Timber structures in Malaysian architecture and buildings

Timber Structures in Malaysian Architecture and Buildings

Wai-Sung Wong B.A.Env.Des. B.Arch (Hons)(Tasmania)

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture

University of Tasmania at Launceston March 1995

This thesis contains no materials that has been previously accepted for any award or degree in any tertiary institution, nor, to the best of my knowledge and belief contains any material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference is made herein.

Signed

This thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying in accordance with the copyright Act, 1968.

Signed

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments

Abstract

List of Tables

List of Plates

List of Figures

List of Case Studies

Introduction Background of the Study Aims and Objectives Limitation of the Study Previous Research

Chapter 1 Malaysian Timber Construction and Structures

1.1 1.2

1.3 1.4

1.5

Early Indigenous Timber Structures Traditional Malay Timber Architecture 1.2.1 The Malay House 1.2.2 The Malay Palace 1.2.3 Mosques Chinese Timber Build~ngs : 16th to 19th Century European Timber Technology: 18 to 19 Century 1.4. 1 Putch Influences 1.4.2 British Influences Contemporary Timber Architecture : 19th Century to the present 1. 5 .1 Resorts 1.5.2 Industrial Buildings

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11

lll

lV - VU

Vlll - lX

x

Xl

X1

Xll - XlV

XlV

XlV- XV

1

2-7 8 - 10 10 -15 15 -25 25 -37 38 -48 49 49-52 52- 55 56 - 57

57 - 66 66- 70

Chapter 2 Technical Influences on the Construction of Malaysian Buildings

2.1 History of Technological Changes in Timber Construction 2.2 Principles of Structural Systems 2.3 Timber Construction Systems 2.4 Connections and Joints 2.5 Case Studies of Malaysian Timber Architecture: A

Comparison of Construction and Structural Systems

Chapter 3 Case Studies of Internatjonal Wood Architecture

3.1 Naval Stores, New South Wales, Australia 3.2 Devonport War Memorial Swimming Centre, Tasmania,

Australia

71

71 - 74 74- 75 75 - 78 78- 79 80 - 132

134 - 136

137 - 143 144 - 147

3.3 Tradesman's Entrance Hardware Store, Victoria, Australia 148 - 152 3 .4 -Hamar Olympic Stadium, Lillehamar, N01way 153 .: 154 3.5 Wohlein High School, Aargau, Switzerland 155 - 156

Chapter 4 Conclusions 4.1 Areas for Further Research

Appendix 1 : · Research Methodology A.1.0 Aims of the practitioner Survey and Entries to the

Practitioner Index Database · A. 1.1 Entries to the Practitioner Index Database A. 1.2 Entries to the Building Database A. 1.3 Literature Reference Database A. 1. 4 Samples of Timber Structure Database A. 1.5 Sample of Practitioner Database Entry

Appendix 2: A. 2.1 Survey Forms A 2.2 Copy. of Announcements Advertised in the Malaysian

Institute of Architects and Malaysian Institute of Engineers Bulletins

A 2.3 Schedule of Work for Site Inspection and Interviews Completed Between September 1993 and January 1994

A 2.4 List oflnterviewees A 2.5 Collection of Measured Drawings

157 - 161 162

163 163 - 169

170 - 172 173 - 207 208 - 244 245 - 247 248

249 - 251 252 - 253

254 - 262

263 - 266 267 .

Bibliography 268 - 278

Glossary 279 - 281

Q

Acknowledgments

I would like to express my sincere thanks to the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) for financial support in carrying out this research. This collaborative research between the Department of Architecture, University of Tasmania in Australia and FRIM would not have been possible without valuable assistance from all the staff at FRIM who have shown their care and concern; especially Mr. Hong L.T., Director of Forest Products Division who has assisted in editing and has suggested constructive comments during my research.

I would also like to thank the lecturers and staff in the Department of Architecture at the University of Tasmania for their constructive suggestions and untiring encouragement, and their willingness to share their research interest and experience as research committee members; especially Professor John Webster and Associate Professor Peter Yttrupp who were my supervisors.

Many thanks also go to all the lecturers and staff in the Department of Architecture at University Technology Malaysia for sharing their architectural knowledge and skills, and their advice, guidance and supervision throughout my research project; especially Associate Professor Jaafar Mohamed, Deputy Dean, Faculty of Built Environment who was my primary co-supervisor.

To all the government departments and the private sector and their respective officers and personnel who have contributed in many ways, including presentation of professional views and experience, and the provision of information and facilities which were essential for this study to be carried out smoothly and for the research to become more objective and representative.

To Mr. Jimmy Lim, principal architect of CSL Associates who was also a cosupervisor, for his invaluable constructive criticism, guidance and information.

To all the persons and parties who I have to apologise to, being too numerous to be named and listed here, it is acknowledged that without their positive contributions and excellent assistance, this study would not lJ,ave become a reality.

Finally, this work is dedicated to my beloved parents.

Abstract

Malaysia is endowed with rich timber resources. These have been used historically for building construction. However, the recording and documentation of the use of timber structures in architecture and building is a new field of study. The limited number of texts related to the use of timber in Malaysia are largely concerned with the design and construction of the traditional Malay house. The archival material related to the use of timber has been found to be very limited in scope and incomplete.

The primary aim of this study is to provide a broad overview of the influences that have shaped the structural use of timber in Malaysia from 15th century to the present day. It is hoped that this will provide the basis and inspiration for more specific detailed studies to be undertaken at a later date. Therefore, this is not seen as a definitive study but the beginning of a process which attempts to understand the use of this basic material, timber, in Malaysian architecture and building.

Chapter I of the thesis examines the cultural background of factors that have influenced the use of timber in structures on- the Malaysian Peninsular. It traces the historical development of the use of timber as building material from the early indigenous timber structure to contemporary architecture. The detailing in timber jointing was different in each state due to the different cultural backgrounds of the local craftsman.

Chapter 2 explores the technological developments that have contributed the structural use of timber in Malaysia over the last 150 years. The evolution of timber technology has enabled the development in jointing capacity and the structural determination of various building forms. Eighteen case studies are examined for the comparison of their respective construction and structural systems with an overview of the technical influences on construction associated with connections and joints for structural timber.

Chapter 3 examines current issues in the application of structural timber technology at national and international level which might be applied in Malaysia. This chapters includes the discussion on current timber technology transfer from overseas and adoption to the local environment.

Chapter 4 conclud"s with the research findings and discusses the issues that have affected the use of timber in Malaysia and provides some suggestions for areas of further research. This ,research concludes with the difficulties of wider use of timber in Malaysia.

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()

Table i Table A

Table B Table C

List of Tallies

Chronological table of historical timber buildings in Malaysia Comparison of individuals/organisations to whom the questionnaires have sent and the number of responses List of sawmills and forecast products factories in Peninsular Malaysia. List of timber structure database.

iii

Plate l.l Plate 1.2 Plate 1.3 Plate 1.4 Plate 1.5

Plate 1.6 Plate 1.7 Plate 1.8 Plate 1.9 Plate 1.10 Plate 1.ll Plate 1.12 Plate 1.13 Plate 1.14 Plate 1.15 Plate 1.16

Plate 1.17 Plate 1.18 Plate 1.19

Plate· 1.20 Plate 1.21

Plate 1.22 Plate 1.23



Plate 1.29 Plate 1.30 Plate 1.31 Plate 1.32 Plate 1.33 Plate 1.34 Plate 1.35 Plate 1.36 Plate 1.37 Plate 1.38


Plate 1.41 Plate 1.42 Plate 1.43 Plate 1.44 Plate 1.45

List of Plates

Long house at Mini Malaysia, Malacca. Long house at Mini Malaysia, Malacca. "Istana Tengku Nik" at Terengganu. "Muzium Kebudayaan" at Malacca. View of the porch ofa Johore (Bugis) traditional house at Daeng Mat Diew, Kampung Parit Pecah in Johore. "Istana Sri Menanti", Negeri Sembilan. Detail showing junction of tie beam, column and floor joist. Hardwood timber post with floor resting on the junction. Trussed rafters are interlocked and fixed by wooden dowel. Intermediate post supported at the bearer and floor joist. Detail of the comer of the post. "Istana Tengku Nik", Terengganu. Detail of bracket. "Istana Kenangan", Kuala Kangsar, Perak. Detail of floor construction, view from below. Detail of the post which supports the bearers. Bracket to forms a rigid joint. Detail of king post using bolts and nuts for connection. King post detail connection using a steel plate bolted to a tie beam. Detail of "buah butung" in the inner hall, constructed diagonally to provide lateral wind bracing. Detail of the comer roof beam using wooden dowels for construction. Detail of comer post using hardwood carved bracket with Islamic symbolic. Detail of the comer post using hardwood timber. Internal timber column carved with Islamic motifs and supported with a concrete base. Detail of apex. Base shoe detail. Tiered pyramidal roof form based on "Kampung Laut" mosque in Kelantan. Corner post detail. Comer post constructed with twin tie beam members fixed to verandah post. Cheng Hoon Teng, Malacca. "Tou Kung" was used to support the eaves overhang. Detail of main hall. Khoo Kongsi, Penang. Main hall frame. Theatrical stage comer post detail at the Khoo Kongsi in Penang. Intermediate post detail. "Teluk Intan Clock Tower'', Perak. Solid "chengal" hardwood timber roof overhang supports. Details at the circular structural member 230 x 100 mm which acts as a ring beam connected to columns using bolt and nut connections. Apex detail. Radial cross bracing in radial provided in the top two storeys where the water tank is situated. Detail at the intermediate column. Stadhuys in Malacca Christ Church in Malacca. Detail of the main entrance comer post. Detail of the apex of the entrance porch.

iv

Plate 1.46 Plate 1.47 Plate 1.48 Plate l 49 Plate 1.50 Plate 1.51 Plate 1.52 Plate 1.53 Plate 1.54 Plate 1.55 Plate 1.56 Plate 1.57 Plate 1.58 Plate 1.59 Plate 1-60 Plate 1.61 Plate 1.62 Plate 1.63 Plate 1.64 Plate 1.65 Plate 1.66 Plate 1.67 Plate 1.68

Plate 1.69

Plate 1.70 Plate 1.71 Plate 1.72 '•

Plate 1.73 Plate 1.74 Plate 2.1 Plate 2.2

Plate 2.3 Plate 2.4 . '

Plate 2.5 Plate 2.6 Plate 2.7 Plate 2.8 Plate 2.9

Plate 2.10 Plate 2.11 Plate 2.12 Plate 2.13 Plate 2.14 Plate 2.15 Plate 2.16 Plate 2.17 Plate 2.18 Plate 2.19 Plate 2.20 Plate 2.21 Plate 2.22 Plate 2.23

Detail of the comer roof detail. Detail of exposed ceiling. Entrance porch. Details of post at the entrance porch. The building is a three storey unit raised 3.0 metres from the ground. Detail of balcony. Detail of ground floor post. Detail of intermediate bearers. Detail of floor beam end joint. Detail of staircase. Comer roof beam. Detail of roof truss. Detail of roof truss. Detail of scissor truss. Detail of roof bracing. Detail of overhanging eaves. Detail of the apex. Detail of roof truss. Detail of comer eaves. Detail of the watch tower pyramidal roof truss. Kayu Sedia Sdn. Bhd., Off Jalan Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur. Detail of bowstring trusses. Detail of bottom chords connected to 50 x 150 mm solid hardwood timber column. General Lumber Fabricators and Builders, Jalan Pandamaran, Selangor. Detail at girders. Detail of intermediate column. Detail of intermediate column. View of motorbike shed at Forest Research Institute of Malaysia. Detail of column. "Rumah Penghulu Mohamed Natar", Merlimau, Malacca. The gable of this type of roof often slants outwards at 600 mm from the walls. Detail of floor construction. Detail of capital of the main column (tiang seri), the first column to be raised on the site, made of hardwood "chengal". Detail of a comer column. Detail of tie beam connection. Detail of comer post in inner hall. Detail of hanging beam. Detail of floor joists supported on 724 mm thick brick wall all around the building. Detail of intermediate post. Detail of roof connecting piece. Detail of overhang roof structure. Detail of the covered walkway. Detail of first floor beam at cafeteria. Detail of bearers and floor joists. Detail of the eaves overhang. Detail of tie-beam at foyer. Detail of bowstring truss. Detail of the bottom chord. Detail of roof overhang. Detail of apex. Detail of knee brace. Detail of intermediate column.

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Plate 2.24 Plate 2.25 Plate 2.26 Plate 2.27 Plate 2.28 Plate 2.29 Plate 2.30 Plate 3.1 Plate 3.2 Plate 3.3 Plate 3.4 Plate 3.5


Plate 3.9

Plate 3.10

Plate 3.11

Plate 3.12

Detail of comer column. Detail of truss with knee braced support. Detail of roof bracing. Detail of truss. Detail of intermediate post. Detail at the top of a spaced column. Detail at the corner cantilevered roof structure. The arches being constructed by local carpenter in 1943. View looking at the arches. Detail of arches. Detail of arches. The base connection of arches consisted of two tie down bolts and a hardwood pin. Detail of the corner of truss support on-four steel RHS I 02 x I 02 mm. Detail at intermediate support. The transverse trusses were prefabricated, assembled and spaced on-site before the precut members oflongitudinal trusses were assembled and connected. The 1200 x 260 mm plywood box beam spaced at 6.0 metres at the timber warehouse. 4.8 metres high laminated veneer lumber trusses running through glu-laminated twin portal frames in the hardware wing. 200 x 50 mm F 7 purlins run over in the plywood box beam in the timber warehouse. Knee braces of200 x 75 mm used to stiffen the spaced twin 300 x 75 mm columns.

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Figure I Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2 Figure 1.3

Figure 1.4 Figure 1.5

Figure 1.6

Figure 1.7 Figure 1.8 Figure 1.9 Figure 1.10 Figure 1.11 Figure 1.12 Figure 1.13 Figure 1.14 Figure 1.15 Figure 1.16 Figure 1.17 Figure 1.18

Figure 1.19 Figure 1.20 Figure 1.21 Figure 1.22 Figure 1.23 Figure 1.24 Figure 1.25

· Figure 1.26 Figure 1.27 Figure 1.28 Figure 1.29 Figure 1.30

Figure 1.31

Figure 1.32 Figure 1.33 Figure 1.34 Figure 1.35 Figure 1.36 Figure 1.37 Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2 Figure 2.3 Figure 2.4 Figure 2.5 Figure 2.6 Figure 2.7 Figure 2.8 Figure 2.9

List of Figures

The geographically locat10n of the Malay Archipelago and Peninsular. Perak Malay house built entirely with round timber. Early timber structure. The "Negritos" of the Peninsular Malaysia build with timber, bamboo and palm leaves. Plan and section of long house at Tumbang Gagu (Borneo). Internal spaces of the long house are generated by functional requirements. Traditional Malay house timber framing at Daeng Mat Diew, Parit Pecah, Johore. The process of construction of a Malay house. Common Malay house forms found in the Malaysian Peninsular. Floor construction detail. Location of palaces in Malaysian Peninsular. Floor framing plan of"lstana Seri Menanti" Section of"Istana Seri Menanti" Plan of "lstana Arnpang Tinggi" Section of "Istana Arnpang Tinggi" Section of"lstana Balai Besar", Kota Bahm, Kelantan. Plan of the "lstana Kenangan", Kuala K.angsar, Perak. Location of timber mosques in Malaysia. The tiered roof form generated from the sense of the centre based on cosmological constellations. Floor plan of "Kampung Laut" mosque, Kota Bahm, Kelantan. Section of "Kampung Laut" mosque. Floor plan of"Tengkera" mosque. Section of "Tengkera" mosque. Floor plan of "Karnpung Keling" mosque, Malacca. Section of "K.ampung Keling" mosque, Malacca. Floor plan and section of "Paloh" Mosque, lpoh. FRIM's mosque at Kepong, Selangor. Section ofFRIM's mosque. Floor plan of ASPA mosque in Pekan, Pahang. Section of ASPA mosque. The cantilever bracket system, used to support the eaves overhang,

underwent two ·thousand years of development to form a unique timber framing system for construction. Flexibility of the beam system in determining the form of the Chinese roof. Section of Cheah Kongsi, Penang. Se_ctions through Stadhuys buildings. King post truss. Section of "Bangunan Sultan Abdul Samad" Section of Government Printing Office Section of"Gedung Raja Abdullah" Adze Axe Ink pot Human proportions Auger Tenon-cutting or plug Scraper Spokeslave Mortise chisels

vii

Figure 2.11 Figure 2.12 Figure 2.13 Figure 2.14 Figure 2.15 Figure 2.16 Figure 2.17 Figure 2.18 Figure 2.19 Figure 2.20 Figure 2.21 Figure 2.22 Figure 2.23 Figure 2.24 Figure 2.25 Figure 2.26 Figure 2.27 Figure 2.28 Figure 2.29 Figure 2.30 Figure 2.31 Figure 2.32 Figure 2.33 Figure 2.34 Figure 2.35 Figure 2.36 Figure 2.37 Figure 2.38 Figure 2.39 Figure 2.40 Figure 2.41 Figure 2.42 Figure 2.43 Figure 2.44 Figure 2.45 Figure 2.46 Figure 2.47 Figure 2.48 Figure 2.49 Figure 2.50 Figure 2.51 Figure 2.52 Figure 2.53 Figure 2.54 Figure 2.55 Figure 2.56 Figure 2.57 Figure 2.58 Figure2.59 Figure 2.60 Figure 2.61 Figure 2.62 Figure 2.63 Figure 2.64 Figure 2.65 Figure 2.66 Figure 2.67 Figure 2.68

Mortise gauge Jack plane Frame saw Coping saw Hammer Traditional Frames Post and Beam, Single Storey Post and Beam, Two Storey Tie Beam Construction Twin-Girder Framing Split Column Framing Rib/Stud/Balloon or Platform Framing Load path diagram Floor framing plan Section Detail of floor construction Detail of eaves Load path diagram Floor plan of a Malacca house Section of a Malacca house Load path diagram Floor plan

· Section Detail of floor construction Detail of eaves Load path diagram Floor plan Section Detail of floor construction Load path diagram Floor plan Section Detail of post connection Detail of bearers connection Detail of tie-beam Load path diagram Floor framing plan Section Detail of bearer and post connection Detail of tie-beam and king post jointing Load path diagram Floor plan Section Detail of ridge Detail of eaves Load path diagram Floor framing plan Section Detail of floor construction Detail of post jointing system Detail of wall plate and tie-beam joint into post Detail of king post slotted into tie-beam Load path diagram and roof plan Section Detail of bracket support roof overhang Detail of bracket connected to post Load path diagram Plan

viii

Figure 2.69 Figure 2.70 Figure 2.71 Figure 2.72 Figure 2.73 Figure 2.74 Figure 2.75 Figure 2.76 Figure 2.77 Figure 2.78 Figure 2.79 Figure 2.80 Figure 2.81 Figure 2.82 Figure 2.83 Figure 2.84 Figure 2.85 Figure 2.86 Figure 2.87 Figure 2.88 Figure 2.89 Figure 2.90 Figure 2.91 Figure 2.92 Figure 2.93 Figure 2.94 Figure 2.95 Figure 2.96 Figure 2.97 Figure 2.98 Figure 2.99 Figure 2.100 Figure 2.101 Figure 2.102 Figure 2.103 Figure 2.104 Figure 2.105 Figure 2.106 Figure 2.107 Figure 2.108 Figure 2.109 Figure 2.110 Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2 Figure 3.3 Figure 3.4 Figure 3.5 Figure 3.6 Figure 3.7 Figure 3.8 Figure 3.9 Figure 3.10 Figure 3.11 Figure 3.12 Figure 3.13 Figure 3.14 Figure 3.15 Figure 3.16

Section Detail of corner post Detail of tie-beam jointed with roof beam Detail of hanging beam Load path diagram Plan Section

Detail of apex Detail of base Detail of apex Load path diagram Plan Section Plan view of tie rod connection Elevation of tie rod detailing Load path diagram Section Detail of floor beam end joint Elevation of floor beam detail Load path diagram Roof trusses layout plan Section Detail of roof overhang Load path diagram Roof layout plan Section Detail of intermediate post with knee brace support Detail of apex Detail of column connection Load path diagram Roof trusses layout plan Section Detail of column connection Load path diagram Roof trusses layout plan Section Detail of column connection Detail of intermediate post with bracing Load path diagram Roof framing plan Section Detail of roof connection Section Section Plan Detail A Detail B Trussed beam grid detail Plan Section Detail A Plan Detail A Section Cross section of Hamar Olympic Stadium Plan of Hamar Olympic Stadium Partially section of cupola· Partially plan of cupola

ix

2.5.l 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4 2.5.5 2.5.6 2.5.7 2.5.8 2.5.9 2.5.10 2.5.11 2.5.12 2.5.13 2.5.14 2.5.15 2.5.16 2.5.17 2.5.18

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5

List of Case Studies

Tungku's Longhouse, Sungai Tiau, Sarawak. 81 - 82 "Rumah Penghulu Mohamed Na tar", Merlimau, Malacca. 83 - 86 Air Keroh Information Centre, Air Keroh, Malacca. 87 - 88 "'Rumah Pak Ali", 61/4 Miles, Gombak, Kuala Lumpur. 89 - 90 "Rumah Haji Su", Kampong Losong Haji Su, Kuala Terengganu. 91 - 92 "Rumah Tele", Losong, Kuala Terengganu. 93 - 94 "Rumah Tiang Enam", Loosing, Kuala Terengganu. 95 - 96 "Rumah Kutai", Perak. 97 - 98 Walian house, Jalan Nusa, Kuala Lumpur. 99 - 101 "Masjid Tua Kampung Laut", Kota Bahm, Kelantan. 102 - 105 Forest Research Institute's Mosque, Kepong, Selangor. 106 - 107 'Teluk lntan Clock Tower", Teluk Intan, Perak. 108 - 111 Mediterranean Club, Kuantan, Pahang. 112 - 114 Kayu Sedia Sdn. Bhd., Off Jalan Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur. 115 - 117 Fire Resistant Shed, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Selangor. 118 - 121 General Lumber.(Holdings) Bhd., Kelang, Selangor. 122 - 125 Kim Chin Hoe Sawmill Sdn. Bhd., Jalan Kapar, Kelang, Selangor. 126 - 130 Space Frame Experimental Structure, Forest Research Institute 131 - 133 Malaysia, Kepong, Selangor. Naval Stores, New South Wales, Australia. 137 - 143 Devonport War Memorial Swimming Centre, Tasmania, Australia. 144 - 147 Tradesman's Entrance Hardware Store, Victoria, Australia. 148 - 152 Hamar Olympic Stadium, Lillehamar, Norway. 153 - 154 Wohlein High School, Aargau, Switzerland. 155 - 156

x

Introduction

Introduction

Background of the Study

Timber is one of the oldest construction materials that humankind has used (Law, 1985 : p. 2). Malaysia with its abundant of timber, 90 percent of which . is hardwood (Tan, 1992: p. 16), has relied upon timber for all types of structures, from the impressive and excellently crafted timber palaces for the

·Sultans (Lai, 1976: p. 50) to the most humble, semi-permanent of structures. Although timber has many good qualities such as availability, strength and flexibility, it is subjected to fast decay due to environmental conditions and natural causes. Many timber buildings are also attacked by termites and destroyed by fire. It was only in the 20th century where this reliance on timber has given way to building materials such as reinforced concrete.

A recent study revealed that the total cost of timber used in construction is often only 15 percent of the total project cost (Medical and Health Department, 1993 : p. 5). Apart from non structural use in scaffolding and formwork, timber is only used in roof structures as a structural element and this can be found in government buildings such as offices, schools and hospitals.

Malay domestic architecture can be traced to distant origins in the islands of the Malay Archipelago where the West Malay Culture and Bomean culture are indigenous to the area. Elsewhere, indigenous Malay culture was strongly marked by influences from the Indian subcontinent, China, the Middle East, and Europe (See Figure I). These influences, and their affect on the use of timber in construction will be discussed in more detail in chapter 1 and 2.

Historically, the Malay house has been used as a model for.design of palaces and religious buildings in Malaysia. (See Table i). Though it has undergone drastic changes over the years, the basic construction system and structural principles remained much unchanged. The variation in terms of building forms and spatial expression arise due to change in climatic and cultural factors.

Currently, there is a growing awareness of development in "Regionalism" architecture, several acclaimed architects in the country such as Ken Y eang, Jimmy Lim, Hijjas Kasturi and Harjeeder Majid, advocated the precedent as a P?Ssible inspiration model for future architectural development. The adapting· and developing traditional forms using timber material to meet the demands of contemporary architecture will be discussed in more detail in Chapter 1. I hope that this study of timber architecture will inspire the intelligent use of a natural material which can provide buildings, both economically and ecologically sound to be constructed.

xi

Introduction

China .

: .. 0

Figure i The geographical location of the Malay Archipelago and Peninsular. Chinese and Indian came into Malaysia by trade of gold, tin teak and spices. This sea faring traders indirect brought with them their architectural principles which were later transformed and adapted into local building forms.

Aims and Objectives

The primary aim of this study is to analyse the evolution of timber buildings in Malaysia from indigenous shelters to contemporary architecture. Traditional architectural forms, regardless of their differences and complexity are based on a few basic structural principles and have relatively remained unchanged over time. In the field of traditional timber architecture, examples were found which indicated that a number of building forms, from a structural point of view, were originally influenced by the construction material available.

The aim of this research is to document the historical usage of timber in construction. Such information would provide practitioners with the knowledge to use timber as a natural resource in an appropriate manner so as to link our cultural, traditional and social values from the past to present. This research built up a structure database of existing timber structures which formed the basis for analysis. As far as can be acertained no such work has been attempted previously, except occasional fragments of architectural commentary that appear from time to time in journals and "Majallah Akitek". As such, this work can be claimed to be original, but no attempt has been made to go into historical or architectural details, for the intention has been to give a synoptic view of the development of timber Architecture in Malaysia. It must then be left to the future to go into the minutiae of elements unearthed so that a more comprehensive picture can be developed.

xii

S:

Table Chronological table of historical timber buildings In Malaysia

......................... .............. ......... .

.......................... ........... .....

~~~~~~~~~~~t~~~~~t~~~~t~f~~ws~:;?~~=:=

:=~ §o r,,

§·

Introduction

Current technological principles used in timber construction and structural systems are investigated important issues of Malaysia's future development, including environmental implications of timber architecture are identify. Such a study will increase the understanding and appreciation of traditional forms as local design elements for contemporary timber architecture.

Limitations of the Study The scope of archival material related to timber structures has been found to be very incomplete and limited. They are largely concerned with the design and construction of the traditional Malay house. Reliable architectural and hist9rical documentation is notably lacking. Archaeological exploration has provided evidence of various Stone, Bronze and Iron Age civilisations in the Peninsular and the islands of the Malay Archipelago but no architectural remains dating from these periods have been found (Yeang: 1992, p. 15). Furthermore, the limited life span of timber as a building material, especially in the tropics, means that early examples of timber construction are no longer available for study. Termites and natural decay associated with a damp tropical climate have also resulted in the disappearance of many timber buildings. Many timber buildings, including palaces such as "Istana Seri Akar"in Kelantan had been demolished to give way to contemporary development. Therefore, the extent of this research is limited to the study timber of structures only, dating from l 6th century to the present. The research findings outlined in this study represent only the first layer of possible information on the use of timber structures in traditional architecture in Malaysia. Therefore, the research findings are based on a pilot study and further research should be carried out and discussed in more details in Chapter 4

Previous Research Information collection include measured drawings, slides and photographs, records of site inspections and interviews with local government officers and design professionals. (See Appendix A 1.1 for research methodology). Twenty weeks were spent doing library and archival research at the National Archive of Malaysia. The findings suggest that the research topic had been covered before. Furthermore, there has not been any comprehensive regional architecture histories cover this field. The most informative material written (Lim: 1987, Gibbs: 1987) covers traditional Malay house, giving details of the various house types, the construc~ion system, the climatic design and the adaptations to the social and cultural requirements of the Malays. Other histories of parts of the study area are available, but they are less valuable as they do not privide the actual information required on the use and forms of timber construction.

The Heritage Council of Malaysia and National Museum Department provided a general description for many of the buildings that they have listed, and this description was used as a preliminary information for more detailed research. Other archival material which proved to be useful was the Journal of the Malayan Branch, Royal Asiatic Society articles and unpublished research notes of various individuals.

xiv

Introduction

Valuable data was also collected directly from the Forest Department Headquarters. The Building Plans Approval Division kept drawings dating from 1960 to the present. This source provided information on industrial buildings, such as sawmills and timber products factories. (Refer to Table B : List of sawmills and forest products factory in Peninsular Malaysia).

X'V

CHAPTER 1

Malaysian Timber Construction and Structures

Chapter I

Chapter 1



'"Where can one find a greater clarity of structure than in the timber construction of the ancients ? Where else can one find such a great synthesis of material, construction and form ? How beautiful and warm they are ! One could call them the echo of ancient songs. What better examples could one find for young architects ?

(Mies van der Rohe) (Blaser, 1985 · p. 9)

Figure 1.1 Perak Malay hopse built entirely with round timber. Source : after Hilton, 1956 : p. l


This chapter presents an overview of timber structures in Malaysia and describes the use of timber in simple buildings The basic structure of these buildings is the post and beam system Analysis is based on data collection, measured drawings, photographs illustration to describe the development of timber structures from beginning of traditional buildings to present day

1.1 Early Indigenous Timber Structures

··The tme basis for the more serious study of the art of architecture hes with those more humble md1genous bmldings everywhere. Functions are truthfully conceived and rendered mvariably with natural feeling".

(Frank Lloyd Wnght) (Tan, 1994 · p. 17)

The tree has always been a symbol of shelter, an embodiment of security. According to Rykwert (1972 : p. 28), "anybody who makes a comparatives study of art on a geographical basis is practically driven to the conclusion that in the vast majority of countries wood was the original building material''

The earliest building materials used by the first inhabitants of Malaysia were the branches of trees, laid against each other and tied together to form free standing structures The roof of the building would have been covered by palm leaves. The headroom in such a primitive structure was limited by the length and straightness of the branches available. (See Figure 1.2).

The indigenous structures of Malaysia, using locally available material, have characteristic features in terms of construction; they are held together by means of a variety of jointing and mortising techniques, reinforced by pegging or wedging rather than nails. Timbers are simply lashed together using rattan or strips of bamboo. Built forms use the post and beam system of construction and structural members may be ingeniously shaped and notched to form a joint These time-proven shelters are invariably built by local craftsmen and reflect form, proportion and craftsmanship which have withstood the tests of time.

Figure 1.2 Early timber structure Source: after Wolfram. G 1990. p. 21.

- ---~ ,,.- .. ~.

-- ___ _,-··

2

G'hapter 1 Malaysian Timber Construction and Structures

Normally, diagonal bracing was not used in the vertical framework of this type of construction Tie beams were attached to posts with mortise and tenon joints and horizontal beams were set as high as possible to reinforce the building's resistance to horizontal stress from wind. However, this was effective only when the intersections of horizontal members and the posts were firmly fixed, and depended entirely on precise joinery and careful alignments

Shelter size and structural system were limited to short spans and appear to result from the cutting of timber in the forest to sizes that could be carried by men Various parts of the structure were prepared in the forest and assembled on site. Trimming the timber in the forest lightened the load for those who had to carry it to the building site.

The basic shelter was adapted to a wide range of physical, human and climatic conditions. The comfort and security of the shelter could be improved by raising the floor above the ground. Evidence for this can be seen among the "Orang Laut" (indigenous seafaring people) who live along the coast and build shelters supported by stilts, with walls and roofs of nipah leaves (Munan, 1990 . p 38)

"Orang Asli Shelters", Pahang

The Negritos of the Malay Peninsular live in simple huts, which are built entirely of fibrous material found in the surrounding area, such as bamboo leaves. The whole nature of the handiwork is rough and accuracy is not important. The quality of the finished product is very dependent on the local materials and skills available. No equipment is needed to construct this type of shelter. Only recently, corrugated iron has been introduced for roofing (Bier, 1991 · p 52) (See Figure 1.3).

Figure 1.3 The .. Negritos" of the Peninsular Malaysia build with timber, bamboo and palm leaves The hut shape is the prototype of the pitched roof It 1s the most econonucal roof form for the rapid discharge of ram water while at the same time g1nng enclosure. Source after Bier, 1991 : p 52.

3

Chapter I Malaysian Timber Construction and Structures

lban Long House, Sarawak

The I ban long house is another example of the native dwelling, the most typical indigenous building type in Sabah and Sarawak (Sharp, 1991 · p 70) The long house is unique to the region of Sarawak and the building basically satisfies all the necessary functions of both public and private space within a single structure It also exemplifies indigenous construction in South-East Asia, such as Borneo, Mentawai and the highlands of Vietnam (Waterson, 1991 : p. 144). This type of shelter is 1. 80 metres above the ground which provides sub-floor ventilation and shade spaces in hot, humid climates. The walls are made of bamboo lashed with rattan (See Figure 1.4).

D 5 'll 17511 h......A-L....---J I

Figure 1.4 Plan and section oflong house at Tumbang Gagu (Borneo). The floor construction was supported by thirty strong iron wood posts (Eusiderox-ylon zwageri) Source · after Gmdoni, 1978 : p. 112

Although the Ibans are becoming less reliant upon shifting cultivation and settling into urban areas, the traditional flavour of the long house has not gone; the commitment to the traditional form maintains the sense of belonging, continuity and identity (See Figure 1.5).

A long house is a temporary structure, to be dismantled if necessary. The form of the long house comes from a rectilinear structure which is derived from a simple technology but also includes aspects of social organisation The term "traditional building" refers to the act of building which is practised in societies of a simple technological and economic level. The traditional building reflects the diffusion of knowledge about the ways and means of building, influenced by belief, myths and religion. (See Plate 1.1 and Plate 1.2).

4


Figure l 5 Internal spaces of the long house are generated by functional requirements. Source : after Jin, 1989. p 2

Construction System

The entire village lives in a rectangular timber and thatch structure which has been built on stilts up to 4.50 metres high (Jin, 1989 : p 2). The construction of the long house is lengthy, requiring skilled work and involving the whole community. Two large trees are felled and trimmed to the required height and these form the end supports for the central beam of the roof Later, the framework for the walls is built The roof and the floor are constructed using strong poles tied together with rattan The house is raised on 4.50 metres stilts, allowing for circulation of air. A gallery runs the entire length of the building with access ladders at both ends and the living quarters are divided into sections for each family.

Traditionally, construction did not require the use of nails; instead the timbers were lashed together with rattan rope (Bier, 1991 : p. 52) These techniques still exist, and by studying them, insight can be gained of the construction methods of the past The structural skeleton is formed by posts which are sunk into the ground and connected by purlins. Attap mats or sago palm leaf and hardwood shingles are used for roofing and split bamboo serve to cover the floor (Yeang, 1992 : p. 195). Bamboo boards are fixed to the posts to form walls Long self - supporting bamboos serve as rafters and roofing. The smallest purlin also acts as a gutter. On one side, the walls serve as doors and windows to provide ventilation. These bamboo huts are very simple but they provide maximum protection against sun, wind and heavy rain. Bamboo is the source for most of the building. The only vertical and horizontal forces acting on the structure are wind pressure, live loads and dead weight Each part of the building component is able to transfer axial and transverse forces to other members

5


Structural System

The framing system is a skeletal structure as a functional division between the carrying frame and the external envelope. The load bearing frame is determined by a simple arrangement of different parts to meet functional requirements. (See Plate I 2)

The structural system, is built from large dimensional, naturally round timbers arranged in a linear grid. The span between the primary structures defines the position of the floor and floor planes. A light frame made of bamboo fills in the space between the floor and the roof, supporting the building skin. Flexibility of planning, form and structure within the space can be created from simple combination of bamboo partitions.

The spacing of the poles is one of the most important factors. The spacing must be the most efficient in terms of structural and space requirements. For example, the height of the floor must be accessible by people and create a semiprotected space underneath for storage as well as keeping domestic animals Poles are normally spaced at 3 0 - 4.0 metres apart. The poles have a significant structural capacity to accommodate vertical loads, and bearers resist lateral loads such as those imposed by wind. Therefore, the only structural system restrictions are the pole spacing and the selection of bearers with floor joists to accommodate these loads.

Roof Framing System

The building forms are determined by the layout of the floor and roof plane composed of the floor joists and rafters but restricted within the primary structural grid. The position and directions of the bearers dictate the span and direction of the floor joists. Similarly, the position and directions of the tie beams dictate the roof form and orientation of the ridge beams.

The roof frame is governed by the spacing of the supports and roof structure posts which are anchored in the ground. Solid types of roofs have rafters connected to their centre posts with tie beams acting as supports for the purlins The centre post is fixed by simple bracing. These triangular supports are the only transverse and rigid components. (See Plate I 1 ).

Bracing is incorporated to strengthen the roof structure although long house construction W<!S considered a temporary structure. Timber is a material that tends to be both strong and flexible compared to other materials, and because joints between timber members are not completely rigid. The structure of wood itself has adequate stiffness and strength, for this type of construction.

6

Chapter 1

Plate I. I Long house at Mini Malaysia, Malacca. Post was recessed to support the circular tie beam.

Plate 1.2 Long house at Mini Malaysia, Malacca. Details of floor construction based on twin girder to support the floor joists. Bearers are in the form ofunsawn timber, and the nature of the poles usually leads to rougher detailing. Horizontal and vertical poles are considerably stronger than sawn material and very little energy and wastage is needed to form this type of shelter.


7


1.2 The Traditional Malay Timber Architecture

"We may use wood with mtelhgence only if we understand wood" (Frank Lloyd Wright, 1928 p 481)

Figure 1.6 Traditional Malay house timber framing at Daeng Mat Diew, Parit Pecah, Johore. The trad1t10nal Malay house can be seen in the broad verandahs, steeply pitched roofs with wide eaves and deep overhangs for shade and cross ventilation, and the preYalent use of timber Source Measured Drawing Studies, Department of Architecture, University of Technology Malaysia.

Malaysian timbers, either produced by local labour or commercially milled, are entirely hardwoods. The chengal species, being very strong, hard, heavy and relatively durable under exposure from sun and heavy rain, was the preferred species. The dense timber contains oil which makes structures resistant to termite attack. It is not difficult to work and shrinks less than other Malaysian timber and is therefore suitable for heavy structural work (Malaysian Timber Industry Board, 1986 . p. 50). "Merbau" is another common type which is strong, hard, heavy and resistant to termite attack. The "chengal" hardwood was selected for the first column to be raised on site and considered the essence of the whole construction of the traditional Malay house (Mokthar, 1992 : p 27)

8


In traditional building, the selection of timbers was very important and required expert local knowledge In fact, throughout the Archipelago, local taboos and superstitions influence almost all aspects of life, including the choice of materials, the actual construction process and detailing These taboos, rituals, ceremonies, and beliefs were seen as safeguards against the possible occurrence of fire, tragedies, sickness, evil spirits or other misfortunes (Gibbs, 1987: p. 64; Waterson, 1991 · p. 118).

After felling, the logs were usually kept in water or mud for three months as it was considered that the timber would be more durable after the sapwood had been broken down by immersion. Later, the logs were exposed to sun for at least three years for seasoning to minimise dimensional changes in the wood and to enable the production of accurately shaped and sized components. Evidence for this can be found at "Rumah Pak Ali", Gombak at Kuala Lumpur which was constructed in 1917 and still exists today.

In his discussion ofMalay house culture, Gibbs (1987, p 94 - 95), mentioned that the Malay follow a principle of "one house, one tree" in erecting traditional dwellings. The nine major posts must be cut from a single trunk which is shaped into a square section and then split into nine posts When the posts are positioned, they must maintain the same relationship to each other that they had before they were cut from the tree. The survival of many traditional buildings today is attributed to these traditional processing methods which ensured that the best possible materials were used.

The use of timber relies on an understanding of the material Evidence for this can be seen in Malay house construction using traditional timber framing. Ali ( 1991 · p. 10), argued that the traditional dwelling is a sophisticated system that had evolved with Malay culture over many centuries. The construction system incorporates the beliefs of the Malays and responds to the hot and humid tropical environment. Traditional Malay construction relied on post and beams as the primary load bearing elements, with wooden or bamboo walls and a thatch roof.

In the planning of a Malay house or mosque, the building faces the morning sun and is oriented towards the Qibla in Mecca. Although each regional house type has its own distinctive character, they all share several common features. The most ~ignificant architectural difference between Chinese and Malay culture is that Malay houses are always constructed on open stilts and have pitched roofs The logic of building on stilts has to do with health, comfort and aesthetics. It is also to avoid floods. Tl;le pitched roof is logical in the hot and wet climatic conditions The steep pitch permits rapid removal of rainwater anq creates a high sloping ceiling ideal for ventilation in the tropical climate.

9


10 11

Figure 1 7 The process of construction of a Malay house. Source after Gibbs, 1987 : p. 94 - 95.

1.2.1 The :Malay House

12

According to Hilton (1956: p. 134), the Malay house could have been derived from tree-dwellings constructed by many Malaysians, Melanesians and Polynesians. Hilton's analysis suggests that the distinctive style of the Malay dwellings developed partly as a result of technical limitations of construction knowledge of local craftsmen It is useful to compare the Malay house with the indigenous types as both are adapted to similar environments. They are both based on post and beam construction with slatted floors. The role of construction in Malay buildings throughout its evolution has preserved a unique balance between form, space and construction. Construction in the buildings is an essential component of space, as well as the major source of form. Architectural accentuation attained mainly through constructional means is derived from constructional device.

Traditional Malay houses are characterised by the shape of the roof which can be traced to the influences of various non-Malay people such as the Bugis, Minangkabau, Achehnese and Banjarese (Evan, 1948: p. 211, Noone, 1948: p 124). (See Figure 1.8). Noone (1948 . p. 124) described the Malay houses built by Malays of Patani descent living in Perak, but the broad principles apply to the whole of the Malaysian Peninsular The M~lay house today has reached the peak of its evolution in terms of its structural system

10


Sheppard ( 1969 : p. 2 ; 1971 : p. 425) argued that the earliest roof forms in Terengganu and Kelantan originated in Khemer . The rectangular structural floor of the building was always raised high above the ground, evidence of which still can be seen in Thailand, Cambodia and Laos. The structural floors in Terengganu are raised as high as 2.40 metres from the ground for ventilation. Examples of this could be seen at "Istana Tengku Nik" which is preserved by the Terengganu State Museum ("Berita Warisan", 1989 : p. 7) . (See Plate 1.3). This theory is supported by information recorded by MaTouan-Lin in the 13th century when he conducted a comprehensive survey of all the known countries in South East Asia (Raja Ahmad, 1988 : p. 16) .

. , " . . .

l . . ._,, ./ i r) / I ·

KEDAB .J (

Aler Star ) ,.._, ... ".(./

PENANG ·: / .) · \ TRENGGANU °".ll \ ~-> /.i » KualaTrengganu ·-<../· I "\ / KELANTAN \ i ·, .

( \\. r·- ·\ r ·~·/'·- . lpoh ~ · - · \.·- · l . ·- · ' ·

Figure 1.8

e . I ' ....... I ;

PABANG \

' .r -- ....... ·' ·"-_A: -)

SELANGOR

Kuala Lumpur

., ( • " '"'""" . "-- ( '·-·,

_.I s ~remban ' • r·"'

NEGRI ( ·'\ SEMBILAN ·- ._ . ,... . , .

JOHORE

. 0 Singapore

Common Malay house forms found in the Malaysian Peninsular. Source : after Lim, 1987 : p. 27

l l

Chapter 1

Plate 1.3 "Istana Tcngku Nik" at Kuala Terengganu. Stmctural timber columns 200 x 200 mm raised 2.40 metres above the ground.

Construction System


The traditional Malay house consists of two basic building units, the main house (rumah ibu) and the kitchen (rumah dapor) . Both units are built with a rectangular frame and king post trussed roof system. The pre-formed timber structural components are assembled together using wedges or pegged mortise and tenons.

The main house is the larger of the two units, with three almost equally divided bays in cross section and three or four larger bays lengthwise. The central bay is spanned by the king post trussed roof with the side finished with a simple lean-to, giving a characteristic change of pitch on both sides of the ridge. This illustrates a traditional principle, as the Malay builders could have just as easily constructed a simple double pitched roof over the main unit. The smaller kitchen unit is similar with the king post trusses and lean-to roof, but has only two bays in cross section.

Variations in form and scale of buildings are achieved by different combinations or arrangements of these basic units which reflect the traditions of a particular region. The planning of the structural system is done by means of a linear grid . The advantage of timber skeleton structures planned on a grid is that it allows flexibility for internal structures to be added later, according to need . The additions can be attached without interference to the existing structure and can be dismantled without causing damage. The building depends for its strength on a complex jointing system made by the use of timber wedges. · Once erected, if the wedges are removed, the building comes apart readily. In many instances, houses have been dismantled, shipped along the coast and reerected . Other houses, washed away by floods, have been traced, dismantled, taken back and reerected on their original sites. In some parts of the peninsular on the death of parents, the house was divided among the children, each child receiving one of the additional components. The sections were then dismantled and attached to their own house.

12


The foundation is laid out horizontally and vertically through the structural elements. Uprights are placed at regular intervals, the distance between any two plinths, corresponding to the span of the lowest horizontal beams, is 2.70 metres. Plinths was made of hardwood or concrete stumps to prevent them from sinking into the ground. (See Figure 1 7 for the process of construction of a Malay house)

The load of the timber house structure is transferred to the posts and rests on the plinths. The framework is erected as a whole and its uprights stand on the plinths. Peg and socket joints are not used between upright foundation stones. Two horizontal beam members are fixed to the main post (tiang seri). The lower bearer is 1.20 metres above the base of the post to support floor joists. The tie beam runs at a lower level and at right angles to the bearer, parallel with the floor joists. Wedges are driven into the mortise to prevent instability of the frame and to facilitate dismantling. (See Figure 1.9 and Plate 1.4).

The upper horizontal beam members consist of the wall plates of the outside wall and the tie beams running across the framework, which are joined end to end by a half lap joint through which a wooden peg is driven into the top of the post. The structural framework was extremely rigid, using mortise and tenon joints Tie beams have to resist the tendency of the roof to force the posts, which it ties, outwards. The weakness of the construction system is the lack of diagonal bracing in the structure. This causes the structure to move in instances of uneven loading when the joints are improperly made due to unskilled workmanship.

Figure 1.9 Floor construction detail. The use of wedges (baji) to tighten mortise and tenon joints is an important feature of Malay timber architecture. This allows the joints to be easily taken apart and reassembled without damaging the building .

.. Rumah Meleh", Tumpat, Kelantan. Source : Measured Drawing Studies, Department of Architecture, Uruversity of Technology Malaysia.

13


Timber Floor (Lantai)

A suspended timber floor is constructed with a series of floor joists supported by bearers. The floor joists are exposed to the vertical stress of weight. The live and dead load of the house are transferred from the floor to the post and directly to the plinths. The floor is finished using 25 mm thick timber boards laid directly across floor joists. The advantages of the raised platform floor provides sub-flo9r ventilation and shaded spaces in hot, humid climates.

Plate 1.4 "Muzium Kebudayaan" at Malacca Floor joists are inserted into a slot in the column to form a mortise and tenon joint.

Roof (Bum bung)

The system of framing the roof skeleton has advantages. Within the basic construction system, all different lengths can be spanned with equal sized members . The rafters may vary according to the depth of the building, but the size of the building does not affect the stress on any member and consequently does not require separate dimensioning for each structure.

The roof plates and tie-beams are fixed with roof trusses 600 mm apart . The trussed roof structure is sufficiently pitched with wide eaves and gable side overhangs to protect the timber walls from the weather. On the front house, which is the largest unit, the increased volume of rain water flow is countered by the change of pitch on each side of the ridge which helps to throw the water further away from the wall . The bigger the roof, the more often the pitch is changed, as for example in the roof design and construction of traditional mosques and palace halls .

Purlin members, supported by wooden wedges, run horizontally across the rafters . The common rafters (kasau betina) run vertically on top of the purlins to provide a framework to which the roofing material is fixed . The ridge member is supported by a beam lying within the crutch of the crossed rafters. The "tebar layar" is a triangular frame which provides both ventilation and protection from driving wind. In Malaccan houses, the "tebar layar" is elaborated to form a pair of large louvres to ventilate of the space under the

l-+


roof (Rosian, 1981 : p. 62) . The Malaccan house can be extended right across the roof space to form an attic (loteng) without obstructing the roof structures (MacDonald, 1934 : p. 22). This means the structural system allows for future extension.

Traditionally, Malay houses in Malacca, Negeri Sembilan and Johore use the same principle of structural system. These traditional dwellings indicate traces of the ancient tradition of the Malaccan civilisation which dominated the a'rea in the l 4th and l 5th centuries. The most distinctive feature is the curved profile of the Negeri Sembilan roof which originated from the Sumatra Minangkabau style (Sherwin (b), 1979 : p. 52). Traces ofBugis influences are also to be found at the Daeng Mat Diew, Kampung Parit Pecah in Johore. ( See Plate I. 5) .

Plate 1.5 View of the porch of a Johore (Bugis) traditional house at Daeng Mat Diew, Kampung Parit Pecah in Johore.

1.2.2 The Malay Palace

Traditional methods of construction were not documented until the l 5th century. The first detailed description available is of the 15th century Malaccan palace of Sultan Mansur Shah who ruled from 1457 - 1477. As described in Malay Annals (Sri Lanang, 1961 : p. 82), the palace had a raised seven-bay structure on wooden pillars with a seven tiered roof This palace, like many others, was accidentally destroyed by fire.

The system of construction of domestic architecture is applied uniformly to palaces and mosques because Malay architecture represents a continuum of one basic construction system. Significant examples can be seen at the "Istana Tengku Nik" in Terengganu, "Istana Ampang Tinggi" in Negeri Sembilan and "Istana Kenangan" in Perak. (See Figure 1. I 0) . In detail, Malay construction expresses high elaborateness and refinement that has reached perfection in method, economy and form (Sheppard, 1972 : p. 28 ; Ali, 1991 : p. 15). The basic construction systems directed the carpenters' imaginative spirit to develop details, provided for centuries gradual improvement. The refinement of constructional detail suggests that one was the logical consequence of the other

15


In 1928, the last timber palace, the "Istana Kenangan", was built in Kuala Kangsar, Perak However, the construction of palaces has continued using other materials such as brick or concrete

The new reconstructed museum at Jalan Sungai Ujung, Seremban to replica traditional Malay palace is a fine example and demonstrates that there are still craftsmen able to build large timber structure

II"· 1 1

Alor Star • KEDAH 1. . ..r· j . ./ r-. v .

D ( ! '? OERE /" .r' t3

l.1 { KELANTAN ~ Kua Tereng!,Janu

LEGEND 1 "Istana B alai Besar"

2 "Istana B alai Besar''

3 "Istana Tengku Nik" 4 "Istana Kenangan"

5 "Istana Sn Menanu"

Ipoh ( ,J·,;-'-·r·}· ...... " (""'· L ~ . ;

PERAK \ "-· ..... j

- .. r'-~ ~

l... )-.

_.r-j 5 .;e·~~an NEG~!._~-,B1t.AN.-..'-·

"lstana Ampang Trngg1"

Figure l 10 Location of palaces in Malaysian Peninsular.

"Istana Sri Menanti", Negeri Sembilan

The old Malay feudal system developed after the coming of Hinduism to the region in the I st century A.D. At the top of the pyramidal structure of the ancient society were the state's rulers and court officials. Such a hierarchical structure of society is embodied in the structural planning of the traditional palaces, in the form of a hierarchy of floor level spaces. A good example of this can be found in one of the last Malay timber palaces to be built, "Istana Sri Menanti" in Negeri Sembilan, which has a three-tiered central structure rising from the main building. The bottom floor housed the audience hall, the second was for the ruler's family and the top two floors were the ruler's chamber and royal treasure house. (See Figure 1.12).

The plans for this Minangkabau-style building were drawn by the chief draftsman, Woodford, from Public Works Department in Seremban Construction of this palace commenced in 1902 and was completed in 1908. The main structure consists of four wooden pillars 19 5 metres high, which rise from the ground to the top of central tower. The pillars are constructed from

16

Chapter 1 Malaysia11 Timber Co11struction and Structures

hardwood "chengal" timber cut from a single tree The entire structural system with a total of 26 pillars was raised l 5 metres above ground level. The traditional dowel jointing system was the only method of jointing used in construction. Wood joints such as mortise and tenon are capable ofresisting · and transferring tensile and compressive stresses. (See Plates 1.6 and 1.7).

The roof form is typical of the Sumatra Minangkabau style which is only found in Negeri Sembilan. According to Tun Sri Lanang, (cited in Sherwin 1979: p.

_ 52 ), in the Malay Annals, the earliest Minangkabau roof was brought to Malaya by settlers from across the Straits. Buildings in central Sumatra display this roof shape which derives from a stylistic representation of bull's horns.

!"-; I I I I lL

h ~

I I I I I I I ~....a.i..u ·1

r""' ________ _J L _______ _

I I

....,, .-l_

I I )-

r.:::'L __, >= ,_]<'~

HH~ Hl~ = lrn~~~H L-------------1/ r-------------_J

I I I~+++~ I I I

~ I

I " ~· flJ I I I I I ~ I ~ ____ -.:i.i

Figure l 11 Floor frammg plan of "Istana Sen Menant1" Source . Measured Drawing Studies, Department of Architecture, University of Technology Malaysia.

A ,<ff ..

•

Bm I

A ~

- 0 ~

1

Figure l 12 Section of "Istana Sen Menanti" Source Measured Drawing Studies, Department of Architecture, Umversity of Technology Malaysia.

17

l


Plate 1.6 "Istana Sri Menanti". Negeri Sembilan. The tallest timber palace in Malaysia. influenced by immigrants. adopted a Malay style of roof construction with a continuous ridge-piece and palm-leaf thatching prepared in rigid lengths fastened to battens. These methods were simpler and resulted in the roof having a much less pronounced curve than the original form .

Plate 1.7 Detail showing junction of tie beam, column and joist. The floor joist is jointed to the column with a dowel.

Plate 1.8 Hardwood timber post with floor resting on the junction. Embellishments are important status symbols in traditional Malay society.

18


"lstana Ampang Tinggi", Negeri Sembilan

The "Istana Ampang Tinggi" in Negeri Sembilan W!lS constructed in 1861. (See Figure 1.13) This timber palace reveals elaborate craftsmanship in each part of the building. A variety of intricate jointing methods, which have been part of the Malay wood working tradition for centuries, create interlocking joints which allow larger span members to be formed without the use of secondary connectors. Skilfully made joihts have positive resistance in compression, shear and racking. (See Plates 1.9, 1.10 and 1.11).

The curve of the roof, supported using "tunjuk langit", was originally designed with the ridge sagging. Sherwin (1979: p. 52) suggests that the origin of the curved roof line might have been a response to climatic conditions, as it encourages ventilation towards the ends, warm air following the upswing through gaps in the roof Alternatively, he suggests that a slope is more rigid than a straight ridge line because the three dimensions roof structure has advantages iq terms of strength to weight ratio. The roof framing consists of cross beam 12 x 12 mm at the ends to form a very light-weight roof structure.

Wan Mahmood (1988: p. 45) undertook full scale testing of a 5.50 metres span Minangkabau roof truss and found that the tested structure conformed with the requirement of clause 38 and acceptance clause British Standard 5268, Part 3, 1985 This proved that the traditional construction system used many centuries ago was structurally sound.

-------------------------~ I I I I I I I __________________ 1

• • ----------------

~----------- -------------

Figure l.13 Plan of "'Istana Ampang Tingg1" Source : Measured Drawing Studies,

.JL.15 30 ~Sm

Department of Architecture, University of Technology Malaysia.

19


Figure 1.1-l Sect ion of .. lstana Ampang Tinggi" The adoption of the Malay roof form construction, with a continuous ridge-piece and venica l battens, were simpler to construct and resulted in the roof having a much less pronounced curve then the original form. Source : Measured Drawing Studies, Department of Archi tecture, University of Technology Malaysia.

Plate l .9 Trussed rafters are interlocked and fixed by wooden dowels . The dowel, as pin. is able to carry and transfer the shear load parallel to the side-grain member of the joint. The ridge beam was supported by rafters .

Plate l. IO Intermediate post connected to bearers and floor joists. Wood carvings made of .. chengar· hardwood were commonly used as architectural features . In traditional Malay wood caning, the decorative motif compositions found on eaves, fascia boards, architraves. railings and wall panels are guided by rules inherited by ethnic groups such as the Minangkabau, Bugis, Javanese and Achehnese.

20

Chapter 1

Plate I.I I Detail of the corner of the post. The joint has positive resistance to compression, shear and racking even without glue, but no resistance to tension. All timber members could be dismantled and reerected.

"Istana Tengku Nik", Terengganu


A different characteristic element of the Terengganu palaces is that additional accommodation is housed in separate groups of pavilions which are linked by bridge-ways. At present, this type of building is the oldest surviving example of traditional East Coast timber structures. This traditional building form, from Malay palaces to old mosques with meru-tiered roof construction, is specifically found in the states of Kelantan and Terengganu (Sheppard, 1972 : p. 28) .

A significant example is "Istana Tengku Nik", which was built in 1888 for Sultan Zainal Abidin III, and displays delicate carving skills in the form of wall ventilation. The form of the building was rectangular and raised 1.20 metres on wooden pillars from the ground. Structural connections consisted of joining two pieces of wood using the mortise and tenon method. The wooden tenon was fixed with wooden pins and nails for the transfer of forces at the jointing points. This palace was adapted from the Malay house form of the Riau which features a high gabled roof with a gable screen. (See Plate 1.12).

2 1


Plate 1.12 " Istana Tcngku Nik"' . Terengganu.

"lstana Balai Besar", Kelantan

Another variation in traditional palaces was first pioneered by Sultan Muhammad II ofKelantan in 1842 for his new palace in Kota Bahru "Istana Balai Besar" is the oldest surviving timber palace structure in Malaysia (Lai, 1976 : p. 50). (See Figure 1.15 and Plate 1.13). For structural reasons, the main hall, which was formed by a series of smaller halls, was built at ground level, marking a definite departure from traditional methods. Two other timber palaces, the "Istana Seri Akar" and "Istana Jahar", built in Kota Bahru have the typically raised floor.

Compared to the ordinary traditional dwelling construction, the flexibility of spaces created in the palaces is an exception rather than the rule. The formality of court life perhaps favoured the creation of rooms and areas for specialised functions. For example, the technique and method of construction of "Istana Tengk.-u Long" in Besut is typical of the ordinary traditional dwellings.

Figure 1.15 Section of .. Istana Balai Besar" , Kota Bahru, Kelantan. Source : Measured Drawing Studies, Department of Architecture, University of Technology Malaysia.

22

Chapter I

Plate 1.13 Detail of bracket. The long bracket is provided to ensure more strength. The column is chamfered on the hall side to make it match the width of the bracket and make it look slender.

"lstana Kenangan", Perak


In the West Coast state of Perak, the only surviving timber palace is "Istana Kenangan" and was constructed in 1928 (Keromo, 1989 : p. vii) . This palace is a temporary royal dwelling of modest scale which displays a magnificent example of local building skills in a unique external wall which has wicker work made up of an intricate bamboo network, created by a famous craftsman, Haji Suffian. Constructiqn started in 1928 and was completed in 1931 .

The palace was constructed, using 60 timber pillars raised 11.0 metres from the ground . The plan of the palace imitates the shape of a "keris", the traditional knife carried by sultans, which symbolised their power. (See Figure 1.16). It is also a fine example of the layout of a typical Perak roof form. (See Plates 1.14, 1.15, 1.16, 1. 17 and 1.18).

Figure l . 16 Plan of the " Istana Kenangan", Kuala Kangsar. Perak. Source : Keromo, 1989 : p.vii

23

r

Chapter 1

Plate I.I-+ .. lstana Kena ngan··. Kuala Kangsar. Pcrak .

Plate 1.15 Detail of floor construction. view from below. Two floor beams resting on a corner post and support the floor members.

Plate 1.1 6 Detail of the post which supports the bearers. Bracket to forms a rigid joint.


2-+

Chapter 1

Plate l.17 Detail of king post using bolts and nuts for connection. King post is in tension because its top is held by rafters and also receives loads from its braces.

Plate l.18 King post detail connection using a steel plate bolted to a tie beam.

1.2.3 Mosques


Timber mosques were first built on the Malaysian Peninsular with the introduction of Islam in the early 14th century. As in other parts of the Muslim world, the development of mosques in Malaysia was influenced by traditional and regional styles (Nasir, 1984 : p. 44) . (See Figure 1.17). Orientated so that the qibla wall faces Mecca, traditional Malay timber mosques are built on square plans, with the main part of the building comprising an inner hall and a verandah.

25


1"'>-'"' V' l

f1/..rf-I I

1 I ) ITEREN NU i./" I I 2'

s· KELANTAH ~Kuala

lpah ( _)--:.--''- , ' ( L 3 t ~

PE RAK i... ~ PAHANG "'~

_.,.'-.\.,_ ~ ELANGOll Kuan! Kua!a'l~ur

LEGEND

5 j -\ "Masjid Kampung Laut" r "';>...

2 "Masjid Toh Tuan" I "\. -·~. 3 "Paloh" Mosque 4 ASPA Mosque

5 Frim's Mosque 6 "Tengkera" Mosque

"Kampung Kehng" Mosque

Figure I 17

MALAicA ~ 6 alacca

Location of timber mosques 111 Malaysia

The square floor plan of a mosque gives a strong sense of centrality which is manifested by a tiered roof form presenting a sense of centredness and verticality, its linearity focussed on the mihrab wall (Vlatseas 1990 : p. 40). (See Figure I 18). It was one single space which expressed all Islamic ideas in its singularity of space The square plan generates four walls which symbolise the four fundamental elements of Creation (Mohamad Hamn, 1979 : p. 72).

N

w-+-E \

l ---}O~

i j \ center s

Five-fold dms1on as the cardinal Poml~ The Center as Process The Center as Manifel.1ation

Figure 1.18 The tiered roof form generated from the sense of the centre based on cosmological constellations This tiered ro~f gives the sense of enclosing space, while its construction 111 timber expressed warmth and mtimacy. Source : after Pnjotomo, 1988 p. 30

26

Chapter I . Malaysian Timber Construction and Structures

Traditional mosques have different roof forms which reflect the identity of a district or ethnic group within Malay society. The roof form was generated as a response to climate, topography and environment. For example, a steeply pitched roof is ideal in an area of heavy rain fall A hot, humid climate also requires ventilation and insulation, and a large overhang for protection from the rain Smaller mosques usually have roofs based on ordinary house construction, whereas larger mosques have roofs in the form of tiered pyramidal structures. Tiered roof forms were found to be more suitable to the climate in terms of ventilation When the sun is at its hottest, such a form will circulate the hot air within the building.

Adapting new roof forms and other building elements from abroad can be seen in the evolution of the Malaysian mosque. The oldest mosque on Malaysian Peninsular, the "Masjid Kampong Laut" in Kelantan, built in 1743 has similar timber pillar bases to Masjid Demak built in 1479 in Java. In addition, its meru roof shape originated from Campa in Vietnam in the 16th century (Ambary, 1989 p 166). The original inspiration for the tiered form was the Indian· stupa (Sherwin (a), 1981 p. 43)

The common use of wood in the construction of mosques has both an economic and aesthetic basis The ability to construct wood buildings with a minimal amount of equipment has kept the cost competitive with other types of construction. Timber is also preferable to concrete and steel for its greater aesthetic appeal allowing the architects more opportunity for expression in the building. Frank Lloyd Wright claimed that "(T)here is a need to bring forth the beauty of wood, the beauty being its intrinsic property" (Gotz, 1989: p. 10). · Architect Jimmy Lim re~ognised this when he used wood in a religious commission, saying that wood had a warmth and intimacy that was ideal in that situation (Lim. 1993). In both these observations, the warmth spoken of is a visual appreciation, derived from the colour and texture of the wood. The intimacy of wood is also a reflection of its acoustic properties, such as its ability to absorb sound. Wood architecture in Malaysia has served all functions, both sacred and secular "Chengal" hardwood, being a high quality timber, expresses monumentality and immortality.

Although few remain today, Malay timber mosques of great age are evidence of the unrivalled skill of the craftsmen and the versatility of timber as a constructional material. Basic forms of structure were used with an understanding of timber characteristics, and adopted to larger spans, different pitches, shapes of roofs and changes in construction detailing appropriate to Malaysia. The skill of Malaysian craftsman can be seen in their ability to integrate the functional with the symbolic. Many structural joint.s are decorated either by turning or carved relief work. Significant examples are found at "Masjid Kampung Laut", "Masjid Kampung Keling" and "Paloh" mosque. (See Plates 1.19, 1.21and1.23). Below are construction details of important examples of timber-built mosques in Malaysia.

27


"Masjid Kampung Laut", Kelantan

The "Masjid Kampung Laut", built in 1743 and moved to Nilam Puri, Kota Bahru and constructed from "chengal" hardwood, follows the original ancient mosque layout. The square in plan is 15. 86 x 15. 86 metres raised on concrete stumps with a three-tiered roof (See Figure 1.20).

The central part of the inner hall consists of four columns supporting the roofing superstructure surrounded by outer columns. The four columns are bevelled and each was carved from a single tree. The strusture is based on a beam grid system of beams intersecting at 90 degrees connected by mortise and tenon joints. These rigid joints create a indeterminate static system in which the loads are distributed in two directions. Secondary beams were constructed diagonally to form lateral wind bracing. (See Plate 1.19).

up

O 5m .... w...-~~"'" .. -----l·

Figure 1.19 Floor plan of .. Karnpung Laut" mosque, Kota Bahm, Kelantan. Source Measured Drawing Studies, Department of Architecture, University of Technology Malaysia.

28

Chapter 1

II u

11 LI 11

11 Figure 1.20 lJ

Section of "Kampung Laut

u


I I I I LJ

JI u

I u

Source : Measured Drawing Studies. Department of Architecture, University of Technology Malaysia.

Plate 1.19 Detail of .. buah butung" in the inner hall , constructed diagonally to provide lateral wind bracing.

Plate 1.20 Detail of the comer roof beam using wooden dowels for construction. The end embellishment on this roof beam was roughed out with hand cuts and finished with a chisel and hand plane.

29


Plate 1.21 Detail of corner post using hardwood bracket carved with Islamic symbols. The square columns supporting the roof are made of "chengal" hardwood and each is carved from a single tree.

"Toh Tuan" mosque, Terengganu

The "Toh Tuan" mosque in T erengganu was constructed in 184 5 (Nasir, l 984 : p. 25) The mosque has a square plan, 8.38 x 8.38 metres with 20 pillars of "chengal" hardwood and a four-tiered roof as opposed to the three-tiered roof construction of"Kampung Laut". AJthough the basic construction details are the same, the additional roof tier reflects the development of structural understanding and is evidence for the process of technological change under way by the local craftsmen in the hundred years between the building of these two mosques.

"Tengkera" and "Kampung Keling" mosques, Malacca

The "Tengkera" mosque, constructed in 1728, is the second oldest in mosque in Malacca. The roof consists of a three-tiered roof form and is similar to the "Kampong Laut" mosque and the Great Mosque ofDemak in Java. (See Figures 1.21 and 1.22).

Figure 1.21 Floor plan of .. Tengkera" mosque. Source : Measured Drawing Studies,

,, , / \I ' ' / ~ ------------~

I ' • • • • I I ',, // I I k ------:i I

I~ "- .Ai J I I ' / I : I '."x--o; I I I Y--'\ I I I / "-....._1 I )~------~ I

/. " I "

/ I / ~~-0"=:~-~-~-=-=~=-=rlr=-==~-==~

Department of Architecture, University of Technology Malaysia.

30

•


Figure 1.22 Section of "Tengkera" mosque . Source : Measured Drawing Studies, Department of Architecture, University of Technology Malaysia.

The "Kampung Keling" mosque built in 1748 in timber was replaced with brick, a popular building material during the Dutch occupation in Malacca 1641 - 1795. The original roof, built of durable hardwood, remains today. (See Figures 1 23 and 1.24).

I I

I / I I / ' I [(_____________ ----- -----------~

Figure 1.23

. ' -Floor plan of "Kampung Keling" mosque, Malacca. Source : Measured Drawing Studies, Department of Architecture, Uru\'ers1ty of Technology Malaysia.

31

(

[


Figure 1.2.+ Section of .. Kampung Keling" mosque, Malacca. Source : Measured Drawing Studies, Department of Architecture, Uni\'ersity of Technology Malaysia .

Plate 1. 22 Detail of the corner post using hardwood timber.

Plate 1.23 Internal timber column carved with Islamic motifs and supported by a concrete base.

32

•


"Paloh" mosque, Perak

The "Paloh" mosque at Ipoh in Perak was built in 1912. The square plan .consists of four circular columns to support the main structure. It also has a three-tiered roof form, which followed the "Kampung Laut" mosque in Kelantan (See Figure l 25).

See Figure 1.25 Floor plan and section of "Paloh" Mosque, Ipoh. Source : Mosque .of Peninsular Malaysia, 1984.

FRIM's Mosque, Selangor

0 3 • -.J •

The Forest Research Institute Malaysia carries out experiments and conducts tests to enhance and promote the use of timber products in the COJ:?.Struction sector of the country. In 1975, glue laminated structural components were used to build a mosque within their complex at Kepong to test experimental methods of construction and structural form. The form of the mosque derived from the National mosque in Kuala Lumpur with an unusual fan shaped folded plate roof form which was influenced by recently built mosques in the Middle East (See Figures 1.26 and 1.27).

The glue laminated structure of the mosque was used to test and develop structural glue lamination technology in Malaysia (Tan, 1994 : p. 695). In addition, it uses innovative timber materials with the advantages of ease of construction and long span capabilities, which are different approaches to traditional mosque construction. Glued laminated timber arches were chosen because the members could be fabricated in a variety of sizes and shapes. The only limitation was the minimum radii of curvature for lamination and practical considerations concerning transportation, manufacturing and handling. Laminated glulam arches are supported at the apex and connected to the concrete base using galvanised welded steel shoes. (See Plates 1.24 and 1 25). The reinforced concrete base prevents frame action and provides the mass needed for overturning stability of the relatively high structure

33

9m ...I


/~~', / / \ I I"'

// \ I / ~', ~ ' I / ' \ I / '

-- \ I it

--- \ : I --- ~---- ·,·1, --

---- /1 1' --, \ I I \

I I \ / I \

I I \ I I '\

II I \\ I _________ , ---L ---

0 I

Figure l.26

I I

I

I I I I I I I

-I I

I I

I

6m

Plan ofFRIM's mosque at Kepong, Selangor. Source : Forest Products Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia.

Figure l.27 Section ofFRlM's mosque.

I ~'Ji: . \'1.--_}.

Source : Forest Products Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia.

Plate 1.24 Detail of apex. Laminated timber structure 400 deep x 150 mm width meet at the apex fixed with 150 x 12 mm coach screw holding ridge connection plate to main frames .

34

Chapter I

Plate l .25 Base shoe detail. Gluc laminated timber rests on the concrete base, fixed with 4 high density bolts 25 x 375 mm long, 4 plate washers and 4100 x 12 x 100 mm bolts set in pockets.

ASPA mosque, Pahang


In 1989, the ASPA mosque in Pekan, Pahang was built. Designed by local architect Jimmy Lim, it explored the use of prefabricated components, in terms of speed of erection. (See Figure 1.28). The structural system based on post and beams integrated with standard basic components was utilised to ensure easy, economical and rapid construction. Wall and floor units in timber frame building systems can be highly standardised, but still easy to modify if needed. The units can be assembled on site using simple equipment or can be prefabricated at the building site. The floor structure is the most critical component. Besides carrying the working load, it must also transfer horizontal loads (by diaphragm action) to the stabilising walls to prevent deflection and vibration (Thelandersson, 1994 : p. 2) . The limitations of this prefabrication method are that it requires allowance for tolerance and adjustment for jointing systems. (See Plates 1.26, 1.27 and 1.28).

The use of exposed timber framing in the inner hall has given warmth and intimacy to the religious significance of the mosque as a prayer room. The expression of structure continues through to the outside of the building, where wider eaves overhang up to 2.25 metres. The main structure is braced using steel tension rods to resist lateral wind forces . (See Plate 1.27).

35


r ~-, i , / I i I ~-~-----~- - ----~-~

DU ~.II ~2n ~

Figure 1.28 Floor plan of ASPA mosque in Pekan, Pahang. Source : C.S .L. Associates.

Figure 1.29 Section of ASP A mosque. Source : C.S.L. Associates.

Plate 1.26 Tiered pyramidal roof fonn based on .. Kampung Lauf' mosque in Kelantan. The design basically comprises of a square plan. roofed over by a system of tiered pyramidal roofs with a ventilator at the apex.

36

Chapter 1

Plate 1.27 Corner post detail. Steel tension rods were used to resist lateral wind bracing. A steel plate was inserted to connect the post and secondary beams to transfer load between members.

Plate 1.28 Corner post constructed with twin tie beam members fixed to verandah post. All structural members are "kempas" species.


37

Chapter 1 Malaysian Timber Co11structio11 and Structures

1.3 The Chinese Timber Buildings : 16th to 19th Century

"The story ofChmese architecture 1s that of the development of bracket system for timber construction technique and its expressive elaboration in a traditional society"

Figure l 30

(Preece, 1971 : p. 617)

~ ~~ ~~ ' , r. ;~

~

_,,,,,;~~~ . ~

·~~,,J

The cantileYer bracket system, used to support the eaves overhang, underwent two thousand years of development to form a unique timber framing system for construction Source: Wolfram. 1990: p. 21

Chinese timber architecture was introduced to Malaysia by the migration of Chinese people of peas:mt background who were brought from China in the 16th century during the Straits Settlement. Chinese .building is an organic structure because it is an indigenous growth that was conceived and born in the remote prehistoric past and developed until the Han dynasty, at approximately the beginning of the Christian era (Liang, 1984: p. J). Construction systems matured during the T'ang dynasty 7th and 8th century and the Sung dynasty (I Ith and l2th century). Information from literary and graphic sources testify to the fact that the Chinese have employed an indigenous system of construction which has retained its principal characteristic from prehistoric times through hundreds of years of evolution by way of trial and error to develop into a unique structural system for building (Jin, 1990 . p. 3 80) and it was this system that was brought into Malaysia in the l 6th century.

38

Chapter 1 Malaysian Timber Construction anti Structures

Timber is the principal material in Chinese architecture and is described as being in a middle position between earth and heaven (Needham, 1971 p. 9). It is considered.most suitable for the construction of columns, beams, brackets and eaves It was utilised as much as possible in its natural shape (Lin, 1977 p. 298.) Pillars, rafters and beams in roofs and walls are not hidden but are exposed and emphasised This means timber had become an important element not only in its structural form but also in its visual pattern as expressed in. horizontal, vertical and curved shapes

In China, architecture historically was an art transmitted by literary tradition with few illustrated manuals. Buildings of the past and a few written works were the source for the Chinese designer. The major written works on architecture were composed during the Han Dynasty (260 BC. to 220 AD.) and amended in 995 AD. In 1100, Li Chieh, the Imperial Director of Building and Construction at the court of Emperor Hsui-tsung who ruled 1101 to 1125 of the Sung dynasty established "Ying-tsao-fa-shih" (Building Standards) of the Sung dynasty which were used to assist bu_ilders and architects. A better principle of architecture was improved after Tang's dynasty from 960 to 1279 and later the "Kung-ch'eng tso-fa tse-li''. (Structural Regulations) was published in 1734 by Ministry of Construction of the Ch'ing dynasty who ruled from 1644 to 1912. This two technical manuals consist of all the technical terms that used to employ for comparative study of architecture of different period. Therefore, it is also one of the most distinguished characteristics of Chinese rationalism reflected construction systems which brought into Malaysia could be seen at Cheng Hoon Teng Temple in Malacca.

In examining religious structures of the Chinese, including temples, "kongsi" houses and pagodas in Malaysia, the building form expresses both the construction techniques and the structural system The basic characteristics of this system consist of a raised platform for a structure base with a timber post and beam to support a· pitched roof with overhanging eaves. This construction allows for flexibility in walling by the simple adjustment of the proportion between walls and openings. Furthermore, the method of construction could be employed to build shelter wherever Chinese civilisation spread.

The process of refinement of architectural concepts and construetion details has created the forms that can be found in the Federal Territory, Malacca and Penang. Two stages of this process exist. Firstly, where the requirement for larger internal spaces became evident, Chinese builders did not come to conclusions similar to those seen in Western construction techniques. The truss system was not explored, instead, more and more complex bracket systems were developed to deal with the evolution of building forms. This does not mean however that they did not know about truss systems. Secondly, a traditional belief, still existing today, that cross bracing or the use of diagonal structural elements, bring bad luck, justifies the use of beams (Bagenal and Meades, 1980 · p. 33)

39

Cliapter I Malaysian Timber Construction and Structures

The technology of construction understood by the Chinese has been adapted to suit the local climatic conditions and utilise the material available. As nails are rarely used because they tend to split the hardwood, rust, and cause wood decay, most jointing systems use the technique of mortising joints.

Roof Construction and Structural System

In the Encyclopaedia Britannica, Preece ( 1971 · p. 617) described that the story of Chinese architecture is described as the development of this timber construction technique and its expressive elaboration in a traditional society . The outstanding feature of Chinese monum~ntal architecture is the curved roof with overhanging eaves, with different roof forms used according to the importance of the building. The most important Chinese buildings found in Malaysia, temples, have hipped roofs; less important buildings have hip and gable roofs.

The origin of the distinctive curve of the roof form which first appeared in China in about the 6th century A.D., was borrowed for purely aesthetic reasons from China's Southeast Asian neighbours (Hook, 1991 : p. 669). This roof type was covered by nipah palm leaves or split bamboo which tend to sag naturally and give a picturesque rather than structural effect. The comer eaves of the roof have a structural function in reducing the weight of the end points and transferring the load to the column and directly to the foundations.

The basic construction system is the post and beam. The structural system consists of a massive roof structure. This structure itself is a series of columns and defines the planes of enclosing walls. Wall Beams and tie beams are tenoned into or through the upper ends of the columns. Roof trusses duplicate, on a smaller scale, the post and beam construction of the main support form while an internal arrangement of beams establishes the curvature and shape of the roof ·

Chinese roof systems are visually as well as structurally important both from inside and outside Chinese timber frame construction differs fundamentally from the conventional Western triangular roof trusses that dictate the rigidity of straight pitched roofs. The frame is instead flexible because the timber skeleton consists of post and cross beams rising towards the ridge in diminishing lengths. Purlins are positioned along the shoulders of the skeleton. Rafters are short, stretching down from purlin to purlin. (See Figure 1.31 ).

40


Figure l 31 Flexibility of the beam system in determining the form of the Chinese roof. Curvilmear roof form negates the need for trusses in the roof system. Purlins are not on a single plane or of a constant shape. Roof beams give the flexibihty to vary the line of purlins and to achieve the complete contour curve form. Source Kohl, 1984 p. 35. ·

The climate of Malaysia required additional protection from sun and heavy rain Therefore, the roof projection became the accepted feature of Chinese building to provide shade for upper windows without obstructing sunlight. The extent of roof projection is important in sheltering the wooden structure from weather damage and to carry off water from the eaves, to be led away from the walls and foundations. The angle of intersection between the eaves and roof with a hollow curve makes the roof aesthetically pleasing as well as functional .

The detailing of the beams uses a socketed system to support an even shorter beam which is raised up until the required height of the roof at the king post position. Brackets are socketed into the column and rise in a sequence to increase the length of the topmost and longest brackets reaching the eaves level. The unity of structure and form which is different from Western Architecture using stone or concrete material. All construction members are dovetailed into each other and are important decorative elements. The construction members are painted for their own protection as well as for decorative and symbolic reasons, such as those found at Thean Hou Temple in Kuala Lumpur.

The ridge piece is an element oflogical termination of the rising roof form. The ridge piece started from a simple constructional detail to conceal the waterproof joint between the two rows of tiles at the ridge. This arrangement was considered the basic standard unit repeated vertically to increase in length until the eave purlins were reached.

The lightness of the roof is effectively relieved by the complex lines of contours which give its characteristic form. The king post is fixed below the ridge beam in the centre of the upper most beam. Basically, some additional support to the roof framing is formed not only on a single plane of constant slope but also along the beam Roof purlin members fixed on the posts, which vary in height,

41


can regulate the slope of the curve of the roof However, the deep overhang of the eaves is supported by extending the tie beams beyond the wall columns to support the eave purlirts. Eave purlins are carried by an arrangement of cantilever and bracket systems from the columns.

The analysis of the Chinese order documented by Liang (1984: p. 32) suggests that the most noticeable evolution is the gradual diminution of the "tou-kung" which were reduced from one third the height of the column to about one fourth by 1400 A.D. Intermediate sets became relatively larger in size and more complicated in combination with the introduction of the diagonal kung. This form of construction system supports was adapted and used at Cheng Hoon Teng Temple in Malacca, Khoo Kongsi and Cheah Kongsi, both in Penang.

Cheng Hoon Teng Temple, Malacca

The oldest Chinese timber structure is the Cheng Hoon Teng Temple or Temple of the Evergreen Clouds in Malacca. Built in 1645 by Kapitan China, Lee Wei King it is also the oldest functioning Chinese temple in the country. It was designed by a priest based on his memory of buildings in South China, traceable to Fukienese and Cantonese origins with reference to ChOing Dynasty construction (Kohl, 1984 : p. 70). Its history reflects stages of construction typical of many Chinese temples in Malaysia.

The existing structure is single storeyed and employs the wooden frame system for beams and columns construction. The "Tai Liang" or raised beam construction is clearly used in the Cheng Hoon Teng Temple. (See Plate 1.29) Raised beam construction meant that the beams are placed on top of columns erected along the depth of a building. Shorter beams are placed over of the struts on the lower and larger beams. Through the diminishing length of the beams, a triangular wooden framework was erected. Purlins have been placed on top of struts on top of the beams to support the weight of rafters and the roofing.

The bracket system was incorporated with the "tai liang" system. These consist of a cluster of brackets used to support the roof on the inside of the building and the overhanging eaves outside the building. According to the building regulations of the Tang Dynasty, "tuo-gong" can only be used in palaces, temples and other important buildings (Liu, 1989 : p. 30).

The bracket system or "tou-gong" in Cheng Hoon Teng Temple is composed of two different types of structural elements. Firstly, a block placed on top of a column called "tou", which looks like a capital. Above it, and transverse to the direction of the depth of the building, are bow shaped elements called "gong" placed on smaller wooden blocks called "sheng". The timber technology used is conventional, using no nails or glue, as both "tou" and "gong" are assembled using mortise and tenon joints The "gong" was originally used to support the end of beams and eaves of purlins to reduce the shearing stress and to strengthen the joints (See Plates 1.30 and 1.31).

42

Chapter 1

Plate 1. 29 Cheng Hoon Teng. Malacca . The structure was influenced by buildings of the Ch ' ing Dynasty brought by immigrants from China about A.D. 1600. Structural timbers arc .. chengal" durable hardwood.

Plate 1.30 "Tou Kung" was used to support the eaves overhang.

Plate 1.3 1 Detail of main hall. "Tai Liang" and secondary structural members supported on carved wooden block. This block is cut in the form of lion heads or mythical winged figures as in Thian Hok Keng Temple in Teluk Ayer Street, Singapore. (MacDonald, 1934 : p. 27)


--------

43


Khoo Kongsi, Penang

The most unique adaption of traditional building structures is found in the form of the "kongsi" houses in Penang. "Kongsi" buildings and clan houses are modifications of the Chinese temple. Khoo Kongsi, built in 190 I, with an elevated storey above the ground, was also influenced by traditional building practices through the use of timber piles.

The roof structure consists of vertical cross members laid over each other, resting on horizontal beams. Beams were notched into the columns to form a bracket system. Transverse beams, longitudinal beams and cantilevered brackets are carved with decorative elements. (See Plates 1.32, 1.33, 1.34 and 1.35).

Plate l.32 Khoo Kongsi. Pern,mg. Comer post detail. The bracket system was integrated with geometric carvings which symbolise of the positive "yang" principal. The use of wood is considered a "yang" element in Chinese building.

Plate l.33 Main hall frame. Queen post is seen resting on vertical members to transfer the load to the horizontal beam.

Chapter 1

Plate 1.3-l Theatrical stage corner post detail at the Khoo Kongsi in Penang. The origin comes from temporary or permanent stage platforms used in Southern China in the l 9th century. The stage is constructed with durable hardwood structure elevated 1.20 metres abo\"e the ground.

Plate 1.35 Intermediate post detail. Brackets are used as a rigid joint to reduce the span of the beam. It is also carved \Yith Chinese flora motifs for religious purposes.

Figure 1.32 Section of Cheah Kongsi, Penang. Source : Measured Drawing Studies,


Department of Architecture, University of Technology Malaysia. The columns supporting the roof system are often round timber pillars, reflecting the influence of traditional Northern Chinese philosophy of constmction. A good example is found at Cheah Kongsi in Penang which was built in 1890.


Clock Tower, Perak

The "Clock Tower ofTeluk Intan" was constructed in 1885 by a Chinese businessman Mr. Leong Choon Cheong (Maniam, 1992: p. 1). The tower is 25 .50 metres tall, and houses a steel water tank to provide a water supply to the city. The structure is octagonal in plan, influenced by the Chinese pagoda form. (See Plate 1.36). Western technology is reflected in the use of nails, bolts and nuts which were introduced by British in the l 9th century.

The tower consists of three stories built of durable hardwood timber, and central core of brickwork. The timber flooring inside the main building, at plinth, first floor and second floor levels is supported directly by brick wall . Timber work in the corridor consists of columns and circular beams which act as ties for the columns.

A series of detached roofs, which indicate the external storeys, are supported by columns, 2.48 metres apart. The roofs are attached to the columns through brackets consisting of a tie and a strut. (See Plate 1.3 7) . The main roof system rests on rafters which are supported by radial ties and timber resting on brickwork and columns.

The water tank is connected to the brickwork by bolts. Radial beams in the corridor are bolted to the brickwork and the bolts bear against steel plates. The brickwork and columns are held together by two radial beams of 230 x 75 mm which are connected at one end to the brickwork through a timber block 230 x 230 mm and bolt of 25 mm in diameter. These timber blocks are connected through another bolt 25 mm in diameter to the brickwork and the bolt bears against mild steel plate 10 mm thick.

Circular beams 230 x 100 mm provided along the periphery are connected to columns using nailed connections. (See Plate 1.38). These beams also serve to tie the columns to each other in the other direction. All the rafters of the main roof at the top are held together by tie rods which are connected to a central steel plate (See Plate 1.39). This connection provides wind bracing. (See Plate 1.40). The struts and ties of the detached roof are also bolted.

Plate l.36 '·Teluk Intan Clock Tower", Perak. The tallest timber structure in Malaysia was influenced by the Chinese pagoda form. External form consists of seven storeys but internally has only three storeys.

46

Chapter I

Plate l.37 Solid "chengal" hardwood timber roof overhang supports. The strut member is fixed to the column using a nailed connection.

Plate l.38 Details at the circular structural member 230 x I 00 mm which acts as a ring beam connected to columns using bolt and nut connections.

Plate 1.39 Apex detail. All the rafters of the main roof at the top are held together by ties rods which are connected to a central piece.


47

Chapter 1

Plate 1.-lO Radial cross bracing is provided in the top two storeys where the water tank is situated.

Plate l.4 l Detail at the intem1ediate column. This connection serves as a radial tie to transfer the load resting on brick wall to the centre core.


1.4 European Influenced Timber Technology : 18th to 19th Century

Dutch and British builders introduced European methods of timber construction to Malaysia, which greatly influenced ethnic structural concepts. The most significant was the introduction of larger spans in roof construction, by using nails, bolts and nuts which was a radical departure from traditional construction methods.

Bolted timber connections have widespread use throughout the world in a variety of forms, but it is in Europe in particular that high load capacity mechanical connections have been developed to a very high level of design sophistication. The use of bolts became widely accepted throughout Europe as a means of connection for moment resisting, particularly between columns and rafter in large free-spanning timber structures. This technological influence was introduced to Malaysia in the 19th century.

48


l.4.1 Dutch Influences

When the Dutch arrived in Malacca, they brought their own building designs but needed to change their building practices to adapt to local conditions. Dutch designers found that the timber buildings built by local craftsmen had problems with termites and fungal attack, thus reducing their strength and finally leading to building collapse (Killman, 1990 : p. 45) . As a result, the Dutch built using stone for wall construction, and only used wood for the framework of the roof structure. (See Figure 1.33).

During the J 6th century in Holland, a method of construction using a wooden framework supporting the weight of the building enabled the stone walls to be thinner and therefore less expensive. Thin stone walls were secured to the framework by means of iron wall ties. This method of construction can be found at Stadhuys and Christ Church building in Malacca. (See Plates 1.42 and 1.43).

Figure l.33

I I L _

Sections through Stadhuys buildings. Source : Cultural Museum Department, Malacca State Museum.

Plate l.42 Stadhuys in Malacca. This building was built following guidelines and principles based on the classical order of Greek and Roman architecture. The heavy, high continuous wall provided protection against fire and the upper floors have a wooden framework keeping the whole together.

49

Chapter 1

Plate l.-l3 Christ Church in Malacca. The facade of the Christ Church is expressed in a bottle neck gable. It is built with a saddle roof, the most common type of roof construction in the Netherlands

Stadhuys, Malacca


The Stadhuys building built in 1641, at the beginning of the Dutch occupation, represents an important complex in Southeast Asia. (Lim, 1980 : p. 67). (See Plates 1.44 and 1.45). It consists of four storeys constructed mainly of straight lines with limited detailing and solid, massive and heavy walls. The roof is supported by massive transverse beams, 14.50 metres x 300 mm deep cut from a single tree. The ceilings are concealed where structural timber work is intentionally hidden. The ground floor beams consist of a number of cross beams placed one behind the other and connected by means of wall plates which are supported by the walls .

Plate l.H Detail of the main entrance comer post.

50

v

Chapter 1

Plate IA5 Detail of the apex of the entrance porch. Twin gi rder tie beams are fixed to the concrete column using 150 mm long nails . A collar tie was provided to strengthen the truss system.

Christ Church, Malacca


Christ Church built in 1753, represents part of the elaborate system of Dutch government in which church organisation and functions were inseparable from the people. Christ Church has a rectangular plan of 24.60 x 12.60 metres, and a symmetrical front elevation of a massive, heavy and solid construction, similar to the Stadhuys building. (See Plate 1.46 ). This reflects its important position among the many fine Dutch buildings found in the Red Square of Malacca

Each timber beam spanning the entire width of the building at 12.0 metres ceiling height is a continuous 12.60 metres x 300 mm. These beams were cut from a single tree. A total of sixteen such beams spanning the width· of the church can be seen. (Plate 1.47). These are well preserved over the entire hall , leaving a spacious column-free volume internally. The jointing system used 150 mm long nails to connect the timber to the walls .

Plate 1A6 Detail of roof comer. Massive durable hardwood projected from the eaves overhang.

51

Chapter 1

Plate U7 Detail of exposed ceiling. 12.0 metres x :wo mm exposed timber beams a rc supported on both sides by the massive solid wa lls.

l.4.2 British Influences


During the 19th century, a basis for the rational analysis of the principal structural form was established in Europe, in particular, methods of graphical analysis had been developed for statically determinate, more complex frameworks. The development in structural forms took place in a slow evolutionary manner and became more efficient towards simplication of construction using timber. This can be seen in many British colonial buildings where the bearing wall or the column and timber roof structures continue to be used .

The earliest form of construction used by English settlers in Malaysia was frame and half timber, where the spaces between the timbers were filled in with brick and plaster walls. The king post truss was a common structural element across Europe and in Britain. However, in the transfer of British building technology to Malaysia, the truss was abandoned in domestic construction .

The British adopted the traditional Malay house structural system but modified the construction and jointing system by using U-shaped metal straps, and bolts and nuts. The simplest form of roof was the king post truss . (See Figure 1. 34 ). The fo rm of the apex ofthis truss is notable in that the top of the rafter joint also carries a ridge piece to strengthen the apex support . These struts in compression are bolted into the lower portion of the king post which is in tension. This can be seen at the "Sentul Train Station", Kuala Lumpur.

52


·'

Figure 1.34 King post truss . In a king post roof, the principal rafters act together from the apex of where the post is suspended. The king post acts as a tie to support the centre of the beams, preventmg them from sagging under the load of the ceiling. AU-shaped metal strap, which passes under the tie beam, is fixed to the bottom· of the kmg post with bolts This beam m tum acts as a tie to restrain the ends of the pnncipals, preventmg the member from spreadmg. Source. after Yeomans, 1992 : p. 27.

The frame system consists of the truss with its principal rafters, collar ties, a king post and horizontal tie beams and includes the ridge board and purlins. Ridge boards and the horizontal tie beam also connect with king post and are braced together with diagonal braces. This type of roof structure can be seen in colonial buildings such as "Gedung Raja Abdullah'', in Selangor, "Bangunan Sultan Abdul Samad", Church of Saint Mary and "Carcosa Sri Negara" in Kuala Lumpur.

The system of central cross bracing is the characteristic difference between the king-post trusses common in English l 9th century construction and traditional Malay roof construction. This bracing follows down the length of the roof and is always associated with horizontal ties, tenoned into the king post between the collar-tie. This feature is reminiscent of the collar purlin in the EngJish mediaeval roof, which always passed directly over the collar.

The introduction of timber trusses into Malaysia involved a revolutionary change from the gradual evolution of traditional forms. This innovation was needed to provide the roofs of new kinds of building with larger spans, and became· the widely adopted form because it provided advantages over the alternative traditional structures. Below are the construction details of important British examples which influenced Malaysian building techniques.

"Bangunan Sultan Abdul Samad" - Federal Territory

The building was designed by architect AC Norman in 1904. It has become the major landmark of Kuala Lumpur with its 41 0 metres high clock tower. The purpose of the building was to house the offices of the Selangor State Secretariat Local hardwood timber was extensively used in the roof structure

53


(See Figure 1.35). The structure is based on a series of queen post trusses which occur at ev~ry third pair of principal rafters. The intention of the strutting was to assist the principal rafters and prevent their sagging under the load from the purlins and roof covering

r~~

I I I { I I I

// //

Figure 1.35

/"''

Section of .. Bangunan Sultan Abdul Samad" Source· after "Majallah Akitek", 1986 (March and April): p. 34

Government Printing Office, Federal Territory

The two storey office building designed by A.C. Norman in 1909 stands out among the other government buildings constructed at the time in Kuala Lumpur (Yeo, 1986 : p. 17) The structure of the building has a load bearing brick wall along the perimeter with an internal grid of precast iron columns and beams together with tie members.

The roof structure is similar in construction to the "Bangunan Sultan Abdul .Samad", employing a tie beam roof that carries two short, vertical struts connected by a cross beam about midway along the gable roof This reflects the features described by Vitruvius as well as a roof type that gave inspiration to Greek post and beam construction. (See Figure 1.36).

Figure 1.36 Section of Government Printing Office Source : after .. Majallah Akitek", 1986 (March and April) : p. 19

54

!·


"Gedung Raja Abdullah", Selangor

Gedung Raja Abdullah, the oldest building in Selangor Darul Ehsan, was built by Raja Abdullah in 1857 and functioned as a ware house (Cheng, 1991 : p. 33). Presently, the building is preserved by the Selangor State Museum and used to display tin mine processes.

The roof structure consists of king and queen posts, and where they received loads from the tie beam, a· tensile rod was needed. The tie beams carrying the ceiling load therefore required some intermediate support, to truss up the beam and rest on both sides of load bearing walls. Metal straps were used at the foot of the posts with U-shaped pieces of metal passed under the tie beams. The iron rod was a better tensile material because joints could be formed more easily, and timber used as a compression member ensures against buckling. (See Figure 1.37).

/' i : ',

Figure 1.37 Section of "Gedung Raja Abdullah" Source : Selangor State Museum, Selangor.

55


1.5 Contemporary Timber Architecture : 19th Century to the Present

Technological development never progresses in regular steps, often there is a long gap between the time when a new method is first introduced and the time it becomes universally accepted. For this reason, the development of timber framing in Malaysia can be seen in a technological rather than a chronological sequence.

Technological changes in construction techniques methods, pioneered in Europe and America, were introduced to Malaysia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries (Yeang, 1992: p. 180). These principles, such as innovations in spanning techniques, were adopted and used in the construction of buildings in Malaysia. Previously, for example, the width of shop houses was restricted to the span of available timber beams but the new construction methods increased design opportunities

The technology of construction was introduced in the mid 20th century by a new generation of overseas graduate architects in Malaysia wh~ brought with them contemporary ideas based on a strong sense of rationalism and functionalism adopted by the modernist movement.

During the 1960s, an emphasis on industry in Malaysia resulted in the construction of a wide range of processing and manufacturing mills using structural timber A comprehensive survey, on a technological level, by Ho (I 988 : p.1) found that at present a total of 667 sawmills exist on the Malaysia Peninsular. These industrial buildings employ wooden truss systems because timber is economical and available in quantity.

In the 1970s, fabricated timber components were introduced by Malaysian architects who had trained abroad. These methods, such as Gang-nails and Pryda truss prefabricated systems are flexible to use and reduce in size timber members and labour, and increase speed of erection on site. The important structural advantage is that nail-plated trusses made with all the members in one plane can be erected more easily and forces are reduced in the bracing system (Ong, 1990: p 111). This type of construction system has spread and been applied in housing, governmental offices and factories.

Tourism became a significant income generator for the Malaysian economy in the 1980s and the increasing number of foreign visitors to the country created the need for more hotels and holiday resorts. Tourist developments have provided employment and revitalised local building craft (Davey, 1983 : p. 101) Some of these resorts such as Club Mediterranean, "Tanjung Jara Hotel/Rantau Abang Visitor's Centre" and "Pelangi Beach Resort" were built entirely of timber structural components .

According to Medical Health Department (1993 : p. 9) cited from Statistics Department of Peninsular Malaysia stated that the total building material used in the construction industry indicated 15% consisted of timber, 31 % of iron or steel, 19% of cement with concFete and 3 5% of other material. As stipulated in

56


the 6th Malaysian Plan ( 1991 - 1995), the government has estimated amount of 1 3 billion worth of structural timber to be used. In fact, 312 blocks of class "G" quarters to be constructed costing about $312 million. Out of $312 million, 46 million was allocated for the cost of timber components which should be more encouraged to be used in construction sector. It is a renewable economic resource and can therefore continue to generate revenue, generation after generation. I would argued that more effort must be made to optimise its usage for constructfonal purpose.

Since 1960, the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia has carried out experiments and conducted tests into the effective use of timber in the building industry. The exploration of new building forms, the changing timber resource of shorts lengths and composite materials are all challenges yet to be explored in Malaysia. The use of structural timber such as glue-lamination technology is still at the experimental stage. In future if this structural glue-lamination is ·technology successful, it will replace existing building industry to produce any design shape of beams, portal frames, arches, grid frames and ring beams. Malaysia have the potential to enhance and promote the use of timber products in the construction sector in the country.

1.5.1 Resorts

A principal of resort buildings providing vacation accommodation, is to use materials and technology appropriate to a tropical climate. The successful design of these buildings using timber requires careful response to the climate, local values and heritage so as to minimise their impact on the environment (Lim, 1993 : p. 8).

Timber provides a useful material for these types of developments as it is durable in coastal climates and is environmentally sensitive (Guymer, 1994: p 16). The selection of timber for resorts has been confined to their use in traditional construction methods either by replication of traditional buildings or rationalisation of traditional methods as can be seen at "Tanjung Jara Hotel/Ran tau Abang Visitors' Centre", "Datai Kangkawi", "Pelangi Beach Resort", "Sheraton Langkawi Resort" and "Hyatt Kuantan Hotel".

The interrelationship between forest resources and actual forms of timber construction for resorts is reflected in the resorts built in the late 1970s. The solid, heavy timber post and beam construction found in Malay palaces was modified in resort developments by reducing or eliminating the series of tall and heavy load-bearing posts. Trees oflesser length and section which are easier and faster to fell and transport could be used for roof trusses. This can be seen at "Impiana Resort", located at Kuantan, Pahang where all timber structural trusses were built out of smaller members bolted together.

Innovation in the use of timber has provided opportunities to build using steel and timber composites for beams and columns, as seen at "Hyatt Kuantan Hotel", "Awana Golf Course & Country Club'', "Langkawi Island Resort", "Berjaya Langkawi Beach Resort" and "Bukit Kiarra Equestrian Resort"

57


Other methods used include on-site prefabrication systems, as at "Delima Resort Langkawi" Below are the construction details of important examples of timber-built resorts in Malaysia.

"Tanjung Jara Hotel/Rantau Abang Visitors Centre", Dungun, Terengganu

Tanjung Jara Hotel/Rantau Abang Visitors Centre was constructed in 1979 based on traditional 18th century Terengganu Malay palaces and made entirely of choice timber, mainly "kapor" species (Azali, 1993 : p. 1 ). The hotel, listed as one of the best hotels in the world, was designed by a team consisting of Wimberley, Whisenand, Allison, Too and Goo who won the Aga Khan Award for Excellence in Architecture in 1981 Commenting on the design, it was stated the award was given "for the courage to search out and successfully adapt and develop an otherwise rapidly disappearing traditional architecture and craft and at the same time meet the demands of contemporary architecture''. (Hall, 1988 : p 31 ). Through the use of Malay house forms and timber material, this hotel has revived traditional craftsmanship and constructional skills. The adaption of traditional forms to new uses for resorts has generated an architecture that is in keeping with traditional values and compliments surviving examples

The entrance of the hotel was designed in a rectangular form where three hardwood posts 200 x 200 mm create a triangulated structure on each side of the entrance. (See Plates 1.48 and 1.49). Tie beams 250 x 150 mm slotted on top of the posts stiffen the entire structural frame layout.

Floor framing consists of a grid system layout. Bearers, 250 x 150 mm fixed to the corner posts raised 900 mm from ground level, rest on concrete stumps. Floor joists 200 x 75 mm spaced 1200 mm apart support 225 x 50 mm thick timber flooring boards.

The roof is pitched at 45 degrees to cope with the heavy rain on the East Coast. Gables have high pointed roofs with a single ridge-covering running the length of each building. Each gable is fitted with a gable screen which admits air but provides protection from driving rain. Hardwood rafters 150 x 150 mm are fixed on the 250 x 150 mm tie beams and rest on 250 x 200 mm wall plate.

58

Chapter 1

Plate 1.48 Entrance porch. Each corner of the porch consist of hardwood posts 200 x 200 mm to form a triangulated strncture to res ist lateral load.

Plate l.49 Detail of post at the entrance porch.

· Hardwood posts 200 x 200 mm were cut to recess 150 x 150 mm tie bea m and provide a 1200 mm overhang on both sides.


Club Mediterranean Resort, Cherating, Pahang

The Club Mediterranean resort, located on the East Coast of the Malaysian Peninsular, was built in 1979. The resort, designed by Hijjas Kasturi Associates Architects, reflects the shapes and pitch of roof of Polynesian architecture (Baxendale, 1980 : p. 50). The whole village is built on a timber platform deck 3. 0 metres above the ground. It is also the longest resort, stretching 1 km from Desaru in Johore to Kuala Terengganu in the north where the extensive use of timber as the main structural material has been successfully achieved. (See Plate 1.50).

Posts are the vertical members that transfer the weight of the roof, wall, floor and other parts of the building to the foundations. The structural floor system consists of twin girders framing 150 x 3 00 mm fixed to 200 x 200 mm hardwood timber columns. The layout of the columns with the grid system

59


allows for possible future extension, an idea adapted from the traditional Malay house concept. Floor joist members 50 x 200 mm spaced at 600 mm apart rest on the 150 x 200 mm bearers. The columns are stiffened by lateral bracing which distributes loads in a balanced manner. All connections use 12 mm diameter bolts with washers attached to split rings on both sides to adjust themselves under movement due to load and according to moisture changes in the wood . (See Plates l. 51, 1.52, 1.53, 1.54 and l.55) .

The roof structure was-constructed using a prefabricated Pratt truss system to span 13 .0 metres. Tie beams consist of two members of 50 x 150 mm with 50 x 100 mm intermediate struts 2.0 metres apart. Principal rafters are built of two members 50 x 150 mm fixed at the apex using 6 mm thick mild steel plates Connections are made by two 19 mm diameter bolts fixed with 6 mm thick mild steel plates. Bolts are used to resist load acting on the axis of the bolt in lateral loading and make the trusses more rigid. Furthermore, the trusses were braced between the principal rafters and roof beams to resist wind loading. (See Plates l.56, l.57 and 1.58).

The system was selected because it could provide maximum openness, a strong framework and maximum opportunity for wall openings. Though simple, this essential outline was a significant organisational force throughout the construction process for this building.

Plate 1.50 The building is a three storey unit raised 3.0 metres from the ground. The shape and pitch of the roof reflects Polynesian architecture.

Plate l.51 Detail of balcony. Twin girder framing system with 75 x 300 mm fixed to 200 x 200 hardwood timber column. All connections use M 12 bolts with washers attached to split rings on both sides.

60

Chapter 1

Plate 1.52 Detail of ground floor post. Double floor joist 50 x 200 mm spaced at 600 mm apart rests on the 150 x 200 mm bearers.

Plate l.53 Detail of intermediate bearers. Bearers are scarf jointed and stiffened, using 6 mm thick steel plate.

Plate 1.54 Detail of floor beam end joint. Double bearers 50 x 200 mm recessed 50 mm deep fixed to 200 x 200 column and supported by 75 x 300 timber blocks on both sides. Split rings were used on both sides of the connection.


6 1

Chapter I

Plate l.55 Detail of staircase. Hardwood posts 200 x 200 mm rest on concrete stumps fixed with U-straps of 6 mm thick steel plate. 4 bolts were used to connect columns and stumps to transfer the loads of the building to the foundation.

Plate 1.56 Detail of corner roof beam. Two tie beams 50 x 150 mm rest on wall plates 50 x 150 mm and are fixed using bolts and nuts.

Plate l .57 Detail of roof tmss. Two tie beams 50 x l 50 mm rest on two wall plates 50 x 150 mm, connected to corner columns using 6 mm thick mild steel brackets .


62


"Pelangi Beach Resort", Langkawi

"Pelangi" Beach Resort designed by Unibina Architect, was built in l 988 . The resort was designed to replicate traditional Malay houses but the final product is a delightful blend of Malaysian, Thai and Indonesia influences. It consists of chalet modules made of broad timber planks, held by timber frame construction and set in a random arrangement "to evoke a perception of "kampong" villages in a tropical paradise" (Loke, 1988 : p. 64) .

The building was constructed using a variety of different wood species such as "chengal" and "kempas" for structural timber members. "Chengal" is used mainly for structural purposes, such as roof beams and trusses, using metal plates, brackets and bolts as connecting devices between members. (See Plate 1.58). Roofs are exposed internally as there are no ceilings, allowing for the dissipation of warm air naturally through the roof The structural frame at the reception area was constructed of reinforced concrete and clad with timber to give an impression that the whole structure was constructed of timber. "Chengal" roof trusses with bolted connections between members are braced with steel rods. (See Plates 1.59, 1.60 and 1.61).

Outside the reception area, a pavilion was constructed using hardwood timber with a pyramidal roof with another roof stacked on it. Four valley double trusses support square ring double truss beams which in turn support the pyramidal roof lantern. The roof form traces its origins to the "meru" roof type, of which the earliest extant local example is that of "Masjid Kampung Laut" in Kelantan.

Plate 1.58 Detail of roof truss. Gable end was designed with a rising sun symbol and provides cross ventilation to create a changing atmosphere. The sunlight filter through gable end. defining the hardwood roof structure and casting shadows that redefine the spaces throughout the day.

Plate 1.59 Detail of scissor truss. The scissor truss was incorporated with king post member fixed with 6 mm thick mild steel plate and connected using bolts and nuts.

63

Chapter 1

Plate J.60 Detail of roof bracing. The roof was braced using steel tension rods tied below the ceiling for lateral load bracing.

Plate 2.61 Detail of overhanging eaves. The hardwood rafters were caIVed at the end, and overhang 900 mm to provide shade and deflect rain water.

Hyatt Hotel, Kuantan, Pahang


Hyatt Hotel, completed in 1980 was designed by Belt, Collins and Associates. The building form of this hotel was influenced by traditional Malay building principles of the East Coast and the open layout of the "kampong" (Wong, 1980 : p. 27).

The roof is timber framed but the essence of the timber house is reinterpreted here in concrete. The inspiration for the main pavilion was drawn from the two-storey wooden palaces of the early sultans of the region (Powell , 1989 (b) : p. 101). (See Plates 1.62, 1.63, 1.64 and 1.65). Vertical support for the roof structure is provided at intervals by concrete columns. Hardwood timber trusses are fixed on top the concrete ring beams attached at the four main columns. Steel brackets are used to connect timber trusses and are tied at the columns. Evenly distributed, omnidirectional lateral support is provided by rigid concrete joints.

64

Chapter I

Plate 1.62 Detail of the apex. No ridge board was used in roof construction. Hardwood rafters were connected by 6 mm thick steel brackets with 4 mild steel bolts and washers .

Plate 1.63 Detail of roof tmss. Two tie beams connected to strut members using mild steel bolts and nuts

Pl~te 1.64 Detail of corner eaves. Two rafter members overhang 900 mm from tie beams. Rafters are tied to the beams using bolts and nuts .

Malaysian Timber Construction all(/ Structures

65

Chapter 1

Plate I.65 Detail of the watch tower pyramidal roof truss. Roof members meet at the centre, supported by a vertica l tension member.

1.5.2 Industrial Buildings

Malaysian Timber Construction and Stru ctures

The principal functions of an industrial building are to provide maximum volume for minimum cost and a flexible building form that can accommodate changes in production. The systems selected for industrial buildings use simple construction methods with clear spans for flexibility of movement within the building.

The <ievelopment of these buildings has followed technological progress and started in the early 1950' s in Malaysia. This was successful because with improvements in jointing techniques using long spanning trusses, computer structural analysis has made long span buildings cheaper and simpler to built. The buildings are generally long and narrow in shape, the width being dictated by natural ·day lighting requirements, with large overhangs on both sides to provide shade and keep rain water away. Floor plans are generally 15.0 - 20 .0 metres wide and building height ranges from 5.0 - 6.0 metres for feasible movements of fork lifts or trucks within the building. Below are the construc~ion details of important examples of timber-built industrial buildings in Malaysia.

Kayu Sedia Sdn. Bhd., Federal Territory

Timber industrial buildings for sawmills were constructed with simple, either pitched or curved, roofs. This can be seen at Kayu Sedia Sdn. Bhd., Kuala Lumpur which was built in 1954, with a curved roof form using the bowstring truss which is an attractive structural form, using small sections of material to achieve a long span structure. (See Plate 1.66).

The building is a simple industrial sawmill building consisting of six bays, each 2.40 metres long and 17.60 metres wide spanned by bowstring trusses. (See Plates 1.67 and 1.68) . Hardwood columns 150 x 150 mm are rigidly connected to the trusses and their bases. This rigid frame transfers lateral wind forces .

Because glued laminated beams were not introduced in Malaysia until the 1960s (Tan, 1994 : p. 696), the bowstring curve roof was formed by nailing top chord members 20 x 100 mm into several layers to form segments. Purl in members 30 x 50 mm spaced 450 mm apart support the corrugated roof sheeting.

66

Chapter 1

Plate l. 66 Kayu Sedia Sdn. Bhd. Off Jalan Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur. View of main sawmill building.

Plate l.67 Detail of bowstring trusses. Twin top chord members 20 x 100 mm are nailed together in several layers to form the segmental curve of the truss.

Plate 1.68 Detail of bottom chords connected to 50 x 150 mm solid hardwood timber column. To strengthen the jointing, mild steel gusset plates 4 mm thick connected using M 20 bolts are used.


67


General Lumber Fabricators and Builder Sdn. Bhd., Selangor

This building, designed by Yong Kee Hing, was constructed in 1989 and employed a prefabricated Gang-nails truss system. The floor plan consists of a rectangular shape, 18.20 x 6.0 metres with a grid system which used a butterfly roof form with a slope of 4 degrees. The structural system provides for expansion and additional space in the future if required . (See Plate 1.69).

All "kempas" hardwood columns consist of two members 400 x 200 mm to form spaced columns. The base of the columns are encased in a concrete pad and tied to the footings. The height of the columns reached to the level of the tie beams and roof truss at 6.0 metres for access of fork lifts and trucks within the building. (See Plate 1. 70). The structural system consists of truss girders and knee braces to strengthen the columns with the roof framing . The roof framing has diagonal braced intervals on each bay for the stability of the whole structure. All the roof members were jointed using steel plates with nails spread evenly, allowing for distribution of the load over the area of the plate. (See Plates 1.71and1.72).

Plate 1.69 General Lumber Fabricators and Builders, Jalan Pandamaran, Selangor. View of the fabricator shed.The grid system used column 150 X 50 mm spaced by 200 x 50 mm timber blocks 1200 mm apart . They are connected using Ml2 bolts and nuts.

Plate 1.70 Detail of girders. Girders are supported by timber blocks fixed to the columns, connected by 6 mm thick nail plate. All members consist of two smaller timbers for economical purposes.

68

Chapter I

Plate l.7 l Detail of intermediate column. Two 150 x 50 mm hardwood timbers. spliced together to form a solid piece of column. are connected by M 12 bolts and nuts. The roof was braced from lateral movement using tensile rods at each bay interYal.

... -.

Plate 1.72 Detail of intermediate column. Two 150 x 50 mm hardwood columns support girders, connected using M 12 bolts and nuts.


FRIM's Experimental Space Frame Timber Structure, Selangor

The use of three-dimensional structural systems in building is a recent development which has derived from progress in jointing techniques. In conventional two-dimensional structures such as roof trusses or portal frames, the elements lie in the same plane and can only resist loads in that plane. With a three-dimensional structure, loads are spread in all directions and forces are balanced out. The peak loads diminish, therefore inner stresses are reduced and cross sections of compression and tension members are decreased. As a result, less material with less weight is required .

The development of this structural system can be seen at the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia where in 1989, an experimental shed for a motorbike parking space was built for this purpose. (See Plates 1.73 and 1.74) . Space frame structures provide a more economic solution where reused off-cut timber can be used to construct roof members . This form of construction provides

69


another feasible solution for long span structures and illustrates versatility, strength and potential for industrialised prefabrication.

Plate 1.73 View of motorbike shed at Forest Research Institute of Malaysia.

Plate l.74 Detail of column. The column consists of two timber members 150 x 50 mm spaced 600 mm apart by a timber block 100 x 50 mm and connected using M 12 bolts and nuts. The corner of the upper chords is supported by 50 x 50 mm knee braces in four directions, connected to the column.

70

CHAPTER 2

Technical Influences on the Construction of Malaysian

Buildings



The majority of the buildings discussed and illustrated in the previous chapter represent the various forms and manifestations of timber frame construction; predominantly post and beam construction. This chapter will discuss the relationship between con~truction and structural systems with an overview of the technical influences on construction associated with connections and joints for structural timber.

Eighteen case studies have been selected after the fieldwork completed to describe the comparison of their respective construction and structural system Each case study provides a description of architectural influences on the building construction, detailing and jointing systems.

2.1 History of Technological Changes in Timber Construction

The earliest evidence for human occupation on the Malaysian Peninsular dates to the Late Pleistocene, around 20,000 years ago (Tan, 1994. p. 12; Loewenstein, 1956 . p 5). Undoubtedly, these early inhabitants created simple and crude shelters from the most available source, wood. However, such simple structures require little or no technology. The development of timber structures and construction is a direct result of the technological development of the relevant tools. While the refinement of stone tools allowed for the manufacture of other artifacts, it was not until the introduction of metal tools that the complex use of timber could be fully realised In the absence of timber structures, archaeologists deduce a knowledge and skill of timber construction techniques from the presence of tools associated with timber working.

The earliest evidence for the construction of shelters dates from the Bronze Age with the discovery of socketed bronze celts and adzes in Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Kelantan (Loewenstein, 1956 · p. 5) (See Figure 2.1). Excavations in 1988 at Lenggong, Perak, uncovered pottery and a bronze axe, radio carbon dated to approximately 4920 years b.p., which also correspond to the early Bronze Age ofMalaysic:i. (Khoo, 1987 (c): p. 41). At "Gua Cha'', Kelantan, assemblages containing adzes have been found, dated to around 3 OOO years b p (Bellwood, 1992: p. 101) The earliest stone tools were held in the hand but gradually ways of protecting the hand from sharp edges on the stone were introduced by wrapping one end with grass or using a wooden handle Bronze and iron adzes and c~lts were made to be halfted onto a wooden handle. Very little change has occurred in the form of the commoner tools; for example, hammers, axes and saws very similar to the ancient forms are in use today The axe has been, for a long time, the commonest cutting tool with a contmuous history extending over 10,0oO years and continues to be used, with minor improvements, by carpenters today (Goodman, 1978 . p 8).

71


Sieveking (1956 · p 96) recorded that in Kelantan, East Coast, socketed axes were used in the Malayan Iron Age These tools are distinguished by their strength and heavy construction for cutting trees. (See Figure 2.2). The use of large trunks as uprights is found in the pole and frame construction of the long house in Sarawak (Freeman, 1970-: p.112).

Anthropologist Waterson's (1990: p. 75) study of South East Asia indigenous societies has revealed that the existence of many forms of social structure is reflected directly in their buildings. For example, the techniques of the shipbuilder influenced houses, as the methods of building a wooden boat with different kinds of edge joining such as dowel, rebated, bevelled, mortise and tenon joints were adopted by carpenters for domestic architecture can be seen in traditional Malay jointing systems.

Gibbs (1987 : p. 22) described the analogies between Malay houses and boats, for example, the word for the posts of the house is "tiang", which is also the word for the mast of a boat. The word for flooring is "lantai", which is also used for the flooring at the bottom of boat.

In early times, timber would have been used only in log form but with the invention of tools logs were cc;mverted to useful forms and shapes. Timber is a comparatively soft material to work with and was used as a media for artistic expression Below -are descriptions of different types of tools, some which have been found by archeologists, which are associated with carpentry or being used by carpenters

Figure 2 l Adze An axe-like tool used for rough-dressing wood. also used in ship bullding The slightly curved cutting blade is at right angles to the handle, and the tool is used by standing on the timber and swingmg the tool down toward on to the top surface of the wood Source: after S1eveking, 1956 : p. 106

Figure 2.2 Axe Axes were used in the Iron Age of Malaysia (Sieveking. 1956 : p. 99) for chopping. cleaning or splitting wood. This axe would have been useful to carpenters and shipwrights to tnm mortises and edges of boards. Common types measure from 355 - 406 mm with 457 mm long and handles are 915 mm long. Source . after Loewenstem , 1956 · p. 10

Figure 2 3 Ink pot . Ink pot wlth mkmg line consisting of a piece of stnng up to 30 metres long wound around a spmdlc The spmdle is mounted on a wooden contamer "here the end stnng comes at the front of the mstrument The stnng is dipped ma black mk and then extended bet\\een two pomts wluch mdicate the distance to be measured so that it lea\es a Ime mark Source after RaJa Ahmad Shah. 1988 p -U

72

F-~ L~

C11apter·2 Technical Influences on the Construction of Malaysian Buildings

Figure 2 4 Human proportions Human proportions acts as measures usmg fingers, palms and fore-arm. Basic duncns1ons are .. depa", .. hasta". 'jengkal''. ''kctuk .. _ .. tapak tangan", "dua _1an". "tlga _1ari" and .. cmpat Jari". (See Glossary). Usmg this system. the measurements are not standardised but changed from one person to another. Source. after Ra.1a Ahmad Shah. 1988: p. 43

Figure 2 5 Auger The oldest construction of the auger was used by shipwrights and is very commonly used in Malaysia A T-shaped long twist, hard-boring tool for drilling large holes. Normal length ranges from 508 - 635 mm, the cuttmg diameter bemg from 12 - 51 mm. The steel bit 1s driven mto wood by slowly turning the handle at the top. Source . after Gibbs, 1987 : p. 72

Figure 2.6 Tenon-cutting or plug It is evident that plug bits were used as bits because the shanks are tapered to fit a brace. This tool has two metal cutters with the sharpened edges parallel to the opemng and only cut with a clockwise motion. The bits cut wood to produce the round tenon or dowel. Source· after Hummel, 1976: p. 62

Figure 2. 7 Scraper Used by carpenters for deaning wood with hard or soft grains. The thumbscrew at the back gives a shght bend to the blade so that the comers do not dig m. and at the same time gives support behind the cutting edge. Source: after Taylor, 1990 : p. 124

Figure 2.8 Spoke shave A plane-like tool with a short b_ottom to permit planing of the edges of cut-out pieces of wood and also used to · dress rounded pieces. It has two handles, one on either side of the cutting blade .. The bottom is either flat for use on cut-out pieces with long sweeping curves, or convex for use on pieces with short sweeping curves. Source: after Taylor, 1990 : p. 126

Figure 2.9 Mortise chisels The earliest metal tools of copper and bronze had a similar fonn and were used without handles. The technique of castmg socketed weapons and tools developed, and these methods were applied to chisels. The chisel is made in vanous forms which have flat blades with parallel sides. Butt chisels have shorter blades and are used for making mortises The hook shape mortise chisel has cutting edges for making a hole mto a square Normally, mortises and haunches can be cut by reversing the wood and cuttmg from both sides. Mortise chisels cut rectangular holes mto \\ hich tenons are fitted Source after Hummel, 1976 · p. 67

73

_, .. ,

~ v ~=t --?! -----=:>,_, ;t

~ TIP'k Ql'99n 4 1•• 3 ,.n

-:J==f ~=* ,,...,

2 "''

T


Figure 2.10 Files Files can have both concave and convex surfaces and are used to smooth rough surfaces. A nffier is used for acute concave shapes and holes. Source : after Taylor, l 990 : p 66

Figure 2.11 Mortise gauge A 'tool having a steel cutter held with a wedge, used to make the marks for cuttmg thin wood. It is smtable for marking across the grain. In this manner, for example, a carpenter could insure the correct depth of cut for a dovetail joint. Source : after Taylor, 1990 : P: 66

Figure 2.12 Jack plane The development of the plane occurred during the l 9th century after the double iron had been mvented by an English carpenter. It was introduced to Malaysia and used by local carpenters. It is a portable smoothing tool for dressing rough timber, with a angled blade 50 mm wide which can be adjusted for cutting. This tool is used for smoothing rough surfaces, shaping, rebatmg, routmg and groovmg Source . after Chinn, 1979 : p. 66

Figure 2.13 Frame saw In the history of woodworking tools, Goodman (1978 : p. 10) suggested that the invent10n of saw dated nght back to Neolithic tlmes with the discovery of a number of flint tools with serrated edges in Palestine and Egypt. In Malaysia, the framed saw was mtroduced by the Dutch in the l 6th century by shipwnghts. The frame saw works with a reciprocating action and is used to cut board. It has a blade 508 x 38 mm wide held in tension in a frame similar to that of a bow saw Source: after Goodman, 1978 · p. 127

Figure 2.i4 Coping saw A form of fret saw m which the blade 1s held in tension by a metal frame. Used for cutting shapes m thin wood by turning the handle It can be held at angles in the frame enabling a cut to be made parallel With edge. Source: after Taylor, 1990: p 39

Figure 2.15 Hammer Hammer is the most basic tool used by a carpenter working with wood. It has a head with a flat, round face at one end and a claw for pulling nails out at the other. Source · after Sculler, 1973 : p. 68

2.2 Principles of Structural Systems

The principal function of the building structure is to transfer all the loads on it to the ground. The loads on the building can be split up into gravity loads, which act vertically, and lateral loads which act horizontally A structural system is created by the joint action of elements which consist of the main framework, secondary members, roof structure, stiffeners and foundations All

74


these frameworks form a three-dimensional system to resist vertical and horizontal loads. If the structural system fails, the building will collapse The relationship between design system and the structural system is at the root of the construction's flexibility of planning, form and structure. The systems are independent in a structural sense but interdependent in a design sense as for example, option exists within each design system whatever the form of any given primary structural layout

The indigenous and traditional Malay architecture is the post and beam structure and was based on the skeleton principle. A skeleton structure gives a clear distinction between statics and dynamics, between structure and design. The idea in such terms came naturally to the carpenters of earlier days since their minds were bound to the material, its possibilities and its limitations. Structural principles were dictated by the solid wood and gave rise to a system of infills.

The development of form from traditional buildings in Malaysia has not been one of progression Structural forms which became dominant for industrial buildings reflect changes in economic conditions. Pitched roofs using larger span trusses represent the majority of forms that have been used in Malaysian.

In timber construction, there is no arbitrary freedom of design (Nattered, 1989 : p. 79) becaus~ any natural curves or irregularities of height in the timber could be easily corrected by adjusting the purlins. Traditional built form illustrated that timber was used in simple and humble construction (Lim, 1994 : p. 4) Many of these timber buildings were outstanding in their manner of detail and structural form

A good architect depends on intuition regarding structural shapes under stress but also a rational approach to construction, regardless of the complexity of a structure. Mainstone (1983, p. 285) has suggested that there are three kinds of structural intuition : first "spatial intuition" which recognises the possibility of preventing an object from falling by means of some intervening structural member; second "muscular intuition" which draws analogies with our own sensations of pushing and pulling; and third "experiential intuition" which is based on an observation of the behaviour of materials or structures under loads He suggests that the first two of these, spatial and muscular intuition, are closely related to generated forms of trusses The third type of intuition, which depends upon experience of actual structures, is seen in the design of joints

2.3 Timber Construction Systems

Construction in building is both the act of building and the structural system, translating into reality ideas, concepts or design Construction in building is a means rather than an end. The choice of a structural system cannot be made without consideration to construction details

Construction in building is the materialisation of design which comprehends the total range of factors that determine the practical, technical, functional,

75


environmental and spiritual design of architecture (Engel : 1989 : p. 101 ). If these details are compared with traditional timber construction methods used by local craftsmen, it becomes clear that major changes in technique in have been as a result of the development of steel in connections.

Construction also demonstrates architectural growth in its transformation and evolution. Architecture began as the purposeful construction of indigenous shelter and developed indirect interdependence with technical improvements For example, the Malay timber building in the past used rectangular or square sections connected by means of half lap joints, wooden pins, dovetail joints or mortise and tenon joints. The size of timbers was limited because tensile forces could be transmitted through the joint and because connections caused weakening of the timber. However, today it is possible to construct laminated beams, such as the 40 x 200 mm beams which were used to built a mosque at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia.

Framing Systems

All types of timber frames found in Malaysia are by their nature skeletal Skeletal structures are distinct in that there is a functional division between the carrying frame and other secondary finishes. The difference between masonry buildings or prefabricated reinforced concrete structures and timber frame constructions is the openness of the latter type of structure. Post and beam construction for instance creates highly open construction which is dependent on the spacing of the vertical structural members and size of the members

Both single and multistory buildings are feasible using timber skeleton framing construction where the cross sections and jointing of large timbers must be designed according tot.he principles of statics. Because of their general structural principles, skeletal structures are flexible in their application and forms, and with new connection techniques, have been widely used in new resort developments in Terengganu, Pahang, Perak and Kedah.

The traditional framing system based on Malay construction techniques are more economical in comparison to the contemporary approach. Traditional framing system consi~ts of main timber members carry the roof and ceiling in bending requiring the use of big section timber. Rafters have to be closely spaced to avoid deflection or sagging. This time tested traditional Malay practices can be seen in the old mosque such as "Masjid Tua Kampung Laut", Kelantan On the other hand, the contemporary construction approach is more effective than traditional framing system For example, in examines the roof construction consist of an internally triangulated plane frame structure capable of clear span between external supports The roof and ceiling loads are converted into axial forces along the truss members, which the strength of the timber lies Therefore, in the fabrication of trusses, joint connection are very important as they must be sufficiently strong and stiff to withstand the forces in the different members meeting at the joint.

76


There are eight basic ways of constructing a timber frame building in Malaysia They differ m the spacing and arrangement of the load bearing members and the types of connections used. A structural system is defined by the way the horizontal, vertical or diagonal members are brought together at a point or node r

Different types of timber frames offer different advantages and are very adaptable to special situations. For instance, they can be adapted to many different uses and are generally not difficult to enlarge or remodel. From the point of view of architecture, a timber frame can often express its own particular structure and retain the natural appearance of wood A special advantage such as precision assembly can be achieved by prefabricating widely used structural elements and components. The various framing systems are discussed below ·

Figure 2.16 Traditional Frames The frame consists of columns (post, studs) and main beams. The entire building rest on concrete stumps to prevent the structure sinking into the ground. Columns are tenoned into mortises in the sills. The distance between the columns is kept as short as is necessary (not more than 3 metres apart) to carry loads. The weakening of members caused by mortises and notches is compensated for by larger solid cross section hardwood timber members. Traditional Malay building construction is a typical example using this method of framing system.

Figure 2.17 Post and Beam, Single Storey· The frame consists of posts on which rest parallel bearers; secondary bearers are placed on to them. If the bearing surface is not sufficient to transfer the load, bearing areas must be increased by means of steel plates or angles. An advantage of such a structure is the potential for longer spans by using trusses or larger bearers. This type of construct10n was used by designers of the '"Tanjung Jara Hotel/Rantau Abang Visitors Centre" structure discussed earlier.

Figure 2.18 Post and Beam, Two Storey Connection bearers rest on columns; columns are interrupted by the bearer: but are set up again on the next floor. Connection between bearers and columns can be made in various ways. Normally the load from the upper column is not transferred to the lower one through the bearer, because compression in the bearer might be exceeded. Again, it is necessary to use steel or timber gussets for this purpose, an example of which can be found in .. Club Mediterranean Resort" structure

Figure 2 19 Tie Beam Construction The bearers act as tie beams between the continuous posts with identical details m all directions. All interior and e>.1:enor connect10ns occur on the same level. The jmsts m the adjacent floor panels span m alternate directions m such a way as to equally load the bearers. The disadvantage of this system is that it is not able to cantilever a structure away from the bmlding Tie beam frammg can accommodate prefabncation systems, therefore

77


1t 1s economical for resort structures havmg a number of repeated units, . such as those at "Dehma Resort Langkawi" or "Langkaw1 Island Resort". 1

Figure 2.20 Twin-Girder Framing Continuous twm bearers span between continuous columns and are attached to then sides, The advantage of this system 1s that both columns and bearers are contmuous. A hallmark of this construction are the protruding ends of twin bearers, necessary m most cases due to the distance required between connections to the post and the end of bearers. This construction is the basis of pole frame construction for the long houses in Sarawak.

Figure 2.21 Split Column Framing Continuous bearers are fixed between continuous split columns. Twin column structure layout is a reversal of twin girder framing type. Quadruple split columns allow a two-way layout of girders. Split columns are especially suitable for long span structures found in industrial building, such as the General Lumber Prefabncation and Builders Factory, Selangor.

Figure 2.22 Rib/Stud/Balloon or Platform Framing This type of construction 1s used in many parts of the world. The load carrying members generally consist of standard timber studs placed a relatively short distance apart. The studs carry sheathing on one or both sides, which takes some load and provides much of the stiffening. This framing system represents the transit10n between skeleton and panel framing.

In balloon construction. the wall studs continue through all the floors Uprights planks are cut into the studs as sills at every floor and the joists restmg on them are nailed into the studs.

In platform construction. a contmuous timber plate is fixed on top of the wall studs, the JOists of the next floor rest on the plate and a deck is laid on the j01sts to form a new platform.

2.4 Connections and Joints

Developments in jointing capacity and the structural determination of various building forms reflect the technical innovations of timber as a building material. In Malaysia, the technology for the principal structural forms, arrived from overseas. Each form with its dependent jointing types, was adapted and modified to satisfy Malaysian timbers and conditions.

Timber jointing is the fastening together of two or more pieces of timber, using fasteners such as nails, bolts and connectors (Chu, 1987: p. I). These types of mechanical joints were introduced with European timber technology from the 16th century (Mettem and Richen, 1991 : p. 66). Other methods using structural glues as jointing media produce finger joints, scarf joints and lap joints, and are recent innovations

Traditionally, connections have consisted of a multitude of hand-cut details which have been developed by craftsmen through centuries of experience working with timber Throughout South East Asia in particular, these hand-cut

78

Chapter 2 Technical btfluences on the Construction of Malaysian Buildings

details have been carefully adapted to the intricate characteristics of wood and reflect an understanding of wood technology and material behaviour

In traditional forms of timber joints, the performance of the connections normally relies upon bearing with occasional tie member.s being pegged or dowelled into place, usually with wooden dowels These traditional timber connections include, for example, notched jomts which allow skewed connection members, lap joints which allow structural connection of timbers within the same plane, and mortise and tenon joints which serve to secure the adjacent faces of two timber members, such as to secure compression members against structural movement (Lim, 1994 . p 4.).

The jointing together of timber members plays a very important role in the construction of a timber in a building Joints and connections are usually required to transfer loads within a structure from one member to the other and then through the structure to the foundation. The load carrying capacity of any timber structure is controlled by the strength of the timber members and the strength of the fastener. Timber joints have very often been the weak point in timber construction, therefore careful consideration should be given to the design of joints to ensure the strength and stability of a structure. A structure also depends heavily on the fastening that fixes different parts together against rotation and vertical movement which exist between structural elements.

79


2.5 Case Studies of Malaysian Timber Architecture : A Comparison of Construction and Structural Systems

This section contains documentation of 18 wooden Malaysian buildings with a comparison of their respective construction and structural systems. Each case study provides a description of the building's structural behaviour with a load path diagram indicating the structural influence on architectural design. The ethnic influences of each individual period sources from published information and personal observation are analysed. The influence and general theoretical approach of each period, background and trends are also presented. Analysis was carried out based on the architectural characteristics ofindividual buildings which have a direct relevance to the specifically defined construction principles.

The subject of each case study was selected according to their different principal structural forms. Each building form is examined in its construction detailing and jointing systems. The buildings were selected based on the

· following criteria :

Structures that were historically unique or had historical interest.

Different structural technologies.

Geographical locations of the structures.

The individual building analysis is presented in a short written form complemented by graphic presentation giving details of the dimensions, the principles of construction and the material used. The graphic presentation has allowed a reduction in the written analysis for the purposes of clarity.

Each case study is analyse with a load path diagram to give an understanding on structural form and structural behaviour It is important that structural understanding can play as an active influences in architectural design. The load path diagrame was represented by the following symbol .

Rigid frame r- or -,

Rigid joint Jm Flexible joint 0

80


Case Study 2.5.1

Name: Tungku's Longhouse, Sungai Tiau, Sarawak

Date Constructed: 1922

Influences : This longhouse, built on piles, is an ancient feature of Southeast Asian architecture, which has its cultural influences from the Austronesian (Bellwood, 1979 . p. 46). There is virtually no limit to the number of units and function dictated the spacing of the structural system. The structural frame consists of a solid piece of tree trunk, trimmed to the required height to support the central roof beam. Poles are erected from a simple arrangement of different parts for the needs of functional requirements. As wind load is negligible in this location and this is a temporary structure, diagonal bracing is not required.

Structural System : Pole and frame

Analysis: The use of pole structure spaced at 4.0 metres centres each way with light wall and roof framing tied at the post using rattan. The poles are set in filled holes, which provide lateral resistance of the soil to resist lateral loads from the structure. Poles are extended up through the longhouse to support the roof directly. In this type of platform construction, the top of the poles are frequently notched to provide beam seats Horizontal beams are tied at the poles with rattan. Triangular or diagonal bracing is not used, so that structural stability depends entirely on precise joinery and careful alignment. Jointing system based on mortising and rebating with wooden wedges fit together. Therefore, the longhouse can be dismantled and resembled on new site

Sources:

Freeman. 1970 . p. 3

Figure 2 23 Load path diagram

81


r 88000

~~Ii~ j ~it -~-+-~-~-t-t-t-+-+-l' t i J J l Ji __ L~ __ L_~_i_i_i_~-~--

u

Figure 2_.24 Floor framing plan

I I 00 mm d1.imeter hardwood purlm 2 120 mm di,1meter hardwood rafter 3 150 mm d1.imeter hardwood tie beam 4 200 mm d1,1metcr hardwood po~! 5 half round bamboo floor ued with rattan mto floor J<>isll> 6 JOO mm diameter hardwood half round floor JOI~!< 7 J 50 mm dJ.1meter hardwood bearer 8 150 x 75 mm corbel

/ /

Figure 2 25 Section

Figure 2 26 Detail of floor construct10n

82

u u u

~~-">-2 ,,.,,,~::u,").

~~~~~l!M----3

Figure 2.27 Detail of eaves

r

Chapter 2 Tech11ical l11flue11ces 011 the Co11structio11 of Malaysian Buildings

Case Study 2.5.2

Name: "Rumah Penghulu Mohamed Natar", Merlimau, Malacca

Builders : Manaf Bobeng, Mahmud Kelantan, Pendek Pendekar

Owner: Pengh:ulu Mohamed Natar

Date Constructed : 1894

Influences : The design was based on old Malaccan traditional houses and showed considerable Chinese influence, both m terms of bmlding form and use of colour. In this house, the extent of this influence was more than usual on account of the owner's partnership with a Chmese businessman. The mam staircase was decorated ''~th the richly coloured glazed tiles often found in Chinese architecture. Concrete entrance stairs have replaced the traditional timber steps. This Malaccan house contained a "'short anJung" (reception area) and a "rumah mduk" (main house) with two rooms, a ''loteng'' (attic) and a "rumah dapor" (kitchen) at the rear. A feature common to all Malaccan and Mmangkabau houses ofNegeri Sembilan is an attic in the roof space used for storage purposes. Both sides of the roof gable are closed by a "tebar layar" (fascia board). (See Plates 2.1 and 1.2.2). The houses usually follow a proportion of 1/2: 1.1 between the raised portion on concrete stumps, the main body of the house and the roof respectively. The house was raised on concrete stumps at 1.20 metres high, to avoid water penetrat10n and damage to the timber (See Plate 2.3).

Structural System : Post and beam

Analysis : The design of this house is enhanced by simple construction, careful detailing and a spatial form determined by woodwork. Timber framing consists of 120 x 120 mm columns, 100 x 100 mm tie beams and 100 x 75 mm rafters, all made from "chengal" hardwood. Rafters rest on columns with span lengths of 2 30 metres. The king post acted as a tension member and supported tie beams

Source:

Measured Drawing Studies, Department of Architecture, University of Technology Malaysia.

Figure 2.28 Load path diagram

83

= = ..-en


I 22860

r r -- - - ---:--, ., I I

I I I I --- ---1 I " I •

,---.1 I L J I I I a • • • I I I I " a a u

I I .I r1 L _ __ L __ _J L ___ _L ___ _J L ___ J

Figure 2.29 Floor plan of a Malacca House

Figure 2.30 Section of a Malacca House

Plate 2. 1 .. Rumah Penghulu Mohamed Natar", Merlimau, Malacca. View looking at the main entrance. The steep central trussed roof is very dominant to accommodate attic space.

84

D

D

c

Il

Chapter 2 Technical !11flue11ces on the Construction of Malaysian Buildings

Plate 2.2 The gable of this type of roof often slants outwards at 600 mm from the walls. Ventilation holes in the gable-end will be small since they are protected from the rain by the overhang. There is a smilll gap between the timber and roof co,·cring at the edges.

Plate 2.3 Detail of floor construction. The floor beams and corner post are inserted into place and rest on a concrete footing.

Plate 2.4 Detai l of capital of the main column (tiang seri), the first colwnn to be raised on the site. made of"chengal" hardwood. The capital was carYed and painted with floral elements.

~L - ~: · ..

85

•


Plate 2.5 Detail of a corner column. The structural column was carved at the capital with three layers of elements. There has been, for centuries, a tradition I that Malay wood carvers used on building . inspired by the pattern of leaves and branches of local trees.

86


Case Study 2.5.3

Name : Air Keroh Information Centre, Air Keroh, Malacca

Architect: "Cawangan Arkitek, Jabatan Kerja Raya", Malacca

Owner : Air Keroh Information Centre


Influences : Traditional Malacca house with pointed high-pitched roof form which dictates the use of attic space under the roof The building form has been developed from a simple king post to a scissor truss for the larger span


Analysis : The frame consists of scissor trusses which rest on top of and are fixed to the columns by means of steel plates and bolts. Posts are erected from the footing, bearers and the floor joists are continuous. The floor joists 125 x 75 mm spaced at 600 mm centres are supported on the bearers 200 x 100 mm which rest on the posts. Framing connectors are nailed to the sides of the bearers and are designed to carry the floor joists Lateral bracing of the trusses is provided by internal walls. Wind loads and horizontal buckling loads from trusses are transferred to the posts and transmitted to the footings.

Source:

'"Cawangan Arkitek, Jabatan Kerja Raya", Malacca


Figure 2 32 Floor plan

87


= = = cry

= = = c--1

Figure 2 33 Sect10n

~ .... ,........._,,, --..>

Figure 2.3-l Detail of floor construcllon

150 '\ 150 mm · cheng,11'" h.1rd\\ ood P<"t 2 200 x I 00 mm h.irdwood h~.ir~r

2 3

4

1 125 '\ 75 mm l1<1rdwood floor JO"! .n 600 mm ~~ntre'

Figure 2 35 Detail of eaves

4 500 1'. 500 x 600 mm high pier re't on 900 '\ 900 x l 00 mm !luck concrete base 5 l 50 1'. 25 mm ··res.ik·· h.1rdwood tongue .md groove tnnber bo,1rd 6 l 50 '\ 75 mm "resak"" h.irdwood tie beam 7 150 '\ 50 mm "re,ak .. h.irdwood wall plate 8 150 x 75 111111 "resak .. hardwood railer .it I OOO nun centre to centre

88

8

6

7

Chapter 2 Tech11ical btflue11ces 011 the Co11structio11 of Malaysian Buildings

Case Study 2.5.4

Name: "Rumah Pak Ali", 61/4 Miles, Gombak, Kuala Lumpur

Owner : Mohd Ali and Hajjah Maimunah binti Haji Abbas


Influences : A typical Malay house boasts a strong Minangkabau influence attained from the early settlers of Selangor district who were from Sumatra The unique roof of the house was constructed and derived from "bumbung panjang Minangkabau" (long Minangkabau roof), using "attap" tiles, in a terraced form to provide proper air circulation.


Analysis : This traditional construction method requires a large amount of timber. Timber members are jointed by wooden pegs and mortise and tenon. The load bearing framework consists of square hardwood posts of 150 x 150 mm and bearers 120 x 75 mm. Posts are arranged in a grid system where bearers run in one direction between columns and are inserted into posts Posts rest on concrete stumps. Internal walls also act as secondary bracing.

Source:

Measured Drawing Studies, Department of Architecture, Umvers1ty of Technology Malaysia


89


26820

f',-------/7 ----------;r---71 ~~---------71

1 '-. A / / I / '-. / i "- / '- // / : I "- / I - : y "--- ,---_/ (I J-___ _J "- / I

r---------- ----. I // . '-, Y I

: r---~--1------>i. I t : "- I / '-,I I ;/ "-, : .............._,_..............,. __ -- --~ I ~----------/I

I // I I 1', / : : ~--- I • 1 • I "-• IV ,A ,L

( _________ --/ l / _ _[__~ ~ "'"------ / / '*-I I''- / "- '-. / ,

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~~------~ Figure 2.37 Floor plan

Figure 2 38 Sect10n

~,..-----1

-........~~-2

Figure 2 ]9 Detail of Ooor construct1on

... Ln CD .,,

I 90 x 75 mm "chengal" h.irdwood floor jo1M at 450 mm centre~. 2 120 x 75 mm "cheng.il'" hardwood be.1rer. 3 I 50 ' 150 mm "'cheng,11"' h.irdwood po~t 4 240 x 240 ' 200 mm concrete b.ise

90

Chapter 2 Teclz11ical /11jlue11ces 011 the Construction of Malaysian Buildings

Case Study 2.5.5

Name: "Rumah Haji Su", Kampong Losong Haji Su, Kuala Terengganu

Owner : Haji Awang


Influences : Stilt type houses were built in areas that were never flooded. They were found throughout the Malaysian peninsula, as well as Thailand and rural areas of Cambodia and Laos. They provided evidence for a theory that the traditional Malay house may be of Khmer origin.

Structural System : Post and Beam

Analysis: Timber frame consists of contmuous posts of 150 x 150 mm "chengal" hardwood and floor joists of 90 x 75 mm spaced at 450 mm centre to centre. The posts are erected from the ground and transferal of forces occur through direct timber contact. The basic structural system consists of cross-shaped column nodes The floor joists are inserted into posts and tighten by wedges. Corrugated roof sheeting acts as roof bracmg. Horizontal wmd loads are transmitted to the foundations by means of internal wall panels.

Source:

Measured Drawing Studies, Department of Architecture, Umversity of Technology Malaysia


r 5100

r--I I I I I I I I

Q I • I Q . . . ~ I I

I up I I I I

I I

I I L ______ - ..L-.!!P---,

Figure 2 41 Floor plan

~-

I ~ I I I I I

: I I, I I I I I.

I r-J I I __ :J

91


Figure 2 42 Section

illlil----3

---~

Figure 2 -l3 Figure 2.44 Detail of post connect10n Detail of bearers connection

I 90 :... 50 mm ··chengal"' hardwood kmg post 2 I 00 x 50 mm "'chengal" hardwood he beam 3 150 x 150 mm "'cheng.il" hardwood post 4 90 x 75 mm "'chengal" hardwood floor 101st .it 450 centre~ 5 \\edge' 6 \H>oden dowel

92

Figure 2 45 Detail of tie-beam

Chapter 2 Technical /11flue11ces 011 the Co11structio11 of Malaysian Buildings

Case Study 2.5.6

Name: '"Rumah Tele", Losong, Kuala Terengganu

Owner: "Muzium Negeri Terengganu"


Influences : The buildmg form and method of construct10n suggests influences from Thailand, Cambodia and Laos Many of these nations share a fairly common structural form, where timbers are selected for their durability. Timber, used for fomung the wall framing, invariably contmued into the ground to form the stumps.


Analysis : The framework of post and beam construction is arranged in a gnd system. The ""chengal" hardwood bearers of 195 x 70 mm are slotted into 160 x 160 mm posts to support the floor Joists 195 x 70 mm tie-beams are used for connection at the top of the posts to prevent them from falling apart. The loads are transferred from the upper to lower column by means of a 160 x 160 mm "chengal" hardwood. Honzontal bracmg is provided by internal wall panels.

Source:

··sembahrin Arkitek", Kuala Terengganu.


8530 mJ

I I I ''----t- I I I

I I I I I I I I I L_ ~

I I I -, I I I I - I I

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Figure 2 47 I L_..J.. _ _J _ _l _ __L ___ _J

Floor framing plan

93


Figure 2 48 Section

Figure 2..+9

f------2 >-----3

Detail of bearer and post connection post _1oint111g

1 195 x 70 mm ·'cheng.il" h.irdwnnd lie he,1m 2 \\edge' 3 160 :\ 160 nun ··cheng.11 · IMrdwood P"'' 4 310 '310 mm 'tone h.i'e 5 195 '95 nun ·'cheng,1r· h,1rd\\ood !,.mg P"'' r, I Ml '75 111111 ··d1eng.11' h,1rd\\00J tie he.1m

Figure 2.50 Detail of tie-beam and kmg

94


Case Study 2.5. 7

Name: "Rumah Tiang Enam", Losong, Kuala Terengganu

Owner: "Muzium Negeri Terengganu"


. Influences : This type of building tradition is regarded as a continuation of the old Patani influences. The most significant and distinctive features are the wide roof fascia boards that decorated each gable end in the form of two wide arcs to a sharp apex. There are two types oflayout for these houses; the simplest is "rumah bujang" (six pillared type) and "rumah tiang dua belas" (twelve pillared type). The house structure is different because of the wide bay spans which require additional intermediate rows of stumps to support the floor.


Analysis : The basic plan is a rectangular form of 7. 60 x 3. 0 metres, consisting of single square hardwood posts of 225 x 225 mm resting on stone bases The hardwood ridge beam 175 x 175 mm slots into the king post, 150 x 150 mm, slanted at 45 degrees. The tie-beam is connected to post and roof members to provide additional strength. Horizontal bracing is provided by external wall panels

Source:

Raja Ahmad Shah, 1988 : p. 51


F-- ------~] I .... ---------- 8

I I = I I ~-- ________ =.J

J 7600 J re "

Figure 2.52 Floor plan

95

Figure 2.53 Section


Figure 2 54 Detail of ridge

I 175 x 175 mm hardwood ndge beam 2 25 x 25 mm hardwood batten 3 75 x 190 mm hardwood purlm 4 150 x 150 mm hardwood kmg poM 5 200 x 90 mm hardwood he beam 6 225 x 225 mm hardwood po~t

96

Figure 2.55 Detail of eaves

Chapter 2 Technical Influences on tire Construction of Malaysian Buildings

Case Study 2.5.8

Name: "Rumah Kutai", Perak


Influences : "Rumah Kutai" are commonly found in settlements along the North Perak River The most significant feature of this building form is the extensive use of open plan concept where the "serambi" is defined by a short bay-space on the same floor level as the main house. "Rumah Kutai" are mainly found in the Northern states ofKedah, Perlis, Penang and Perak, where "bumbung lima" roofs are used with the "anjung" projected at the front of the house On the outside, the house is easily recognised by it steep roof shape. The roof is continuous and gradually changes pitch merging the two roofs together


Analysis : The timber frame consists of continuous square hardwood posts of 150 x 150 mm resting on concrete stumps Posts are erected from the concrete stumps and connected with hardwood tie-beams of 150 x 150 mm. This system provides an economical frame that can be fabricated and adopted to buildings of various uses, sizes, layout and roof shapes This is not a prefabricated system but an incentive as a model to design and build a timber frame building.

Source: Hilton, 1956 . p. 153


Figure 2 57 Floor framing plan

97


Figure 2.58 Section

.+---------- 1 r---------2

Figure 2.59 Detail of floor construction

Figme 2.61 Detail of wall plate and tie-beam joint into post

98

150 x 150 mm hardwood p11'1 120 x 50 mm hardwood h,,arcr 75 x 50 mm hardwood ll111>r j11i,1 150 x 50 mm hardwood tic hcam 120 x 75 mm hardwood wall pbtc 90 x 50 mm hardwood king post wooden dowel

Figure 2.60 Detail of post jointing system

Figure 2.62 Detail of king post slotted in10 tic-beam


Case Study 2.5.9

Name: Walian House, Jalan Nusa, Kuala Lumpur

Architect : CSL Associates

Engineers : Perunding Bersama Sdn Bhd.

Builders : Miles Reality

Owner : Mr and Mrs. Lim C W.


Influences : The architectural expression for this house has many traditional elements of detailing reminiscent of the Chinese bracket system, with · modifications using connections of bolts and nuts. The building form is inspired by industrial smoke sheds and adapted as a residence. The designers have a thorough understanding of the use of recycled timber that can be structurally sound. Using recycled timber not only utilises what would have become waste, it is also a way of obtaining some of the older types of timber that are not readily available today and reduces the need to cut down trees


Analysis : The roof structure is built up of timber trusses braced, bracketed, and bolted to heavy chengal beams to create suspended layered roofs. Rigid joints are formed by the bracket system. Timber frame consists of single piece cross sections and 150 x 75 mm "chengal" tie beams are continuous. The 200 x 200 mm columns are erected from the ground rest on square concrete stumps.

Source:

Lim. 1984 · p. 32

Houses - 7 KL Architects, 1985 : p. 26

Lim. 1988 (c): p. 13 ,------·.,. ' ~

Lim 1990 (b) p 85

Figure 2 63 L.U r

Load path diagram and roof plan

99


F1gure'2.64 Section

Figure 2 65 Detail of bracket support roof overhang

2 100 x 50 mm "chengal" hardwood purlm 4 200 x 200 mm "cheng.il" hardwood column 6 150 x 75 mm "chengal" hardwood rafter~ .it

600 mm centres

100


I 50 ).. 25 mm ··chengar· hardwood batten' .it 250 centre' 2 I 00 x 50 mm ·'cheng.il" hardwood purhn 3 150 x 75 mm ·'chengal" hardwood rafter at 600 centre~ 4 200 '\ 200 mm ·'chengdl .. h.ird\\ood wlumn 5 250 x 75 mm ··chengar· hard\\ood he.im 6 150 x 75 111111 ··chengar· h.ird\\ood r.il\er- .it 600 centre'

Figure 2 66 Detail of bracket connected to post

101


Case Study 2.5.10

Name: "Masjid Tua Kampung Laut", Kota Bahru, Kelantan

Owner: "Yayasan Islam Negeri Kelantan"


Influences : The "Kampong Laut" Mosque is linked to "Masjid Agung Demak" in Jawa, built in approximately 14 79 with the growth and spread of Islam in Jawa. The three-tiered roof form is similar to the roof ofKampung Laut Mosque


Analysis : The central part of the inner hall consists of four square hardwood columns of 200 x 200 mm supporting the roofing superstructures. The structure is based on post and beam intersecting at 90 degrees, connected by mortise and tenon joints. The jointing method for the columns 200 x 200 mm is based on the form of post-head and tying joints for the beams 150 x 75 mm The posts have refined tenon frontal upstand, the upstand stub-tenoning into the tie beam. (See Figure 2. 71 and Plate 2.6). The weakness of this assembly is that decay of any of the three timber members causes total collapse. Secondary beams are constructed diagonally to form lateral wind bracing. Horizontal stiffening is provided by external walls which act as secondary wind bracing

Source:

Measured Drawmg Studies, Department of Archi~ecture,

University of Technology Malaysia

Ruslan, 1980, p. 40.

Nasir, 1984 · p 45.

Valatsea, 1990, 9. 43


102

r

I II u

Chapter 2 Tech11ical /11fluences on the Construction of Malaysian Buildings

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Figure 2.68 Plan

Figure 2.69 Section

11 I I lJ

I

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103

II u

l ii u


Figure 2.70 Detail of corner post

Figure 2.72 Detail of hanging beam

Plate 2.6 Detail of tie beam connection. Tie beam of 150 x 75 mm .. chengal" hardwood inserted into wall plate of 150 x 75 mm .. chengal" hardwood and resting on 150 x 150 post.

I 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9

104

Figure 2.71 Detail of tie-beam jointed with roof bea m

75 x 75 nun ·'chenga1·· hardwood bracing 150 x 150 nun " chengal" hardwood hanging beam 120 x 75 mm "chengar • hardwood ring beam 150 x 75 nun "chengal" hardwood tie beam 150 x 7 5 mm "chengal" hardwood wall plate 200 x 200 nun "chengal" hardwood po~1 100 x 50 nun "chengal" hardwood tie beam dowel 300 x 300 nun "chengal" hardwood post


Plate 2.7 Detail of corner post in inner hall. Decorated hardwood "chengal" bracket. car;ed with floral motifs, stiffens the stabi li ty of the inner four post structure.

Plate 2.8 Detail of hanging beam. Hanging beam 150 x 150 mm carYed at the bottom with Islamic symbols.

l05


Case Study 2.5.11

Name: Forest Research Institute's Mosque, Kepong, Selangor

Engineers: Lew Wing Hing

Owner: Forest Research Institute of Malaysia


Influences : The multi fold umbrella-like roof form is inspired by the-National Mosque which was influenced by the post-independence mosque builders from Middle East. It is the first mosque in Malaysia to explore laminated timber beams The pentagon floor plan is based on an Islamic symbols.

Structural System: Hinged Frames.

Analysis : Roof is divided into 10 segments to create multifolded roof Five radially arranged glued-laminated beams form the multi-folded roof at a height of 15. 0 metres. Three hinged laminated wood frames are statically determinate, therefore the loads are carried through bending and shear stresses in frame bent and fogs. The bases of beams are embedded in concrete footings at 2.89 metres high and are secured against lateral movement by 4 x 25 x 375 mm high density bolts. At the apex, beams are joined by 150 x 120 mm coach screws

Source.

Forest Products Division, Forest Research Institute of Malaysia


Figure 2 7-l Plan

·\

------1-------

106

I I

I I I I I I I

-J I

I I

I I

Chapter 2

Figure 2.75 Section

Figure 2.76 Detail of apex

Figure 2. 78 Detail of apex

Technical Influences on the Construction of Malaysian Buildings

~~3 ~----6

-~----- 7

107

Figure 2.77 Detail of base

1 25 mm diameter vane rod 2 1 50 x 120 mm coach screws 3 glue laminated beam 4 galvanised welded mild steel base shoe 5 4 x 25 x 375 mm high density boll• 6 M 20 bolt 7 20 mm thick mi ld steel plate


Case Study 2.5.12

Name: "Teluk Intan Clock Tower"

Builder: Leong Choon Choong

Owner: "Majlis Daerah Hilir Perak", Teluk Intan, Perak


Influences : Building form imitates the Chinese pagoda and was influenced by European timber technology and jointing systems. The principal innovation in the detailing during this period was the introduction of metalwork as an integral part of the structure. This was used not simply to reinforced joints but as the princip.al means of transmitting load from one timber to another.

Structural System : Timber framed suspended of a solid masonry core.

Analysis : The timber connection used bolts and nuts and solid timber ring beams of 200 x 200 mm, which were curved by heating using traditional methods Horizontal stiffening is provided in floors and roof by connecting piece 300 x 90 x 8 mm tied with hardwood rafters of230 x 90 mm Cross bracing is provided above the solid masonry core to eliminate buckling under service loads. The tension stability transferred the multi-layered roof load back to the solid core.

Source:

Civil Engmeenng Department, University Science of Malaysia.

Maniam, 1992. p

Khoo. 1991 p. 8

Figure 2 7') Load path diagram

108

Chapter 2

I I

I

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~ \ \ \

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.......

Fig1ire 2.80 Plan

........

Technical Influences on the Construction of Malaysian Buildings

1 16

>/ -------

\

'/ /

/

\ \ \

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I I

I

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Figure 2.8 1 Sec1io11

109


Figure 2.82 Plan view of tie rod connection

Plate 2.9 Detail of floor joists supported on 724 mm thick brick wall all around the building. Floor joists of 230 x 7 5 mm are recessed and rest on the brick wall to support timber boards.

Plate 2. 10 Detail of intermediate post. Hardwood ring beams of 2-lO x 100 mm are recessed 40 mm deep and bolted to the post of 230 x 230 mm. A timber block of 150 x 100 mm is used to strengthen the ring beam' s connection.

I ~onne~ting piece 300 x 90 x 8 mm for ratl~r 2 18.75 mm steel ti c 3 300 x 300 x 750 mm hardwood timber 4 connector a.'semhly

j 2400

J .-------- - 4

'------- 2

Figure 2.83 Elevation of tie rod detailing

110


Plate 2. 1 l Detail of roof connecting piece. Connecting piece of 300 x 90 x 8 mm tied with hardwood rafters of 230 x 90 mm.

Plate 2. 12 Detail of overhang roof structure. Struts of 230 x 80 mm support overhanging roof and are fixed by nails into posts of 230 x 230 mm. The posts were stiffened by 6 mm thick steel plates, bolted on both sides.

111


Case Study 2.5.13

Name: Club Mediterranean Resort, Kuantan, Pahang

Architect : C.V Z Paterne, Paris (Local Consultant - Hijjas Kasturi Associates)

Engineers : Angkasa Jurutera Perunding Sdn. ~hd.

Owner: SEDC Pahang Holiday Villages of Malaysia Club Mediterranean, Paris


Influences : The village was influenced of Polynesian and East Coast traditional building principles in modern architecture using timber material. The design and construction of the building also to develop a responsive related to Malaysia's climate and at the same time expressive of national and regional ideals (Yeang, 1993 : p. 327).

Structural System: Post and Beam

Analysis : The timber framework consists of tie beams and columns where the basic structural feature is the cross-shaped column node Floor joists are cantilevered at 300 mm on each side, shear connectors used between the plate and column transfer the load through the plate directly from the upper to the lower column. Floor beam connections are bolted to columns. The roof structure rests on roof beams and columns and is stiffened by steel brackets and diagonal bracing

Source:

Baxendale, 1980 · p 50


Figure 2.85 Section

= = Ln = .--

112

Chapter 2 Technical Influences on the Comtructio11 of Malaysian Builtlings

Figure 2.86 Detail of Ooor beam end joint

Plate 2. L)

Deta il of the covered walkway. Hardwood columns 150 x 100 mm are braced to resist lateral movement. Bracing is fixed together with 150 x 75 mm bearers, using M 12 bolts

Plate 2. J.i

Detail of first floor beam at cafeteria. Two floor beams of 50 x 150 mm with staircase component bolted for stability. M 20 bolts are used for jointing between members.

Figure 2.87 Elevation of floor beam detail

I 200 x 200 mm hardwood co lumn 2 200 x I 50 mm noor beam 3 300 x 150 floor beam 4 300 x 150 mm timber blocks 5 split rings 6 200 x 250 nun hardwood column

113


Plate 2.15 Detail of bearers and floor joists Twin bearers of 50 x 200 mm recessed at 50 mm deep are fixed to 200 x 200 mm columns and supported by 75 x 300 mm timber blocks on both sides. Floor joists of 50 x 150 mm are scarf jointed and bolted to the columns, using M 20 bolts. Steel plates are used to prevent the joint from splitting .

. Plate 2.16 Detail of the eaves overhang. Twin rafters of 50 x 150 mm rest on the tie beam of75 x 200 mm and are fixed to columns using mild steel brackets.

Plat.e 2.17 Detail of tie-beam at foyer. Tie-beam of 50 x 150 mm is braced and bolted with M 20 at interval bay to prevent lateral movement. A timber block is inserted between the tie-beam members to connect the joint.

J

114

Chapter 2 Teclznical Influences on the Construct!on of Malaysian Buildings

Case Study 2.5.14 Name : Kayu Sedia Sdn. Bhd , Off Jalan Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur

Owner : Kayu Sedia Sdn Bhd


Influences : This is a simple curved top chord truss The substantial gussets at knee-joints provide frame action for lateral loads and truss action for vertical ~~s .

Structural System : Bowstring truss

Analysis : The structure is a large curved roof truss. It is 17 60 x 27.40 metres long with 150 x 150 mm solid hardwood columns. It used the bowstring truss to provide an alternative type of roof truss system for a large span industrial building The roof trusses have twin °top and bottom chords to form a segmented curve. Trusses are nailed together in several layers, bolted and strengthened with gusset plates. The quilding has a series of longitudinal bracing trusses, formed around the main transverse truss members and fully braced truss and column bays.

Source:

Tottenham, 1958: p 25

Jaap, 1975: p. 7


ri----1

:~------~1 :r-------~ Li________ : : f I 4-------H

~~------4;,_ ~0> ~---------11 Ll--------~ L ___ -----------..1

Figure 2.89 Roof tmsses layout plan

115

= = N u::>

Chapter 2 Technical b~fluences on the Construction of Malaysian Buildings

Figure 2.90 Section

Fi!,111re 2. 91 Detail of roof overhang I 30 x 50 111111 hard\\ ood purlin at 450 mm 2 2 x 20 x I 00 mm top cord nailed in 5 layers 3 4 mm thi.:k gusset plate 4 :-. 1 20 holts

2 x 40 x 75 mm hardwood support 6 150 x 150 mm hard\\ ood column

Plate 2. 18 Detail of bowstring trn s. Segmental upper chord member was formed using several layers of smaller timber joined together with nai ls.

·- --- - 4

. _,.. ), - .- . -J

- . - - . ..._ . .-• .

11 6

Chapter 2 Technical Influences 011 th e Construction of Malaysian Buildings

Plate 2. 19 Deta il of the bottom chord. The chord consists of two members sandwiched together with an intermediate web member bolted using M 16 bolts.

Plate 2. 20 Deta il of roof overhang. Segmented cuive has collapsed due to exposure to \Yeather. The overhanging eaYes provided are too shallow to prevent rain water entering the roof members .

11 7


Case Study 2.5.15

Name : Fire Resistant Shed, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Selangor

Engineers : Lew Wing Hing

Owner: Forest Research Institute of Malaysia


Influences : Portal frames are most commonly used in commercial and industrial buildings which have no historical inspiration. Structural glued laminated timber (gluelam) has been used in engineering structures in the United States since 1935. The technology for these buildings was derived from international influences. They were made possible by the use of gluedlaminated timber or multiple nail technology. The rigid-joint of the portal frame was connected by nails on site using plywood gusset plates It does not have rotational restraint because it can easily be given stiffness on its own plane to resist any tendency to sway sideways under the action of a horizontal load Wind bracing and stiffening in both directions of such rigid connections are provided by nailing end purlins to the frame.

Structural System : Portal frames

Analysis : Another structural form which has been used successfully is portal framing which provides rigid joints at junction and roof to transfer wind load movement to the walls. An example of this form can be found at the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia at Selangor where the Fire Resistant Laboratory was constructed in 1984

The plan is rectangular in form, 15 0 x 40 8 metres with a 20 degree pitched roof. The main structural system consists of 9 portal frames and each bay is 6.0 metres long. Laminated columns 350 x 150 mm are supported on concrete bases 300 x 150 mm. The bases of the columns are connected to concrete footings and are secured against lateral movement by steel plates. The reinforced concrete footing closed the frame action and provided the mass needed for overturning stability of the relatively high and very light structure. The stability of the portal frame is supported by knee braced trusses to form a triangulated frame structure Side plates of 25 mm thick plywood on both sides were used to connect columns and beams in frame. All connections used nails to form a pattern (See Figures 2.95 and 2.96; Plate 2.21). Longitudinal bracing was provided by timber bracing in the roof plane at intermediate and the end bays. The apex of the portal frame was stiffened using plywood gussets on both sides. In addition, diagonal bracing is formed with purlins as struts to resist wind forces. (See Plate 2.22).

118

C> C> -en

Chapter 2 Technical Influences on tlte Construction of Malaysian Buildings

So urce :

~::": :::~:·~: i ; i si~" Fo<0Sl R'~~"h I osi i~f Malaysia J

Zoe. 1992 : p. I

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Figme 2. 92 Figure 2. 93 Load path diagram Roof layout plan

Figure 2.9-l Section

119

I 50 x 100 mm purlins at 600 centres 2 25 mm thick plywood gusset plate 3 I 50 x 350 mm colunm 4 300 x 500 nm1 concrete base

1111111-----3


1200

Figure 2.95 Detail of intermediate post with knee brace support

1 50 x 100 mm purl ins at 600 centres 2 25 mm thick plywood gusset plate 3 1 SO x 350 mm column 4 300 x 500 mm concrete base 5 100 x 150 x 225 mm cleat 6 150 x 300 mm glulam rafter 7 2 x M 16 bolts 8 7 5 x 200 nun knee brace

Figure 2.97 Detail of column connection

120

I' I

Figure 2.96 Detail of apex

.!-------

6

Cllll pter· 2 Technical Influences 011 the Co11.uructio11 of Malaysian Buildings

Plate 2.2 1 Detail of apex. 25 mm thick plywood gusset plates nailed on both sides of the portal frame. Roof was braced with purlins as struts to resist wind forces.

Pl<lle 2.22 Detail of knee brace. 25 mm thick waterproof pl~•rnod gusset fixed with 70 mm s.w.g. nails. Knee brace 150 x 200 mm used to strengthen latera l movement. The portal frame is efficient stmctura lly. this loads to sayings in the timber.

121


Case Study 2.5.16

Name: General Lumber (Holdings) Bhd, Kelang, Selangor

Engineers: Y Wong Dan Sekutu

Owner : General Lumber (Holdings) Bhd


Influences : In the past two decades, trussed roof construction has become dominant, beginning with traditional patterns of Fink, Howe, King Post and minor modifications of these types. The basic method of roof framing is the roof truss using the Gang-nail prefabricated system. The truss was assembled with a multitude of connection systems including metal plates and bolts and nuts. Individual truss members are designed to restrain the corresponding forces in tension or compression forces. Prefabricated timber trusses are highly efficient in the utilisation of timber and they form an economical roofing system Saving in fabrication and erection costs can be achieved if the designer has an intimate knowledge, not only of the materials, but also of the fabrication process. Properly designed, manufactured and erected timber trusses will perform satisfactory to support the specified roof without sagging or leaking

Structural System : Double Howe truss

Analysis : The building encloses an open plan area of 48.0 x 18.20 metres for a timber store. The columns are spaced 12.0 metres apart with 75 x 50 mm purlins and girts spaced at 1.20 metres in between. The spliced columns consist of2 x 50 x 100 mm pieces of"kempas" species laced together, making the overall section size nominally 100 mm wide and 200 mm deep. The structural system is based on "portal" action with solid posts. Rafters are braced with 48 x 75 mm timbers at the columns together with the roof structure. Horizontal bracing is provided in the roof structure for stability

Source:

Buildmg Plan Approval Department Forestry Department Headquarters, Kuala Lumpur.

Ong, 1990 p. 111

Yong. 1992, p 54


122

= = M = .-

Chapter 2 Technical Influences 011 the Construction of Malaysian Buildings

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Figure 2 99 Roof trusses layout plan

Figure 2 100 Section

123

2 x 50 x 100 mm hardwood column 2 25 x 60 mm tru~' members 4 50 x 150 x 6 mm tluck mild 'te~l plate


I 2 x 50 x I 00 nun hardwood column 2 25 x 60 mm truss member.< 3 50 x 50 mm intennediate spliced colunm 4 50 x 150 x 6 nm1 thick mild steel plate

Figure 2.101 Detail of column connection

Pla te 2.23 Detail of intermediate column. Truss plate connectors used the connecting members of roof trusses to transmit tensile forces to hardwood ··kempas., column

124


Plate 2.2-l Detail of corner column. Columns consist of 2 :x 50 :x 100 mm with a 7 5 :x 50 mm knee brace to resist lateral movement.

125


Case Study 2.5.17

Name: Kim Chin Hoe Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Jalan Kapar, Kelang, Selangor

Engineers : Yap Chin Tian

Owner : Kim Chin Hoe Sawmill Sdn. Bhd.


Influences: A common solution of industrial building with a jack roof structure for natural ventilation and lighting The wood trusses used bolts and nuts for fasteners were dependent primarily on skilful carpentry to obtain the well-fitted joints necessary for the transferred of both compression and tension stresses

Structural System : Pratt Truss

Analysis : The building is a simple pitched roof shelter with a rectangular plan of30.0 x 22.40 metres. The shelter consists of six bays and each bay is 4.28 metres long. The columns support the trusses which cantilever 5 0 metres on both sides. (See Plate 1. 75). The base of each "kempas" hardwood square timber post 300 x 300 mm is covered with circular 6 mm thick steel plate to height of 900 mm. They serve to protect against damage from fork lifts and the heavy concrete base tied to the footing gives stability to the structure and prevents it from over turning The columns were stiffened using 125 x 125 mm web members acting as knee braces. A knee brace creates some fixity, resulting in a shorter effective column length which permits the column to support a larger load. This bracing method is a practical means of transferring loads to column members to minimise the column's instability.

The roof structure is a Pratt truss system, consisting of two 150 x 50 mm tie beams using M 20 bolts, bolted at the column. Rafter members are also two pieces of timber 150 x 150 mm with the intermediate connection at 600 mm, overlapped using M 12 mm bolts. The apex detail, strengthened by 6 mm thick gussets plates on both sides and struts members, was braced with a 150 x 150 mm collar tie The roof was braced with timber members 125 x 50 mm at bay intervals to prevent lateral movement The corrugated roof sheeting also acts as a secondary structural bracing for stability of the structure.

The disadvantage of this type of construction is that bolting is concentrated at a few positions Therefore, spacing between bolts, as well as edge distance, is critical in design. For example, bolted trusses are kept closely spaced to minimise the number of bolts required at the joints Mistakes very commonly spotted on bolted trusses include over-sized bolt holes, missing washers, nuts not properly tightened and wrong bolt locations which will often deflect problems to truss members

126

Chapter 2 Technical Influences 011 the Co11structio11 of Malaysia11 Buildi11gs

Source:

Bmldmg Plan Approval Department. Forest!! Department Headquarters. Kuala Lumpur

Kim Chm Hoe Sawnull Sdn Bhd

Atwell. 1979 p 6

Hoyle et al. 1989 p 299


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Figure 2.103 Roof trusses layout plan

127


~------r---------1

~-------6

~----e

~------9

Figure 2.105 Detail of intermediate post with bracing

1 2 6 mm thick m s. gusset plate 3 2 x 150 x 50 mm "kempas" tie be.m1s 4 300 x 300 mm hardwood "kempa.'" column 5 400 mm diameters concrete base at 900 iim1 high 6 150 x 150 mm hardwood "kempas .. roofbe.1m 7 125 x 50 mm web member< 8 2 x 125 x 65 mm upper .ind l<mer chord' 9 60 nun th1d, gw .. ,cb pl.ite

Figure 2 I 06 DctaJI of column conncct1011

128


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Plate 2.25 Detail of truss with knee braced support. Lateral movement was strengthen by 125 x 125 mm knee braced support at the column, connected using M 12 bolts and nuts. Because it was difficult to obtain timbers of sufficient length for the tie beam, this member was formed in two lengths.

Plate 2.26 Detail of roof bracing. Diagonal bracing is provided to prevent the roof structures from latera l movement.

Plate 2.27 Detail of truss. Twin collar tie is used to brace at the centres of the webs members.

no


Case Study 2.5.18

Name: Space Frame Experimental Structure

Engineers : Low Kow Sai

Owner: Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Kepong, Selangor


Influences : Space frame is a 20th century structural innovation using computer calculations to analyse the structural behaviour of roof members Timber space frame could be adopted for more efficient and economical reasons, compared to steel structures. Space frame structure has the advantages of cost efficiency and structural lightness for larger span buildings Although wood has a high strength to weight ratio, it is governed by the efficiency of the jointing system, especially the joints in tension state. Essentially this efficiency derives from the elimination of bending or direct axial forces in individual members. Lower chord joints are bolted into the spaced column with bolts. The bending moment governing· the webs and connections is decomposed into shears and axial forces in upper and lower chords Because the cost of space frame depends primarily on the number of joints, it is economical to use large grid module. However, a disadvantage is that larger grids increase the connection forces.

Structural System : Flat plate

Analysis : Roof is a partially cantilevered truss grid resting on corner columns spaced at 2 50 x 1.60 metres. Truss cantilevers sides at 1.50 metres and truss depth is 600 mm. Upper and lower chords 50 x 50 mm are single member Lower chord joints are jointed with steel plates with M 20 bolts and nuts Columns are built up of2 x 50 x 50 mm "kempas" hardwood. The end columns is braced with 50 x 50 mm hardwood knee brace in four directions to give stability of the entire structure.

Source:

Forest Products Division, Forest Research Institute of Malaysia.

r 1 Figure 2 107 Load path diagram

131

Chapter 2 Technical Influences on the Co11struction of Malaysian Buildings

Figure 2.108 Roof framing plan

Figure 2.109 Section

Figure 2 110

I 50 x 50 mm hardwood purlm 2 25 x 25 mm strut member 3 M 20 bolt 4 50 x 50 mm hardwood knee braced 5 2 x 50 x 50 mm hardwood post 6 150 x 200 mm hardwood

timber block

------~i0"--3

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Detail of roof connect10n

132

Chapter 2 Teclrnical Influ ences 011 tire Construction of Malaysian Buildings

Plilte 2.28 Detai l of intermediilte post. Hilrdwood knee brace 50 x 50 mm braced in four directions to give stability to the roof strncture and transfer loads to spaced columns 50 x IOO mm.

Plate 2.29 Detail at the top of a spaced column. Space frame roof strncture is designed in a modular system using mild steel plates to connect the roof to the columns using bolts and nuts.

Plate 2.30 Detail at the corner of the cantile\'ered roof structure. Space frame member 50 x 50 111111 cantilevered out 1.50 metres from support which transmits load to column.

CHAPTER 3

Case Studies of International Wood Architecture

Chapter 3 Case Studies of International Wood Architecture


This section contains five case studies, three Australian, one from Norway and another from Switzerland. These examples of wooden structures illustrate the practical use of structural timber, and suggest future directions for value adding to forest-based resource which might applicable to Malaysia situation. Although, these examples are from overseas, the integration of timber

. technology use in their construction, has potential for the construction of timber structures in the Malaysian context.

These structures have been selected as they represent unique structural forms, with the common characteristic oflong span capabilities, over 19.50 metres Such structures, which require a high level of technical competence from designers, are the product of different structural technologies and will be examined in terms of construction and structural systems

Lew (1992 : p. 72), has stated that the Asean Timber Technology Centre, of which he is the director, will continue to play a catalytic role focussing specifically on appropriate technology transfer based on research and development, to achieve a rapid development for timber use locally.

Wong (198: p. 3), has mentioned that Malysian experiance in techno-transfer process does not always end with success. The development of new technologies and the translation of new technologies into commercial application involve extensive research and development, incurring considerable time, efford and money. In the course of industralization, the Malaysian timber sector has brought in various technologies from overseas and has been exposed to some of the indigeneous technologies which are mostly adaption of technologies developed in oyher research laboratories It is a complex process particularly in developing countries which have different cultures and needs to be adapted

The resposibility of carrying out research and development activities rests with Forest Research Institute of Malaysian (FRIM), the Forest Research Centre of the Forest Department Sabah, the Timber.Research and Technical Training Centre of the Forest Department Sarawak a.nd the institutions of higher learning, particularly the Forestry Faculty of the Agriculture University Malaysia (UPM) and University Technology Malaysia (UTM). The promotion of research on timber engineering for a greater use of timber for structural purpose should be collective and coperative efforts between the researchers in the ASEAN region.

134

Chapter3 Case Studies of International Wood Architecture

1 Naval Stores, New South Wales, Australia The first example examines a clear large span triangular timber truss building constructed in 1943 in N~w South Wales, Australia (See Figure 3 I) The construction system explored the use of small built-up timber members nailed together to form boxed trussed arches which span 32.0 metres. This has obvious advantages to the use of timber in a resource rich country, which is concerned about the depletion of this valuable resource. Properly designed structural timber components can also make effective use of cheaper, locally available wood species of short lengths from off-cuts or forest thinning.

2 Devonport War Memorial Swimming Centre, T?Ismania, Australia

The second example explored the use of timber to create built-up space frame trusses, which is a recent innovation with the aid of advancements in computer software to calculate its structural behaviour (See Figure 3. 7). The space frame supports a metal deck roof made up of saw textured Tasmanian hardwood members joined by 50 mm steel bolt connections. The structure is designed on a 1220 mm grid and is seated on 12 RHS columns An experimental shed constructed by the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia at Kepong has proven that smaller off-cut timber members can be successfully adopted and applied for larger span building. The efficiency of this type of system which is supported along it edges, rather than by columns, has effectively reduced the span. Further more, space frame is much more efficient than a two-way truss system because the diagonal members are at an angle so that they give torsional stiffness and the ability to distribute load.

3 Tradesman's Entrance Hardware Store, Victoria, Australia The third example used plywood box beams which have considerable structural depth and saving of material in the less heavily stressed webs. (See Figure 3 10). This building demonstrates an understanding of the use of different timber materials in a variety of structural forms and jointing techniques For example, solid timber was used as bolted columns and trusses, while plywood was used in diaphragms, shear walls, webs in beams, nailed gusset plates and as external cladding Glued-laminated timber was used to form the main portal frame structure and laminated veneer lumber was used as members in the bolted and nailed trusses.

4 Hamar Olympic Stadium, Norw.ay The fourth example used a glue-laminated timber construction to achieve an alternative solution for a large span structure. (See Figure 3 .13). Gluedlaminated technology arrived in Malaysia in the 1960' s, and has been used to construct an experimental laminated bridge structure and later a mosque at Forest Research Institute Malaysia (Tan, 1987 (a) : p. I). This method uses smaller pieces of "Light Red Meranti" timber glued together to form individual members which in tum are glued together to form large cross sections for beams or columns In the field of glue-laminated timber construction, the development of different techniques has created a virtually unlimited range of possibilities to adopting the shape of members to structural or aesthetic

135

Chapter3 Case Studies of lnternatio11al Wood Architecture

requirements They are suitable for industrial and commercial buildings appropriate for Malaysia.

5 Wohlein High School, Switzerland The fifth example explored the possibilities of using plywood material in building. Because of its shear values combined with flexural rigidity and light weight, it can be fully exploited as sheathing for framed buildings, gussets for timber trusses, I-webs, box beams and folded plate roofs (See Figure 3.15 ) Plywood has a very light strength to weight ratio because its structure can resist high concentrated loads. It has a low coefficient of expansion and moves very little with changes in moisture. In 1992, Malaysia exported 1. 92 million cubic metres plywood, which is now Malaysia's largest export product. However, very little use is made of plywood locally. Development overseas in the use of plywood for structural components have potential applications in Malaysia and such local use of plywood should be encouraged

136

Chapter3 Case Studies of International Woptl Architecture

Case Study 3.1

Name : Naval Stores

Designer: Allied Works Council (AWL)

Owner: The Royal Australian Navy

Builders : Civil Construction Corporation


Location: Spurway St. Ermington, New South Wales, Australia

Structural System : Three pin trussed arches - foundation

Sources

Department of Works & Housing, 1946, A Report on the Structural Soundness of Unseasoned Timbers Used in Structures Erected for War Purposes, Department of Works & Housing, Melbourne.

Nolan, G., 1994 (b) : pp. 269 - 278

Description : In 1943, the threat of Japanese invasion of Australia created the need for rapidly constructed military buildings. The design of naval store at Ermington, New South Wales, was derived from steel hanger in the U.S. A, and adapted for construction as a segmented curved roof structure built from unseasoned Australian hardwood instead of steel (Nolan, 1994 (b): p 272) This building explored every possible timber coqstruction nail joint technology introduced by the United States military which was available at that time These structures are unique as they are the first long span trusses recorded that use timber as tension web members and remain the longest clear span triangular timber truss buildings in Australia.

The complex consists of seven 125.0 x 32.0 metres wide buildings (See Figure 3 3). Each store is roofed by 32 three pin trussed arches in 31 off 4.02 metres bays Each arch is a boxed trussed member 600 mm wide and 950 mm high at the centre, and tapering in height to each end. (See Figure 3. 1). The arches are constructed from green hardwood and were nailed on site. The diagonal web members run past the arch chords, giving enough space end grain distance to control end splitting (See Figure 3. 2) Two bays at each end are braced. Purlins I 00 x 50 mm are spaced at I OOO mm centres are simply supported by green hardwood running over the top of the arches, supporting a curved sheet metal roof (See Figures 3 4 and 3. 5) The roof structure is strutted off the arches at the apex to provide a ridge Arches are supported off concrete base pads for stability and tied down by two bolts at each foundation point.

137

Chapter 3

Plate :1 . 1 The arches being constructed by local ca rpenter in I 9-l3. Source : Australian Archi, ·e

Plate :1.2 View looking at the arches. The arches are constructed of lattice nailed light hardwood members.


138

Chapter 3

Plate 3.3 Detail of arches. A section of the box arch showing four layers of vertical webs and two layer of horizontal weds framing the arch chords.

Plate 3.3 Detail of arches. Timber of I 25 x 63 mm arch chords is used.


139

Chapter 3

Plate :u The base connection of arches consisted of two tie down bolts and a hardwood pin. Base pin to the arches is sited on the buttress frame .


140

Chapter 3

Case Studies o

f International Wood A

rchitecture

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Case Study 3.2

Name: Devonport War Memorial Swimming Centre

Architect : Albert A. Freak

Engineer : Pit and Sherry Consulting Engineers

Owner: The City ofDevonport

Builders : Civil Construction Groups


Location : Steele Street, Devenport, Tasmania, Australia

Structural System : A grillage of intersecting sawn hardwood trusses

Sources

Devonport Municipal Council

Wood World, 1974, "Devonport Swimming Centre", Wood World, Vol. 8, No 1.

Description: The building consists of three 14.60 metres square units of intersecting trusses to a~support metal roof (See Figure 3 7). Each unit is supported on four steel knee bracing resting on concrete supports. Each truss in the unit is a parallel chord Warren truss system fabricated from seasoned hardwood. Truss is built up with pairs of members for the top chord 127 x 38 mm and bottom chord 100 x 38 mm, and single web members 100 x 38 mm. The trusses are designed to pass through each other on a regular grid, and the chords are tied together with a M 20 bolts as they cross. To resist the increased shear around the supports, the webs were designed in the four perimeter lines of trusses which vary from ~ normal truss layout. The two outside trusses on each face of the grid use a 100 x 3 8 mm web, reinforced with additional members over the columns. The next two trusses are 76 x 51 mm webs and the remaining trusses used are 76 x 38 mm. Truss joints are bolted with 50 x 50 mm washers. (See Figure 3.8 and 3.9).

144

Chapter 3

Plate 3.6 Detail of the comer of truss support on four steel RHS 102 x 102 mm.

Plate 3.7 Detail at intermediate support. A cross shape steel plate used as a base connector between bottom chord and steel RHS using bolts and nuts.


l-l5


Figure 1.6 Trussed beam grid deta il

6 top diords 2 x 127 x J & mm 7 honom chorci' 2 x I 00 x .1 X mm R "·~ h 75 x .1X mm

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Plate :l .8 The transverse trusses were prefabricated, assembled and spaced on-site before the precut members of longitudinal trusses were assembled and connected. The fi nishes roof units were craned onto their support. Source : Devonport City Council

146

Chapter3

Figure 3.7 Plan

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Case Study 3.3

Name: Tradesman's Entrance Hardware Store

Architect : S Sokolski Co Design

Engineer : P .J Yttrup and Associates

Operator : BBC Hardware

Builder: SC. Project Management

Location : Mickleham Road, Tullamarine, Victoria, Australia

Date Constructed : 19.87

Structural System : Plywood box beams

Sources

Australian Forest Industnes Journal. 1987, "Structural Timber Smorgasboard'', July,

pp 36-38

Australian Forest Industries Journal, 1987, ··Tradesman"s Entrance Showpiece Sales

Centre, July.

Nolan. G .. 1994 (b): p. 269.

Description: The Tradesman's Entrance Hardware store at Tullamarine, Victoria was designed by S Sokolski in 1987 and consists of two wings, each constructed from different structural systems. The timber warehouse was built with double Oregon columns supporting 30 0 metres laminated veneer lumber (LVL) box beams (See Figures 3.19 and 3 20). Each beam consists of eleven 1200 mm deep tapered box section fabricated from 240 x 63 mm L.V L., sawn timber stiffeners and 15 mm plywood as webs. Twin 350 x 75 mm F7 Oregon folding columns were attached to the box beams on the ground, with 200 x 75 mm F7 knee braces connected after erection to reduce the effective height. A plywood diaphragm runs the length of the building in the roof plan. Purlins and girt cleats were built from 200 x 50 mm F7 Oregon. This building uses a variety of structural techniques and materials including glue laminated pine, ply and laminated veneer lumber, and bolted and nailed parallel chord trusses. The principle structural form of this wing complex comprises twin bay portal frames spanning at 15. 0 metres each and are on a 12. 0 metres grid. The central column of these frames carries 4.80 metres deep parallel chord trusses which support secondary transverse portal frames at mid span The parallel chord truss was designed to support clerestory trusses for natural lighting.

148

Chapter 3

Plate 3. 9 T he J 200 x 260 mm plywood box beam spaced at 6.0 metres at the ti mber warehouse.

Plate 3.10 4.80 metres high laminated veneer lumber trusses running through glu-laminated twin portal frames in the hardware wing.

Case Studies of International Wood A rchilecture

149

Chapter 3

Plate 3. 11 200 x 50 mm F 7 purlins run over in the plywood box beam in the timber warehoul!e. Purlins members of 200 x 50 mm F 7 spaced at 1200 mm centre rest on the plywood box beam.

( .-··

Plate3. 12 Knee braces of 200 x 75 mm used to stiffen the spaced twin 300 x 75 mm columns.


150

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2 3 4

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7 8 9 10

I x 200 x 270 nun plywood box beam 2 x 300 x 75 nun F 7 columns 2 x 200 x 75 nun F 7 knee braced 15 nun plywood nail gussets 200 x 50 nun F 7 purlin at 1200 centres 240 x 63 mm L VL frame 15 mm ply girt cleat 15 mm ply shear skin bracing 3 x M 20 bolts Nail group

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Case Study 3.4

Name : Ham~r Olympic Stadium

Architect: Biong & Biong/Niels Torp AS.

Contractor: Ole K. Karlsen AS.

Location : Lillehamar, Norway


Structural System : Glue-laminated trusses

Sources

Aasheim, E., 1994, "Glulam Trusses for the 1994 Winter Olympics". In Proceeding of Pacific Timber Engineenng Conference, Vol. 1, p. 381.

Holmestad, A. 1994, "The use of Wood and Glulam in the XVII Olympic Winter Games". In Proceedings of the Vision Eureka - Lillehammer 094, 13th - 16th June, 1994, Norway, pp. 1 - 3.

Sund, B. and Hovedflyplass, 0. 1994, "General use of Wood in connection with the XVII Olympic Winter Games". In Proceedings of the Vision Eureka - Lillehammer '94, 13th - 16th June, 1994, Norway, pp. 1 - 3.

Description: In 1994, the Hamar Olympic Stadium was built for the Winter Olympic Games which were held in Lillerhamer, Norway. (See Figure 3.14). Glulam trusses were chosen as the principal load-carrying elements. For glulam, the arch is particularly favourable because the cost of producing large Cl,lrved glulam beams is particularly the same as for the production of straight beams. The jointing system used 12 mm steel dowels of high grade steel and slotted-in with 8 mm steel plates. The construction system is developed based on such factors as the effective use of timber, flexibility in design, prefabrication of components, ease of handling, transport and installation. The main structure consists of arched trusses with spans varying between 3 0. 0 metres and 96.40 metres, spaced 12.0 metres apart. (See Figure 3.13). The roof construction consists of corrugated steel with insulation and roofing felt covering, supported by glulam purlins. The stadium has an inside length of 260.0 metres, width of96.0 metres and a highest point of35.0 metres.

153

l ..


96~000

Figure 3.13 Cross section of Hamar Olympic Stadium The architectural form was inspired by an upturned Viking ship. It is also defined as adaption to the landscape, plain volume compositions, use of natural materials, stone and wood. The stadium has the capacity to accommodate between 10,000 to 20.000 spectators. Source : after Aasheim, E. p. 381

Figure 3. 14 Plan of Hamar Olympic Stadium Source : after Aasheim, E. p. 381

154


Case Study 3.5

Name: Wohlein High School

Architect : Burkhard, Meyer, Steiger, Baden

Engineer : Santiago Calatrava

Client : Building Department of the Canton of Aargau

Location : Aargau, Switzerland .


Structural System: Folded plate plywood

Sources

Natterer at al, 1991, Holzbau Atlas, p. 251

Davey, P. (edi.), 1991, "Burkhard Meyer Steiger", p 36.

Blazer, W. (edi.), 1990, Santiago Calatrava, Birkhauser Verlag Basel, p. 40

Description : The entrance hall, 13.0 metres in diameter, is roofed by twenty manufactured V-formed elements. (Se~ Figures 3 .15 and 3 .16). These are connected on one central steel ring fixed in a position which lay on a metal support anchored in a concrete beam. A series of folded plate plywood is held together by steel tension rods. Double cone wood pieces provide the tension for the box profile and are made from steel tubes on the lower edge of the BHS disk fastener. The stiffening of the roof surface is provided by the above panelling.

155

Chapter3

1 2 3 I. 5 6 1

.a

Figure 3.15 Partially section of cupola

Figure 3.16 Partially plan of cupola

2 3 4 5 6 7 8


l 0 x 16 mm pressure beam steel nng 70 mm diameter cladding bound together with V-shaped beaJtU, steel ~quare rod BSH60mm pullmg bend BSH 50 - 180 mm tension metal support pull anchored 3 x l 0 x 40 mm

156

CHAPTER4

Conclusions

Chapter 4 Conclusions

Chapter 4 Conclusions

At the commencement of this research, the expectation was that in a rich timber resource country such as Malaysia, many examples would be found of the development and use of timber as building material. The tropical rain forest in Malaysia contains a heterogeneous mixture of tree species which constitute suitable commercial hardwood timber appropriate for building structures.

However, fieldwork conducted in Malaysia suggested that at present timber is under utilised in construction as structural elements. The development of form and detail in timber building in Malaysia has not progressed. Various issues related to legislation, technical problems, standards and social economy are responsible for the lack of use of timber in the construction sector. The sawmilling industry is currently export-orientated (Ho, 1988 : p. 1 ). This is because of high market demand and the quality of Malaysian timber. Its export has reduced the availability of better quality timber for local consumption. Ideally, timber should be processed in the country and as much of the timber produced possible should be used domestically in construction sectors.

The Uniform Building By-Laws, 1984 restrict in the use of timber in terms of fire regulations and requirements. The use of timber for party walls in the construction of terrace type houses is prohibited as it does not meet the requirements stipulated in the Uniform BZf.ilding By-Laws, which requires party walls to be made of a non-combustible material or class 0-rated materials. Timber is rated as class 3 or 4 in its natural form and as class 1 or 2 if it is impregnated with flame retardants. Although the Uniform Building By-Laws allow the use of timber in construction of up to 18.0 metres in height, it is impossible to satisfy the stringent requirements of class 0 fire rating for surface flame spread. This regulation would naturally be the most deterrent to the use of timber in building construction. Furthermore, building regulations confine the use of timber and wood panel structural elements to buildings severely restricted in flooor area and height to urban area. Yet, technically sound ways of protecting timber from being damaged by fire have available for many years.

Uniform Building By-Laws also state that timber is regarded as a temporary material that is not allowed for permanent structures in which brick, concrete or steel is used. In addition, the current fire safety regulations are still materialbased instead of performance-rated, and as a result prejudices the use of timber as a structural element in urban development (Shamsuddin, 1985 : p. 6657). Timber, although combustible, has a· low ignitability. This characteristic renders it stable in a fire. It is well known that timber structural components of a sufficiently large cross section do not buckle or crumble like steel and concrete which are non-combustible material under intense heat.

There is no authority or legislation to check and ensure quality control over the processing and treatment of timber, and timber-based components for use as building materials. Quality control is necessary to assure practitioners that the

157

Chapter4 Conclusions

material supplied meets the standards necessary for its satisfactory performance in use. For wood, this Is especially important because of the variety species available, grades and suppliers.

Wood is an organic material. In Malaysia, there are 3000 native timbers available but only 100 species are better known and utilized (Thang, 1991 : p. 1 ). Each has different physical properties which are currently being researched by the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia. For some species, this process is still incomplete and their characteristics are unknown. Each species has a variety of grades that must be defined before the individual pieces can be graded and sorted visually or mechanically. The characteristics of a piece of wood is potentially made up of hundreds of different possible sets of characteristics. This is unlike steel or concrete where more limited and easily manipulated options are available. As a result, the variability of timber is one of the major reasons why professionals are reluctant to use timber in nondomestic structural wqrk.

Timber structures are considered as inferior, low cost, difficult to maintain and unsafe, and therefore are often used by lower status people. Timber is only treated as worthy for temporary structures and only used to build traditional Malay houses. The poor design and low quality of timber used in construction and leads to sub-standard buildings and this indirectly cause a status conscious public to shy away from timber buildings.·

Timber is also assumed to have a short life span. This is not true, as a sound knowledge of the properties of timber would help in the right choice of species for particular purposes as treatment, proper detailing and maintaining would ensure that timber attains the status of permanent structure material. Timber could be treated with Copper Chrome Arsenic (CCA) preservative to extend its resistance to attack by the weather and insects. On the other hand, this . treatment will add to the cost thus making it less favourable to the public

. compared to other construction materials such as bricks and mortar.

The notion that timber is a temporary or semi permanent building material has been disproved by the numerous old structures found in Malaysia. Timber technology is so advanced that as timber processing and treatment is properly and regular controlled, timber can be efficient and durable. The psychological attitudes towards the use of timber can be corrected through organised prom~tional companies.

There are many factors that cause timber to be unpredictable which are _ detrimental to its structural properties, such as insect attacks, knots and grains. Timber technology has advanced in the treatment of timber, therefore only the additional cost remains a deterrent factor

At present, the code of practice, Malaysia Standard 544, 1989, is being reviewed and revised by incorporating some of the existing information, with some additional tests of appropriate design standards to comply with the development of timber technology today (Tan, Y.E. 1994 : p. 698). The

158


Standard has not included the design specification for calculating the fire resistance of timber members (Abdul Malek, 1989 : p. 1).

The lack of a central source of information detailing wood design considerations and analysis has caused design professionals to choose other materials rather than timber. Architects' or engineers' lack knowledge of wood types and confidence in the use of timber in building construction. For example, few understand that the nature of wood available in this country is rather different from those obtained from overseas.

Designing with wood requires an understanding of the material, properties for efficient utilisation and the available sizes and shapes. The designers and specifiers are rather reluctant to specify and design timber structures in this country mainly due to the lack of exposure to timber designs during early training and the prevalence of inconsistent quality of timber products.

Legislation is needed to control the quality and treatment of timber to maintain its standard. Contractors often dipped timber for construction in black or diesel oil instead of in creosote thereby cheating the ignorant public. The incentive to cheat is great because treated timber would cost approximately $40-00 more per ton than untreated timber (Wee, 1976: p. 58 ). There is a justification for legislation to protect the consumers.

The Forest Research Institute of Malaysia conducts research and disseminates information on forest products utilisation. Presently, there is a lack of researchers and development for the promotion of structural timber products in construction by other government bodies and wood industry and a lack of information about timber properties being disseminated to professional engineers requiring data for calculating loading in structure.

The timber industry employs professionals to promote their product but these professionals are generally trained in institutions where timber construction

. technology is ignored. As a result, their effectiveness as researchers for timber is limited by the available descriptions and their own experience.

There is also the negative attitude of insurance companies towards the use of timber as a building material. Timber is combustible, which is a bad feature from the underwriter's viewpoint. Although combustible, timber is a safer material in fire than any other non-combustible material because of its thermal conductivity, self insulation and predictability (Hashim, 1988 : p. 2). Apparently, this bias against timber buildings has somehow enhanced and indirectly reinforced the unfavourable reference to the use of timber in the local building by-laws or b~ilding codes.

Financial institutions are not willing to grant loans in respect of timber building. An extremely high premium for insurance towards timber building is charged and is prejudiced by the fact that timber builC:lings are considered a fire risk. According to Lew (1992: p. 85), in Scandinavia, the insurance premiums imposed on buildings with timber structures are in fact lower than those using

159


steel. There is abundant evidence that timber structures perform well in fires. Nevertheless the message has yet to filter through the regulatory authorities in ASEAN.

There are many existing systems of mass producing timber houses and other structures. However, such systems are limited in Malaysia to the production of brick and qmcrete structures, as there is a lack of creativeness in timber designing and promoting the appropriateness of timber as a building material. Timber components can be designed sufficiently small enough to be manageable for easy handling and fabrication. House components, appropriately designed for transportation and speedy erection, will further contribute towards cost effectiveness. The current lack of market acceptability of timber mass-produced houses may be attributed to the lack of resourcefulness of the manufacturers. Inconsistencies in the supply and availability of particular types of timber species means that contractors view timber unfavourably as a building material. Similarly, the lack of a standardised grading system in the timber industry further discourages those involved in the building industry.

The art of building in wood is lost to a large extent because over the past fifty years the design of timber structures has fallen into disuse as brick and concrete became more widely used (Wee, 1976: p. 58 ). Other construction materials such as steel and concrete compete with timber in terms of price. Wood can be considered a viable material if the wood industry demands, and educational institutions develop, designs and tools for it.

Timber construction is more difficult and requires more supervision during construction in terms of quality, supply, grading, selection and pricing. If the corner and sharp surfaces are damaged more effort is needed to rectify the problem. Skilled carpenters are difficult to find and traditional craftsmen are few. Further more, new apprentices coming into the industry are very few.

This research documents historic construction ideas on the use of structural timber which may be precedents for today's designers. It will provide future directions for the design of new building forms. This is the central theme for the future developments in Malaysia. Past experiences give guidance on how to avoid repetition of past failures. Similarly, Philip Cox (1988 : p. 1) an Australian architect stated that any development should start from the beginning, in the desire that discovery may be made of trends and directions for the future form origins. I would like to think the above theme could be applied to many current proposed developments in Malaysia, one of which is a golf club comprising of 1,500 high density low rise condominium and 463 bungalows in Ulu Yam District, Selangor. These proposals aim to use large span timber structures which can contribute to a sustainabie architecture based on renewable resources of Malaysia and beyond. The intelligent use of timber in construction is beginning to be observed in other countries, for example Eurocodes, the changes to the Australian building regulations to allow three storey construction, and the development of engineered wood products in the United States of America such as Parallel Lumber (PSL), Laminated Veneer

160


(LVL), Oriented Strand Board (OBS), Sti:uctural Particle Board, Structural Wafer Board, Structural Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF) and Wisawood.

161


4.1 Areas for Further Research

Technical innovation in the development o~jointing capacity and structural determination of various building forms has not been fully explored. Timber jointing systems need to be further examined in terms of detailing and connections. An investigation conducted by Halperin (1994 : p. 28) stated that 90 percent of the structural failures experienced in wood frame buildings originated at connection points. Throughout the history 0fwood construction, a number of types of fasteners have been developed for use with wood, ranging from wooden dowels to steel connectors. Currently, the most common connections include nails, screws, bolts and nuts, and special connectors such as split rings, shear plates and truss plates. Each type needs to be thoroughly explored for their appropriateness in Malaysian timber conditions

Further research should be carried out in the field of structural glue-lamination for its efficiency in material utilisation, aesthetic value, excellent fire performance and use of renewable resources. Although, glue-lamination technique is well established in advanced countries of North America, Scandinavia, Australia and New Zealand, Malaysia faces various challenges in overcoming the existing prejudices against the use of timber member components. Glue-lamination technique is suitable for use in the construction of both indoor and outdoor structures such as sports complexes, recreational centres and industrial buildings.

Historically, large structures such as palaces, mosques and temples made use of heavy hardwood timber columns. Roof structures of these buildings were also built from hardwood timber which was joined with rather elaborate systems of mortises, tenons and dowels. These buildings were not even designed or checked by engineers but still exist today. The limited types of timber species for structural use in construction need to be identified for further application in building structures. This will give designers confidence to choose appropriate timber species and in the future, develop timber as a low-energy, environmentally friendly building material.

As timber is a complex and still not well understood material, it is possible for architects to propose structural forms and details which may not fit into any of the engineer's preconceived notions, both theoretical and practical. I believed we are still unable to cope fully with the complexity and variability of natural timber. As this research suggests, there remains a distinctive aesthetic value of timber construction which is challenging for designers. It will require the development of a radically new way of thinking about structures to allow for the use of non-homogeneity natural timber. In terms of structural form, aesthetic oflightness and elegance could be developed.

162

Appendix 1 Research Methodology

i) Aims of the Practitioner Survey and Entries to the Practitioner Index Database

A list of buildings which were considered as significant regarding the use of timber was compiled. Significance was defined as meaning that timber was used as a major structural component or as the dominant material of the building. The survey and documentation of timber structures provided an evaluative overview of timber construction and structural systems in buildings in Malaysia from the l 6th century to the present.

A total of 936 questionnaires were sent out on the 30th of April, 1993 to practising architects, engineers, timqer industry representatives and academics throughout Malaysia. Unfortunately, only 28 replies to the questionnaires were received. A total of 654 copies of reminder letters were sent out again on 5th July, 1993 for them to return the questionnaires. The time allocated to this research was lengthened due to the poor response to the questionnaires. Originally three months had been allowed, but another five months was added to get more responses from practitioners.

Two sets of questionnaires was sent out for this survey. The first questionnaire asked each recipient to nominate three buildings which they considered to be important timber structures constructed in Malaysia either during the historical period or in recent times. In addition to this information, the name of the owner of the building was significant for documentation purposes. (Refer to Appendix A 2.1 ).

The building's significance might refer to the historical connection that may be made between the site and known events or persons. An example would be where a house was known to have been lived in or built by an historical figure. This historical significance may represent older types of technology or ways of life which have long passed and this will add to their significance.

The current use of the building also requires determining what type of functions it has been used for since its construction. However, it is very important to record the innovative use of timber for constructional purposes. The respondent was also requested to supply any additional information about the building which included photographs, building plans and drawings, if they had any, and literature references. Respondents were required to write their personaJ details in case of further inquiries.

The second questionnaire sought to identify individuals involved with timber design in Malaysia during that same period. The designers could be traced back from the contribution to the development of timber usage in building, either as architects, engineers, or builders. Further research was carried out after the information provided by respondents became the primary sources for a detailed interview between the researcher and practitioners. (Refer to Appendix A 2.4). Table A gives the list of organisations or individuals to whom the questionnaires were sent.

163


Even though this survey was considered at national level, the number of respondents for these questionnaires was disappointing. The Malaysian Institute of Architects published an article in "Berita Akitek" July, 1993 edition concerning primarily research findings and requested architects to respond to the questionnaires. The Institute of Engineers Malaysia has also published this in the October issue of their bulletin for a similar response to the questionnaires. (Refer to Appendix A. 2.2).

At the end of December 1993, the response to the questionnaires from · practising architects, engineers, manufacturers and academics was considered poor. Of the total number of questionnaires sent out, only 10.1 % (92 copies out of936) had been returned. The main conclusion for the poor response is attributed to a lack of expertise and interest in timber technology in Malaysia. The results of the questionnaire are indicated in Table A.

Table A Comparison of individuals/organisations to whom the questionnaires have sent and the number of responses

Sent out Received Architect.~ 730 50 ASEAN Timber Technology Centre 1 0 Bank Negara 1 0 Dewan Banclaraya Kuala Lumpur 1 0 Engineers 61 16 Forest Research Institute Malaysia 9 4 General Contractors 77 7 Heritage Council of Malaysia 1 0 Institute Technology Mara 15 2 Jabatan Kerja Raya 10 2 Lembaga Kemajuan Bintulu 1 1 Malaysia Timber Industry Board 4 3 Manufacturers 12 6 University Malaya 3 0 University Pertaniaan Malaysia 5 1 University Technology Malaysia 4 0 Urban Development Authority 1 0 Total 936 92

From the 92 respondents, a plan for the field work was drawn up. The majority of the information received from the questionnaires related to palaces, mosques, club houses or resorts, Malay houses and state museums. Out of 92 respondents, 53 .4 percent of them are practising architects who have been involved in the design of 167 timber buildings. Most of the timber buildings are based upon residential concepts, resorts and clubhouses. A total of 17.3 percent are consultant engineers working on industrial and commercial projects. Another 7.6 percent are general contractors who are owner builders involved in design and construction. The remainder of the respondents are from academic institutions, government departments and research institutions.

At an early stage of the research, it was decided to explore timber buildings with a span of more than l 0 metres dating from 1900 to the present. However, research indicated that this was not feasible within the Malaysian context, as the majority of large span timber structures occurred in industrial buildings which were constructed from 1960 up to the present. The primary fiu:1ction of

164


these industrial building types are sawmills or timber products factories. (Refer to Table B). A further discussion in detail will fc:illow in chapter 2.

TableB

STATE

Joh ore Kedah Ke Ian tan Malacca Negeri Sembilan Pahang Perak Perl is Pulau Pinang Selangor Terengganu Wilayah Persekutuan Peninsular Malaysia ~

List of sawmills and forest products factories in Peninsular Malaysia.

TYPES OF INDUSTRIALS BUILDING Sawmill Plywood Furniture Kumai Rubber

84 9 425 9 16 35 2 260 0 20 68 5 253 3 10 19 1 160 0 16 48 2 144 18 14 124 8 157 18 5 98 8 367 1 15 3 0 24 0 0 41 2 250 21 4 62 1 295 18 6 80 3 213 5 2 34 3 39 4 0

696 44 2857 97 108 ..

Sources : Forestry Department Headquarter Peninsular Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur - 1984

ii) Building Database

The information collected from various resources will be entered into three computer databases which are linked together for quick reference. The timber construction is characterised by a large amount of options solution but this variety is not exploited due to lack of well designed examples. The system will enable the user to locate information on timber structural systems and details.

The three databases are as follows :

•

•

•

1.

2 .

3 .

Timber Structures Database

Timber Practitioner Database

Timber Literature References Database

The first database describes timber structures in detail, the names and addresses of the buildings, descriptions of their construction, names of the owners and relevant literature references. A total number of2,074 timber structures were identified. This database could help designers to analyse types of timber buildings which have been constructed in different periods. It also could be used to analyse different types of timber technology that have been explored by designers and suggest appropriate structural systems commonly being used. · (Refer to Appendix A. 1.2).

The information from the timber structure database suggests that the majority of the data available refers to industrial type buildings and was kept by the Forestry. Headquarters Peninsular Malaysia. Other classifications of building types such as government, recreation~!, religious and residential have limited data due to a lack of documentation or recording having been carried out. (See Table C).

165


Table C List of timber structure database

Classification of buildin2s and structures Government Industrials Recreational Religions Residentials

Army Camp 1 Hospital 1 Office 7 Prison 1 Museums 3 Factories 19 Furniture Workshops 472 Sawmills 472 Timber Stores 991 Club Houses 5 Pavilion 1 Resorts 13 Sport Centres 3 Church 1 Mosques 17 Temples 8 Palaces 22 Residential 37 Total 13 1954 17 26 59

iii) Timber Practitioner Database

The second database records timber practitioners who have been involved in design or who have designed with timber. The philosophy of the designer could be traced from the technology used at a particular period. It also suggests to the user what type of structural system is being commonly used by designers. At present, a total of 193 databases have been entered. (Refer to Appendix A 1.1 ).

The data showed that the majority of the timber structures were designed and constructed by registered draughtsmen or carpenters. Architects and engineers were not employed by clients to design timber structures unless the projects were beyond the capacity of a registered draughtsman. This is the main reason why not many timber structures have the thought of construction applied in the built form. (See Table D).

Table D List of timber practitioners in Peninsular Malaysia

States Architects Encineers Others Subtotal Federal Territory 7 0 0 7 Johore 15 3 II 29 Kedah 5 2 6 13 Kelantan 8 2 II 21 Negeri Semb1lan 7 0 16 23 Pahang 8 4 14 26 Perak 6 2 11 19 Pulau Pinang 3 0 2 5 Selangor 10 7 5 22 Terengganu 9 0 19 28 Total 18 20 95 193

166


iv) Literature References Database

The third database consists of general literature references or descriptions for a particular timber building. The information was drawn from notes on · practitioner knowledge or from interviews. This database consists of information which enables the user to search for the related information required. A description of the text was given for each of the literature references. If any key word is known by the user, the system itself can find many articles for further references. A total of 248 literature reference databases was recorded. (Refer to Appendix A. 1.3). ·

v) Collection of Measured Drawings

Only a few drawings on Malay timber palaces are available for viewing at the National Archives and there are very poorly drawn. For example, in the working drawing of the Malacca Malay Palace, the construction details are completely missing. The sketches are often not to the right scale and structural elements were inaccurately presented. Scale and dimensions are vaguely given. Many building plans of Malay palaces and houses are missing.

For the above reasons, it was necessary to make a thorough study of timber buildings in Malaysia so that the historical background could be established. The construction and structural system of timber buildings could be properly documented.

The Department of Architecture, University Technology Malaysia, and the Department of Housing, Building and Planning, University Science Malaysia were contacted to provide measured drawings of the buildings documented. The measured drawings have been made out by architectural students. Measurement on site would be carried out on those buildings where measured drawings are not available. The measured drawings were useful for comparative analysis of buildings of different types of construction and their application in each case study in Chapter 2. (Refer to Appendix A. 2.5).

vi) Slides and Photographs

The documentation included the taking of photographs and slides for recording purposes. The black and white photographs will be used to illustrate the development of different types of timber construction and detailing in Malaysia. In addition, photographs provide an accurate image of the structure as it was when it was studied for the purpose of this research. This collection should serves a useful purpose to later users. Refer to Appendix A. 2.3 for the schedule of work which was carried out between September 1993 to January 1994.

vii) Site Inspections and Interviews

Before the site visits and surveys were carried out, an inquiry was made concerning the literature available on timber buildings in Malaysia. It was

167


discovered that written materials are few and far in between. Materials written in English and Malay language are just as scarce. Material available were considered insufficient. Generally, in existing articles, books or publications on timber building in Malaysia, little attention is paid to timber architecture. They were written by journalists or writer rather than by architects. Some did not approach the subject matter in a thorough and academic manner, and many of the finished products are in the form of tourist gu'ides rather than academic treatises.

Field trips were made to all states in Peninsula Malaysia from 6th of September 1993 to 15th _of January 1994. Originally, it was proposed that a study of as many timber buikiings as possible within the time available should be made. Therefore, a list of timber buildings was prepared initially from information obtained form daily visits to sites. During these site inspections, over 13 6 sites and structures were visited. Brief visits were initially during which appointments were made for subsequent visits. Subsequent visits were made to those caretakers were willing to co-operate by answering questions and to permit photographs to be taken. The majority of the structures were photographed and slides were taken for documentation. State museum curators were contacted to assist in identifying and obtaining the historical background of timber structures before carrying out any documentation work. Relevant information on the historical background, construction system, structure, decorative motifs and details was recorded. If no drawing was available, a detailed measured drawing was carried out ..

These field visits were extremely useful in order to gain an understanding of the nature of the physical remains of the timber structures for furthering an understanding of the past. Each building was chosen as the most interesting structure system for site investigation. All the buildings in each state were grouped and visited together rather than visiting them individually.

A tape recorder was used at each interview with practitioners. Perhaps the biggest advantage of using the oral information provided by practitioners was to know more detail about their own approach to design applied in structural systems. The material collected was not only recorded but was also ccompanied by notes and observations which could be useful to later users. It was planned to conduct at least I 00 interviews but due to time constraints, only a total of 73 interviews were undertaken with practitioners or timber industry representatives. Admittedly, this number may not be considered sufficient for vigorous analysis. However, the data should be sufficiently for general conclusions to be drawn. Refer to Appendix A 2.4 for the list of interviewees.

To establish sources of influences, correspondence was entered into with overseas professors in China, United Kingdom and Netherlands. This correspondence, as well as lengthy discussions, proved to be helpful and enlightening. In summary, the procedure is as follows :

a). To study the principle use of timber in Malaysian architecture and buildings

168


b). To establish the relationship and connection the use of timber in Malaysia and those in overseas.

c). To analyse examples of the older timber building in Malaysia in terms of construction and structural concepts, so that a more comprehensive comparison could be made between different types of timber structures from different influences.

d). To trace the evolution of timber buildings from 15th century to the present time and to establish their sources of influences.

169

Appendix A. 1.1

NAME

Alias Salleh Dato I Hisham Albakri Jimmy Tham Chee Ming Lim Cheok Siang Tan Kok Wan Wong Kin Men Wong Tow Cheong

Abdul Rahman Ahmad Ahmad Ariffin Chiang Seng Leng Cheng Kwong Teik Kam Chong Ming Kua Chong Beng LeeAh Seng Lip Y. K. Francis Ong Giro Tin. Tay Y.H. Johny Teoh Seng Choon Wong Kin Leong Wong Kok Yan Wong Ton Ya'akob Hj. Ja'afar Yap Chin Leong Yap Tet Fah Yeo Soo Wee

Chor Kai Guan HewHoiLam Hiroshi Kobayashi Hj.Mohd Sa'aud Yussof Khoo Kooi Siang Kassim Ahmad Malik Waheed Ahmad

Ismail Sa'ad Khor Ping Cheong Kua Chong Beng Mohamed Abdullah Mohd Ghani Ng Keng Lim Bernard Ngan K.E. Joseph Salahuddin Abdullah Teoh Seng Choon Yeoh Hoon Theng

Lee Y. Vincent Leong Tud Seng Lim E.H. Liong Richard Ong Kim Leong

Entries to the Practitioner Index Database

STATE

Federal Territory FederalTerritory Federal Territory Federal Territory Federal Territory Federal Territory Federal Territory Federal Territory

Johore Johore Johore Johore Johore Johore Johore Johore Joh ore Johore Johore Jo ho re Johore Johore Johore Johore Johore Joh ore Johore

Kedah Kedah Kedah Kedah Kedah Kedah Kedah Kedah

Kelantan Kelantan Kelantan Kelantan Kelantan Kelantan Kelantan Kelantan Kelantan Kelantan Kelantan

Negeri Sembilan Negeri Sembilan Negeri Sembilan Negeri Sembilan Negeri Sembilan Negeri Sembilan

170

PRACTITIONER TYPE

Architect Architect Architect Architect Architect Architect Architect

Architect Architect Architect Engineer Architect Architect Architect Architect Architect Architect Architect Architect Architect Engineer Architect Engineer Architect Architect

Architect Architect Architect Architect Engineer Architect Engineer

Engineer Engineer Architect Architect Architect Architect Architect Architect Architect Architect

Architect Architect Architect Architect Architect

Appendix A. 1.1

NAME

Tan Siang Wee Yuen Shiu Kee

Chen Soo Soon ChikMartin Kam Chong Ming Kat Gregory Liew Hon Fong Ross J.B. Soon Yih Sin Wong Piang Yoon Wong Toon Cheng Yeoh Meow Shih Antrick Yong Antrick Yuen Peng Cheng

Chong Kum Kwan Derrick E. David Fang Ting Yik

Choy Kee Fong Chin Kang Sin Kong Peng Cheong Leong Kum Choy LowS.N. Saw Eng Chee Tan Kok Wan Yeoh Kok Leong

Hijjas Kasturi Chin Kai Wah Lew Wing Hing Lum Chong Lin Ong Guan Teck Ong Kim Teck Shaharun Dato Hamn Tee Ching Huat Teh Keng Seng Tong Kok Mau Woo Hin Wai Yoon K.S. VoonK.S. Wan Mohamed Yang Ah Lak Yap Chin Tian Yee Poo Soon

Abdul Jalil HaJi Emb1 Ahmad Muda Foo Y.S. Paul Handan Othman


STATE

. Negeri Sembilan Negeri Sembilan

Pahang Pahang Pahang Pahang Pahang Pahang Pahang Pahang :?ahang Pahang Pahang Pahang Pahang

Penang Penang Penang Penang

Perak Perak Perak :Perak Perak Perak Perak Perak Perak

Selangor Selangor Selangor Selangor Selangor Selangor Selangor Selangor Selangor Selangor Selangor Selangor Selangor Selangor Selangor Selangor Selangor Selangor

Terengganu Terengganu Terengganu Terengganu Terengganu

171

PRACTITIONER TYPE Architect Architect

Engineer Architect Architect Engineer Architect Engineer Engineer Architect Architect Architect Architect Architect

Architect Architect Architect

Architect Engineer Architect Engineer Architect Architect Architect Architect

Architect Engineer Engineer Architect Architect Engineer Architect Architect Architect Architect Engineer Architect Engineer Engineer Architect Engineer Architect

Architect Architect Architect Architect

Appendix A. 1.1

NAME

Lee Siang Hing Alvin Liew Hoo Fong Md. ldras Sumari Wee Beng Teck Maurice Wong Pian Yoon

STATE

Terengganu Terengganu Terengganu Terengganu Terengganu

172


PRACTITIONER TYPE Architect Architect Architect Architect Architect

"

Appendix A. J.2

Fiie Name Structure Anny Camp : Perak AC12001 Bangunan Markas Regimen 503 (P.S.T.D.), lpoh.

Assembly Area : Pahang AA12101 Syarikat Kilang Papan Baharuddin Abu Bakar, Raub.

Balai Besar (Great Hall) : Kedah IS12201 lstana Balai Besar, Alor Setar.

Bamboo Shed : Kedah BS12301 Koperasi FELCRA, Silt.

Entries to the Building Database

BS12302 Lembaga Kemajuan Wilayah Kedah (KEDAH), Kubang Pasu.

Basketball Court : Pahang BC12401 MCA Stadium, Raub.

Bend Saw Shed : Terengganu BA12501 Syarikat Shukur Jaya, Dungun.

Boiler Shed : Johore BS12601 Sindora Wood Product Sdn Bhd, Bandar Tenggara.

Box Making Factory : Selangor BM12701 Tee Sheng Hot @ Teh Cheng Chuen, Kelang.

Cane Factory : Perak CF12801 Hua Seng Cane Manufacture, Taiping.

Carpentry Section : Perak CS12901 Kilang Papan Lee Kim Weng, Grik.

Church : Malacca CA13001 Christ Church, Malacca.

Club House : Malacca CM13101 Memorial Pengistiharaan Kemerdekaan, Malacca.

· Club House : Pahang CP13201 Pahang Club House, Kuala Lipis. CP13202 Awana Golf Course & Country Club, Genting Highland. CP13203 Club Mediterranean, Kuantan.

Club House : Perak CP1340i' Bangunan Kelab Ipoh, Ipoh.

Drying Kiln Shed : Pahang DS13601 Institut Kemahiran Mara, Pekan. DS13602 Kilang Papan Yong Yin Kwee Sdn Bhd, Kuantan.

Drying Kiln : Perak DP13701 Kilang Papan Lee Kim Weng, Grik.

Drying Kiln : Kedah DK13801 Syarikat Process, Jabi.

Dust Shed : Kelantan DS14001 Mohamed & Daham Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kota Bahru.

173

Appendix A. 1.2

Fiie Name Structure Engine Shed : Federal Territory

ES14101 Uong Kiat Company Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur.

Excise Control Area 1 Negeri Sembilan EN14201 Yoong Leok Kee Coq>oration Sdn Bhd, Seremban.

Factory :0

Selangor

FS14301 General Lumber (Holdings) Bhd, Kelang.

Factory I Kedah FK14401 Kilang Proses Setbok Kayu Luen Seng, Daerah Baling. ·

Factory : Perak

FP14501 Musical Products Sdn Bhd, Ipoh.

Fumitnre Factory : Negeri Sembilan

FN14601 Intan Woodcraft Sdn Bhd, Seremban.

Furniture Factory : Perak

FP14701 Lintang Industries Sdn Bhd, Taiping.

Fumitnre Factory : Terengganu

FP14801 Ishak b. Salleh, Kuala Terengganu.

FP14802 Jabir b. Mohd Shah, Besut

FP14803 Kilang Kayu Perabut Kg. Bahm, Besut

FP14804 Mamat b. Kassim & Nik Awang b. Jusoh, Kuala Terengganu.

FP14805 Manaf b. Awang Hamal, Daerah Besut.

FP14806 Mat Amin b. Zainal, Kuala Terengganu.


FP14807 Mat Khalid b. Abdullah & Ngah B. Sulong, Daerah Kuala Terengganu.

FP14808 Mat Rani b. Said, Kuala Terengganu.

FP148()1) Mohamad b. Awang, Seberang Marang.

FP14810 Mood Yassin b. Hj. Mamat, Besut

FP14811 Muda b. Ahmad, Besut.

FP14812 Muhamad b. Mahmud, Besut.

FP14813 Syarikat Perusahaan Perabut Jaya Sepakat, Besut.

FP14814 Syarikat Perusahilan Perabut Jaya Sepakat, Kemaman.

Furniture Shed : Johore

FJ14901 Syarikat Kayu Wangi Sdn Bhd, Batu Pahat

FJ14902 Syarikat Gunung Tunor Sdn Bhd, Johore Bahm ..

FJ14903 Syarikat Subari Pembinaan Pemiagaan Sdn Bhd, Johore Bahru.

FJ14904 Veteran Industries Sdn Bhd, Yong Peng.

Fumitnre Shed : Kedah

FKlSOOl Khor Chu Ping, Daerah Kota Setar.

FK1S002 Kilang Kerjakayu Sun Kee Beng, Kulim.

FK15003 Kilang Papan Bangunan Huat (Kedah) Sdn Bhd, Daerah Kuala Muda.

FKIS004 Nyioh Hai Cliau, Sungai Patani.

FKlSOOS Perabut Sin Kong Min, Kulim. FK15006 Soon Hing, Alor Setar.

FK15007 Soon Seng Huat Kilang Perabut, Daerah Pendang Kedah. FK15008 Syarikat Process, Jabi. FKISO()I) Viki Enterprise, Alor Setar.

FK15010 Wah Lim Trading Co., Sungai Patani.

Furniture Shed : KeJantan

FE15101 Kilang Papan Kwangli Sdn Bhd, Hulu Kelantan.

FE15102 Rumus Sidique b. Sidek, Kuala Krai.

FE15103 Syarikat Kilang Kayu Pekan Jeli Sdn Bhd, Jeli.

174

Appendix A. 1.2

Fiie Name Structure FE15104 Syarikat !Giang Kerjakayu Kawanlcu, Gua Musang.

Furniture Shed : Negeri Sanbilan FN15201 Perusahaan Sri Simpang Pertang Sdn Bhd, Daerah Jelebu. FN15202 Syarikat Anika Trading Co. Bhd, Kuala Pilah.

Furniture Shed : Pahang FP15401 Kilang Papan WMP Sdn Bhd, Pekan.

FP15402 Syarikat Perabot Weng Cheong, Kuantan.

Furniture Shed : Penang

FA15301 Hup Heng Sdn Bhd, Butterworth.

FA15302 Kee Neng Wood Working Factory, Butterworth.

Furniture Shed : Selangor


FP15501 Kilang Membuat Perkakas Rumah Mesin Letrik Sdn Bhd, Kelang.

FP15Soz Lee Ah Sai Construction, Port Kelang.

FP15503 Syarikat Jasa Bakti Enterprise, Kuala Langat.

Furniture Shed: Terengganu

FT15601 Abd. Hamid b. Taib, Besut.

FT15602 Abdul Wahab Tawang, Kemaman.

FT15603 Abdullah b. Hamid, Mukim Bukit Payong.

FT15604 Abdullah b. Yusof & Ahmad b. Embong, Daerah Ulu Terengganu.

FT15605 Agra Dungun Sdn Bhd, Dungun Terengganu.

FT15606 Ali b. Salleh, Dungun.

FT156o7 Aliz Supplies, Kuala Terengganu.

FT15608 Baya8 Maju Enterprise, Kuala Terengganu.

FT156()1) En. Wan Dab. Ahmad, Ulu Terengganu.

FT15610 Geliga Besar Perabut, Kemaman.

FT15611 Haji Mohd b. Abdullah, Dungun.

FT15612 Hamzah b. Awang, Kuala Terengganu.

FT15613 Ibrahim b. Abas, Jajahan Kuala Terengganu.

FT15614 Kilang Papan Desa Medang Sdn Bhd, Kuala Terengganu.

FT15615 Kilang Papan Syarikat Miro, Besut

FT15616 Kilang Perabut Abdullah b. Awang, Kuala Terengganu.

FT15617 Kilang Perabut Ahmad @ Zahid b. Daud, Pengkalan Nangka.

FT15618 Kilang Perabut Awang b. Hj. Mohamed, Kemaman.

FT15619 Kilang Perabut Ghazali Ahmad, Kuala Terengganu.

FT15620 Kilang Perabut Haji Ismail b. Abd. Rahman, Kemaman.

FT15621 Kilang Perabut Mat Ali b. Idris, Kuala Terengganu.

FT15622 Kilang Perabut Osman b. Abu Bakar, Kuala Terengganu.

FT15623 Kilang Perabut Syarikat Sri Dungun, Kuala Dungun.

FT15624 Kilang Perabut Tenglcu Lela Segara, Kuala Terengganu.

FT15625 Megat Sulong b. Ahmad, Kuala Terengganu.

FT15626 Mohamad b. Said, Kuala Terengganu.

FT15627 Nawi b. Ismail, Besut.

FT15628 Omar b. Muda, Kuala Terengganu.

FT15629 Pl:l"abot Maju Bena, Besut

FT15630 Salim b. Mohamad, Kuala Terengganu.

FT15631 Saling b. Jusoh, Kemaman.

FT15632 Salleh Ali, Hulu Terengganu. FT15633 Salleh b. Ali, Hulu Terengganu.

FT15634 Syarikat Adek Beradek Abdul Manan Sdn Bhd, Daerah Kuala Terengganu.

FT15635 Syarikat Arif Ahmad Kamal, Mukim Jc~agau. FT15636 Syarikat Bumi Maju, Kemaman.

FT15637 Syarikat Kayu Wangi Sdn Bhd,-Batu PahaL FT15638 Syarikat Salis Enterprise, Kemaman.

FT15639 Syarikat Zamri, Kuala Berang.

175

Appendix A. 1.2

File Name Structure Ff1S640 Tai Huat Timber, Besut ..

Ff15641 Tan Chin Keong Perabot, Ulu Terengganu. Ff15642 Tengku Sulaiman b. Tengku Halim, Kuala Terengganu. Ff15643 Usaha Bersama Terengganu Sdn Bhd, Kuala Terengganu. Ff15644 Wan Abu Bakar Wan Endut, Daerah Kuala Terengganu.

Ff15645 Wan Hassan & Sons Furniture, Jerteh.

Ff15646 Wan Mohd (Haniff) b. Wan Yahya, Kemaman. Ff15647 Wan Musa b. Wan Yusof, Besut. Ff15648 Yaha Enterprise, Kuala Terengganu.

Ff15649 Zakaria b. Ibrahim, Kuala Terengganu.

Furniture Store : Johore FJ15701 Syarikat Maywood Industries Sdn Bhd, Labis.

Furniture Store : Terengganu


FS15801 Kilang Papan Sri Tengkawang Sdn Bhd, Daerah Ulu Terengganu. FS15802 Syarikat Mustapha Said & Anak-anak, Kuala Terengganu.

FS15802 Perusahaan Cheneh Baru Sdn Bhd, Daerah Kemaman.

Furniture Store : Pahang FP15901 Syarikat Perusahaan Chini (M) Sdn Bhd, Rompin.

Furniture Workshop : Kelantan FKl(i()()l Abdul Ghani Awang, Machang.

Furniture Workshop: Malacca

FM16101 T.T. Enterprise Sdn Bhd, Daerah Melaka Tengah.

Furniture Workshop : Perak FP16201 Yip Choy & Sons Sawmill, Menglembu.

FP16202 Perabut Sekusa Sdn Bhd, Chemor.

Furniture Workshop : Terengganu Ff16401 Cahaya Perabut Sdn Bhd, Daerah Dungun. Ff16402 Pelangi Perabut Sdn Bhd, BesuL

Ffl6403 Usaha Bersama Terengganu Sdn Bhd, Kuala Terengganu.

Game Court : Negeri Sanbilan GN16501 Gelanggang Gasing, Seremban.

General Assembly Shed : Kelantan GK16601 Syarikat Kilang Kayu Pekan Jell Sdn Bhd, Jeli.

Generator Room : Fdleral Territory GF16701 Kuala Lumpur Timber Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur.

Godown : Selangor GS16801 MIS Astraco Sdn Bhd, Pelabuhan Kelang.

Godown : Federal Territory GG 16901 Tiong Kiat Company Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur.

Grading Shed : Kelantan GK17001 Kilang Papan A. Abdullah (G.M.) Sdn Bhd, Gua Musang. GKl 7002 Wong V ot Sawmill Co. Sdn Bhd, Kota Bahru.

Green Seasoning Chamber : Negeri Sembilan GS17101 Bina Gernencheh Sdn Bhd, Batang Melaka.

176

Appendix A. 1.2

Structure Hospital : Kedah HK17201 Hospital Daerah, Kuala Nerang.

Hotel : Terengganu HT17301' Tanjong Jara Beach Hotel, Dungun.

Impregnation Plant Shed : Johore Dl 7401 Southern Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kluang.

Impregnation Tanks Shed : Selangor IS 17501 Kim Cllln Hoe Sawmills Sdn Bhd, Kelang.

Institution (College): Perak IP17(i()l Maktab Melayu Kuala Kan:;sar, Kuala Kangsar.

Joinery Shed : Pahang JP17701 K.C. Qieah Sawmills (Pahang) Sdn Bhd, Temerloh.

JP177CJ2 Kilang Papan Kemuning, Temerloh.

Joinery Shed: Negeri Sembilan JN17801 Syarikat Sri Palong Bhd, Seremban.

Joinery Store : Selangor JS17901 Midah Joinery Sdn Bhd, Sungai Buloli.

JS179CJ2 Wood & Allied Industries Holding Sdn Bhd, Kajang.

Kiln Drying Shed : Federal Territory KF18001 Finewood Products Cmporation Sdn Bhd, Pelabuhan Kelang. KF18002 Kuala Lumpur Timber Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur.

KF18003 Syarikat Nam Lee Trading Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur.

Kiln Drying Plant : Negeri Sembilan


KN19001 Syarikat Everprime Timber Industries Products Sdn Bhd, Gemas.

Kiln Drying Shed : Terengganu KT191001 Eng Hong Lee Timber Industries Sdn Bhd, Kuala Terengganu.

KT191002Besut Tsuda Industries Sdn Bhd, Besot.

Laminating Factory : Federal Territory LF19201 Kian Leong Sawmills Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur.

LF192CJ2 Ong Kian Teck Wood Preservation Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur.

Log Shed : Selangor LS19301 Syarikat Kilang Papan Economy Baru Sdn Bhd, Kuala Selangor.

Machinery Shed : Pahang MP19401 Syarikat Kilang Papan Baharuddin b. Abu ~akar, Raub.

Machinery Shed : Johore MJ19501 Kilang Papan Kemajuan (J) Sdn Bhd, Kluang.

MJ1950 Kilang Papan Simca Sdn Bhd, Masai.

Machinery Shed : Kedah MKl 9(,()1 Amirwood Sdn Bbd, Kulim. MK19602 Kilang Papan Ahmad Othman, Langkawi. MK19(i()3 Kilang Papan Kuala Muda, Sungai Petani.

MK19604 Syarikat Amiruddin Dan Anak-anak, Kulim.

177

Appendix A. 1.2 Entries to the Building Database

Fiie Name Structure ~chinery Shed : Kelantan MS19701 Syarikat Abdul Rahman Sdn Bhd, Kota Bahru. MS19702 Syarikat Perusahaan Kilang Papan Kuala Krai Sdn Bhd, Kuala Krai. MS19703 Syarikat Wan Mamat b. Wan Sulong Kilang Kayu Sdn Bhd, Jajahan Krai.

Machinery Shed : Malacca MN19801 Wah Heng Sdn Bhd, Mukim Bukit Rampai.

Machinery Shed : Negeri Sembilan MN19901 Kilang Papan Murad Sdn Bhd MN19902 Kilang Papan Yoong Yew Loong Sdn Bhd, Gemas.

Machinery Shed : Pahang MP12001 Kilang Papan Kian Seng Huat, Kuala Lipis.

MP12002 Kilang Papan Ani Sdn Bhd, Temerloh. MP12003 Ong Kian Teck Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kuantan. MP12004 Syarikat Kilang Papan Kecil Sri Pekan, Pekan.

MP12005 Syarikat Kilang Papan Semangat Apollo Sdn Bhd, Mukim Karatong.

Machinery Shed : Perak MS12101 Van Sen Sawmill, Ipoh.

Machinery Shed : Penang MM12201 Keaw Seng Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Seberang Prai

Machinery Shed : Selangor MA12301 Kilang Balak Kecil Textwood (M) Sdn Bhd, Kelang.

Machinery Shed : Terengganu MT12401 Abdullah b. Hamid, Mukim Bukit Payong.

MT12402 Abu bakar b. Semaun, Dungun. MT12403 Aziz Ahmad Perabot, Kuala Terengganu.

MT12404 Cahaya Perabut Sdn Bhd, Daerah Dungun. MT12405 Haji Abd Aziz b. Abd Rahman, Kuala Terengganu. MT12406 Hassan b. Kassim Perusahaan Perabut & Alat-alat Binaan, Besut.

MT12407 Russin b. Mohamad, Besut.

MT12408 Ibrahim b. Abas, Jajahan Kuala Terengganu.

MT12409 Ibrahim Jusoh, Dungun.

MT12410 Ishak b. Salleh, Kuala Terengganu.

MT12411 Kayu Kayan Sesama Sdn Bhd, Dungun.

MT12412 Kilang Balak Kecil Yaakub b. Hj. Daud, Dungun.

MT12413 Kilang Kayu Perabut Kg. Bahru, Besut.

MT12414 Kilang Papan Sri Tengkawang Sdn Bhd, Daerah Ulu Terengganu.

MT12415 Kilang Perabut Awang b. Hj. Mohamed, Kemaman.

MT12416 Kilang Perabut Ghazali Ahmad, Kuala Terengganu.

MT12417 Kilang Perabut Haji Ismail b. Abdul Rahman, Kemaman. MT12418 Kilang Perabut Syarikat Sri Dungun, Kuala Dungun.

MT12419 Mat Rani b. Said, Kuala Terengganu. MT12420 Megat Sulong b. Ahmad, Kuala Terengganu.

MT12421 Mohamad b. Said, Kuala Terengganu. MT12422 Muhamad b. Mahmud, Besut.

MT12423 Mustaffa b. Abdullah, Marang. MT12424 Perabot Maju Bena, Besut. MT12425 Salim b. Mohamad, Kuala Terengganu. MT12426 Sasali b. Ibrahim (Perusahaan Alatan Rotan), Paka. MT12427 Syarikat Adek Beradek Abdul Manan Sdn Bhd, Daerah Kuala Terengganu. MT12428 Syarikat Isof, Kuala Terengganu. MT12429 Syarikat Berkat Usaha, Kamaman. MT12430 Syarikat Din b. Ahmad Dan Anak-anak, Mukim Kuala Dungun.

178

Appendix A. 1.2

Fiie Name Structure MT12431 Syarikat Din Traders, Kuala Berang.

MT12432 Syarikat Haji Ismail Jaya, Daerah Kuala Terengganu.

MT12433 Syarikat M.MI Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Besut. MT12434 Syarikat Mohamad Sham, Besut.

MT12435 Syarikat Sri Damai Development Sdn Bhd, Kuala Terengganu.

MT12436 Tan Chin Keong Perabot, Ulu Terengganu.

MT12437 Yaakob Perabut Sdn Bhd, Besut.

Main Sawmill Building : Pahang MP12501 Rimba Jaya Sawmill, Jajahan Marang.

Magistrate Court : Perak MCIUiOl Bangunan Makamah Lama Teluk Intan, Teluk lntan.

Mosque : Perak MP12701 Bangunan Masjid Lama, Taiping.

Mosque : Johore MJ12801 Masjid Jamek Air Baloi, Pontian.

MJ12802 Masjid Pasir Pelangi, Johore Bahru.

MJ12803 Masjid Parit Bakar, Muar. MJ12804 Masjid Sungai Dinar, Pontian.

Mosque : Kelantan MK12901 Masjid Langgar, Kota Bahru.

MK12902 Masjid Tua Kampung Laut, Nilam Puri.

Mosque : Malacca MM13001 Masjid Jamik Duyung Malacca, Malacca.

MM13002 Masjid Kampung Hulu, Malacca.

MM13003 Masjid Kampung Keling, Malacci.

MM13004 Masjid Peringgit, Malacca.

MM13005 Masjid Tengkera, Malacca.

Mosque : Pahang

M013101 ASPA Mosque, Pekan.

M013102 Masjid Mat Kilau, Jerantut.

Mosque : Perak MS13201 Bangunan Masjid Jamek (Dato' Panglima Kinta), lpoh.

MS13202 Bangunan Masjid Kampong Paloh, lpoh.

MS13203 Bangunan Masjid Tengku Menteri, Matang.

MouJding Factory : Federal Territory MF13301 Kuala Lumpur Timber Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur.

MF13302 Kian Leong Sawmills Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur.

MF13303 Ong Kian Teck Wood Preservation Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur.

Moulding Factory : Pahang MF13401 Suria Bee Leong Timber Industries. Sdn Bhd, Kuantan.

Moulding Factory : Selangor MS13501 Bortim Wood Processing Sdn Bhd, Pelabuhan Kelang.

MS13502 Nymeriwood Industries Sdn Bhd, Pelabuhan Kelang.

Moulding Factory : Terengganu MT13601 Mustaffa Sutim Sdn Bhd, Kuala Terengganu.

179


Appendix A. 1.2

File Name Structure Moulding Plant: Johore MJ13701 Sindora Wood Product Sdn Bhd, Tenggara.

Moulding Plant : Kedah MK.13801 Leong Yee Broth~s Timber Industries Sdn Bhd, Kulim.

Moulding Plant : KeJantan M013901 KiJang Papan 'Galas (KeJantan) Sdn Bhd, Gua Musang.

Moulding Plant : Pahang MP14001 Hong Moh Sawmill Limited, Mentakap.

MP14002 Syarikat Sum Thai Trading Sdn Bhd, Jerantut.

Moulding Plant : Selangor MS14101 Beh Tnnber Co Sdn Bhd, PeJabuhan Kelang.

Moulding Plant : Perak MP14201 Wing Ying Sawmill & Plywood Bhd, Oiemor.

Moulding Shed : Johore MJ14301 Johore Timber Industries Sdn Bhd, Lapis. MJ14302 Kilang Papan Kemajuan (J) Sdn Bhd, Kluang.

Moulding Shed : Kelaotan MK.14401 Mohamed & Daham Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kota Bahru.

Moulding Shed : Negeri Sembilan


MN14501 Syarikat Everprime Timber Industries Products Sdn Bhd, Gemas. MN14502 Kilang Papan Murad Sdn Bhd, Seremban.

Moulding Shed : SeJangor MS14(i()l Kilang Kerjakayu Kenwood (M), Kelang.

Moulding Shed : Terengganu MT14701 Besot Tsuda Industries Sdn Bhd, Besot.

MT14702 lndahya Corporation Sdn Bhd, Daerah Ulu Terengganu.

MT14703 Dasar Bahagia Sdn Bhd, Daerah Besot.

Museum : Malacca MM14801 Istana Kesoltanan Melaka (Muzium Budaya), Malacca.

Museum : Perak MP14901 Bangunan Muzium Darul Ridzuan, Ipoh.

MP14902 Muzium Negeri Perak, Taiping.

Office : Malacca OM15001 Bangunan Mahkamah Majistret, Malacca, Malacca.

OM15002 Bangunan Stadthuys, Malacca.

OM15003 MaJlis Daerah Alor Gajah, Alor Gajah.

OM15004 Muzium Daerah Jasin, Jasin. OM15005 Muzium Lama Malacca, Malacca.

OM15006 Pcjabat Daerah dan Majlis Daerah Jasin, Jasin.

Office: Perak OP15101 Bangunan JKR (Lama), Taiping. OP15102 Bangunan Pejabat Daerah & Tanah, lpoh. OP15103 Bangunan Pcjabat Pos, Taiping. OP15104 Bangunan Pejabat Pos, Teluk lntan. OP15105 Bangunan Majlis Perbandaran Taiping (Lama). Taiping.

180

Appendix A. 1.2

Fiie Name Structure Open Shed : Pahang OP15201 Lee See Sawmill Sdn Bhd, District of Termeloh.

Open Shed : Negeri Sembilan ON15301 Syarikat Kilang Papan Gemas Sdn Bhd, Gemas. ON15302 Yee Woh Clian Sawmill (Bentong) Sdn Bhd, Bentong.

Open Shed : PuJau Pinang OS15401 Hup Seng Huat Sdn Bhd, Bukit Mertajam.

Open Shed : Negeri Sembilan ON15501 Syarikat Sri Palong Bhd, Seremban.

Palace : Kelantan PK15601 Balai Tengku Besar lndera Diraja, Kota Bahm.

PK15602 Bangunan Istana Balai Besar, Kota Bahm. PK15603 Istana Jahar, Kota Bahm.

PK15604 Istana Seri Akar, Kota Bahm.

PK15605 Istana Tengku Mahmud, Kota Bahm.

Palace : Negeri Sembilan PN16401 Istana Ampang Tinggi, Seremban.

PN16402 Istana Lama Sri Menanti, Kuala Pilah.

PN16403 Istana Negeri Sembilan, Seremban.

Palace : Pahang PP16501 Istana Leban Tunggal, Pekan.

PP16S02 Istana Mangga Tunggal, Pekan.

PP16S03 Istana Seri Melati, Pekan.

Palace : Perak PP16601 Istana Kenangan, Kuala Kangsar. PP16602 Istana Raja Muda, Teluk lntan PP16603 Istana Raja Bilah, Posing.

PP16604 Istana Perak, Perak.

Palace : Terengganu

PT16701 Istana Kampung Raja Besot, Besut

PT16702 Istana Maziah, Kuala Terengganu.

PT16703 Istana Tengku Abdullah, Besot.

PT16704 Istana Tengku Anjang, Besot

PT1670S Istana Tengku Long Besot, Besot

PT16706 Istana Tengku Puteri, Besot

PT16707 Rumah Bujang, Kuala Terengganu.

Pavilion : Kedah PK16801 Balai Nobat, Alor Setar.

Planning Shed : Pahang

PS16901 Kilang Papan Yin Woh Sdn Bhd, Raub.

PS16902 K.C. Clieah Sawmills (Pahang) Sdn Bhd, Temerloh.

Plywood Factory : Pahang

PF17001 Sin Clieong Hin Plywood Sdn Bhd, District of JerantuL

Plywood Factory : Perak PP17101 Perak United Sdn Bhd, Taiping.

181


Appendix A. 1.2

File Name Structure Plywood Workshop 1 Federal Territory PF17201 li~g Kiat Company Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur.

Plywood Workshop: Perak PP17301 YipClioy&.Sons Sawmill, Menglembu.

Predrying Shed : Pahang PS17401 Lutz- Aspa Handles Sdn Bhd, Maran.

Predryiog Shed : Selangor PR17S01 General Lumber (Holding) Bhd, Klang.

Preservation Plant : Pahang PP17601 Guan Huat Sawmill, Temerloh. PP17602 Hong Mob Sawmill Limited, Mentakap. PP17603 K.C. Qieah Sawmills (Pahang) Sdn Bhd, Temerloh.

Pressure Treatment Plant : Negeri Sembilan PN17701 Syarikat Perusahaan Kayuan Medan Jaya Sdn Bhd, Gemas. PN17702 Kilang Papan Murad Sdn Bhd, Seremban.

Prison : Perak


PP17801 Bangunan Kompleks Sejarah Perak (Rumah Ngah Ibrahim), Matang.

Public Gathering BPilding : Kedah PK17901 Bangunan Balai Besar, Alor Setar.

Queen's Palace : Terengganu QT18001 Istana Tenglru Nik, Kuala Terengganu.

Recovery Band Sawmill : Negeri Sembilan RN18101 Syarikat Kilang Papan Gemas Sdn Bhd, Gemas.

Recovery Band Sawmill : Pahang RP18201 Perkayuan Pahang (femerloh) Sdn Bhd, Pekan. RP18202 Lesong Forest Products Sdn Bhd, Kuala Rompin.

Residence : Federal Territory RF18301 L & F Residence, Kuala Lumpur. RF18302 Mr. Jimmy Um, Kuala Lumpur. RF18303 Peter Eu House - lst House, Damansara. RF18304 Peter Eu House - 2nd House, Damansara. RF18305 Precima House, Bangsar. RF18306 Quah House, Sungai Buloh. RF18307 Rolf Schnyder House, Kuala Lumpur. RF18308 Walian House, Bangsar. RF183()1J WP Residence House, Kuala Lumpur.

Residence: Johore RJ18401 Bangunan Datuk Jaafar, Jobore Bahru. RJ18402 House at Jobore Bahru, Jobore Bahru. RJ18403 Mawar Heritage Centre, Mukirn Bandar RJ18404 Rurnah Daeng Mat Diew, Muar.

Residential : Kelantan

RK18501 Pusat Asihan & Bimbingan Kanak-kanak Islam, Kota Bahru. RK18502 Rumah Meleb Haijah Wan Mele, Turnpat. RK18503 Rurnah Puan Wee Mek Kian, Kota Bahru. RK18504 Rurnah Tok Yakup, Bacbok.

182

Appendix. A. 1.2

Fiie Name Structure RK.18505 Rumah Traditional Melayu Kelantan, Kota Bahru.

Residence : MaJacca RM18601 Rumah Baba, Malacca, Residential. RM18602 Rum;m Melaka, Mai~ RM18603 Rumah Melayu Bandar Hilir, Bandar Hilir. RM18604 Rumah Penghulu Mohd. Natar, Merlimau. RM18605 Rumah T.Y.T .Yang Dipertua Negeri Malacca, Malacca.

Residence : Negeri Sembilan RNl8701 Rumah Contoh Minangkabau, Seremban.

RNI8702 Residential, Pahang.

RNl8703 Rumah Tempat Lahir Tun Abdul Rauk, Pekan.

Residence : Perak RP18801 Rumah Baitul Rahmah; Kuala Kangsar. RP18802 Rumah Melayu, Pasir Salak.

Residence : Selangor RS18901 Kampung Tuanku House, Petaling Jaya.

RS18902 Nilly House, Petaling Jaya.

RS18903 Salinger House, Bangi .. RS18904 Rumah Pak Ali, Sabak Bemam.

Residence : Terenggan11 RT19001 Rumah Haji Abdul Rahim, Kuala Terengganu. RT19002 Rumah Haji Su, Kuala Terengganu.

RT19003 Romah Haji Tahir b. Yusof, Kemaman. RT19004 Rumah Hajjah Mariam, Kuala Terengganu. RT19005 Rumah Melayu, Besut.

RT19006 Rumah Melayu, Kuala Terengganu. RT19007 Rumah Tok Ku Paloh, Kuala Terengganu.

Residence/Mosque : Kedah .

RK.19101 Madrasah dan Rumah Tok Janggut - Langgar, Alor Setar.

Resort : FederaJ Territory


RF19201 Bukit Kiara International F.questrian & Country Resort, Kuala Lumpur.

Resort : Johore RJ19301 Ponderosa Golf & Country Resort, Johore Bahru.

Resort : Kedah RK.19401 Berjaya Langkawi Beach Resort, Polau Langkawi.

RK.19402 Del..ima Resort, Polau Langkawi.

RK.19403 Pelangi Beach Hotel Resort, Polau Langkawi. RK.19404 Sheraton Langkawi Resort, Polau Langkawi.

RK.19405 The Datai, Polau Langkawi. RK.19406 Langkawi Island Resort, Polau Langkawi

Resort : Malacca RM19501 Air Keroh Country Resort, Malacca.

Resort : Pahang RP19601 Genting Staff Resort, Kuantan. RP19602 Hyatt Kuantan, Kuantan.

RP19603 Impiana Resort, Kuantan.

183

Appendix A. 1.2

Fiie Name Structure Resort : Perak RE19701 Banding Island Resort, Grik.

Rest House : Pahang RH19801 Ollef Rest House, Pekan.

RH19802 Rest House, Kuala Lipis. RH19803 Rest House, Pekan. RH19804 Pahang Rest House, Pekan.

Rest House : Perak RT19901 Bangunan Rwnah Rehat Bandar, Taiping.

Sawmill : Federal Territory SF20001 Aik Bee Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Petaling.

SF20002 Aik Joo Bee Sawmill, Kajang.

SF'l0003 Qion Joo Sawmill, Kuala Lumpur.

SF20004 Fook Soon Hin Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur.

SF2000S Hin Kee Sawmill, Qieras.

SF20006 Hong Lim Sawmill, Kuala Lwnpur.


SF20007 Hua Foat Machine Joinery Enterprise Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lwnpur.

SF20008 Kayu Sedia Sdn. Bhd, Kuala Lumpur.

SF20009 Kian Leong Sawmills Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur. SF20010 Kilang Papan Kwong Lee Olln, Kuala Lumpur.

SF20011 Kimma Industries Sdn Bhd, Cheras.

SF20012 Kuala Lumpur Timber Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur.

SF20013 Kwong Kee Oieong Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur.

SF20014 Leong Moh Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur.

SF20015 Ong Kian Teck Wood Preservation Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur. SF20016 Sem Siong Industries Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur.

SF20017 Sin Joo Kee Sawmill, Kuala Lwnpur. SF20018 Syarikat Kilang Kerjakayu Rawang, Kuala Lumpur.

SF20019 Syarikat Kilang Papan Abdul Aziz Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur.

SF20020 Syarikat Kilang Papan Abdul Aziz Sdn Bhd, Sungai Besi.

SF20021 Syarikat Kotakualiti, Kuala Lumpur. SF20022 Syarikat Nam Lee Trading Sdn Bhd, Kuala Luinpur.

SF20023 Syarikat Tenaga Shah Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur.

SF20024 Tan Nam Sawmills {M) Kuala Lumpur.

SF20025 Tiong Kiat Company Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur.

Sawmill : Johore SJ20101 Ayer Hitam Sawmill Co. Sdn Bhd, Ayer Hitam.

SJ20102 Ban Hoe Sawmill Co. Ltd, Kluang.

SJ20103 Bee Qiai Co. Sdn Bhd, Batu Pahat.

SJ20104 Bee Seng Sawmill (J) Sdn Bhd, Yong Peng.

SJ20105 Oia'ah Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Segamat.

SJ20106 Oiong Lim Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Muar.

SJ20107 Hock Leong Timber Trading Sdn Bhd, Johore Bahru.

SJ20108 Hong Lim Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Muar.

SJ20109 Johore Lumbering Sdn Bhd, Kluang. SJ20110 Johore Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kota Tmggi.

SJ201 l l Johore Timber Industries Sdn Bhd, Lapis. SJ20112 Kayuasli Industries (M) Sdn Bhd, Kluang. SJ20113 Kilang Papan Hock Seng Teck, Kota Tinggi. SJ20114 Kilang Papan Johore Tenggara Sdn Bhd, Daerah Ulu Lebir. SJ20115 Kilang Papan Kemajuan (J) Sdn Bhd, Kluang. SJ20116 Kilang Papan Kwong Maw Co. Ltd, Johore Bahru. SJ20117 Kilang Papan Mas Sdn Bhd, Kota Tinggi.

SJ20118 Kilang Papan Rimba Timor (Johore) Sdn Bhd, Johore Bahru. SJ20119 Kilang Papan Selatan Malaysia Sdn Bhd, Kota Tinggi.

184

Appendix A. 1.2

Fiie Name Structure SJ20120 Kilang Papan Simca Sdn Bhd, Masai.

SJ20121 Kilang Papan Tan Choon Seng Sdn Bhd, Segamat.

SJ20122 Kim Hiap Lee Sdn Bhd, Benut..

SJ20123 Kim Thye Sawmill, Kluang.

SJ20124 Kong Loon Sawmill Sdn Bhd, KJuang.

SJ20125 Kwong Hock Leong Sawmill Sdn Bhd, KJuang.

SJ20126 Labis Batu Bata Sdn Bhd, Labis.

SJ20127 Labis Industries, Labis.

SJ20128 Lee Hin Sawmill Co. Sdn Bhd, Muar.

SJ20129 Lee Hing Sawmills Co. Sdn Bhd, Muar. SJ20130 Lien Hoe Sawmill Co.Sdn Bhd, Johore Bahru.

SJ20131 Lian Pang Sawmill (M) Sdn Bhd, Kluang.

SJ20132 Malaysian Forest Industries Sdn Bhd, Labis.

SJ20133 Mini Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kota Tmggi.

SJ20134 Ng Yew Chai Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Renggam.

SJ20135 Ong Kian Teck Sawmills (Sdn) Berhad, Johore Bahru.


SJ20136 Perusahaan Kayu Kayan (KJuang) Sdn Bhd, Mukim of Mersing.

SJ20137 Perusahaan Kilang Papan & Perabut Sim Seng Sdn Bhd, Durian Tunggal.

SJ20138 Sharikat Kilang Papan Johore Tenggara Sdn Bhd, Johore Bahru.

SJ20139 Sindora Wood Product Sdn Bhd, Bandar Tenggara.

SJ20140 Southern Sawmill Sdn Bhd, KJuang.

SJ20141 Syarikat Berkerjasama Permodalan Melayu Negeri Johor, Segamat.

SJ20142 Syarikat Kayu Wangi Sdn Bhd, Batu Pahat.

SJ20143 Syarikat Kemajuan Tanahan Sdn Bhd, Daerah Kota Tinggi.

SJ20144 Syarikat Kilang Papan Gerak Maju Sdn Bhd, Segamat.

SJ20145 Syarikat Kilang Papan Seri Bukit Kepong Sdn Bhd, Muar.

SJ20146 Syarikat Kilang Papan Tai.Cheong (Sdn) Bhd, Mersing.

SJ20147 Syarikat Maywood Industries Sdn Bhd, Labis. SJ20148 Syarikat Mini Mill Sdn Bhd, Ayer Hitam.

SJ20149 Syarikat Peridi Sdn Bhd, Labis.

SJ20150 Syarikat Perniagaan dan Perusahaan Melayu Muar Berhad, Muar.

SJ20151 Syarikat Perusahaan Kilang Papan ClM Sdn Bhd, Johore Bahru.

SJ20152 Syarikat Subari Pembinaan Perniagaan S.dn Bhd, Johore Bahru.

SJ20153 Syarikat Subari Pembinaan Sdn.Bhd, Johore Bahru.

SJ20154 Umac Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Mersing.

SJ20155 Veteran Industries Sdn Bhd, Yong Peng.

SJ20156 Yong Huat Sawmill & Co., Yong Peng.

Sawmill : Kedah

SK20201 Chop Hai Huat, Sungai Patani.

SK20202 Eng Hong Kuan Sawmill, Kuala Muda.

SK20203 Guan Soon Huat Sawmill, Alor Setar.

SK20204 Guar Chempedak Sawmill, Guar Chempedak.

SK20205 Kilang Kayu Hoe Hup Sdn Bhd, Daerah Kuala Muda.

SK20206 Kilang Papan Bangunan Huat (Kedah) Sdn Bhd, Daerah Kuala Muda.

SK20207 Kilang Papan Kecil Chin Chun Swee & Rodzi B.Ahmad, Kulim.

SK20208 Kilang Papan Kedah Sdn Bhd, Daerah Kota Setar.

SK20200 Kilang Papan Kee LOOng Sdn Bhd, Gurun.

SK20210 Kilang Papan Teik Hong (Kota Setar) Sdn Bhd, Kota Setar.

SK20211 Leong Yee Brothen Timber Industries Sdn Bhd, Kulim.

SK20212 Pailang Scrai Kclang Kayu Sdn Bhd, Kulim.

SK20213 Swee Yuen&: Co., Changloon.

SK20214 Swee Yuen Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kubang Pasu.

SK20215 Syankat Amiruddin Dan Anak-anak, Kulim.

SK20216 Syarikat Kayu Kayan Kedah Sdn Bhd, Sungai Patani.

SK20217 Ta.i Sun Electric Sawmills Sdn Bhd, Kulim. SK20218 Ta.i Sun Sawmills lld., Kulirn.

SK20219 Ywh Hup Bee Sdn Bhd, Mukim Sala Besar.

185

Appendix A. 1.2

Fiie Name Structure Sawmill : Kelantan SA20301 Ernasa.di (Kilang Papan Kecil), Bukit Merah.

SA20302 Fajar SawmiJJ Sdn Bhd, Tanah Merah.

SA20303 Great Bonanza Timber Sdn Bhd, Mukim Manjor. SA20304 Hussein b. Musa SawmiJJ, Kota Bahru. SA20305 Jaya SawmiJJ Co. Sdn Bhd, Ulu Kelantan.

SA20306 Keltra Timber Complex, Machang.

SA20300 Kesedar SawmiJJ Sdn Bhd, Gua Musang.

SA20308 Kesedar SawmiJJ Sdn Bhd, Ulu Kelantan.

SA20309 Kilang Papan A. AbduJJah (G.M.) Sdn Bhd, Gua Musang.

SA20310 Kilang Papan A. AbduJJah (G.M.) Sdn Bhd, Kota Bahru.

SA20311 Kilang Papan Bakti Bachok, Bachok.

8'A20312 Kilang Papan Bakti, Bachok.

SA20313 Kilang Papan Datuk Ong Kian Seng, Ulu Kelantan.

SA20314 Kilang Papan Galas (Kelantan) Sdn Bhd, Gua Musang.

SA20315 Kilang Papan Ketereh Kelantan, Kola Bahru.

SA20316 Kilang Papan Kwangli Sdn Bhd, Hulu Kelantan.

SA20317 Kilang Papan Tengku Jaafar Sdn Bhd, Machang.

SA20318 Kilang Papan Tengku Yaakob b. Tengku Salleh, Kelantan.

SA20319 Kilang Papan Wong Vot, Kota Bahru.

SA20320 Kuala Krai Sawmill Co., Kuala Krai.

SA20321 Mohamed & Daham SawmiJJ Sdn Bhd, Kota Bahru.

SA20322 Nestra Sdn Bhd, Mukim Manjor.

SA20323 Pasir Mas SawmiJJ Sdn Bhd, Gua Musang.

SA20324 Perusahaan Kayu Melayu Kelantan, Pasir Puteh.

SA20325 Perusahaan Kayu Melayu Sawmill, Kota Bahru.

SA20326 Perusahaan Kilang Papan Kuala Krai, Machang.

SA20327 Sri Wangsa Selatan Timber Sdn Bhd, Gua Musang.

SA20328 Sungai Rek Pembangunan Sdn Bhd, Kuala Krai.

SA20329 Syarikat Abdul Rahman Sdn Bhd, Kota Bahru.

SA20330 Syarikat Adam SawmiJJ, Pasir Putih.

SA20331 Syarikat Binaan Budi SawmiJJ Sdn Bhd, Ulu Kelantan.


SA20332 Syarikat Bumiair Timber Industries Sdn Bhd, Tanah Merah.

SA20333 Syarikat Great Bonanza Timbers Sdn Bhd, Kuala Krai. SA20334 Syarikat Jaya Raya Kuala Krai SawmiJJ (Sdn) Bhd, Kuala Krai.

SA20335 Syarikat Kemajuan Timbermine Sdn. Bhd, Gua Musang.

SA20336 Syarikat Kilang Kayu Pekan Jeli Sdn Bhd, Jell.

SA20337 Syarikat Kilang Papan Bumi Sdn Bhd, Kelantan.

SA20338 Syarikat Kilang Papan Kecil (Mini SawmiJJ), Machang.

SA20339 Syarikat Kilang Papan Limbongan Sdn Bhd, Tanah Merah.

SA20340 Syarikat LLK Latib Perak Sdn Bhd, Jajahan Ulu Kelantan.

SA20341 Syarikat LLK Latib Perak Sdn Bhd, Ulu Kelantan.

SA20342 Syarikat Maju Lembah Pergau, Kuala Krai.

SA20343 Syarikat Pembinaan Kg. Cermin Sdn Bhd, Jajahan Tanah Merah.

SA20344 Syarikat Perusahaan Kilang Papan Kuala Krai Sdn Bhd, Kuala Krai.

SA20345 Syarikat Perusahaan Perabut lpar, Jajahan Pasir Mas. SA20346 Syarikat Tiga Antara, Machang.

SA20347 Syarlkat Usahasama Gua Musang, Jajahan Ulu Kelantan.

SA20348 Timber mine Development Corporation Sdn Bhd, Gua Musang.

SA20349 Tong Lam SawmiJJ Co., Tanah Merah.

SA20350 Wong Vot Sawmill Co. Sdn Bhd, Kota Bahru.

SA20351 Zam Zam Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Melor.

Sawmill : MaJacca

SM20401 Abdul Hadi Sdn Bhd, Bukit Rambai. SM20402 Bina Gemencheh Sdn Bhd, Batang Melaka.

SM20403 Focus Malaysian Woods Sdn Bhd, Melaka Tengah.

SM20404 Harga Sawmill & Timber Products Sdn Bhd, Telok Mas. SM20405 Kilang Papan Harga Industries Sdn Bhd, Telok Mas.

186

Appendix A. 1.2

Fiie Name Structure SM20406 Kilang Papan Letrik Melaka Sdn. Bhd, Malacca.

SM20407 Kilang Papan Pulau Sebang Sdn Bhd, Aloh Gajah.

SM20408 Sing Fob Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Malacca. SM20409 Syarikat Kilang Papan Empat Sejaras, Mukim Merlimau.

SM20410 Syarikat Kilang Shim Fob Sdn Bhd, Melaka Tengah.

SM20411 T.T. Enterprise Sdn Bhd, Daerah Melaka Tengah.

SM20412 Tan Kai Liat Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Bukit Rarnbai.

SM20413 Tee Siong Sawmill Co. Sdn Bhd, Malacca.

Sawmill : Negeri Sembilan SN20501 Belantara Enterprise Sdn Bhd, Gemas.

SN20502 Chin Fatt Kee Sdn Bhd, Seremban.

SN20503 Chok Ley Ngioh Trading Co, Daerah Port Dickson.

SN20504 Eng Hong Lee Timber Industries Sdn Bhd, Tampin.

SN20SOS Hup Seng Sawmill Co., Bahau.

SN20506 Jaya Furniture Industries Sdn Bhd, Kuala Pilah.


SN20507 Kilang Balak Kecil Mok Sum Construction Sdn Bhd, Seremban.

SN20508 Kilang Papan Hang Tuah, Ayer Hitam. SN205()1) Kilang Papan Kota Sdn Bhd, Kota.

SN20510 Kilang Papan Murad Sdn Bhd, Seremban.

SN20511 Kilang Papan Seri Serting, Kuala Pilah.

SN20512 Kilang Papan Sim Fatt, Rembau.

SN20513 Kilang Papan Sri Gadut, Seremban.

SN20514 Kilang Papan Syarikat Kam-Yusof, Kuala Pilah.

SN20515 Kilang Papan United Sdn Bhd, Tampin.

SN20516 Kilang Papan Yoong Yew Loong Sdn Bhd, Gemas.

SN20517 Kwong Onn Sawmill (Sdn) Bhd, Mantin.

SN20518 Lee Wah Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Gemas.

SN20519 Lian Pong Timber Industries Sdn Bhd, Tampin.

SN20520 Loong Fatt Company, Seremban.

SN20521 Mah Fah Timber Industries Sdn Bhd, Seremban.

SN20522 Modem Wood Products Sdn Bhd, Seremban.

SN20523 Murad Construction, Seremban.

SN20524 Nam Seng Hong Sawmill, Kuala Pilah.

SN20525 Nam Seng Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kuala Pilah.

SN20526 Nestin Sdn Bhd, Seremban.

SN20527 Rimba Muda Co.Sdn Bhd, Batu Kikir.

SN20528 Sem Joo & Co. Sawmill, Seremban.

SN20529 Sembilan Electric Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Seremban.

SN20530 Seong Fatt Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Seremban.

SN2053 l Sim Sim Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kuala Pilah.

SN20532 Sin Hup Seng Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Seremban.

SN20533 Siong Moh Sawmill, Tampin.

SN20534 Soo Kee Sawmill Co, Seremban.

SN20535 Soo Kee Sawmill, Seremban.

SN20536 Sum Hup Sawmill, Bahau.

SN20537 Syarikat Everprime Timber Industries Products Sdn Bhd, Gemas.

SN20538 Syarikat Guan Seng Timber Products, Seremban.

SN20539 Syarikat Johore Sdn Bhd, Seremban.

SN20540 Syarikat Kemajuan Jaya, Gemas.

SN20541 Syarikat Kilang Papan Gemas Sdn Bhd, Gemas.

SN20542 Syarikat Kilang Papan Gemas, Seremban. SN20543 Syarikat Kilang Papan Kelemah Sdn Bhd, Mukim Bahau.

SN20544 Syarikat Kilang Papan Kim Mah Sdn Bhd, Tampin.

SN20545 Syarikat Malaysia Kilang Papan Sdn Bhd, Taiwin.

SN20546 Syarikat Perabut Dan Kerja Perkayuan Fan Yong, Seremban.

SN20547 Syarikat Perusahaan Kayuan Medan Jaya Sdn Bhd, Gemas.

SN20548 Syarikat Sri Palong Bhd, Seremban. SN20549 Syarikat U Lian, Seremban.

187

Appendix A. 1.2

File Name Structure SN20550 Syarikat Usaha Murni, Jelebu. SN20551 Tarnpin Sawmill & Co, Tarnpin. SN20552 Tan Kai Liat Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Daerah Tampin. SN20553 Tong Kwee Sawmill, Seremban. SN20554 Wan Leong Timber Trading, Seremb'!n· SN20555 Wee Hin Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Seremban. SN20556 Wee Hing Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Mantin.

0

SN20557 Yoong Leok Kee Coq>oration Sdn Bhd, Seremban.

Sawmill : Kedah SK20601 Alliance Enterprise Co, Seberang Prai. SK20602 Lim Qlln Joo Sawmills, Seberang Prai. SK20603 Lucky.Woodwork Engineering Centre, Bukit Mertajarn. SK20604 Syarikat Kilang Papan Bersatu, Bukit Mertajam.

Sawmill : Pahang SP20701 Asia Sungei Yu Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lipis. SP20702 Bok Kee Teak Wood Co. Sdn Bhd, Bukit Tinggi. SP20703 Bukit Goh Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kuantan. SP20704 Bukit Senorang Lumber Industries Sdn. Bhd, Mentakap. SP20705 Chan KokChoon, Temerloh. SP20706 Cheng CheokBee Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Pekan. SP20700 Cheng Cheok Bee Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Temerloh. SP20708 Cheong Kai Lam Sawmill, Kuantan. SP201()1) Cheong Sawmills Sdn Bhd, Bentong.

SP20710 Continental Sawmill, Veneer & Plywood Sdn Bhd, Kuantan. SP20711 East Union Timber Industries Sdn Bhd, Mentakap.

SP20712 Federal Sawmill Garnbang (1965) Sdn Bhd, Gambang. SP20013 Gee Seng Sawmill, Kuantan. SP20714 Guan Huat Sawmill, Temerloh. SP20715 Hean Lee Sawmill & Trading Co. Sdn Bhd, Jerantut. SP20716 Hin Lee Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kuantan.

SP20717 Hong Bee Sawmill Co, Kuantan. SP20018 Hong Huat Sdn Bhd, Kuantan. SP20719 Hong Leong Co. Sdn Bhd, Bentong.

SP20720 Hong Moh Sawmill Limited, Mentakap.

SP20721 Institut Kemahiran Mara, Pekan. SP20722 Jaya Muda Sdn Bhd, Temerloh. SP20723 Jusoh Sawmill Co., Kuantan. SP20724 K.C. Cheah Sawmills (Pahang) Sdn Bhd, Temerloh. SP20725 Khoo Chee Seng Sawmill, Maran. SP20726 Kilang Papan (MC), Jerantut.

SP20027 Kilang Papan Ali Baba, Temerloh. SP20728 Kilang Papan Amalgamated Lumber (M) Sdn Bhd, Kuantan.

SP20729 Kilang Papan Berkas Perajurit Malaysia Barat, Mentakap. SP20730 Kilang Papan Bukit Emas Sdn Bhd, Raub. SP20731 Kilang Papan Bukit Godarn Sdn Bhd, Temerloh. SP20732 Kilang Papan Haji Arshad b. Hj. Taib, Sementan. SP20733 Kilang Papan Kecil Alias, Temerloh. SP20734 Kilang Papan Kemuning, Temerloh. SP20735 Kilang Papan Kian Seng Huat, Kuala Lipis. SP20736 Kilang Papan Land Development Corporation Ltd, Rompin. SP20737 Kilang Papan Maran Sin Hin Sdn Bhd, Maran. . SP20738 Kilang Papan Maran Sin Hin Sdn Bhd, Temerloh.


SP20739 Kilang Papan Mohd Said b. Singah & Soh Yong Seng, Mentakap. SP20040 Kilang Papan Ng Hock Seng, Raub. SP20741 Kilang Papan Pekan Sdn Bhd, Kuantan. SP20742 Kilang Papan Pekan Sdn Bhd, Pekan. SP20043 Kilang Papan Poh Soo Trading, Temerloh.

188

Appendix A. 1.2

File Name Structure SP20744 Kilang Papan Rompin Trading Sdn Bhd, Rompin. SP2074S Kilang Papan Semantan, Kuantan. SP20746 Kilang Papan Sophia Industries, Benta. SP20747 Kilang Papan Syarikat Sophia Industries, Benta. , SP20748 Kilang Papan Wan Abdullah, Kuantan. SP20749 Kilang Papan Wan Ahmad Sdn Bhd, Lipis. SP207SO Kilang Papan WMP Sdn Bhd, Pekan. SP207Sl Kilang Papan Yin Woh Sdn Bhd, Raub. SP20752 Kilang Papan Yong Yin Kwee Sdn Bhd, Kuantan.


SP20753 Kilang papan Selamat Sentosa (Keratong-Pahang) Sdn Bhd,Pekan. SP20754 Kim Teck Leong Sawmills Sdn Bhd, Karak.

SP201SS Kimyu Kilang Papan dan Plywood Sdn.Bhd, Temerloh. SP20756 Kimyu Sawmill & Plywood Company Limited, Temerloh.

SP20757 Kit Ming Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Raub.

SP20758 Kuantan Sawmill, Kuantan.

SP20759 Lee See Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Tenneloh. SP207ti0 Lee Tee Kit Sawmill, Mentakap.

SP20761 Lee Wan Sin & Mey Sawmill, Kuantan. SP20762 Malatab Industries Sdn Bhd, Kuantan. SP20763 Maran Road Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Temerloh.

SP20764 Modal Moulding Sdn Bhd, Kuantan. SP2076S Moh Lim Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Temerloh SP20766 Mohd Sood b. Abdul Hamid, Pekan. SP20767 Nam Yit Developments (M) Sdn Bhd, Pekan. SP20768 Nam Yit Developments (M) Sdn Bhd, Ulu Keratong. SP20769 Nenasi Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Pekan. SP20770 Ng Tiong Kiat Sawmill (friang) Sdn Bhd, Jerantut. SP20771 Ong Kian Teck Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kuantan. SP207J2 Pahang Sawmills, Temerloh. SP20773 Pan Malaysia Industries Sdn Bhd, Mukim of Keratong. SP20774 Perkayuan Pahang (Pekan/Kuantan) Sdn Bhd, Kuantan. SP2077S Perkayuan Pahang (Temerloh) Sdn Bhd, Pekan.

SP20776 Poh Chan Hup Seng Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Raub. SP20777 Raub Sawmill, Raub. SP20778 Rimba Jaya Sawmill, Jajahan Marang.

SP20779 Rompin Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kuala Rompin.

SP20780 Seng Peng Sawmills Sdn Bhd, Gambang.

SP20781 Sharikat Jiwa Mentalcap Sdn Bhd, Mentakap.

SP20782 Sharikat Sungei Belat Sdn Bhd, Kuantan. SP20783 Sim Guan Sawmill & Co., Pahang, Mukim Sabai. SP20784 . Sim Hoe wood & Sawmills Sdn Bhd, Kuantan.

SP2078S Syarikat Sum Thai Trading Sdn Bhd, Jerantut.

SP20786 Sungai Charu Sawmill & Company, Kuantan. SP20787 Southern Sawmill, Lipis.

SP20788 Suria Bee Leong Timber Indusiries. Sdn Bhd, Kuantan. SP20789 Syarikat Al-Hadi (Sdn) Bhd, Temerloh. SP20790 Syarikat Hong Lim Kilang Papan Sdn Bhd, Mentakap. SP20791 Syarikat lhsan Sdn Bhd, Temerloh. SP20792 Syarikat Jengka Sdn Bhd, Jengka. SP20793 Syarikat Kemajuan Pembalak Pahang, Temerloh. SP20794 Syarikat Kembar Sebati (Sdn) Bhd, Kuantan. SP2019S Syarikat Kilang Papan Chin Guan Sdn Bhd, Mentakap. SP20796 Syarikat Kilang Papan Kecil Kampong Jambu Rias, Karak. SP20797 Syarikat Kilang Papan Kecil Sri Pekan, Pekan. SP20798 Syarikat Kilang Papan Semangat Apollo Sdn Bhd, Mukim Karatong. SP20199 Syarikat Kilang Papan Sri Pahang, Raub. SP20100 Syarikat Kilang Papan Timber Merchants Co., Temerloh. SP20101 Syarikat Membalak Gerak Maju Sdn Bhd, Temerloh. SP20102 Syarikat Ong Kian Teck Sawnull Sdn Bhd, Maran.

189

Appendix A. 1.2

File Name Structure SP20103 Syarikat Pennodalan Dan Perusahaan Pahang Bhd, Kuantan.

SP20104 Syarikat Pemiagaan Gelanggi, Jerantut. SP20105 Syarikat Perusahaan Ch.ini (M) Sdn Bhd, Rompin. SP20106 Syarikat Perusahaan Kayu Bentong, Bentong. SP20107 Syarikat Perusahaan Pahang Timor, Kuantaii. SP20108 Syarikat Perusahan Ch.ini (M) Sdo Bhd, Pekan. SP20109 Syarikat Sri Wangsa Sawmill Sdo Bhd, Benta. SP20110 Syarikat Sungai Batu (M) Sdn Bhd, Kuantan.

SP20111 Syarilcat Tenaga Desa Pahang, Jerantut. SP20112 Tekun Jaya (feja), Kuantan. SP20113 Telemong Tong Leong Sdn Bhd, Bentong. SP20114 Temerloh District Timber Trading Co. Sdo Bhd, Mentakap. SP2011S Temerloh Sawmill Co. Sdo Bhd, Temerloh.

SP20116 Thye Hing Sawmill Sdo Bhd, Temerloh.

SP20117 Tioman Sendirian Berhad, Pahang.

SP20118 Tong Kwee Sawmill, Seremban. SP20119 Union Bestwood Sdo Bhd, Maran.

SP20120 United Furniture International Sdn Bhd, Temerloh.

SP20121 United Trading Sawmill Sdo Bhd, Kuantan.

SP20122 Yap Tmiber Trading Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lipis.

SP20123 Yee Hup Sawmill, Maran.

SP20124 Yee Woh Chan Sawmill (Bentong) Sdn Bhd, Bentong.

Sawmill : Penang SA20801 Ban Guan Thye Sawmill Ltd, Butterworth.

SA20802 Hup Seng Huat Sdn Bhd, Bukit Mertajam.

SA20803 Kilang Papan Woodwell Sdo Bhd, Seberang Prai.

SA20804 Syarikat Ah Pong Kilang Papan, Nibong Tebal. SA20805 Teong Lee Sawmill & Hardware Sdn Bhd, Seberang Prai.

SA20806 Yeoh Kok Eng, Province Wellesly.

Sawmill : Perak SP20901 Au Chong Mun Sawmill Sdo Bhd, Slim River. SP20902 Bee Choon Sawmill Company, lpoh. SP20903 Bidor Sawmill Sdo Bhd, Bidor.

SP20904 Boon Hock Sawmill Sdo Bhd, Taiping.

SP20905 Chong Mah Wooden Boxes Factory, Tanjong Malim.

SP20906 Chop Sin Hin Chong Khai Chen & Brother Sawmill, Ipoh.

SP20907 Dr Kok Chee Min Sawmill, lpoh.

SP20908 Eng Joo Enterprise Sdo Bhd, Taiping.

SP20909 Guan Hin Sawmill & Hardware Sdo Bhd, Taiping.

SP20910 Heap Moh Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Sitiawan.


SP20911 Hock Wah Seng Timber Products Sdn Bhd, Tan jong Rambutan.

SP20912 Hong Seong Sawmills Ltd, Tanjong Malim.

SP20913 lkatan Syarikat Pembalak-pembalak Perak Bhd, Grik.

SP20914 Kilang Papan Aziz b. Kulup Ahmad, Daerah Batang Padang. SP2091S Kilang Papan Chop Yeap Yuen Kee Sdn Bhd, Simpang Pulai.

SP20916 Kilang Papan Chun Lee, Padang Rengas.

SP20917 Kilang Papan Dr. Kok Chee Min, Sungei SipuL

SP20918 Kilang Papan Grilc, Hulu Perak.

SP20919 Kilang Papan Kuala Kangsar Sdn Bhd, Kuala Kangsar. SP20920 Kilang Papan Lee Kim Weng, Grik. SP20921 Kilang PllP!ID Perl>adanan Kemajuan Negeri Perak, lpoh. SP20922 Kilang Papan Seraya Sdn Bhd, lpoh. SP20923 Kilang Papan Slim River Sdo Bhd, Slim River. SP20924 Kilang Papan Thong Mee Ching Kee Sdn Bhd, lpoh. SP20925 Kilang Papan Tuan Haji Ahmad Sapawi b. Kulop Lela, lpoh. SP20926 Kilang Papan Weng Lee, Broas. SP20927 Kilang Papan Za.inuddin Hj. Aris Sdn Bhd, Bidor.

190


File Name Structure SP20028 Kwong Luen Foong Sawmill Company, Ipoh.

SP2()1)29 Kwong Yuen Sang Sawmill, Batang Padang. SP20030 Lee Sang Loong Sawmill, lpoh.

SP20031 Nam Fong Sawmill, Ipoh. SP20032 Nam Seng Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Parit Buntar.

SP20033 Perak Simpang Timber Sdn Bhd, Taiping.

SP20034 Perbadanan Kemajuan Negeri Perak, lpoh. SP20035 Pintu Gerbang Perpaduan Kilang Papan Sdn Bhd,lpoh.

SP20036 Santary Sdn Bhd, Ipoh. SP20037 Seng Fatt Sawmill, Bidor. SP20038 Simpang Wood Works Sdn Bhd, Taiping.

SP20039 Sin Hin Sawmill (Chong Khai Chen & Brother Sdn Bhd), Ipoh.

SP20040 Sin Hin Sawmill (Chong Khai Chen) Sdn Bhd, Ipoh.

SP20041 Song Seng Sawmill, Taiping. SP20042 Sun Nam Lee Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kampar. SP20043 • Syarikat H.M. Radzi Sdn Bhd, Ulu Kinta. SP20044 Syarikat Kwong Fook Hing Sdn Bhd, Bidor.

SP20045 Syarikat Kwong Fook Hing Sdn Bhd, Tapah. SP20946 Syarikat Meranti Sdn Bhd, lpoh.

SP20047 Syarikat Salamah (Perak) Sdn Bhd, Kuala Kangsar.

SP20048 Syarikat Sun Ngoon Sawmill (M) Sdn Bhd, Teluk Anson.

SP20049 Tan Chee Seng Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Ipoh. SP20050 Tat Meng Sawmill and Furniture, Mukim Ulu Kinta.

SP20051 Thong Fatt limber Sdn Bhd, Sungai Siput..

SP20052 Tong Fong Plywood Factory Sdn Bhd, Ipoh.

SP20053 Tong Hing Sawmill, Temoh.

SP20054 Wing Ying Sawmill & Plywood Bbd, Chemor.

SP200SS Woh Hup Kee Sdn Bhd, lpoh. SP20056 Yip Choy & Sons Sawmill, Menglembu.

SP20057 Yip Yoon Kee Sawmill, Simpang Pulai.

Sawmill : Selangor SS21001 F.H. Chai Sawmill, Petaling.

SS21002 General Lumber (Holdings) Bhd, Petaling Jaya. SS21003 Goodwill Veneer And Plywood Products (M) Sdn Bhd, Klang.

SS21004 Guan Guan limber Industries Sdn Bhd, Kajang.

SS21005 Ho Guan Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Batu Caves.

SS21006 Hong Seng Sawmill & Co, Ulu Selangor .. SS21007 Hu Sang Sawmill, Rawang.

SS21008 Jinjang Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Batu Caves. SS21009 Kekal Kayu Sdn Bhd, Klang.

SS21010 Keong Kee Sawmill Sdn Bh, Kuala Selangor •.

SS21011 Kian Ann (Seng Kee) Sawmill, Kajang.

SS21012 Kian Kee Sawmills (M) Sdn Bhd, Batang Berjuntai.

SS21013 Kilang Balak Kecil }'extw~ (M) Sdn Bhd, Kelang. SS21014 Kilang Balak Kecil Yeoh Teong Lin, Kelang. SS21015 Kilang Kerja Kayu Hoe Leong Timber, Kelang.

SS21016 Kilang Kerja Kayu Sungei Pelek, Sepang.

SS21017 Kilang Papan Balak Kecil Yap Soon Huat, Mukim Sepang.

SS21018 Kilang Papan Chan Fook, Mukim of Petaling.

SS21019 Kilang Papan Ekonomi Baro Sdn Bhd, Kuala Selangor.

SS21020 Kilang Papan Goodwood, Ulu Selangor. SS21021 Kilang Papan Kian Ann (Seng Kee), Kajang.

SS21022 Kilang Papan Mohd Nazir Sdn Bhd, Ulu Langat.

SS21023 Kim Hock Timber Sawmill, Daerah Kuala Langat.

SS21024 Kim Hoe Seng Timber Merchant, Kuala Langat. SS2102S Kim Lian Huat Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Tanjung Karang. SS21026 Leong Moh Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kepong. SS21027 Mattaku Sdn Bhd, Kuala Selangor.

191

Appendix A. 1.2

Fiie Name Structure SS21028 Ong Kian Teck Plywood Sdn Bhd, Kepong. SS21029 Ong Kian Teck Wood Preservation Sdn Bhd, Kepong.

SS21030 Rawang Sawmill, Rawang. SS21031 Salak Sawmill, Sepang. SS21032 Sharika! Kilang Papan Hock Guan Sdn Bhd, Kajang. SS21033 Sin Yew Huat (limber Merchants), Kuala Langat. SS21034 Siong Hoe Sawmill, Kajang.

SS21035 Sri Ledang Sdn Bhd, Klang.

SS21036 Syarikat Hassan And Sons Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Selcinchan.

SS21037 Syarikat Jasa Bakti Enterprise, Kuala Langat. SS21038 Syarikat Jaya Sahabat, Daerah Kuala Selangor.


SS21039 Syarikat Kilang Papan Economy Baro Sdn Bhd, Kuala Selangor.

SS21040 Syarikat Kilang Papan Kim Guan Huat Sdn Bhd, Kelang.

SS21041 Syarikat Kilang Papan Rasa, Hulu Selangor.

SS21042 Syarikat Kilang Papan Sdn Bhd, Kelang.

SS21043 Syarikat Kilang Papan Sim Mok, Kajang. SS21044 Syarikat Lucky Timber, Kepong.

SS21045 Syarikat Perniagaan Ketua Kampong Kuala Selangor, Kuala Selangor,

SS21046 Syarikat Sebati Sdn Bhd, Ulu Selangor.

SS21047 Syarikat Tenaga Shah Sdn Bhd, lnu Selangor.

SS21048 Syarikat Usahajaya, Kuala Selangor.

SS21049 Wandex Sdn Bhd, Sungai Bulah. SS21050 Wood & Allied Industries Holding Sdn Bhd, Kajang.

SS21051 Yee Woh Dian Sawmill, Mulcim of Petaling.

Sawmill: Terengganu STillOl Abdullah @ Awang b. Ismail, Kuala Terengganu.

STI1102 Abdullah b. Yusof & Ahmad b. Embong, Daerah Ulu Terengganu. STI1103 Agra Dungun Sdn Bhd, Dungun. ·

STI1104 Ahmad Zaki Sdn Bhd, Terengganu.

STI1105 Asrama Raya Sdn Bhd, Jerangau. STI1106 Bakti Malaysia Sdn Bhd, Kuala Terengganu.

STI1107 Berjaya Sawmill Co, Mukim Bukit Payong.

STI1108 Bersama Timber Corporation Sdn Bhd, Kemaman.

STil 109 Besut Tsuda Industries Sdn Bhd, Besot.

STilllO C.W. Abdul HamidSdn Bhd, Kemarnan.

STill 11 Oiee Fook Lian Sawmill, Ulu Terengganu.

STil 112 Oiye Hin Sdn Bhd, Kemaman.

STill 13 Dasar Bahagia Sdn Bhd, Daerah Besot.

STil 114 Eastern Sawmills & Co. Sdn Bhd, Kuala Terengganu.

STill 15 Eng Song Timber Trading, Kuala Terengganu. '

STil 116 Hussin b. Mohamad, Besot.

STI1117 Indahya Corporation Sdn Bhd, Daerah Ulu Terengganu.

STI1118 Jerangau Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Dungun.

STil 119 Jusoh Sawmill Co., Besot. STI1120 Kapur Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kerteh. STil 121 Kilang Balak Kecil Musa b. Muda, Kemaman. STil 122 Kilang Dungun Lumber Co. Sdn Bhd, Dungun.

STI1123 Kilang Papan Oiendana Sdn Bhd, Kuala Terengganu. STil 124 Kilang Papan Desa Medang Sdn Bhd, Kuala Terengganu. STil 125 Kilang Papan Leung Huat Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Dungun.

STI1126 Kilang Papan Malay Sino (I'erengganu) Sdn Bhd, Kuala Terengganu. STI1127 Kilang Papan Pengkalan Nangka, Besut. STI1128 Kilang Papan Syarikat Lam Sim Sdn Bhd, Jerteh.

STI1129 Kilang Papan Syarikat Miro, Besot.

STI1130 Kilang Papan Syed Yusof Bersaudara, Ulu Terengganu. STI1131 Kilang Papan Ulu Terengganu Sdn Bhd, Kuala Berang. STI1132 Kilang Papan Ulu Terengganu Sdn Bhd, Ulu Terengganu. STII 133 Kilang Papan Wakaf Tapai Sdn Bhd, Kuala Terengganu.

192

Appendix A. 1.2

Fiie Name · Slructure STI.1134 Megat Yahya b. Megat Osman, Kuala Terengganu. STI.1135 Mohd Amin Store & Housemaker, Mukim Kuala Nerus. STI.1136 Mohd Arifin b. Jabir, Besut. STI.1137 Mustaffa Sutim Sdn Bhd, Kuala Terengganu. STII 138 Ong Kian Teck Sawmills Sdn Bhd, Paka. STI.1139 Paka Kerteh Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Dungun. STI.1140 Perusahaan Cheneh Baru Sdn Bhd, Daerah Kemaman.


STI.1141 Perusahaan Kayu Kayan Lim 0100 Fong Sdn Bhd, Marang. STI.1142 Perusahaan Kayu Kayan Sri Terengganu, Kuala Berang. STI.1143 Perusahaan Kayu Kayan Sri Terengganu, Ulu Terengganu. STI.1144 Perusahaan Seberang Baroh Sdn Bhd, Daerah Kuala Terengganu. STI.1145 Sekawan Enterprise, Besut. STI.1146 SPPK Woodworking Complex Sdn Bhd, Kemaman. STI.1147 Syarikat Batu Rakit Sawmill Terengganu, Batu Rakit. STI.1148 Syarikat Berkat Usaha, Kamaman. STI.1149 Syarikat Dasar·Timur Sdn Bhd, Daerah Kuala Terengganu. STI.1150 Syarikat Din b. Ahmad Dan Anak-anak, Mukim Kuala Dungun. STI.1151 Syarikat Eng San Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Besut. STI.1152 Syarikat Jaya Seberang Takir Sdn Bhd, Kemaman. STI.1153 Syarikat Keruak Sawmill Sein Bhd, Besut. STI.1154 Syarikat Kilang Papan Bina Bot & Perniagaan Bina Bot,Terengganu. STII 155 Syarikat Kilang Papan Bintang Tnnor, Besut. STI.1156 ~yarikat Kilang Papan Ismail Omar, Besut. STI.1157 Syarikat Kilang Papan Pinang Dungun Terengganu Sdn Bhd, Dungun. STI.1158 Syarikat Kilang Papan Sino Malay Sein Bhd, Kuala Terengganu. STI.1159 Syarikat Kilang Perabut Kiat Huat, Mukim Seraya. STilHiO Syarikat Mustapha Said & Anak-anak, Kuala Terengganu. STI.1161 Syarikat Persahabatan Maju, Kemaman. STI.1162 Syarikat Perusahaan Dan Pemborong Kemaman Sdn Bhd, Kemaman. STI.1163 Syarikat Perusahaan Putra Terengganu (Sdn) Bhd, Ulu Terengganu. STI.1164 Syarikat ~eri Serangkai Sdn Bhd, Kuala Terengganu. STI.1165 Syarikat Shukur Jaya, Dungun Terengganu. STI.1166 Syarikat Sri Langkap, Setiu. STI.1167 Syarikat Usaha Jaya, Kemaman. STI.1168 Syarikat Usaha Murni, Daerah Kemaman. STI.1169 Syarikat Zaiya, Dungun. STil 170 Tai Huat Timber, Besut. STI.1171 Tam Enterprises Sdn Bhd, Daerah Kemaman. STI.1172 Tan Ah Tong Sdn Bhd, Kemaman. STI.1173 Tan Seng Sawmill Co, Kuala Terengganu. STI.1174 Terengganu Sawmills & Co, Kuala Terengganu. ST21175 Tuan Hj. Abd. Hamid b. Yaakob, Kemaman. ST21176 Usaha Bersama Terengganu Sdn Bhd, Kuala Terengganu. ST21177 Usahasama Tenaga Wan, Besut.

ST21178 Uzir b. Mahmood, Kemaman. ST21179 Wan Yusofb. Abu Bakar, Besut. ST21180 Wong Fong Sawmill, Dungun. ST21181 Zakaria b. Ibrahim, Kuala Terengganu.

Sawn Timber Shed : Perak SP21201 Song Seng Sawmill, Taiping.

Seasoning Shed : Federal Territory SF21301 Kwong Kee Cheong Sawmill Sdn Bhd.

Seasoning Shed : Johore SJ21401 Chung Hwa National Type Primary School, Muar. SJ21402 Ng Yew Chai Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Renggam. SJ21403 Sindcira Wood Product Sdn Bhd, Bandar Tenggara.

193


Fiie Name Structure SJ21404 Syarikat Beruntung Sdn Bhd, Segamat.

SJ21405 Syarikat Subari Pembinaan Perniagaan Sdn Bhd, Johore Bahru.

SJ21406 Syarikat Subari Pembinaan Perniagaan Sdn Bhd, Renggam.

Seasoning Shed: KeJantan SK21501 Kilang Papan Wong Vot, Kota Bahru.

SK21502 Mohamed & Daham Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kota Bahru.

SK21503 Perusahaan Kayu Melayu Kelantan, Pasir Puteh.

SK21504 Syarikat Bumiair Timber Industries Sdn Bhd, Tanah Merah.

SK21SOS Wong Vot Sawmill Co. Sdn Bhd, Kota Bahru.

Seasoning Shed : Malai:ca

SM21001 Sing Fob Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Malacca.

Seasoning Shed : Negeri Sembilan SS21701 Mah Fah Timber Industries Sdn Bhd, Seremban. SS21702 Syarikat Kilang Papan Gemas, Seremban.

SS21703 Kilang Papan Syarikat Kam·Yusof, Kuala Pilah.

Seasoning Shed : Pahang

SP21801 Cheng CheokBee Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Pekan.

SP21802 Moh Lim Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Temerloh.

SP21803 Pan Malaysia Industries Sdn Bhd, Mukim of Keratong.

SP21804 Rimba Jaya Sawmill, Jajahan Marang.

SP2180S Sim Hoe wood & Sawmills Sdn Bhd, Kuantan.

SP21806 Syarikat Hong Lim Kilang Papan Sdn Bhd, Mentakap.

Seasoning Shed : Penang SP21901 Ban Guan Thye Sawmill Ltd, Butterworth.

Seasoning Shed : Perak SE22001 Kilang Papan Chun Lee, Padang Rengas.

SE22002 Keow Seng Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Nibong Tebal.

SE22003 Syarikat Perindustrian Kayu Sungai Ketyoh, Batang Padang.

Seasoning Shed : Terengganu STI2101 Ahmad Zaki Sdn Bhd, Terengganu.

STI2102 Bersama Timber Corporation Sdn Bhd, Kemaman.

STI2103 Chye Hin Sdn Bhd, Kemaman.

STI2104 Kilang Dungun Lumber Co.Sdn Bhd, Dungun.

STI2105 Syarikat Kilang Papan Sino Malay Sdn Bhd, Kuala Terengganu.

STI2106 Kilang Papan Ulu Terengganu Sdn Bhd, Ulu Terengganu.

STI2107 Kilang Perabut Haji Ismail B. Abd. Rahman, Kemaman.

STI2108 Kilang Perabut Mat Ali B.ldris, Kuala Terengganu.

STI2109 Perusahaan Kayu Kayan Sri Terengganu, Ulu Terengganu.

STI2110 Syarikat Persahabatan Maju, Kemaman.

STI2111 Tan Seng Sawmill Co, Kuala Terengganu.

Shed: Perak SP22201 Bengkel Kejuruteraan, Ipoh.

Shed : Tereogganu STI2301 Pesaka Tereogganu Berhad, Dungun.

STI2302 Syarikat Kilang Papan Pinang Duogun Tcrengganu Sdn Bhd, Dungun.

Stacking Shed : Johore SJ22401 Malaya Steam Sawmill, Ubu.

194

Appendix A. 1.2

Fiie Name Structure Stacking Shed : Terengganu ST22501 Pesaka Terengganu Berhad, Dungun.

Store : Pahang SP22601 Guan Huat Sawmill, Temerloh.

SP22li02 Khoo Chee Seng Sawmill, Maran. SP22603 Kilang Papan Kian Seng Huat, Kuala Lipis.

SP2Ui04 Kilang papan Selamat Sentosa Sdn Bhd, Pekan. SP2Ui05 Nam Yit Developments (M) Sdn Bhd, Kuantan.

SP2Ui06 Perlcayuan Pahang (femerluh) Sdn Bhd, Kemayan,. SP2Ui07 Temeloh Sawmill Co. Sdn Bhd, Temerloh.

Store : Perak SP22701 Syarikat Salamah (Perak) Sdn Bhd, Kuala Kangsar.

Store : Selangor SS22801 Gedong Raja Abdullah, Kelang.

SS22802 Guan Guan Timber Industries Sdn Bhd, Kajang.

Store : Terengganu ST22901 Berjaya Sawnull Co, Mukim Bukit Payong.

ST22902 Kilang Papan Syarilcat Lam Sim Sdn Bhd, Jerteh.

Store : Negeri Sembilan SN23001 Kilang Papan Murad Sdn Bhd, Seremban.

Store : Pahang

SP23101 Gee Seng Sawmill, Kuantan. SP23102 Kilang Papan Syarikat Sophia Industries, Benta.

Store : Perak

ST23201 Tan Chee Seng Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Ipoh.

ST23202 Syarikat H.M. Radzi Sdn Bhd, Ulu Kinta.

-Surau (Prayer Room) : Pahang

SP23301 Surau Engku Dato, Pekan.

Tanalising Plant : Pahang

TP23401 Hin Lee Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kuantan.

Tanalising Plant : Perak

TA23501 Kilang Papan Lee Kim Weng, Grik.

T A23502 Kilang Papan Grik, Hulu Perak.

TA23503 Syarikat H.M. Radzi Sdn Bhd, Ulu Kinta.

Tanalising Plant : Terengganu TT23601 Cahaya Perabut Sdn Bhd, Daerah Dungun. TT23602 Ibrahim b. Ahas, Kuala Terengganu.

TT23603 Tai Huat Timber, Besut TT23604 Tan Seng Sawmill Co., Kuala Terengganu.

Tanalising Plant : Federal Territory


TF23701 Hua Fuat Machine Joinery Enterprise Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur.

Tanalising Plant: Johore TJ23801 Syarikat Subari Pcmbinaan Sdn Bhd, Johore Bahru.

Tanalising Plant : Kelantan TK23901 Kesedar Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Gua Musang.

195

Appendix A. J.2 Entries to the Building Database

Fiie Name Structure TK23902 Syarikat Perusahaan Kilang Papan Kuala Krai Sdn Bhd, Kuala Krai.

TK23903 Yunus Sawmill (M) Sdn Bhd, Kota Bahru.

Tanalising Plant 1 Negeri Sembilan TN24001 Syarikat Kemajuan Jaya, Gemas.

TN24002 Syarikat Everprime Tnnber Industries Products Sdn Bhd, Gemas.

Tanalising Plant : Penang TP24101 Alliance Enterprise Co., Seberang Prai.

TP24102 Ban Guan Thye Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Butterworth.

Temple : Federal Territory TF24201 Thean Hou Temple, Kuala Lumpur.

Temple : Malacca TM24301 Tokong Cina, Malacca.

TM24302 Tokong Cheng Hoon Teng, Malacca.

Temple : Pe~ang TP24401 Kuil Cina Kongsi Cheah, Pulau Pinang.

TP24402 Snake Temple, Bayan Lepas.

TP24403 Tokong Khoo Kongsi, George Town.

Temple : Perak TE24501 Bangunan Tokong China Matang, Matang.

Timber Depot : Perak TI24601 Seng FattSawmill, Bidor.

Timber Drying Kiln : Selangor TS24701 Kim Chin Hoe Sawmills Sdn Bhd, Kelang.

Timber Factory : Penang TP24801 Lam Tatt Electrical Furnishing Sdn Bhd, Seberang Prai.

Timber Factory : Negeri Sembilan TN24901 Syarikat Perniagaan Chuan Sin, Daerah Jelebu.

Timber Impregnation Plant : Pahang TP25001 Malatah Industries Sdn Bhd, Kuantan.

TP25002 Syarikat Kilang Papan Kecil Sinar Pahang, Kuala Lipis.

Timber Mouding Workshop : Johore TJ25101 Syarikat Kayo Wangi Sdn Bhd, Batu Pahat.

Timber Moulding : Negeri Sembilan TM25201 Syarikat Everprime Timber Industries Products Sdn Bhd, Gemas.

Thnber Moulding Facfury : Pahang TP25301 Gim Heng Enterprise Sdn Bhd, Kuantan.

TP25302 Kuantan Moulding (M) Sdn Bhd, Kuantan.

Tunber Office : Selangor TS25401 Ho Guan Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Batu Caves.

Timber Preservative Shed : Federal Territory RF2SS01 Syarikat Hock Seng Timber Preservers Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur.

196

Appendix A. 1.2

File Name Structure Timber Seasoning Shed : Perak TP25601 Kilang Papan Lee Kim Weng, Grik.

Timber Seasoning Shed : Selangor Tl25701 Kilang Papan Olan Fook, Mukim of Petaling.

Timber Seasoning Shed : Terengganu Tf25801 Abdullah @ Awang b. Ismail, Kuala Terengganu.

Timber Seasoning Shed : Negeri Sembilan TS25901 Bina Gemencheh Sdn Bhd, Batang Melaka.

Timber Seasoning Shed : Pahang TP2(i()()l Lee Wan Sin & Mey Sawmill, Kuantan.

Timber Seasoning Shed : Johore TJ26101 Bee Seng Sawmill (J) Sdn Bhd, Yong Peng. TJ26102 Hong Bee Sawmill Co., Kuantan. TJ26103 Malatab Industries Sdn Bhd, Kuantan.


TJ26104 Syarikat Kilang Reja Kayu Bukit Batu Sdn Bhd, Simpang Regam.

TJ2610S Veteran Industries Sdn Bhd, Yong Peng.

Timber Shed : Kelantan TK26101 Keltra Timber Complex, Machang. TK26102 Syarikat Abdul Rahman Sdn Bhd, Kota Bahm. TK26103 Syarikat liga Antara, Machang.

Timber Shed : Negeri Sembilan TN26201 Belantara Enterprise Sdn Bhd, Gemas. TN26202 Syarikat Everprime limber Industries Products Sdn Bhd, Gemas.

TN26203 Syarikat Sri Palong, Seremban. TN26204 Syarikat Perusahaan Kayuan Medan Jaya Sdn Bhd, Gemas.

Timber Shed : Pahang TP26301 Kilang Papan Kian Seng Huat, Kuala Lipis. TP26302 Lesong Forest Products Sdn Bhd, Kuala Rompin. TP26303 Syarikat Kilang Papan Baharuddin b. Abu Bakar, Raub. TP26304 Syarikat Kilang Papan Kecil Sinar Pahang, Kuala Lipis. TP2630S Syarikat Perniagaan Gelanggi, Jerantut.

Timber Shed : Selangor TS26401 Kilang Balak Kecil Textwood (M) Sdn Bhd, Kelang.

Timber Shed : Terengganu Tf26501 Mustaffa Sutim Sdn Bhd, Kuala Terengganu. Tf26502 Syarikat Din b. Ahmad Dan Anak-anak, Mukim Kuala Dungun. Tf26503 Usaha Bersama Terengganu Sdn Bhd, Kuala Terengganu.

Timber Shed : Johore TJ26601 Far East Plywood Bhd, Johore Bahru.

Timber Shed : MaJacca TM26701 Harga Sawmill & limber Products Sdn Bhd, Telok Mas. TM26702 Kilang Papan Harga Industries Sdn Bhd, Telok Mas.

Timber Shed : Negeri Sembilan TN26801 Belantara Enterprise Sdn Bhd, Gemas. TN26802 Bina Gemencheh Sdn Bhd, Batang Melaka. TN26803 Sembilan Electric Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Seremban.

197

Appendix A. 1.2

File Name Structure 1N26804 Syarikat Perusahaan Kayuan Medan Jaya Sdn Bhd, Gemas.

Timber Shed : Pahang. TP26901 Khoo Chee Seng Sawmill, Maran. TP26902 Kimyu Kilang Papan dan Plywood Sdn. Bhd, Temerloh.

TP26903 Lee See Sawmill Sdn Bhd, District of Termeloh.

Timber Shed : Perak TP27001 Dr. Kok Chee Min Sawmill, Ipoh. TP27002 Kilang Papan Dr. Kok Chee Min, Sungai Siput.

Tunber Stacking Shed 1 Selangor TI27101 Kim Chin Hoe Sawmills Sdn Bhd, Kelang.

Timber Store : Federal Territory TF27201 Aik Joo Bee Sawmill, Kajang. TF27202 Fook Soon Hin Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur.

TF27203 Hong Lim Sawmill, Kuala Lumpur. TF27204 Kuala Lumpur Timber Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur.

TF27205 Reamer & Spindle Industries Sdn Bhd, Cheras.


TF27206 Syarikat Hock Seng Timber Preservers Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur.

TF27207 Syarikat Kilang Kerjakayu Rawang, Kuala Lumpur. TF27208 Syarikat Kilang Papan Abdul Aziz Sdn Bhd, Sungai Besi.

TF27209 Syarikat Tenaga Shah Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur.

TF27210 Kwong Kee Cheong Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur.

TF2721 l Sin Joo Kee Sawmill, Kuala Lumpur.

TF27212 Syarikat Kotakualiti, Kuala Lumpur. TF27213 Syarikat Nam Lee Trading Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur. TF27214 Tan Nam Sawmills (M), Kuala Lumpur.

Timber Store : Johor TJ27301 Ayer Hitam Sawmill Co. Sdn Bhd, Ayer Hitarn.

TJ27302 Cha' ah Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Segamat.

TJ27303 Chong Lim Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Muar.

TJ27304 Hock Leong Timber Trading Sdn Bhd, Johore Bahru .

. TJ27305 Johore Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kota Tinggi.

TJ27306 Johore Timber Industries Sdn Bhd, Lapis.

TJ27307 Kilang Papan Hock Seng Teck, Kata Tinggi.

TJ27308 Kilang Papan Kemajuan (Johore) Sdn Bhd, Kluang.

TJ27309 Kilang Papan Mas Sdn Bhd, Kota 'l;"inggi. TJ27310 Kilang Papan Rimba Timor (Johore) Sdn Bhd, Johore Bahru.

TJ27311 Kilang Papan Selatan Malaysia Sdn Bhd, Kota Tinggi.

TJ27312 Kilang Papan Simca Sdn Bhd, Masai. TJ27313 Kilang Papan Tan Choon Seng Sdn Bhd, Segamat.

TJ27314 Kim Chin Hoe Sawmills Sdn Bhd, Johore Bahru.

TJ27315 Kong Loon Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kluang. TJ27316 Kwong Hock Leong Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kluang. TJ273 l 7 Labis Industries, Labis.

TJ273 l 8 Malaya Steam Sawmill, Labis. TJ27319 Malaysian Forest Industries Sdn Bhd, Labis. TJ27320 Mini Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kola Tinggi.

TJ27321 Perusahaan Kayo Kayan (Kluang) Sdn Bhd, Mukim of Mersing. TJ27322 Perusahaan Kilang Papan Letrik Sim Seng Sdn Bhd, Durian Tunggal. TJ27323 Sharikat Kilang Papan Johore Tenggara Sdn Bhd, Johore Bahru.

TJ27324 Sharikat Kilang Papan Seri Bukit Kepong Sdn Bhd, Muar.

TJ27325 Lian Pang Sawmill (M) Sdn Bhd, Kluang.

TJ27326 Sharikat Kilang Papan Seri Bukit Kepong Sdn Bhd, Muar. TJ27327 Sindora Wood Product Sdn Bhd, Bandar Tenggara. TJ27328 Sin Cheong Loong Sawmill, Kulai.

198

Appendix A. 1.2

Fiie Name Structure TJ27329 Southern Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kluang. TJ27330 Syarikat Gunung Timor Sdn Bhd, Johore Bahru. TJ27331 Syarikat Kayu Wangi Sdn Bhd, Batu PahaL TJ27332 Syarikat Kemajuan Tanahan Sdn Bhd, Daerah Kota 1inggi. TJ27333 Syarikat Kilang Papan G~ak Ma ju Sdn Bhd, Segamat. TJ27334 Syarikat Kilang Papan Tai Oieong (Sdn) Bhd, Mersing.

TJ27335 Syarikat Maywood lndustrie:s Sdn Bhd, Labis. TJ27336 Syarikat Mini Mill Sdn Bhd, Ayer Hitam. TJ27337 Syarikat Pmdi Sdn Bhd, Johore Bahru.


TJ27338 Syarikat Perusahaan Kilang Papan CIM Sdn Bhd, Johore Bahru.

TJ27339 Syarikat Subari Pembinaan Sdn Bhd, Johore Bahru.

TJ27340 Umac Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Mersing.

Timber Store : Kedah TK27401 Hock Seng Sawmill, Baling.

TK27402 Kang Eng Aun Sdn Bhd, Kota Setar. TK27403 Kilang Papan Teik Hong (Kota Setar) Sdn Bhd, Kota Setar.

TK27404 Lunas Industries Sdn Bhd, Kulim.

TK27405 Sin Wooi Guan Sawmill, Baling.

TK27406 Soon Seng Huat Kilang Perabut, Daerah Pendang.

TK27407 Swee Yuen & Co, Changloon.

TK27408 Swee Yuen Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kubang Pasu.

limber Store : Kelantan TS27501 Kuala Krai Sawmill Co, Kuala Krai.

TS2'7502 Kilang Papan Ketereh Kelantan, Kota Bahru. TS27503 Syarikat Perusahaan Kilang Papan Kuala Krai Sdn Bhd, Kuala Krai.

TS27504 Syarikat Great Bonanza Timbers Sdn Bhd, Kuala Krai. TS27505 Syarikat Maju Lembah Pergau, Kuala Krai.

TS27506 Syarikat Adam Sawmill, Pasir Putih.

TS27500 Syarikat Perusahaan Perabut lpar, Jajahan Pasir Mas.

TS27508 Syarikat Kilang Papan Kecil (Mini Sawmill), Machang. TS275()1) Syarikat Usahasama Gua Musang, Jajahan Ulu Kelantan.

TS27510 Syarikat Pembinaan Kg. Cermin Sdn Bhd, Jajahan Tanah Merah. TS27511 Syarikat Wan Mamat b. Wan Sulon Kilang Kayu Sdn Bhd, Jajahan Krai.

TS27512 Syarikat Perusahaan Kilang Papan Kuala Krai Sdn Bhd, Kuala Krai.

TS27513 Syarikat Perusahaan Kilang Papan Kuala Krai Sdn Bhd, Kuala Krai

TS27514 Kesedar Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Gua Musang.

TS27515 Syarikat Usahasama Gua Musang, Jajahan Ulu Kelantan.

TS27516 Sri Wangsa Selatan Timber Sdn Bhd, Gua Musang.

TS27517 Syarikat Pembinaan Kg. Cermin Sdn"Bhd, Jajahan Tanah Merah.

TS27518 Syarikat Perusahaan Kilang Papan Kuala Krai Sdn Bhd, Kuala Krai.

TS27519 Pasir Mas Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Gua Musang.

TS27520 Syarikat Kilang Papan H.I. Mohd Salleh Sdn Bhd, Pasir Mas.

TS27521 Syarikat Seri Bintang Sdn Bhd, Kuala Krai.

TS27522 Emasasli (Kilang Papan Kecil), Bukit Merah. TS27523 Fajar Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Tanah Merah. TS27524 Guan Ann Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Ulu Kelantan.

TS27525 Kelantan Lumber Product Great Eastern Mill Sdn Bhd, Kuala Krai. TS27526 Kilang Papan A. Abdullah (G.M.) Sdn Bhd, Kota Bahru.

TS27527 Kilang Papan Bakti Bachok, Bachok. TS27528 Kilang Papan Datuk Ong Kian Seng, Ulu Kelantan. TS27529 Kilang Papan Galas (Kelantan) Sdn Bhd, Gua Musang. TS27530 Kilang Papan Kwangli Sdn Bhd, Hulu Kelantan. TS27531 Kilang Papan Limah bt. Awang, Ulu Kelantan. TS27532 Kilang Papan Tengku Jaafar Sdn Bhd, Machang. TS27533 Kilang Papan Tengku Yaakob b. Tengku Sallch, Kelantan.

TS27534 Kuala Krai Sawmill Co, Kuala Krai. TS27535 Murai Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kuala Krai.

199

Appendix A. 1.2

File Name Structure TS27536 Pasir Mas Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Gua Musang. TS27537 Perusahaan Kilang Papan Kuala Krai, Machang.

TS27538 Sharikat Kilang Papan Bakti, Tanah Merah. TS27539 Sri Lakota Sdn Bhd, Jell. TS2754-0 Sungai Rek Pembangunan Sdn Bhd, Kuala Krai. TS27541 Syarikat Binaan Budi Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Ulu Kelantan.


TS27542 Syarikat Kilang Kayu Haji Hassan Isa (M) Sdn Bhd, Tanah Mera1!. TS27543 Syarikat Kilang Kayu Pekan Jeli Sdn Bhd, Jeli. TS27544 Kilang Papan H.I. Mohd Salleh Sdn Bhd, Pasir Mas. TS27545 Syarikat Kilang Papan Limbongan Sdn Bhd, Tanah Merah. TS27546 Syarikat LLK. Latib Perak Sdn Bhd, Ulu Kelantan. TS27547 Syarikat Perusahaan Kilang Papan Kuala Krai Sdn. Bhd, Machang.

TS27549 Timbermine Development Coq><>ration Sdn Bhd, Gua Musang. TS27550 Tong Lam Sawmill Co., Tanah Merah.

TS27551 Wong":/« Sawmill Co., Sdn Bhd, Kota Bahru.

Timber Store : Malacca

TM27601 Kilang Papan Letrik Melaka Sdn. Bhd, Malacca.

TM27602 Kilang Papan Pulau Sebang Sdn Bhd, Aloh Gajah.

TM27603 Syarikat Kilang Shim Fob Sdn Bhd, Melaka Tengah.

TM27604 T.T. Enterp£ise Sdn Bhd, Daerah Melaka Tengah.

TM27605 Tan Kai Liat Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Bukit Rambai. TM27606 Tee Siong Sawmill Co. Sdn Bhd, Malacca.

TM27607 Wah Heng Sdn Bhd,Mukim Bukit Rampai.

Timber Store : Negeri Sembilan

TN27701 Eng Hong Lee Timber Industries Sdn Bhd, Tampin.

TN27702 Firama Jaya Sdn Bhd, Seremban. TN27703 Kilang Papan Kota Sdn Bhd, Kota.

TN27704 Kilang Papan United Sdn Bhd, Tampin.

TN27705 Kilang Papan/Perabut Ban Lee Co., Daerah Tampin.

TN27706 Modem Wood Products Sdn Bhd, Seremban.

TN27707 Murad Construction, Seremban.

TN27708 Nam Seng Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kuala Pilah. TN27709 Sem Joo & Co. Sawmill, Seremban.

TN27710 Syarikat Ahlan, Batu Kelikir.

TN27711 Syarikat Everprime Timber Industries Products Sdn Bhd, Gemas.

TN27712 Syarikat Kemajuan Jaya, Gemas.

TN27713 Syarikat Kilang Papan Kim Mah Sdn Bhd, Tampin.

TN27714 Syarikat Kin Yip, Tampin. TN27715 Syarikat Perabut Dan Kerja Perkayuan Fan Yong, Seremban.

TN27716 Syarikat Perabut dan Kerja Perkayuan Seng Chow, Seremban.

TN27717 Syarikat U Lian, Seremban.

TN27718 Syarikat Usaha Murni, Jelebu.

TN27719 Tan Kai Liat Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Daerah Tampin.

TN27720 Tong Kwee Sawmill, Seremban.

TN27721 Wee Hin Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Seremban.

TN27722 Chin Fatt Kee Sdn Bhd, Seremban.

TN27723 Hup Seng Sawmill Co, Bahau.

TN27724 Kilang Papan Hang Tuah, Ayer Hitam.

TN27725 Kilang Papan Seri Serting, Kuala Pilah. TN27726 Kwong Onn Sawmill (Sdn) Bhd, Mantin. TN27727 Lian Pong Timber Industries Sdn Bhd, Tampin. TN27728 Ng Te<ing Kiat Sawmills Ud, Gemas. TN27729 Rimba Muda Co.Sdn Bhd, Batu Kikir. TN27730 Sembilan Electric Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Seremban. TN2773 l Sim Sim Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kuala Pilah. TN27732 Syarikat Johore Sdn Bhd, Seremban. TN27733 Syarikat Malaysia Kilang Papan Sdn Bhd, Gemas.

200

Appendix A. 1.2

Fiie Name Structure TN27734 Syarikat Mal~ysia !Giang Papan Sdn Bhd, Tarnpin.

TN27735 Tarnpin Sawmill & Co, Tarnpin.

TN27736 Wan Leong limber Trading, Serernban.

TN27737 Yoong Leok Kee Corporation Sdn Bhd, Serernban.

TN27738 Yoong Leok Kee Corporation Sdn Bhd, Tarnpin.

Timber Store : Pahang

TP27801 Abu Hassan Sdn Bhd, Lanchang.

TP27802 Bukit Goh Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kuantan.

TP27803 Cheng Cheok Bee Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Ternerloh. TP27804 Federal Sawmill Gambang (1965) Sdn Bhd, Garnbang.

TP27805 Gee Seng Sawmill, Kuantan.

TP27806 Jaya Muda Sdn Bhd, Ternerloh.

TP27807 Kilang Papan Bukit Godarn Sdn Bhd, Temerloh.

TP27808 Telemong Tong Leong Sdn Bhd, Bentong.

TP278()1) Temerloh District limber Trading Co. Sdn Bhd, Mentakap.

TP27810 Thye Hing Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Mengkuang.

TP27811 Kilang Papan Leong Seng Sdn Bhd, Kuantan.

TP27812 Kilang Papan Pekan Sdn Bhd, Pekan.

TP27813 Kilang Papan Wan Ahmad Sdn Bhd, Lipis.

TP27814 Kilang Papan WMP Sdn Bhd, Pekan.

TP27815 Kit Ming Sawnull Sdn Bhd, Raub.

TP27816 Kuantan Sawmill, Kuantan.

TP27817 Nenasi Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Pekan.

TP27818 Nyee Woh Sawmills Limited,.Jerantut.

TP27819 Ong Kian Teck Sawmills (Sdn) Bhd, Rompin.

TP27820 Pahang Sawmills, Temerloh.

TP27821 Pan Soo Meng Sawmill, Raub.

TP27822 Perkayuan Pahang (Temerloh) Sdn Bhd, Pekan.

TP27823 Perniagaan Bukit Damai, Daerah Lipis.

TP27824 Seng Peng Sawmills Sdn Bhd, Garnbang.

TP27825 Sim Guan Sawmill & Co. Pahang, Mukim Sabai.

TP27826 Southern Sawmill, Lipis.

TP27827 Syarikat Al-Hadi (Sdn) Bhd, Temerloh.

TP27828 Syarikat Kilang Papan Kecil Sri Pekan, Pekan.


TP27829 Syarikat Kilang Papan Semangat Apollo Sdn Bhd, Mukirn Karatong.

TP27830 Syarikat Kilang Papan limber Merchants Co., Ternerloh.

TP27831 Syarikat Kuantan Lumber Sdn Bhd, Kuantan.

TP27832 Syarikat Kuantan Lumber Sdn Bhd, Kuantan.

TP27833 Syarikat Tenaga Desa Pahang, Jerantut.

TP27834 Tekun Jaya (I'eja), Kuantan.

TP27835 Ternerloh District limber Trading Co. Sdn Bhd, Mentakap.

TP27836 Union Bestwood Sdn Bhd, Maran.

TP27837 Wan Foo Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Jerantut.

TP27838 Yap Trmber Trading Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lipis.

TP27839 Asia Sungei Yu Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lipis.

TP27840 Cheong Sawmills Sdn Bhd, Bentong.

TP27841 Continental Sawmill, Veneer & Plywood Sdn Bhd, Kuantan.

TP27842 East Union limber Industries Sdn Bhd, Mentakap.

TP27843 Guan Huat Sawmill, Temerloh.

TP27844 Hean Lee Sawmill & Trading Co. Sdn Bhd, Jerantut.

TP27845 Hong Bee Sawmill Co., Kuantan.

TP27846 Hong Huat Sdn Bhd, Kuantan.

TP27847 Hong Moh Sawmill Limited, Mentakap.

TP27848 K.C. Cheah Sawmills (Pahang) Sdn Bhd, Ternerloh.

TP27849 Kilang Papan (MC), Jerantut.

TP27850 Kilang Papan Ani Sdn Bhd, Temerloh.

TP27851 Kilang Papan Berkas Perajurit Malaysia Barat, Mentakap. TP27852 Kilang Papan Bukit Emas Sdn Bhd, Raub.

201

Appendix A. 1.2

Fiie Name Structure TP27853 K.ilang Papan Kecil Alias, Temerloh. TP27854 K.ilang Papan Kemuning, Temerloh. TP27855 K.ilang Papan Leong Seng Sdn Bhd, Kuantan. TP27856 K.ilang Papan Maran Sin Hin Sdn Bhd, Temerloh. TP27857 K.ilang Papan Ng Hock Seng, Raub. TP27858 K.ilang Papan Poh Soo Trading, Temerloh. TP27859 K.ilang Papan Semantan, Kuantan. TP278(,() K.ilang Papan Sophia Industries, Benta.

TP27861 Kilang Papan Yin Woh Sdn Bhd, Raub. TP27862 Kim Teck Leong SaWillllls Sdn Bhd, Karak. TP27863 K.imyu Sawmill & Plywood Company Limited, Temerloh. TP27864 Modal Moulding Sdn Bhd, Kuantan.

TP27865 Ng Tieng K.iat Sawmill (friang) Sdn Bhd, Jerantut.

TP27866 Perkayuan Pahang (Pekan/Kuantan) Sdn Bhd, Kuantan.

TP27867 Perkayuan Pahang (femerloh} Sdn Bhd, Pekan.

TP27868 Poh Chan Hup Seng Sawnull Sdn Bhd, Raub.

TP27869 Rompin Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Rompin.

TP27870 Sharikat Sungei Belat Sdn Bhd, Kuantan.

TP27871 Simpang Woodworking Sdn Bhd, Pekan.

TP27872 Suria Bee Leong Timber Industries. Sdn Bhd, Kuantan.

TP27873 Syarikat lhsan Sdn Bhd, Temerloh.

TP27874 Syarikat Kemajuan Pembalak Pahang, Temerloh.

TP27875 Syarikat K.ilang Papan Chin Guan Sdn Bhd, Mentakap.

TP27876 Syarikat K.ilang Papan Kecil Sri Pekan, Pekan.


TP27877 Syarikat K.ilang Papan Semangat Apollo Sdn Bhd, Mukim Karatong. TP27878 Syarikat K.ilang Papan Sri Pahang, Raub.

TP27879 Syarikat Membalak Gerak Maju Sdn Bhd, Temerloh. TP27880 Syarikat Ong K.ian Teck Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Maran. TP27881 Syarikat Permodalan Dan Perusahaan Pahang Bhd, Kuantan.

TP27882 Syarikat Perusahaan Chini (M) Sdn Bhd, Rompin. TP27883 Syarikat Sum Thai Trading Sdn Bhd, Jerantut. TP27884 TAB Timber Traders Sdn. Bhd, Pekan.

TP27885 Telemong Tong Leong Sdn Bhd, Bentong.

TP27886 Temerloh District Timber Trading Co. Sdn Bhd, Mentakap. TP27887 Thye Hing Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Mengkuang.

TP27888 Thye Hing Sawuull Sdn Bhd, Temerloh.

TP27889 Ulu Gali Sawmill & Co, Raub.

TP27890 United Trading SaWilllll Sdn Bhd, Kuantan.

TP27891 Yee Hup Sawmill, Maran.

Timber Store : Penang

TS27901 Keaw Seng Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Seberang Prai.

TS27902 Keow Seng Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Nibong Tebal.

TS27903 Teong Lee Sawmill & Hardware Sdn Bhd, Seberang Prai.

Timber Store : Perak

TP28001 Bee Choen Sawmill Company, lpoh.

TP28002 Chong Mah Wooden Boxes Factory, Tanjong Malim. TP28003 Chop Sin Hin Chong Khai Chen & Brothec SaWilllll, Ipoh. TP28004 Eng Joo Enterprise Sdn Bhd, Taiping.

TP28005 Hock Wah Seng Timbec Products Sdn Bhd, Tanjong Rambutan. TP28006 Hong Seang Sawmills Ltd, Tanjong Malim. TP28007 lkatan Syarikat Pembalak-pembalak Perak Bhd, Grik. TP28008 Kilang Papan Aziz b. Kulup Ahmad, Daerah Batang Padang.

TP28009 K.ilang Papan Chop Y eap Yuen Kee Sdn Bhd, Simpang Pulai.

TP28010 Kilang Papan Kuala Kangsar Sdn Bhd, Kuala Kangsar. TP28011 K.ilang Papan Nam Leong, Menglembu. TP28012 K.ilang Papan Seraya Sdn Bhd, lpoh. TP28013 K.ilang Papan Slim Rivec Sdn Bhd,_Slim River.

202

Appendix A. 1.2

Fiie Name Structure TP28014 Kilang Papan Tuan Haji Ahmad Sapawi b. Kulop Lela, Ipoh:

TP28015 Kilang Papan Zaiouddio Hj. Aris Sdo Bhd, Bidor.

TP28016 Kwong Yuen Sang Sawmill, Batang Padang.

TP28017 , Lee Sang Looog Sawmill, lpoh. TP28018 Nam Fong Sawmill, lpoh.

TP28019 Perak Simpang Timber Sdo Bhd, Taipiog.

TP28020 Perbadanan Kemajuan Negeri Perak, lpoh.

TP28021 Santacy Sdo Bhd, Ipoh.

TP28022 Saw Lee Sawmill Sdo Bhd, Sitiawan.

TP28023 Sin Hin Sawmill (Chong Khai Chen & Brother Sdo Bhd), lpoh. TP28024 Syarikat Kwong Fook Hing Sdn Bhd, Bidor.

TP28025 Sun Nam Lee Sawmill Sdo Bhd, Kampar.

TP28026 Syarikat H.M. Radzi Sdo Bhd, Ulu Kiota.

TP28027 Syarikat Kwong Fook Hing Sdn Bhd, Tapah.

TP28028 Syarikat Salamah (Perak) Sdo Bhd, Kuala Kangsar.

TP28029 Syarikat Sun Ngooo Sawmill (M) Sdo Bhd, Teluk Anson.

TP28030 Tan Chee Seng Sawmill Sdo Bhd, Ipoh.

TP28031 Thong Fatt limber Sdo Bhd, Sungai Siput.

TP28032 Wing Ying Sawmill & Plywood Bhd, Chemor.

TP28033 Yip Y ooo K~ Sawmill, Simpang Pulai.

Timber Store : Selangor TS28101 Finewood Products Cmporation Sdo Bhd, Pelabuhao Kelang.

TS28102 General Lumber (Holdings) Bhd, Petaliog Jaya.

TS28103 Guan Guan limber Industries Sdo Bhd, Kajang.

TS28104 Hills Wood Processing Plant Sdo Bhd, Kelaog.

TS28105 Ho Guan Sawmill Sdo Bhd, Batu Caves.

TS28106 Hong Seng Sawmill & Co, Ulu Selangor.

TS28107 Hu Sang ~awmill, Rawang.

TS28108 Kekal Kayu Sdo Bhd, Klang.

TS281()1) Kian Ann (Seng Kee) Sawmill, Kaj;µig.

TS28110 Kian Kee Sawmills (M) Sdo Bhd, Bataog Berjuotai.

TS28111 Kilang Balak Kecil Yeah Teoog Lio, Kelang.

TS28112 Kilang Kerja Kayu, Suogei Pelek Sepang.

TS28113 Kilang Kilns & Processing Sdo Bhd, Kelaog.

TS28114 Kilang Papan Balak Kecil Yap Soon Huat, Selangor.

TS28115 Kilang Papan Ekooomi Baru Sdn Bhd, Kuala Selaogor.

TS28116 Kilang Papan Goodwood, Ulu Selaogor.

TS28117 Kilang Papan Kian Ano (Seng Kee), Kajang.

TS28118 Kilang Papan Lim Ah Soon Sdo Bhd, Mukim Beraoaog.

TS28119 Kilang Papan Mohd Nazir Sdo Bhd, Ulu Langat.

TS28120

TS28121

TS28122

TS28123

TS28124

TS28125

TS28126

TS28127

TS28128

TS28129

TS28130

TS28131

TS28132

TS28133

TS28134 TS28135

Kim Hock Timber Sawmill, Daerah Kuala Langat.

Kim Lian Huat Sawmill Sdo Bhd, Taojuog Karang.

Lawang lin Industry Sdn Bhd, Rawaog.

Mattaku Sdn Bhd, Kuala Selangor.

Salak Sawmill, Sepang.

Sharikat Kilang Papan Hock Guan Sdo Bhd, Kajang.

Shintar Enterprise Sdo Bhd, Kelaog.

Sin Chuan Aik Sdo Bhd, Kajang.

Successwood Products Sdo Bhd, Klang.

Syarikat Hassan And Sons Sawmill Sdo Bhd, Sekinchan.

Syarikat Jaya Sahabat, Daerah Kuala Selangor.

Syarikat Kilang Papan Kim Guan Huat Sdo Bhd, Kelang.

Syarikat Kilang Papan Rasa Sdo Bhd, Hulu Selangor.

Syarikat Kilang Papan Sdo Bhd, Kelaog.

Syarikat Kilang Papan Sim Mok, Kajaog. Syarikat Lucky Timber, Kepong.

TS28136 Syarikat Perdagangan Dao Periodustrian Yee Woh, Kajang. TS28137 Syarikat Sebati Sdo Bhd, Ulu Selangor.

203


Appendix A. 1.2

File Name Structure TS28138 Syarikat Tenaga Shah Sdn Bhd, Ulu Selangor.

TS28139 Tee Sheng Hot@ Teh Clieng Cliuen, Kelang. TS28140 Wood & Allied Industries Holding Sdn Bhd, Kajang.

TS28141 Yee Woh Qian Sawmill, Mukim of Petaling.

Timber Store : Terengganu TT28201 Abdullah @ Awang b. Ismail, Kuala Terengganu.


TT28202 Abdullah b. Yusof & Ahmad b. Embong, Daerah Ulu Terengganu.

TT28203 Ali b. Salleh, Dungun. TT28204 Aziz Ahmad Perabot, Kuala Terengganu. TT28205 Bakti Malaysia Sdn Bhd, Kuala Terengganu.

TT28207 Bersama Timber Corporation Sdn Bhd, Kemaman.

TT28208 Besut Tsuda Industries Sdn Bhd, B~t TT28209 Cahaya Perabut Sdn Bhd, Daerah Dungun. TT28210 Cliee Fook Lian Sawmill,

0

Ulu Terengganu.

TT28211 Dewan Enterprise, Besut. TT28212 En. Wan Dab. Ahmad, Ulu Terengganu.

TT28213 Hamzah b. Awang, Kuala Terengganu.

TT28214 Huat Timber, Besut

TT28215 Hussin b. Mohamad, Besot.

TT28216 Ibrahim b. Abas, Kuala Terengganu.

TT28217 lndahya Corporation Sdn Bhd, Daerah Ulu Terengganu.

TT28218 Jabir b. Mo.hd Shah, Besut

TT28219 Jerangau Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Dungun.

TT28220 Jusoh Sawmill Co., Besut

TT28221 Kapur Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kerteh. TT28222 Kapur Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kuala Berang.

TT28223 Kayu Kayan Sesama Sdn Bhd, Dungun. TT28224 Kilang Balak Kecil Musa B.Muda, Kemaman.

TT2822S Kilang Dungun Lumber Co.Sdn Bhd, Dungun.

TT28226 Kilang Papan Caca Paka Sdn Bhd, Paka.

TT28227 Kilang Papan Cliendana Sdn Bhd, Kuala Terengganu.

TT28228 Kilang Papan Desa Medang Sdn Bhd, Kuala Terengganu.

TT28229 Kilang Papan Malay Sino (ferengganu) Sdn Bhd, Kuala Terengganu. TT28230 Kilang Papan Pesaka Terengganu Berhad, Kuala Terengganu.

TT28231 Kilang Papan Musa Co. (M) Sdn, Jajahan Kemaman.

TT28232 Kilang Papan Sri Tengkawang Sdn Bhd, Daerah Ulu Terengganu.

1T28233 Kilang Papan Syarikat Miro, Besut

1T28234 Kilang Papan Syed Yusof Bersaudara, Ulu Terengganu.

1T28235 Kilang Papan Wakaf Tapai Sdn Bhd, Kuala Terengganu. 1T28236 Kilang Perabut Abdullah b. Awang, Kuala Terengganu.

1T28237 Kilang Perabut Osman b. Abu Bakar, Kuala Terengganu.

1T28238 Mohd Amin Store & Housemaker, Mukim Kuala Nerus .

. 1T28239 Mohd Yassin b. Hj. Mamat, Besut 1T28240 Mohd Yusofb. Abd Manaf, Kuala Terengganu.

1T28241 Mustaffa b. Abdullah, Marang.

1T28242 Nawi b. Ismail, Besut. 1T28243 Ong Kian Teck Sawmills Sdn Bhd, Paka.

TT28244 Paka Kerteh Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Dungun. 1T28245 Pelangi Perabut Sdn Bhd, Besut

1T28246 Perabot Maju Bena, Besut

1T28247 Perusahaan Cheneh Barn Sdn Bhd, Daerah Kemaman. 1T28248 Perusahaan Kayu Kayan Sri Terengganu, Kuala Berang.

TT28249 Perusahaan Seberang Baroh Sdn Bhd, Daerah Kuala Terengganu.

TT28250 Pesaka Terengganu Berhad, Dungun. 1T28251 Salim b. Mohamad, Kuala Terengganu. TT28252 Sekawan Enterprise, Besut.

TT28253 Syarikat Isof, Kuala Terengganu. 1T28254 Syarikat Adek Beradek Abdul Manan Sdn Bhd, Daerah Kuala Terengganu.

204

Appendix A. 1.2

Fiie Name Structure 1T28255 Syarikat Anika Baldi Sdn Bhd, Kernaman.

1T28256 Syarikat Batu Rakit Sawmill Terengganu, Batu RakiL

1T28257 Syarikat Berkat Usaha, Karnaman.

1T28258 Syarikat Dasar Timur Sdn Bhd, Daerah Kuala Terengganu .. 1T28259 Syarikat Jaya Seberang Takir Sdn Bhd, Kemaman.

1T282ti0 Syarikat Keruak Sawmill Sdn Bhd, BesuL


1T28261 Syarikat Kilang Papan Pinang Dungun Terengganu Sdn Bhd, Dungun.

1T28262 Syarikat Kilang Perabut Kiat Huat, Mukim Seraya.

1T28263 Syarikat M.MI Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Besut.

1T28264 Syarikat Mohamad Sham, BesuL

1T2826S Syarikat Mustapha Said & Anak-analc, Kuala Terengganu.

1T28266 Syarikat Perusahaan Dan Pemborong Kernaman Sdn Bhd, Kemaman.

1T28267 Syarikat Perusahaan Kilang Papan Haji Ibrahim, Daerah Kemaman.

1T28268 Syarikat Perusahaan Perabut Jaya Sepakat, Kemaman.

Tr28269 Syarikat Seri Serangkai Sdn Bhd, Kuala Terengganu.

Tr28270 Syarikat Sri Langkap, Setiu.

Tr28271 Syarikat Usaha Jaya, Kemaman.

Tr28272 Syarikat Usiiha Murni, Daerah Kemaman.

Tr28273 Syarikat Zaiya, Dungun.

Tr28274 Tam Enterprises Sdn Bhd, Daeral! ~emaman.

Tr28275 Tan Ah Tong Sdn Bhd, Kemaman.

1T28276 Tan Seng SaWJDJll Co, Kuala Terengganu.

1T28277 Terengganu Sawmills & Co, Kuala Terengganu.

Tr28278 Tuan Hj. Abd. Hamid b. Yaakob, Kernaman.

Tr28279 Usaha Bersama Terengganu Sdn Bhd, Kuala Terengganu.

Tr28280 Usahasama Tenaga Wan, Besut.

Tr28281 Um b. Mahmood, Kemaman.

1T28282 Wong Fong Sawmill, Dungun.

Tr28283 Yaha Entei:prise, Kuala Terengganu.

Timber Store and Kiln Dry : Selangor TS28301 Keong Kee Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kuala Selangor.

TS28302 Kilang Papan Rompin Trading Sdn Bhd, Rompin.

Timber Workshop : Johore TJ28401 Sin Oieong Loong Sawmill, Kulai.

Timber Treatment Plant : Johore TP28501 Syarikat Subari Pembinaan Perniagaan Sdn Bhd, Johore Bahru.

TP28502 Veteran Industries Sdn Bhd, Yong Peng.

Timber Workshop : Kelantan TK28ti01 Kilang Papan A. Abdullah {G.M.) Sdn Bhd, Kota Bahru.

e Timber Workshop : Negeri Sembilan TS28701 Loh Kwong Leong, Port Dickson.

TS28702 Syarikat Perabut dan Kerja Perkayuan Seng Cllow, Seremban.

TS28703 Syarikat Perniagaan Oiong, Kuala Pilah.

TS28704 Syarikat Semangat Baru, Tampin.

TS28705 Syarikat Yong-yong Trading, Daerah Jelebu.

Tunber Workshop : Penang TP28801 Lim Olin Joo Sawmills, Seberang Prai.

Timber Workshop : Pahang TW28901 Simpang Woodworking Sdn Bhd, Pckan.

Timber Workshop : Perak T129001 Wah Hup Kee Sdn Bhd, lpoh.

205

Appendix A. 1.2

File Name Structure Timber Workshop : Terengganu TI'29101 Kilang Balak Kecil Yaakub b. Hj. Daud, Dungun.

TI'29102 Kuala Brang Sawmill, Ulu Terengganu.. TI'29103 Mohd Amin Store & Housemaker, Mukim Kuala Nerus.

TI'29104 Syarikat Din Traders, Kuala Berang. Tl'29105 Syarikat Zamn, Kuala Berang.

Timber Yard : Pahang TY29201 Nam Yit Developments (M) Sdn Bhd, Ulu Keratong.

Traditiooal Malay House : Perak TP29301 Rumah Alma Baker, Batu Gajah.

TP29302 Rumah Kuning, Batu Gajah.

Treatment Plant : Johore TJ29401 Kilang Papan Kemajuan (J) Sdn Bhd, Kluang.

TJ29402 Sharikat Kilang Papan Seri Bukit Kepong Sdn Bhd, Muar.

Treatment Plant : Terengganu TI'29501 Perusahaan Kayu Kayan Lim Choo Fong Sdn Bhd, Marang.

Treatment Plant : Pahang TP29601 Maran Road Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Te~erloh.

Treatment Plant : Kelaotao TK29701 Keltra Timber Complex, Machang.

Veneer Factory: Terenggaou VT29801 Leung Huat Sawmills (Ply) Bhd, Dungun.

Warehouse : Selangor WS29901 General Lumber (Holdings) Bhd, Kelang.

Water Storage Tower: Perak WP30001 Bangunan Menara Jam Besar, Teluk Intan.

Wood Machinery Shed : Federal Territory WF30101 Boon Kee Teak Wood Factory Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur.

Wood Working Mill : Pahang WP30201 Maran Road Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Temerloh.

'YJ'30202 Rompin Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Kuala Rompin.

WP3QZ03 Syarikat Ong Kian Teck Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Maran.

WP30204 Syarikat Sungai Batu (M) Sdn Bhd, Kuantan.

Wood Working Mill : Perak WW30301 Kilang Papan Nam Loong, Menglembu.

WW30302 Chong Mah Wooden Boxes Factory, Tanjong Malim.

WW30303 Saw Lee Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Sitiawan.

Wood Working Mill : Selangor WS30401 Hills Wood Processing Plant Sdn Bhd, Kelang.

WS30402 Kian Ann (Seng Kee) Sawnull, Kajang.

WS30403 K.ilang Balak Kecil Textwood (M) Sdn Bhd, Kelang.

WS30404 Liaw Ting Huat Timber Trading, Kelang.

Wood Working Mill : Kelantan WK30501 Keltra Timber Complex, Machang.

206


e

Appendix A. 1.2 Entries to ~he-Building Database

Fiie Name Structure Wood Working Mill: Kedah WM30601 Kee Leong Sawmill Sdn Bhd, Gurµn.

Wood Working Mill : Johore WJ30701 Syarikat Gunung Timor Sdn Bhd, Johore Bahm.

Wood Work Training Shed : Kedah WT30801 Lembaga Kemajuan Wilayah Kedah (KEDAH), Jitra.

Wood Working Shed: Terengganu WT31001 Tan Seng Sawmill Co, Kuala Terengganu.

Workshop : Pahang WP31102 K.C. Cheah Sawmills {Pahang) Sdn Bhd, Temerloh.

207

Appendix A. 1.3 Literature References Database

Abdul Majid, H., 1976, "Residential Timber House and Construction". Published paper

presented at the Natwnal Timber Congress Kuala Lumpur, 8th Nov. 1976, Kuala

Lumpur, pp. 56 - 58.

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244

AppendixA 1.4

Name

Address

Town

State

Access Descriptors

Designed Function

Present Function

History Of Use

Date Constructed

Designed By

Designer Address

Engineered By

Engineer's Address

Constructed For

Constructed By

Construction Cost

Construction Method

Floor System

External Wall System

Internal Wall System

Ceiling System

Roofing System

Author

Title

Publisher

Date

ISBN

Text

Design Concept

ASPAMosque

Jalan Pekan

Pekan

Pahang

Sample of Timber Structure Database

Post and Beam Structure

Mosque

Mosque

Mosque

1989

CSL Associates

No 8 Jalan Scott

Ranhill Bersekutu Sdn. Bhd.

6th Floor, Wisma Central,

Jalan Ampang, Kuala Lumpur.

Amanah Saham Pahang Berhad

Mentiga Corporation Bhd.

Post and Beam

Prefabricated

Prefabricated

Exposed structures

Corrugated sheeting

Cheah, F.( ed.)

ASPA Mosque, Pahang Darul Makmul

Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia

Nov. 1991

pp 69/11/89

"The purpose of this project is to present a prototype Mosque

design for the State of Pahang Darul Makmur. It also·

emphasised the use of timber as the prime prefabricated

material used".

The main concept in the design of the mosque is to provide a space which complies with the requirements and basic essential need of prayer, capable of being erected easily, economically and rapidly. Spiritually, the space designed will convey the feeling of spaciousness and volume. conducive to religious congregation. Total flexibility is also incorporated into the design so that if the need arises, the mosque can be extended and utilised for other activities such as "kenduri", kindergarten or an Islamic study centre. ·

245

Appendix A 1.4 Sample of Timber Structure Database

Architectural Treatment The overall architectural expression is in timber with traditional concrete stairs and deep profiled "V'' shaped, metal sheet roofing being the other two secondary materials utilised. Consideration of the local climatic and site conditions were also accounted for and in the following context.

Ventilation Three feet louvred wall panels and ventilating shutters located between roof layers allow for unimpeded air flow and cross ventilation, both horizontally and vertically. This will prevent air from being trapped in the building. The floor level is raised to improved ventilation as wind velocity increases with altitude. Large overhangs (about seven feet six inches) are used as means to direct air flow into the building.

Sun/Rain Control Large overhangs (extending seven feet six inches from the building) provide shade when sunny and shelter when rainy. In addition, they also help reduce glare and provide indirect lighting which is comfortable and psychologically cooling to the occupant.

Construction System The construction system is based on a simple timber post and beam prefabricated system. In adopting this system, standard basic components were utilised to ensure easy, economical and rapid construction. All standard components of the building were fabricated off-site, transported to the site and erected as scheduled.

Critique The ASPA (Amanah Saham Pahang Berhad) mosque, being a prototype design, is a result of certain factors taken into consideration for a simple design, an easy construction system and the speed of erection without compromising on the religious significance of a mosque as a prayer house.

As such, the familiar "dome" component which is largely symbolic than structural in nature, has been left out in view of economy and the limitations of timber as a structural material. The ASPA mosque design has been stripped of the frills one would associate with a mosque, leaving only the essential "space" for the praying congregation and a niche for the "imam".

The design basically comprises of a square plan, roofed over by a system of tiered pyramidal roofs with a ventilator at the apex. The design is variable to accommodate a range of congregation capacity of 300, 400 and 500 persons.

Externally, the design does not have any reference to its genre, except if one recollects the shape of Masjid Kampung Laut in Kelantan, the oldest mosque built on the Malaysian Peninsular. It has a similar hierarchical form, devoid of the more familiar Arabesque features found in other bigger or royal mosques. The ASP A mosque is also designed for a rural context, and as such, it has to blend in with the similarly-built vernacular timber village houses. Islam has been a way of life for every Muslim and religion has been a base for social activities, particularly in the rural sectors. The blending in of the mosque design with the village structures is a response to enhancing the role of religion in every villager's life. While the Malay village house has demonstrated its suitability in the climatic context, it is only natural that the village mosque follow an architectural and construction system that has been the practice of local carpenters and has proved to be compatible all this time.

246

AppendixA 1.4

Extras

Author

Title

Publisher

Date

ISBN

Text

Current Owner

Contact Person

Phone Number

Postal Address

Reference Person

Sample of Timber Structure Database

Plans, section and details

Lim, C.S.

Architecture and Tropical Timbers

2nd CIB/Wl8B I.ntemational Conference on Tropical

Hardwood Timber Structures

1992

Amanah Saham Pahang Berhad

247

AppendixA 1.5

Name

Address

Town

State

Field of Practice

Practising

Qualifications

From

Date of Birth

Date of Death

Building Reference

Building Name

Location

Function

Date Constructed

Other Involved

Construction Notes

Design Notes

Author

Title

Publisher

Date

ISBN

Text

Professional Notes

Reference Person

Organisation

Phone Number

Postal Address

Sample of Practitioner Database Entry

Jimmy Lim Cheok Siang

No 8 Jalan Scott

Kuala Lumpur

Federal Territory

Architecture

Yes

B. Arch

University of New South Wales

M013101

Peter Eu's House

Kuala Lumpur

Residence

1989

The use of timber in the building helps to promote the image

of the past to the present.

Cheah, F. (ed.)

House for Peter Eu - Kuala Lumpur

Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia

1989

PP 84/11/88

Interesting use of prefabricated system for mosque

construction.

Tan, Y.E.

Forest Research Institute of Malaysia

03 - 634 2633 '

52109, Kepong, Kuala Lumpur

248

Appendix A. 2.1

INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN PERl-IUTANAN MALAYSIA

Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kepong, 52109 Kuala Lumpur

Tel: 03-6342633 Telex: FRIM-MA-27007 Fax: 603-6367753

Survey Forms

Ruj. Kami/Our Ref: I FRIM 394/KH 665/3/1 Kh 3 (44) Ruj. Tuan/Your Ref: -

Tankh/Date:[ 30th April 1993

Dear Sir/Madam,

The Department of Architecture of the University of Tasmania, Australia has funds from the Federal & Tasmanian Governments to develop a specialist programme in Building in Wood. As part of this development, I am undertaking a Master of Architecture degree by research with the Department. This research is carried out with support from the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong and the Department of Architecture of the University of Tasmania, Australia. Its purpose is to develop an evaluative overview of timber usage and jointing in buildings in Malaysia from 1900 to the present. The first step in achieving this is to compile a list of those buildings which are regarded as important in their use of timber. Importance means that timber is used as a major structural component or as the dominant material of the building. The findings will form a series of valuable educational and informational tools concerning the economic, teFhnological, intellectual and cultural validity of using timber as a main-stream engineering material.

May I ask you for your support and other members of your organisation to share your experience and know ledge on this topic.

Please find enclosed copies of two different questionnaires which require your valuable inputs.

In the first questionnaire, please name three buildings in Malaysia that, in your opinion, have extensive or innovative use of timber. The buildings can be from any period to the present but must be constructed in Malaysia.

Please complete one copy of the questionnaire for each building with as much information as you could readily supply.

If you wish to include more than three buildings, please do so. In the second questionnaire, please think of one person who has made a major

contribution to the development of timber usage in buildings, either as an architect, engineer, or builder. . .

Again, please complete the second questionnaire with as much information as you can readily supply. If you wish to include more than one practitioner, please feel free to do so.

Please return the completed questionnaires in the envelope provided to the above address if possible by 28th May 1993. If you wish to suggest additional participants to this survey from your organisation, please include their names and I shall contact them.

I believe your assistance in this research ~11 contribute to the increased appreciation of the true value of timber in Malaysia. It is hoped that results will be published early next year.

I greatly appreciate your co-operation in this important survey which will benefit Malaysia.

P.S. If you have any queries on how to complete the questionnaires or about the research topic in general, please call (03) 6342633 ext. 463.

249

Appendix A. 2.1

INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN PERHUTANAN MALAYSIA Forest Research Institute Mala)•sia Kepon!J. 52109 Kuala Lumpur Tel: 03-6342633 Telex: FRIM-MA-27007 Fax: 603-6367753

Survey Forms

Ru~. Kami/ Our Ref: I FRIM 394/KH 665/3/l Kh 3 (44) RuJ. Tuan/Your Ref: · ·

Tarikh/ Date:l 30th April 1993

Timber Building Questionnaire 1

Please fill in as many sections as you can.

The Building Building Name Address .............................................................

Why. should it be included ?

Historical Interest D Structurally sound D Constructlon D

Building Form

Aesthetlc

Detailing

Postcode

D D CJ

Others, please specify .................................................................... .

Who Owns the Building ?

Original Owner D Tenanted D

Additional Information ?

Current Owner ·D others, P.lease specify •••••••••••••••.••• ~ .•..•••••..•

Is there any additional information you can supply about the building : photos, plan, literature references, etc.? Please list what you have available or know is available from others .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Your Details Name

Organisation

Address

Phone No.

Fax No.

( .... ) ....................................... . ( .... ) ....................................... .

250·

Appendix A. 2.1

INSTITUT PENYELIDIKAN PERHUTANAN MALAYSIA Forest R.esearch Institute Jl.'falaysia Keponq, 52109 Kuala Lumpur Tel: 03-6342633 Telex: FRIM-MA-27007 Fax: 603-6367753

Survey Forms

Ruj. Kami/Our Ref: jFRIM 394/KH 665/3/1Kh3 (44) Ruj. Tuan/Your Ref: · --- - - -- -- --- --

Tarikh/Date:J 30tl_1 ~~~1 -~-993

Timber Practitioner Questionnaire 2 Please complete this section .if you are a designer or you know a person who has made a major contribution to the development of timber usage in buildings, either as an architect, engineer, or builder.

Designer Name

Profession architect

builder

CJ CJ

Why should it be included ? -

, Historlcal Interest CJ Building Form

Structurally sound CJ Aesthetic

Construction CJ Detailing

engineer

others

D CJ

Ofuers, please specify ................................................................... .

Important Building Works ? Include buildings or structures you believe of note.

Building Name Address

................... Postcode

Function /Usage

Your Details

Name

Organisation

Address

Phone No.

residential

warehouse

factory

CJ CJ CJ

others, please specify

( .... ) ................ .

mosque

palaces

office

D D D

Fax No.: ( .... ) ................ .

251

Appendix A. 2.2 Copy of Announcements Advertised in the Malaysian Institute of Architects and Malaysian Institute of Engineers Bulletins

COMPUTERS AND TALL BUILDINGS

The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, an international activity sponsored by engineering, architectural and planning professionals, was estaolished to study and report on all aspects of the planning, design, construction and operation of tall buildings.

The conference on "Computers and Tall Buildings" will be held from 25 to 27 April 1994 in Bahrin. The Council is' organising this conference with the objective of bringing together the various groups invov led in the design, construction and maintenance of tall buildings to realize the full potential of the advances in computer technology in all aspects of tall buildings.

The conference programme will cover computer applicatiom. as they relate to tall buildings and the"Urban habitat which they create, by a selection of international a experts on computers and tall buildigns.

Subjects planned for the fonnal conference sessions will include:

Integration of Design, Fabrication and Construction Automation in Construction and Robots High-Tech Buildings: Design, Operationa and manag-.ment Knowledge Bases, Knowledge Systems Impact Studies (virtual reality):

Visual Impact, skylines, streetscapes Intenor design and space cognition Transportation interfaces Waste disposal and service systems

The Role of the Computer in Decentralisation

Call for Papers

Those interested should submit an abstract of the proposed paper in English. The abstract should not exceed 250 words and should state clearly the objectives, subject matter and conclusions to be presented in the full paper.

Schedule for Papers

'.15 September 1993 Deadline for receipt of abstracts

.· 30 September 1993 Notification of acceptance of abstracts sent to authors

31December1993

Deadlme for submission of final papers in prescribed form

PAM TENNIS COMPETITION 1993

We are pleased to inform members that the PAM Tenni: Competition 1993 will be held from 7 to 10 October 1993 at tht National Tennis Centre, Jalan Duta, Kuala Lumpur.

Registration is now open and any member who is interested tc participate in this year's tennis competition is to contact tht PAM Secretariat for the registration fonn. The last date fo,. registration is 24 September 1993.

The registration fee is RM 10 per perion (cingles) RM15 for a pair (doubles)

As usual, Sissons Paints (M) Sdn Bhd is the sponsor for the PAM Tennis Competition for 1993.

SURVEY ON TIMBER STRUCTURES

A survey and documentation of timber structures was carried! out by the Forest Research Institute Malaysia. Its purpose is to develop an evaluative overview of timberusage and jointing in buildin~s in Malaysia from 1900 to the present. The first stepin achieving this is to compile a list of those buildings which are regarded as important in theiruse of timber. Importance means that timber is used as a major structural component or as the dominant material of the buildings The findings will fonn a series of valuable educational and informational tools concerning the economics, technological, intellectual and cultural validity ofusing timber as a main stream engineering material.

A total of 936 questionnaires was sent to PAM members on 30 April 1993 but he response has been very poor. Those who have not returned the questionnaires are strongly urged to do so. If you have any queries on how to complete the questionnaire or about the research topic, please contact the following:

Mr Wong Wai Sung Assistant Research officer Forest Products Division

252

Forest Research Institute Malaysia Kepong 521089 Kuala Lumpur Tel: 03-6342633 Extn 463 Fax: 03-6367753

Appendix A. 2.2 Copy of Announcements Advertised in the Malaysian Institute of Architects and Malaysian Institute of Engineers Bulletins

DATO' IR. LEE YEE CHEONG ELECTED CHAIR1\1AN OF COMMONWEALTH ENGINEERS COUNCIL

Dato' Jr . Lee Yee Cheong. Paq Prc:sidc:nt of the: Institution of Enginc:c:rs . Malaysia (I Ei'vl) has bc:c:n t!lc:ctt:d Chairman of the Commonwealth Engineers Council (CEC). Tht: CEC is the: umbrella organisation for all the: National Institutions ·of Enginc:c:rs in Commonwealth Countries. He will take over from Sir Rohen Telford of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, United Kingdom in the

f"rthcoming CEC assembly in Kingston . famaica in November . J3. Dato· lr. Lee. currt:ntly Executive Committt:e memh:r of CEC, will be CEC Chairman for 4 years . Dato· lr. Lee is also an Honorary Fellow of the Institution of Engineers . Malaysia . the Inst itution of Engineers. Australia and the Insti tuti on of

Engineer~. Mauritius.

The: Commonwealth Engineers Council was established in 19-Ui

by the Na tional Institutions of Engineers in Commonwealth Countries to increase tht: collaboration and co -o rerati o n amongst them. The founding rnc:rnber countries were Britain. Australia. Nt:w Zealand , Canada, India and South Africa . Membershir has since grown to 29 countric:s divided (010 se,·en

gcogrnrhic regions : Africa . Asia. Caribbean. Eurorc . North America, South East Asia and South Pacific.

CEC's rrt:sent aims and objt:ctives includc::-

a) fostt:r co-orcration and the:: exchange: of information among members and otht:r cognate:: organisations.

b) surrort the devc::lormc::nt of indigt:nous t:ngint:t:ring institutions in all mt:mbt:r countric:s and associatt:d statt:s in the:: Commonwealth.

c) foster tht: c:ducation. training and rrofrssional develorment of c::nginc::ers at all levels of rrofrssional and technical

• compc::tc::nce.

d) c::ncouragc: and facilitate:: the transfer of tc:chnology bt:tween Commonwc:alth Countries.

\t alaysi a through the: Instituti on nf Enginc:c:rs , Malaysia has bet: n co-ordinating the: CEC Continu ing Enginc:c:ring Education Workshor Programme: undc:r which c:xperts from Australia, UK, Hong Kong and Trinidad had conducted or arc: scheduled to conduct coursc::s in Kuala Lumpur . Kota Kinabalu, Kuching. Bandar Seri Bt:gawan, Singarore. Hong Kong and Papua New Guinea. Two Malaysian srecialisi enginec:rs recently conductc::d a training course on the rehabilitation of struct urc:s in Mauritius , Harare:: and Nairobi .

SURVEY AND DOCUMENTATION OF TIMBER STRUCTURES

, urvey a nd documentation of timber structure was carried out by the Forest Research Institute Malaysia. Its purpose is to develop an evaluative overview of timber usage and jointing in buildings in Malaysia from 1900 to the present. The first step in achieving this is to compile a list of those building which are regarded as important in their use of timber. Importance means that timber is used as a major structural component or as the dominant material o f the building. The findings will form a series of valuable educ a tional and informational tools concerning the economics technological, intellectual and cultural ,·alidity of using timber as a main stream eng ineering materi a I.

A tot al of 936 questionnaires w;1s sent out on 30 of April I 99.> but the re spo nse was very poor. [ s tro ngl y urge those " ·hu h;we nl'l returned the q ucs ti nn n;1ircs. to do so ;1s SL\011 ;, 5 rossiblc .

If you have any queries on how to complete the questionnaires or about this survey, please contact the following:-

Mr. Wong Wai Sung Assistant Research Officer. Forest Products Division , Forest Research Institute J\!alaysia, Kepong, 52109 Kuala Lumpur.

Tel: 03-6342633 Extn: 463 Fax: 603-6367753

Editor's Note: Memb,ers interested in obtain~~g JIJ.'e qi1estionnaires on,thls sur.i~y c01.d°thJ.&o ·· cunta~t Mr. Wong \Yai Sung aJ tl;:~;o;ve address.

253

BULLETlN IEM OCTOBER 1993

Appendix A. 2.3 Scheduled of Work for Site Inspection and Interviews Completed Between September 1993 and January 199.J

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256

Appendix A. 2.3 Scheduled of Work/or Site Inspection and Interviews Completed Between September 1993 and January 1994

:_~[:~:_/J!~l~~1:~~:~:~J{-i:)J_fi~- -i-==:i::~:: i i Nilam Puri, Kota Bahru, i :

~;:~L~~;;r;~~~~i-:-:~-);~-~~;~~(-~~]~~~~: ___ I~~~~; .. ~) : : Kelantan. i i

:~_i_:_::_:J_i_i:;j_~~-~-::_J:i~~i~-~-~-:-~~~i.~_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_::_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_::_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_::_:_:I~~~~~-:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_:_I~i.~~~~~~-:~-:~~-~-:_:_:_: ! i 32km, Jalan Kuantan-Kemaman, Kuantan, i i

257

Appendix A. 2.3 Scheduled of Work for Site Inspection and Interviews Completed Between September 1993 and January 1994

258

Appendix A. 2.3 Scheduled of Work/or Site Inspection and Interviews Completed Between September 1993 and January 1994

-~~-:-:-:J:~~E~-~-~-:-:-:-:{-M~~~:t~;~:~~~~:~-:-:-:-:-:~-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:~-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-):-~~~~~~:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-1:-~~~~~~~~~-:~:-~-~-~~~-:-:-:--: ·Perak · ·

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~~~I~,~~~J:~r~~~--:~~=-=;=_~~~-: ~==~~-!:~~,~~-;]~~.~;~.;~~~; i : Jalan Mahkamah, Teluk Intan, i :

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259

Appendix A. 2.3 Scheduled of Work for Site Inspection and lntervi1..~s Completed Between September 1993 and January 1994

~i~I~I~~I~~222~~~~~~=~Y~=Ll~f Lt:Z:i:t : ! Air Keroh, i i

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:::::::::r:::::::::::::::rM~!~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::r::::::::::::::::::::i::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

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: : . . --- ·····-········-------- ··-------

260

Appendix A. 2.4 List of Interviewees

1. Abdul Rahman, L 11. Cheng, W. Architect, Director, Tmgkat 11, Jalan Tan Chau Yan, Genting Golf Course Bhd., Wisma Graha, Melaka. Wisrna Genting, Jalan Sultan Ismail,

50250 Kuala Lumpur.

2. Abdullah, A.R. Director, 12. Chew,L.T. Muzium Negeri Kelantan, Istana Jahar, Director Technical Services Division, 15000 Kota Bahm, The Malaysia Timber Industry Board, Kelantan. Block A-E Anjung Felda,

Jalan Maktab, P.O.Box 10877,

3. Abu Bakar, M.M. 50728 Kuala Lumpur.

Director,

Lembaga Muzium Negeri Pahang, 13. Chu, Y.P.

Jalan Sultan Ahmad, Timber Testing Officer, 26600 Pekan, Timber Engineering,

Pahang Darul Makrnur. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong,

52109 Kuala Lumpur. 4. Abu, s.

Planning Chairman, 14. Darus,A. Faculty Civil Engineering, Engineer, University Science Malaysia, Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad, Perak Campus Branch, Pejabat Pengurus Besar Urusan Jalan,

31750 Tronoh, Jalan Sultan Hishamuddin, Perak. 50621 Kuala Lumpur.

5. Ahmad,Z. 15. Er,L. Sales Executives, The Man~ger, Delima Resort Kuala Muda, Pulau Langkawi, General Lumber Fabricators & Builders Sdn 07000. Kedah Darulaman. Bhd,

Lot 4359, Jalan Pandamaran, 6. Ali, K. Kampong Pendamar,

Lecturer, 42000 Pelabuhan Kelang, Faculty of Built Environment, Selangor. University Technology of Malaysia, Skudai,

81300 Johore Bahm. 16. Gan, K.S.

Senior Research Officer, 7. Azali, A.A. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong,

Executive Secretary, 52109 Kuala Lumpur. Tanjong Jara Beach Hotel,

23009 Dungun, 17. Hanifi, Z. Terengganu. Course Coordinator,

Faculty Housing, Building '!lid Planning, 8. Buyong,K. University Science Malaysia,

Deputy Director General, 11800 Penang. Museum Department, Jalan Damansara, 50566 Kuala Lumpur. 18. Hashim,N.

Timber Usage Officer, 9. Che Ali, M.N. The Malaysia Timber Industry Board,

Deputy Director (Administration), Block A-E Anjung Felda, Yayasan Islam Kelantan Nilam Puri, Jalan Maktab, P.O.Box 10877, Peti Surat 248, 50728 Kuala Lumpur. 15730 Kota Bahm, Kelantan. 19. Hassan, Y.

Curator, 10. Cheah, B.T. Tarnan Seni Budaya,

Honorary Secretary, Jalan Sungei Ujong, The Heritage Council of Malaysia, 70200 Seremban, Negeri Sembilan. PAM Building Centre, 4, Jalan Tangs11

50480 Kuala Lumpur.

263


20. Ho,K.S. 29. Kasi,P.

Senior Research Officer, Honorary Secretary,

Wood Processing, Malaysian Institute of Architects,

Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, 4 & 6, Jalan Tangsi,

52109 Kuala Lumpur. 50480 Kuala Lumpur.

21. Hussain,R. 30. Kassim, M.A.

Public Relations Manager, Projek Engineer,

Sheraton Langkawi Resort, Jabatan Kerja Raya, Teluk Nibong, Pulau Langkawi, Hospital Daerah Kuala Ne~ang,

07000 Kedah Darulaman. 06300 Kuala Nerang,

Kedah Darulaman.

22. ldid,S.S.

Lecturer, 31. Khoo,B.C.

Faculty of Regional and Town Planning, Curator,

University Technology of Malaysia, Skudai, Muzium N egeri Pulau Pinang,

81300 Johore Bahru. Jalan Leboh Farquhar,

I 0200 Pulau Pinang.

23. Ishak,N.

Public Relations Manager, 32. Kilman, w. The Datai Langkawi, Team Leader,

Jalan Teluk Datai, Pulau Langkawi, Malaysian-German Forestry,

07000 Kedah Darulaman. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong,

52109 Kuala Lumpur.

24. lskandar, S.

Lecturer, 33. Latif, K.

Faculty of Built Environment, Maintenance Executive, University Technology of Malaysia, Skudai, Genting Golf Course Sdn. Bhd.

81300 Johore Bahru. (Awana & Country Oub)

8th Mile, Genting Highlands,

25. Ismail, N.A. 69000 Genting Highlands.

Public Relations Executive,

Bukit Kiara Equestrian & Country Resort Bhd. 34. Lau,S.

Jalan Bukit Kiara, Off Jalan Damansara, Education and information,

60000 Kuala Lumpur. The Heritage Council of Malaysia,

PAM Building Centre,

26. Ismail, Z. 4, Jalan Tangsi,

Executive Manager, 50480 Kuala Lumpur.

lmpiana Resort,

Km 32, Jalan Kuantan Kemaman, 35. Lau,S.M.

26080 Kuantan, Executive Director,

Pahang Darul Makmur. Kampat Timber Industries Sdn. Bhd.,

No IBA, lst Floor, Jalan SS2/61,

27. lstal 47300 Petaling Jaya.

Public Relation Officer,

Mediterranean Oub, 36. Lee,K.H.

29 Mile North, Director1

Jalan Kemaman, Cawangan Kerja Dalam Negeri,

25710 Kuantan, llth Hoor, Menara Dato' Onn, Pahang Darul Makmur. Pusat Dagangan ~nia Putra,

45 Jalan Tun Ismail, 28. Jaffar, S. 50480 Kuala Lumpur.

Production Officer,

General Lumber Fabricators & Builders Sdn 37. Liew,W.H.

Bhd, The Director, Lot 4359, Jalan Pandaniaran, ASEAN Timber Technology Centre, Kampong Pendamar, lOth Hoor, Menara AETNA, 42000 Pelabuhan Kelang, 84, Jalan Raja Oiulan, Selangor. 80200 Kuala Lumpur.

264


38. Lim, c.s. 48. Mohd Said, K. CLS Associates, Architect,

No 8, Jalan Scott, _ Cawangan Arkitek, Jabatan Kerja Raya,

50470 Kuala Lumpur. Aras 4, Jalan Taming Sari, Peli Surat %, 75906 Melaka.

39. Lim, J. Lecturer, 49. Ngah,A.

Department of Architecture, ~eputy DirectOl",

National University of Singapore, Muzium Negeri Terengganu,

10 Kent Ridge Crest, Jalan Cherong Lanjut,

Singapore 0511. 20300 Kuala Terenganu,

Kuala Terenganu.

40. Lim, T.A.

Senior Engineer, 50. Ngah,M.A.

Gang-Nail Australia Ltd., Director,

17M, Jalan SS 21/37, Damansara Utama, Muzium Sultan Alam Shah, Persiaran lndah,

47400 Petaling Jaya. 40000 Shah Alam,

Selangor Darul Ehsan.

41. Low,L.M.

Public Relations Manager, 51. Nik Hussein, N.R.

Pelangi Beach Resort Langkawi, Ukiran Kelasik Kelantan,

Pantai Cenang, Pulau Langkawi, 4082, Jalan Pasir Puteh, Kota Bahru,

07000 Kedah Darulaman. Kelantan.

42. Mah,J. 52. Omar,S.

Public Relations Manager, Assistant Curator,

Hyatt Kuantan, Telok Chempedak, Muzium Sultan Alam Shah, Persiaran Indah,

25050 Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur. 40000 Shah Alam,

Selangor Darul Ehsan.

43. Malan, I.

Curator, 53. Ong,K.T.

Muzium Kebudayaan, Chief Engineer,

Kompleks lstana, Jalan Kota, Pryda (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.,

75000 Melaka. 2A, Wisma Siong Huat, Lot 13, Jalan 223,

46100 Petaling Jaya.

44. Mat Som, M.M.

Supervisor, 54. Osman,H.B.

Kayu Sedia Sdn. Bhd. Antiquiti Wilayah Perak,

Jalan Satu, Off Jalan Sungai Besi, Muzium Perak, Taiping,

55200 Kuala Lumpur. Perak.

45. Midon,S. 55. Ow,C.S.

SeniOl" Research Officer, Honorary Secretary,

Timber Engineering, Institute Engineers of Malaysia,

Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, Bangunan Ingenieur, Lot 60/62, 52109 Kuala Lumpur. Jalan 5214, Peti Surat 223 (Jalan Sultan,

46720 Petaling Jaya. 46. Mohamed,J.

Deputy Dean of Architecture, 56. Raja Adnan, R.A. Faculty of Built Environment, Director/Curator,

University Technology of Malaysia, Skudai, Muzium Darul Ridzuan, 81300 JohOl"e Bahru. 2020, Jalan Panglima Bukit Gantang Wahab,

30000 Ipoh, 47. Mohamed,Z. Perak.

Chief Architect,

Research & Development Division, 57. Razak, R.A. Department of Housing, . Deputy Director, Mmistry of Housing & Local Government, Unit Jambatan, Cawangan Jalan, Level 6, Block K, Damansara Town Centre, lbu pejabat JKR, Jalan Salahudin, 50644 Kuala Lumpur. 50582 Kuala Lumpur.

265

Appendix A. 2.4

58. Risyakaran, K. Head of Engineering Department,

Engineering Depanment, Hospital lpoh, 309901poh,

Perak Darul Ridzuan.

59. Rosli Kamaloddiu

Marketing Executive,

Air Keroh Resort, Air Keroh, 75450 Melaka.

60. Roolant,N.

Design Engineer,

General Lumber Fabricators & Builders Sdn

Bhd.

Lot 4359, Jalan Pandamaran,

Kampong Pendamar,

42000 Pelabohan Kelang,

Selangor.

61 Senik,A Resort Manager,

Banding Island Resort, P.O.Box 69,

36000 Grik, Perak.

62. Sharifr,S

Lecturer,

Faculty of Built Environment,

University Technology of Malaysia, Skudai,

81300 Johore Bahru.

63. Sheppard,M

Honorary Editor,

Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society,

130 Mezzanine Floor, Jalan Thamby Abdullah,

Off Jalan Tun Sambanthan,

50470 Kuala Lumpur.

64. Soo, H.T.

Maintenance Supervisor,

Persatuan Hainan Selangor & Wilayah

Persekutuan (Thean Hou Temple),

65, Persiaran Endah, Off Jalan Syed Potra,

50460 Kuala Lumpur.

65. Tan,S.C.

Manager,

Kee Leong Sawmill (Sdn) Bhd.,

Sungai Ketapan,

08300 Gurun,

Kedah Darulaman.

66. Tan, Y.E.

Senior Research Officer,

Wood Lamination,

Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong,

52109 Kuala Lumpur.

266

67.

68.

69.

70.

71.

72.

73.

List of Interviewees

Tee, C.A.

Assistant Manager,

Impiana Resort Cherating - Kuantan, Kilometre 32, Jalan Kuantan Kemaman,

26080 Kuantan,

Paha~g Darul Makmur.

Wahab,I. Dean, Faculty Housing, Building and Planning,

University Science Malaysia,

11800 Penang.

Wan Jaafar,W.J. Architect,

Senibahri Arkitek,

No, 1-A, 2nd Floor, Jalan Batas Baru,

20300 Kuala Terengganu,

Terengganu

Woo,H.W. Managing Director,

Angkasa Jurutera Perunding Sdn. Bhd.

15-2, Jalan Ipoh Kecil,

50350 Kuala Lumpur.

Yap, C.T.

Managing Director,

Kim Chin Hoe Sawmills Sdn. Bhd.,

13/4 Mile, Jalan Kapar,

41400 Klang,

Selangor.

Zahamail The Director,

Perindustrian and Timber Usage,

Forest Department, Jalan Salahuddin,

50660 Kuala Lumpur.

Zamri,M.N. Wood Technology and Structural,

The Malaysia Timber Industry Board,

Block A-E Anjung Felda,

Jalan Maktab, P.O.Box 10877,

50728 Kuala Lumpur.

Appendix A. 2.5 · Collection of Measured Drawings

List of Collection of Measured Dra,vings

''Air Keroh Information Centre", Air Keroh, Malacca.

Fire Resistant Shed, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Selangor.

Forest Research lnstitute's Mosque, Kepong, Selangor.

''Gedong Raja Abdullah", Kelang, Selangor.

General Lumber (Holdings) Bhd., Kelang, Selangor.

General Lumber Fabricators & Builders, Kelang, Selangor.

"Istana Ampang Tinggi", Seremban, Negeri Sembilan.

"lstana Balai Besar", Kota Bahm, Kelantan.

"Istana Besar Tengku Long", Losong, Kuala Terengganu. Terengganu.

"lstana Jahar'', Kota Bahm, Kelantan.

"lstana Leban Tunggal", Pekan, Pahang.

"lstana Seri Menanti", Seri Menanti, Negeri Sembilan.

Kayu Sedia Sdn. Bhd., Off Jalan Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur.

Kim Chin Hoe Sawmill Sdn. Bhd., Jalan Kapar, Kelang, Selangor.

"Kuil Cina Ch~ah Kongsi", Penang.

"Madrasah dan Rumah Tok Janggut", Langgar, Alor Setar.

"MasJid Kampung Keling", Malacca.

"Masjid Tengkera", Malacca.

"Masj1d Tua Kampung Laut", Kota Bahm, Kelantan.

Mediterranean Club, Kuantan, Pahang.

"Memorial Pengistiharan Kemerdekaan", Kompleks Istana. J al an Kota, Malacca.

"PeJabat Agama Islam dan Mahkamah Kadi", Malacca.

"Pelangi Beach Resort", Pantai Cenang, Pulau Langkawi, Kedah.

"Rumah Daeng Mat Diew", Parit Pecah, Johore.

"Rumah Haji Su", Kampong Losong Haji Su, Kuala Terengganu

"Rumah Pak Ali", Sabak Bemam~ Selangor.

"Rumah Penghulu Mohamed Natar", Merlimau, Malacca.

''Rumah Tele", Loosing, Kuala Terengganu.

Space Frame Structure, Forest Research Institute Malaysia. Kepong, Selangor.

Stadium ~.C.A, Raub Pahang.

"Teluk Intan Clock Tower", Teluk Intan, Perak.

The Stadhuys Building, Kompleks Istana, Jalan Kota, Malacca.

267

Bibliography

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278

Glossary

Glossary

Attap : palm leaf thatch, using fronds from the nipah in particular, although other local palm leaf is also used in Malaysia; also, a building covered with such thatch.

Ba.ii : wedges used to tighten the mortise and tenon joints of the Malay house. Balai : the eastern portion of the "ibu rumah''. .

. Bamboo (buluh) : a quick growing reed whose strong stems reach lengths of over 12.0 metres; useful in construction, although it cannot be nailed or pegged. Commonly used for the walls of traditional Malay houses.

Batak: indigenous people of North Sumatra, particularly of the Lake Toba region. Bendu! : the beam at the threshold of a Malay house. Boit : a fastener consisting of a cylindrical metal body with a head at one end and a helical

thread at the other, intended to be inserted through holes in adjoining pieces of material and closed with a threaded nut.

Bowstring or Belfast truss : the truss consists of a system of lattices fixed between lower horizontal members and curved top members in the form of a bow.

Brace, bracing: a secondary structural element or set of elements, usually placed diagonally between primary elements, serving to maintain the total configuration of the primary elements in the face of secondary lateral loads or disturbances and thereby stiffening and strengthening the structure as a whole.

Capitan China : the leader of the Chinese community in each settlement in Malaysia, particularly in Malacca.

Chengal : kllown as "Neobalanocarpus hemii"; a fine quality timber for common rafters, JOists, flooring, shipbuilding and barrel construction. Also known locally in Malaysia as "Lms", '·Selangan" or "Gagil".

Cross-beam : the main beam which runs the length of a Chinese roof as a structural support, held by corbel brackets (tou kung).

Depa : the measurement between the tips of the fingers of the outstretched arms. Dou gong (ton kung) : a cantilevered support which rests upon the head of a colmnn, and

supports cross-beams through a system of corbelled brackets. The dou (tou) is the base, often with notches into which the lowest gong (kung) are fitted.

Dovetailed joint : a joint in which two pieces meet at an angle and are Joined by pins and sockets in the shape of a dove's tail.

Eaves comer : the junction of eaves from two adjacent sides of a Chinese building formmg a ndge which is often accentuated and moulded into carving projection; a dominant motif in Southern Chinese architectural practice.

Frame : the most general term for an open assembly of interconnected linear or planar structural elements designed to serve a primary load-bearing function. In a building, it is usually clothed or in-filled to some extent by secondary elements that play little or no part in the primary structural action but may give useful added stiffness.

Gelegar : the main floor girders of a Malay house. Giruf : a roof pitched or inclined at more than 45 degrees on a Malay house. Glued laminated timber : a timber made up of a large number of small strips of wood glued

together. Half-timbering: a method of construction where walls are built of timber framework, with

the intervening spaces being filled in by plaster, brickwork, or wattle and daub; also known as "timber framing".

Hanging beam: a beam placed on edge over ceiling joists to prevent them sagging over long spans

Basta : the measurement between the tip of the second finger and the outside joint of the elbow.

lb an : the Iban trace their origins to the Kapus Lake Region of Kalimantan. !ban settlements are still predominantly in the forms of long house.

lbu rumah : the central portion of a Malay house, often being divided into sections Jack roof: a1,1 elevated gabled or pyramidal roof segment,· sheltering a clerestory opening

which separates it from the main roof.

279

Glossary

Jengkal: the measurement between the tip of the thumb and the tip of the second finger. Joist : one of a series of parallel beams used to support floor or ceiling loads, supported in

turn by bigger beams, girders or bearing walls. Kampung : a village of Malay settlement. Kasau betina : the subsidiary roof rafters at the eave end of the thatched roof of a Malay

house. Kasau jantan : the main roof rafters supporting purlins in a Malay house roof. King post: the central vertical member ofa roof truss, that which extends from the centre of

the tie beam to the apex of the roof to support the ridge. Lantern beam : a horizontal tie-beam connecting two pillars near their tops, forming a bay

as part of the facade of a Chinese temple. Meranti : a dipterocarpacaea wood of the genus Pentacme, commercially called "White

Lauan", and also known locally known as "Seraya". An excellent wood for cabinetry, construction, and flooring. Also another genus, Shore, commercially known as Red Meranti, is used for beams, joists, flooring, and square lumber.

Merbau : a non-dipterocarpacaea wood of the genus Intsia, also locally known as "Ipil" and "Kwila", which is suitable for heavy construction, panelling, and cabinetry.

Meru : sacred structure in Hindu-Javanese temple, characterised by its multi-layered roof. Minangkabau : indigenous people of central West Sumatra, a dominant cultural influence

among the Malays of Malacca. Module : a measure of proportion adopted for an individual building on which all other

dimension are based; also more generally a standard basic unit of measurement. Mortise and tenon joint: a traditional joint formed by a rectangular slot (mortise) into

which a tongue (tenon) from another piece fits. Nipah : a variety of creeping palm (Nipa fruiticans) whose fronds are used as thatch; also,

the thatch made from such palms. Notching : the joint formed where two pieces cross, by cutting a piece out of timber to fit

over another piece. Pagoda : a circular or octagonal structure built to preserve relics, commemorate unusual acts

of devotion, act as an omen of good geomantic conditions, or as an observation tower. Usually built of an odd number of storeys.

Penang Kongsi : a type of Chinese clan temple unique to Penang Island, distinguished by a projecting elevated front porch and construction on pillars so that the main worship area is a storey above the ground level. Additionally, these clan temples exclusively employ the Minnan style of roof tops with large coping ends.

Purlin : a horizontal beam spanning the principal rafters in a roof to carry the roof covering, usually via secondary rafters.

Queen post: one of a pair of upright supporting posts set vertically between the rafters and the tie-beam, or between one tie-beam and a longer one which supports it.

Rafter : one of the inclined beams of a pitched roof that meet along the ridge and directly or induectly carry the roof covering. Principal rafters receive no intermediate support. Secondary rafters receive intermediate support from purlins carried by the principal rafters.

Rasuk : a transverse cross-beam attached to the upright pillars of a Malay house, supporting the elevated floor.

Serambi. : a verandah or shaded porch of a Malay house, usually on the northern side of the building.

Shear connector : a mechanical dowel-like interconnection, usually between a flange of a steel beam and a reinforced-concrete slab, to hold two structural elements or parts of an element together and in particular, to prevent or limit relative slip at their interface.

Stiffener: a rib-like projection from a thin structural member loaded in compression (either simple compression or that arising from bending or shear) and particularly from a steel plate forming part of a large beam or column, to increase the stiffness in bending and thereby prevent a buckling failure.

Structural component : a full unit of construction, which may be as small as a brick or bolt, or as large as a prefabricated section of a large steel beam or a precast concrete wall or slab. Thus it may be a sufficient structural element, or it may serve only as part of such

280

Glossary

an element. It is identified essentially in terms of the construction or fabrication process rather than the structural role.

Structural element : a basic unit of construction capable of carrying its self-weight and other loads to its support. Frames, grids, and trusses designed to act in analogous ways to some of these simpler elements may themselves also be regarded as elements. Alternatively their constituent beams, columns, struts, or ties should be so regarded.

Structural form : a term used here to denote both the external geometric configuration of a structure or structural element, its ability to carry loads and withstand deformation, and its intended role in so doing.

Structure : a system of structural elements. Commonly, in the case of a building or bridge, the complete system that plays the primary load-bearing system role as distinct from in filling, finishes, etc., that can be removed without significant loss of overall stiffness, strength, or stability.

Tanjak langit : the king post or central ridge support in a Malay house. Tiang seri : the main column which is located in the main part of a Malay house. It is the

first column to be raised in the erection of the house and it is erected with a religious ritual.

Tie beam : a horizontal beam that connects the rafters in a roof, usually rests upon the queen post or cross beams in a Chinese beam-frame roof system.

Wall plate : the principal beam of a timber frame wall, which supports the roof truss or the joists for an upper storey.

Wedge: a fixing piece. A small tapered piece of timber used for exerting pressure.

281

Timber structures in Malaysian architecture and buildings

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