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Warren King Moorehead Transcriptions

by

Robert P. Connolly

January 2, 2014 Below are a set of transcriptions I made of field records and diaries of Warren King Moorehead. I obtained the Xeroxes of the records from the late Patricia Essenpreis. The Xerox copies on which the transcriptions are based are curated with the Cincinnati Museum of Natural History. I transcribed the records during the time of my dissertation research in the early 1990s. The transcriptions principally deal with Moorehead’s fieldwork at the Fort Ancient site (33WA2) in Oregonia, Ohio and surrounding areas of South Ohio (Items 1, 3, 4, and 5). Item 2 is Moorehead’s diary, or at least portions of his diary, from 1891-1894. I found the diary particularly interesting in appreciating Moorehead as an individual and his interactions with Putnam et al., in his work for the World Columbian Exposition. The transcriptions are of particular value in documenting the built environment of the Fort Ancient site and Moorehead’s field work at the earthwork complex. The transcriptions are as follows:

1) Warren K. Moorehead, 1889 field notes, excavations at Fort Ancient, Oregonia, Ohio………………………………………………….……..pp. 2 – 15

2) Warren K. Moorehead, 1891-1894 Diary,miscellaneous……….......pp. 16-34 3) Warren K. Moorehead, 1895, Report to Field Columbian Museum on

Work done in Southern Ohio…………..………………………..……pp. 35-45 4) Warren K. Moorehead, 1892, Report to World Columbian Exposition.

Appears to be the preliminary report of the above report.…..…..pp. 46- 50 5) Warren K. Moorehead, undated. Field notes on pedestrian survey at Fort

Ancient……………………………………………..………………….pp. 51 - 55

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The following was transcribed by Robert P. Connolly on October 4 -5 , 1993 - acknowledge use of this transcription. Version transcribed below is from xerox of original handwritten notes. words in parenthesis and bold are sidenotes in Patricia S. Essenpreis' handwriting words in italics are Moorehead's sidenotes words underlined are my corrections or additions Obvious spelling errors were corrected and are not noted Pagination in ledger book of original notes is crossed-out and a separate pagination system used - pagination below follows the latter system (Moorehead Diary Box 16 Vol. XX 1889 Ohio Historical Society Archives)

Page 2525 Fort Ancient O Note - All large masses of stone containing more than one skeleton and covering more than 8 x 10 feet will be numbered in consecutive series. opened July 14th This stone grave covered an area 15 x 17 feet, the stone layer was about 1 foot thick. The estimate of quantity of stone by the working men was 24 or 25 wagon loads. This stone grave lay at the foot of the wall next to the river. It was on the 3rd terrace from the base. It was opposite station ______ line left blank in the survey of the fort. We began down the hill and worked up. The bones found were not lower than 8 to ten inches from the surface. There were no bones in the gravel layer. (The fort is built on limestone clay and gravel, a bluish color). We took out of the center of this grave one nice slate ornament of banded slate artifact is roughly drawn in text margin. This was found near the

Page 2526

Grave # 47 broken femur, tibia, and fibula of an adult. The bones of this skeleton were all broken, the vertebrae missing, the skull missing. The bones of the extremities, the ribs, pelvis, collar bone, breast bone etc. present. Perhaps the weight of the stones caused this condition. Or the individual was killed in battle and so mutilated as to be interred fragmentary. Probably the latter.

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Near this skel. was the bones of a child and the fragmentary skel. of an adult. We secured the skull, the ribs, extremities and cervical vertebrae of the child in a broken condition. Of the adult less than fifteen pieces remained. Two objects were with these. When we reached the Eastern limit of the illegible word (the upper side at base of fort wall) we found right in the surface soil (not below the stones) deer jaws, several wolf teeth, ground hog and turkey bones. These may be illegible word teeth Time working this grave 1/2 day - Two men - $1.25

Page 2527

Grave # 48 Near station 225 of the survey, 150 feet beyond grave #47 on the same terrace, south. This grave was 12 ft. wide, 20 ft. long and contained about the same amount of stone as #47. Began at the West side (down hill) and worked up. In this grave we found portions of four skeletons. Three adults and one child. In every case no vertebrae were found, the other bones were so decayed I am inclined to think these had disappeared entirely. (The structure of these bones illegible word of rapid decay). The first skeleton found had nothing with it. The bones were mashed flat by the weight of the layer of stones above. The second skeleton lay nearly like the first (10 inches below the top) and had a small war arrowhead, a flint disc and four flint chips with it. The war point was under the femur and I think had been shot into the man from its position.

Page 2528

Grave #48

The next skeleton found had a few flint chips and a celt rather small in shape (wedge shaped) and nearly all a whole pot. The pot was broken in four pieces was quite thick and made of course sand. The relics were in a mass of bones and not placed with any regularity. The child was about 9 or 10 years old judging from the teeth. Nothing was placed with it. The remarkable feature of all these stone graves is that the bones are so near the surface and so rotten. There was nothing else in this grave. Men employed 2, time - 3/4 day cost $1.90

Page 2529

Grave #49 On July 16th or 17th we went to the South West end of the Old Fort, crossed the wall near station and began work on a large grave 20 x 10 feet in extent. The

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grave lay on a spur or point of land 200 ft. from the outer slope of wall. A large poplar log lay near this grave We took out a number of extra large flat stones which were set in edgeways. We threw out more than ten wagon loads of rock none less than 15 lbs. and some weighting 50 or 60. We dug through the grave thoroughly but found nothing whatever in it. Why these stones? Why placed with such care? Were the bones long since decayed? Answer if you can. Time 1/4 day - 2 men - cost 65¢

Page 2530

Mound #50

After digging the grave on the point we went to a mound P. Wolfe had once opened for me. This mound is near a saw mill in a dense wood. It is SW from Station on the forth wall, ?/4 mile due South from Geo. Ridges house. The mound is four feet high and about 60 feet in diameter, quite regular in outline. The work was began Thursday morning the 18th. I went to Cinti. Fri. am. and the men got in 1/2 day only. Saturday they completed the mound. Perry had taken from the mound many burnt bones and part of a skeleton, some ochre and pottery and an arrow head. We dug a wide trench 16 to 18 ft. wide from South side right through. We found a large mass

Page 2531

Mound #50

of burnt clay in the center, considerable charcoal and ashes. About 6 inches above the base line was a thin layer of burnt bone. This was 2 to 3 inches thick and extended over half the mound. Below this near the center were two "pockets" covered by burnt stone and extending 2 ft. deep. There were pottery fragments in each of them. Three sheets of small yellow mica in this mound . Near one side (The SW) was a broken celt of black stone of this pattern. sketch of artifact shown It was a very nice relic and can be restored. The pottery found is thin and well made, not ornamented. Time 2 1/2 days - 2 men - cost 6.25

Page 2532

Mound #51

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This mound is in same woods as #50. It lies nearly South from #50 200 yards. It is 2 1/2 ft. high, 40 feet wide. handwriting changes from Moorehead's We began work Wednesday morning at 9 o'clock. We began on the east side 20 ft. trench. This was carried right through the mound. There was a little charcoal but no real hard burned clay. There was some small patches of clay burnt a faint red. There had been deposited about the exact center of the mound 30 scales and chips of flint. These are made of the Chosocton flint. Nothing else in the mound. Time 1/2 day - men 3 - cost $1.90

Page 2533

Mound #52 Moorehead's handwriting resumes This is in the same woods as #50 and 51. It is the same size as #51 but it is 200 yds. west of #50 and overlooks a deep hollow. It is on the opposite side of this hollow that the fort wall is placed. This mound had nothing in it whatever except a few flint scales and pottery fragments. But there was one interesting feature connected with it. A rough stone circle of limestones water worn, 12' x15 and 15 x 20 inches about three deep extended clear around it. The circle was 3 to 4 feet wide in places. This mound and number 53 were dug in 1 1/2 day. 3 men. The two cost $5.65.

Page 2534

Grave #53 This is a stone grave on same spot dug by Cowen, Storeman ? on name and I in July '87. We dug this superficially in '87. We dug it out thoroughly this year. It is inside fort wall in dense woods ft. from station or 500 yds. SSE from Howards' house. The pile of rock is small say 12 x 15 ft. Has been frequently dug. We found nothing but scattered human and animal bones which were very fragmented. Cost included in #52

Page 2535

Grave #54

Thursday am. July 25th with 3 men I began work on the largest grave or series of graves in the fort. The stone pile is about 30 to 33 ft wide and 80 ft long. The stone run from 10 inches to 15 inches in depth. The quantity in the pile is not far from 360 wagon loads. The graves are near the Great Gateway. (The point where old and new forts join) They are on the East side, next to hollow and on outside of wall. They are on a 40 ft.

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terrace. The height of bank above is 19 ft. Dirt from top of wall to terrace level on all sides 42 ft. handwriting changes from Moorehead's We commenced on the West side of the terrace and dug for 40 ft. Then we skipped several places where others had dug. Moorehead's handwriting resumes and took out 15 ft. in one place. 10 ft. in another at the

Page 2536

Grave #54

East end of the terrace. handwriting changes from Moorehead's There were bones scattered all through this stone pile and pottery fragments. These were under the first layer of stone and were very much decayed. They were not over 10 inches deep. From the number of them there must have been 8 or 10 individuals interred. Some of the pottery was decorated, but most it was plain. With one mass of bones was a very fine celt 3 ? inches. 3 inches 1/2 wide. In one place there was a large limestone weighing 20 lbs. This had three cup shaped depressions on one side and 3 deep grooves on the other as if it had been used for sharpening a tool. Moorehead's handwriting resumes The grooves looked as if cu. ? had been sharpened. The cup shaped depressions were probably due to grinding paint. This stone pile is truly remarkable. handwriting changes from Moorehead's time 1 day - Men 3 - cost $3.75 Moorehead's handwriting resumes With one skel. a very fine flint flake knife was found. These skels. had stone heaped over them, not laid regularly. The bones were broken in small fragments. About 1 barrel in quantity of bones were found. No pieces larger than 6 inches long, most of them 3 to 4.

Page 2537

Grave #56 This is near the S shaped embankments near station . It lies on a point of land which juts out into the hollow. Distance 150 feet from fort wall. The extent of this stone pile is 13 x 22 feet. Quantity 20 wagon loads. We dug this through very carefully Friday morning but found few bones. I think that had all decayed. We found 15 large unfinished blocks of the Flint Ridge stone in one dark spot. These blocks are 2 x 4 and 3 x 6 inches. Time working 1/2 day 3 men - cost $1.90

Page 2538

Pit #55

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Near the Great Gateway on the side of the little Fort is a deep trench. The embankment here is 12 ft. high. I had often desired to see the bottom of the trench and ascertain if there were any traces of decayed timber etc. We dug a hole 8 1/2 ft. long, 5 ft wide 5 ft deep. At a depth of 5 ft. limestone gravel was found. The earth above is clay intermixed with charcoal flakes, a few flint chips and traces of decayed wood. We proved conclusively that the trench had once been 5 ft. deeper, that the earth in it came principally from the wall above due to wash from rains. Also that timers or logs had once filled part of it. Time working 2 hrs. cost 75¢.

Page 2539

Cemetery - hill #57 After completing work here we went back in the open field in the Old Fort and worked three small raises on each of which were numerous graves. This field has been a favorite spot for relic hunters. A large village was once there, and today over 20 wigwam circles 15 x 17 or 20 x 24 ft. can be traced. The whole surface of the field is strewn with pottery fragments, bones etc. We first dug in these circles and on the South and West side of the field but found no graves there. In the wigwam circles we found many evidences of occupancy such as pottery pcs. and bones. Old Mr. Hughs a farmer 79 years of age told me he remembered when the field was first cleared and plowed. The circles were

Page 2540

Cemetery #57 and #58 two to three feet deep and almost filled with pottery sherds. #58 We went to the center of the field near a large walnut illegible word and began work on a knoll 100 ft. wide and 150 ft. long which was almost filled with graves. We dug about thirty holes from 8 to 10 feet long, six feet wide and four feet deep. We found a stone grave about handwriting changes from Moorehead's every ten feet throughout this graveyard. The total of graves found was fourteen. There were skeletons in ten of these. There were traces of decayed bones in the other four. The four that had only traces of bones in were in very wet earth. The bones in this wet soil would not preserve as those where it was dryer.

Page 2541

Cemetery 58

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One of the skeletons had a stone celt made of diorite with it. Another had two hammer stones and two broken celts. The other skeleton had nothing whatever with them. The graves are about two feet deep. The bones are badly decayed. They lie about six inches under the stones. The bones indicate individuals of average size and are tolerably well preserved. We saved three skulls in four fragments each. We saved a number of femurs, tibia and fibula. We saved a few extremities such as feet and hand bones, and humereses humeri. The ribs vertebrae and C are in most cases badly rotted. The stone that cover these graves are sand and lime stone. The limestone are 2 ft. long and one foot wide. Some of the stones are longer than that and weigh thirty five or forty pounds.

Page 2542

#58 The heaviest stone we took out weighed about one hundred and twenty. The stones are seldom placed edgeways in other graves. They are most always laid flat and there are frequently two layers of them. There is nothing above on the surface of the ground to indicate their presence and we have to dig to find out where they are. The plow has disturbed many of these graves and there are few left entire now. It is claimed by old residents that over one thousand wagon loads of stone has been plowed up in this field. The human and animal bones are so thickly strewn over the surface they form a fertilizer of the soil and better corn is raised in this field, than anywhere else on Mr. C illegible farm. I have found thousands of small bones by walking over the illegible after it has been freshly plowed. This is no exaggeration.

Page 2543

#58 I would place the number of bodies once interred in this field at eleven hundred. I have recorded over 200 dug up here by previous excavators. Parties who have here. Hosea of Cincinnati 30 Galloway of Xenia 12 Ward of Ft. Ancient 25 illegible of Ft. Ancient 15 Wolf of Fort Ancient 17 Moorehead's handwriting resumes Others there 9 Time four days, 3 men - cost 15.00

Page 2544

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#59 and 60

handwriting changes from Moorehead's These two mounds were dug by Fowke. No. 59 is 1000 feet west of Station 5 (Station 5 is on the stretch of embankment - new fort - east side) There was nothing in this mound but a few flakes of charcoal and a considerable no. of stones. There was a layer of course gravel under this mound four or 5 inches thick and which tolerable ? regular. This was placed on the original surface of the ground - nothing more of importance. #60 This is 200 yds. S.W. of No 59. The mound was dug entirely through with a very wide trench. Nothing illegible was found save a few bones. The height of No. 59 - 2 ? 1/2 ft. - diameter feet. No. 60 height 2 1/2 ft. diameter feet. Time working the two mounds - 2 days 2 men - cost $5.00

Page 2545

#61 This mound was opened by Joseph Wrog worth ? it is 400 ft. from Station 3 due west. It is 8 ft. high, 60 ft. wide, it was covered with burned stone. Jo ? began on the west side with a 12 ? ft. trench. This was carried clear through the mound. He found in the mound many wagon loads of stone. Say 10 wagon loads. He found in the center of the mound a rude pile of stone 2 ft. high, 6 ft long and 3 ft wide. These stone were set on edge and showed trace of fire There was good deal of charcoal and ashes. This line only in Moorehead's handwriting Time one day, 2 men, cost $2.50.

Page 2546

#62

No. 62 is on excavation illegible station 160 near the fort wall. Wiggelsworth ? dug this. I am adverse to having excavations made in the fort wall and he did this without my knowledge or I would have had it stopped. Since it has been done it may as well be described. Where he dug there is a gateway. There was a pile of stone in this gateway. The excavation was about 2 ft deep and was filled with stone to the bottom - charcoal and ash also. The fort wall at this point was found to consist of earth and stone. The stone were not laid regularly but were just heaped in. Jo found no bones, and no flint chips and no pottery. This line only in Moorehead's handwriting Time 1 day - 2 men, cost $2.50

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Page 2547

#63

(Anderson Vil lage 33Wa4) Under this head will be detailed everything found along the river front - 400 yds NE from the hotel on the land of Mr. Chester ? Poor. We dug very extensively in a corn field illegible on the river. The river at this illegible and has a bank on the east side 12 ft high. It has washed out numerous skeletons, frag remains of pottery and c. Quite a few whole pots have been found illegible one of which I secured from the finder. We began work there Monday illegible day illegible. We first noticed the bones that protruded from the rivers banks. Their depth illegible phrase. illegible with bank from the riverfront to the other side of a thick hedge about 30 ft back from the illegible where we commenced working. I would like to have dug on the river front. But the owner illegible (Uncle illegible) kicked as he said

Page 2548

#63

the river would raise and wash his land too much. So our digging was confined mainly to the east side of the hedge. illegible I slipped over on the river side and dug one good hole which I carefully refilled afterward. We dug a number of holed 6 ft x 6 ft, 3 ft deep in illegible parts of the illegible. We began up the river at the edge of the corn filed and worked down from U.S. ( A is first excavation made by Jo illegible was depth of two ft. He found numerous bones and at a depth of 4 ft we found numerous bones and some charcoal. Between 2 ft and 3 1/2 ft there was nothing found. This illegible was illegible in all our excavations and well illegible phrase later in this description. B is the next excavation made illegible down stream. The water illegible work of opening these. In this excavation we found very little at a depth of 2 ft but at a depth of 4 1/2 feet we found about illegible of mussels illegible phrases

Page 2549

#63

and charcoal. These result from wigwam fires and are not found with any regularity. They are scattered through the soil at the depth mentioned. and we probably throw out more than we see.

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C - This 20 ft. down the river from B and was one of the most interesting excavations made. We found considerable amount of kitchen refuse at the two foot level but nothing of any value. at 4 1/2 ft. we found orange back mass of ashes and soft ground. in this were two nice bone awls 6 inches long and sharp pointed Some of the pottery fragments were quite long. We also noticed in this excavation bones of the following animals - bear, deer, muskrat, wild duck, groundhog D (trash pits?) - Excavation D was made about 6 ft from the former along the edge of the hedges. Two large holes were dug and there run together. In illegible holes were large deposits of ashes. There was about 5 or 6 barrels ? or bushels of ashes

Page 2550

#63

very fine and white in places and darker and intermixed with charcoal in others. In the ashes we found at least a bushel of bones, pottery, shells, flints, stones. All these bones were those of animals. In addition to those named as found in the other holes were the bones of wolf, coon curd ? and small birds. In this spot there was very little found at the 2 foot level except pottery and charcoal. but at the 4 1/2 ft. level and in illegible beginning at 3 1/2 ft and extending downward nearly 6 ft was amass of ashes mentioned. We found many fragmented incised shells, much decorated pottery, and fragments of pots having handles on them. There was one very fine specimen of pottery taken from this hole. It was 11 inches long and about 6 inches wide was about 1/3 of a large pot. From the curvature of the pot its diameter must have been 18 or 20 inches. The fragment found represented the

Page 2551

#63 top and shoulder very large and well shaped handle on one side. There were other bones cut and painted, type of deer horns showing work and two beautiful bone awls. We took out a large mussel shell filled with scales of large fish. E and F - illegible phrase this mass of ashes was as follows height - 2 ft. length, 4 and ? 1/2 ft - width 20 inches. These two excavations contained nothing of importance except a few kitchen illegible. Time working four days, Men three, cost 15.00

Page 2552

#64

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After digging #63 several days elapsed before we continued excavations along the river bank. As time elapsed as mentioned I will number the future digging in the same field, 64: On Tuesday morning a former hand whom we had discharged found a skull in a remarkable state of preservation in the field near the hedge in the center. He had no authority to dig here and slipped off with the skull before we had a chance to see it but I heard of the find and early Wednesday morning, August 21st went over the ground and soon found the hole that he had dub, although he attempted to disguise his excavations by covering it with dry earth. We dug out his excavation thoroughly finding over half of the skeleton that he had disturbed. We dug numerous holes in various directions form this place. We spent a number of days in working here. There were no objects with the skeleton he found and the bones indicate a man less than five feet four inches high. The skeleton was buried about three feet deep and had four large flat stone covering

Page 2553

#64

it and the stone at the head and one at the feet. These stones were quite regular in outline and the edges fitted together very nicely. Just three feet north of where he found the skeleton we came upon the foot stone of a child's grave. This child was not more than two years old and the bones were in a bad state of decay. The body was covered with two large stones being the largest I have ever seen on a grave. The stone was 2 feet by 16 inches and weighs 75 lbs, and is 3 inches thick. The stone laid very nicely, the edges fitting very closely together. The bones of the child were so decayed that we could save only the skull and fragments of a few of the ribs. The arm and leg bones were very small and the length of the child was about 18 inches. At the head of the child was four circular shell discs 1 1/2 inches in diameter and having two and some of them three perforations through them. There were two small shell pendants each having one hole through them. There was also a real nice arrowhead of clear flint of a war pattern. The skeleton was about 3 ft. deep in the ground, and was almost doubled up, as if

Page 2554

#64 it had been placed in a sitting posture and had been allowed to fall over. (refuse pit) This ash pit was 4 ft. long, 3 ft. wide, and contained a great many animal and bird bones. There were also pottery fragments, mussel shells, and deer antlers. These things laid about four feet deep in a mass of white and dark brown ashes. Of course in the ash pit there were no human bones. There were several nice bone awls here that had very sharp points, and some of the deer antlers were pointed. We found hundreds of fish scales a little over four feet deep in this place and the ashes went down to a depth of . The ash pit seems to run into a north east direction, and at a depth of four feet, and to be no larger in extent, yet to contain more bones and pottery fragments. The ground is very black above and below these ashes. The hole we dug to get into this was not

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large enough and we had to widen it considerably to complete our excavations. A very beautiful shell disc was found in the ash pit and some bones that were cut down and used for an unknown purpose.

Page 2555

Mound #65 The mound is on George Ridge's place just across the road to the left, or distant 300 yards from Mound #60. This was dug out by Fowke with two men in 2 1/4 days, and all that was found in the mound was a fragmentary celt, and some loose limestone in the western end of the trench. There were not more than 25 or 30 of these stones and they were quite small. They were not laid up with any regularity and seemed just thrown in the mound. The mound was 5 1/2 feet high, and 60 ft in diameter at the base. Cost of opening, $5.65

Page 2556

#66 (Anderson Vil lage) About 25 feet from the body of the child as described was the body of another child a little older than the first one. This was found covered with flat stones, as was the former, and lay at a depth of about 2 1/2 feet. This skeleton was covered with large flat stones as was the other, there being 5 stones over the child. There was one stone at the feet set on edge and none at the head. This skeleton was badly decayed and the skull could not be saved except in fragments. The other bones were broken up quite small in getting them out. There were a number of small beads made from sea-shells found at left side of the head. Besides these beads there was nothing found with the skeleton of the child. Time digging #64 and #66, 1 1/2 days men 3, cost 5.05

Page 2557

#67

On the curve of the spur on the north side of the wall, at Station 248 the curve is not covered with very large stone. They are medium size and they are not so very many of them. They cover a space about 8 by 15 feet and run to a depth of 10 or 12 inches. Underneath these large stones, Joseph Wigglesworth who superintended the digging found the parts of 3 skeletons and a few odd bones representing other individuals, but only 3 skeletons were represented by large bones. There was taken out about a bushel of bones altogether, the femurs being nearly entire but the skulls were badly broken by the weight of

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rocks above so that there was very little left of them. With one of these skulls was a triangular arrow head four inches long and five nice sea-shell beads and one carved mussel but there were no other relics found with these bones. The bones would indicate a skeleton about 6 feet in height and quite strong as the surface of the bones were very rough. The digging of this grave took a half a day and the rest of the time was spent in digging around a walnut stump in the field where nothing was found. Cost of opening, $2.50

Page 2558

Mound #68 resume Moorehead's handwriting This mound is north of the Lebanon and Chillicothe pike. It is on George Ridge's side of the road in an orchard. Being one of the two mounds at the commencement of the parallel roads it was thought to be a very promising structure. handwriting changes from Moorehead's

The mound is on George Ridge's farm being 475 feet from Station 2. It is just opposite from the large mound on Cowden's ? place and has always been considered a very remarkable structure. We commenced digging this with a trench on the west side. This was carried entirely through the mound and was slightly widened in the center. No human skeletons were found and only a few animal bones and pottery fragments were taken from the structure. There were no distinct layers in the mound and there was not structure of special interest with one exception. The mound seems to have been built at two periods. There being a mass of yellow clay extending up and over the center of the mound and just below a mass of heavy

Page 2559

Mound #68 dark earth of about the same thickness. At the base of the mound was a mass of very black earth resulting from the decay of some matter. This lowest streak was four inches thick and emitted a very strong odor suggestive of decayed substances. This is the first mound I ever opened that had this peculiarity about it and I can not quite understand how this substance remained a long time in the ground could leave any odor, is beyond my comprehension yet the working men illegible noticed a very strong smell, and Fowke himself noticed it. There was nothing else found in the mound of importance. There were many patches of dark and light earth about the size of a half bushel such as the natives would carry up and deposit while constructing the work. It is 10 ft. high and 70 feet at the base. There is a small elevation west from mound 68 and about 50 ft. distant, which may have been a mound but has been plowed down so that it is not over 3 ft. high. We had opened so many of these small mounds that we did not disturb this one.

Page 2560

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Mound #69

This mound is just opposite 68 and is 375 ft. from Station 2. It is the largest mound within the walls of the Fort being 12 feet high and 80 feet broad at the base. This large mound was found to be destitute of everything that would make a mound interesting, except a few animal bones and pottery fragments found at the base line. There were patches of colored earth through it as if the builders had scooped up the earth in various places but there was not a trace of human bones in this mound nor in the other. There were no regular layers and although the mound was dug through very carefully with a wide trench nothing different from this was discovered. We were ten days in digging these two mounds have 3 men employed. Cost $37.50

Page 2561

#70 resume Moorehead's handwriting After I left Fort Ancient Fowke spent four days digging along the river bank. He found numerous ash pits and bones, shells etc. just as I had unearthed. He found decayed logs in places showing traces of fire. These logs lay three feet below the surface, were much decayed and may have been the sills of a rude Council Chamber. From the position in which they lay he concluded that a space 11 x 32 feet was enclosed. The timber was rotten, crumbled on exposure and was in the very place where we find the village remains. It is not possible that this is the remains of a log house erected

Page 2562

#70 by the whites. It has not the appearance of such a structure. Fowke thinks the village extends for miles along the river bottoms and is in favor of conducting further researches in the future on both sides of the river above and below this place. Time of three men came to $15.00.

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The following was transcribed by Robert P. Connolly in October, 1993 - acknowledge use of this transcription Version transcribed below is from xerox of original handwritten notes words in parenthesis and bold are sidenotes in Patricia S. Essenpreis' handwriting words in italics are Moorehead's sidenotes words underlined are my corrections or additions Obvious spelling and punctuation errors were corrected for clarity and are not noted Pagination in ledger book of original notes is crossed-out and a separate pagination system used - pagination below follows the latter system (Moorehead MSS. 106 Box 20 Diary: 2771-2793; 2824; 2841-42; 2886; 2892; 2909; 2927; 2938)

Page 2771 . . . signifying her willingness to write an extended account of the Messiah craze for my forthcoming book for the sum of $200.00. She was there through all the troubles and is a well-known writer and entirely competent to treat the subject. We have been having high old times in camp. It is too cold now to sleep in the tents at night and I have been going to Chillicothe at 8 o'clock and returning at 7 in the morning. We are expecting orders today or Monday from Putnam and in the event of his securing sufficient money for the exploration of the large mound we will rent a house owned by Mr. Hopewell and live in comfort or warmth. The men have all enjoyed the camp life and have said that the food was of the best and that they could find no fault with the arrangements. Sunday Oct. 18th, 1991 - 90 E. 5th St. Chillicothe, O. written by Ralston Well we are civilized beings at last. Saturday last in pure desperation, Peter Simions (one of my most trust-worthy laborers) and myself came to Chillicothe and look about for a house in which to spend the winter. We had been half promised the residence of Mr. Beard close by the mounds but his women folks would not consent to our party taking possessions. Then we thought of building a log house and spending the winter in it. In fact we had decided to build the house and spend the winter in it and had engaged teams to go to town for lumber Saturday. It was Friday evening when we

Page 2772

made this decision. The men had been objecting to sleeping in the tents longer and I stayed out with them that night to encourage them to hold on for a few days longer in case it was necessary. The night was bitterly cold and about midnight I went out to the fire to warm myself. Ralston and Peter were sitting there and as we stood by the great glow of old tree-

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tops and felt its grateful warmth we concluded that a house such as we would desire for the entertainment of our visitors could not erected at a less expense than $100. After discussing the subject for some time, we made up our minds to move into town. So on Saturday we moved in and Peter and I rented a good 8 roomed house at 90 E. 5th St. I bought $85.00 worth of furniture and fixed the thing up so it was habitable. Have just completed letters home for pictures, books, and nic-nacs to make the place as attractive as possible. I have remarked frequently in the diary the strangeness of human existence in this regard, - that misfortunes never come singly nor do successes come unattended by others. No wonder the ancients believed in various gods and fates; - if their experience was anything like mine. Ever since I have been in the World's Fair service there have numerous other offers come up all of which I have refused. The Powder Co. has done splendidly and there is quite a large sum of money to my credit in Cin.cinnati and also in the bank here. When Thos. Wilson was here I told him of my intention to secure as complete an education as possible. While it is not my intention to

Page 2773

give that up yet there is an offer which has since been made worthy of consideration. If this offer is accepted it will necessitate my abandoning Mr. Wilson's scheme for 2 or 3 years. The great question there is "the accumulation of a fortune of sufficient importance and value in ones archaeological work to warrant his setting aside plans already agreed upon. The stockholders of the silvermine near Silverton, Colorado have done me the honor of offering position as a superintendent at a magnificent salary. A fortune to be made there in 3 or 4 years could be splendidly used in archaeological work. I have always detested business, money-making, and anything that bore the character of a treadmill. If this is entered into I shall to have to abandon all archaeological work, literary labors, and study for several years. The great question is will it pay to do this. I will not attempt to settle the question at this moment, but shall think it over carefully during the winter. Wednesday night there was a most pleasant reception and euchre party at Dr. Waddell's. I attended and had a most enjoyable time meeting some very handsome girls. I got up from next to the lowest table to second from the top, - only number 3 out of 18 couples. I had a very nice waltz or two with a Miss Woodrow and several with a Miss Scott of St. Louis. Everybody starts to talk archaeology with me at these entertainments. I change the subject as quickly as possible and always endeavor to keep from talking "shop" and generally succeed very well. Dr. Cresson is getting so fat and lazy that we can hardly to anything with him. We are pegging

Page 2774

away on the MSS. of "Aboriginal Man in Ohio" and will get the illustrations into the hands of the publishers in the course of a week or ten days. Page contains stamp which reads - En Route - New York & Chicago Limited - Pennsylvania Lines- Pullman Vestibuled Train

18

Octo. 27th, 1891. 6-20, Near New York City.

Tuesday Night. This splendid train with its dining car, baths, barber, stenographer, library, etc, is

bearing me swiftly toward New York. Tomorrow I am to consult with Putnam's Sons and see how much the illustrations of my book will cost. Shall have a very good time while in New York, attending theaters etc. There will be a Halloween party in Chillicothe Saturday night and I must be back in time to attend it. Expect to have a great old time dancing. It is really a relief to get East again. Three months in the field seem an age. I have not seen a good play (save Sara Bernhardt) since leaving Philadelphia last spring. The plays seen in Boston in July were wretched. So I shall attend Daly's and other play houses with great pleasure tonight and tomorrow nights. Was home last Sunday and found everything moving nicely. No special news except that the Silver directors want me to take charge of the mine in May. Wrote to Clara on Sunday. Had a great time in Cinti Thursday and Friday attending dancing entertainments. Met a very fine girl. She is a "la-la." There are lot of "la-las" in New York too. Wonder if I shall run across any? Time alone can tell. I' peuse, Mais. J'ai ne pas ecrit ici!

Page 2775 begin Moorehead's handwriting

Monday November 9, 10pm, 1891 90 E. 5th St. Chillicothe

World C. Expo. Survey

There have occurred many parties her in Chillicothe recently. My friends have kindly invited me to them. I have made numerous calls. A Miss Waddle has introduced me to many people, taking a great interest in my social welfare. A Miss Boggs whom I met at a Illegible word party at Waddles, invited me to call. I did so and found her charming. She has asked me to a party Wednesday night. Tomorrow evening there will be a gathering at Miss Woodrow's. begin handwriting other than Moorehead's

Nov. 18th, 1891, #90 E. 5th St.

Two hours from now I expect to have many of my friends to attend an informal reception, during which I shall exhibit and explain the objects from the effigy mound. The newspapers have been making much a hubbub over our finds the past few days that there is great public interest. Hence, my sending invitations to my friends to come here. I have been enjoying myself hugely socially. Several nice little intricacies have arisen from which I have extricated myself luckily. First, there was a very charming young lady from Circleville by the name of Miss Ludwig (Eva). She visited with a charming Miss Fleming. Miss Waddle and I attended a party there a week ago Monday night, the

19

Page 2776 9th. I had the honor of escorting Miss Waddle to said party. Meeting this beautiful siren I deserted Miss Waddle and devoted all my attention to her. That was very impolite but I could not help breaking of societies rules. Of course, Miss Waddle gave me a great racket and tongue-lashing in the hack going back. The next night the aristocratic family of Boggs held a reception to which I was invited. As a man often does without apparent reason - I made a fool of myself. Instead of attending Miss Boggs reception, and thereby meeting some of the best people of Columbus and Cincinnati, I went around to see the Circleville girl under some nonsensical infatuation. Well, I had a good time to be sure and danced to my heart's content. Judge of my surprise, however, two days later when my sister-like friend, Miss Waddle, informed me that I had grossly wronged the fair and queenly Miss Boggs and must either to the humble penitent act properly or be ostracized from her society forever. Imagine my consternation upon receipt of such news. First, I though of sending Ralston to Cincinnati for flowers but acting upon his advice we went around to a florists in Chillicothe and secured a $3.00 bouquet which seemed fine enough to present her. Miss Waddle recommended that I send her flowers, so the bouquet was purchased and sent. From the tone of the note received today if I exercise due care in the future, I will be forgiven. I guess I can

Page 2777 risk paying attention to both the girls without getting into hot water if I keep my mouth shut and don't let any outsiders know. So I shall go up to Circleville Thursday, take Miss Ludwig 3 pounds of candy to illegible phrase bet, take tea, and made a call. If Miss Boggs come to the reception this afternoon - for I sent her an invitation - I will take pleasure in making arrangements to call next Friday evening. The contract with G.P. Putnam Sons has been singed and $700 sent them for cost of illustrations. Upon publication of the find of the "king" with the copper antlers in the mound, I received server congratulatory telegrams.

Dec. 16th, 1891 5 p.m. at Headquarters

Never in all my life have I had such a continuous round excitement as during the past two weeks. Two finds which exceed anything previously in this country call forth the comments of friends, the press, and of the citizens of Chillicothe. It has riveted my attention to World's Fair work. It is not necessary to enter into the details of the discovery here. Reference to World's Fair notes to be published in 1893 or to my forthcoming book, "Primitive Man in Ohio" will give the details. All my friends that I have made a great hit on these discoveries and that they have much to do with establishing my

Page 2778

reputation. Cresson left Monday night for the east. Before his departure I told him I knew all concerning his appropriation of World's Fair specimens. He refused to return the

20

specimens claiming he had but 15. I shall be forced to follow my orders and turn over the affidavits made by the men of dishonesty to the proper authorities. But let me write of things more agreeable. In the social arena into which I have "slayed my castor?" things are progressing swimmingly. I called on Miss Douglas, who is accounted as the brightest young lady in town, belongs to one of the wealthiest families, and had a very pleasant time. Miss Boggs, who seemed to think something of me in the start, is not my style, so I shall call on her no more. Miss Franklin took me to call on Miss Quinn and her people were very attentive. She is a very beautiful young lady. L. W. Guckel ?-sp came from Dayton and visited me Saturday, Sunday, and Monday. He was greatly interested in the find Monday. I called with him on Miss Boggs Saturday evening. On page 2781 is a clipping from the Cincinnati Commercial Gazette which is self explanatory. This is the first stupendous thing which I have ever made in the way of social maneuvers. My friend Mary Aukenys ?-sp was to be married the 9th. Miss Ludwig is a

Page 2779

friend of Miss Aukenys. When calling upon Miss Ludwig prior to the wedding, I mentioned in a joke that we should go together. (Distance 110 miles, change cars twice) Blamed if she didn't accept! I concealed my surprise and agreed. I wrote to the livery man at Xenia and had his best illegible word - out meet me at the station. Went to Circleville the evening before the wedding. Miss Ludwig seemed in high spirits. Next morning the porter called me at 4.30, much to my disgust and wee took the Miami Valley train for Washington C.H. We got breakfast at the hotel there and a big red-necked drummer opposite us stared suspiciously. We too the C H & D to Xenia, arriving safely, having a great time on the way. Getting into the carriage there we were driven past Grandmother's to Mary's. When the wedding came off, Miss Ludwig dressed in white (evening dress) looking superb. I possibly showed her more attention that I should. Her presence created some remark, as in Xenia I am not know to posses any social inclinations. On the way back we had a great "tete-a-tete." I told the hackman that instead of driving back the short road to take one over 8 miles, so we had plenty of time for conversation. On Father and Mother's invitation we called there 10 minutes before taking the train. We took supper at Washington C.H. and were very much amused, although our appetites were affected, at a 2 inch roach meandering

Page 2780

around the table among the eatables. A drummer opposite us attempted to stab the creature with a fork and succeeded in detaching a leg, and then went on eating as if nothing had happened with the same fork. We reached home at 9 o'clock. She seemed greatly pleased with the trip. There are some parties, etc. soon to be held in Chillicothe and I expect to have a hurrah time. I leave tonight for Washington and New York to be gone several days.

21

New York, N.Y. Dec. 21st, 1891

6 P.M. Well, dame Fortune has smiled upon me! I am the happiest man in New York this evening and can well afford to enjoy the best cigar the hotel has in stock. Last Wednesday I left Chillicothe. Reached Washington at 2-10 P.M. Thursday and met Fowke at depot. Together we proceeded to the Bureau of Ethnology. There I opened my grip and exhibited the copper fish, combs, Swastika crosses and various peculiar designs to the scientists present, - Major J.W. Powell, Prof. McGee, Prof. Hayden, Prof. Gill, Mr. Holmes, etc., etc. Then I talked with Fowke all evening. In the morning I went to the Smithsonian and stayed all day with Wilson, Mason, Earl, Hough, etc.

Page 2781

newspaper clipping pasted to page

Pythina-Ankeny.

A Young Newport Physician Wins and Ohio Bride.

Miss Mary B. Ankeny and Dr. John L Phythian of Newport, Ky., exchanged the vows of matrimony at the residence of the bride's parents at "Glenwood," near Alpha, O., at high noon yesterday. It was a typical home wedding, the ceremony taking place in the presence of a large circle of friends. The bride, who is noted for her beauty, looked the embodiment of lovely happiness in a wedding gown in which her mother was married twenty-six years ago. In an alcove in the room under the beautiful mistletoe, the sacred rites were performed by Rev. Dr. Moorehead, of Xenia, assisted by the Rev. Mr. Steele of the Reformed Church, of Alpha. Of this church the bride is a member. A very elaborate wedding dinner followed the marriage ceremony. The presents received were numerous and costly. The bride is the eldest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Albert Ankeny, and is a graduate of the Oxford College for young la- dies. She is handsome, bright and accomplished. The groom is the youngest son of Dr. and Mrs. John L. Phythian of Newport, Ky., and is a graduate of Miami University and the Louisville Medical College, and he has already entered

22

upon his practice as a physician and is making rapid strides. Those present were Dr. and Mrs. J. Phythian and charming daughter, Miss Lizzie, of Newport Ky.; Rev. Dr. Moorehead and wife, of Xenia; Rev. J.H. Steele and wife of Alpha; J.D. Steele, of Xenia; Miss Eva Hamilton of Washington C.H.; Mr. and Mrs. Frank Trebein, of Trebein; the Misses Pierson, of Xenia; Rev. Yocke, wife and daughter of Xenia; Warren Moorehead of Chillicothe; Marquis and Dr. Jesse Shaup, of Dayton; Misses Shaup, of Shaup's Station; Mrs. E. Porter and daughter, of New- port, Ky.; and Walter L. Tobey and Harry Weid- ner, of Dayton. To the theater that night to see Jefferson in "The Heir at Law." Fowke and I put the MSS. in order working most of the night and all of Saturday morning. Saturday evening I dined at Wilson's, meeting and exhibiting my "coppers" to some very charming people. Sunday morning I went to Philadelphia and saw Cresson in afternoon. He was sick in bed but gave his consent to certain changes in his two chapters. From there to New York. This morning I worked hard on the MSS. reading and altering and having a stenographer make new copies of corrected pages. Took the book to Putnam's in the afternoon and they examined it with satisfaction. So, at last the tedious thing is off my hands. About one o'clock I called upon Mr. Minton ?-sp of the Illustrated American. He was rejoiced to see me and said that I was the very person he had in mind. The newspaper accounts of our discoveries in Ohio had attracted his attention. The work at

Page 2782

Pine Ridge had given the paper a greater circulation and he was desirous of connecting me permanently with his publication. He had made it one of the foremost papers of the country and it was now on a splendid paying basis. He realized this was a day of investigations and therefore was willing to put of $4000. to $5000. for an exploring expedition in the Cliff Dweller's region and Mexico. Would I go for a year or two, he queried. Then he would interest liberal minded New Yorkers and raise %50,000 or $75,000. for an expedition through Africa, up the Congo. To say that W.K.M. nearly jumped out of the 5th story window mildly expresses my astonishment and delight. I agreed to resign all World's Fair work and leave Feb. 1st for the San Juan valley. In case Putnam wants the specimens found he can have some for bearing transportation charges and a portion of the hand illegible word. However, that is a point to be decided later. Well, I will go! Who could have expected such a good fortune; and the manager of the Illus. American will keep me on the paper when we are through, allow me to publish scientific books and pay me a salary besides. The firm owning this magazine have thousands of dollars back of them. Surely they are in a position to properly back up so large an expedition. Gloria in Excelcis Deo!

7-15 P.M. Dec. 2nd.

23

While I wait for the bus to take

Page 2783

me to the station I'll scribble a few lines. Putnam says he will have 2 or 3 months work for me in the Cliff Dweller's region of Colorado. So if I desire to leave for south-west Colorado March 1st he can use me from then until the time of the opening of the Silver Mine. I'll ask my friends regarding the new move. If nothing transpires to prevent, my work for the next few years is clearly mapped out. 1st finish the work at Hopewell's inside of 6 weeks or less. $1000. is granted for the completion of the work. 2nd. Go to Boston and put the collection in trays so coming assistants can work it up into proper shape. That occupies 3 weeks. 3d. Go to Cinnti. Feb. 1st or thereabouts and purchase outfit. 4th. Go to Colorado March 1st (or before if I have learned arranying?) and work on Cliff Dwellers until May 15th. 5th. Then Mexico until fortune is made. in Moorehead's handwriting

Jany. 1st 1892 5 pm The Circleville girls came down to Miss Woodrow's Tuesday evening. return to Ralston's handwriting When they arrived I was on my way to Indianapolis where I attended a meeting of the Indiana Academy of Science. I read a paper on recent archaeological discovered in Ohio and returned here the night of the 30th. Called on the girls last

Page 2784

evening. Now that I am quite well acquainted with Miss Eva, I hardly think she can compare with Miss Kinney in mental strength, although she is a better dancer and has a better figure. The girl seems to think all the world of me and as she considers my attentions very serious, I must be very careful and not lead her to think I intend proposing to her. Putnam's delays in sending the money and therefore causes no little annoyance. I have had to borrow $300. in order to get the men all paid up and as I have no dividend money before the end of January can ill afford to foot the Professor's bills for him. It is not very kind of him to keep us waiting.

Monday, Jan. 18th, 1892 Chillicothe, Ohio.

Our latest find has been a large altar containing the long wished for Squier and Davis effigies. It also contained copper earbobs, charcoal and wood, mica ornaments, copper spoon-shaped objects, tablet, flint knives, terra-cotta rings, copper balls, cloth, quartz, and obsidian.

24

We have been having very disagreeable weather lately. With both the cold and the snow we have been only able to work one day last week. There is not much to do but to wait for Putnam's check. When it comes we will settle up everything here, ship the furniture to Metz, and go to Boston. I leave for Xenia where I will attend the meeting of the Powder Company.

Page 2785

Jan. 19th, Tuesday Putnam's check for $600. came at last. We will settle up with the men, teams, grocery, livery, etc. etc., and shake the dust of old Chillicothe from our feet. Cresson's M.S.S. came will be immediately returned to the publishers. The proof of the first three chapters has been received by me and after looking over same, returned it. I think the engravings will be splendid. begin Moorehead's handwriting

January 31st 1892 Sunday pm. Boston Mass., Winthrop Hotel Bowdin St.

Wednesday afternoon the 13th I went up to Circleville. That night, and the following Saturday the 16th there occurred something which marks a changing point in my life. I had made up my mind to throw Eva overboard. Not because I did not like her, but because I feared she was occupying to much of my heart. My selfish desire for success in Anthropological studies depended largely upon my freedom; so I concluded to make love to no woman no matter how attractive she might be. I felt she was slowly but surely forcing her way into my mind and heart. I resolved to crush down any regard I might have for her, to go away on surveys over the world and forget all about her. Away from her I could harden my heart to do this cruel thing, - when near I was completely hypnotized, bound hand and foot and helpless as a child. Well, I went up determined to tell her we must

Page 2786

Sunday, 31

part to see each other again never. We sat down on a sofa together. She was all smiles. She looked lovely and her eyes were so soft and beautiful I had it not in my heart to speak harshly. Well, I just began about 10-30 to say that we must part, how I had enjoyed her society, etc. She looked so unspeakably sad as I began to tell of my departure that like a flash my will broke down and I told her words that were in my heart, but which I had determined never to speak! All my resolves were swept away at a breath! It was not a case of "mustering up the courage to speak" but one of trying to keep down sentences which were more powerful than ones will! And what did she do? As I spoke so passionately, with tears in my eyes and offered to give up any and every thing for her sake, she looked me fairly in the face with surpassing tenderness - We clasped hands and understood each other

25

instantly. We were very happy, but could scarcely realize what had occurred. - There we pledged our vows. We swore to be eternally true, and then I went to my hotel. The next two days passed in a whirl. I could not stay away from her. My brain was on fire! No work, no reading, nothing interested me. I went back Saturday night. We sat on the same sofa and talked of our new born love. It had all come about so naturally, so smoothly. We concluded it would have been wrong to crush down our feelings such as mine had been. She had loved me all the time and would have wept her sweet eyes out had I gone away as merely a friend. And when she told me that all the love in her heart was mine, the last barrier was broken down and I

Page 2786a

January, 31st Sunday

clasped her to my breast while I asked in furious haste - "sweetheart, will you marry me when I come back from the South West?" She did not look up but murmured "yes", - and I was the proudest man in Ohio! The following week the Powder Company held its meeting in Xenia and declared a 7% dividend. Thursday, I went to Circleville and accompanied Eva and (Jan. 22nd) her sister and Mrs. Jacobs to Cincinnati. Mr. Hyde met us there. Mrs. J. was our chaperon. We went to Pikes in full dress to a box party. Such a sweet time we had. Home the next day. Saturday morning I took her out sleigh riding and we again held sacred communion and exchanged vows of fidelity. She desired to see her mother's grave in the cemetery and said how her dear parent would have liked me. I asked her father for her hand the night before (Friday). And he gave it me and blessed us both. While in Cinti. I bought her a $265 engagement ring - A grand solitaire - She is proud of it. And since that Saturday morning, the 23rd I have not seen her. I will see her Feby 7th or 8th I trust. She has written me one letter in the interval. Monday the 25th we were busy packing up and getting ready to leave for Cambridge. begin Ralston's handwriting Most of our furniture was sold. The dishes, blankets, and kitchen utensils were packed and shipped to Metz. We paid off men and teams in full, also Mr. Hopewell. The evening of January 24th Mr. Hopewell came down and states that Mr. Steele was going to bring suit through Col. Estricken ?-sp for breach of contract in filling up the mound.

Page 2787

Nothing much was thought of it at the time.

Jan. 25th, Sunday.

We were busy packing up most of the day. Gave Ralston the rest of the California article. It will be mailed tomorrow. Jack Bennett took dinner with us today and Mr. Hyde called in the afternoon.

26

Jan. 26th, Monday. We were up at 5 o'clock and succeeded in getting everything packed and shipped. The stuff we shipped to Metz was pots, pans, blankets, comforts, kitchen utensils, and tent. This was to go by freight and went to the B & O. freight house. Ralston and I had purchased tickets and had decided to go to Columbus over the Scioto Valley road. As we were eating our dinner at the station restaurant, old Steele came in with a constable and served a writ of attachment on me. I asked him if he knew what he was doing and told him he was interfering with a United States officer in discharge of his duty as we had been ordered East and this would delay us. However, the constable attached the goods in the freight house that were to be shipped to Metz and we jumped into the Warner House bus and came to the Warner House. From there I went over to see Mr. Hyde and Woodrow and they said Steele could not make a case of it at all. The trial is to come off the morning of February 10th at Chillicothe and I will have to be on hand. I think we can easily beat Steele at his own game and he will then have to foot the costs.

Page 2788

We leave tonight for Columbus, from there to Washington, from Washington to New York, and from New York to Boston. date below added by Moorehead

Jany. 31st '92 We had some of our fine things with us and displayed them while at the Smithsonian. Wilson, Mason, and others viewed them with great pleasure. In New York I saw Minton, ?-sp the Illustrated American manager, and he said the trip was a go. The reason he had not answered our telegrams and letters was because he had been very sick. He will advance us money for the outfit as soon as we return from Boston. When in Washington Mr. Wilson said to me that when I reached the point of settling down and ending my nomadic career, he could get me a position in the Smithsonian. He is stronger in his belief that I will make a success in archaeology. When we reach New York Mr. Minton will look over all of Gunckel's plans and papers. Gunckel, Cowan, Lane, Ralston, and Dr. Manly of Denver will constitute our party. Our teamsters, interpreter, and general hands we will get at Sante Fe or Durango. date below added by Moorehead

Feby. 3rd We have seen two good operas - Lilian Russell in "La Cigale" and "The Tar and Tartar." Also Rosina Vokes in three good one act comedies, and "The Lost Paradise." It was a great relief to see a first class performance after the rot Ralston and I have witnessed in Chillicothe's barn-like place of amusement.

27

Page 2789 in Moorehead's handwriting

January 31st, 1892

5 pm. Hotel Winthrop, Boston Several pages left blank just before this will be filled by Ralston with the notes I have given him. I wrote dear Eva at great length today and hope she wrote me at Washington Thursday. If she did the letter will be at the museum in the morning. Just as soon as Putnam returns I shall strike him for $300 plus carfare of Ralston and self here and return. Say $400 in all. Of this $200 will be sent to Aunt Emma and the remainder I will carry. Well I am going to write what has been done, hereafter in my journal and have speculations as to the future out. So many times have I said "this" and "that" was positively going to be, that I am fearful to make an entry. To return to the matter nearest may heart. The papers joke about young couples in love. I guess I have it bad, fearfully bad! I think of her continually, write to her voluminous letters and receive such sweet ones in return. She forgave me when I told her How I had tried to crush down my love for her. She looked at me sorrowfully when one evening at Mr. Woodrow's I had nothing to say to her and treated her so coldly. She said (Saturday night the 16th) she knew then she loved me but tried to control her feelings as she expect3ed no love on my part. During the trip to Xenia she thought she detected great tenderness in the manner in which I looked at her. But it is right now. The courtship was so pleasant I think we will have to rehearse the scene the 8th. I expect to be in Circleville that day. A young scientist, at home with bones and stone, preserving his affections so well that he falls in love as quickly as a sentimental youth! Who would have thought it!

Page 2790

Sunday the 31st

In one way it provokes me , yet am I happy! It was Tuesday night November 10th - '91 that I met Eva. And Jany 16th I proposed! And I entered notes in my diary that I must be careful and not fall in love with her! Who could help it? What will Clara think? O, well, I am glad I never lead Clara to believe that I was more than a friend to her. It scarcely seems possible. Engaged! Where are all my fine plans of trips to Africa and So. America? Many a man thinks he is master of himself - but after all we do not know today what we will do tomorrow. A happy home! I see it plainly in Washington. I hope this is not an illusion too. Bless the dear girl, I'll give all up for her, - she is worth more than all the "head ofillegible" positions in the world!

Wednesday Feby. 3rd, '92 (unpacked Hopewell artifacts) We did bustle for three days! Saturday, Monday and Tuesday were red letter days as far as cook ? goes. Never labored harder in my life. The report was dictated to three stenographers and was written in 8 1/2 hours.

28

This noon I am to meet Putnam. He will examine all the material, - and what a display he will witness! 200 trays 38 x 20 x 4 inches full! We hope to get away for New York tonight. in Ralston's handwriting

February 3d, Wednesday Evening, 9 P.M. We are just getting ready to depart for New York. The interview with Putnam was very satisfactory. He was sorry to lose me as I had done a great deal for him, but did not blame me for accepting the "American" position. He would consider my propositions to collect for him in the Cliff Dweller's country. When I reach there I must write him and he

Page 2791

see what could be done. He could not tell how much he would allow for work in the south-west so far ahead. Thought the canillegible were fairly well explored. He gave me $455.00 and we are now square in every particular. To sum the whole thing up the Professor is not such a bad man to work for and I trust we will be able to get together in the future. He was not pleased with the newspaper reports of the finds. But in every other way thought the work was a success. I can scarcely wait to get to Circleville to see my girl. I received a letter from my aunt saying they would be glad to receive here when she visits Xenia, so I guess everything is all right. in Moorehead's handwriting

Feby. 9th '92.

1 pm. Monday, Circleville, Ohio American House

Left NY. Friday 8 pm. Reached Columbus 8 pm Saturday. Left Columbus. 7-35 Sunday am and spent all Sunday with Eva. Took Eva riding this am. Am to go for her at 2-15 to make calls. See her tonight. To Chillicothe in the morning. The American will put everything in my hands. Have to select outfit in NY. I go there Monday the 15th. The publishers can get nearly all the articles on advertising account, hence save $500 - All I have to do is explain each fiillegble the nature of the expedition and my assistant takes charge of the material boxes and gets it ready

Page 2792

Feby. 9th for shipment. The American will have plenty of money for the expedition.

29

I attend the lawsuit the 10th. Mr. Woodrow told Mr. Ludwig I would certainly win. Thursday I come up for dear Eva. We spend that night and Friday at Father's in Xenia. Then back to Circleville and I go east. What a sweet time she and I had last night! We had been talking all day and such a day it was: - all about our future home, the wedding, my relatives and hers. I mentioned in a joke that the Indians might stake me out. How I regretted it! For the instant the words fell she sobbed and clung to me. The tears rained down her face. I tried my best to comfort her all to no purpose. Suddenly she threw her arms about my neck and resting her head upon my breast gave away to uncontrollable grief. Well, I could not help it, I cried too. But we recovered presently. I'll never refer to Indians again in her presence; - at least not until I return safely from the South West. It is hard to be parted from her so long, but then if I don't go my education in general archaeology will not be complete, nor will we have means to marry.

Page 2793

Feby 14th '92

Circleville, American Hotel, 6pm. Sunday It is a bad rainy day. The whole day has been spent with dear Evalyn. We had such a good time. At seven tonight I am to go to see her. Well, the law suit went against me. Damages $50-. Atty. fees and court costs $39. Thursday noon Evalyn met me at Circleville and we went to Columbus. inillegibleble. From there to Xenia. We experienced a delightful trip. William met us at the Station and we drove to fathers. Next day at 11 am. called to Grandmas. All of us went to Fathers for dinner. Took tea at Grandmas. All to a lecture. Left for home Saturday morning. They were all well pleased with her and have loved the girl of my choice. I knew they would like her but hardly dared believe they would love her. How happy we are ! - Every one of our relative pleased!

March 4th '92 Xenia, at home. Monday the 15th I went to New York. Friday the 19th left for Xenia. Tuesday afternoon the 23rd went to Cincinnati to see Aunt Mary. Wednesday the 24th received message from Mr. Minton to come East. Tuesday the 1st of March at 6.30 left N.Y. for Circleville. Thursday the 3rd went to Cinti. Then to Xenia where I am. So, I have been shipping about lively? !

Page 2824

Sunday, June 19th

St. Denis Hotel

30

Things look much brighter. Minton has set tomorrow night as a date when we are to talk together and square up. He owes me 1694. Cowan 150. Lane 50. 1894 - Friday I left at 5-30 on the Providence boat for Boston. Reaching the "hub" at 8 o'clock Saturday morning I breakfasted and then went out to see Putnam. Putnam has no funds for Field work and none for his assistants. He desires me to study the Hopewell collection and put in it shape. I have written to Harper to try and get into the Hopetown-Schriver groups. July 10th to Oct. 1st. What work Putnam has can be done by Dec. 25th (From Oct. 5th) as he has greatly over-rated the amount of sorting to be done. The writing of a report will be tedious. The report submitted is poorly written and of no value. Tomorrow I must write a statement for Minton to use in the associated press of the results of our survey. Then to beard the lion in his den.

Page 2841

Aug. 28, Sunday, 1892

At home 9-30 am.

AT Bellbrook Friday night we all had a very good time. Danced late and arrived home at 2-45 am. I slept until noon Saturday. Tomorrow George Little and I go to the Licking County reservoir where we expect to have a good time fishing for three days. It will be a relief to get away form archaeology and Society. The folks all rejoice in my coming marriage. The silver mine project fell through and Evelyn is happy. I am also.

Sept 8th '92 (Evening) Hotel Quincy, Boston.

(Sept. 8 - 17 (?)) I am tired and half sick. There is no one to help me here and I am expected to pack all those specimens alone. But I shall hustle and do all I possibly can to get through. Saville has promised to sort over the altar dust as he has not much to do. That will relieve me of a very tedious job. I hope to get through so I can leave for dear old Circleville the 17th and be with Evelyn Monday morning the 19th.

Page 2842

10am., Sunday Sept. 11th

Hotel Quincy, Boston, Mass.

31

A day of rest! I am glad of it. For up to yesterday noon I had packed 72 skeletons and 30 boxes of miscellaneous spcs., or 40% of the collection. Saville has 10% to pack and assort. I am confident that I can get through by the next Saturday evening the 17th. Putnam only allows me $40- a month here and my exps. to and from Ohio. Hence my desire to mush through. Ralston will probably go to Chicago and start arranging the Worlds Fair Material Oct. 15th. He will meet Putnam and be given orders. I shall join him after my marriage. Unfortunately there is a hitch with the Univ. of Chicago. I trust the matter will be speedily arranged. I have written a conciliatory letter to Chicago which may influence matters. Dr. Starr, who has charge of the Museum much desire to have me help him in his institution. Dr. Harper is willing. Yet Harper wishes me to take work in the University for degrees and says I must work up a certain amount of Latin first. Then he will enter me. I have agreed to begin on the Latin. Evening 8 pm. The Scientific Am. Supplement printed a five page article of mine. There were 15

Page 2886

Ralston's handwriting

Evening of July 24th written by Ralston. It is quite hard to sell books at the Fair so Bill and I are looking forward to the time when we shall have its circular ready. That will probably be inside of a week. We will have them printed sooner than that, but the illustrations come from New York and cannot be made and shipped in less than a week. Bill thinks that he can sell 20 a day on an average and 50 on state occasions. I will go home to Evelyn as soon as I hear about the Cliff Dweller Collection and leave him in charge of the sales of the book and the circulars. Many people will buy the latter, but this former ought to average as they have in the past, - 2 books a day for 3 days in the week, and 1 book a day for 3. I guessed Putnam had in it for me. He is rather knocked out on this new permanent museum and he feels very sore over it. The Hymans will have a great pull in it and they have promised me a position. There is much complaint over the manner in which the department is conducted. It was only today that the flags were hung in the building, thus signifying its completion. I wish I could make a $1000. out of the circulars describing the collection, but I am afraid no such luck will attend me. Old man Hay agreed to take my stock in this _______ Bond Co. and give me 3 notes and $250 cash aggregating $1250. If I thought the old man would pay up when the notes become due I would take him up as the notes surely cannot be worse than the bonds.

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Page 2892

in Moorehead's handwriting

Thursday Sept. 14, 1893

8-30 am. Just about to go the Fair. in Ralston's handwriting We came back Monday reaching here about Supper time. The Spraug's ? - sp had been out of the house a week because of scarlet fever next door. Bill took care of the house. My old friend Fowke was here a week, but I only got to see him for a couple of hours. He loses his position with Mj. Powell the 1st of Nov. I do not know what he will do. Poor man, he is very bitter against the Major and the other gentlemen of the bureau. I got along fairly well considering the hard times, paid up my indebtedness to Wilson and some other debts. in Moorehead's handwriting Dr. Brinton sized up my exhibit (as one of the judges) and reported to the other judges that is was one of the best exhibits on display. The judges will accept Brinton's decision. Wilson told me that the Professor was greatly displeased because I received commendation from Brinton, but that as the judges were all powerful he could not influence their decision. Homes told me that it was a shame the way the Professor had treated me. Well the fair is nearly over. I have pasted an illegible word of the attendance in the rear of this book. The crowds run close to 200,000 each day now. Ralston has a cot in my study and gets his meals with us.

Page 2909

Monday, Nov. 27th, 9-30 pm.

I have just come in from the Dorsey's. He and I go down town tomorrow to try and sell my collection to the Columbian Museum. He says we may be able to do it. We shall tackle Ayeres ? -sp. Putnam has recommended the purchase of it (Moorehead coll.) I went to Washington ten days ago and packed $75 worth of my collection and shipped same to the Dayton Museum. Sent $500 worth to Mr. Parker, $34 to Mr. Wales, $5 to another party and sold the Government $140 - worth of pottery and $38 worth to the German Embassador. The remainder filled 21 boxes and can be shipped to any part of the country.

33

I had a very nice time with the Wilson's. They kindly entertained me during my stay in the city. It was no small job to pack up. But the work is at last done and well done. The Archaeologist came out the 18th. It looks very nice in its new cover and enlarged form. I am anxiously awaiting to hear from Gruhlke as to the number of new subscribers. I hope he recd. 300 or 400. So many copies were sent out, he certainly ought have received at least 250.

Page 2927

Saturday pm., Jan 13th, 1894

On my way up Jackson st. I met Mr. Wyman. He stopped me and we conversed for 15 mins. I heard a thing which angered me and for once I was furious. It seems that Prof. Putnam before he left posted Boas and Mr. Skiff concerning the personal trouble between he and I. He exaggerated what little troubles we had and prejudiced both of them against me. Putnam never talked to me directly upon my faults and shortcomings, but to others when no friend (or myself) was present to defend me. It was contemptible for him to injure my chances as to a Col. Museum position. I knew he did not like me, but never thought that he would forget his position and character to such an extent as to exaggerate faults and willfully lie about my work. When I see him next I shall have an interview and tell him what I think of his cowardly action. I know a great things wh.ich the Professor has done, - some of them would surprise his friends. When the Archaeologist comes out in all the strength of its third year I shall expose some of his ways. Gratitude seems to have no part in his nature - He forgets that I paid a law suit for him, advanced money when the department was short and always did my duty as an assistant faithfully. The finest specimen

Page 2938

Sunday Aug. 20th, 1894

I opened at Ft. Ancient 1 mound Breen 1 village site at Frankfort Dunlap and Porter; 2 mounds at Austin Sturgeion 1 " " Van Meters, Pike Co. 2 " " Hopetown Ross C. Ross 1 " Ft. Yellow Bird Leist, Medsker " 3 " On Deer Creek McAllister " 1 " At Andersonville Ross C. 4 " " Greenland " (E. Putnam) 1 " " Tootles ?-sp Pickaway Co. 2 " " Columbus (ambos) 1 " 4 cu. plates, 9 celts 150 beads 50 flint relics 10 bone relics, 5 ornaments, 7 crania 1 altar, mica, 4 pipes

34

We did but little good. Mr. Fowke, the last week in July and until the 10th of Aug. worked in Pike County on Judge Van Meter's farm and found cloth, copper plates and beads. I picked the best mounds I could, yet did no good. Mr. Moore acted very nice and said that it was no fault of mine that nothing was found.

35

The following is transcribed by Robert P. Connolly in November, 1993 - acknowledge use of this transcription This version is taken from a typed xerox copy words in parenthesis and bold are sidenotes in Patricia S. Essenpreis' handwriting words in italics are Moorehead's sidenotes words underlined are my corrections or additions Obvious spelling errors were corrected and are not noted Pagination below follows original

Page 1

stamped in upper right hand corner - Field Columbian Museum May 21, 1895 Office Recorder and Librarian although the date stamped is 1895, the text appears to be a more detailed version of a preliminary World Columbian Exposition report written by Moorehead in 1892. In the 1892 report he makes reference to a more detailed document that includes illustrations and photographs, similar to the document below. pp. 1-23 all on Ft. Ancient

A REPORT UPON THE WORK DONE IN SOUTHERN OHIO.

BY FIELD ASSISTANT, WARREN K. MOOREHEAD

------------------------------

_________________________________________

-------------------------------

Of all the hilltop enclosures erected by the aborigines in the Ohio Valley, Fort Ancient stands first. Its position is accorded it because of the magnitude and length of its embankments, and the numerous evidences of occupation of the enclosure itself, and the surrounding country. The structure is composed of both earth and stone. Situated upon the edge of a plateau about three hundred feet above the waters of the Little Miami rive, guarded by deep and almost precipitous ravines, it constitutes a strong fortification. It seems to have played an important part in primitive times. Its exploration has been partially attempted by various persons during the past seventy-five years. Both in '88 and '89 I carried on large explorations at Fort Ancient.# Such maps and survey notes together

36

_________________________________________________________________ #See "Fort Ancient" Robt. Clarke & Co. Cincinnati '89 for maps and descriptions

Page 2 with photographs as were the result of former explorations were consulted. The book published upon the earthwork was accepted so far as it went. Explorations more extensive than those previously carried on, were made of the village sites and cemeteries bordering upon the Little Miami river, of the village site and cemetery in the South Fort. The maps and photographs illustrating the work of the survey are numbered in a continuous series and will be referred to in this report. In accordance with my orders a large part of the spring and summer of 1891 was spent at Fort Ancient. A surveyor and two assistants constructed a new map. Such elevations and depressions as were not noted by Mr. Cowen in 1891 upon his map were ascertained by Mr. Little. The two maps (numbered one in the series of illustrations accompanying this report) together with the survey books are herewith submitted. While Mr. Little was engaged upon the survey I superintended excavations in six localities; in the Southern portion of the enclosure, at the end of the parallel walls, in the stone heaps upon the terraces, in the village sites along the Little Miami river, at Blue Shin two miles

Page 3

down the river, and at a point one mile up the river. The excavations up and down the river (at a distance) yielded little of importance. The examinations of a mound at the end of the parallel walls was rather disappointing. The terraces surrounding the fort walls need a few words of explanation. The largest one is on the East side of the South Fort and follows the contour of the walls for nearly half a mile. It varies from twelve to thirty feet in width and is about thirty feet below the top of the embankment. (top terrace east of S.F.) Upon this terrace many bodies have been interred. None of them were placed in stone graves, but were simply laid upon the surface and covered by small mounds of stones. So many mounds occur that the terrace, in places, present the appearance of a continuous burying ground. None of the remains lie more than two feet below the surface, - most of them are but a few inches beneath the present sod line. As a natural result all the skeletons are decayed and fragmentary. Nothing of importance accompanies the bones. A few arrow heads, celts, fragments of pottery constitute the finds on the terraces. From a study of them I am of the opinion that the burials are made hastily and carelessly.

Page 4

(Anderson Vil lage) After working the terraces the village sites along the banks of the Little Miami river were inspected. In 1889 it was positively known whether this village extended further than

37

a small stream which emptied into the river a quarter of a mile north of the railroad station. As a plain extends along the stream for nearly half a mile to the base of a high hill it was thought that the village occupied more ground than had been at first assigned it. So excavations and trenches were made all over the bottoms. Three groups of graves were found. The last two were large and as one was above the stream and one below, the terms Upper and Lower village Sites have been employed to avoid confusion in description.

The river in its annual inundation has washed off the top soil or loam in certain places, and has exposed part of the village. Commencing our trenches where the river had uncovered pieces of pottery, bones, flint chips, etc., we extended them for one hundred and fifty to two hundred feet parallel to the river. These trenches had a uniform depth of three feet, and were wide enough for five men to work abreast, allowing each man four feet. Whenever ash pits were encountered the excavations were deepened, and of

Page 5

course followed the direction of the pit. Thus the entire meadow along the river was dug over, and all things pertaining to the primitive people who once occupied it, were carefully preserved. The field notes give in detail each day's work. It would be monotonous, for the reader and in fact unnecessary, for me to copy any considerable number of pages of the notes. The class of objects found, the character of the graves, in all parts of the meadow are very much alike, and a general description will cover the important points. Plan number two gives a rough outline of various grave groups, and the large ash pits. Photograph #5 shows the lower group, and also the spot at which the first excavation was made. In this excavation a pit eight feet long and ten feet wide with a depth from five feet to six feet was examined. The stones in the pit were almost reduced to lime by the great heat to which they had been subjected. A number of bone awls, perforators, flint scrapers, stone hammers, etc., were scattered throughout the ashes. Some tibiae # of the deer were found, which ___________________________________________________________________ # Prof. O.T. Mason, of the United States National Museum has quite a series of the scalloped tibiae scrapers from the Indians of the Rocky Mountains, and the Pacific Coast.

Page 6

had been neatly scalloped, so that the sharp edges thus formed might be employed in dressing hides. After digging a day or two below the small stream which separates the two village sites, I located the men in the upper part of the field, and examined a small cemetery, which contained six graves. Some of these are shown in Photograph #4. Grave number five has been preserved with a view to reconstructing it in the Department Exhibit. It is one of the most interesting and best preserved skeletons in the entire group. It lay with head to the North. The grave had been excavated until a hard layer of river sand was reached, upon which the body was deposited. The arms were straightened at the sides, the hands lay beneath the pelvis. The limbs were straightened, and nearly every bone occupied its natural position; the only exception being some of the ribs and the collar bone, which had been unfortunately broken by a small stone falling from the covering above. A complete vault

38

had been built about the body. Stones were placed on each side, at the head and at the feet, and across these uprights were laid eight or nine great slabs, very thin, and from three to four feet in length. The side stones were spaced apart as shown in the photograph. A total of twenty stones were

Page 7

employed in constructing the tomb. Nothing was found with the remains. The length of the person was five feet seven, and one-half inches. The stones are lettered and the grave can be correctly reconstructed. The other graves in this group contain the remains of children. As a rule children's graves are poorly built, packed full of earth, and never hollow. The bones are usually badly decayed. While no objects have been found with nay of the adults, heads and small shell ornaments in a few instances accompanied the children. The following table of measurements will give an idea of the size of the graves in the lower group, and the number of adults and children interred.

LOWER GROUP _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

#9 7.28 long, 2.5 wide -----Adult. Depth 1.5 ) #10 7.84 long, 2.9 " -----Adult. " 2.5 ) #11 3.9 long, 2.3 " -----Child. " 1.9 ) #12 3. long, 2.2 " -----Child. " 1.3 ) #13 7.25 long, 3.3 " -----Adult " 1.7 ) #14 7.65 long, 3.2 " -----Adult. " 1.5 ) #15 4.9 long, 2.4 " -----Child. " 2. ) #16 4.2 long, 2.15 " -----Child. " 2.1 ) Feet #17 5.57 long, 2.5 " -----Adult. " 2.8 ) #18 7.47 long, 3.2 " -----Adult. " 2.8 ) #19 3.9 long, 2.2 " -----Child. " 3. ) #20 7.18 long, 3.0 " -----Adult. " 2.3 ) #21 2.75 long, 1.8 " -----Child. " 1.9 ) #22 6.15 long, 2.4 " -----Adult. " 2.2 ) From end of grave number nine (S.) to end of number twenty-two, thirty-seven and three tenths feet. Across graves, East and West twenty-one feet.

Page 8 The following copy of one or two pages from the filed notes will give an idea of the character of children's graves. In grave number eleven lay a child, upon its left side, its head toward the North. It was an infant, three or four years of age. Four large flat stones were placed a few inches above the bones. There were no side stones. Grave number thirteen. The individual was twenty-five or thirty years of age. Breadth at shoulders, twenty-one and three fourths inches. Head to the North, and somewhat higher than the feet. Right arm was thrown backward, the ulna, radius and fingers

39

covering the face. The left arm and the limbs were straight. The whole vertebral column was bent considerably out of line, and the pelvic bones were twisted to one side. The skull was somewhat flattened. Photographs #8, #9, #10, and #11, show some of the interments in the lower village site. Because most of the graves in this group headed towards the north, one is inclined to believe that the interments were made at one time. Those skeletons heading east or west may have been buried afterwards. The thousand

Page 9 of pottery and bone fragments, flint workings and hammers, hearths and ash pits scattered about the meadow just below the surface point to an occupancy of the river banks for an unknown time. A few of the graves were constructed of closely fitting slabs. In such tombs there was very little earth covering the remains. Photograph #9 and #10 show skeleton number eighteen, when found lay in a hollow vault. Most of the graves were built of irregular slabs which did not fit closely together. Hence a great deal of earth filtered in through crevices and covered the skeletons. Photograph #12 shows a few of the graves in the upper village site. These do not differ materially from those of the lower group. Many of the graves of this group were constructed very carelessly. #14 shows grave twenty-six, the stones of which dipped in two directions. Those at one end, toward the East, and those at the other toward the West. The skeleton in this grave is shown in photograph #13. It is the best preserved skeleton found during the course of explorations at Fort Ancient. Skeleton number thirty-seven (Photograph #18) is very much like skeleton twenty-six.

Page 10 Near the creek a very large ash pit was uncovered, just before the discovery of the upper group. In this ash pit was skeleton number twenty-four. The two are shown in plan number two. The grave was about two and one half feet below the surface. One end of it had settled into the ash pit. A number of scalloped scrapers and other bone implements were found in the ashes, also many tortoise shells, turkey and fish bones, wolf, bear and panther teeth, etc. I know of no other grave (at Fort Ancient) having been found in an ash pit. Skeleton number thirty-seven presented very interesting features to the anatomist. The lower part of the spine (lumbar vertebrae) was doubled back and across the dorsal vertebrae and lower ribs. Possibly the body had been forcibly crowed into a grave too small for it, or it might have been mutilated in such a manner by accident, in battle, or by wild beasts, that it was buried in two portions. A total of thirty-eight skeletons were taken from the Little Miami River bank. Of these eighty-nine per cent have been saved entire for exhibition. About four thousand five hundred objects were found in the refuse of the village site during the excavation. Of these a few hundred are of in-

40

Page 11

terest and value. It is quite probable that the village just described was peopled by those who lived at times within the walls of Fort Ancient. There is no evidence that any of these interments were made by Indians who had communication with the whites. No bullets, coins, gun flints, medals or tomahawks have been found in this part of Warren County. None of the interments indicate that the people were at all skilled in the construction of graves, or the making of beautiful and useful ornaments and implements. No absolutely hollow vaults with stone floors, such as are so common in Tennessee were found. In 1888, 1889 and '90, I exhumed from this field, not far from one hundred skeletons. They did not exist in cemeteries, but were buried singly. Between twenty and twenty-five graves have been exposed by the river, or found by various gentlemen in the past. It is therefore reasonable to suppose that not far from two hundred burials were made in pre-Columbian times in this meadow. By a careful study of the crania and a comparison of the pottery and other implements found here and at Madisonville, one is struck with the similarity between the two villages. wall construction Although there are a number of depressions or

Page 12

gullies formed by erosion, in the embankments of Fort Ancient one cannot obtain from them a good idea of the construction of the walls. The gullies have been in existence a number of years and grass and shrubs covered their sides. Some of them are so large that it would seriously damage the embankments to excavate. I decided to make a new section through the walls and accordingly began to cut near station three hundred and ninety-six (See map Number one.) At the point where the cut was commenced the wall was twenty-three and seven-tenths feet high. Photographs #26, #27, #28, #29 and #30 respectively show the progress of the work. The Trench was about thirty feet in width. Stakes were established every five feet including the elevation and depression of the embankment. The length of the trench on the base was seventy feet. Including the curvature of the wall the distance was ninety feet. The wall upon the inside of the fortification was eight and three tenths feet higher than the outside. That is, the embankment has been thrown upon the edge of the hill and allowed to roll down the sides of the ravine ten or fifteen feet. Thirty feet from the starting stake, from the side next to the ravine, we ran across a loose stone wall, similar in construction to that found by Professor Putnam at Foster's, in the summer of 1890. These stones seem to have

Page 13 formed a base for the wall, - a kind of rude masonry to keep it from slipping into the ravine. Nothing peculiar was observed in the construction of the wall. The sides of the trench showed variously colored masses of earth varying in quantity from a peck to a half bushel. Therefore the wall was constructed as were many of the mounds by hand, people carrying in small baskets or hides a quantity of earth and dumping it.

41

The builders would naturally select earth in various localities. Some would scoop up black loam from the surface, others would procure sand and gravel from the beds of ravines; others dug up yellow clay. Thus the variety of the deposits is easily accounted for. The only discovery of importance made in this cut was the imprint of a decayed basket of rushes about a small quantity of dark earth. The receptacle may have become worn out, and the carrier threw it down. For years it was tightly compressed about the earth it had contained and consequently left an impress. The fibers long ago decayed, but the impression remained, thus giving us a clue as to how it was constructed. In one of the "dumps" a part of a human pelvis, shoulder-blade and a broken tibia were found. Numerous flint flakes, pottery fragments and animal bones were found throughout the

Page 14 wall at various depths. As near as I can determine the composition of the embankment is as follows; ordinary clay 40% Gravel 20% Black loam 15% White clay 10% Rock 5% Sand 5% Red Loam 5% It is said by the person present in charge of Fort Ancient for the State of Ohio, that there are graves in the northern part of the enclosure. I was unable to find more than one or two in 1889, but had always believed that the limited number of burials in the South Fort did not represent the entire cemetery of the primitive people who inhabited the structure. The northern embankments enclosed so many acres and the surface indications are so slight that it would be impossible to make a complete examination without an outlay of many thousand dollars. Therefore the excavations within the enclosure were confined to the South Fort. There are many irregularities in the surface of the space in-

Page 15

closed by the Southern embankment. Great quantities of earth were removed for the construction of the embankment. Between the depressions or pits are knolls which represent the original surface of the field. South Fort The excavations of former years were all within a circle of one hundred yards in diameter. Extensive trenches were run in various directions throughout the field. The village was found to closely resemble that along the river banks. Graves forty to fifty-six inclusive were opened. Four of the skeletons are shown in Photograph #24 and #25. All of the bodies were badly decayed wand with the exception of one round stone ball nothing accompanied the remains. The graves were even more poorly constructe3d than those of the upper and lower village sites. Scarcely any of them had stones at the sides. The

42

skeletons in the valley were preserved because the soft earth in which they were buried permitted water to penetrate below the grave. The remains in the South fort cemetery were decayed because they lay upon a layer of tough glacial clay, which did not permit water penetrate through it. Although it had not rained for several weeks we found a great deal of mud and water in the crania and among the bones. ...................................................................................................................................................... #See Map #1 for the location of the South fort cemetery.

Page 16A There is no evidence as to the age of these burials. Large forest trees covered them thirty of forty years ago. It is very disappointing that a work of the magnitude and importance of Fort Ancient should not yield a class of objects of aboriginal handiwork equal to those found in the Scioto Valley. I am loath to believe that the wretched interments which were uncovered by the survey, marked the highest development in mortuary custom reached by the builders of Fort Ancient. After many seasons of hard work and close study I am of the opinion that the great cemetery used by the builders of Fort Ancient has not been found, and that search should be instituted. The builders did not bury in mounds, - that is unquestioned, for there are no large mounds in the neighborhood. The survey is greatly indebted to Mr. Chester Poor, Martin Begford, George Ridge, J.J. Van Riper and Alfred Cowdin for permits to excavate upon their respective properties.

Page 16

Ft. Ancient

EXPLORATIONS AT THE MOUTH OF CAESAR'S CREEK.

Caesar's Creek is one of the principal tributaries of the Little Miami River. Its mouth is two miles above the village of Oregonia. All up its valley are numerous aboriginal remains. The burials are for the most part in gravel knolls. Mounds are of rather rare occurrence. As no report has ever been published upon Kame burials, an account of one of them may be of interest. The farm of Mr. Hiram Taylor over-looks the Little Miami. Just to the north of it flows Caesar's Creek. The bluffs on the east side of the river are about one hundred thirty feet in height. A large village extends along the bluff for a quarter of a mile, covering about eighty acres. Upon the edge of the bluff are two round knolls composed entirely of gravel. Mr. Taylor informed the survey that many skeletons had been found in both these knolls while he was engaged in digging gravel for the roads. Near the center of the Village site is a mound seventy and thirty-five and seven feet high. (See plan 3). All about this mound for a distance of two hundred yards the

Page 17

43

village site debris is most numerous. More specimens can be picked up on the surface than at any other spot with which I am familiar. Several thousand arrow-heads, hatchets, bones and pottery fragments have been picked up by Mr. Taylor during his residence on the farm. One of the gravel pits was examined and ten skeletons found therein, - Number fifty-seven and numbers sixty to sixty-eight inclusive. The pit lies upon a bold point of land and is very conspicuous. The hill from the point or descent back toward the East bears a striking resemblance to the plateau upon which Fort Ancient is built. The burials in the knoll averaged about three feet below the surface. With two of the skeletons whole pottery was found, Number sixty-one and sixty-two. Several of the skeletons were remarkably well preserved, others lying near the surface in disturbed strata were as much decayed as those found in the South Fort Cemetery. Some of the remains were covered with flat stones, others had no coverings. Upon the breast of Number sixty-one was a beautiful shell ornament carved from a fresh water unio shell. One remarkably preserved child some six or eight years old was secured for exhibition.

Page 18 These gravel pit burials are very interesting. In the Scioto, Miami and Muskingum valleys they are of more frequent occurrence than mounds. Nearly every time a teamster takes a load of sand from a pit he disturbs one or more burials. Since this form of interment was so generally observed it should be studied more thoroughly. Up to the present time but little is known among archaeologists concerning it. The Waynesville Pike cuts Mr. Taylor's farm in two. In the field south of this pike the survey opened fifteen or twenty graves. Numbers seventy-two to eighty-seven inclusive. Photographs #31, 32, 33, show the style of grave and the condition of the skeletons. I was satisfied that these graves were so similar that it would be but a repetition to examine any considerable number. So the men began on the east side of the mound, and dug entirely through that structure. In it they found a total of seventy-nine skeletons (Numbers eighty-eight to one hundred sixty-six inclusive) Some of these skeletons lay upon the base line and were remarkably well preserved. (See for example Photograph 34, Skeleton One Hundred and twenty-three.) Others were badly decayed. (For example see 35, Skeleton One twenty-seven.) A number of partial interments were observed and displaced or

Page 19 missing bones of the skeleton were frequent. (For example see Photograph 37, Skeleton one hundred and forty-six.) The following table gives the find made with each skeleton. Number ninety, Child. Shell beads near neck. " ninety-three, Adult. Slate ornament. " ninety-five, Child Black slate ornament. " one hundred, Adult Beads and decorated vessel. " one twenty-three, Adult. Arrow head and clay bowl. " one hundred twenty-six, Adult. Shell ornaments. " one hundred twenty-seven, Adult. Three mussel shell beads and fossil.

44

" one twenty-eight, Child. Shell ornament. " one hundred thirteen, Adult. Copper covered wooden button. " one hundred thirty-one, Child Shell discs. " one hundred forty-one, Adult. Rotten matting. " one hundred forty-three, Child. Beads. " one hundred fifty, Adult. Beads, flints and celt " one hundred fifty-one, Adult. Mussel shell, awl, fourteen inch flint sword. " one hundred fifty-two, Adult. Arrow heads. " one hundred fifty-four, Adult. Arrow head. A number of pipes and arrow heads found loose in the soil.

Page 20

LIST OF SKELETONS FOUND IN THE FOUND.

(These begin with No. 88 and run through 166.) Child Adult Child Adult Adult Adult Child Child Child Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Child Adult Adult Adult Adult Child Adult Adult Adult Adult Child Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Child Adult Child Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Child Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Child Adult Child Adult Adult Adult The objects from the Taylor Mound are of very fair workmanship. Some of them are rather remarkable. For instance the fourteen inch flint sword or dagger (Photograph #82 shows this sword) referred to in the table given and the polished antelope horn taken with

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skeleton one twenty-three, and the several pipes. Taken as a whole the mound is very singular. By reference to plan number three, it will be seen that some of the interments were made in stone graves. These

Page 21 were mostly in the west end of the tumulus. Skeleton Number one forty-one (shown in Photograph 36) was covered with matting. This peculiarly woven cloth could scarcely be preserved. In parts of the mound quantities of stone had been thrown in promiscuously, fires had been built, and bodies covered with layers of a dark decayed substance which my have been hides or bark. Three were holes or pockets extending from the base downward, filled with ashes and burnt stone. One or two of them had been neatly walled up with small stones of egg size. No modern objects such as the Indians would get from the whites were found on the village site or in the graves or mound. But upon the surface at the mouth of Caesar Creek where the Shawnees fought against Wayne and Clarke, tomahawks, bullets and glass beads exist in numbers. The pottery found in the gravel burials bears a striking resemblance to that of Madisonville. While the work resulted in valuable finds for the department, it also has called attention to the important part which Kames played as cemeteries in prehistoric times. Those desiring to study the anatomical peculiarities of skeletons will find the gravel pit burials better adapted for their purpose. At Fort Ancient, the survey found many deceased bone, peculiar shaped skulls, brok-

Page 22 en bones rudely reset, heads of femura and humeri which were worn flat against nearly formed sockets. Some of the skeletons in which these peculiarities were noted, were considerably decayed. Such peculiarities are more readily noticed in a portion of the Oregonia gravel burials. If the excavation of this one pit selected at hazard out of some fifteen or twenty has resulted in the finding of a number of whole vessels and ornaments, the work of exploring other and more extensive ones should not be neglected. Mr. Taylor was very kind to the survey in permitting excavations to be carried on in the midst of growing crops.

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The following is transcribed by Robert P. Connolly on December 5-6 , 1993 - acknowledge use of this transcription This version is taken from a typed xerox copy words underlined are my corrections or additions Obvious spelling errors were corrected and are not noted Moorehead's handwritten editing of the typed manuscript was added below and not noted Pagination below follows original Report is an apparent preliminary report for the World's Columbian Exposition written by Moorehead and dated Dec. 30th, 1892

Cover Page Department M., Ethnology, World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, Ills. Dec. 30th. '92. Sir: - I have the honor to submit herewith a report upon the results of the investigations entrusted by you to me in Southern Ohio during the period embraced between April 1st., 1891 and February 1st., 1892. This report, being synoptical, I also have the honor to submit one of greater length, - detailed and illustrated. Very respectfully, Moorehead's signature Warren K. Moorehead Assistant in charge of the Hopewell, Oregonia and Fort Ancient surveys and excavations. Professor Frederick W. Putnam, Chief Department M., Ethnology, World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, Ills.

Page 1

The Examination of Fort Ancient, Ohio - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Immediately upon appointment as assistant in Department M., World's Columbian Exposition, I proceeded to Warren County Ohio and organized a party for field work. In 1889 and 1890 I had examined the prehistoric village sites, the cemeteries and the fortification itself. Using the material then collected as a basis I extended observations towards the east (upon the plateau) and in the valley to the west of the enclosure. A surveyor and two aids began to take levels of this typical hill-top enclosure of the Ohio valley in order that a relief map might be constructed for exhibition. A force o9f men were

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employed to open graves and village sites along the banks of the Little Miami River, some three hundred feet below the level of Fort Ancient. Although these river habitations are one third of a mile from the fortification, they seem to mark the residence of some of the people connected with the history of the enclosure, and a survey of it without an examination of the village sites would be incomplete. Our force labored at Fort Ancient during April, May and June. A set of elevations and depressions of the entire area occupied by the fortification was secured. Photographs were taken of all prominent points along the line of embankment. A detailed map was drawn of the entire structure. The survey notes were carefully preserved in order that the modeler might have no

Page 2 trouble in properly reproducing Fort Ancient. The excavations yielded many interesting facts pertaining to the mortuary customs of primitive man in the Little Miami Valley. Four groups of graves were found near the banks of the river. These small cemeteries were distant but a few hundred feet from each other. Surrounding them in all directions, mingled with the soil to a depth of four feet were thousands of pottery fragments, broken stone implements, bones of birds, fish and mammals, ashes, charcoal and burnt stones. At intervals were some large lodge had stood for a long time, we found ash pits varying in depth and extent from three by five to six by ten feet. These pits were particularly interesting and valuable. All the more delicate objects of perishable materials, - which would soon decay if left in loam, taken from them were well preserved. Bone awls, bone scraper, various hide dressing implements, fish ribs, scales, bird beaks and talons and many other things illustrating the life of the village folk, - the refuse of their meals, etc., were secured from these pits. The burials in the cemeteries were made in stone graves. Adults, - the old and the middle aged -, the young, infants and children lay side by side. None of the burials existed more than four feet from the surface. The average interment might be safely placed at two and a half feet. All the graves presented a similar mode of construction. An excavations some three by seven feet

Page 3 was sunk through the loam to the hard underlying river sand. The body was placed extended, face upwards. Slabs of limestone, - which abound in the creek beds and ravines near by -, as large as could be conveniently transported, were placed upon edge on each side of the remains. A narrow, high stone was put at the head and another at the feet. These stones usually extend six inches above the skeleton and are nearly on the same size. Three to six slabs were used as a covering, being rested upon the upright stones. There is no evidence that any of the slabs had been artificially shaped. Childrens graves were about half the size of those of adults. We found a number of hollow vaults composed of more closely fitting stones than the average grave. In nearly every grave earth had filtered in between the crevices and filled the interior. The stones of two of the more perfect vaults containing well preserved skeletons, were secured for exhibition. From the river burials about thirty five good crania were

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secured. Numbers of diseased bones, femora which had worn new sockets in the pelvis, deformed or bent long bones and other osteological peculiarities were observed. In a cemetery in the southern part of the fortification a number of graves like those in the river valley were examined. But for some reason nearly all of the remains were so decayed that it was impossible to save more than one or two crania.

Page 4 While it was not the privilege of the excavators to find a large number of implements or utensils in the graves in the neighborhood of Fort Ancient, the objects from the surface of the village sites constitute a large and important collection. In the latter part of June some villages two miles down the river were inspected with good results. Then I visited the Taylor farm, two miles north of Oregonia, in the same County. The work upon Mr. Taylor's estate was but fairly begun when it was deemed necessary for me to put in order to Fort Ancient exhibit. Accordingly the month of July was spent in the Peabody Museum, Boston. August first, I again took the field and located upon the Taylor farm with a fully equipped camp.

Excavations on the Hiram Taylor Estate

Caesar Creek empties in the Little Miami River a half a mile above this farm. Its valley is rich in prehistoric remains. For ten days in June the farm was inspected in search of graves and gravel knoll burials. One prominent glacial kame overlooking the river valley was found to contain some twenty skeletons most of which were buried in rudely constructed stone graves. Several whole bowls of clay and a few other objects accompanied the interments. The graves, being made in gravel which permitted water to quickly penetrate below the burials contained splendidly preserved skeletons far better than those usually found

Page 5

in mounds or graves. In fields a few hundred yards from the gravel hill other graves were opened with varying results. A mound of considerable size occupies a point near the gravel kame. Surrounding the mound are numerous evidences of a large village site. Some ten men were engaged for nearly three weeks in excavating through the structure. From it we took a total of seventy nine skeletons, a fourteen inch flint implement of beautiful workmanship, several pipes, many arrow heads and beads, several whole vessels of pottery, ornaments, shells, etc. The series of material of interest to the anatomist from this structure comprises several hundred bones from all portions of the human body. A full description of the mound is contained in my detailed report submitted to the Chief of the Department.

Page 6

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Hopewell's Group of Tumuli, Ross County.

This celebrated work has formerly been known as the "Clark Works". It was owned by a Mr. Clarke in 1845, when Messrs. Squier and Davis partially explored the smaller mounds. These gentlemen published maps and a description of the place in the first volume of the "Contributions to Knowledge," of the Smithsonian Institution. The mounds, twenty-two in number, are surrounded by an embankment, which at present averages four feet in height. There are three small mounds upon high ground, north of the enclosure which were not noted by Messrs. Squier & Davis. All of the tumuli were carefully examined with the exception of three. These were situated in the orchard in the yard of the present tenant of the place. It was his desire that these should not be disturbed and as both owner and tenant were extremely courteous to my party we observed their wishes in this respect. From the smaller mounds very interesting skeletons, mica plates and sheets, lumps of galena, flint implements, fragments of pottery, needles, shells and beads were taken. Several small altars were uncovered two of which were boxed in situ and carefully removed. A large oblong mound situated in the south eastern part of the enclosure was explored with gratifying results. A great deal of excavating was necessary in order to examine the entire structure. It was about two hundred feet long, one hundred feet wide and fourteen feet in height. Nearly a month was consumed in making the necessary examination of so large a mass of earth. From this an exceedingly interesting collection of crania, copper, shells and various tone and bone implements and ceremonials were obtained. The skeletons present interesting features to the anatomist, there being many perforated humeri, diseased bones, etc. In the detailed report submitted herewith, all the interesting feat-

Page 7 ures of the oblong mound are dwelt upon at length. Near the center of the enclosure is an irregular shaped mound five hundred and ten feet long, two hundred feet wide and twenty-three feet high. It bears a slight resemblance to the human trunk, hence, the term Effigy Mound was used in distinguishing it from the others. The party worked upon this great structure during the latter part of October and through November, December and January. The mound was too large to be examined in one section and therefore, we demolished it in sections, seven in number.

Page 8

Four of the sections, those nearest the ends, contained nothing. The materials and altars were near the center of the mound. It is very singular ? that all the finds should have been made in a space not exceeding one hundred feet in diameter. Reference to the ground plan of the structure (which accompanies my detailed report) will give a clear idea of the character of the central sections. Two masses of copper comprising a total of some four hundred axes, plates and peculiar designs, such as saucer-like patterns, stencils, diamonds, fishes, comos, anklets, bracelets, ear-rings, discs, etc., covered two skeletons. In these layers were two effigies of

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the eagle, which being composed of thin sheet copper were oxidized and could only be removed in fragments. About one hundred skeletons were taken from the effigy, nearly all of which were badly decayed. With many of these remains were bone and shell ornaments, effigies of the beaver and the parrot, bear teeth, etc. Some of the bear tusks were perforated and in the perforations pearly had been inserted.

Page 9 Near the exact center of the mound were two large altars, which were filled with valuable specimens. Fires, built by the people who constructed the mounds, had damaged the contents of the altars. For instance, the copper was melted and run together enclosing in a conglomerate mass many fine and delicate objects of aboriginal handiwork. Among the more remarkable implements taken from these altars were several thousand obsidian spearheads, knives and other objects of this stone, sea shells, meteoric iron crossed-out comma by Moorehead - implication being hatchets were made of meteoric iron ? hatchets, pearls, beautiful pipes of the most artistic designs and numerous copper and bone objects of unknown character. The finds from the effigy mound exceed those previously made by an archaeological survey in the Ohio Valley. This is especially gratifying, as the results of the explorations of Messrs. Squire & Davis in the same region were sold to the South Kensington Museum of England. Every type of utensil or implement known to the aborigines of the Ohio valley is included in the collection from the Hopewell group. The scientific value of this exhibit can scarcely be exaggerated. remainder below is written in Moorehead's handwriting After the field work under the direction of the Chief of this

Page 10 department was ended, I conducted an expedition through the San Juan valley of Utah and New Mexico. A collection of pottery, stone and flint implements, crania etc. made during my travels has been presented to the Chief of this department for exhibition.

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The following was transcribed by Robert P. Connolly on October 5 , 1993 - acknowledge use of this transcription This version of the original notes was handwritten words in parenthesis and bold are sidenotes in Patricia S. Essenpreis' handwriting words in italics are Moorehead's sidenotes words underlined are my corrections or additions Obvious spelling errors were corrected and are not noted Pagination below follows pagination of original notes The portion transcribed below is obviously incomplete and contains missing pages based on continuity jumps. Transcribed in order that pages were stapled (Moorehead notes on F.A. O.H.S. Archives) Page 1 Fort Ancient notes - (G1) At Sta. 2 is a gateway: there is a platform thrown up on the inside - see survey notes - and the earth outside is on the natural level. back side of the gateway a ditch starts and goes to a ravine - At Sta 5 (G2) no inside platform, but a narrow pathway outside: it leads to the level, with ditch on each side: evidently passage way - (G3) Sta 8, bastion - all these are higher between the walls than on the out - or inside of them (G4) Sta 11 - Bastion W5 Sta 16 - Wall runs right across a ravine that heads at (about) W5 - north Sta 12. The depression is quite marked outside of W5 16, leaving a narrow ridge between it and the ravine that goes down outside of wall from G2 Sta 5 ?. The ravine now goes through wall at G6 Sta 22, having cut a Page 2 channel 16 or 18 feet deep between 16 and 22 (G5) Sta 19 - Point runs out between two ravines just noticed Sta 21 to 22 - Wall runs down slope, but from 22 to 23 (G6) there is no artificial work. the wall ending abruptly at top of ravine Outside of Sta 22 - the bank is undermined to a slight extent, but the wall is still intact, being of clay too tough to wash - (G7) Sta 28 - A depression in wall with a "pond" inside and ravine outside, as if built right over ravine head - (G8) Between 33 and 34, an opening looks out on spur between two deep ravines - level narrow path inside of wall

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Page 3 (G9) Sta 36 - Wall seems to have been solid across ravine and washed out - (G10) Sta 42 - Bastion over little spur between two deep ravines - (G11) Sta 46 - Wall turns to bottom; apparently wall went clean across: if so, some plan must have been devised to let off the water - (G12) Sta 49 - Bastion, overlooking a small spur between ravines (G13) Sta 55 - same Between Sta 56 and 57, wall has been cut to drain "pond"; was built across head of ravine - (G14) Sta 60 - Bastion on spur - (G15) 67 - Same (G16) Sta 77 - Wall seems to have been built in a curve along edge of wash and to have all washed in. Both walls (at 76 and 77) have (missing page(?)) remaining pages are not numbered New Page (In all these case, there must have been some way to let off the water; and the openings now seem due to the breaking of the walls by the water running over them - All this portion, to end of wall, W22 south Sta 100, has been built on side of hill below the top - the level top being only wide enough for a wagon road - (G23) Sta 105 - Ground inside is mucky but no evidence of excavation of a ditch. Leads out around "mound" ? to level isthmus, past head of ravine. May be gateway, as it is not in a defensive position; if so the approach was quite wet and muddy - (G24) Sta 109 - Deep depression washed out below interior level; poor place for passway, going into big ravine - May be New Page for bastion to guard ravine - From here nearly to W25 Sta 113, there is a terrace outside of the wall, fully 75 ft. wide at W25 Sta 112 - A similar but much narrower, terrace runs from Sta 113 to W27 outcurve Sta 122; this is much lower than ditch inside of walls; wall is built on slope below top of hill - it may be an old landslide. (G25) Sta 116 - Passage out on to terrace - but leads down to steep outside of the wall - a narrow level is inside, between ditch on each side - (G26) Sta 119 to 120 - Wall was built solid across this washed out - W27 Sta 123 Wall (at base) on level of top of hill again - (G27) Between Sta 127 and 128 - wall was solid across head of big ravine

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New Page (G28) Sta 130 - bastion; spur (G29) 139 Same (G30) 149-153 Ravine left open, with wall down each bank (G31) Sta 156 - Solid across ravine - W32 south end164 - Wall not solid clear across, but built clear to bottom on each side (G33) Sta 170 - Bastion, over spur that slopes from bottom of wall - pond inside (G34) Sta 175 - solid wall, across head of ravine (G35) Sta 182 - Can't tell: opens on head of ravine, but spur goes out beyond wall, between 182 and W36 184. Ground low inside, but not wet, so it may be gate; if so, path must have wound around to spur New Page (notes?) (G42) Sta 216 - evidently gateway (G43) 219 - solid wall once over ravine (G44) 224 - Gateway (G45) 226 - Wall once solid across ravine. Would make a pond of 1/2 acre if 10 feet deep (G46) Sta 231 - Gateway (G47) 236 - Wall once solid (?G) G49 241 - Probably bastion although in ravine across which wall is solid. Can not be gateway and is not washed out (?G49) G50 Sta 248 - Gateway - a slight depression in wall leading out on bluff toward town ? - All the wall along the river side from W50 245 to (corner) is build on hill side the top of wall in some places lower than hill top. From 248 to is also a little below hill top - at 248, however, a spur runs out New Page Under edge of red ? dirt on north side (all ? cut) was a round hole 18 inches across illegible down into the sand. Most of it still under illegible were other holes in a n-s line, nothing in any of them, much smaller than the first. The sand from them had been spread out illegible above them as if they had been made to bury something in, but there was no other evidence of such use. S.E. from these were 3 in a e-w line - Center of old mound was about 10 ft. n. of highest point. 2 rows of charred logs lay in a row about 4 ft above bottom about 10 ft apart. There were logs in each, piled one on another; the mass of each was nearly 3 ft thick. At the e end a similar row lay across, the ends at the n being broken with the extreme ends on top of the

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New Page south side had been cut off, and a number of other cut pieces was found; also the end of a stick that had been used as a pick or digger. Under the log a trench had been dug down in the old soil into the sand below. In this trench posts had been set to a depth of from 18 to 30 inches. The trench was 10 to 12 inches wide and showed plainly the marks of the tools. illegible the horn or sharp sticks, running both illegible phrase . The burned place reached just to the trench on the south side and the ashes which had been spread (the burnt earth was only about 4 x 6 ft.) were broken on the line of the trench showing it was dug after fire had burned out. This was further shown by the sand from the bottom being above the ashes. Under some of the posts a mass of ashes and mud had been New Page there is an obvious continuity break beginning with this page - assume pages are missing and feet against hips of (skel 2) was another (skel 3) - the ochre may have been by its feet. This had a baby at its breast, as the beads were close together. illegible these heads, and mostly on the head of the baby were several pieces of cut open illegible mica ornaments somewhat crescentic, widest at one end; a number of sea shells, perf. shell, and copper beads. By the hips of (skel 3) was a fine hematite cone; a broken arrow head, and a point 6 inches long of antler Another child lay with head s.e. near head of (skel 3). This is (skel 5). A thick plate of mica cut like the other perforated lay on the forehead and was broken at side of head by weight of dirt. The jaw lay to one New Page there is an obvious continuity break beginning with this page - assume pages are missing (F.A. Ditch) On trench across ditch north from Sta 412 (mound) in the corner of the orchard, was found the bottom of a large pot resting on the old bottom of the ditch. The top portion was all gone: pot had probably held 2 or 3 gallons. Near it was a large fragment of another. This is the point at which Mr. Ridge found traces of wood: but he found it in and not at the bottom of the ditch, which was about 4 1/2 feet deep here. A trench run across the ditch west from (mound) Sta 411 just at Sta 418, showed the ditch had filled in about 3 feet - making New Page

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(?) Ft. A - from the general level and while some dirt has been taken away along both sides of this the highest part is left for a roadway. This ditch is still 6 to 8 feet deep on each side of this roadway. New Page there is an obvious continuity break beginning with this page - assume pages are missing been washed off considerably, and there may have once been only a slight depression where is now a deep gully - apparently like now exists from 80 to 83 across the wide gateway - Sta 80 to 80x - there is a "pond" at this place inside of a narrow level path between the two stations. Either this path is artificial across the ravine that heads here or the earth was taken away inside - leaving a natural level along edge of hill - Sta 85. Bastion, over very long narrow spur. Sta 89 - Wall seems to have been built right across - big head of water in rains Sta 92 - Same Between 94 and 95 same New Page Sta 186 - Gateway, leading out to long spur, level on top for some distance, and going down to rive at mouth of big ravine. Sta 188 - Gateway, leading to river 191 - Wall has been solid across - considerable drainage area through the ravine - Sta 194 - Very plainly gateway with level way leading to interior of fort and interior ditch on each side; goes out on spur, with easy descent to river. Sta 201 - D.F ? made a cut to drain a pond. Sta 210 - Deep ravine with wall on slope down to nearly to bottom on each side; can not tell whether it was continuous or not. There is a big head of water in heavy rains } W17 south W18G18 W20 north G20 G21 G36 G37 G38 G39 G40 G41