The textile logograms in the Linear B tablets les idéogrammes archéologiques des textiles

MARIE-LOUISE B NOSCH

THE TEXTILE LOGOGRAMS IN THE LINEAR B TABLETS LES IDEacuteOGRAMMES ARCHEacuteOLOGIQUES ndash DES TEXTILESlowast

The history and historiography of the textile logogram in Linear B

In their seminal work Les ideacuteogrammes archeacuteologiques du lineacuteaire B1

Vandenabeele and Olivier did not include an analysis of the textile logograms and Sourvinou-Inwood only treated the topic briefly in 19722 Duhoux analysed textile logograms and compared them to iconography in papers from 1975 and 1976 and Melenarsquos comprehensive study of textiles at Knossos has also provided important new insights3 Since then research on the Mycenaean textile industry4

lowast I thank Peder Flemestad Sidsel Frisch Richard Firth Joseacute Melena and Jean-Pierre Olivier for their

generous help and I thank Maurizio del Freo and Franccediloise Rougemont for fruitful discussions on the topic

and on archaeological

1 F VANDENABEELE J-P OLIVIER Les ideacuteogrammes archeacuteologiques du lineacuteaire B Eacutetudes Creacutetoises 24 Paris 1979

2 In an earlier paper announcing the volume J-P OLIVIER ldquoPour un recueil photographique des ideacuteogrammes lsquoarcheacuteologiquesrsquo du lineacuteaire Brdquo BCH 93 (1969) p 831 stated ldquoDans ce recueil devraient figurerhelliphelliptous les ideacuteogrammes repreacutesentant des lsquoartefactsrsquohelliprdquo and the analysis includes vases armour wheels chariots and furniture but not textiles The distinction between the choices of ldquoideacuteogrammes archeacuteologiquesrdquo and those rdquonon archeacuteologiquesrdquo or ldquodeacutepourvus drsquointeacuterecirct archeacuteologiquerdquo is not specified C SOURVINOU-INWOOD ldquoBibliography on the Archaeological Background of the Linear B Tablets with Special reference to Ideograms of Archaeological Interestrdquo Minos 13 (1972) p 85-86 consists of ca one page of bibliographical references of archaeological textiles F VANDENABEELE J-P OLIVIER Les ideacuteogrammes archeacuteologiques cit (n 1) p 9 note in this regard ldquoEn passant on verra que Sourvinou a consideacutereacute comme lsquoarcheacuteologiquesrsquo des ideacuteogrammes qui le sont sans aucun doute (les ideacuteogrammes des TISSUS par exemple) mais que nous avons eacuteteacute ameneacutes agrave ne pas retenir dans cet ouvrage pour la double raison que ces ideacuteogrammes sont extrecircmement nombreux et peu lsquoparlantsrsquo dans nos tablettes ndash donc demanderaient des centaines de photos et des dessins sans grand inteacuterecirct ndash et presque inexistants dans la reacutealiteacute archeacuteologique ndash quelques repreacutesentations principalement sur des fresques le rapport quantiteacutequaliteacute de lrsquoinformation eacutetait donc quasiment nulrdquo

3 JL MELENA Studies on Some Mycenaean Inscriptions from Knossos Dealing with Textiles Minos Supl 5 Salamanca 1975 Y DUHOUX ldquoLes ideacuteogrammes 168 et 181 du lineacuteaire Brdquo Kadmos 14 (1975) p 117-124 ldquoIdeacuteogrammes textiles du lineacuteaire B 146 160 165 et 166rdquo Minos 15 (1976) p 116-132

4 JT Killen ldquoThe Wool Industry in Crete in the Late Bronze Agerdquo ABSA 59 (1964) p 1-15 ldquoThe Knossos Lc (Cloth) Tablets (Summary)rdquo BICS 13 (1966) p 105-111 ldquoA Problem in the Knossos Lc(1) (Cloth) Tabletsrdquo Hermathena 118 (1974) p 82-90 ldquoThe Knossos Ld(1) Tabletsrdquo in Colloquium Mycenaeum p 151-181 ldquoThe Textile Industries at Pylos and Knossosrdquo in Pylos Comes Alive p 49-63 ldquoEpigraphy and Interpretation in Knossos WOMAN and CLOTH Recordrdquo in Studies Bennett p 167-183 Y DUHOUX Aspects E R LUJAacuteN ldquoEl leacutexico miceacutenico de las telasrdquo Minos 31-32 (1996-1997) p 335-370 V PETRAKIS ldquolsquoMinoanrsquo to lsquoMycenaeanrsquo thoughts on the Emergence of the Knossian Textile Industryrdquo in Kosmos Jewellery Adornment and Textiles in the Aegean Bronze Age 13th international Aegean conference held at Copenhagen April 2010 M-L Nosch R Laffineur (ed) (Aegaeum 33) Liegravege 2011

306 MARIE-LOUISE B NOSCH textile finds5 has accumulated data and enabled the inclusion of textiles in research on archaeology and logograms The relationship between Aegean logograms and archaeological artefacts primarily of inorganic materials had been analysed by archaeologists in the past but more recent research has shown that the exploration of logograms denoting organic artefacts can yield new insight as well6 It is therefore now possible to complete Les ideacuteogrammes archeacuteologiques by including the textile logograms7

The cloth logogram TELA is representative of the high degree of coherence among the Aegean scripts It is attested in Cretan hieroglyphics the Linear B logogram 159 TELA ldquoclothrdquo has its origin in the Linear A sign AB 54

8 attested at Hagia Triada9 on a fragment of a tablet from Thera10 and perhaps on a graffito from Tel Haror11 Cretan hieroglyphic logogram 163 is considered to be the precursor to the Linear A and B cloth signs with many fringes on both upper and lower sides of the rectangle12

5 E BARBER Prehistoric Textiles The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with

Special Reference to the Aegean Princeton 1991 C MOULHERAT Y SPANTIDAKI ldquoCloth from Kastelli Chaniardquo Arachne 3 (2009) p 8-15 ldquoTextiles from the Bronze Age to the Roman Period preserved in Greecerdquo in Textiles and Textile Production in Europe from Prehistory to AD 400 M Gleba U Mannering (ed) Ancient Textiles Series Oxbow Books Oxford in press See also contributions in Kosmos cit (n 4)

6 D H F GRAY ldquoLinear B and archaeologyrdquo BICS 6 (1959) p 47-57 examines in particular vases chairs and metal objects H L LORIMER Homer and the Monuments London 1950 See examinations of the logograms for grain 120 and 121 and for wine R PALMER ldquoWheat and Barley in Mycenaean Societyrdquo in Mykenaiumlka p 475-497 ldquoWheat and Barley in Mycenaean Society 15 Years Laterrdquo in Colloquium Romanum Vol 2 p 621-639 Wine in the Mycenaean Palace Economy (Aegaeum 10) Austin 1994

7 The author has no dogmatic views concerning the use of lsquoideogramrsquo or lsquologogramrsquo (see the contribution by R Thompson this volume) but simply wishes to be consistent with the terminology in her previous publication M DEL FREO et alii ldquoThe Terminology of Textiles in the Linear B Tablets including Some Considerations on Linear A Logograms and Abbreviationsrdquo in Textile Terminologies in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean from the third to the first millennia BC C Michel M-L Nosch (ed) Ancient Textiles Series 8 Oxbow Books Oxford 2010 p 338-373

8 M DEL FREO et alii ldquoTerminologyrdquo cit (n 7) 9 HT Wc 3019 HT 162 HT 204 and HT 383 The Hagia Triada documents are from the Villa HT

16 20 and 38 perhaps from Room 59 see P MILITELLO ldquoA Notebook by Halbherr and the Findspots of the Ayia Triada Tabletsrdquo Creta Antica 3 (2002) p 116 Wc 3019 probably from the area corresponding to Rooms 3 11 and 13 see M DEL FREO et alii ldquoTerminologyrdquo cit (n 7)

10 THE 8 C BOULOTIS ldquoLes nouveaux documents en lineacuteaire A drsquoAkrotiri (Theacutera) remarques preacuteliminairesrdquo BCH 122 (1998) p 407 ldquoΟι Πινακίδες Γραμμικής Α από το Ακρωθήρι (THE 7-12) Οψεις της οικονομικής Ζωής του Οικισμούrdquo in ΑΚΡΩΘΗΡΙ ΘΗΡΑΣ Τριάντα χρόνια έρευνας (1967-1997) Επιστημονική συνάντηση 19-20 Δεκεμβρίου 1997 Athens 2008 p 67-94

11 TEL Zb 1 could theoretically also be ascribed to Cretan Hieroglyphic see E D OREN J-P OLIVIER ldquoA Minoan Graffito from Tel Haror (Negev Israel)rdquo Cretan Studies 5 (1996) 109 Petrakis furthermore notes ldquoIt is however quite difficult to place this inscription within known Aegean palaeographic traditions If this is indeed an ancestor of Linear B 159 the absence of fringes make it non-canonicalrdquo V PETRAKIS ldquoEmergencerdquo cit (n 4)

12 See the medallion CHIC 103 from the Deacutepocirct hieacuteroglyphique at Malia and the observations on sign 163 in E D OREN J-P OLIVIER ldquoA Minoan Graffitordquo cit (n 11) p 101-102

THE TEXTILE LOGOGRAMS IN THE LINEAR B TABLETS 307

Fig 1 Linear A chart of cloth and Cretan hieroglyphic sign 163

The convention of specifying the type of textile by a ligatured syllabogram is also

common both to the Linear A and Linear B administrations Ligatures AB 54+04 (TEL Zb 1) and AB 54+81 (HT 383) can be directly compared to the ligatures TELA+TE and TELA+KU of Linear B13

In his 1909 work Scripta Minoa Volume I Evans interpreted the textile logogram upside down and under the heading Buildings and Accessories

14 Evans believed it to be the sign for lsquoPalacersquo This interpretation was repeated in his 1921 work The Palace of Minos at Knossos15 In Scripta Minoa Volume II based on Evansrsquos manuscripts but edited and supplemented by Myres Kober and Bennett16

the sign was classified under the heading Signs for Containers and termed lsquobanner signrsquo According to the text this was Evansrsquo description but it is not clear at what point Evans or his co-authors changed the interpretation from lsquopalacersquo to lsquobannerrsquo and from lsquobannerrsquo to lsquotextilersquo

13 M DEL FREO et alii ldquoTerminologyrdquo cit (n 7) 14 A J EVANS SM I p 197-198 15 ldquohellipit represents a plan of a Palace courtyard with a two storied tower-like building standing in its

inmost angle This building with battlements above and the diagonal line probably representing a ladder also stands by itself as the lsquoPalacersquo sign (aha) and is one of the Egyptian hieroglyphs that can be certainly said to have been taken over into the Minoan signaryrdquo PoM I p 358 Growing up in Hertfordshire in 19th century Britain the global leader of the textile industry it is remarkable that Evans clings to this palace interpretation for decades and does not seem to look for textiles in the epigraphical documentation See also B BURKE From Minos to Midas Ancient Cloth Production in the Aegean and in Anatolia Ancient Textiles Series 7 Oxford - Oakville Oxbow Books 2010

16 SM II T G PALAIMA ldquoLinear Brdquo in The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca 3000-1000 BC) E Cline (ed) Oxford 2010 p 356-372

308 MARIE-LOUISE B NOSCH The Linear B textile logograms and types of textiles

The 159 TELA lsquoclothrsquo logogram is known in its Linear B version from the palace

archives at Knossos Pylos and Thebes and has also recently come to light at Agios Vasileios17 Linear B textile logograms have been studied in recent years by several scholars18

The L series groups the registrations of cloth Mycenaean scribes primarily used logograms when recording textiles Logogram 159 TELA is a generic sign for textile that can be modified according the various textile types Thus inside the TELA the scribes wrote an endogram ie a syllable abbreviating the type of textile This phenomenon is transcribed in text editions as eg TELA+TE (for the logogram TELA with the syllabogram te inside)

Mycenaean scribes also employ a series of other logograms to designate cloth 146 161 164 166 and TUN Logograms 168 158 and 178 are classified as unidentified in Les ideacuteogrammes archeacuteologiques but could be recognised as textiles The fringes on textile logograms

The TELA logogram is followed by a supra-scribed number TELA1 or TELA2 The number indicates the number of additional fringes the logogram has apart from the two lateral fringes19 Some textile logograms have no fringes ndash other have several Knossos L 2127 contains a TELA logogram with 6 fringes and the textile on PY La 630 has fringes on top and on the lower edge of the logogram as can also be seen in Cretan hieroglyphic writing20

The fringes ndash in one end or in both ends ndash must reflect the visual appearance of a Bronze Age textile

17 See the contribution by V Aravantinos and A Vasilogamvrou in this volume 18 JL MELENA Studies Textiles cit (n 3) Y DUHOUX ldquo168 et 181rdquo cit (n 3) ldquo146 160 165

et 166rdquo cit (n 3) Y DUHOUX Aspects JT KILLEN ldquoThe Wool Industryrdquo cit (n 4) ldquoLd(1) Tabletsrdquo cit (n 4) p 151-181 M-L NOSCH ldquoLrsquoadministration des textiles en Cregravete centrale hors des seacuteries LcLeLnrdquo BCH 122 (1998) 404-406 M DEL FREO et alii ldquoTerminologyrdquo cit (n 7) V PETRAKIS ldquoEmergencerdquo cit (n 4)

19 The same principle could be applied to the other textile logograms with fringes such as 164 and a few 146 (L 868 M 757 M 8170) in future editions

20 Information on the six fringes is missing in KT5 but was filled in by J-P OLIVIER JT KILLEN ldquoErrata et corrigenda agrave KT5rdquo in Mykenaiumlka p 459 PY La 630 pre-dates the other Pylos tablets see the recent analysis by C SKELTON ldquoRe-examining the Pylos Megaron Tabletsrdquo Kadmos 48 (2009) p 107-123


Fig 2 KN L 2127 Drawing from CoMIK II Fig 3 Logogram on PY La 630 Drawing courtesy

of J-P Olivier and L Godart Textile qualities often depend on thread count and it is thus tempting to suggest that the addition of fringes indicates higher quality An example of this line of thought is Lc(1) 525 with te-pa of the lsquoroyalrsquo (wa-na-ka-te-ra) type depicted with a TELA logogram with the exceptional use of TELA3+TE (three fringes) This observation led Carlier21 to suggest that TELA3+TE and the term wa-na-ka-te-ra may indicate a special conversion rule of TELA3

On other tablets it would seem that certain types of cloth especially pu-ka-ta-ri-ja frequently have TELA

+TE cloth to wool of 125 (and not the conventional 17)

2 and TELA3 and even TELA4 while te-pa tu-na-no and pa-we-a are associated logograms with either no fringes or only one ie TELA or TELA1

Table 1 Fringes on the TELA

logogram by various scribes

A closer examination however suggests that this pattern is primarily due to scribal habits All secondary textile scribes 207-214 who record pu-ka-ta-ri-ja tend to write TELA logograms with two or more fringes while scribe 103 who is the author of most records concerning te-pa tu-na-no and pa-we-a generally omits fringes or adds only one The number of fringes thus seems to be a matter of personal writing style not a piece of information about the textilersquos thread count22

21 P CARLIER ldquoA propos des artisans wa-na-ka-te-rordquo in Secondo CongressoVol 2 p 577

It can be used to identify scribes not textile qualities

22 Cf Scribes Cnossos p 31 ldquoLes causes de simplification ou de modification drsquoun mecircme signe chez un mecircme scribe ne doivent en geacuteneacuteral pas ecirctre chercheacutees bien loin le soin apporteacute agrave la reacutedaction explique beaucoup de choses (ce qui ne veut pas dire que la forme la plus complegravete ou la plus compliqueacutee soit

Records by scribe 103 Records by other scribes

TELA+ TE PA tu-na-no TE pe-ko-to to-mi-ka PU KU ZO

TELA 11 5 1 3 TELA 26 1 10 10 3 4 1 TELA 8 2 13 1 1 13 2

TELA 2 3 9 2 11 1 1 TELA 4 1 3 47 38 11 3 3 32 6 2

310 MARIE-LOUISE B NOSCH The textile series and sets

Recordings of textile logograms are preserved at four sites Pylos Thebes

Knossos and Agios Vassileios The sites of Tiryns and Mycenae have also yielded information on textiles wool and textile workers but no textile logogram has so far been found23

The tablets are grouped into series and sets according to the logogram preserved on the tablets (or with associated tablets with no preserved logogram but with other common features such as the scribal hand the format of the tablet and the wording demonstrating that they too belong to a specific set) The letters defining the series indicate with the lsquoLrsquo that the topic is textiles and the following letter subdivides the mass of tablets into smaller series indicating the different sites Thus when textile records were discovered in the 1990s at Thebes the new series Lf was coined and in 2010 the series Lg came into being for the Agios Vassileios textile tablet

Pylos La series recording TELA+TE TELA+PU and pa-we-a TELA Ma Mb Mn series recording 146 Thebes Lf series one tablet recording TELA+PO Agios Vassileios Lg series 1 tablet recording 146 and TELA+PA Knossos Lc series production targets of cloth types TELA+TE pa-we-a TELA tu-na-no

TELA and TELA+TE pe-ko-to Ld series recipe and storage of pa-we-a TELA pa-we-a 161 TELA 158 Le series receipt of TELA+TE Ln series details about TELA+TE production L series textile tablets that do not fit into the above categories Wm nodules 146 Ws nodules TELA+TE

The textile series and sets thus provide information on textile production at the various Mycenaean sites they also inform us about the stages of production such as targets receipts and storage These types of information probably existed at all Mycenaean sites but it is only at Knossos where the evidence is so strong that we may perceive the various levels of production and administration

Some L series are subdivided into sets that provide an even better insight into the modalities of textile production and administration A set is specified by a number in brackets immediately after the letter(s) indicating the series For example at Knossos scribes 103 and 113 set separate targets for villages in central Crete in the Lc(1) set and targets for the villages in western Crete in the Lc(2) set respectively24

neacutecessairement la forme lsquocanoniquersquo pour le scribe en question) Ce soin drsquoailleurs peut deacutependre de facteurs lsquopsychologiquesrsquo mais aussi de facteurs purement mateacuteriels comme le mauvais eacutetat de la surface drsquoargile ou lrsquoespace utiliseacute rdquo

23 On textile production at Mycenae see C VARIAS GARCIA ldquoThe textile industry in the Argolid in the Late Bronze Age from the Written Sourcesrdquo in Kosmos cit (n 4)

24 JT Killen ldquoLinear B a-ko-ra-ja-jordquo in Studies Palmer p 117-125 M-L B NOSCH ldquoThe Geography of the ta-ra-si-jardquo Aegean Archaeology 4 (1997-2000) p 27-44


In the 5th edition of the Knossos Tablets and in CoMIK I-IV25

L(1) tablets are by scribe 103 probably from F14 and record TELA TUN+KI pa-we-a

there is a total of ten L sets indicating different types of production and administration

L(2) tablets are by scribe 103 probably from F14 and record TELA TUN+KI 161 L(3) tablets are by scribe 20726

L(4) tablets are by scribe 208 found in F6F4F7 and record TELA+PU found in F3 or I3 and record TELA+PU

L(5) tablets are by scribe 209 found in F7 and record qe-te-o TELA L(6) tablets are by scribe 210 found in F3 and record TELA+PU L(7) tablets are by scribe 211 found in F3F14 and record TELA+PU27

L(8) tablets are by scribe 212 and record TELA+PU

L(9) tablets are by scribe 213 found in I3 and record the textile type to-mi-ka L(10) tablets are by scribe 214 found in H2 and record TELA+PU

Name of textile designated by logograms

The meticulous work of certain scribes facilitates the present investigation in

some cases the scribes specify the name of the abbreviated cloth Therefore we know that what was conventionally in the Mycenaean bureaucratic tradition written TELA+TE was in fact called te-pa cloth the TELA+TE has two variant forms termed pe pe-ko-to and mi mi-ja-ro TELA+PU was pu-ka-ta-ri-ja cloth TELA+PA was pa-we-a cloth a type also known from Homeric terminology where it signifies a cloak and 146 which contains the endogram WE is the abbreviation of we-a2

Some Mycenaean textile terms are expressed both as logograms and also yield inflected group designations for those who produce the textiles Examples of this phenomenon is te-pa expressed as TELA+TE and also in the occupational designation te-pe-ja lsquofemale makers of te-parsquo (TH Of 35)

-no wehanos also a cloak However in Linear B archives textiles seem to be primarily recorded as rather standardised textiles and not as tailored garments TELA+ZO and TELA+PO stand for unidentified cloth names I do not find it plausible to understand PO as po-ni-ki-jo or po-pu-re-jo which are designations for colours or po-ki-ro-nu-ka which designates cloth ldquowith multi-colored onukhesrdquo because the other instances of endograms with TELA generally refer to the fabricrsquos name or type not to its decoration or visual appearance

TELA+TE and TELA+PU are overwhelmingly recorded by means of logograms and endograms and it seems fortuitous that on a few occasions the scribes reveal the terms behind the abbreviations of TELA+TE and TELA+PU This indeed seems an established and conventional scribal tradition

Other fabric types seem exclusively expressed in terms of the neutral cloth logogram TELA combined with the cloth name this is the case for TELA ki-to TELA to-mi-ka and TELA tu-na-no Even though the cloth type tu-na-no is recorded more than 20 times by scribe 103 and although scribe 103 of all scribes cherishes the use of endograms he never writes TELA+TU for tu-na-no and this does not seem to be

25 Find-places are based on R FIRTH ldquoFind-places of the tablets from the palace of Knossosrdquo Minos 31-

32 (1996-1997) p 7-122 26 J-P OLIVIER Scribes Cnossos p 90 notes that scribe 207 may be identical to scribe 116 27 Except L(7) 592 which records pa-we-a 161 TELA

312 MARIE-LOUISE B NOSCH coincidental The cloth type tu-na-no is simply always written out It might be explained historically tu-na-no despite its seemingly Pre-Greek element ndasha-no does not occur in the RCT nor in Linear A nor at sites outside Knossos (but few textile types indeed do) thus we could tentatively suggest that tu-na-no is either a more recent addition to the standardised textile repertoire of palace production andor a local Cretan textile type introduced in the palace textile repertoire In either case tu-na-no does not follow the recording conventions of other textile types The same situation is found in TELA to-mi-ka always written in this way by scribe 213 and never abbreviated TELA+TO Thus to-mi-ka and tu-na-no seem to function as adjective qualifying the TELA although they are cloth names Interestingly also the well attested pa-we-a only very rarely occurs with the abbreviation and logogram TELA+PA

Another example is the textile designated by the logogram 161 it appears overwhelmingly with the name pa-we-a ko-u-ra as a logogram either instead of TELA or in combination with TELA In the Lc(1) target series scribe 103 primarily associates it with the groups of workers with an occupational designation and not with those with an ethnic designation28

It seems to be a subcategory of pa-we-a but nowhere is it given a name

Are textiles counted or weighed The raw material wool is weighed out for ta-ra-si-ja production The

documentation of this stage of production provides an insight into the huge quantities of wool per textile However it is a significant feature of Mycenaean textile production that textiles are counted but never recorded in terms of their weight as finished fabrics29

In addition the measuring of size is almost absent except for a few very rare cases of me-ki-tamegista of large size or me-sa-tomessatoi of medium size The weight and the size of a textile define its value to a significant extent The absence of weight and surface measures is therefore a strong indication of the standardisation of Mycenaean textile types with predefined weights and sizes

Internal connections between cloth types Clusters of textile types and logograms John Killen has lucidly described the internal administrative relationship between

the recordings of te-pa pa-we-a and tu-na-no in the Knossos archives as recorded by scribes 103 113 and 11530

28 M-L NOSCH ldquoThe Mycenaean administration of textile production in the palace of Knossos

observations on the Lc(1) textile targetsrdquo AJA 1154 (2011)

There are however also other types of Mycenaean textiles

29 H W VAN SOLDT ldquoFabric and Dyes at Ugaritrdquo UF 22 (1990) p 332 discusses a similar situation for ktn ldquorefers to a cloth made of linen ktnt are not weighed but counted which suggests that they had a standard sizerdquo However R FIRTH ldquoThe administration of Textile Industry during the Lagash II periodrdquo (forthcoming) demonstrates that for Lagash II textiles were both counted and weighed

30 JT Killen ldquoThe Wool Industryrdquo cit (n 4) p 1-15 ldquoA Problemrdquo cit (n 4) ldquoThe Textile Industries at Pylos and Knossosrdquo cit (n 4) ldquoEpigraphy and Interpretationrdquo cit (n 4)

THE TEXTILE LOGOGRAMS IN THE LINEAR B TABLETS 313 TELA+PU TELA+KU and the textile type to-mi-ka31 These records are not as numerous as the records of textiles for ta-ra-si-ja However on some of these records important quantities of fabrics are mentioned for example the 980 pieces of TELA+PU on KN L 5561 TELA+PU TELA+KU and to-mi-ka are rarely associated with the places producing textiles in the ta-ra-si-ja mode of acquisition ndash on the contrary these three types of textiles seem to be linked to another cluster of place names32 TELA+PU were recorded by the secondary scribes 207 208 210-212 and the tablets stored in the West Wing (F3 F6F7 F14) or in the North Entrance Passage At Pylos a similar pattern appears33

161 pa-we-a ki-to and TUN+KI are associated in the L(2) set by scribe 103 and in the Ld(2) set by scribe 114 There seems also to be a strong link between pa-we-a and ki-to on L 771 and also on L 178 from the RCT

34 Logogram 146 does not belong to any evident textile cluster35

The clusters are not only the result of the internal organisation of one palace archive they transcend the individual palace administrations and have parallels in the other palace administrations This could suggest that the clustering goes far back indeed it could also suggest that there are basic textile technological commonalities between the textiles in a given cluster It seems for example reasonably clear that the cluster around scribe 103 primarily includes woollen coarse and large textiles

The number of textiles represented by logograms quantifying Mycenaean textiles

These are the most well attested textile typeslogograms based on the Appendix

(+ indicates that the number is 1 or more In italics are the restored amounts cf Appendix)

Table 2 Number of textiles recorded by means of textile logograms

Cloth types Knossos Pylos Thebes Agios Vassileios TELA+KU 48+ TELA+PU 2545+ 104 (Pylos) 1+ (Agios Vassileios) 168+SE 247

31 See the interpretation of TELA+PU by Y DUHOUX Aspects cit (n 4) note 232 TELA+KU is

discussed by Melena in E L BENNETT et alii ldquo436 raccords et quasi-raccords de fragments ineacutedites dans KT 5rdquo Minos 24 (1989) p 204-205 M-L NOSCH ldquoLrsquoadministrationrdquo cit (n 18)

32 M-L B NOSCH ldquoGeographyrdquo cit (n 24) p 27-44 33 M-L NOSCH ldquoLrsquoadministrationrdquo cit (n 18) JT Killen ldquoCloth Production in Late Bronze Age the

Documentary Evidencerdquo in Ancient Textiles Production Craft and Society C Gillis M-L B Nosch (ed) Ancient Textiles Series 1 Oxbow Oxford 2007 p 46

34 KN L 178 we-we-e-a lsquo161rsquo TELA3+PA 35 On KN L 868 146 and TELA+PU are recorded together by an unidentified scribe while at Pylos

(Un 853) 18 pieces of 146 are recorded with 1 TELA+PA among goods for a ritual On the recently discovered tablet from Agios Vassileios Lg 3 we find 146 and TELA+PA recorded together This could suggest that AV Lg 3 records textiles in a ritual context rather than a productive context but is of course highly speculative

314 MARIE-LOUISE B NOSCH

146 468 502 (Pylos Ma series) 164 10+ to-mi-ka TELA 215251 TELA+TE 28136 2+ (Pylos Un 6) 381 TELA+PA 95037 1+ (Agios Vassileios) 3 (Pylos) tu-na-no TELA 6365 TELA+TE pe-ko-to 20 TELA+ZO 1 158 913 178 3 161 87+ 166 41+ (RCT 8) 77+ (Pylos) TUN TUN+KI +RI 20 (RCT 73) TELA+PO 13 (Thebes)

Concerning the cluster of te-pa pa-we-a tu-na-no te-pa pe-ko-to by scribe 103

the following quantification may be made The total non-collector target Lc(1) 536 records the production of 2529 units of wool38 = 7587 kilos There are deliveries of 453 pieces of pa-we-a from collector groups39

Table 3 below displays a conservative estimate of the woollen textiles at Knossos and their equivalent in wool and sheep when possible to calculate and restoring 1 unit of wool per textile for those textiles without any known equivalent (in italics)

and this equals 915 units of wool = 2745 kilos Since the non-collector sector of the economy normally amounts to about 70 the figure seems quite plausible This gives a total estimated target for the ta-ra-si-ja production of 3444 units of wool or 10332 kilos which could be provided by 13776 sheep

Table 3 wool used in Mycenaean textiles

Cloth types Knossos Equivalent

of sheep Equivalent in wool units

Kilos of wool

TELA+KU 48+ 192+ 48+ 144+ TELA+PU 2545+ 10180+ 2545+ 7635+ 168+SE 247 988 247 741 164 10+ 240 60 180 to-mi-ka TELA 215 860 215 645 TELA+TE 281 10668 2667 8001

36 267 on Lc(1) 536 for non-collectors and c 14 pieces from collectors 37 543 perhaps 602 pa-we-a received from collector groups on KN Ld(1) 587 200 pa-we-a targeted for

non-collector groups on KN Lc(1) 536 110 pa-we-a recorded for western Crete on Lc(2) targets M-L NOSCH ldquoAcquisition and Distribution ta-ra-si-ja in the Mycenaean Textile Industryrdquo in Trade and Production in Premonetary Greece Acquisition and Distribution Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop Athens 1996 C Gillis Ch Risberg B Sjoumlberg (ed) SIMA Pocket-book 154 (2000) p 46

38 J-P OLIVIER ldquoLa seacuterie Dn de Cnossosrdquo SMEA 2 (1967) p 91-92 39 Ld(1) 587 See JT Killen ldquoLd(1) Tabletsrdquo cit (n 4) p 151-182


TELA+PA 950 6179 1545 4635 tu-na-no TELA 63 756 189 567 TELA+TE pe-ko-to 20 800 200 600 Total 30743 7686 23058

With a total of approximately 100000 sheep in Crete these wool figures do not

seem excessive Raw materials and decorative elements Fibres and textile logograms

In ancient worldwide textile production there is a fundamental qualitative difference between plant and animal fibres as the two types of fibre require very different treatment before spinning and are based on two different modes of environmental exploitation agriculture or animal husbandry Archaeology has yielded evidence for wool and flax but also goat hair and perhaps nettle40 This difference however does not clearly transcend from the Linear B archives probably because in the standardised repertoire of cloth types the type of fibre constituting a fabric is clear to any scribe Mycenaean textiles are primarily made of animal fibres and this appears to be exclusively lambswool and sheep wool The scribes only seem to feel the need to note the woollen we-we-e-a fibre types when a cloth is recorded in the immediate context of TUN+RI or TUN+KI41

tunics which at least in the case of TUN+RI is clearly of plant fibre ie linen

KN L 178 + 281 (124RCT) we-we-e-a 161 TELA3

+PA 6 u-po-we TUN+RI 2

KN L 870 + fr (114I3) o-]da-ku-we-ta we-we-e-a TELA3

1 TUN+KI 1

The two examples are from two different chronological phases the RCT and the main archives suggesting that this is a traditional way of organising textile-related text on a tablet

Occasionally we can perceive differences in fibre quality KN L 693 records ri-no re-po-to fine linen which reflects a qualitative difference in the plant fibre preparation and the quality and fineness of the fabric and also PY Un 1322 probably records ri-no re-po-to of 146

Cynthia Shelmerdine42

40 C MOULHERAT Y SPANTIDAKI ldquoCloth from Kastellirdquo cit (n 5) M FRANGIPANE et aliae

ldquoArslantepe (Turkey) Textiles Tools and Imprints of Fabrics from the 4th to the 2nd millennium BCrdquo Paleacuteorient 351 (2009) p 5-29

discusses Mycenaean furniture inventories and notices how the scribes give priority to information on the furniturersquos material aspects especially the variety and combination of materials while information on decorative elements on the

41 V PETRAKIS ldquoEmergencerdquo cit (n 4) 42 C W SHELMERDINE ldquoMycenaean furniture and vessels text and imagerdquo in Kosmos cit (n 4)

316 MARIE-LOUISE B NOSCH furniture only comes second This scribal habit contrasts with the textile administration where the decorative elements are highlighted but information about fibre material is mostly absent

Decorative elements mainly occur in the descriptions of pa-we-a cloth pa-we-a 161 and pu-ka-ta-ri-ja cloth Melena suggests that one of the differences between pa-we-a and pu-ka-ta-ri-ja cloth at least in hand 211 of the L(7) set is the colouring ldquoThe differences between the two types seem to lie in the fact that the pu-ka-ta-ri-ja cloth (TELA+PU) are self-coloured (re-u-ka po-pu-re-ja) whereas the colour of the pa-we-a is indicated by means of certain variegated or white elements (po-ki-ro-nu-ka re-u-ko-nu-ka) This may indicate a difference in the manufacturing process since if the dye is even and colours the whole of the cloth it can be presumed that dyeing follows weaving On the contrary in the case of pa-we-a where the colouring affects separate elements the process must be the opposite that is to say dyeing must precede weavingrdquo43

Melenarsquos interpretations reflect the colour terms well especially for red hues associated with TELA+PU However there is no real technical difference in dyeing before or after weaving some dye the yarn before weaving others dye the fabric but it can be safer to dye the wool or yarn first and ensure that the correct hue is obtained The technical differences are in the bordersedgings pa-we-a are clearly defined by starting borderstablet-woven borders in white or variegated colours which probably contrast with the central part of the fabric The borders also give strength to the fabric and protect it pu-ka-ta-ri-ja cloth seems to be without contrasting borders Despite the presence of colour terms I would assume that the bulk of Mycenaean textiles primarily exploit the natural pigmentation of Bronze Age sheep in the hues black grey white brown and red and combine these hues to obtain contrasts and variegated patterning Indeed when differently pigmented wool is combined in a fabric and then dyed the result will be a variegated fabric

Archaeological assessment comparison with archaeological artefacts and iconography The shape of TELA

The most visually striking and prototypical Gestaltform of a textile is a rectangular shape ending in a fringe It is relatively straightforward to understand the shape of the logogram in the Hagia Triada Linear A inscription (HT 20 HT Wc 3019) it clearly outlines the warp weighted loom while in its more stylised shape in Linear B it conveys the image of a rectangular piece of cloth The squared shape seems iconic to the concept of textiles in the Bronze Age graphic tradition However this might be biased by our modern textile consumersrsquo view of textiles coming from factories in rectangular sizes Bronze Age archaeological textiles in Northern Europe are attested as square pieces of cloth or woven into the required shape of the garment Some Bronze Age garments have an oval shape for example the mantles such as the mantle from Borum Eshoslashj Denmark dated c 1400 BC Hence both logograms of rectangular and round shapes can represent textiles and garments

43 JL MELENA Studies Textiles cit (n 4) p 106

THE TEXTILE LOGOGRAMS IN THE LINEAR B TABLETS 317 TELA and other cloth logograms and their possible parallels in iconography

Weilhartner has examined the stylistic and graphic connections between Linear B logograms and humans and animals in Bronze Age art44 He observes how some animal logograms such as horse and deer are quite realistic while others such as the sheep goat and ox are much more abstract45 Similar situations may be observed with textiles Already in the Linear A script the TELA sign seems quite fixed in its visual form in the RCT 146 and 161 appear as standardised as in the rest of the Knossos archives We can hence suppose that already in LM II the graphic types of TELA and 146 were fixed The animal logograms clearly constitute both logograms and syllabograms all of which are present in the Linear A and B corpora and which may refer to the pre-Greek animal names sheep is qi- goat is mi- ox is mu- and pig au- However these animals are clearly designated by their Greek animal names in the Linear B texts they have lost their syllabic reference and function purely as logograms46 The identical situation is attested for flax a syllabogram used as logogram SA plausibly a pre-Greek plant name which in Linear B becomes more specific by using ri-no and ri-ta with Greek etymologies Likewise the logogram for wool combines ma- and perhaps re- or ru- but in the texts the scribes write out the Greek form we-we-e-a47

The same development is not attested for the syllabic elements inside the textile logograms where the textile endograms te(-pa) (pa-)we-a we(-a

2

Duhoux compared the textile logograms 165 and 166 with the depictions of loincloth worn by the Keftiu people and by the Knossos cup-bearer to confirm his plausible interpretation of the use of 166

-no) pu(-ka-ta-ri-ja) have not lost their syllabic function

48

The drawing of a man wearing a loincloth on MY Oe 106 verso comes from the hand of a scribe who records textiles for the administration

44 J WEILHARTNER ldquoGender Dimorphism in the Linear A and Linear B Tabletsrdquo in Kosmos cit (n 4)

ldquoDie graphische Gestaltung der Tierlogogramme auf den Linear B-Tafelnrdquo in Akten des 13 Oumlsterreichischen Archaumlologentages Salzburg 25-27 February 2010 C Reinholdt W Wohlmayr (ed) in press

45 This could be due to different graphical traditions to longer graphical developments or to the fact that sheep in particular are such recurrent commodities that a certain script standardisation naturally came into place It is however important to notice that the standardisation of logograms pre-dates the division into various palace scribal traditions it also predates the settlement of Mycenaeans in the palace of Knossos J WEILHARTNER ldquoTierlogogrammerdquo cit (n 44) p 3

46 J WEILHARTNER ldquoTierlogogrammerdquo cit (n 44) 47 M-L NOSCH The Knossos Od Series An Epigraphical Study Veroumlffentlichungen der Mykenische

Kommission Band 25 Mykenische Studien 20 Oumlsterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften Philosophisch-historische Klasse Denkschriften 347 Band (2007) p 11-12

48 Y DUHOUX ldquo168 et 181rdquo cit (n 3) ldquo146 160 165 et 166rdquo cit (n 3) p 117


Fig 4 Bronze Age oval cape from Borum Eshoslashj Photograph courtesy of the National Museum of Denmark Roberto Fortuna


Left Fig 5 MY Oe 106 verso Drawing by Annika Jeppsson Copyright Danish National Research

Foundationrsquos Centre for Textile Research Right Fig 6 TEL Zb 1 from Tel Haror and Tanagra ladies Drawing Annika Jeppsson Copyright Danish National Research Foundationrsquos Centre for Textile Research

Regrettably we do not have artistic representations of standard textile pieces but

there are several attractive and highly relevant iconographic parallels such as the use of fringes It is tempting to compare the iconography of the ladiesrsquo dresses on the 13th

-century Tanagra larnax with the Tel Haror textile logogram Fringes seem to be a diagnostic feature of textiles in art and in script

Balanced fabrics weft-faced or twills Bronze Age archaeological textiles are not always balanced as the well-known

Egyptian tradition of tabby linen fabrics49 A survey of Bronze Age textiles ndash both from epigraphical and archaeological sources ndash has evidenced a large amount of unbalanced in particular weft-faced textiles Hartmut Waetzoldt discusses Ur III records with much more weft yarn than warp yarn50 At Qatna fabrics with 16 x 70-80 threads per cm2 have recently come to light51 thus with up to 10 times more threads in one system than in the other finally analyses of loom weights have shown that some are very well suited for either twills or for weft-faced fabrics52

49 I SKALS et aliae ldquoArchaeological textilesrdquo in Tools Textiles and Contexts E Andersson Strand

M-L Nosch (ed) in press

These loom weights seem too thick for a balanced tabby which would spread the warp threads into a very loose fabric but they are well

50 H WAETZOLDT bdquoThe Colours and Variety of Fabrics from Mesopotamia during the Ur III Period (2050 BC)rdquo in Textile Terminologies cit (n 7)

51 M A JAMES et alii ldquoHigh prestige Royal Purple dyed textiles from the Bronze Age royal tomb at Qatna Syriardquo Antiquity 83 (2009) p 1109-1118

52 J CUTLER et alii ldquoTextile production in Quartier Murdquo in Le Quartier Mu V Eacutetudes creacutetoises J-C Poursat (ed) in press

320 MARIE-LOUISE B NOSCH suited for twills or for a weft-faced fabric with spaced warp threads and tightly packed wefts We should expect some Mycenaean textiles to be twills or weft-faced A likely candidate is the fabric termed to-mi-ka DMic sv interprets to-mi-ka as τορμισκον (lttṛmiskon) and would mean lsquoof four strandsrsquo This interpretation53 rests on the interpretation of to- as tor- lt ie tṛ lsquofourrsquo -mi- is understood as μίτος translated as thread or yarn54 The example of ti-ri[ as perhaps ti-ri[-mi-ka on KN Ld(2) 788 would conform to to-mi-ka55

However a more likely interpretation is given by Barber who has argued convincingly that μίτος should be understood as heddle thread in the 2

both forms referring to the type of thread employed for weaving respectively lsquoof threersquo and lsquoof four yarnsrsquo This does not imply spinning but plying three or four threads into a rather thick plyed yarn

nd millennium and only later developed the generic meaning of lsquothreadrsquo56

to-mi-ka could accordingly refer to lsquofour-shedrsquo ie twill It is presumably an adjective denoting for eg a 22 twill diamond twill or 31 twill If it instead refers to a lsquofour-shaftrsquo which gives 5 sheds on a warp-weighted loom it could be used for a 41 twill or a 32 twill

Fig 7 Various types of 22 twill Drawing courtesy of Eva Andersson Strand

53 H MUumlHLESTEIN ldquoDeutung einiger Linear-B-Woumlrterrdquo in Studia Mycenaea p 115-116 54 DELG sv ldquolisse cordon employeacute pour seacuteparer les fils de la chaicircnerdquo R BEEKES Etymological

Dictionary of Greek Leiden ndash Boston 2010 sv ldquomg uncertain thread of the warp chain vel sim also thread in generalrdquo

55 And would also be paralleled by a gloss given by Hesychius τριμίσκον∙ ἱμάτιον 56 E BARBER Prehistoric Textiles cit (n 5) p 267-268


Fig 8 Warp-weighted loom with 4 rows of loom weights 4 sheds and 3 shafts on the loom Drawing by

Annika Jeppson Copyright Danish National Research Foundationrsquos Centre for Textile Research Quantifying Mycenaean textiles thread time and fabrics

Mycenaean textiles are characterised by their rather large quantities of wool for their fabrication and these extreme quantities become even more evident when combined with experimental archaeology Killen examined the structures and patterns of the Mycenaean textile industry (numbers 1-3) and calculated the necessary wool for various types of Mycenaean textiles (4)57

1 Type of textile 2 Textile logogram

3 Requirement in wool units

4 Equivalent in kilos

5 Number of sheep needed for this textile

pa-we-a TELA+PA 167 c 5 kg 6-7 te-pa TELA+TE 7 21 28 tu-na-no TELA 3 9 12 te-pa pe-ko-to TELA+TE 10 30 40 pu-ka-ta-ri-ja TELA+PU 1 3 4 164 6 18 24

He also demonstrated that it takes wool from four sheep to gather 1 wool unit one

unit of wool equals c 3 kilos Thus the average wool output pr sheep was c 750 grams (5)58

57 JT Killen ldquoThe Knossos Lc (Cloth) Tabletsrdquo cit (n 4) ldquoA Problemrdquo cit (n 4) ldquoLd(1) Tabletsrdquo

cit (n 4) ldquoThe Textile Industries at Pylos and Knossosrdquo cit (n 4)

Comparisons with experimental archaeology suggest that the wool recorded in the

58 JT Killen ldquoThe Wool Industryrdquo cit (n 4)

322 MARIE-LOUISE B NOSCH Lc targets is raw wool which needs washing cleaning and combing before it can be spun and woven59

These processes would reduce the woolrsquos weight to about half the quantity (6)

1 Type of textile 6 Estimate of amount of clean wool

7 Length of thread spun on 18 g spindle whorl

8 Spinning time

9 M2 of cloth with 10 threads pr cm

pa-we-a

2

25 kg 15 km 300 h 75 mte-pa

2

105 kg 63 km 1260 h 315 mtu-na-no

2

45 kg 27 km 540 h 135 mte-pa pe-ko-to

2

15 kg 90 km 1800 h 45 mpu-ka-ta-ri-ja

2

15 kg 9 km 180 h 45 m164

2

9 kg 54 km 1080 h 27 m

2

Tests of textile tools and systematic tests of spinning have yielded the following results Spinners could spin c 600 m06 km thread on an 18 g spindle whorl from 100 g clean wool (7)60 and they could spin c 50 m per hour on an 18 g spindle whorl (8)61

The tests of textile tools and the systematic tests of setting up a loom and weaving have yielded further important evidence 2 km of thread is sufficient to weave 1 m

2 of coarse cloth with a thread count of 10 threadscm2 If all Mycenaean fabrics were of this quality (which is unlikely though) the wool quantities could yield fabrics of 45 to 45 m2

in size (9) It seems thus that the Linear B records contain textiles which relate to special palace or commercial needs rather than textiles for everyday life of a Bronze Age family

Conclusion No Linear B scholar would disagree with JL Melena ldquowe encounter the greatest

difficulty when we try to grasp what differences actually exist between the distinct kinds of cloth recorded as TELA+KU TELA+PA TELA+PU TELA+TE and TELA+ZOrdquo62

We have demonstrated two different developments of scribal habits for textile logograms The choice of using either (1) a logogram with a textile term (such as tu-na-no TELA) or a (2) logogram with the cloth names as endogram (such as TELA+PU) is not a question of personal choice or individual habit Scribe 103 uses both conventions indiscriminately Rather this paper demonstrates how these two conventions are closely

In this paper these differences are explored by taking the path traced by Oliver and Vandenabeele in their seminal work Les ideacuteogrammes archeacuteologiques

59 E ANDERSSON M-L B NOSCH ldquoWith a Little Help from my Friends Investigating Mycenaean

Textiles with the help from Scandinavian Experimental Archaeologyrdquo in Metron p 197-205 and table XLV

60 E ANDERSSON et alii ldquoNew Research on Bronze Age Textile Productionrdquo BICS 51 (2008) p 171-174 M-L NOSCH ldquoFrom Texts to Textiles in the Aegean Bronze Agerdquo in Kosmos cit (n 4)

61 The average output of threadh is c 50 m of yarnh (18 g whorl) c 40 m of yarnh (8 g whorl) c 35 m of yarnh (4 g whorl) This time estimate only takes the actual spinning time into account time for the cleaning sorting and preparation of the wool has to be added

62 JL Melena Studies Textiles cit (n 4) p 107

THE TEXTILE LOGOGRAMS IN THE LINEAR B TABLETS 323 linked to the textile types Some textile types are nearly always recorded by a logogram (161 164) often with an endogram designating the name (TELA+TE TELA+KU TELA+KU 146) They constantly follow this convention and only a few occasional hints are given to the cloth names that they abbreviate This seems to be a convention inherited from Minoan administrative culture It is a contrast to the other administrative convention of scriptio plena which writes the full name of the textile combined with the neutral TELA logogram Tu-na-no and to-mi-ka cloth always follow this convention and pa-we-a is despite a few attestations of TELA+PA fully part of the scriptio plena convention The unequal distribution of the textile-related texts among the Mycenaean palaces makes it hard to ascertain whether the two recording conventions were attested outside Knossos but the sparse evidence suggests that there might have been a strong scriptio plena tradition in Mycenae and more intensive use of endograms in Pylos and Thebes

Pu-ka-ta-ri-ja and pa-we-a could be termed pan-Mycenaean cloth types because they are well attested at several sites They do however also testify to the two different Knossian conventions for recording textiles with logograms pu-ka-ta-ri-ja are recorded as TELA+PU pa-we-a are recorded by name and the neutral TELA Outside Knossos pa-we-a is attested as TELA+PA at Pylos while scribes at Mycenae write out the name pa-we-a and link it to a neutral TELA logogram

Some textiles and textile logograms occur in clusters but the clustering does not reflect the two scribal conventions concerning the use of logograms with endograms or with textile terms On the contrary the clusters comprise textiles which are recorded in both ways This paper also highlights how some logograms come in pairs consisting of a prolific textile logogram combined with its less known variant The two are closely associated in terms of scribal hands Examples include TELA+TE and its logogrammatic variant TELA+TE pe-ko-to which is heavier Likewise for pa-we-a TELA and its variant pa-we-a ko-u-ra 161 TELA They are alike in many ways but pa-we-a ko-u-ra 161 seems made of smaller quantities of wool A similar situation could be attributed to the pair of TELA+KU and TELA+PU which also shares many features

The analysis of the descriptions of textiles can provide an insight into the technical details and the context of the production Nevertheless the analysis of textile logograms has demonstrated that the number of fringes depends on the scribal habits and is not an indication of cloth qualities or thread counts Another example is textile logogram 164 In Linear A there is both a syllabogram and a logogram with the same form while in Linear B the logogram 164 no longer has a homomorph syllabic counterpart This could be contextualised in the development of logograms and syllabograms in Aegean script traditions and the need to differentiate more clearly between the syllabic and the logographic functions of homomorphs or quasi-homomorph signs Petrakis furthermore links this development to the amplification of the textile industry and the trends towards standardisation and the massive use of textile and wool logograms by the administration63

In this paper I have presented an attempt to contextualise and quantify Mycenaean textile logograms both in terms of the number of items in terms of time and in terms of

63 V PETRAKIS ldquoEmergencerdquo cit (n 4)

324 MARIE-LOUISE B NOSCH wool It can be concluded that the numbers are important and can be compared to the numbers of textiles in the Near Eastern palaces64

TELA+PU cloth is by far the most common type of Mycenaean textile This makes it even more surprising that exactly this cloth type forms part of inter-palace transactions on MY X 508 which records this commodity as te-qa-de sent to Thebes The final destination or purpose of most commodities in Linear B documents are unfortunately only rarely recorded except for religious offerings

However the quantities of wool per textile in Mycenaean records have no parallels in the Near Eastern documentation An example of such important wool quantities is the logogram 164 One 164 equals 6 units of raw wool ie 18 kilo of raw wool or wool from 24 sheep Nowhere in the documentation from Ur III Ebla Mari or Kanish do we have textiles of these sizes these extreme quantities of wool for 1 textile is one of the most characteristic features of Mycenaean textiles I believe that we should refrain from imagining single textiles in these cases

65

There is a striking absence of data on the textile fibres ndash wool and flax This can be explained by the extreme standardisation of the textile repertoire and partly by the dominance of woollen textiles particularly at Knossos It is only pa-we-a which explicitly can be made from both plant and animal fibres On the other hand information about decoration and colours often occur in textile recordings despite the relative standardisation of decorations as well These scribal habits contrast with the inventories of furniture with much stronger emphasis on materials It also contrasts with the textile archaeological context where there is evidence for wool flax but also goat hair and perhaps nettle

but we do know that some pa-we-a were for the e-qe-ta and for guests

The time estimates and quantification of thread are based on experimental archaeology These estimates are conservative and for the sake of comparison and consistency based only one heavy spinning tool of 18 g It is however more likely that each cloth type was spun with appropriate spindles not all of them of 18 grams Fabrics of less wool such as pa-we-a and pu-ka-ta-ri-ja are likely to have been spun on lighter spindle whorls and this would potentially have increased the output of thread the time consumption and the size of fabrics Tablet L 5561 from Knossos provides a fundamental insight into quantities of wool and numbers of fabrics L 5561 is probably a totalling record of TELA+PU textiles and the mere number of 980 textiles demonstrates how important this economic sector was 980 TELA+PU textiles equal 2940 kilos of wool or wool from 3920 sheep This yields 8820 km of yarn if spun on an 18 g spindle whorl

64 C MICHEL M-L NOSCH (ed) Textile Terminologies cit (n 7) 65 L M BENDALL Economics of Religion in the Mycenaean World Resources Dedicated to Religion in

the Mycenaean Palace Economy Oxford University School of Archaeology Monograph 67 Oxford 2007


Appendix

The appendix follows the path of Les ideacuteogrammes archeacuteologiques The most representative logograms List of attestations scribes and find-places Name of object Context The number of textiles represented by the logogram Raw material of item and decorative elements

The archaeological assessment and comparison with archaeological artefacts which Olivier and Vandenabeele included66

is discussed in the text above The appendix contains first the textile logogram 159 with various endograms (TELA+TE TELA+PA TELA+PU TELA+KU TELA+PO TELA+ZO) Then I discuss the neutral TELA logogram combined with textile names (tu-na-no TELA and to-mi-ka TELA) This is followed by the other textile logograms of individual shapes (146 161 164 166 TUN) Finally uncertain textile logograms (168 158 178) are discussed

TELA+TE Attestations scribes and find-places TELA+TE is primarily attested at Knossos in the target series for central Crete Lc(1) primarily from F1067 in the receipt series Le from F1468 and in the detailed account of TELA+TE from Ln 156869 All these tablets are by scribe 103 TELA+TE pe-ko-to70 is also a part of the ta-ra-si-ja textile target for both collectors and non-collectors on Lc(1) 535 and 536 and recorded by scribe 103 TELA+TE mimi-ja-ro occurs on Ln 1568 At Pylos TELA+TE is mentioned on La 624 and 1393 and on Un 671

Name of object TELA+TE exists in three types standard TELA+TE te-pa TELA+TE pepe-ko-to and TELA+TE mimi-ja-ro The name of the textile te-pa is attested several times

72 and so are derived forms for the occupational designation of those who produce TELA+TE the te-pe-ja73 Finally it occurs simply as te on nodule KN Wm 8493 in front of LANA probably a specification of how the wool will be used It corresponds probably to τάπης but with unclear etymology The similarity to 1st-millennium Greek τάπης74

66 With the criterion ldquopreacutefeacuterence eacutetant bien entendu donneacutee agrave celles qui sont les plus proches dans le

temps et dans lrsquoespacerdquo F VANDENABEELE J-P OLIVIER Les ideacuteogrammes archeacuteologiques cit (n 1) p 7

67 Lc(1) 525-527 529-530 532-533 536 541 543 561 5746 68 Le 641-642 654 5629 5646 5903 5930 6014 69 R FIRTH ldquoAn Interpretation of the Specification of Textiles on Ln 1568rdquo (this volume) 70 Lc(1) 526-527 551 5746 Lc 646 Ws 8153 71 La 624 S622-H13 from Megaronroom 6 La 1393 S622-H13 from SW Area 13 Un 6 verso by H6

from Central archives See C SKELTON ldquoMegaron Tabletsrdquo cit (n 20) 72 KN Ws 8153 L 5090 X 1432 MY Oe 107 73 TH Of te-pe-ja PY Ad 921 te-pe-ja-o KN Le 641 te-pe-ja 74 Eg Hom Il 16224 Od 4124

326 MARIE-LOUISE B NOSCH carpet or bedcover suggests that it could be interpreted as some kind of thick or heavy cover te-pa does not however exhibit a theme in -t- cf the dat plur in te-pa-i

Fig 9 TELA+TE KN Scribe 103 Lc(1) 5746 Ln 1568 Lc(1) 529

Lc(1) 527 Lc(1) 561 Le 5629 Context On PY Un 6 TELA+TE is mentioned twice as a contribution to or from female religious personnel the priestess(es) and the key-bearer(s) It seems that TELA+TE was given as remuneration or compensation to people serving the palace and sanctuaries Linear A ligature AB 54+04 (attested on TEL Zb 1) can be directly compared to ligature TELA+TE of Linear B

THE TEXTILE LOGOGRAMS IN THE LINEAR B TABLETS 327 The number of textiles represented by the logogram In the Lc(1) set there are TELA+TE from collectors75 and non-collector groups76 and the latter have a total TELA+TE target of 267 recorded on Lc(1) 536 In the Le series77 there are at least receipts of 82 TELA+TE probably the same items at a later stage of administration There is so far attestation to 20 TELA+TE pe-ko-to in the Lc(1) set78

Raw material and decorative elements All are made of sheep wool TELA+TE corresponds to 7 units of wool that is 21 kilos and the variety TELA+TE pe-ko-to require 10 units of wool ie 30 kg There is no indication of decoration or dyes in the Lc(1) set but various abbreviations in Ln 1568 indicate types and perhaps colours of TELA+TE

At Pylos there are at least 41 TELA+TE on La 624 and 1393

79

These fabrics are characterised by being heavy large woollen and rectangular

TELA+PA Attestations scribes and find-places It is quite a paradox that pa-we-a is one of the most well attested Mycenaean fabrics yet the logogram TELA+PA is quite rare at Knossos The few attestations of the logogram include at Knossos Ld(2) 786 and 787 L 178 from the RCT by scribe ldquo124rdquo perhaps on L 7387 with unknown scribe and find-place and perhaps also L 523 by unknown scribe from F8 The bulk of attestations of pa-we-a textile are not made by using the logogram Instead the scribes write out the term pa-we-a and combine it with the neutral logogram TELA80 Thus the prolific Knossos textile scribe 103 never employs the logogram TELA+PA In the Ld(1) set scribe 116 records deliveries and storage of pa-we-a These tablets are primarily from F14 Again scribe 116 employs the neutral TELA logogram and specifies in words that it is pa-we-a According to Killen81 the set contains store records82 and two groups of delivery records the first of which consists of pa-we-a from collectors83 and the second group of smaller deliveries of pa-we-a probably from workshops84 L(1) tablets are by scribe 103 primarily from F14 and record TELA TUN+KI and pa-we-a85

75 Lc(1) 532 4 (]ku-wo) Lc(1) 551 10 (e-me-si-jo) If the collector part of the total TELA+TE target

forms 30 then we should expects 114 collector TELA+TE pieces

76 Lc(1) 525 40 526 14 527 19 529 30 530 7 541 22 543 11 553 10 558 20 561 1 = 174 TELA+TE Probably also recordings of TELA+TE are Lc(1) 533 1+ 552 11 1580 8 5746 10 = 204 TELA+TE Perhaps also TELA+TE on Lc(1) 535 546-547 549 555 7321 7549 7901

77 Le 641 28+ 642 9+ 654 5+ 5629 3+ 5646 2+ 5903 1 5930 12+ 6014 22 78 18 pe-ko-to on the total non-collector target Lc(1) 536 and 2 pe-ko-to with collector e-me-si-jo on

Lc(1) 551 There are 4 TELA+TE mi and 7 old TELA+TE mi on Ln 1568 and 11 TELA+TE mi on Le 5930 79 R FIRTH ldquoLn 1568rdquo cit (n 69) 80 See all forms in DMic sv Outside the Knossos L(1) set Lc and Ld series pa-we-a is also found on

MY Oe 127 pa-we-a2 Oe 111 pa-we-si KN L 104 pa-we-pi L 651 pa-we-o Wm 8499 pa-wo 81 JT Killen ldquoLd(1) Tabletsrdquo cit (n 4) 82 Ld(1) 571-577 579 583 585 649 5601 and probably 599 and 5647 83 Ld(1) 598 is a delivery from the collector wi-jo-qo-ta and Ld(1) 587 is the total delivery from

collectors 84 Ld(1) 584 591 656 5607 5615 5845 5894 5916 5955 8245 JT Killen ldquoLd(1) Tabletsrdquo cit

(n 4) p 151 85 L(1) 567 594 648 5927 5949 8159


At Pylos logogram TELA+PA is attested more often despite the fact that not many textile recordings have survived at Pylos TELA+PA is recorded on Un 853 by hand 6 from the Central Archives and on La 623 626 and 630 by hand 13 from the Megaron86

At Agios Vassileios TELA+PA is recorded on tablet Lg 1

Fig 10 TELA+PA KN Scribe 114 Ld(2) 786 Ld(2) 787

Scribe ldquo124rdquo L 178 Unknown scribe L 7387 PY Hand 13 La 630 La 623 v Name of object pa-we-a or variant pa-we-a2 pharweha (φᾶρος) The word has an unknown origin In Homer φᾶρος designates a garment or a textile depending on the context87 As correctly noted by Richard Firth88 pa-we-a or pa-we-a2

86 La 623[+]625 S626-H13 La 626 S626-H13 La 630 S626-H13 C SKELTON ldquoMegaron Tabletsrdquo

cit (n 20)

actually never

87 E R LUJAN ldquoEl leacutexicordquo cit (n 4) p 337 H VAN WEES ldquoClothes class and gender in Homerrdquo in Body Language in the Greek and Roman Worlds D Cairns (ed) 2005 p 1-36

THE TEXTILE LOGOGRAMS IN THE LINEAR B TABLETS 329 occurs together with TELA+PA on the same tablet so their equation remains only a highly plausible hypothesis Context One piece of pa-we-a equals 167 LANA units ie about 5 kilos of raw sheep wool The size of a pa-wo for wearing is probably c 2 m289 The Ld(1) set very often records pa-we-a in numbers which are multiples of five and therefore Killen suggested that pa-we-a were stored in bales of five90 In the Ld(1) set pa-we-a ndash often in sets of 25 or 35 ndash are recorded with one single piece of 158 At Pylos TELA+PA appears along with textile 166 on La 626 and with 146 in a religious context (Un 853) and the same combination is found on Lg 1 at Agios Vassileios According to Killen ldquothe distinctive feature of pa-we-a ko-u-ra is that this was finished and decorated by groups other than these originally responsible for weaving itrdquo91

The number of textiles represented by the logogram At Pylos TELA+PA is only attested four times (Un 853 La 623 626 630) and at Knossos only five times (L 178 perhaps L 7387 and L 523 Ld(2) 786 and 787) This gives a total of 4+ at Pylos and 10+ at Knossos This contrasts to the numerous attestations of pa-we-a At Mycenae (Oe 127) there are 12 pa-we-a

2 the number can be deduced from the amount of wool allocated on the tablet At Knossos there is documentation for hundreds of pa-we-a There is a total non-collector target of 200 pa-we-a on Lc(1) 536 On Lc(1) 535 scribe 103 records the total collector target of pa-we-a and the corresponding individual collector pa-we-a targets as well which amount to more than 350 pa-we-a92

In the Lc(2) set for western Crete there is a minimum of 83 pa-we-a recorded but the restored number is probably over 110 and plausibly up to 250

In all there are targets of more than 550 pa-we-a from collector and non-collector groups in central Crete (Lc[1] set)

93 The total delivery from collectors is 453 pieces of pa-we-a on the recto side of Ld(1) 58794 To this one should add the 149 pieces of pa-we-a on the verso which may be recorded separately because they were still missing95 This amounts to a total delivery of 602 pa-we-a from collectors There are only 58 pa-we-a preserved as non-collector deliveries96 but this amount can probably be increased to more than 110 when the numbers on the remaining delivery tablets are restored and included97 There are thus deliveries of more than 700 pa-we-a in the Ld(1) set The Ld(1) store records amount to 190 pa-we-a98

88 Personal communication February 2011

which can be

89 M-L NOSCH ldquoFrom Texts to Textiles in the Aegean Bronze Agerdquo in Kosmos cit (n 5) 90 JT Killen ldquoNotes on the Knossos tabletsrdquo in Studies Chadwick p 323 91 JT Killen ldquoLd(1) Tabletrdquo cit (n 4) p 166 note 26 92 Lc(1) 532 16 (]ku-wo) 551 110 (e-me-si-jo) 7392 240 (we-we-si-jo) 540 3 (da-te-we-ja) 93 Lc(2) 481 30 504 1+ 581 40 7377 12 Probably also 26 pa-we-a on Lc(2) 483 1+ pa-we-a on

Lc(2) 512 The average pa-we-a target (for tablets Lc(2) 481 30 581 40 7377 12 483 26) is 27 pa-we-a per tablet and there are ten preserved Lc(2) tablets so one can expect to restore c 250 pa-we-a

94 JT Killen ldquoLd(1) Tabletsrdquo cit (n 4) p 155 95 R FIRTH M-L NOSCH ldquoScribe 103 and the Mycenaean Textile Industry at Knossos the Lc(1) and

Od(1) Setsrdquo Minos 37-38 (2002-2003) p 128-129 96 Ld(1) 584 9 5607 1 5615 20 5916 13 8245 15 The average number is 12 per tablet 97 Ld(1) 591 656 5845 5894 5955 98 Ld(1) 571 25 572 25 573 35 575 30 576 10 577 40 585 25 Average of 27 pa-we-a per tablet

330 MARIE-LOUISE B NOSCH raised to 380 pa-we-a if the average number is also restored on the remaining Ld(1) store tablets99

Generally it is hard to estimate the total number of pa-we-a in the Knossos Lc Ld and L series because we do not know how far the tablets record the same pa-we-a at different stages of the production process On the L(1) tablets very few numbers are preserved but scribe 103 records at least six pieces of linen pa-we-a

Raw material and decorative elements In the Ld(1) store records pa-we-a is recorded with the many different qualifications concerning decoration and colour100 The pa-we-a are recorded as e-qe-si-ja ldquofor the e-qe-tardquo101 re-u-ko-nu-ka ldquowith white onukhesrdquo102 pe-ne-we-ta ldquowith pene-rdquo103 a-ro2-a ldquoof better qualityrdquo104 ke-se-nu-wi-ja ldquofor the guestsrdquo105 e-ru-ta-ra-pi ldquowith redrdquo106 pa-ra-ku-ja 56-ra-ku-ja ldquoof pa-ra-ku colourrdquo107 po-ki-ro-nu-ka ldquowith variegated onukhesrdquo108 o-re-ne-ja ldquowith ordquo109 ko-ro-ta2 ldquodecorated with ko-ro-tordquo110 po-ri-wa ldquogreyrdquo111

The majority of pa-we-a however are decorated with o-nu-ke onukhes edges or perhaps starting borders

112 It seems an important feature of pa-we-a that primarily the onukhes are dyed and can either be white re-u-ko-nu-ka or variegated po-ki-ro-nu-ka It is also important to note that these types of onukhes are not evenly distributed among the pa-we-a the totalling record of deliveries of pa-we-a (Ld[1] 587) illustrates how most pa-we-a have lsquowhite edgingsrsquo re-u-ko-nu-ka re-u-ko-nu-ka (821) pa-ra-ku-ja (93) po-ki-ro-nu-ka (53) ko-ro-ta2 (31) po-ri-wa (2) In the other records the pa-we-a cloth with white edgings is also dominant113

Pa-we-a can be made of linen (L[1] set) of ordinary sheep wool o-u-ka owika or of lambswool wo-ro-ne-ja wroneia (cf ὄϊς ἀρήν) and at Mycenae scribe 51 also seems to distinguish between new wool (ne-wa) and wool from the previous year (pe-ru-

so white edging seems to be a characteristic feature of pa-we-a cloth

99 Ld(1) 574 579 583 649 5601 and perhaps 599 and L 5647 100 M-L NOSCH ldquoRed Coloured Textiles in the Linear B Inscriptionsrdquo in Colour in the Ancient

Mediterranean World L Cleland K Staers (ed) BAR International Series 1267 2004 p 32-39 101 Ld(1) 571-572 575 583 102 Ld(1) 571-574 583 585 587 591 598 5615 103 Ld(1) 571-572 104 Ld(1) 571-572 583 105 Ld(1) 573-574 585 649 106 Ld(1) 573 585 649 107 Ld(1) 573 575 587 E BENNETT et alii ldquo436 raccordsrdquo cit (n 31) p 205 JL Melena ldquoOn

Untransliterated Syllabograms 56 and 22rdquo in Tractata Mycenaea p 225-226 108 Ld(1) 579 583 587 598 5845 109 Ld(1) 579 583 110 Ld(1) 587 598-599 JT Killen ldquoLd(1) Tabletsrdquo cit (n 4) p 162-163 111 Ld(1) 587 112 R FIRTH M-L NOSCH ldquoScribe 103rdquo cit (n 95) p 121-142 113 On the individual storage tablets of pa-we-a cloth without collectors (Ld[1] 571-575 579 583 585

599 649) there are 8 occurrences of re-u-ko-nu-ka one of po-ki-ro-nu-ka one of 30 pa-ra-ku-ja and one of ko-ro-ta2 The scribes often record 25 pieces of pa-we-a per storage tablets We can thus hypothetically restore 200 re-u-ko-nu-ka (71) 25 po-ki-ro-nu-ka (9) 30 pa-ra-ku-ja (11) and 25 ko-ro-ta2 (9)

THE TEXTILE LOGOGRAMS IN THE LINEAR B TABLETS 331 si-nwa) on Oe 111 Tablets La 626 and La 630 from Pylos record a-ro-ta pa-we-a perhaps with the meaning of ἄλωστα lsquonot-sewnrsquo It is uncertain whether this qualification suggests that pa-we-a were generally sewn ndash but not in this case or whether scribe 51 simply states the obvious114

TELA+PU Attestations scribes and find-places TELA+PU is attested only once at Pylos115 but many Knossian scribes record tablets with TELA+PU primarily from the West Wing scribe 207 in the L(3) set116 scribe 210 records the L(6) set117 scribe 208 records the L(4) set118 and scribe 211 records the L(7) set119 Scribe 212 records TELA+PU in the L(8) set with an unknown find-place120 and also scribe 214rsquos records in the L(10) set have an uncertain provenance121 There are also 17 L-tablets122

Name of object Cloth abbreviated PU pu-ka-ta-ri-ja This is confirmed in the L(7) set with the combinations of pu-ka-ta-ri-ja and TELA+PU The textile name pu-ka-ta-ri-ja is also attested at Mycenae (X 508) There is no conclusive interpretation to date Ruijgh seeks to remedy the situation by associating the word to πυκταλία

recording TELA+PU but mostly without identified scribe or find-place

123 and ostensibly referring to a double thickness or perhaps folded nature of the cloth124 However Ruijgh derives the postulated πυκταλία ldquotextile plisseacuterdquo from the hypothetical word πύκταλον ldquopli (dun vecirctement)rdquo resulting from dissimilation of πτύκταλον itself derived from the verbal adjective πτυκτός folded Melena suggests that pu-ka-ta-ri-ja might represent some sort of loincloth or kilt125

Context Regarding pu-ka-ta-ri-ja cloth Melena writes that ldquoPU-garments were by far the most abundant among the Mycenaean textile fabrics and for their manufacture only a LANA unit of wool was probably needed for each itemrdquo

126

The number of textiles represented by the logogram There are 104 TELA+PU attested at Pylos (La 1394) At Knossos the L(3) set records 44 TELA+PU

See also below TELA+KU

127

114 See various opinions in E R LUJAacuteN ldquoEl leacutexicordquo cit (n 4) p 336 S MARINATOS Kleidung

Archaeologia Homerica Vol 1 A Goettingen 1967 M DEL FREO et alii ldquoTerminologyrdquo cit (n 7)

the L(4) set records

115 La 1394 CiiiSW Area 116 L(3) 455 (207F3) 473 (207F3) 869 (207I3) 117 L(6) 469 (210F3) 472 (210F3) 118 L(4) 475 (208F3) 515 (208F7) 7415 (208-) 7416 (208-) 119 L(7) 471 (211F3F14) 474 (211F4) 120 L(8) 1647 (212-) 7404 (212-) 7411 (212-) 121 L(10) 735 (214H2) 7409 (214-) 122 L 470 (-G2) 501 (209F7) 758 (-I1) 759 (-I1) 868 (-I3) 2127 (--) 5561 (--) 5569 (--) 5582

(--) 5599 (-Batch E) 7403 (--) 7405 (--) 7406 (--) 7408 (--) 7410 (--) 7414 (--) 7833 (--) 123 The word does not have an asterisk in C RUIJGH Eacutetudes p 111 it is however unattested cf DMic

sv 124 So DMic sv See Y DUHOUX Aspects note 232 ldquolsquofoldedrsquo textilesrdquo 125 JL Melena lsquolsquoOn the Linear B Ideogrammatic Syllabogram ZErsquorsquo in Studies Chadwick p 445 126 JL Melena lsquolsquoSyllabogram ZErsquorsquo cit (n 125) p 445 127 L(3) 455 3 473 38 869 3

332 MARIE-LOUISE B NOSCH 81+ TELA+PU128 the L(6) set records 118 TELA+PU129 the L(7) set records 31 TELA+PU130 the L(8) set records 201+ TELA+PU131 and the L(10) set records 162+ TELA+PU132 Other L tablets record a total of at least 1908 TELA+PU133 This yields a total of at least 2545 TELA+PU134

Raw material and decorative elements pu-ka-ta-ri-ja cloth is so far the only fabric explicitly described as murex-dyed lsquopurplersquo po-pu-re-ja (L[7] 474) and po-pu-ro

2 (in the dual form on L 758)135 TELA+PU however cannot with certainty be associated with the royal types of cloth as can TELA+TE on Lc(1) 525 and Le 654136 On KN L 5561137 Killen has suggested reading pu-ru-wa in the first line and interprets it as purwai138 Thus the tablet seems to be a totalling record of 980 pieces of red pu-ka-ta-ri-ja cloth I have suggested that pu-ru-wa designated the natural red-brown pigmentation of Bronze Age sheep139 In the L(10) set by scribe 214 the pu-ka-ta-ri-ja textiles are qualified as me-sa-ta messatai signifying lsquomedium sizedrsquo and a-ro2

-a aryoha meaning lsquoof better qualityrsquo This suggests that TELA+PU also come in smaller or larger sizes and that the quality may vary The general impression though is standardised sizes and qualities of TELA+PU unless specified

128 L(4) 475 50 515 29 7415 1 7416 1+ 129 L(6) 469 34 472 84 130 L(7) 471 10 474 21 131 L(8) 1647 1+ 7404 100 7411 100 132 L(10) 735 2+ 7409 160 133 L 470 415 501 34 758 2 759 70 868 15 lt1599gt 1+ 2127 1+ 5569 1 5582 4 5599 40

7403 100 7405 90 7406 130 7408 1+ 7410 9 7414 14 7833 1+ 5561 980 = Total L 1908+ See JL Melena lsquolsquo19 raccords de fragments dans les tablettes de Cnossosrsquorsquo Minos 31-32 (1996-1997) p 418

134 It may be though that some of these list the same pieces of cloth at different stages of their production process as is attested in the ta-ra-si-ja system Recordings of TELA+PU however do not testify to the same degree of coherence in terms of scribes find-places and toponyms

135 T PALAIMA ldquoMaritime Matters in the Linear B Tabletsrdquo in Thalassa p 289-291 M-L NOSCH ldquoRed clothrdquo cit (n 100) p 33-34

136 KN X 976 lists something or someone (the logogram is lost) royal (wa-na-ka-te-ro) and purple (po-pu-re-jo) from or at the place da-83-ja The term po-pu-re-jo[ could be an adjective for objects lsquoof purple colourrsquo or a noun for a lsquopurple-dyeing workshoprsquo as suggested by T PALAIMA ldquoMaritime Mattersrdquo cit (n 135) p 291 or an occupational designation for the people involved in dyeing lsquothe purple dyersrsquo as suggested by P CARLIER Royauteacute p 52 The ending in ndashjo however excludes that it is purple pu-ka-ta-ri-ja cloth see M-L NOSCH ldquoRed clothrdquo cit (n 100) p 34

137 Published by JL Melena lsquolsquo19 raccordsrsquorsquo cit (n 133) p 418 138 JT KILLEN ldquoA Note on Knossos Tablet L 5561rdquo Minos 35-36 (2000-2001) p 391-393 139 M-L NOSCH ldquoRed clothrdquo cit (n 100) p 35


Fig 11 TELA+PU PY Ciii La 1394 KN Scribe 207 L(3) 473 L(3) 869 Scribe 208 L(4) 515 L(7) 475 Scribe 210 L(6) 469 L(6) 472 Scribe 211 L(7) 471 L(7) 474 Scribe 212 L(8) 1647 L(8) 7404

L(8) 7411 Scribe 214 L(10) 735 L(10) 7409 a L(10) 7409 b TELA+KU Attestations scribes and find-places Only attested at Knossos140

Name of object Cloth name abbreviated KU It could be ku-do-ni-ja Kydonia modern Khania

141 or ku-pi-ri-ja in accordance with the possible mention of ku-pi-ri-ja wool on KN Od 667142

140 JL Melena Studies Textiles cit (n 4) p 108-109 L(4) 515 516 and 7413 by scribe 208 from F7

L(8) 1647 7404 and probably 7411 by scribe 212 unknown find-place L 514 by unknown scribe and from F7 L 5757 is perhaps by scribe 209 Perhaps L 9200 by unknown scribe and find-place

It could refer to a personal name Kyprios or the place name of Cyprus However toponyms do not seem to play a role in the denomination of Mycenaean textiles

141 JL Melena Studies Textiles cit (n 4) p 108 142 E BENNETT et alii ldquo436 raccordsrdquo cit (n 31) p 204-205

334 MARIE-LOUISE B NOSCH so far143 See also Richard Firthrsquos interpretation of TELA+KU as washed and fulled fabrics144

Fig 12 TELA+KU KN Scribe 208 L 514 L(4) 515 Scribe 212 L(8) 7404 L(8) 1647

Context The logogram is closely connected to TELA+PU and they are recorded on the same tablets with first numbers of PU followed by numbers of KU in the L(4) set and with first KU followed by PU in the L(8) set Generally there are many more items of PU than of KU type Most probably of wool in analogy with TELA+PU The logogram is also attested in Linear A Ligature AB 54+81 (attested on HT 383) can be directly compared to ligature TELA+KU of Linear B Number of textiles represented by the logogram At least 48145

TELA+ZO Attestations scribes and find-places Attested twice at Knossos146

Name of object ZO probably abbreviates the name of the fabric No convincing interpretation has been given

Context Linear A ligature AB 54+A 312 might correspond to Linear B TELA+ZO147

Number of textiles represented by the logogram 1

143 This stands in contrast to Old Assyrian textile terms see C MICHEL K VEENHOF ldquoThe Textiles traded by the Assyrians in Anatolia (19th-18th centuries BC)rdquo in Textile Terminologies cit (n 7) p 210-271

144 R FIRTH ldquoLn 1568rdquo cit (n 69) note 28 Another important parallel is the ku abbreviation found on wool recording from Thebes see M-L NOSCH ldquoLes allocations de laine enregistreacutees dans les tablettes en lineacuteaire B de Thegravebesrdquo Kadmos 48 (2009) 77-92 M DEL FREO FR ROUGEMONT ldquoObservations sur la seacuterie Of de Thegravebesrdquo in 5th International Congress on Boeotian Studies Thebes 10-13 September 2005 in press

145 L 514 14 L(4) 515 2 L(4) 7413 1 L(8) 1647 5 L 5757 7 L(8) 7404 10 probably L(8) 7411 6 probably L(4) 516 2 perhaps L 9200 1+

146 KN L 433 unknown scribe from E4 Lc 5612 with ZO erased Unknown scribe and find-place (batch E)

147 JL Melena Studies Textiles cit (n 4) p 110 M DEL FREO et alii ldquoTerminologyrdquo cit (n 7)

THE TEXTILE LOGOGRAMS IN THE LINEAR B TABLETS 335 TELA+PO Attestations scribes and find-places Only attested at Thebes Lf 159 Name of object PO abbreviates the name of the fabric148


No convincing interpretation has been given

Fig 13 TELA+ZO KN L 433

Fig 14 TELA+PO TH Lf 159

tu-na-no TELA Attestations scribes and find-places Primarily perhaps exclusively recorded by scribe 103149

Name of object Cloth name with no clear Greek etymology

150

Context Not attested in the Lc(2) set by scribes 113115 from F6F7 and thus only linked to central Crete Palmer suggested that tu-na-no was a textile variety which the weavers of the Lc(1) set were allowed to keep for themselves since it does not reappear on the Le and Ld receipts and storage records

151

The number of textiles represented by the logogram On the total non-collector target Lc(1) 536 there are 48 tu-na-no to be delivered which correspond to at least 47 tu-na-no in individual non-collector targets in the Lc(1) set

Given the rigidity of the Mycenaean textile administration this seems highly unlikely and the nodule Wb 8711 with the possible restoration o-a-pu]-do-si tu-na-no[ suggest that the textile administration of tu-na-no used nodules for the recording of receipts

152 with an average of two tu-na-no per target There are also three individual tu-na-no collector targets preserved153

148 See the possible interpretations in M-L NOSCH ldquoThe Textile Industry at Thebes in the Light of the

Textile Industries at Pylos and Knossosrdquo in Festschrift in honour of A Bartoněk Studia Minora Facultatis Philosophica Universitatis Brunensis n 6 (2001) p 177-189 At the Austin mycenological colloquium in 2000 JL Melena suggested an interpretation of +PO as a dialectal variant for +PA ie the o-vowel rendering of a syllabic rhotic cf phorwos I thank JL Melena for this reference

If we

149 Lc(1) 525-532 534 543 551-553 555 558 582 1580 5746 7289 7392 7549 Ln 1568 Lc 646 all by scribe 103 and from F10 Wb 8711

150 Cf DMic sv E R LUJAacuteN ldquoEl leacutexicordquo cit (n 4) p 335-370 151 L PALMER Interpretation p 134 152 Lc(1) 525 3 526 3 527 2 528 1 529 1+ 530 3 531 1 534 1 543 1+ 552 1 553 2 555 2

558 1 582 6 1580 1 5746 2 7289 1 7549 1+ 153 Lc(1) 532 1 551 3 7392 10

336 MARIE-LOUISE B NOSCH assume that tu-na-no was recorded on more of the fractured Lc(1) tablets as well154

then 18 more tu-na-no can be added and the total amounts to 65

Fig 15 tu-na-no TELA KN Scribe 103

Lc(1) 527 Lc(1) 528 Lc(1) 532 Lc(1) 534 Raw material and decorative elements All tu-na-no seem to have been made of wool One tu-na-no equals 3 units of wool (=9 kg) but no other information about decoration or quality exists to-mi-ka TELA Attestations scribes and find-places The L(9) set is by scribe 213 and comprises the textile type to-mi-ka155

Name of object to-mi-ka Unknown etymology

156

154 Such as Lc(1) 533 546-550 560 5053 7285 7321 7901 8572 The tu-na-no on Ln 1568 are

probably specifications of the tu-na-no target on Lc(1) 526

155 L(9) 761 764 are by scribe 213 and I1 Tablets L(9) 7396 7400-7401 8025 8035 are by scribe 213 and with unknown find-place

156 DMic sv E R LUJAacuteN ldquoEl leacutexicordquo cit (n 4)

THE TEXTILE LOGOGRAMS IN THE LINEAR B TABLETS 337 Context The aim of the L(9) set is unclear but the frequent occurrence of round numbers seems to suggest that the scribe sets up rough estimates or production targets The number of textiles represented by the logogram Total 215 to-mi-ka TELA157 Restored total 251158

Fig 16 to-mi-ka TELA KN Scribe 213 L(9) 764 L(9) 7400 L(9) 7401 146 Attestations scribes and find-places At Knossos textile 146 is primarily attested on tablets in the M series159 and on Wm nodules without seal impressions but with holes for a string160 At Pylos textile 146 occurs in the Ma series by hand 2 from the Central Archives161 in the Mb series from the SW Area162

157 L(9) 7401 60[ 764 50 7396 [+] 7921 50[ 8025 30 7400 12[ 8035 13

and in the Mn series also mainly from

158 Including L(9) 761 ra-su-ti-jo to-mi-ka[ and a restored average of 36 pieces 159 L 868 (-I3) Nc 5100 (133-) M 724 (-G1) M 729 (-G2) M 720 (103G1) M 7373 (--) M(1)

1645 (103-) M 719 (140G1) M 467 (-F3) M 559 (103F10) M 7394 (--) M 757 (-I1) M 683 (103F18)

160 Wm 1714 1816-1817 from Jbis Wm 5860 8490 8170 with unknown find-place 161 M PERNA Recherches sur la fiscaliteacute myceacutenienne Eacutetudes Anciennes 28 Nancy 2004 p 51 162 Except for Mb 1336 from room 97 17 Mb tablets are by hand 14 the rest unidentified or by Ci or

Cii

338 MARIE-LOUISE B NOSCH the SW Area and primarily by hand 14163 There are also isolated attestations in other series164

Name of object we-a

2-no wehanos heanos as indicated by the endogram WE and by tablet PY Un 1322 Duhoux notes that since wehanos stems from wes- lsquoto dressrsquo it suggests that wehanos is a garment165

Fig 17 146 KN Scribe 103 M(1) 720 M(1) 1645 M(1) 683 M(1) 719 PY Hand 14 Mb 1396 Mn 1407 Mn and Mb series Hand 2 Ma series

Context On KN M 7373 is recorded 146+PE and pe 146 on M(1) 1645 perhaps pe-ko-to cf Lc(1) set On KN L 868 and M 720 146 and TELA+PU are recorded together 146 is also recorded together with 166 on PY Un 6 Some 146 logograms have fringes like the TELA logogram L 868 M 757 M 8170 146 is an integral element of Mycenaean taxation166

163 Mn 1367-1369 1371 1409-1412 are by hand 14 Mn 1370 1407-1408 are by Cii Mn 162 and 456

from Central Archives are by hand 2 and thus appear to belong to a different part of the administration

In contrast to the textiles obtained through the ta-ra-si-ja system 146 is never defined by its weight in terms of

164 An 35 (hand 3Central Archives) Ua 158 (CiiCentral Archives) Ua 1413 (CiSW Area) Un 2 (hand 1Central Archives) Un 6 443 853 (hand 6Central Archives) Un 1322 (Ciiroom 92)

165 Y DUHOUX ldquo168 et 181rdquo cit (n 3) p 122 166 M PERNA Fiscaliteacute myceacutenienne cit (n 161)

THE TEXTILE LOGOGRAMS IN THE LINEAR B TABLETS 339 raw materials Duhoux has demonstrated that textile logogram 160 occurring exclusively at Pylos is in fact a variant form of 146167

Fig 18 146 + 160 from Y DUHOUX ldquoIdeacuteogrammes textiles du lineacuteaire B 146 160 165 et 166rdquo Minos 15 (1976) p 117

Logogram 146 is well attested in the tax series but it is logogram 160 which appears in the textile series on La 628 and 640 The number of textiles represented by the logogram The total number of 146 at Knossos is either 250 as recorded on M 757 or it is 250 pieces plus the other attestations of 146 in the M series168 resulting in a total of 293 pieces of 146 in the M series To this should be added the 84 pieces of 146 recorded on nodules Wm 8170 1817 and 1714 and if we expect similar figures on the other three Wm nodules169 then the total amount increases to 168 pieces of 146 in the Wm series To this can be added the isolated attestations of 146 in other series170

At Pylos in the taxation records of the Ma series there are 520 pieces of 146 recorded

The total number is hence 468 pieces of 146 at Knossos

171 There are approximately 100 pieces of 146 recorded on isolated tablets in various contexts172 In the Mb series there are at least 63 pieces of 146 preserved on tablets173 There is an average of 5 pieces of 146 recorded on each tablet and if this number is restored on the 17 fractured Mb tablets174

167 Y DUHOUX ldquo 146 160 165 et 166rdquo cit (n 3) p 116-118

the total number of Mb pieces of

168 M 724 1 729 1 720 1 7373 1+ 719 1 467 2 559 2 7394 3 683 30 M(1) 1645 1 169 Wm 1816 5860 8490 170 L 868 1+ Nc 5100 6 171 Ma 90 28 120 63 123 24 124 23 193 17 216 70 221 22 222 23 225 28 330 42 333 46

244 23 346 18 365 17 378 24 393 28 397 24 Total 520 see M PERNA Fiscaliteacute myceacutenienne cit (n 161) p 33 Ma 126 is excluded from the account and the 146 that are recorded as missing and exemptions are also excluded

172 An 35 3 Ua 158 20 Ua 1413 7 Un 2 2 Un 6 37 Un 443 10 Un 853 18 Un 1322 146 is mentioned twice but without numbers

173 Mb 1336 11 1399 11 1402 5 1395 5 1365 4 1431 4 1429 4 1430 3 1366 2 1396 2 1400 2 1404 2 1397 1+ 1398 1+ 1363 1+ 1364 1

174 No logogram 146 is preserved on the following 17 Mb tablets but the structure indicates their existence Mb 1376-1380 1383 1386-1387 1401 1405-1406 1432-1436

340 MARIE-LOUISE B NOSCH 146 amounts to 148 On the Mn tablets with preserved numbers there are 127 pieces175 Seven further Mn tablets have probably recorded 146176

Raw material and decorative elements Several scholars interpret 146 as a linen fabric Chadwick writes that ldquo146 is normally of linen but is a woven (and possibly stitched) piece of linen of a particular shape which would distinguish it from the raw material designated by SArdquo

Restoring an average of 5 pieces of 146 on these tablets would raise the total number of 146 in the Mn series to 162 It seems plausible that the Mb and Mn tablets give totals of the textiles which have come into the palace economy through taxation (Ma series)

177 and Melena continues this line of thought ldquowe-a2-no is an indeterminate type of linen fabric capable of assuming the form 166 and 146rdquo178 However it is not certain that 146 is exclusively made of linen fibre and there is no solid evidence for assuming that 146 is always a linen garment Duhoux also argues that pepe-ko-to seems to indicate a technique applied on woollen cloth179

On the Ma Pylos taxation records too the commodity RI occurs which may be interpreted as ri-no or ri-ta linenflax This however does not give any conclusive evidence of the fibre of 146 In the Wm series many of the 146 are me-sa-to of medium size

161 Attestations scribes and find-places Only found at Knossos Attested in the RCT and later primarily recorded by scribes 103 and 114 in the Ld(2) set180 Killen only briefly discusses the Ld(2) set181 while Melena devotes an entire chapter to this logogram182

Name of object pa-we-a ko-u-ra 161 is a variant of pa-we-a M Lejeune considered 161 a variant of syllabogram 65

183 This was rejected by Melena184 The logogram consists in two elements one has similarities with -mi-185 the other with i- (in hand 103) or pu2

175 Mn 162 [+] Xn 1011 24 Mn 456 15 1367 26 1369 3+ 1407 50 1408 9+

(in hands 114 211) or -re- (hands ldquo124rdquo) Thus if there is any acrophonic abbreviation in the logogram this phonetic value must have been lost by the time of the Knossos archives

176 No logogram 146 is preserved on the following 7 Mn tablets but the structure indicates their existence Mn 1368 3+ 1370 2+ 1370 2+ 1409 1+ 1410 3+ 1411 2+ 14125+

177 J CHADWICK ldquoPylos Un 1322rdquo in Mycenaean Studies p 25 178 JL Melena Studies Textiles cit (n 4) p 62 179 Y DUHOUX ldquo146 et 181rdquo cit (n 3) p 122 180 L 178 (ldquo124) Lc(1) 531 534 7376 by scribe 103 all from F10 Ld(2) 785-787 8192 by scribe 114

from the North Entrance Passage L 590 (103 G2) L(2) 593 (103 F14) L(2) 5108 (103 F14) L(7) 592 (211 F14)

181 JT Killen ldquoLd(1) Tabletsrdquo cit (n 4) p 171-172 182 The logogram 161 is analyzed in JL Melena Studies Textiles cit (n 4) p 94-117 183 ldquo161 est un deacuteterminatif de TELA consistant en une abreacuteviation acrophonique il nrsquoest donc pas agrave

distinguer de 65 Ce nrsquoest pas un ideacuteogrammerdquo M LEJEUNE ldquo Sur le nom grec de la lainerdquo in Meacutelanges de Linguistique et de Philologie Grecque Offerts agrave Pierre Chantraine Eacutetudes et Commentaires 79 A Ernout (ed) Paris 1972 p 93-104

184 JL Melena Studies Textiles cit (n 4) p 94-117 185 However this can be questioned in the case of scribe 103 see JL Melena Studies Textiles cit

(n 4) p 97

THE TEXTILE LOGOGRAMS IN THE LINEAR B TABLETS 341 Context pa-we-a ko-u-ra 161 seem primarily produced by workers with an occupational designation The targets set for groups with an occupational designation for 161 pa-we-a require 15-28 units of wool This corresponds to ca 10 of the other groupsrsquo targets186

The reason for this difference may be that there were fewer workers in these occupational work groups or that pa-we-a ko-u-ra 161 was smaller than regular pa-we-a or was more time-consuming to make

Fig 19 161 KN Scribe 103 Lc(1) 534 Lc(1) 531 L(2) 593 L 590 Scribe 114 Ld(2) 785 Ld(2) 786 Ld(2) 8192 Ld(2) 787 Scribe 211 L(7) 592

The number of textiles represented by the logogram at least 87187

Raw material and decorative elements It seems to be a variant of pa-we-a 161 is associated with many textile terms for dyes garments and decoration po-ki-ro-nu-ka (Ld[2] 785 L 590) re-u-ko-nu-ka (L 590) ki-ri-ta and e-ru-ta-ra-pi (Ld[2] 785) ki-to-na and ki-to-pi (Ld[2] 785 786 787) ke-ro-ta (Ld[2] 786) o-re-ne-jao-re-ne-a (Ld[2] 786 L[2] 593) ltagt-34-ka

188 (Ld[2] 8192) we-we-e-a (L 178) a-ro2

-a (L 5910) pe-ne-we-ta (L[2] 593 5108) o-pe-te-wo-qe (L[2] 593) Thus we are clearly in a context of finishing and decoration ki-to-pi khitṇphi lsquofor khitonsrsquo demonstrates that this fabric is used for the garment type khiton There are three textual associations between 161 and ki-to and only one reference to ki-to without 161 (on totalling tablet Lc[1] 536 which sums up the non-collector production of te-pa te-pa pe-ko-to tu-na-no and pa-we-a including one ki-to)

186 M-L NOSCH ldquoThe Lc(1) targetsrdquo cit (n 28) 187 Lc(1) 531 15 Lc(1) 534 10+ Lc(1) 7376 10+ Ld(2) 785 5+ Ld(2) 786 1+ Ld(2) 787 1+

Ld(2) 8192 1+ L 178 6 L 590 2+ L(7) 592 30 L(2) 593 5+ L(2) 5108 1+ Total= 87+ To this should probably also be added Lc(1) 560 1+

188 JL Melena Studies Textiles cit (n 4) p 101 ltagt-35-ka

342 MARIE-LOUISE B NOSCH TUNica Attestations including information concerning scribe and find-place Only attested at Knossos and in two distinct groups in the Sc series of the RCT and in the textile series from the main archives phase and primarily recorded by scribe 103189

Name of object 162 logogram TUN appears alone or with endograms QE KI and RI TUN+RI is plausibly the abbreviation for ri-no or ri-ta linen TUN+KI is plausibly abbreviation for ki-to khiton TUN+QE is probably qe-ro

2 which is a term related to armour190

Fig 20 TUNica Detail from J DRIESSEN Scribes RCT fig 321

Context It is clearly a textilegarment on the L series but it appears to be debated whether the logogram is a textile in the RCT Driessen highlights the communalities between to-ra-ke armour and TUN He states that the ldquodifferent variants of 162 (TUN) all obviously deal with some kind of garmentsrdquo but describes TUN+QE as ldquosome kind of protective clothing elsewhere explicitly called to-ra-ka or armourrdquo and emphasises the difference between 162 and armour ldquoThe usual association with bronze panoplies is perhaps possible for some logograms but unlikely for allrdquo191 Elsewhere he describes the Sc series as ldquochariot armour and horsesrdquo192 and does not discuss TUN in the Sc series in his chapter dedicated to textiles in the RCT193

This stands in contrast to the interpretations of TUN as a textile in the main archive phase Killen highlights the connection between pa-we-a 161 TELA and TUN+KI L(2) 647 records 3 TUN+KI and at least 20 TELA L(2) 593 records 3 TUN+KI and at least 5 pieces of 161 TELA and L(1) 594 records 1 TUN+KI and 1 piece of pa-we-a TELA Killen even suggests that TUN+KI is in fact the result of pa-we-a 161 after finishing and that TUN+KI is the finished khiton garment while ki-to(-na-pi) is used to denote that the fabric

189 L(2) 647 593 and 5961 by scribe 103 L(1) 594 by scribe 103 Lc 646 scribe 103 L 5917 by scribe

103 Ld(1) 595 by scribe 116 L 870 scribe 114 190 J DRIESSEN ldquoThe Arsenal of Knossos (Crete) and Mycenaean Chariot Forcesrdquo in Archaeological

and Historical Aspects of West-European Societies M Lodewijckx (ed) Acta Archaeologica Lovaniensia Monographiae 8 1996 p 490-491

191 J DRIESSEN Scribes RCT p 136-137 192 J DRIESSEN Scribes RCT p 204 193 J DRIESSEN Scribes RCT p 207-209

THE TEXTILE LOGOGRAMS IN THE LINEAR B TABLETS 343 should be cut and sewn into khitons Concerning L(2) 785 he writes that ldquoki-to-na here describes not the present form of the TELA but the use to which it will be put Does in fact ki-to(na) TELA throughout the records mean a cloth due to be made into a chiton as against TUN+KI the finished productrdquo194

The number of textiles represented by the logogram In the RCT there are 73 tablets of TUN erased TUN or TUN+QE

195 Outside the RCT there are ca 20 in the various L series196

Raw material and decorative elements can be made of linen (TUN+RI) but probably also of wool given the close associations with TELA TUN+KI and pa-we-a in the L(1) tablets by scribe 103 primarily from F14

166 Attestations including information concerning scribe and find-place The logogram is attested in the RCT with horses and chariots197 It is also attested in the Oa series198 At Pylos it occurs in the La Ob Ua and Un series199

Name of object The logogram occurs with the endogram WE on Ua 1413 Un 6 Ob 1372-1373 and it is possibly a kind of we-a

2-no wehanos like wehanos 146200 Melena concludes that ldquowe-a2-no is an indeterminate type of linen fabric capable of assuming the form 166 and 146rdquo201

Context Duhoux has demonstrated that 165 and 166 are the same logograms

202 Driessen comes to the same conclusion203

Logogram 166 is associated both 146 TELA+PA and 160 at Pylos it occurs on La 626 with TELA+PA and with 160 on La 640 On PY Un 6 146 and 166+WE occur together and 166 has a connection to the religious sphere like 146 On PY Oa 745 22 pieces of linen (ri) 166+WE occurs with the Potnia and on Un 1413 one piece of 166

194 JT Killen ldquoLd(1) Tabletsrdquo cit (n 4) p 171 Killen further suggests reading ki-to-]ne on Lc(2)

483A as a target for textile production in western Crete I find it more attractive to interpret it as the end of a collectorrsquos name

195 Sc 103 130 135 217 219 221-222 224 226-227 229-230 233-239 243 250-256 258-261 263 266 1644 5046 5060 5068 5070 5084-5086 5137-5139 5155 5156 5162 5164 5169 7444 7456 7466 7469 7475 7480-7481 7772 7782 7821 7882 7996 8124-8125 8271 8467-8471 8759 8796 9113-9114

196 Sc 103 130 1 2 on each L(1) 594 1 there is possibly also 1 on each of the other 5 L(1) records L(2) 647 3 L(2) 593 3+ L(2) 5961 3 (probably at least 5 according to KT5) Lc 646 2 Ld(1) 595 1 L 870 1 L 5917 1+

197 Sc 225 lt246gt-249 5141 7461 7462 198 Oa 745 (-H4) 878 (-I3) and 1808 (-H1 G1) 199 La 626 (hand 13 room 6 SW area) La 640 (S628-Ciii Megaron) Ob 1372 (CiiiSW area)

Ob 1373 (CiiiSW area) Un 6 (H6Ramp 59) Ua 1413 (CiSW Area) 200 M PERNA Fiscaliteacute myceacutenienne cit (n 161) p 33-34 201 JL Melena Studies Textiles cit (n 4) p 62 202 Y DUHOUX ldquo 146 160 165 et 166rdquo cit (n 3) p 123 203 J DRIESSEN Scribes RCT p 141 ldquoThe logograms 165166 occurring on the RCT Sc-tablets (ie

in military contexts) are quite similar to each other except that 165 shows splaying corners cut by a stroke and 166 has pointed corners It may be compared with two very similar logograms firstly 166 and 166+WE occurring perhaps both at Knossos and at Pylos and best interpreted as some kind of textilerdquo

344 MARIE-LOUISE B NOSCH is sent ro-u-so together with 7 pieces of 146 and it is likely that it is sent to a cult place204

Fig 21 165 and 166 Detail from J DRIESSEN Scribes RCT fig 325

The number of textiles represented by the logogram There are at least 8 165166 in the RCT205 In the main archive phase there are at least 41206 At Pylos there are 64 in the La series and 11 in the Ob series and at least 2 in the Ua and Un series207

Raw material and decorative elements In KN Oa 745 the ligature 166+WE is preceded by ri- ie the abbreviation for ri-nolinon linen Melena suggests that 146 and 166+WE in connection with logogram 181 are linen textiles for naval use

208

164209

Fig 22 164 Attestations scribes and find-places Only attested at Knossos on L 520 L 698 Name of object unknown Context L 520 is the record of the 54 units of wool (=162 kg) given to two villages do-ti-ja and ka-ma and to a collector called sa-mu-ta-jo for their manufacture of 9 textiles designated by the logogram 164 Linear A logogram AB 164 is possibly related to 164 The number of textiles represented by the logogram at least 10210

204 M-L NOSCH M PERNA ldquoCloth in the Cultrdquo in Potnia p 471-477

205 Sc 225v 166 1 Sc 5141v ]166 1 Sc 7462v 166[ Sc lt246gt 165[ Sc 247 165 1[Sc 248 165 1 Sc 249 165[ Sc 7461 165[

206 KN Oa 745 22 Oa 878 18 Oa 1808 1 207 La 640 62 La 626 2 Ob 1372 1 Ob 1373 10 Un 6 1+ Ua 1413 1 208 JL Melena Studies Textiles cit (n 4) p 50-59 62 209 JT Killen ldquoThe Find-Places of the Tablets from the Western Magazines at Knossos Some Matters

Arisingrdquo Minos 31-32 (1997) p 126 210 KN L 520 9 L 698 1+

THE TEXTILE LOGOGRAMS IN THE LINEAR B TABLETS 345 Raw material and decorative elements 164 is pe-ko-to on L 698 a techniques normally applied to woollen TELA+TE One piece of 164 equals 6 units of raw wool that is 18 kg 168

Fig 23 168

Attestations scribes and find-places Attested at Knossos in the Pp series by scribe 119 and from F7 and on U 7505211

Name of object Perhaps a cloth name abbreviated SE perhaps Pre-Greek textile term but nothing excludes an abbreviation of a Greek term to-so on Pp 499 demonstrates that SE abbreviates a term in the masculine plural form Duhoux suggests an abbreviation of σηρικός lsquoof silkrsquo or σείριος lsquosummerrsquo vel sim

212

Context These tablets were found together in a block in the original order in which they were filed as documented on the photo from Scripta Minoa

213 Melena writes ldquoDoubtless they originated in the archives of the textile and wool department on the upper floorrdquo214 These logograms were classified as lsquonon-identifieacutersquo in Les ideacuteogrammes archaeologiques but some scholars interpret 168+SE as a textile215 In Linear A ligature AB 54+09 on THE 8216 contains the possible sign for textile AB 54 and the sign AB 09 which in Linear B would be read as the syllabogram SE It is therefore tempting to associate this Linear A ligature to the Linear B textile logogram 168+SE217

The number of textiles represented by the logogram 247

but it must be noted however that Linear B does not display a TELA+SE logogram

158

Fig 24 158

211 JL Melena Studies Textiles cit (n 4) p 118-134 Y DUHOUX ldquo168rdquo cit (n 3) p 117-120 212 Y DUHOUX ldquo168rdquo cit (n 3) p 119-120 213 SM I p 45 214 JL Melena Studies Textiles cit (n 4) p 119 215 Scribe 119 also records the Dk(1) set in which he gathers information from the Da-Dg Dv series and

adds information about wool targets for these flocks in the place called ku-ta-to and under the collector da-mi-ni-jo M-L B NOSCH ldquoGeographyrdquo cit (n 24) p 36-37 ldquoEntre collecteurs et travailleurs les responsables dans lrsquoindustrie textile de Knossosrdquo Ktema 26 (2001) p 133-143 Y DUHOUX ldquo168 rdquo cit (n 3) Against this see C DAVARAS ldquoA new Interpretation of the Ideogram 168rdquo Kadmos 25 (1986) p 38-43

216 C BOULOTIS ldquoΟι Πινακίδες Γραμμικής Αrdquo cit (n 10) p 68 fig 2 217 Cf J L MELENA Studies Textiles cit (n 4) p 132

346 MARIE-LOUISE B NOSCH Attestations scribes and find-places Only attested at Knossos primarily recorded by scribe 116 and found in F14218

Name of object unknown

Context This logogram is classified as lsquonon-identifieacutersquo in Les ideacuteogrammes archeacuteologiques In the Ld(1) set pa-we-a ndash often in sets of 25 or 35 ndash are recorded with one single piece of 158 In the Linear B archival tradition it is not the convention to record commodities of very different nature on the same tablet Thus it remains very plausible to interpret 158 as a textile-related commodity It may be a package for the bales of pa-we-a fabrics The number of textiles represented by the logogram At least 9219 and 4 can plausibly be restored on further tablets220

amounting to a restored total of 13 pieces

178

Fig 25 178 KN U(1) 95

Attestations scribes and find-places U(1) 95221

Name of object Perhaps the ldquoarrowrdquo on top of the logogram is the syllable zo- which could be an abbreviation for the textile name

It is only recorded once found in RCT written by scribe ldquo124rdquo

222

Context This logogram is classified as lsquonon-identifieacutersquo in Les ideacuteogrammes archeacuteologiques Evans interpreted it as a tent used for military purposes as indicated by the dart on top

223 Sourvinou-Inwood suggests a chest containing arrows and Driessen suggested that it is a RCT variant of TELA+ZO224

The number of textiles represented by the logogram 3 It may belong in a military context

218 Ld(1) 571-573 (116F14) 575-577 (116F14) L 578 ( - ) L 5647 (103) 219 Ld(1) 571 1 572 1 573 1 575 1 576 1 577 1 L 578 2 [ L 5647 1+ 220 Ld(1) 574 579 649 5615 221 V PETRAKIS ldquoEmergencerdquo cit (n 4) suggests reclassifying tablet U(1) as L 95 I would suggest

Lx 95 because of the find-place in RCT 222 J DRIESSEN Scribes RCT p 139 223 A J EVANS PoM IV p 837 726 fig 709a 224 C SOURVINOU-INWOOD cit (n 2) 79 J DRIESSEN Scribes RCT p 87 138 fig 323 See page

138 ldquoI have a feeling that the logogram (178) on U 95 also belongs in a textile related context especially since it forms part of a small set by ldquoscriberdquo 124-X who deals with such a topicrdquo

The fringes on textile logograms

Balanced fabrics weft-faced or twills

Quantifying Mycenaean textiles thread time and fabrics

306 MARIE-LOUISE B NOSCH textile finds5 has accumulated data and enabled the inclusion of textiles in research on archaeology and logograms The relationship between Aegean logograms and archaeological artefacts primarily of inorganic materials had been analysed by archaeologists in the past but more recent research has shown that the exploration of logograms denoting organic artefacts can yield new insight as well6 It is therefore now possible to complete Les ideacuteogrammes archeacuteologiques by including the textile logograms7

The cloth logogram TELA is representative of the high degree of coherence among the Aegean scripts It is attested in Cretan hieroglyphics the Linear B logogram 159 TELA ldquoclothrdquo has its origin in the Linear A sign AB 54

8 attested at Hagia Triada9 on a fragment of a tablet from Thera10 and perhaps on a graffito from Tel Haror11 Cretan hieroglyphic logogram 163 is considered to be the precursor to the Linear A and B cloth signs with many fringes on both upper and lower sides of the rectangle12

5 E BARBER Prehistoric Textiles The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with

Special Reference to the Aegean Princeton 1991 C MOULHERAT Y SPANTIDAKI ldquoCloth from Kastelli Chaniardquo Arachne 3 (2009) p 8-15 ldquoTextiles from the Bronze Age to the Roman Period preserved in Greecerdquo in Textiles and Textile Production in Europe from Prehistory to AD 400 M Gleba U Mannering (ed) Ancient Textiles Series Oxbow Books Oxford in press See also contributions in Kosmos cit (n 4)

6 D H F GRAY ldquoLinear B and archaeologyrdquo BICS 6 (1959) p 47-57 examines in particular vases chairs and metal objects H L LORIMER Homer and the Monuments London 1950 See examinations of the logograms for grain 120 and 121 and for wine R PALMER ldquoWheat and Barley in Mycenaean Societyrdquo in Mykenaiumlka p 475-497 ldquoWheat and Barley in Mycenaean Society 15 Years Laterrdquo in Colloquium Romanum Vol 2 p 621-639 Wine in the Mycenaean Palace Economy (Aegaeum 10) Austin 1994

7 The author has no dogmatic views concerning the use of lsquoideogramrsquo or lsquologogramrsquo (see the contribution by R Thompson this volume) but simply wishes to be consistent with the terminology in her previous publication M DEL FREO et alii ldquoThe Terminology of Textiles in the Linear B Tablets including Some Considerations on Linear A Logograms and Abbreviationsrdquo in Textile Terminologies in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean from the third to the first millennia BC C Michel M-L Nosch (ed) Ancient Textiles Series 8 Oxbow Books Oxford 2010 p 338-373

8 M DEL FREO et alii ldquoTerminologyrdquo cit (n 7) 9 HT Wc 3019 HT 162 HT 204 and HT 383 The Hagia Triada documents are from the Villa HT

16 20 and 38 perhaps from Room 59 see P MILITELLO ldquoA Notebook by Halbherr and the Findspots of the Ayia Triada Tabletsrdquo Creta Antica 3 (2002) p 116 Wc 3019 probably from the area corresponding to Rooms 3 11 and 13 see M DEL FREO et alii ldquoTerminologyrdquo cit (n 7)

10 THE 8 C BOULOTIS ldquoLes nouveaux documents en lineacuteaire A drsquoAkrotiri (Theacutera) remarques preacuteliminairesrdquo BCH 122 (1998) p 407 ldquoΟι Πινακίδες Γραμμικής Α από το Ακρωθήρι (THE 7-12) Οψεις της οικονομικής Ζωής του Οικισμούrdquo in ΑΚΡΩΘΗΡΙ ΘΗΡΑΣ Τριάντα χρόνια έρευνας (1967-1997) Επιστημονική συνάντηση 19-20 Δεκεμβρίου 1997 Athens 2008 p 67-94

11 TEL Zb 1 could theoretically also be ascribed to Cretan Hieroglyphic see E D OREN J-P OLIVIER ldquoA Minoan Graffito from Tel Haror (Negev Israel)rdquo Cretan Studies 5 (1996) 109 Petrakis furthermore notes ldquoIt is however quite difficult to place this inscription within known Aegean palaeographic traditions If this is indeed an ancestor of Linear B 159 the absence of fringes make it non-canonicalrdquo V PETRAKIS ldquoEmergencerdquo cit (n 4)

12 See the medallion CHIC 103 from the Deacutepocirct hieacuteroglyphique at Malia and the observations on sign 163 in E D OREN J-P OLIVIER ldquoA Minoan Graffitordquo cit (n 11) p 101-102




































TELA 11 5 1 3 TELA 26 1 10 10 3 4 1 TELA 8 2 13 1 1 13 2

TELA 2 3 9 2 11 1 1 TELA 4 1 3 47 38 11 3 3 32 6 2



































































Kilos of wool














1 TUN+KI 1

















2



48




















































8 Spinning time


pa-we-a

2

25 kg 15 km 300 h 75 mte-pa

2

105 kg 63 km 1260 h 315 mtu-na-no

2


2


2

15 kg 9 km 180 h 45 m164

2

9 kg 54 km 1080 h 27 m

2























65







Appendix

















79










(n 4) p 151 85 L(1) 567 594 648 5927 5949 8159







cit (n 20)

actually never









which can be






















126



127











128 L(4) 475 50 515 29 7415 1 7416 1+ 129 L(6) 469 34 472 84 130 L(7) 471 10 474 21 131 L(8) 1647 1+ 7404 100 7411 100 132 L(10) 735 2+ 7409 160 133 L 470 415 501 34 758 2 759 70 868 15 lt1599gt 1+ 2127 1+ 5569 1 5582 4 5599 40


































150


151






If we



558 1 582 6 1580 1 5746 2 7289 1 7549 1+ 153 Lc(1) 532 1 551 3 7392 10






156







157 L(9) 7401 60[ 764 50 7396 [+] 7921 50[ 8025 30 7400 12[ 8035 13



1645 (103-) M 719 (140G1) M 467 (-F3) M 559 (103F10) M 7394 (--) M 757 (-I1) M 683 (103F18)


Cii


Name of object we-a

















168 M 724 1 729 1 720 1 7373 1+ 719 1 467 2 559 2 7394 3 683 30 M(1) 1645 1 169 Wm 1816 5860 8490 170 L 868 1+ Nc 5100 6 171 Ma 90 28 120 63 123 24 124 23 193 17 216 70 221 22 222 23 225 28 330 42 333 46



173 Mb 1336 11 1399 11 1402 5 1395 5 1365 4 1431 4 1429 4 1430 3 1366 2 1396 2 1400 2 1404 2 1397 1+ 1398 1+ 1363 1+ 1364 1










175 Mn 162 [+] Xn 1011 24 Mn 456 15 1367 26 1369 3+ 1407 50 1408 9+








(n 4) p 97






188 (Ld[2] 8192) we-we-e-a (L 178) a-ro2



























195 Sc 103 130 135 217 219 221-222 224 226-227 229-230 233-239 243 250-256 258-261 263 266 1644 5046 5060 5068 5070 5084-5086 5137-5139 5155 5156 5162 5164 5169 7444 7456 7466 7469 7475 7480-7481 7772 7782 7821 7882 7996 8124-8125 8271 8467-8471 8759 8796 9113-9114









208

164209







Fig 23 168



212





158

Fig 24 158








178

Fig 25 178 KN U(1) 95




222













































TELA 11 5 1 3 TELA 26 1 10 10 3 4 1 TELA 8 2 13 1 1 13 2

TELA 2 3 9 2 11 1 1 TELA 4 1 3 47 38 11 3 3 32 6 2



































































Kilos of wool














1 TUN+KI 1

















2



48




















































8 Spinning time


pa-we-a

2

25 kg 15 km 300 h 75 mte-pa

2

105 kg 63 km 1260 h 315 mtu-na-no

2


2


2

15 kg 9 km 180 h 45 m164

2

9 kg 54 km 1080 h 27 m

2























65







Appendix

















79










(n 4) p 151 85 L(1) 567 594 648 5927 5949 8159







cit (n 20)

actually never









which can be






















126



127











128 L(4) 475 50 515 29 7415 1 7416 1+ 129 L(6) 469 34 472 84 130 L(7) 471 10 474 21 131 L(8) 1647 1+ 7404 100 7411 100 132 L(10) 735 2+ 7409 160 133 L 470 415 501 34 758 2 759 70 868 15 lt1599gt 1+ 2127 1+ 5569 1 5582 4 5599 40


































150


151






If we



558 1 582 6 1580 1 5746 2 7289 1 7549 1+ 153 Lc(1) 532 1 551 3 7392 10






156







157 L(9) 7401 60[ 764 50 7396 [+] 7921 50[ 8025 30 7400 12[ 8035 13



1645 (103-) M 719 (140G1) M 467 (-F3) M 559 (103F10) M 7394 (--) M 757 (-I1) M 683 (103F18)


Cii


Name of object we-a

















168 M 724 1 729 1 720 1 7373 1+ 719 1 467 2 559 2 7394 3 683 30 M(1) 1645 1 169 Wm 1816 5860 8490 170 L 868 1+ Nc 5100 6 171 Ma 90 28 120 63 123 24 124 23 193 17 216 70 221 22 222 23 225 28 330 42 333 46



173 Mb 1336 11 1399 11 1402 5 1395 5 1365 4 1431 4 1429 4 1430 3 1366 2 1396 2 1400 2 1404 2 1397 1+ 1398 1+ 1363 1+ 1364 1










175 Mn 162 [+] Xn 1011 24 Mn 456 15 1367 26 1369 3+ 1407 50 1408 9+








(n 4) p 97






188 (Ld[2] 8192) we-we-e-a (L 178) a-ro2



























195 Sc 103 130 135 217 219 221-222 224 226-227 229-230 233-239 243 250-256 258-261 263 266 1644 5046 5060 5068 5070 5084-5086 5137-5139 5155 5156 5162 5164 5169 7444 7456 7466 7469 7475 7480-7481 7772 7782 7821 7882 7996 8124-8125 8271 8467-8471 8759 8796 9113-9114









208

164209







Fig 23 168



212





158

Fig 24 158








178

Fig 25 178 KN U(1) 95




222












































































Kilos of wool














1 TUN+KI 1

















2



48




















































8 Spinning time


pa-we-a

2

25 kg 15 km 300 h 75 mte-pa

2

105 kg 63 km 1260 h 315 mtu-na-no

2


2


2

15 kg 9 km 180 h 45 m164

2

9 kg 54 km 1080 h 27 m

2























65







Appendix

















79










(n 4) p 151 85 L(1) 567 594 648 5927 5949 8159







cit (n 20)

actually never









which can be






















126



127











128 L(4) 475 50 515 29 7415 1 7416 1+ 129 L(6) 469 34 472 84 130 L(7) 471 10 474 21 131 L(8) 1647 1+ 7404 100 7411 100 132 L(10) 735 2+ 7409 160 133 L 470 415 501 34 758 2 759 70 868 15 lt1599gt 1+ 2127 1+ 5569 1 5582 4 5599 40


































150


151






If we



558 1 582 6 1580 1 5746 2 7289 1 7549 1+ 153 Lc(1) 532 1 551 3 7392 10






156







157 L(9) 7401 60[ 764 50 7396 [+] 7921 50[ 8025 30 7400 12[ 8035 13



1645 (103-) M 719 (140G1) M 467 (-F3) M 559 (103F10) M 7394 (--) M 757 (-I1) M 683 (103F18)


Cii


Name of object we-a

















168 M 724 1 729 1 720 1 7373 1+ 719 1 467 2 559 2 7394 3 683 30 M(1) 1645 1 169 Wm 1816 5860 8490 170 L 868 1+ Nc 5100 6 171 Ma 90 28 120 63 123 24 124 23 193 17 216 70 221 22 222 23 225 28 330 42 333 46



173 Mb 1336 11 1399 11 1402 5 1395 5 1365 4 1431 4 1429 4 1430 3 1366 2 1396 2 1400 2 1404 2 1397 1+ 1398 1+ 1363 1+ 1364 1










175 Mn 162 [+] Xn 1011 24 Mn 456 15 1367 26 1369 3+ 1407 50 1408 9+








(n 4) p 97






188 (Ld[2] 8192) we-we-e-a (L 178) a-ro2



























195 Sc 103 130 135 217 219 221-222 224 226-227 229-230 233-239 243 250-256 258-261 263 266 1644 5046 5060 5068 5070 5084-5086 5137-5139 5155 5156 5162 5164 5169 7444 7456 7466 7469 7475 7480-7481 7772 7782 7821 7882 7996 8124-8125 8271 8467-8471 8759 8796 9113-9114









208

164209







Fig 23 168



212





158

Fig 24 158








178

Fig 25 178 KN U(1) 95




222



















1 TUN+KI 1

















2



48




















































8 Spinning time


pa-we-a

2

25 kg 15 km 300 h 75 mte-pa

2

105 kg 63 km 1260 h 315 mtu-na-no

2


2


2

15 kg 9 km 180 h 45 m164

2

9 kg 54 km 1080 h 27 m

2























65







Appendix

















79










(n 4) p 151 85 L(1) 567 594 648 5927 5949 8159







cit (n 20)

actually never









which can be






















126



127











128 L(4) 475 50 515 29 7415 1 7416 1+ 129 L(6) 469 34 472 84 130 L(7) 471 10 474 21 131 L(8) 1647 1+ 7404 100 7411 100 132 L(10) 735 2+ 7409 160 133 L 470 415 501 34 758 2 759 70 868 15 lt1599gt 1+ 2127 1+ 5569 1 5582 4 5599 40


































150


151






If we



558 1 582 6 1580 1 5746 2 7289 1 7549 1+ 153 Lc(1) 532 1 551 3 7392 10






156







157 L(9) 7401 60[ 764 50 7396 [+] 7921 50[ 8025 30 7400 12[ 8035 13



1645 (103-) M 719 (140G1) M 467 (-F3) M 559 (103F10) M 7394 (--) M 757 (-I1) M 683 (103F18)


Cii


Name of object we-a

















168 M 724 1 729 1 720 1 7373 1+ 719 1 467 2 559 2 7394 3 683 30 M(1) 1645 1 169 Wm 1816 5860 8490 170 L 868 1+ Nc 5100 6 171 Ma 90 28 120 63 123 24 124 23 193 17 216 70 221 22 222 23 225 28 330 42 333 46



173 Mb 1336 11 1399 11 1402 5 1395 5 1365 4 1431 4 1429 4 1430 3 1366 2 1396 2 1400 2 1404 2 1397 1+ 1398 1+ 1363 1+ 1364 1










175 Mn 162 [+] Xn 1011 24 Mn 456 15 1367 26 1369 3+ 1407 50 1408 9+








(n 4) p 97






188 (Ld[2] 8192) we-we-e-a (L 178) a-ro2



























195 Sc 103 130 135 217 219 221-222 224 226-227 229-230 233-239 243 250-256 258-261 263 266 1644 5046 5060 5068 5070 5084-5086 5137-5139 5155 5156 5162 5164 5169 7444 7456 7466 7469 7475 7480-7481 7772 7782 7821 7882 7996 8124-8125 8271 8467-8471 8759 8796 9113-9114









208

164209







Fig 23 168



212





158

Fig 24 158








178

Fig 25 178 KN U(1) 95




222



















2



48




















































8 Spinning time


pa-we-a

2

25 kg 15 km 300 h 75 mte-pa

2

105 kg 63 km 1260 h 315 mtu-na-no

2


2


2

15 kg 9 km 180 h 45 m164

2

9 kg 54 km 1080 h 27 m

2























65







Appendix

















79










(n 4) p 151 85 L(1) 567 594 648 5927 5949 8159







cit (n 20)

actually never









which can be






















126



127











128 L(4) 475 50 515 29 7415 1 7416 1+ 129 L(6) 469 34 472 84 130 L(7) 471 10 474 21 131 L(8) 1647 1+ 7404 100 7411 100 132 L(10) 735 2+ 7409 160 133 L 470 415 501 34 758 2 759 70 868 15 lt1599gt 1+ 2127 1+ 5569 1 5582 4 5599 40


































150


151






If we



558 1 582 6 1580 1 5746 2 7289 1 7549 1+ 153 Lc(1) 532 1 551 3 7392 10






156







157 L(9) 7401 60[ 764 50 7396 [+] 7921 50[ 8025 30 7400 12[ 8035 13



1645 (103-) M 719 (140G1) M 467 (-F3) M 559 (103F10) M 7394 (--) M 757 (-I1) M 683 (103F18)


Cii


Name of object we-a

















168 M 724 1 729 1 720 1 7373 1+ 719 1 467 2 559 2 7394 3 683 30 M(1) 1645 1 169 Wm 1816 5860 8490 170 L 868 1+ Nc 5100 6 171 Ma 90 28 120 63 123 24 124 23 193 17 216 70 221 22 222 23 225 28 330 42 333 46



173 Mb 1336 11 1399 11 1402 5 1395 5 1365 4 1431 4 1429 4 1430 3 1366 2 1396 2 1400 2 1404 2 1397 1+ 1398 1+ 1363 1+ 1364 1










175 Mn 162 [+] Xn 1011 24 Mn 456 15 1367 26 1369 3+ 1407 50 1408 9+








(n 4) p 97






188 (Ld[2] 8192) we-we-e-a (L 178) a-ro2



























195 Sc 103 130 135 217 219 221-222 224 226-227 229-230 233-239 243 250-256 258-261 263 266 1644 5046 5060 5068 5070 5084-5086 5137-5139 5155 5156 5162 5164 5169 7444 7456 7466 7469 7475 7480-7481 7772 7782 7821 7882 7996 8124-8125 8271 8467-8471 8759 8796 9113-9114









208

164209







Fig 23 168



212





158

Fig 24 158








178

Fig 25 178 KN U(1) 95




222






















































8 Spinning time


pa-we-a

2

25 kg 15 km 300 h 75 mte-pa

2

105 kg 63 km 1260 h 315 mtu-na-no

2


2


2

15 kg 9 km 180 h 45 m164

2

9 kg 54 km 1080 h 27 m

2























65







Appendix

















79










(n 4) p 151 85 L(1) 567 594 648 5927 5949 8159







cit (n 20)

actually never









which can be






















126



127











128 L(4) 475 50 515 29 7415 1 7416 1+ 129 L(6) 469 34 472 84 130 L(7) 471 10 474 21 131 L(8) 1647 1+ 7404 100 7411 100 132 L(10) 735 2+ 7409 160 133 L 470 415 501 34 758 2 759 70 868 15 lt1599gt 1+ 2127 1+ 5569 1 5582 4 5599 40


































150


151






If we



558 1 582 6 1580 1 5746 2 7289 1 7549 1+ 153 Lc(1) 532 1 551 3 7392 10






156







157 L(9) 7401 60[ 764 50 7396 [+] 7921 50[ 8025 30 7400 12[ 8035 13



1645 (103-) M 719 (140G1) M 467 (-F3) M 559 (103F10) M 7394 (--) M 757 (-I1) M 683 (103F18)


Cii


Name of object we-a

















168 M 724 1 729 1 720 1 7373 1+ 719 1 467 2 559 2 7394 3 683 30 M(1) 1645 1 169 Wm 1816 5860 8490 170 L 868 1+ Nc 5100 6 171 Ma 90 28 120 63 123 24 124 23 193 17 216 70 221 22 222 23 225 28 330 42 333 46



173 Mb 1336 11 1399 11 1402 5 1395 5 1365 4 1431 4 1429 4 1430 3 1366 2 1396 2 1400 2 1404 2 1397 1+ 1398 1+ 1363 1+ 1364 1










175 Mn 162 [+] Xn 1011 24 Mn 456 15 1367 26 1369 3+ 1407 50 1408 9+








(n 4) p 97






188 (Ld[2] 8192) we-we-e-a (L 178) a-ro2



























195 Sc 103 130 135 217 219 221-222 224 226-227 229-230 233-239 243 250-256 258-261 263 266 1644 5046 5060 5068 5070 5084-5086 5137-5139 5155 5156 5162 5164 5169 7444 7456 7466 7469 7475 7480-7481 7772 7782 7821 7882 7996 8124-8125 8271 8467-8471 8759 8796 9113-9114









208

164209







Fig 23 168



212





158

Fig 24 158








178

Fig 25 178 KN U(1) 95




222



















65







Appendix

















79










(n 4) p 151 85 L(1) 567 594 648 5927 5949 8159







cit (n 20)

actually never









which can be






















126



127











128 L(4) 475 50 515 29 7415 1 7416 1+ 129 L(6) 469 34 472 84 130 L(7) 471 10 474 21 131 L(8) 1647 1+ 7404 100 7411 100 132 L(10) 735 2+ 7409 160 133 L 470 415 501 34 758 2 759 70 868 15 lt1599gt 1+ 2127 1+ 5569 1 5582 4 5599 40


































150


151






If we



558 1 582 6 1580 1 5746 2 7289 1 7549 1+ 153 Lc(1) 532 1 551 3 7392 10






156







157 L(9) 7401 60[ 764 50 7396 [+] 7921 50[ 8025 30 7400 12[ 8035 13



1645 (103-) M 719 (140G1) M 467 (-F3) M 559 (103F10) M 7394 (--) M 757 (-I1) M 683 (103F18)


Cii


Name of object we-a

















168 M 724 1 729 1 720 1 7373 1+ 719 1 467 2 559 2 7394 3 683 30 M(1) 1645 1 169 Wm 1816 5860 8490 170 L 868 1+ Nc 5100 6 171 Ma 90 28 120 63 123 24 124 23 193 17 216 70 221 22 222 23 225 28 330 42 333 46



173 Mb 1336 11 1399 11 1402 5 1395 5 1365 4 1431 4 1429 4 1430 3 1366 2 1396 2 1400 2 1404 2 1397 1+ 1398 1+ 1363 1+ 1364 1










175 Mn 162 [+] Xn 1011 24 Mn 456 15 1367 26 1369 3+ 1407 50 1408 9+








(n 4) p 97






188 (Ld[2] 8192) we-we-e-a (L 178) a-ro2



























195 Sc 103 130 135 217 219 221-222 224 226-227 229-230 233-239 243 250-256 258-261 263 266 1644 5046 5060 5068 5070 5084-5086 5137-5139 5155 5156 5162 5164 5169 7444 7456 7466 7469 7475 7480-7481 7772 7782 7821 7882 7996 8124-8125 8271 8467-8471 8759 8796 9113-9114









208

164209







Fig 23 168



212





158

Fig 24 158








178

Fig 25 178 KN U(1) 95




222











Appendix

















79










(n 4) p 151 85 L(1) 567 594 648 5927 5949 8159







cit (n 20)

actually never









which can be






















126



127











128 L(4) 475 50 515 29 7415 1 7416 1+ 129 L(6) 469 34 472 84 130 L(7) 471 10 474 21 131 L(8) 1647 1+ 7404 100 7411 100 132 L(10) 735 2+ 7409 160 133 L 470 415 501 34 758 2 759 70 868 15 lt1599gt 1+ 2127 1+ 5569 1 5582 4 5599 40


































150


151






If we



558 1 582 6 1580 1 5746 2 7289 1 7549 1+ 153 Lc(1) 532 1 551 3 7392 10






156







157 L(9) 7401 60[ 764 50 7396 [+] 7921 50[ 8025 30 7400 12[ 8035 13



1645 (103-) M 719 (140G1) M 467 (-F3) M 559 (103F10) M 7394 (--) M 757 (-I1) M 683 (103F18)


Cii


Name of object we-a

















168 M 724 1 729 1 720 1 7373 1+ 719 1 467 2 559 2 7394 3 683 30 M(1) 1645 1 169 Wm 1816 5860 8490 170 L 868 1+ Nc 5100 6 171 Ma 90 28 120 63 123 24 124 23 193 17 216 70 221 22 222 23 225 28 330 42 333 46



173 Mb 1336 11 1399 11 1402 5 1395 5 1365 4 1431 4 1429 4 1430 3 1366 2 1396 2 1400 2 1404 2 1397 1+ 1398 1+ 1363 1+ 1364 1










175 Mn 162 [+] Xn 1011 24 Mn 456 15 1367 26 1369 3+ 1407 50 1408 9+








(n 4) p 97






188 (Ld[2] 8192) we-we-e-a (L 178) a-ro2



























195 Sc 103 130 135 217 219 221-222 224 226-227 229-230 233-239 243 250-256 258-261 263 266 1644 5046 5060 5068 5070 5084-5086 5137-5139 5155 5156 5162 5164 5169 7444 7456 7466 7469 7475 7480-7481 7772 7782 7821 7882 7996 8124-8125 8271 8467-8471 8759 8796 9113-9114









208

164209







Fig 23 168



212





158

Fig 24 158








178

Fig 25 178 KN U(1) 95




222
















79










(n 4) p 151 85 L(1) 567 594 648 5927 5949 8159







cit (n 20)

actually never









which can be






















126



127











128 L(4) 475 50 515 29 7415 1 7416 1+ 129 L(6) 469 34 472 84 130 L(7) 471 10 474 21 131 L(8) 1647 1+ 7404 100 7411 100 132 L(10) 735 2+ 7409 160 133 L 470 415 501 34 758 2 759 70 868 15 lt1599gt 1+ 2127 1+ 5569 1 5582 4 5599 40


































150


151






If we



558 1 582 6 1580 1 5746 2 7289 1 7549 1+ 153 Lc(1) 532 1 551 3 7392 10






156







157 L(9) 7401 60[ 764 50 7396 [+] 7921 50[ 8025 30 7400 12[ 8035 13



1645 (103-) M 719 (140G1) M 467 (-F3) M 559 (103F10) M 7394 (--) M 757 (-I1) M 683 (103F18)


Cii


Name of object we-a

















168 M 724 1 729 1 720 1 7373 1+ 719 1 467 2 559 2 7394 3 683 30 M(1) 1645 1 169 Wm 1816 5860 8490 170 L 868 1+ Nc 5100 6 171 Ma 90 28 120 63 123 24 124 23 193 17 216 70 221 22 222 23 225 28 330 42 333 46



173 Mb 1336 11 1399 11 1402 5 1395 5 1365 4 1431 4 1429 4 1430 3 1366 2 1396 2 1400 2 1404 2 1397 1+ 1398 1+ 1363 1+ 1364 1










175 Mn 162 [+] Xn 1011 24 Mn 456 15 1367 26 1369 3+ 1407 50 1408 9+








(n 4) p 97






188 (Ld[2] 8192) we-we-e-a (L 178) a-ro2



























195 Sc 103 130 135 217 219 221-222 224 226-227 229-230 233-239 243 250-256 258-261 263 266 1644 5046 5060 5068 5070 5084-5086 5137-5139 5155 5156 5162 5164 5169 7444 7456 7466 7469 7475 7480-7481 7772 7782 7821 7882 7996 8124-8125 8271 8467-8471 8759 8796 9113-9114









208

164209







Fig 23 168



212





158

Fig 24 158








178

Fig 25 178 KN U(1) 95




222
















cit (n 20)

actually never









which can be






















126



127











128 L(4) 475 50 515 29 7415 1 7416 1+ 129 L(6) 469 34 472 84 130 L(7) 471 10 474 21 131 L(8) 1647 1+ 7404 100 7411 100 132 L(10) 735 2+ 7409 160 133 L 470 415 501 34 758 2 759 70 868 15 lt1599gt 1+ 2127 1+ 5569 1 5582 4 5599 40


































150


151






If we



558 1 582 6 1580 1 5746 2 7289 1 7549 1+ 153 Lc(1) 532 1 551 3 7392 10






156







157 L(9) 7401 60[ 764 50 7396 [+] 7921 50[ 8025 30 7400 12[ 8035 13



1645 (103-) M 719 (140G1) M 467 (-F3) M 559 (103F10) M 7394 (--) M 757 (-I1) M 683 (103F18)


Cii


Name of object we-a

















168 M 724 1 729 1 720 1 7373 1+ 719 1 467 2 559 2 7394 3 683 30 M(1) 1645 1 169 Wm 1816 5860 8490 170 L 868 1+ Nc 5100 6 171 Ma 90 28 120 63 123 24 124 23 193 17 216 70 221 22 222 23 225 28 330 42 333 46



173 Mb 1336 11 1399 11 1402 5 1395 5 1365 4 1431 4 1429 4 1430 3 1366 2 1396 2 1400 2 1404 2 1397 1+ 1398 1+ 1363 1+ 1364 1










175 Mn 162 [+] Xn 1011 24 Mn 456 15 1367 26 1369 3+ 1407 50 1408 9+








(n 4) p 97






188 (Ld[2] 8192) we-we-e-a (L 178) a-ro2



























195 Sc 103 130 135 217 219 221-222 224 226-227 229-230 233-239 243 250-256 258-261 263 266 1644 5046 5060 5068 5070 5084-5086 5137-5139 5155 5156 5162 5164 5169 7444 7456 7466 7469 7475 7480-7481 7772 7782 7821 7882 7996 8124-8125 8271 8467-8471 8759 8796 9113-9114









208

164209







Fig 23 168



212





158

Fig 24 158








178

Fig 25 178 KN U(1) 95




222

















which can be






















126



127











128 L(4) 475 50 515 29 7415 1 7416 1+ 129 L(6) 469 34 472 84 130 L(7) 471 10 474 21 131 L(8) 1647 1+ 7404 100 7411 100 132 L(10) 735 2+ 7409 160 133 L 470 415 501 34 758 2 759 70 868 15 lt1599gt 1+ 2127 1+ 5569 1 5582 4 5599 40


































150


151






If we



558 1 582 6 1580 1 5746 2 7289 1 7549 1+ 153 Lc(1) 532 1 551 3 7392 10






156







157 L(9) 7401 60[ 764 50 7396 [+] 7921 50[ 8025 30 7400 12[ 8035 13



1645 (103-) M 719 (140G1) M 467 (-F3) M 559 (103F10) M 7394 (--) M 757 (-I1) M 683 (103F18)


Cii


Name of object we-a

















168 M 724 1 729 1 720 1 7373 1+ 719 1 467 2 559 2 7394 3 683 30 M(1) 1645 1 169 Wm 1816 5860 8490 170 L 868 1+ Nc 5100 6 171 Ma 90 28 120 63 123 24 124 23 193 17 216 70 221 22 222 23 225 28 330 42 333 46



173 Mb 1336 11 1399 11 1402 5 1395 5 1365 4 1431 4 1429 4 1430 3 1366 2 1396 2 1400 2 1404 2 1397 1+ 1398 1+ 1363 1+ 1364 1










175 Mn 162 [+] Xn 1011 24 Mn 456 15 1367 26 1369 3+ 1407 50 1408 9+








(n 4) p 97






188 (Ld[2] 8192) we-we-e-a (L 178) a-ro2



























195 Sc 103 130 135 217 219 221-222 224 226-227 229-230 233-239 243 250-256 258-261 263 266 1644 5046 5060 5068 5070 5084-5086 5137-5139 5155 5156 5162 5164 5169 7444 7456 7466 7469 7475 7480-7481 7772 7782 7821 7882 7996 8124-8125 8271 8467-8471 8759 8796 9113-9114









208

164209







Fig 23 168



212





158

Fig 24 158








178

Fig 25 178 KN U(1) 95




222



























126



127











128 L(4) 475 50 515 29 7415 1 7416 1+ 129 L(6) 469 34 472 84 130 L(7) 471 10 474 21 131 L(8) 1647 1+ 7404 100 7411 100 132 L(10) 735 2+ 7409 160 133 L 470 415 501 34 758 2 759 70 868 15 lt1599gt 1+ 2127 1+ 5569 1 5582 4 5599 40


































150


151






If we



558 1 582 6 1580 1 5746 2 7289 1 7549 1+ 153 Lc(1) 532 1 551 3 7392 10






156







157 L(9) 7401 60[ 764 50 7396 [+] 7921 50[ 8025 30 7400 12[ 8035 13



1645 (103-) M 719 (140G1) M 467 (-F3) M 559 (103F10) M 7394 (--) M 757 (-I1) M 683 (103F18)


Cii


Name of object we-a

















168 M 724 1 729 1 720 1 7373 1+ 719 1 467 2 559 2 7394 3 683 30 M(1) 1645 1 169 Wm 1816 5860 8490 170 L 868 1+ Nc 5100 6 171 Ma 90 28 120 63 123 24 124 23 193 17 216 70 221 22 222 23 225 28 330 42 333 46



173 Mb 1336 11 1399 11 1402 5 1395 5 1365 4 1431 4 1429 4 1430 3 1366 2 1396 2 1400 2 1404 2 1397 1+ 1398 1+ 1363 1+ 1364 1










175 Mn 162 [+] Xn 1011 24 Mn 456 15 1367 26 1369 3+ 1407 50 1408 9+








(n 4) p 97






188 (Ld[2] 8192) we-we-e-a (L 178) a-ro2



























195 Sc 103 130 135 217 219 221-222 224 226-227 229-230 233-239 243 250-256 258-261 263 266 1644 5046 5060 5068 5070 5084-5086 5137-5139 5155 5156 5162 5164 5169 7444 7456 7466 7469 7475 7480-7481 7772 7782 7821 7882 7996 8124-8125 8271 8467-8471 8759 8796 9113-9114









208

164209







Fig 23 168



212





158

Fig 24 158








178

Fig 25 178 KN U(1) 95




222














128 L(4) 475 50 515 29 7415 1 7416 1+ 129 L(6) 469 34 472 84 130 L(7) 471 10 474 21 131 L(8) 1647 1+ 7404 100 7411 100 132 L(10) 735 2+ 7409 160 133 L 470 415 501 34 758 2 759 70 868 15 lt1599gt 1+ 2127 1+ 5569 1 5582 4 5599 40


































150


151






If we



558 1 582 6 1580 1 5746 2 7289 1 7549 1+ 153 Lc(1) 532 1 551 3 7392 10






156







157 L(9) 7401 60[ 764 50 7396 [+] 7921 50[ 8025 30 7400 12[ 8035 13



1645 (103-) M 719 (140G1) M 467 (-F3) M 559 (103F10) M 7394 (--) M 757 (-I1) M 683 (103F18)


Cii


Name of object we-a

















168 M 724 1 729 1 720 1 7373 1+ 719 1 467 2 559 2 7394 3 683 30 M(1) 1645 1 169 Wm 1816 5860 8490 170 L 868 1+ Nc 5100 6 171 Ma 90 28 120 63 123 24 124 23 193 17 216 70 221 22 222 23 225 28 330 42 333 46



173 Mb 1336 11 1399 11 1402 5 1395 5 1365 4 1431 4 1429 4 1430 3 1366 2 1396 2 1400 2 1404 2 1397 1+ 1398 1+ 1363 1+ 1364 1










175 Mn 162 [+] Xn 1011 24 Mn 456 15 1367 26 1369 3+ 1407 50 1408 9+








(n 4) p 97






188 (Ld[2] 8192) we-we-e-a (L 178) a-ro2



























195 Sc 103 130 135 217 219 221-222 224 226-227 229-230 233-239 243 250-256 258-261 263 266 1644 5046 5060 5068 5070 5084-5086 5137-5139 5155 5156 5162 5164 5169 7444 7456 7466 7469 7475 7480-7481 7772 7782 7821 7882 7996 8124-8125 8271 8467-8471 8759 8796 9113-9114









208

164209







Fig 23 168



212





158

Fig 24 158








178

Fig 25 178 KN U(1) 95




222






































150


151






If we



558 1 582 6 1580 1 5746 2 7289 1 7549 1+ 153 Lc(1) 532 1 551 3 7392 10






156







157 L(9) 7401 60[ 764 50 7396 [+] 7921 50[ 8025 30 7400 12[ 8035 13



1645 (103-) M 719 (140G1) M 467 (-F3) M 559 (103F10) M 7394 (--) M 757 (-I1) M 683 (103F18)


Cii


Name of object we-a

















168 M 724 1 729 1 720 1 7373 1+ 719 1 467 2 559 2 7394 3 683 30 M(1) 1645 1 169 Wm 1816 5860 8490 170 L 868 1+ Nc 5100 6 171 Ma 90 28 120 63 123 24 124 23 193 17 216 70 221 22 222 23 225 28 330 42 333 46



173 Mb 1336 11 1399 11 1402 5 1395 5 1365 4 1431 4 1429 4 1430 3 1366 2 1396 2 1400 2 1404 2 1397 1+ 1398 1+ 1363 1+ 1364 1










175 Mn 162 [+] Xn 1011 24 Mn 456 15 1367 26 1369 3+ 1407 50 1408 9+








(n 4) p 97






188 (Ld[2] 8192) we-we-e-a (L 178) a-ro2



























195 Sc 103 130 135 217 219 221-222 224 226-227 229-230 233-239 243 250-256 258-261 263 266 1644 5046 5060 5068 5070 5084-5086 5137-5139 5155 5156 5162 5164 5169 7444 7456 7466 7469 7475 7480-7481 7772 7782 7821 7882 7996 8124-8125 8271 8467-8471 8759 8796 9113-9114









208

164209







Fig 23 168



212





158

Fig 24 158








178

Fig 25 178 KN U(1) 95




222















156







157 L(9) 7401 60[ 764 50 7396 [+] 7921 50[ 8025 30 7400 12[ 8035 13



1645 (103-) M 719 (140G1) M 467 (-F3) M 559 (103F10) M 7394 (--) M 757 (-I1) M 683 (103F18)


Cii


Name of object we-a

















168 M 724 1 729 1 720 1 7373 1+ 719 1 467 2 559 2 7394 3 683 30 M(1) 1645 1 169 Wm 1816 5860 8490 170 L 868 1+ Nc 5100 6 171 Ma 90 28 120 63 123 24 124 23 193 17 216 70 221 22 222 23 225 28 330 42 333 46



173 Mb 1336 11 1399 11 1402 5 1395 5 1365 4 1431 4 1429 4 1430 3 1366 2 1396 2 1400 2 1404 2 1397 1+ 1398 1+ 1363 1+ 1364 1










175 Mn 162 [+] Xn 1011 24 Mn 456 15 1367 26 1369 3+ 1407 50 1408 9+








(n 4) p 97






188 (Ld[2] 8192) we-we-e-a (L 178) a-ro2



























195 Sc 103 130 135 217 219 221-222 224 226-227 229-230 233-239 243 250-256 258-261 263 266 1644 5046 5060 5068 5070 5084-5086 5137-5139 5155 5156 5162 5164 5169 7444 7456 7466 7469 7475 7480-7481 7772 7782 7821 7882 7996 8124-8125 8271 8467-8471 8759 8796 9113-9114









208

164209







Fig 23 168



212





158

Fig 24 158








178

Fig 25 178 KN U(1) 95




222












157 L(9) 7401 60[ 764 50 7396 [+] 7921 50[ 8025 30 7400 12[ 8035 13



1645 (103-) M 719 (140G1) M 467 (-F3) M 559 (103F10) M 7394 (--) M 757 (-I1) M 683 (103F18)


Cii


Name of object we-a

















168 M 724 1 729 1 720 1 7373 1+ 719 1 467 2 559 2 7394 3 683 30 M(1) 1645 1 169 Wm 1816 5860 8490 170 L 868 1+ Nc 5100 6 171 Ma 90 28 120 63 123 24 124 23 193 17 216 70 221 22 222 23 225 28 330 42 333 46



173 Mb 1336 11 1399 11 1402 5 1395 5 1365 4 1431 4 1429 4 1430 3 1366 2 1396 2 1400 2 1404 2 1397 1+ 1398 1+ 1363 1+ 1364 1










175 Mn 162 [+] Xn 1011 24 Mn 456 15 1367 26 1369 3+ 1407 50 1408 9+








(n 4) p 97






188 (Ld[2] 8192) we-we-e-a (L 178) a-ro2



























195 Sc 103 130 135 217 219 221-222 224 226-227 229-230 233-239 243 250-256 258-261 263 266 1644 5046 5060 5068 5070 5084-5086 5137-5139 5155 5156 5162 5164 5169 7444 7456 7466 7469 7475 7480-7481 7772 7782 7821 7882 7996 8124-8125 8271 8467-8471 8759 8796 9113-9114









208

164209







Fig 23 168



212





158

Fig 24 158








178

Fig 25 178 KN U(1) 95




222











Name of object we-a

















168 M 724 1 729 1 720 1 7373 1+ 719 1 467 2 559 2 7394 3 683 30 M(1) 1645 1 169 Wm 1816 5860 8490 170 L 868 1+ Nc 5100 6 171 Ma 90 28 120 63 123 24 124 23 193 17 216 70 221 22 222 23 225 28 330 42 333 46



173 Mb 1336 11 1399 11 1402 5 1395 5 1365 4 1431 4 1429 4 1430 3 1366 2 1396 2 1400 2 1404 2 1397 1+ 1398 1+ 1363 1+ 1364 1










175 Mn 162 [+] Xn 1011 24 Mn 456 15 1367 26 1369 3+ 1407 50 1408 9+








(n 4) p 97






188 (Ld[2] 8192) we-we-e-a (L 178) a-ro2



























195 Sc 103 130 135 217 219 221-222 224 226-227 229-230 233-239 243 250-256 258-261 263 266 1644 5046 5060 5068 5070 5084-5086 5137-5139 5155 5156 5162 5164 5169 7444 7456 7466 7469 7475 7480-7481 7772 7782 7821 7882 7996 8124-8125 8271 8467-8471 8759 8796 9113-9114









208

164209







Fig 23 168



212





158

Fig 24 158








178

Fig 25 178 KN U(1) 95




222


















168 M 724 1 729 1 720 1 7373 1+ 719 1 467 2 559 2 7394 3 683 30 M(1) 1645 1 169 Wm 1816 5860 8490 170 L 868 1+ Nc 5100 6 171 Ma 90 28 120 63 123 24 124 23 193 17 216 70 221 22 222 23 225 28 330 42 333 46



173 Mb 1336 11 1399 11 1402 5 1395 5 1365 4 1431 4 1429 4 1430 3 1366 2 1396 2 1400 2 1404 2 1397 1+ 1398 1+ 1363 1+ 1364 1










175 Mn 162 [+] Xn 1011 24 Mn 456 15 1367 26 1369 3+ 1407 50 1408 9+








(n 4) p 97






188 (Ld[2] 8192) we-we-e-a (L 178) a-ro2



























195 Sc 103 130 135 217 219 221-222 224 226-227 229-230 233-239 243 250-256 258-261 263 266 1644 5046 5060 5068 5070 5084-5086 5137-5139 5155 5156 5162 5164 5169 7444 7456 7466 7469 7475 7480-7481 7772 7782 7821 7882 7996 8124-8125 8271 8467-8471 8759 8796 9113-9114









208

164209







Fig 23 168



212





158

Fig 24 158








178

Fig 25 178 KN U(1) 95




222


















175 Mn 162 [+] Xn 1011 24 Mn 456 15 1367 26 1369 3+ 1407 50 1408 9+








(n 4) p 97






188 (Ld[2] 8192) we-we-e-a (L 178) a-ro2



























195 Sc 103 130 135 217 219 221-222 224 226-227 229-230 233-239 243 250-256 258-261 263 266 1644 5046 5060 5068 5070 5084-5086 5137-5139 5155 5156 5162 5164 5169 7444 7456 7466 7469 7475 7480-7481 7772 7782 7821 7882 7996 8124-8125 8271 8467-8471 8759 8796 9113-9114









208

164209







Fig 23 168



212





158

Fig 24 158








178

Fig 25 178 KN U(1) 95




222















188 (Ld[2] 8192) we-we-e-a (L 178) a-ro2



























195 Sc 103 130 135 217 219 221-222 224 226-227 229-230 233-239 243 250-256 258-261 263 266 1644 5046 5060 5068 5070 5084-5086 5137-5139 5155 5156 5162 5164 5169 7444 7456 7466 7469 7475 7480-7481 7772 7782 7821 7882 7996 8124-8125 8271 8467-8471 8759 8796 9113-9114









208

164209







Fig 23 168



212





158

Fig 24 158








178

Fig 25 178 KN U(1) 95




222
































195 Sc 103 130 135 217 219 221-222 224 226-227 229-230 233-239 243 250-256 258-261 263 266 1644 5046 5060 5068 5070 5084-5086 5137-5139 5155 5156 5162 5164 5169 7444 7456 7466 7469 7475 7480-7481 7772 7782 7821 7882 7996 8124-8125 8271 8467-8471 8759 8796 9113-9114









208

164209







Fig 23 168



212





158

Fig 24 158








178

Fig 25 178 KN U(1) 95




222














208

164209







Fig 23 168



212





158

Fig 24 158








178

Fig 25 178 KN U(1) 95




222











Fig 23 168



212





158

Fig 24 158








178

Fig 25 178 KN U(1) 95




222














178

Fig 25 178 KN U(1) 95




222










The textile logograms in the Linear B tablets les idéogrammes archéologiques des textiles

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Transcript of The textile logograms in the Linear B tablets les idéogrammes archéologiques des textiles