Subject Category: Social and Global Justice: How Ethics Education canbe Applied for Achieving

Sustainable Social and Community Development.

Title: UNESCO World Heritage Status: Influencing Ethics Education andSustainable Socioeconomic

Development in Central Asia

Author: Ms. Sarah E. BraunThe American University of Paris40 Rue Gauthey75017 Paris, Francesbraun0307@gmail.comse.braun@unesco.org

Abstract: It is widely known that the achievement of World HeritageStatus of a cultural or natural site by a participating State Party hasa direct effect on tourism growth, investment and economic development,and long-term site management and preservation. However, the influenceof World Heritage Status is not limited to these factors; but rather,it can also be used as the key instrument to generate educational andethical initiatives, as well as create an environment for inclusivegrowth and community development. If the information is collected,analyzed, and procured properly, the results may be applied to numerousdevelopment areas: youth education, ethical business practice, socialsustainability, artisanal training programs, etc. Specifically, thispaper will examine the existing data of World Heritage Sites in CentralAsia, namely Uzbekistan, along the famous Silk Road Corridor. Theinformation found illustrates that many developing nations, likeUzbekistan, lack existing thematic data tied to their World HeritageSites or access to impact analysis tool kits aimed specifically atWorld Heritage influence on educational, ethical, and communitybuilding factors. Such instruments have been developed byorganizations, like the IMF, to analyze the effects of World HeritageStatus, but with emphasis on subjects such as tourism and economicdevelopment. While these are important in the creation of overallsustainable development, a gap still remains in connecting theseinfluences to those of successful grass root community development. Ifthe overall objective is to achieve sustainable communities, existingtool kits must be adapted to provide a platform by which World HeritageSite managers and the participating State Parties might tailor impactanalyses to their own communities’ needs, creating an avenue by whichthematic data might be utilized effectively.

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Keywords: UNESCO World Heritage, Socioeconomic Development, ImpactAnalyses, Uzbekistan, Silk Road

1. Introduction

The inscription of a cultural or natural site to the World Heritage

List provides a global platform for the participating State Party to

improve economic growth, increase tourism, and enable long-term

management and preservation for these invaluable sites. Similarly, the

unique role of cultural and natural heritage has been increasingly

linked to the implementation of sustainable development (SD)

initiatives and the growing trend of inclusive economic growth. In

fact, the recent document published by the UN for the Post-2015

Development Agenda, entitled “The Future We Want for All,” highlights

these trends in SD principles through four ‘key dimensions’—inclusive

social development; inclusive economic development; environmental

sustainability; and peace and security.1 Through these key dimensions,

Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), State Parties, Non-governmental

organizations (NGOs), and even local community groups can begin create

1 UN System Task Team, “Realizing the Future We Want for All.” New York. June 2012. pp. i.http://whc.unesco.org/archive/2011/whc11-18ga-11-en.pdf

2

frameworks for new initiatives that encourage ethical, business

practice, artisanal training, youth education programs, and social

sustainability through World Heritage Sites (WHS). However, the issue

of ‘how’ to analyze the effectiveness and impact of such initiatives

must still be addressed. Without concrete methods to identify the

quantitative and qualitative contribution of cultural heritage

programs, based on both tangible and intangible aspects, the

possibility of creating viable linkages to socioeconomic development

and sustainable communities remains an unachievable task. Furthermore,

these took kits and capacity-building methods must be developed in such

a way that they are adaptable and flexible to the specific needs of the

countries and communities where they will be implemented.

Specifically, looking at the case of Central Asia, namely

Uzbekistan, along the Silk Road Corridor, access to data and methods of

analyses geared towards the overall Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

and their connection to cultural heritage of the region does not

currently exist. In fact, the information provided by the World Bank

and the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) provides general data by

country on themes such as education, gender equality, health and well-

being, environmental management, etc., but fails to ties those to

UNESCO cultural initiatives for the region.2 It is not that these

organizations involved in the development of this country have

neglected the area of research. On the contrary, a number of press

releases and reports exist that testify to the important influence of

Uzbekistan’s rich cultural traditions and heritage on economic

development and tourism.3 It is rather that the idea of cultural

2 UIS. “Cultural Employment.” http://www.uis.unesco.org/culture/Pages/cultural-employment.aspx 3 The State Committee of Uzbekistan on Statistics. http://www.stat.uz/en/search/index.php?q=world+heritage&s=+

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heritage and traditions playing a key role in the MDGs is a relatively

new idea just beginning to be explored in depth. In fact, the UIS

recently published a report in 2013 highlighting the importance of the

‘creative economy’ for development.4 Alongside this initiative, the

UNESCO World Heritage Center is currently integrating SD principles

within the World Heritage Convention, following the recent World

Heritage Committee decision at the 38th session in Doha5 this past June,

as well as completing a project aimed at creating the Culture

Development Indicator Suite (CDIS), which is scheduled to be concluded

this year.6

Therefore, this paper will illustrate that it is not the lack of

existing information or data for not only Uzbekistan and Central Asia

that must be addressed, but also implementing the ‘how’ within a

framework that is flexible and adaptable to different countries,

regions, projects, and initiatives. If the existing tool kits and new

indicator suites have the ability to be modified to address the value

of specific areas and themes, such as community involvement and

inclusion, ethics education, social development through World Heritage,

etc, the ability to truly establish synergistic links between culture

and sustainable socioeconomic development will not only be achievable,

but also profitable for the people, economy, and environment in

Uzbekistan.

4 UIS. “Creative Economy Report 2013 Special Edition: Widening Local Development Pathways.” 2013.

http://www.uis.unesco.org/Library/Documents/creative-economy-report-culture-2013.pdf 5 World Heritage Committee. “38COM 5D Decision.” Doha. 2014. http://whc.unesco.org/archive/2014/whc14-38com-5D-en.pdf 6 UNESCO. “Culture Development Indicator Suite (CDIS).” http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/cultural-diversity/cultural-expressions/programmes/culture-for-development-indicators/

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2. UNESCO World Heritage status and program initiatives inUzbekistan and the Silk Road corridor

“In a context of development, it is clearly evident that projects, including those

that prove technically accurate, that do not take into account aspects of the local

cultural identity, knowledge and know-how, have little chance of succeeding. On

the other hand, heritage has today become a powerful instrument in the

economic and territorial development of a community, when properly valorized

and promoted, often in the context of tourism related activities”7

The Silk Road Corridor has long been viewed as a culturally

diverse region, fostering the exchange of goods, services, ideas,

community values, and knowledge between the East and West for over two

millennia. The rich history of this region, especially in Uzbekistan,

has woven a dynamic cultural fabric, evident in the monumental and

intangible heritage of its people. As a relatively new, independent

nation, the country of Uzbekistan has been proactive in recognizing the

intrinsic value of their long history with four sites inscribed on the

World Heritage List, four elements inscribed on the Representative List

of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (RLICHH), with a fifth

nomination pending for the November 2014 Committee Session, and its

documentary heritage inscribed on UNESCO’s Memory of the World

Registry.8 That being said, in the context of development there are

still challenges the region faces regarding site management, best

practice and capacity building, sustainable tourism, gender equality,

education and awareness, as well as promoting the safeguarding of its

7 UNESCO, Craterre-ENSAG, 2006. Cultural Heritage & Development: A Guide for African Local Governments. Imprimerie

BASTIAN ELLI , Grenoble, France.

8 UNESCO Tashkent Field Office. “UNESCO Country Programming Document (UCPD) for the Republic of Uzbekistan. 2014-2017.”

pp. 19.http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002261/226136e.pdf

5

tangible and intangible cultural heritage. The threat of rapid

urbanization in the designated WHS is also relevant in regards to the

future development of the region. Overcoming such challenges and

dangers requires careful attention to the cultural identities and

communities of the different regions of the country, as well as

initiatives that use the local know-how of its residents together with

the over-arching principles of the MDGs.

2.1 Global Ethics and The World Heritage Convention in Uzbekistan

Keeping in mind the challenges that lay ahead for developing

regions like Uzbekistan, the framework of the World Heritage Convention can

be used as the basis for education, awareness, promotion, and creation

of programs that contribute to the UNESCO’s mandate on the development

of global ethics. At its core, the World Heritage Convention, already

provides the initial framework for the responsible management of

cultural and natural heritage, but also provides a platform by which

participating State Parties can promote the integration of the “moral

obligation of humanity as a whole”9 to safeguard its heritage for

future generations and educate its communities on various themes

associated with SD. In fact from this perspective, implementation of

the World Heritage Convention is at the core of the three fundamental

principles outlined in the Post-2015 Development Agenda, “The Future We

Want for All,” which are sustainability, human rights, and equality.10

Moreover, the five “Es” of globalization (ethical, evolutionary,

economic, environmental, and electronic globalization) can also be seen

9 von Droste, Bernd. “World Heritage and globalization: UNESCO’s contribution to the development of global

ethics.” World Heritage Papers: Community development through World Heritage. No. 31. 2012 pp. 10. 10 UN System Task Team. pp. 23

6

as topics addressed within the context of the World Heritage Convention.11

This framework along with other UNESCO conventions, put in place for

World Heritage and cultural preservation, are the “building blocks for

a new global ethic.”12 We can further link these building blocks in

ethical education and development to the four core dimensions of SD

mentioned previously (inclusive social development; inclusive economic

development; environmental sustainability; and peace and security).

Various World inscribed Heritage Sites testify to these themes within

global ethics—democracy, human rights, tolerance, and peace—and stand

as a physical reminder and teaching tool for the members of the

communities, governments, and tourists alike.

Specifically in the case of Uzbekistan, the evolutionary history

and cultural diversity throughout its existence along the Silk Road

Corridor serves as an example of intercultural dialogue exchange over

thousands of years. One of the sites along the Silk Road in Samarkand

is even inscribed under the name “Crossroad of Culture,” due to its

place in history as a melting pot of ancient cultures and commerce.13

These types of sites are at the core of educating communities on the

cultivation of tolerance, peace, and security through the acquisition

of cultural intelligence. Any number of educational programs, events,

and projects falling under this theme can promote the strengthening and

development of a global ethic among communities. Furthermore, the close

cultural ties these groups have with the World Heritage Sites create a

platform that is much easier to translate into understanding and

acceptance. They can identify with past customs, adapt, and evolve to

create grass-root inclusive growth. These initiatives can also

11 von Droste. pp. 1112 von Droste. pp. 1113 von Droste. pp. 12

7

incorporate the oral and musical traditions of the region inscribed as

RLICHH to use as a teaching tool, simultaneously promoting intangible

cultural heritage preservation.

Similar methods and thematic programs will also appeal to

cultural heritage tourism, which under the framework of the World Heritage

Convention, lays the foundation for sustainable and environmentally

responsible economic growth. In fact, according to a 2012 statistic,

cultural heritage tourism accounts for one of the largest sectors of

the global economy at an estimated revenue of $3 trillion (USD).14

Arguably, this statistic is one of the most attractive features to

State Parties considering cultural and natural sites for World Heritage

status. However, if not implemented under the correct guidelines within

the convention, the damage of mass tourism may outweigh the economic

benefits associated with it. Still, the concrete advantages to

cultural heritage tourism cannot be denied. If considered in the

framework of the SD principles within “Realizing the Future We Want for

All,” World Heritage status serves as vehicle for job creation, foreign

investment, local infrastructure improvement, and even community

involvement. Training programs developed around the themes of World

Heritage sites, such as artisanal crafts involving ancient textile and

ceramic techniques, provide a source of income for local communities,

as well as a continuity and possible renewal of cultural traditions.

Prospect of new business from traditional methods also allows the

opportunity for education on modern management principles and ethical

business practice through programs, workshops, and seminars. The

combination of cultural heritage and traditions of a region like

Uzbekistan, coupled with the global frameworks of organizations like

UNESCO, can create the synergistic relationship necessary for grass-

14 von Droste. pp. 13

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root SD.

2.2 Ethics, Education, and UNESCO Initiatives in Uzbekistan

While many of the fundamental characteristics are present for

inclusive growth within the growing economy of Uzbekistan, there are

relationships between sectors that have yet to be concretely

established. For example, the theme of education is one key factor in

the role of successful SD. Since the independence of Uzbekistan in

1991, educational reform and development has been a principle concern

for government officials resulting in heavy investment in this sector,

especially over the past 9 years (Table 1). Supporting this government

initiative, UNESCO’s Field Office in Tashkent works together with the

government authorities for the implementation of the UN program defined

in the United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF).15 These

initiatives are promoted through UNESCO chair programs, as well as

project themes involving access to education, improving teaching

methods and curricula, and promoting gender equality in the classroom.16

In fact, the overall access to general education is relatively high in

Uzbekistan, with school enrollment and the literacy rate ranging

between 95-97%.17 In parallel, the culture sector of the UNESCO FieldOffice in Tashkent also promotes initiatives that support the

conservation and management of the rich cultural heritage of the

region, as well as capacity building and training programs. In fact,

government officials already recognize the strategic importance of

culture for socioeconomic development. Moreover, the Uzbek government

considers cultural development a cornerstone for national identity

15 UNESCO Tashkent Field Office, pp. 916 UNESCO Tashkent Field Office, pp. 1117 UNESCO Tashkent Field Office, pp. 10

9

formation and ideology, especially for youth in the country, as it

transitions from a former socialist state to a free-market system. To

foster this cultural development, the government and the UNESCO Field

Office in Tashkent have openly supported the revival of the traditional

culture of the country through celebrations of the birth of ancient

cities, scholars, and international festivals of traditional music and

artisan crafts.18

Yet, the support of the two initiatives alone is not enough. The

underlying objectives in the two sectors follow the framework of the

current MDGs, but still lack connectivity to each other through joint

projects and programs. That being said, the foundation of development

lies in education, and through education comes ethical practice,

conservation, and inclusive community growth. The use of cultural

heritage, not only for programs within the culture sector, but

integrated throughout, is an opportunity to improve and develop youth

education curricula, cultural and national identity, ethical use of

historic monuments, new gender equality initiatives, and involve local

people in the protection and management of WH. These benefits have

been addressed previously, but must be stressed once more. There is

access to a wealth of data and possibilities. However, the main

roadblock still remains. Without proper tools to measure impact,

efficiency, and success of each region’s activities, the importance of

cultural heritage in these development policies still lacks the

necessary evidence for validation. In fact, while the Uzbek government

recognizes the value of theses cultural assets, such as inscribed World

Heritage and intangible heritage for development, there has yet to be

statistics illustrating its influence on tourism growth, economic

18 UNESCO Office in Tashkent. “Culture.” http://www.unesco.org/new/en/tashkent/education/

10

benefit, or community development.19 The recognition of the potential

to grow the economy through cultural heritage tourism has allowed the

government officials to work with groups like the World Tourism

Organization (UNWTO), through various conferences, workshops, and

proposals like the “Silk Road Action Plan.”20

However, tourism is still developing at a relatively slow pace,

despite the plethora of activities Uzbekistan presents its travelers—

i.e. incredible heritage sites (Khiva, Samarkand, Bukhara, etc.) and

rich artisanal crafts of textiles, jewelry, and ceramics (UNESCO

established Crafts Centers in different regions of Uzbekistan - Boysun,

Margilan, Bukhara and Khiva). The World Bank even lacks data post- 2010

for international tourism expenditures, leaving current data non-

existent.21 Also, the country attracts a majority of tourists from

former CIS countries rather than high-spending developed markets.22 This

would just suggest a general lack of interest. Yet, it is not

necessarily a lack of interest, but instead, a low awareness of the

culturally diverse environment Uzbekistan has to offer. The tourism

industry is still young and underdeveloped in this region (Chart 1) and

requires further establishment of infrastructure as well as foreign

investment. Yet, cooperation across borders is often times difficult,

which can hinder visa processes, discourage international visitors, and

slow the influx of FDI, ultimately stagnating growth.23 Implementation

19 Pikkat, Krista. “Meeting Notes.” UNESCO Tashkent Field Office. Tashkent, Uzbekistan.01 July. 2014.20 Euromonitor International. “Travel and Tourism in Uzbekistan.” Country Report. July2011.21 The World Bank. “World Development Indicators.”

http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.XPND.CD/countries?display=default 22 Euromonitor International. “Travel and Tourism in Uzbekistan.” Country Report. July2011.23 Euromonitor International. “Travel and Tourism in Uzbekistan.” Country Report. July2011.

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of the World Heritage Convention is a facilitator in this regard, fostering

cooperation and teamwork through joint projects between various State

Parties, much like the recent inscription this past June (2014) of the

serial nomination of sites along the Silk Road Corridor stretching from

China to Kyrgyzstan, and ending in Kazakhstan.24 From this perspective,

World Heritage Status can be viewed as the building block of dialogue

between nations and the pathway to community, regional, and national

development. It can facilitate ease of movement across borders, become

the motivator for cross-cultural exchanges between the nominated

countries, and entice travelers to discover these fascinating places.

Once again, however, there must be a tangible benefit to cooperation,

and this substantial benefit of World Heritage Status has yet to be

measured. It is perhaps possible that a correlation lies between slower

tourism growth rates and the lack of procurable data illustrating the

economic benefits of areas rich in creative economy assets, like

Uzbekistan. Without access to impact analyses tool kits, lack of

information also creates a lack of incentive to streamline processes

associated with international tourism and heritage sector development,

the foundational element of SD. In turn, this could affect the

collective growth of any number of areas associated with socioeconomic

development—community advancement in local industries, ethics

education, and availability of resources for World Heritage within the

country.

3. Existing indicators and their application to the creative economy

24 UNESCO. “The Chang’an-Tian-shan Silk Road Corridor has been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.” Silk Road:

Dialoque, Diversity, and Development. 2014 http://en.unesco.org/silkroad/content/changan-tian-shan-silk-road-corridor-has-been-inscribed-unesco-world-heritage-list

12

It is clear through the information presented that the necessary

data to evaluate effectiveness and impact of program initiatives across

the varying themes within the creative economy is available. What has

yet to be accessible are the tools needed to analyze and present

qualitative and quantitative figures that can be utilized in capacity

building workshops and disseminated across the culture sector. Some

indicators and impact analyses are already in use, but are generally

incorporated in areas where known economic values can be found. For

example, a recent IMF working paper illustrated that a positive

relationship exists between tourism, economic growth, and World

Heritage Status.25 Quantitative standard deviations were developed using

evidence and data of visitors to World Heritage Sites alongside trends

in tourism growth and its economic correlation, and that “the gain from

tourism specialization can be significant, and that this result holds

against a large array of robustness checks.”26 Yet this report only

touches on the area of tourism for a WHS and its contribution to

economic development. In reality, the cultural heritage tourism is but

one area in the creative economy spectrum, and one of many contributing

factors to SD.

Other impact analyses, like those used by the World Bank address

relevant factors within societies. Specifically, the Poverty and Social

Impact Analysis (PSIA) carries tools to analyze varying themes, such as

agriculture, gender, youth, education, health, etc.27 PSIA can also be

used from an economic standpoint, as well as with an interdisciplinary25 Arezki, Rabah, Cherif, Reda , and Piotrowski, John. Tourism Specialization and Economic Development : Evidence from the

UNESCO World Heritage List. IMF Working Paper. July 2009. 26 Arezki, Cherif, and Piotrowski. pp. 1627 The World Bank. “Sector and Theme Specific Guidance.” Social Analysis.

http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTSOCIALDEV/0,,contentMDK:21185531~pagePK:64168445~p

PK:64168309~theSitePK:3177395,00.html

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approach. Yet, this incredibly convenient and accessible tool fails to

address directly the area of the culture sector and the impact cultural

heritage plays on the above-mentioned themes. Similarly, a heritage

tool kit developed in 2008 by the UNESCO World Heritage Center together

with IUCN, focuses specifically on an implementable framework for

natural site management with the adaptability for use on cultural

sites.28 The idea behind the WCPA Framework (Figure 1) provides an easy

to use platform for assessing management effectiveness of heritage

sites. The cycle of this framework includes six distinct stages

throughout the assessment process: context, planning, inputs, process,

outputs, and outcomes.29 The WCPA structure is one example of an

existing tool kit that in principle is made to be flexible and

adaptable to each individual site where it is utilized. That being

said, it would be correct to assume that this specific evaluation tool

has the capability to aid in developing management and assessment for

new initiatives and thematic programs in a country such as Uzbekistan,

but also similarly in another country with a large market for cultural

heritage tourism, like Italy for example. The needs of each country and

even the regions and communities within these countries will vary.

However, access to instruments like the WCPA framework allow for the

necessary adjustments to be made while still being effective. Moreover,

when considering the areas of the MDGs and global ethics, this tool

could also be applied in the context of the five “Es” of globalization

(ethical, evolutionary, economic, environmental, and electronic

globalization) and how the site, project, or initiative effectively

performs in these five areas in an inclusive growth framework. However,

28 UNESCO World Heritage Center. “Enhancing our heritage tool kit.” World Heritage Papers. No. 23. May 2008. pp.9029 UNESCO World Heritage Center, pp. 9

14

this same tool does not have the versatility to quantify the effects of

management assessments of sites and/or program initiatives (should it

be adapted for use in this context) and their impact on SD.

More recently UIS has developed the framework for cultural

statistics and began moving towards valorizing what can be called the

creative or cultural economy (Figure 2). Different from the generic

models used for policy-making in other economic sectors, UIS recognized

the need to approach the creative economy from a different perspective.

The general policies of traditional economics are too static and rigid

to move with the ebb and flow found in varying national, regional, and

local cultures of the world. Culture-led development30 generates more

than the simple production, distribution, and consumption cycle. It

involves a dialogue, an exchange, whether that exchange be in goods,

services, or simply human interaction and expression. UIS, in this

report identified the three main areas in which “the value of culture

in and for human development transcends economic analysis in

particularly meaningful ways,”31 including, cultural expression,

cultural heritage (tangible and intangible), and urban planning and

architecture.32 These three domains encompass the most important areas

of human development and advancement and echo the core dimensions of

the SD goals mentioned in “Realizing the Future We Want for All” (peace

and security, inclusive social development, economic development, and

environmental sustainability). Yet the data provided on these domains,

still does not directly correlate World Heritage (Figures 3 & 4).

Instead, it is more focused on the evolution of easier measured

manifestations of the creative economy, such as performing arts,

30 UIS. pp. 3931 UIS. pp. 3932 UIS. pp. 39

15

crafts, media, publishing, visual arts, etc. While these are important

aspects of culture, they fail to address all contributing factors,

namely the benefit of World Heritage Status on socioeconomic

development.

With that being said, perhaps the most promising indicator tool

currently in completion of its pilot project is the Culture Development

Indicator Suite (CDIS). This multidisciplinary approach more closely

follows the trends of present socioeconomic development and inclusive

growth principles. This rapid assessment has been designed using

previous frameworks, including some of those just previously discussed,

and is meant to show in “facts and figures the multidimensional

contribution of culture to national development processes.”33 This type

of analysis is exactly what is needed to fully create the bonds and

links between World Heritage, inclusive growth, education advancement,

ethical training, and the preservation of the local cultures and

traditions. The nature of the methodology was developed with

flexibility and adaptability in mind, involving numerous experts,

national statistic offices, and local teams. The suite has 22 different

indicators meant to give an overview, but also looks at issues of

“access and participation and equality and inclusion, tapping into the…

contribution of culture and the creative economy to sustainable

development” (Figure 5)34 Furthermore, the suite allows for the cross-

reading of indicators, looking to highlight the varying specificities

of each country, creating the necessary flexibility to adjust for

accurate outputs of the creative economy. The cross-reading can also

identify “gaps and opportunities in standard setting, policy and

institutional frameworks, [and] distribution of cultural infrastructure

33 UIS. pp. 16734 UIS. pp. 167

16

at the local level.”35 The complete results of the study have yet to be

published and disseminated for wider use. However, a tool such as this

could revolutionize socioeconomic development where culture is

concerned, especially countries rich in cultural assets, like

Uzbekistan.

4. Conclusions

While there is no easy solution to valorizing what is labeled the

creative economy, the potential to successfully produce usable and

adaptable indicators is the key to moving toward successful inclusive

SD. The influence of World Heritage Status presents a framework through

the World Heritage Convention, that can be applied to regions, like

Uzbekistan that have long, rich history in cultural diversity,

traditions, and tangible and intangible heritage that can strengthen

community ties, boost tourism, and promote education through various

joint initiatives with the Uzbek government, UNESCO, the World Bank,

UNWTO, etc. With tools almost readily available for use like the CDIS,

application of these ideas from a multidisciplinary perspective will

not only be possible, but profitable, with concrete linkages to support

these claims. Specifically for Uzbekistan, this type of impact analysis

could be the boost the country needs to better understand how they can

address issues in the tourism sector, as well as involve the

communities where World Heritage Status can be a large contributing

factor to inclusive growth. Furthermore, the CDIS may also aid in

evaluating the creative economy in areas far from World Heritage Sites,

allowing for the management and assessment of an Action Plan to draw

these regions or communities to the same growth levels as the rest of

the country. The ability to cross-read results to address gaps and

opportunities in areas such as cultural infrastructure may be key to

35 UIS. pp. 168

17

developing the necessary framework in cultural heritage tourism in

Uzbekistan. Moreover, access to this data and methods of analyses

underline the driving principles of the overall MDGs and their

connection to cultural heritage. We no longer live in a world where

economics are black and white. The economy of culture is the key to

overcoming the many challenges we will face in the years ahead—

drastically changing environments, population growth, human rights,

ethics education for all, and an ever shrinking world. In this context,

the CDIS may also be a key player in SD policy created for the World

Heritage Convention. With viable tool kits, implementable policy, and

operational guidelines all highlighting the principles and dimensions

outlined in “Realizing the Future We Want for All,” steps toward

successful inclusive growth and synergistic linkages will no longer be

a dream, but a reality of the near future.

18

Appendix

Table 1

Total expenditures for education – as % of total state budget expenditure

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009 2010

2011

Budget % of total state budget expenditure

29.0

29.6

29.6

41.5

41.7 36.7

35.0

Source: World Bank, 2012

Chart 1

19

Source: World Bank 2010

Figure 1

20

Source: IUCN 2008

Figure 2

21

Figure 3

Source: UIS/UNCTAD 2011

Figure 4

22

Source: UIS/UNCTAD 2011

Figure 5

Source: Methodology and calculation: UNESCO CDIS. Year: 2013

23

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