “using the language of comparison and contrast” comes in handy for effective

presentation of intellectually stimulating ideas. It is is an excellent academic/intellectual exercise.

Moreover, it is a cogent way of expressing.



of 80

To compare is to examine how things are similar, while to contrast is to see how they differ.

A compare and contrast essay takes into consideration the similarities between two or more objects

and the differences as well. In the academic context, with regard to college assignments and exam

questions, you are often called upon to “compare and contrast”. This type of essay writing

assignment is the teachers’ way of testing your understanding of theories, methods, historical

periods, characters in a novel etc.

Structure

There are two main ways to structure a compare and contrast essay, namely using a block or a point-

by-point structure. For the block structure, all of the information about one of the objects being

compared/contrasted is given first, and all of the information about the other object is listed

afterwards. This type of structure is similar to the block structure used for cause and

effect and problem-solution essays. For the point-by-point structure, each similarity (or difference)

for one object is followed immediately by the similarity (or difference) for the other. Both types of

structure have their merits. The former is easier to write, while the latter is generally clearer as it

ensures that the similarities/differences are more explicit.The two types of

structure, block and point-by-point, are shown in the diagram below.

Block

Introduction

Object 1 - Point 1

Object 1 - Point 2

Object 1 - Point 3

Transition sentence/paragraph

Object 2 - Point 1

Object 2 - Point 2

Object 2 - Point 3

Conclusion

Point-by-point

Introduction

Point 1

Object 1 ➤ Object 2

Point 2


Point 3

https://www.eapfoundation.com/writing/essays/cande/

https://www.eapfoundation.com/writing/essays/cande/

https://www.eapfoundation.com/writing/essays/problemsolution/



of 80


Conclusion

Compare and Contrast Structure Words

Compare and contrast structure words are transition signals which show the similarities or

differences. Below are some common examples.

Compare

Similarly

Likewise

also

both... and...

not only... but also...

neither... nor...

just like (+ noun)

similar to (+ noun)

to be similar (to)

to be the same as

to be alike

to compare (to/with)

Examples

Computers can be used to communicate easily, for example via email. Similarly/Likewise, the

mobile phone is a convenient tool for communication.

Both computers and mobile phones can be used to communicate easily with other people.

Just like the computer, the mobile phone can be used to communicate easily with other people.

. The computer is similar to the mobile phone in the way it can be used for easy

communication.

Contrast

However

In contrast

https://www.eapfoundation.com/writing/cohesion/transitions/



of 80

In comparison

By comparison

On the other hand

while

whereas

but

to differ from

to be different (from)

to be dissimilar to

to be unlike

Examples

Computers, although increasingly small, are not always easy to carry from one place to

another. However, the mobile phone can be carried with ease.

Computers are generally not very portable, whereas the mobile phone is.

Computers differ from mobile phones in their lack of portability.

Computers are unlike mobile phones in their lack of portability.

Criteria for comparison/contrast

When making comparisons or contrasts, it is important to be clear what criteria you are using.

Study the following example, which contrasts two people.

Arun and Varun differ in four ways. The first difference is height. Aaron is tall, while Varun is short. A

second difference is strength. Aaron is strong. In contrast, Varunis weak. A third difference is

appearance. Aaron, who is average looking, differs from Varun, who is handsome. The final

difference is intelligence. Arun is of average intelligence.Varun, on the other hand, is very intelligent.

Can you see that the writer has established 4 criteria to show how Arun and Varun differ from each

other?

Example essay

Below is a compare and contrast essay. This essay uses the point-by-point structure.

Question:

https://www.eapfoundation.com/writing/essays/candc/#point



of 80

Compare and contrast methods of communication used today with those of yesteryears.

Answer:

A few decades ago letters and telephone were the means by which people communicated over long

distances. Nowadays we have a whole range of communication tools, ranging from email to instant

messaging and video calls. While similarities exist between the present and previous means of

communication, they differ in regard to their speed and the range of tools available.One similarity

between current and previous methods of communication relates to the form of communication. In

the past, both written forms such as letters were frequently used, in addition to oral forms such as

telephone calls. Similarly, people nowadays use both of these

forms. Just as in the past, written forms of communication are prevalent, for example via email and

text messaging. In addition, oral forms are still used, including the telephone, mobile phone, and

voice messages via instant messaging services.

However, there are clearly many differences in the way we communicate over long distances, the

most notable of which is speed. This is most evident in relation to written forms of communication.

In the past, letters would take days to arrive at their destination. In contrast, an email arrives almost

instantaneously and can be read seconds after it was sent. While letters and telephone (booking

trunk calls and later STD) were the only tools available fifty years ago, there are today a vast array of

communication methods available. These include not only the telephone, letter, email and text

messages already mentioned, but also video conferences via software such as Skype or mobile

phone apps such as WeChat, and social media such as Facebook and Twitter.

In conclusion, methods of communication have greatly advanced over the past fifty years. While

there are some similarities, such as the forms of communication, there are significant differences,

chiefly in relation to the speed of communication and the range of communication tools available.

There is no doubt that technology will continue to progress in future, and the advanced tools which

we use today may one day also become outdated.



of 80

Exercises:

1. Compare and contrast the economies of India and China

2. Evaluate education of women before and after Indian Independence

3. Compare and contrast online teaching and real-time classroom teaching.

1. GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TENSE AND VOICE

Since you have learn’t about how the verb undergoes a change with tense we can now

observe another dimension, namely the relationship between ‘voice’ and ‘tense’ Let us

revise what we have learned about the relationship between ‘verb’ and ‘tense’ from the

example given below:

Present Tense

Verb Person Simple

Present

Present

Continuous

Present

Perfect

Present

Perfect

Continuous

Read I/We I read

We read

I am reading

We are reading

I have read

We have read

I have been

reading

We have been

reading

You You read You are

reading

You have

read

You have been

reading

He/She/It/They He/She/It

reads

They read

He/She/It is

reading

They are

reading

He/She/It

have read

They have

read

He/She/It have

been reading

They have

been reading

Past Tense



of 80

Verb Person Simple

Present

Present

Continuous

Present

Perfect

Present

Perfect

Continuous

Read I/We I read

We read

I was reading

We were

reading

I had read

We had read

I had been

reading

We had been

reading

You You read You are

reading

You have

read

You have been

reading

He/She/It/They He/She/It

read

They read

He/She/It was

reading

They were

reading

He/She/It

had read

They had

read

He/She/It had

been reading

They had been

reading

The above examples are in the ACTIVE VOICE. The object in these expressions is implied. The whole

sentence could be:

I read a book

OR

I read a magazine

OR

I read the newspaper

(Interestingly ‘read’ appears to be the same in print, whether in present or past tense. The

pronunciation of ‘read’ is, as you might already know, different in the present and past tense.)

TENSE AND VOICE: SOME OBSERVATIONS

1. The position of the subject and object is interchanged when a sentence is changed from

active voice to passive voice

I read a book (Active voice)

A book is read by me (Passive voice)

He ate mangoes (Active voice and past tense)

Mangoes were eaten by him (Passive voice and past tense)

I cook a meal (Active voice and Present tense)

A meal is cooked by me (Passive voice and Present tense )

I cooked a meal (Active voice and Past tense)

A meal was cooked by me (Passive voice and Past tense )

Did you notice how the ‘verb’ undergoes a change with change in voice?

2.The ‘verb’ phrase undergoes a change when the sentence is changed from active voice to

passive voice

E.g. I cook a meal (Active & present tense)

&



of 80

A meal is cooked by me (Passive& present tense)

EXERCISE I

Complete the following text using ACTIVE or PASSIVE forms of the verbs in the parentheses. Be

careful about using the correct tense.

This is a journal entry of a Bulgarian girl. She is explaining her concerns about chicken flu. A couple of

weeks ago, in Romania, chicken flu (1) _____was discovered _________________ (discover). It (2)

_______was thought _____________________ (think) that it (3)

______came______________________ (come) from Turkey, which (4) __________is

located__________________ (locate) only a couple of hundred miles south of Romania. Now,

people (5) _________are given___________________ (give) injections, and a lot of chickens (6)

__________are being killed__________________ (kill) for the purpose of keeping the virus from

spreading. No reports of human victims (7) ___________has been reported_________________

(report) until now. A case like that definitely presents a big problem for everybody. In a society such

an ev ent may even cause mass panic. The reason I'm concerned is because my homeland of Bulgaria

is a country that (8) _________separates___________________ (separate) Romania and Turkey. It is

really easy for the disease to find its way out of those two countries. Then the danger may become

real because viruses like that can spread like wild fire and therefore get out of control long before

any body even takes notice. We all (9) ______know____________ (know) the movie "Outbreak".

The situation with the chicken flu virus cannot get that bad obviously, but it can definitely cause

some damage. Therefore, precautionary matters (10) ______should be

taken______________________ (should / take) immediately in all the neighboring countries of

Romania and Turkey, plus the nations that (11) ____________import____________ (import)

chickens from Turkey.

The following charts will help you understand all the nuances of changing from ‘active’ to ‘passive’

voice:

PRESENT TENSE

Verb Person Voice Simple

Present

Present

Continuous

Present

Perfect

Perfect

Continuous

Play

First

person:

I/We

Active

Voice

I play the

keyboard

I am playing the

keyboard

I have played

the keyboard

I have been

playing the

keyboard



of 80

Passive

Voice

The

keyboard is

played by

me

The keyboard is

being played by

me

The keyboard

has been

played by me

Active

Voice

We play the

keyboard

We are playing

the keyboard

We have

played the

keyboard

We have been

playing the

keyboard

Passive

Voice

The

keyboard is

played by

us

The keyboard is

being played by

us

The keyboard

has been

played by us

You Active

Voice

You play the

keyboard

You are playing

the keyboard

You have

played the

keyboard

You have been

playing the

keyboard

Passive

Voice

The

keyboard is

played by

you

The keyboard is

being played by

you

The keyboard

has been

played by you

He/She/It Active

Voice

He plays the

keyboard

He/She/It is

playing the

keyboard

He/She/It has

played the

keyboard

He/She/It has

been playing

the keyboard

Passive

Voice

The

keyboard is

played by

him/her/it

The keyboard is

being played by

him/her/it

The keyboard

has been

played by

him/her/it.



of 80

EXERCISE I

Read this dramatic poem and notice the many sentences/phrases which are in active voice. They

have been underlined for you. Try to change the underlined expressions from active to passive

voice. (Read “ye” as “you”; “Ye” means “you” in old English)

He Fell Among Thieves

(By Sir Henry Newbolt)

'Ye have robb'd,' said he, 'ye have slaughter'd and made an end,

Take your ill-got plunder, and bury the dead:

What will ye more of your guest and sometime friend?'

'Blood for our blood,' they said.

He laugh'd: 'If one may settle the score for five, No Passive Voice.

I am ready; but let the reckoning stand til day:

I have loved the sunlight as dearly as any alive.' The sunlight has been loved by me as dearly.

'You shall die at dawn,' said they.

He flung his empty revolver down the slope, His empty revolver was flung by him.

He climb'd alone to the Eastward edge of the trees;

All night long in a dream untroubled of hope

He brooded, clasping his knees.



of 80

He did not hear the monotonous roar that fills The monotonous roar was not heard by him.

The ravine where the Yassinriver sullenly flows;

He did not see the starlight on the Laspur hills, The starlight was not seen by him.

Or the far Afghan snows.

He saw the April noon on his books aglow, The April noon was seen by him.

The wistaria trailing in at the window wide;

He heard his father's voice from the terrace below

Calling him down to ride. His father's voice was heard by him.

He saw the gray little church across the park, The gray little church across the park was seen by him.

The mounds that hid the loved and honour'd dead;

The Norman arch, the chancel softly dark,

The brasses black and red.

He saw the School Close, sunny and green,

The school being closed was seen by him.

The runner beside him, the stand by the parapet wall,

The distant tape, and the crowd roaring between,

His own name over all.

He saw the dark wainscot and timber'd roof, The dark wainscot and timbered roof was seen by him.

The long tables, and the faces merry and keen;

The College Eight and their trainer dining aloof,

The Dons on the daïs serene.

He watch'd the liner's stem ploughing the foam, The liner's stem ploughing the foam was watched

by him.

He felt her trembling speed and the thrash of her screw; Her trembling speed and the thrash of her

screw was felt by him.

He heard the passengers' voices talking of home, The passengers’ voices talking of home was heard

by him.

He saw the flag she flew. The flag she flew was seen by him.



of 80

And now it was dawn. He rose strong on his feet,

And strode to his ruin'd camp below the wood;

He drank the breath of the morning cool and sweet:

The breath of the morning was drunk by him.

His murderers round him stood.

Light on the Laspur hills was broadening fast,

The blood-red snow-peaks chill'd to dazzling white;

He turn'd, and saw the golden circle at last,

He turned and the golden circle was seen at last.

Cut by the Eastern height.

'O glorious Life, Who dwellest in earth and sun,

I have lived, I praise and adore Thee.' A sword swept.

Over the pass the voices one by one

Faded, and the hill slept.

EXERCISE II

Rewrite the present tenses in active voice.

1. The bill has been paid by Kerrie. Kerrie has paid the bill.

2. A hamburger has been eaten by me. I have eaten a hamburger.

3. Five miles have been cycled by us. We have cycled five miles.

4. The present has been opened by me. I have opened the present.

5. The book has not been read by them. They have not read the book.

6. The parcel has not been sent by you. You have not sent the parcel.

7. This issue has not been agreed to by us. They have not agreed to this issue.

8. The thieves have not been caught by them. They have not caught the thieves.

9. Has he been phoned by her? Has she phoned him?

10. Have we been noticed by them? Have they noticed us?



of 80

PAST TENSE

Verb Person Voice Simple past Past

continuous

Past

perfect

Perfect

continuous

Repair First

person

I

Active

I repaired the

car

I was

repairing the

car

I had

repaired

the car

I had been

repairing the

car

Passive The car was

repaired by me

The car was

being

repaired by

me

The car

had been

repaired

by me

WE Active We repaired

the car

We were

repairing the

car

We had

repaired

the car

We had been

repairing the

car

Passive The car was

repaired by us

The car was

being

repaired by

us

The car

had been

repaired

by us

Second

person

You

Active You repaired the

car

You were

repairing the

car

You had

repaired

the car

You had been

repairing the

car

Passive The car was

repaired by you

The car was

being

repaired by

you

The car

had been

repaired

by you

Third

person

He/she/it

Active He/she/repaired

the car

He/she/

was repairing

the car

He/she

had

repaired

the car

He/ she had

been

repairing the

car

Passive The car was

repaired by

him/her/it

The car was

being

repaired by

him/her

The car

had been

repaired

by

him/her



of 80

EXERCISE 1

Fill in each blank with either the passive voice or the active form of the simple past tense of the

verb in the brackets

1. The radio ________by Guglielmo Marconi in 1896. (invented / was invented)

2. In the 19th century, bicycles-------------- along with horses. (were ridden/ rode)

3. I __________my room after the birthday. (didn’t tidy/ wasn’t tidied)

4. A famous painting of Picasso ________in the auction yesterday. (sold/was sold)

5. The electricians ___________ the new smoke alarm system last week. (were tested/ tested)

6. All the students in our class ________ the Spanish exam. (passed/ were passed)

7. Google____________ by Larry and Sergey. (was founded/ were founded)

8. I __________my bag all by myself. ( packed/ was packed)

9. Donald Trump____________ as President of the United States in the November 8, 2016 election.

(elected/was elected)

10. Joanna ___________a second chance by the school administration.

(gave/ was given).

EXERCISE II

Change the following sentences into the passive voice and underline the modified verb

1. Megha was writing a poem. A poem was being written by Megha.

2. She made a third attempt. A third attempt was made by her.

3. The boy asked a difficult question. A difficult question was asked by the boy.

4. She wrote an award-winning novel. An award-winning novel was written by her.

5. The terrorists blew up the bridge. The bridge was blown up by the terrorists .

6. The police caught the thief. The thief was caught by the police.

7. The woman was washing clothes. Clothes were being washed by the woman.

8. The masons were building the house. The house was being built by the masons.

9. Mother was making a cake. A cake was being made by mother.

10. The girl was painting a picture. A picture was being painted by the girl.

FUTURE TENSE

Verb Person Voice Simple

future

Future

continuous

Future

perfect

Perfect

continuous

Write First person

I

Active I will/shall

write a

poem

I will/shall be

writing a

poem

I will/shall

have

written a

poem

I will/shall

have been

writing a poem



of 80

Passive A poem

will/shall

be written

by me

A poem

will/shall

have been

written by

me

I would/should

have been

writing a poem

We Active

We

will/shall

write a

poem

We will/shall

be writing a

poem

We

will/shall

have

written a

poem

We will/shall

have been

writing a poem

Passive

A poem

will/shall

be written

by us

A poem

will/shall

have been

written by

us

a poem

would/should

have been

written by us

Second

person

You

Active You

will/shall

write a

poem

You will/shall

be writing a

poem

You

will/shall

have

written a

poem

You will/ shall

have been

writing a poem

Passive A poem will

be written

by you

A poem

will/shall

have

written by

you

A poem

would/should

have been

written by you

Third

person

He/she/it

Active He/she/ -

will/shall

write a

poem

He/she will

be writing a

poem

He/she will

have

written a

poem

He/she would

/should have

written a

poem

Passive A poem

will/shall

be written

by him/her

A poem

will/shall

have

written by

him/her

A poem

would/should

have been

written by

him/her



of 80

EXERCISE I

Change the passive tenses into active

1. He will be helped by me. I will help him.

2. The invitation will be accepted by them. They will accept the invitation.

3. Mark will be invited by Jane to the party. Jane will invite Mark to the party.

4. The puzzle will be solved by her. She will solve the puzzle.

5. The fee will be paid by him. He will pay the fee.

6. Two tickets will be booked by me. I will book two tickets.

7. Her piano will be brought by her. She will bring her piano.

8. A new car will be bought by me. I will buy a new car.

9. They will be visited by her. She will visit them .

10. He will be killed by them. They will kill him.

EXERCISE II

Read the short story and answer the following questions using the future perfect tense

Brett is in the army. Tomorrow, he will leave home to join his troops overseas for 18 months. He will

have trained for 8 months by the time he leaves. He will have worked very hard by the time he

comes. By the time he returns, he is going to have been gone for eighteen months. His wife will have

worried about him all that time. They will have written many letters by the time he comes home.

She will be happy when he safely returns.

1. For how many months will Brett have trained by the time he leaves to go overseas? He will

have trained for 8 months by the time he leaves.



of 80

2. By the time he returns, for how long is he going to have been gone? By the time he returns,

he is going to have been gone for eighteen months.

3. What will they have written by the time Brett comes home? They will have written many

letters by the time he comes home.

UNIT PAGE NO

Documents

Transcript of UNIT PAGE NO