C hapter Twelve

The Pratyabhijna and the Logical-Epistemological School of Buddhism

Raffaele Torella

P e r h a p s n o o th e r d o c t r in e s in th e h is to r y o f In d ia n th o u g h t h a v e m a d e su c h a g e n e r a l— o v e rw h e lm in g a n d s u b t le — im p a c t o n c o n te m p o r a r y p h ilo so p h ic a l s c h o o ls as th o s e o f D ig n ä g a , D h a r m a - k ïr ti , an d c o n t in u e r s — a t le a s t o n e o f w h o m , D h a r m o t ta r a , d e s e r v e s to b e m e n t io n e d .1 A n d th is w a s n o t c o n fin e d o n ly to c o n te m p o r a r y o n e s , as th e w o rk o f th e s e tw o m a s te r s co m p e lle d th e o p p o s in g s c h o o ls to c a r r y o u t a g e n e ra l ta s k o f re v is io n a n d r e th in k in g , th a t w a s a ls o to b e a r f r u i t m u c h la t e r — th in k fo r e x a m p le o f th e d e v e lo p ­m e n t o f th e N a v y a N y ä y a fr o m th e N y ä y a , th r o u g h U d a y a n a .

N o n e — M lm ä m s a k a s , N a iy ä y ik a s , V e d ä n t in s , J a in a s — co u ld o r w a n te d to avo id th is c h a lle n g e , fo r so it a p p e a rs to b e fr o m D h a r m a - k lr t i 's b it t e r ly h a u g h ty t o n e .2 T h e c a s e o f th e P r a ty a b h i jn ä sc h o o l, w h ic h c o n s t itu te d th e h ig h e s t p o in t o f p h ilo so p h ic a l s e l f -a w a r e n e s s re a c h e d by n o n d u a lis t ic K a s h m ir S a iv is m ,3 s ta r t in g fr o m S o m â n a n d a (c. 8 7 5 - 9 2 5 a .D . ) , th e n e sp e c ia lly U tp a la d e v a (c. 9 0 0 - 9 5 0 A . D . ) , an d la te r A b h in a v a g u p ta (c .9 5 0 - 1 0 2 0 a . D . ) , is o n e o f th e m o s t ty p ic a l, th o u g h p e rh a p s o n e o f th e le a s t in v e s t ig a te d .4

S o m â n a n d a d e f in ite ly k n e w D h a r m a k lr t i 's w o r k s — a t le a s t o n e v e r s e o f th e P V is c le a r ly r e c o g n iz a b le in th e S iv a iirsti5— b u t it is o n ly fr o m U tp a la d e v a o n w a rd th a t th e m a s te r s o f B u d d h is t lo g ic r ise to th e ro le o f p r in c ip a l in t e r lo c u to r s .6 T h e y a r e o p p o n e n ts , o f c o u r s e , b u t th e y a r e e v o k e d so c o n s ta n t ly an d a lw a y s w ith su c h p r o fo u n d r e s p e c t , p a r tic u la r ly D h a r m a k lr t i ,7 t h a t th e n a tu r e o f t h e ir r e la t io n ­s h ip is n o t im m e d ia te ly e v id e n t. M o r e o v e r , it w a s in e v ita b le th a t a sc h o o l th a t f i r s t e s ta b lis h e d i t s e l f in t e n th - e le v e n t h c e n tu r y K a s h m ir s o o n e r o r la te r sh o u ld a c c e p t a c o n f r o n ta t io n w ith B u d ­d h is m , in a c o u n tr y w h e re S a iv is m w a s d e e p ly r o o te d , b u t th a t a lso w a s im p r e g n a te d w ith B u d d h is t c u ltu re . T h e N lla m a ta p u rä n a an d th e R ä ja ta r a n g in l te ll o f B u d d h ism in K a s h m ir fr o m v e ry e a rly

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t im e s 8 a n d th e C h in e s e p ilg rim s g iv e us d e ta ile d in f o r m a t io n o n th e sp re a d o f th e d i f f e r e n t B u d d h is t s c h o o ls . In th e c o m m e n ta r ie s o n th e É iv a s ü tra an e c h o r e m a in s o f a c e r ta in a g g r e s s iv e n e s s t h a t B u d d h is t p r o s e ly t is m , a ro u n d th e n in th c e n tu r y , m u s t h a v e a s s u m e d .Q F u r th e r m o r e , as th e R â ja ta r a n g in ï ( I V .5 .4 9 8 ) in f o r m s u s, o n e o f th e g r e a t n a m e s o f B u d d h is t lo g ic , D h a r m o t ta r a (c. 7 5 0 - 8 1 0a . d . ) , h ad s e t t le d in K a s h m ir a t th e in v ita tio n o f th e k in g , Jay â p ïd a (c. 7 7 5 - 8 0 6 a . d .);10 D h a r m o t ta r a 's w o rk s in e f f e c t a r e w e ll -k n o w n a n d f r e q u e n t ly q u o te d a n d c r it ic iz e d by th e P r a ty a b h i jh ä m a s te r s . A re a ta (c. 7 3 0 - 7 9 0 a . d .),11 th e a u th o r o f th e H e tu b in d u t lk ä an d Ä n a n d a v a rd h a n a , b e s id e s th e fa m o u s D h v a n y ä lo k a , a lso th e a u th o r o f a v a s t c o m m e n ta r y , n o w lo s t , o n D h a r m o t ta r a 's P r a m ä n a v in is - c a y a t ïk â 12 w e r e n a t iv e s o f K a s h m ir . S a h k a r ä n a n d a o r S a n k a r a - n a n d a n a ( n in th - t e n th c e n tu r y ) , th e M a h ä b r ä h m a n a o f th e T ib e ta n s , d e s e r v e s a sp e c ia l m e n t io n . H e w a s an in te r e s t in g an d e n ig m a t ic f ig u r e h a l f w a y b e t w e e n t h e l o g ic a l - e p is te m o lo g ic a l B u d d h is t t ra d it io n , o f w h ic h h e is b o th an e x p o n e n t a n d c r it ic , an d p e rh a p s th e e m e r g in g ê a iv a g n o s e o lo g y .13

T h e B u d d h is t lo g ic ia n s an d P r a ty a b h i jh ä s t a r t fr o m p r e s u p p o ­s it io n s th a t a p p e a r , an d a r e , a b s o lu te ly ir re c o n c ila b le : an im p e r s o n a l w o rld o f e v e n ts , o n th e o n e h a n d , a n d , o n th e o th e r , a w o rld p e r m e a te d an d v iv ified e v e n in its s e e m in g ly m o s t in e r t c r a n n ie s b y th e d y n a m is m o f th e I (ê iv a o r C o n s c io u s n e s s ) . D e s p ite th is , an u n d o u b te d fa s c in a t io n is e x e r te d by th e r ig o r o f th e B u d d h is t lo g ic ia n s ' a r g u m e n ta t io n an d t h e ir d a u n tle s s c r it ic a l c a p a c ity th a t u s e s its s h a rp an d o r ig in a l in s tr u m e n ts o n th e d o c t r in e s o f th e m o s t d iv e rs e o p p o n e n ts . T h e v e r y a ir o f s u p e r io r ity th a t s o m e t im e s m a y b e g lim p s ed in th e ir o p p o s itio n to all o th e r s , th o u g h it d o e s n o t fa il o c c a s io n a lly to p ro v o k e a n o te o f sa r c a s m in th e ê a iv a m a s t e r s ,14 e n d s u p by f u r t h e r e n h a n c in g th e ir im a g e . T h is c o n ­t r ib u te s to c a u s in g th e m to b e a d o p te d by th e P r a ty a b h i jh ä a u th o r s , p a r tly , so to sp e a k , a s a t o u c h s to n e to te s t th e s o u n d n e s s o f t h e ir t h e s e s an d p a r tly as a w h e ts to n e to s h a rp e n th e ir d ia le c tic a r m s .

B u d d h is t lo g ic , in its s t r u g g le a g a in s t re a lism (p a r t ic u la r ly o f th e N y ä y a ) c o n s ta n t ly is c o n c e r n e d w ith s h o w in g th e fu n d a m e n ta l im p o r ta n c e o f th e m in d in s t r u c tu r in g r e a l ity , in c o n t r a s t to th o s e w h o , w ith th e a im o f u n d e r lin in g th e in d e p e n d e n t n a tu r e o f th e e x te r n a l r e a l i ty c o n fr o n te d by h u m a n e x p e r ie n c e , m o v e in th e o p p o s ite d ir e c t io n — r e d u c in g th e c r e a t iv e an d fo r m a t iv e ro le o f k n o w le d g e as fa r as p o ss ib le a n d m a k in g it in to a m e r e m ir r o r th a t r e c o r d s re a d y -m a d e r e a l it ie s o u ts id e i t s e lf , r e s u lt in g in a n u n e n d in g e n t if ic a t io n e v e n o f r e la t io n s , q u a li tie s , an d so f o r th . T h is r e f e r e n c e to th e c e n t r a l i ty o f th e m in d m u s t h a v e b e e n fe lt by th e P r a ty a b h i jh ä

R affaele T orella 3 2 9

m a s te r s to b e a s t r o n g e le m e n t o f a f f in ity , e v e n th o u g h it w a s d e s t in e d to h a v e d iv e rg e n t d e v e lo p m e n ts . B e a r in g th is in m in d , o n e m a y b e s u rp r is e d by s t a t e m e n t s lik e th a t fo u n d in IP V , vo l. 1, p. 4 3 — n aiy äy ikakram asy a iv a m äyäpade p äram ärth ika tv am iti g ra n th a k ä rä b h i- präyah "kriyäsatnbandhasäm änya'' ily âdisu uddesesu p ra k a tib h a v isy a ti15— w h ic h s e e m to h a v e b r o a d e r s ig n if ic a n c e a n d r e f e r n o t o n ly to th e m o re o r le ss e f f e c t iv e a r t ic u la t io n o f th e parârthân u m ân a . T h e P r a ty ­a b h ijn ä s e e m s to r e je c t n e i th e r th e B u d d h is t p o s it io n n o r th e n aiyäy ika o n e , th o u g h th e y a r e a n t ith e t ic a l . It a c c e p ts m a n y c o n c e p ts th a t th e B u d d h is t lo g ic ia n s r e f u t e a n d th a t th e N y ä y a u p h o ld s , lik e th e p re v io u s ly m e n t io n e d kriy ä sam bandha säm än ya (dravya d ik k ä la ; s e e IP K , I I .2 .1 ) b u t it d o e s so o n ly a f t e r B u d d h is t c r it ic is m h a s re n d e re d th e m u n te n a b le , r e c u p e r a t in g th e m in a b o u n d . T h u s tw o a t t i tu d e s e s s e n tia l ly e m e r g e . In c e r ta in c a s e s p o s it io n s p e r ta in in g to th e B u d d h is ts a r e a c c e p te d b u t to s h o w th a t th e y b e c o m e a d m is ­s ib le in all th e ir im p lic a t io n s o n ly if th e y a r e p laced in a ê a iv a fr a m e o f r e f e r e n c e .16 In o th e r s , B u d d h is t c r it ic is m is a c c e p te d to s h o w th a t re a l i t ie s w h ic h o n c lo s e e x a m in a t io n p ro v e to b e ir re m e d ia b ly c o n t r a d ic to r y a n d y e t a r e d e m a n d ed b y vyavahära b e c o m e a c c e p ta b le in a Ô aiva c o n t e x t .17 T h r o u g h th is s u b t le p lay o f a d e c la re d b a s ic d is a g r e e m e n t w ith th e d o c tr in e s o f B u d d h is t lo g ic ia n s , a lim ite d a c c e p ta n c e a n d p u re ly in s tr u m e n ta l (o r th o u g h t to b e so ) u s e o f th e m , th e m a s te r s o f th e P r a ty a b h i jn ä e n d up b y b e in g s o m e h o w d ra w n in to th e ir o r b i t . T h e a r c h i t e c t u r e o f th e P r a ty a b h i jn ä fe e ls th e e f f e c t o f th is . T h a t m a n y p ro b le m s a r e p o se d , m o re o r le s s u n w it t in g ly , in B u d d h is t t e r m s to a c e r ta in e x te n t p r e f ig u re s th e ir d e v e lo p m e n t a n d r e d u c e s p o ss ib le a l t e r n a t iv e as r e g a rd s o lu t io n .

T o t ra c e th e fe a tu r e s o f th is co m p le x re la t io n s h ip in th e f il ig r e e o f th e t e r s e lin e s o f th e IP K a n d its c o m m e n ta r ie s , f i r s t an d fo r e m o s t o n e m u s t t ry to r e c o n s t r u c t th e te r m s o f a t le a s t s o m e o f th e v a r io u s d is p u te s to b e fo u n d in it th a t d ea l w ith th e p r in c ip a l topoi o f lo g ic a l- e p is te m o lo g ic a l s p e c u la t io n . In d o in g so , o n e c a n n o t fa il to n o te , as a p r e lim in a r y s te p , h o w th e P r a ty a b h i jn ä h a s a p p ro p r ia te d th e typ ic a l te rm in o lo g y o f B u d d h is t lo g ic , to a m a rk e d ly g r e a t e r e x te n t th a n th e o th e r s c h o o ls . I am n o t r e f e r r in g to e x p r e s s io n s su c h as th e o n e e n c o u n te r e d , p arä rth än u m ä n a ,16 w h ic h , as w e k n o w , a lre a d y h ad e n te r e d c o m m o n u s a g e fr o m P r a s a s ta p ä d a o n w a r d , b u t, fo r e x a m p le , to svalaksan a, arth akriy äsa m arth a , tädätm ya, tadut patti, svab häva- hetu, käryahetu , th e v a r io u s ty p e s o f an u p alabd h i, an d so o n . S o m e o f th e s e te r m s (e .g ., sva lak san a) m a y d e s ig n a te r e a l i t ie s th a t d o n o t c o m p le te ly c o in c id e w ith th o s e m e a n t by th e B u d d h is t lo g ic ia n s o r th a t a r e v a lu e d d if f e r e n t ly (a r th a k r iy ä ); o th e r s , lik e th o s e c o n ­n e c te d w ith th e in f e r e n t ia l p r o c e s s , s o m e t im e s a r e e x p re s s ly

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a t tr ib u te d to th e B u d d h is ts b u t m o re o f t e n a r e u sed fr e e ly in th e c o u r s e o f th e ir o w n a r g u m e n ta t io n .19 B u t , w h a te v e r th e c a s e , it is th e a c tu a l u s e o f th is t e rm in o lo g y t h a t in d ic a te s im p r e g n a tio n .

A t th e b e g in n in g o f Ä h n ik a III o f th e K r iy a d h ik â ra 20 w e c o m e a c r o s s th is d e f in it io n o f p ra m ä n a :

idam etädrg ity evam yadvasäd vyavatisthate / vastu p ram än am tat so 'pi sväbhäso 'bhinavodayah // so 'ntas tathäv im arsä tm ä desakälädyabhed in i / ekäbh id h än av isay e m itir vastuny ab äd h itä / /

T h e m e a n s o f k n o w le d g e is th a t th a n k s to w h ic h th e o b je c t is s itu a te d in its o w n c o n f in e s (vyavatisthate): “ th is th in g , w ith th e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t ic s ." T h is m e a n s o f k n o w le d g e is an e v e r f r e s h ly a r is in g lig h t , c o r r e la te d to a s u b je c t . T h is lig h t , w h o s e e s s e n c e is th e in n e r r e f le c t iv e a w a r e n e s s o f th a t w h ic h is th u s m a n ife s te d , b e c o m e s , as re g a r d s th e o b je c t w i th o u t s p a t io -te m p o ra l l im ita t io n s e tc . an d e x p re s s e d by a s in g le n a m e , k n o w le d g e (m iti) [p ro v id ed it is] n o n ­in v a lid a te d .

A c c o rd in g to th e P r a ty a b h i jn ä , th e r e f o r e , th e r e is n o d i f f e r e n ­t ia tio n b e tw e e n th e m e a n s o f k n o w le d g e an d its r e s u lt (p ra m ä n a — pram ä o r p ram iti), a s a lso th e B u d d h is ts — b u t n o t o n ly t h e y 21— m a in ta in (s e e fo r e x a m p le P S I . 8 b - l l an d vrtti, P V I II .3 0 1 - 3 1 9 , N B J pp. 7 9 - 8 6 , T S 1 3 4 3 - 6 0 , e t c .) . T h e d is t in c t io n b e tw e e n pram än a a n d p ram ä, th e B u d d h is ts sa y , is o n ly th e o u tc o m e o f th e a n a ly t ic c o n ­s id e r a t io n o f a r e a l ity , w h ic h in i t s e l f is o n e . T h e tw o te r m s th u s fo re g ro u n d e d c a n n o t in a n y c a s e r e p r e s e n t a r e la t io n s h ip o f c a u s e an d e f f e c t , b e c a u s e th is w o u ld r e q u ire a n a c tu a l d if f e r e n c e b e tw e e n th e tw o te r m s , b u t a t th e m o s t a r e la t io n o f vyavasthäpya-vyavasthäpana, w ith a d iv is io n o f r o le s w ith in th e sa m e r e a l i ty .22 A n d up to th is p o in t th e â a iv a s a n d B u d d h is ts a r e m a in ly in a g r e e m e n t . A p r o o f o f th is is th a t A b h in a v a g u p ta , in co n c lu d in g h is a r g u m e n ta t io n in th e tw o c o m m e n ta r ie s ,23 w h ic h d e v e lo p s U tp a la d e v a 's b a re ly sk e tc h e d p o s it io n , q u o te s p a r t o f a v e r s e b y D h a r m a k lr t i (P V I II .3 0 8 : tadvasät tadvyavasthänät. O n th e c o n t r a r y , th e tw o p o s it io n s d i f f e r o n th e c o n c e p t o f th e " f u n c t io n , a c t iv i ty " (v y ä p ä ra ) c a r r ie d o u t b y th e e le m e n ts o c c u r r in g in c o g n it io n . V yäpära is c o m p le te ly d e n ie d b y th e B u d d h is ts , w h o c o n s id e r e v e r y d is t in c t io n o n th is b a s is p u re ly im a g in a r y (u tpreksita), so m u ch so t h a t , fo r e x a m p le , an a c t su ch a s p ie rc in g w ith a n a r r o w m a y b e a n a ly z e d in v a r io u s w a y s , a ll e q u a lly le g it im a te , a t t r ib u t in g to th e b o w th e fu n c t io n (v y ä p ä ra ) e i t h e r o f kartr , o r ka ran a , o r a p a d ä n a .24 B u t , a b o v e a ll, th e im p o s s ib ili ty

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o f vyäpära is th e d ir e c t c o n s e q u e n c e o f th e d o c t r in e o f m o m e n ta r i ­n e s s .25 C o g n it io n , th e r e f o r e , o n ly " a p p e a r s ” to b e e n d o w e d w ith a fu n c t io n (savyâpâram iv äbh äti). A b h in a v a g u p ta 's rep ly r e f e r s im p lic itly to th is s t a t e m e n t by D h a r m a k lr t i , w h ic h in tu r n d e p e n d s o n P S I .8 cd : savyäpärapratitatvät pram än am eva sa/26 (A b h in a v a g u p ta , as w e h a v e s e e n , ju s t b e f o r e had q u o te d w ith a p p ro v a l th e th ird päda o f th e sa m e v e r s e ) .27 V yâpâra, A b h in a v a g u p ta sa y s , n o t o n ly e x is t s b u t c o n s t i t u t e s th e v e ry e s s e n c e o f p ram ä an d o n th is , a c c o rd in g to th e ê a iv a s , h in g e s th e n o n d if f e r e n t ia t io n o f p ram än a a n d p ram â: vyâpâra is n o t a d i f f e r e n t r e a l ity fr o m th e s u b je c t th a t a c ts a n d fr o m th e in s tr u m e n t th a t is s e t in a c t io n .28 A ll th a t a lre a d y h ad b e e n e s s e n tia l ly c o n ta in e d in th e la c o n ic p ram ätrv y äp ärah , w h ich fo llo w s pram itih in U tp a la d e v a 's vrtti. B u t , A b h in a v a g u p ta c o n t in u e s , th a t d o e s n o t m e a n th a t p ram än a an d p ram ä a r e sim p ly tw o w a y s o f sa y in g th e s a m e th in g (p ary ä y atv a m ); th e c o g n it iv e lig h t , w h ic h is th e e s s e n tia l n a tu r e o f b o th , in th e p ram än a is tu rn e d to w a rd th e e x te r n a l o b je c t , w h e r e a s in th e p ram ä it is tu rn e d in w a rd a s p u re d e te r m in a te a w a r e ­n e s s , c o n t r a c te d d u e to th e in f lu e n c e o f th e o b je c t a s s u m e d in it, h a v in g th e w o rd a s its e s s e n c e .

It is p re c is e ly th e in s e p a ra b le c o n n e c tio n b e tw e e n k n o w le d g e an d th e w o rd th a t fo r m s o n e o f th e n e r v e c e n t e r s o f b o th s c h o o ls a n d a v a n ta g e p o in t fr o m w h ic h , y e t a g a in , to v ie w th is c o m p le x p lay o f a t t r a c t io n an d d e ta c h m e n t th a t c h a r a c te r iz e s th e p o s it io n s o f th e P r a ty a b h i jn ä . B o th D ig n ä g a a n d D h a r m a k lr t i s u b s ta n t ia l ly a g re e th a t v ika lp a -ka lp an ä an d sabda a r e v e r y c lo s e ly r e la te d , if n o t a b s o lu te ly id e n tic a l. T h e d e f in it io n in P S 1.3d , n äm ajätyäd iyojan ä, is f u r t h e r e la b o ra te d b y D h a rm a k lr t i in th e s u b t le r an d m o re c o m ­p r e h e n s iv e d e f in it io n in N B 1.5, ab h ilä p asam sarg a y og y ap ra tibh ä sä pratitih k a lp an ä, w h ic h in tro d u c e s th e e le m e n t o f p o te n t ia l i t y .2” U tp a la d e v a d e f in ite ly h a s th is fo rm u la t io n in m in d in th e v e r s e t h a t o p e n s Ä h n ik a V I o f th e Jn ä n ä d h ik ä ra :

ah am pratyavam arso yah prakäsätm äp i vägvapuh / näsau v ika lpah sa hy ukto dvayäksep i v iniscayah / /[vrtti] p rakäsasyätm an y aham iti parävägrü patvät säbh iläpo 'pi sv ab h äv ab h ü tah pratyavam arso na v ika lpa ity ucyate, sa hi p ratiyogin isedhapürvo niscayo na cätra pratiyog isam bhavah .

T h e r e f le c t iv e a w a r e n e s s " I , ” w h ic h is th e v e ry e s s e n c e o f lig h t , is n o t a v ika lpa , a lth o u g h it is in fo r m e d b y th e w o rd .F o r a vika lpa is an a c t o f d e te r m in a tio n w h ic h im p lie s tw o a lte r n a t iv e s .

T h e r e f le c t iv e a w a r e n e s s c o n c e r n in g th e s e lf , th e r e f le c t io n a w a r e n e s s “ I ,” w h ic h c o n s t i t u t e s th e o w n n a tu r e

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o f th e lig h t , c a n n o t b e ca lled 'v ika lpa' e v e n if it is e s s e n tia l ly a s s o c ia te d w ith a “d is c o u r s e " (a b h ilâ p a ), s in c e th e w o rd th a t in f o r m s it is th e s u p re m e w o rd . In d e e d , th e vikalpa is a d e te r m in a tio n (n iscay a) a c q u ire d th r o u g h th e n e g a tio n o f th e o p p o s ite , a n d , as re g a r d s p u re l ig h t , th e r e is n o p o s s ib ility o f th e e x is te n c e o f s o m e th in g th a t is its o p p o s ite .30

T h e w o rd , h o w e v e r , is n o t lim ite d to p e rv a d in g th e s p h e re o f d is c u rs iv e t h o u g h t .31 F o llo w in g th e te a c h in g o f th a t o th e r g r e a t f ig u r e w h o c o n d it io n e d th e P r a ty a b h i jn ä , B h a r tr h a r i , it is p laced a t th e v e ry h e a r t o f r e a l ity as th e s u p re m e ly u n ify in g e le m e n t , it is th e e s s e n c e o f all k n o w le d g e a n d s e n t ie n c e i t s e l f .32 It th e r e f o r e a lso in f o r m s s e n s a t i o n ,33 fr o m w h ic h th e B u d d h is t lo g ic ia n s , o n th e c o n t r a r y , s t r ic t ly e x c lu d e d it. D ir e c t p e r c e p tio n is fo llo w e d b y th e m o m e n t o f d e te r m in a tio n (ad h y a v asäy a , n ik a y a ) ; it is w o r th d w e ll in g o n h o w th is is co n c e iv e d an d v a lu e d in th e tw o s c h o o ls , b e c a u s e it c o n s t i t u t e s th e c r u x o f th e w h o le q u e s t io n . F o r th is p u rp o s e th e fie ld m u s t b e e x te n d e d to a c o n s id e ra t io n o f th e r e s p e c t iv e p o s it io n s r e g a r d in g th e n a tu r e o f th e o b je c t o f th e p ram ân a. L e t u s r e tu r n to th e p a s s a g e o f th e K r iy ä d h ik ä ra q u o te d e a r l ie r , w h e re o n e rea d s a m o n g o th e r th in g s : “ as re g a r d s th e o b je c t w ith o u t s p a t io -te m p o ra l lim ita t io n s e tc . a n d e x p re s s e d by a s in g le n a m e " (desakälädyabhed in i / ekäbh id h än av isay e [ . . . ] vastuny). T h u s , a c c o r d in g to th e P r a ty a b h i jn ä , th e o b je c t o f th e pram ân a is th e s in g le âb h âsa , w h ic h b e in g d is c o n n e c te d fr o m sp a c e a n d t im e is a sàm ânya (c f. th e vrtti sâm ân y arü p e ); it is th e o b je c t o f a s in g le w o rd . A g ro u p o f äb h äsas , in c lu d in g th o s e o f sp a c e , t im e , an d f o r m — e n d o w e d w ith a sp e c ia l in d iv id u a liz in g f o r c e — is c o m p o s e d in th e a p p a r e n t u n ity o f th e in d iv id u a l th in g , th e sv alaksan a, w ith w h ic h w e a r e c o n fr o n te d in e v e r y d a y e x p e r ie n c e .34

I f w e th e n p a ss o n to th e re s p e c t iv e p o s it io n o f th e B u d d h is t lo g ic ia n s w e fin d a d ia m e tr ic a lly o p p o sed p ic tu re . T h e B u d d h is ts m a k e a s h a rp d is t in c t io n b e tw e e n th e o b je c ts o f th e tw o p ra m ä n a s : t h e o b je c t o f k n o w le d g e th a t a p p e a rs to th e s e n s e s is th e svalaksan a. W h a t th e é a iv a s c o n c e iv e as a s e c o n d a ry p ro d u c t th e y v ie w a s th e s u p re m e ly re a l an d e f f ic ie n t , u n ita r y an d u n re p e a ta b le b e in g ; d ire c t p e r c e p t io n g ra s p s it in its to ta l i ty (c f. P V 1 .4 3 : ekasyârthasvabhâvasya pratyaksasya sat ah svayam / ko'nyo na drsto bh ä g ah syäd yah p ram än aih p ariksyate // 'W h e n th e u n ita r y sp e c ific n a tu r e o f a n o b je c t is p e rc e iv e d , w h a t o th e r p a r t t h a t is n o t p e rce iv e d ca n t h e r e b e th a t m a y be in v e s t ig a te d by [o th e r ] m e a n s o f k n o w le d g e ? 'a n d th e f i r s t h e m is t ic h o f th e sam g rah a slo ka 1 .45 : tasm äd drstasya bhävasya drsta ev äkh ilo gu n ah / 'T h e r e f o r e , w h e n an o b je c t is p e rc e iv e d , all its q u a li tie s a re

R affaele T orella 3 3 3

a u to m a tic a lly p e rc e iv e d ') 35 H o w e v e r , it m a y b e th e o b je c t o f d e te r m in a te k n o w le d g e — w h ic h a lo n e r e n d e rs it c o m m u n ic a b le a n d p la c es it w ith in th e s p h e re o f h u m a n a c t iv it ie s an d c o n v e n t io n s ,36 b u t a t th e p r ice o f th e d e c o m p o s it io n o f its u n ity an d th e 'c o v e r in g ' (sam vrti) o f th e p e c u lia r fo rm o f th e o b je c t w ith th e fo rm o f th e c o g n it io n . T h e u n ity o f th e sv alaksan a s h a t t e r s in to a m y ria d o f d h arm as, e a c h o f w h ic h is g ra s p e d b y a s in g le a c t o f d e te r m in a tio n (niscaya, ad h y a v asäy a ). T h is d iv is io n in to m a n y d h arm as, lik e th e a t t r ib u t io n o f d iv e rs e m u ltip le a n d u n re p e a ta b le e n t i t i e s to a s in g le c la s s o r th e d iv is io n in to p a r t ic u la r an d u n iv e r s a l, th o u g h s t r ic t ly sp e a k in g u n re a l a r e n o t a r b i t r a r y a c t s , h o w e v e r , b e c a u s e th e y s t ill d e r iv e fr o m th e p e r c e p t io n o f a d e te r m in a te in d iv id u a l re a l i ty a n d in a s e n s e a re a p r o p e r ty o f th e th in g it s e lf ; o n ly a th in g th a t p o s s e s s e s s u c h a svab häva m a y b e g ra s p e d in th is w a y ( P V S V , p. 4 3 : taddharm atäm evävataranto v ika lp ä n än aikad h arm av y atirekän sam darsayan ti / na ca le n iräsrayäs tadbhedadarsanäsrayatvät / n ävastudharm atä la lsvab hävasya iva ta lh ä k h y ä teh ) .37 T h e s e c o n s tr u c t s d o n o t so m u c h m ir r o r th e th in g in its r e a l ity a s c o m m u n ic a te th e k n o w in g m in d 's in te n t io n s . T h e n iscaya c a n n o t c a p tu r e th e p a r t ic u la r in its to ta l i ty b u t o n ly e n u c le a te o n e f e a t u r e o f it ; v a r io u s f a c to r s , su ch a s m e n ta l a c u te n e s s , p re v io u s e x p e r ie n c e s , a n d so fo r th d e te r m in e w h ic h o f th e m a n y p o ss ib le f e a t u r e s (a lth o u g h th e th in g h a s in a c tu a l fa c t n o p a r ts ) is g ra s p e d a t d i f f e r e n t t im e s ( P V S V , p. 3 2 : yady apy am sara h ila h sarvato bh in na- svabhävo bhâvo nubhütas tathäpi na sarvabhedesu tävatä niscayo bh av ati / käran än taräpeksatvät / an u bhavo h i yath äv ika lp ä bh y äsa m n iscayapratyayäh ja n a y a li / yathä rü padarsanävisese 'pi ku n ap ak äm in ibh a ksy av ik a lp äh / ta ira bu ddhipäfavam tadväsan äbhyäsah p rak aran am ity ädayo 'nubhaväd bheda- n iscay otp attisah akärin ah 36).

T h e tw o c o n c e p tio n s d i f f e r g r e a t ly b u t h a v e a k in d o f c r o s s c o r r e s p o n d e n c e th a t m a k e s o n e th in k th a t th e d i f f e r e n c e lies in th e a p p ro a c h r a th e r th a n in th e c o n t e n t . F o r th e B u d d h is t lo g ic ia n s (D h a r m a k ïr t i) , th e s ta r t in g p o in t is th e p a r t ic u la r (sv a lak san a , b h ed a ); p e r c e p t io n g ra s p s it in its e n t ir e t y b u t it a lso is in e x p re s s ib le an d u n c o m m u n ic a b le , it m a y n o t be a s s o c ia te d w ith w o rd s (u n lik e k a lp an ä); d i f f e r e n t niscayas m a y s te m fro m th is s in g le p e rc e p tu a l c o n t e n t ; e a ch o f th e m c a p tu r e s a (u n re a l b u t n o t u n fo u n d e d ) p a r t o f it an d c o n n e c ts it w ith a w o rd , w h ic h th e r e f o r e d e n o te s a c e r ta in säm änya o r r a th e r th e n e g a tio n o f w h a t is o th e r th a n t h a t fe a tu r e (P V 1 .5 0 -5 1 : yävanto 'm sasam äropäs lan n iräse viniscayäh / tävanta eva sabdäs ca lena te bh in nagocaräh / / an y athaiken a sabdena vyäpta eka tra vastuni / buddhyä vä nänyavisaya iti paryäyatä bhavet //; P V S V , p. 2 8 : tadviveka eva càn yàpohah / lasm àd tad ap i lan m àlràpohagocaram / na vastusvabhävanis- c a y ä t m a k a m )39 F o r th e P r a ty a b h i jn ä (U tp a la d e v a ) , e a c h pram äna

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g ra s p s an in d iv id u a l ä b h äsa (w h ic h is a säm än y a), e x p re s s e d by a d e te r m in a te w o rd , d e p e n d in g o n a d e te r m in a te r e f le c t iv e a w a r e n e s s 40 (vrtti ad IP K 11.3.2: vim arsabhedänu säryekaikasabdaväcye; vrtti ad IP K I I .3 .5 : eka ikas câsàv äb h äsa eka ikena sabdena v y avahärärtham ta ttann iyatärthakriyä - rth ibh ir a b h id h iy a te) o r g r a s p s — in th e p e r c e p t io n i t s e l f an d n o t in a la te r a c t — a g ro u p o f äb h äsas c o o rd in a te d by th e L o rd 's p o w e r o f n e c e s s ity a c c o rd in g to säm än äd h ik aran y a (b lu e lo tu s ) ; in th is c a s e th e pram än a is o r ie n te d to th e d o m in a n t äb h äsa a n d th e p e r c e p tio n r e m a in s u n ita r y . In v a r io u s p a s s a g e s o f th e IP K , U tp a la d e v a is c o n c e r n e d w ith s a fe g u a rd in g th e u n ity o f th e th in g th a t th e d iv is io n in to m u ltip le äb h äsas s e e m s ir re m e d ia b ly to b r e a k up. IP K I I .3 .3 an d th e re la t iv e vrtti rea d as fo llo w s :

yalh äru ci yathärth itvam yathävyutpatti bh idyate / äb häso 'py arth a ekasm inn an u sam dhän asädh ite / / ekasm inn eva caikapratyavam arsasäm ärthyopapäd ite vastuni svecchävasäd arth itvän urodhäd vä n aipunavasäd vävabhäsa - bhedah

In an o b je c t , th o u g h its u n ity is e s ta b lis h e d b y th e u n ify in g p o w e r o f m in d , v a r io u s m a n i fe s ta t io n s (ä b h ä s a ) m a y be d is tin g u is h e d a c c o r d in g to th e in c lin a t io n s , p ra c t ic a l r e ­q u ir e m e n ts a n d sp e c ific e x p e r ie n c e o f th e s u b je c t .

In th e o b je c t — th o u g h it is u n ita r y , h a v in g b e e n a s s u m e d as s u c h o n th e s t r e n g th o f a s in g le r e f le c t iv e a w a r e n e s s — t h e r e a r e d i f f e r e n t m a n i fe s ta t io n s th a t a re d e p e n d e n t o n th e w ill, p r a c t ic a l r e q u ir e m e n ts an d e x p e r ie n c e o f th e s u b je c t .

T w o th e m e s p e c u lia r to D h a r m a k lr t i 's th o u g h t a r e h e r e c le a r ly d is c e rn ib le . I a lre a d y h a v e d w e lt o n th e f i r s t .41 T h e se c o n d , w h ic h a p p e a rs s e v e ra l t im e s in th e P V , is th u s fo rm u la te d in v. 1 0 9 o f th e S v ä r th ä n u m ä n a p a r ic c h e d a a n d sv av rtti:42

ekapratyavam arsasya hetutväd d h ir ab h ed in i / ekadh ihetubhäven a vyaktinäm apy ab h in n atä //[ . . . J tad ap i pratidravyam bh idyam änam ap i p rak rty aika - pratyavam arsasyäbhedävaskand in o hetur bh av ad ab h in n am khyäti / ta thäbhütapratyavam arsahetor abh ed äv ab h äsin o jh ä - näder arth asy a hetutväd vyaktayo 'pi sam srstäkäram svabhäva- b h edaparam ärtham svabhävata ekam pratyayam jan ay a n ti [ . . . J

B e c a u s e it is th e c a u s e o f a s in g le r e f le c t iv e a w a r e n e s s , c o g n it io n a p p e a rs as u n d if fe r e n tia te d . B e c a u s e th e y c a u s e a s in g le c o g n it io n , in d iv id u a l r e a l i t ie s a lso a p p e a r as

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u n d if fe r e n tia te d .. . . T h a t c o g n it io n , a lth o u g h it d if f e r s fo r e a c h

in d iv id u a l o b je c t , a p p e a rs as u n d if fe r e n t ia te d , b e in g by its v e r y n a tu r e th e c a u s e o f a s in g le r e f le c t iv e a w a r e n e s s th a t e s ta b lis h e s th e n o n d if f e r e n t ia t io n . In d iv id u a l th in g s , b e c a u s e th e y a r e th e c a u s e o f a r e a l ity t h a t is m a n ife s te d a s u n d if fe r e n tia te d (c o g n it io n e t c .) a n d is th e c a u s e o f su c h a r e f le c t iv e a w a r e n e s s , o w in g to th e ir v e ry n a tu r e a lso p ro d u c e a s in g le c o g n it io n in w h ic h th e fo r m s m e r g e , th o u g h in th e a b s o lu te s e n s e t h e r e is a d i f f e r e n t ia t io n o f th e ir o w n n a tu r e s . I . . . J43

D h a r m a k ïr t i u s e s th is a r g u m e n t to a c c o u n t fo r th e fo r m a tio n o f th e id ea o f c la s s an d u n iv e rs a l t h a t e m b ra c e s a p lu ra lity o f d is c re te re a l i t ie s w h ic h , s t r ic t ly s p e a k in g , c a n n o t b e red u ce d to a n y th in g b u t th e m s e lv e s . T h e s in g le p a r t ic u la r re a l i t ie s b e c o m e c o m p o s e d in an a p p a r e n t u n ity th ro u g h th e sa m e r e f le c t iv e a w a r e n e s s th a t b y n a tu r e th e y a r e a b le to d e te rm in e . D h a r m a k ïr t i c o n c lu d e s th a t it t h e r e f o r e is o n ly th e fa c t th a t th e y p ro d u c e th e sa m e e f f e c t s t h a t c o n s t i t u t e s th e u n ity o f th in g s t h a t a r e (in fa c t) d if f e r e n t ia te d (itasm âd eka käry a ta iv a bhävän äm ab h ed ah ). T h is th e m e a lre a d y h ad b e e n e x p re s s e d a n d d e v e lo p e d in a c le a r an d r ig o ro u s w a y in P V I I I .7 3 a n d sv av rtti:44

ekapraty av am arsärth ajn än äd y ekärth asäd h an e / bhede 'pi n iyatäh kecit svabhävenendriyädivat //[ . . . 1 evam sim sapâdayo ‘pi bhedâh parasparàn an vaye 'pi prakrty aiv aikam ekä kära m praiyabbijriänam jan ayan ti anyäm vä y athäpratyayam dahanagrhäd ikä tn kästhasädhyäm arth a- kriyäm [ . . . 1

S o m e in d iv id u a l e n t i t ie s , d e s p ite th e fa c t th a t th e y a re d i f f e r e n t ia te d , a re d e te rm in e d by t h e ir v e ry n a tu r e to b r in g in to b e in g a s in g le r e a l ity , su c h as a s in g le r e f le c t iv e a w a r e n e s s o r a s in g le o b je c t c o g n it io n .

. . . T h u s , d i f f e r e n t p a r t ic u la r e n t i t ie s , su c h as sim sapä t r e e s e t c . , d e s p ite th e fa c t th a t th e y a r e n o t c o n n e c te d w ith o n e a n o th e r , p ro d u c e by t h e ir v e r y n a tu r e a s in g le , u n ifo r m r e c o g n it io n , o r a d i f f e r e n t e f f ic ie n c y — d e p e n d in g o n th e o r ie n ta t io n o f th e c o g n it io n — su c h as b u rn in g , b u ild in g a h o u s e e tc . c a r r ie d o u t b y w o o d .

T h e s a m e e f f e c t s a r e , th e r e f o r e , f i r s t , th e c o g n it io n th a t th e th in g b e c a u s e o f its n a tu r e is a b le to g iv e r ise to , a n d , se c o n d , th e d e te r m in a te p u rp o s e t h a t m a y b e a c h ie v e d th a n k s to t h is .45 A s

336 Ritual and Sp eculation

K a m a la s lla s a y s la te r in h is c o m m e n ta r y o n T S , e v e r y d a y e x p e r ie n c e g ro u p s t o g e th e r c o m p le te ly h e te r o g e n e o u s a n d s e p a r a te d a ta , su c h as a c e r ta in s h a p e , c o lo r , a n d so fo r t h , o n th e b a s is o f th e ir c o m b in in g to p e r fo r m a s in g le fu n c t io n (e .g ., c o n ta in in g w a te r ) th u s c o n ­s t r u c t in g th e u n ity o f a 'th in g ' (e .g ., a ja r ) .4*1 IP K I I .3 .7 e c h o e s , a lso in i ts fo r m u la t io n , D h a r m a k ïr t i 's a r g u m e n ta t io n ; th e vrtti f u r n is h e s a n in d is p e n s a b le e x p lic ita t io n o f it.

prthagd ipaprakäsän äm srolasäm sâgare yathä / av iru d d h äv ab h äsän äm eka käry ä tathaikyadh ih // bh in nä p rad ip ap ra bh ä av ibhägenävabhäsan te nad ipravähäs ca sindhubuddhau pän ake ca te te rasäh ta thäsauk lyam ahatvapata- tvädyavabhäsäh parasparän u pravesaksam äh na tu n ilapltädy- a v a b h ä s ä h ta tta d e k a k ä r y a ik a d r a v y ä b h ä s a b h ä v e n a k a lp a n ie pratyaksa eva / tad etat säm än äd h ikaran y am .

A s in th e c a s e o f th e d is t in c t ra y s o f l ig h t in a to r c h an d o f th e c u r r e n ts in th e s e a , th u s in m a n i fe s ta t io n s th a t a r e n o t in c o n t r a s t w ith e a c h o th e r th e n o tio n o f u n ity is p ro d u ce d b y th e ir a p p e a r in g as u n ita r y e n t i t ie s .

T h e in d iv id u a l ra y s o f lig h t in a to r c h a p p e a r as a n u n d if fe r e n tia te d w h o le an d th e s a m e h o ld s fo r th e c u r r e n ts o f r iv e r s in th e n o tio n o f th e se a a n d fo r th e v a r io u s f la v o u rs in th e pän aka . S im ila r ly , m a n i fe s ta t io n s su c h a s " w h i t e , " " b i g , " " c l o t h ," an d so o n , ca p a b le as t h e y a r e o f in te r p e n e t r a t in g , len d th e m s e lv e s in th e d ir e c t e x p e r ie n c e i t s e l f to th e m a n i fe s ta t io n o f th e v a r io u s u n ita r y th in g s h a v in g a s in g le , u n ita r y e f f e c t .T h is d o e s n o t h a p p e n w ith o th e r s e r ie s s u c h as " b l u e ,"" y e l lo w ," e tc . T h is is w h a t w e ca ll " h a v in g th e sa m es u b s t r a tu m ."

T h e c o n t e x t is d i f f e r e n t fr o m th a t o f D h a r m a k ïr t i 's a r g u m e n t a n d v e ry c lo s e to K a m a la s lla 's : h e r e th e p u rp o s e is to e x p la in h o ww e m a y a r r iv e a t p e r c e iv in g th e a p p a r e n t u n ity o f th e o b je c t fr o ma m u ltip lic ity o f äb h äsas . H o w e v e r , U tp a la d e v a 's c o n c lu s io n (tad etat säm än äd h ik aran y am ) a n d D h a r m a k ïr t i 's (tasm äd eka käry a ta iv a bhävän äm ab h ed ah ) a r e s t r ic t ly h o m o lo g o u s .

In a lo n g f r a g m e n t o f U tp a la d e v a 's lo s t I P V ivrti— th a t I h a v e r e c e n t ly e d ite d an d tr a n s la te d — a s e c t io n is d e v o te d to th e s e lf - r e v e a lin g n a tu r e o f c o g n it io n . It c o n c lu d e s as fo llo w s :

siddham tävat parasam vedyatävyäpakedan täsvabhäva jadatäv irud- d häham prakäsavyäptatvam svasam vidrüpatvasya / tena jh än e vyä- pakav iruddhavyäptäyäh parasam vedyatäyä n isedhah

R a f fa e le T o r e lla 3 3 7

It h a s t h e r e f o r e b e e n p ro v e d th a t b e in g c o n s c io u s o f i t s e l f [on th e p a r t o f c o g n it io n ] is p e rv a d e d b y th e lig h t o f th e I, w h ic h is o p p o s e d to in s e n t ie n c e — an d in s e n tie n c e , fo r its p a r t, h a s th e n a tu r e o f “ t h is ," w h ic h p e rv a d e s th e p r o p e r ty o f b e in g k n o w a b le by o th e r s . T h u s it is p o ss ib le to d e n y th a t c o g n it io n is k n o w a b le b y o th e r s , b e c a u s e th is p r o p e r ty is p e rv a d e d by a n o th e r th a t is in o p p o s itio n to th e p e rv a d in g o n e (v y âp a ka v iru d d h av y â p iâ y âh ) .47

W h a t I w ish to u n d e r lin e h e r e is n o t th e c o n te n t o f th is s t a t e m e n t — w h ic h w o u ld n e e d to be d e a lt w ith s e p a r a te ly (c o g n it io n as svasam vedana in fa c t is a w e ll -k n o w n d o c tr in e o f th e B u d d h is t lo g ic ia n s , a lth o u g h it is n o t lim ite d s t r ic t ly to t h e m ) — b u t th e p ro c e d u re U tp a la d e v a h a s u sed to d e m o n s t r a te it. In fa c t , h e r e w e a r e fa c e d w ith an a r g u m e n ta t io n (an d a te rm in o lo g y ) p e c u lia r to th e B u d d h is t lo g ic ia n s : th e an u p alabd h i a s th e hetu o f a n e g a tiv e i n f e r e n c e , h e r e in th e fo rm o f vyäpakav iru ddhavyäp iopalab dh i.*» M o r e ­o v e r , it m a y be n o te d th a t th is ty p e is n o t fo u n d in a n y o f th e c la s s if ic a t io n s o f th e an u p alabd h i g iv e n by D h a r m a k ïr t i (in th e P V , P r a m â n a v in is c a y a , H e tu b in d u , N B ), it is n o t p r e s e n t in D h a r m o t ta r a , it is n o t q u o te d by th e K a s h m ir ia n a u th o r s Ja y a n ta ( 8 4 0 - 9 0 0 ) an d B h ä s a r v a jn a ( 8 6 0 - 9 2 0 ) ,49 an d u n til n o w w a s th o u g h t to h a v e f i r s t a p p e a re d in th e r e la tiv e ly la te D h a r m o t ta r a p r a d lp a 50 by D u rv e k a m is ra ( la te t e n th - e a r ly e le v e n th c e n tu r ie s ) , w h o in c lu d e s it in a c la s s if ic a t io n c o m p r is in g fo u r te e n o r s ix te e n f o r m s .51 T h e fa c t th a t th e P r a ty a b h i jn ä c o n s t i t u t e s a s o u r c e o f in f o r m a t io n o n th e lo g ic a l-e p is te m o lo g ic a l sc h o o l o f B u d d h ism c o n tr ib u te s an a d d it io n a l in te r e s t to an e x a m in a t io n o f it fr o m th is p o in t o f v iew .

Notes

1. O n th e in f lu e n c e o f th e fo u n d e r D ig n a g a , se e T u c c i 1 9 7 1 , pp. 1 9 1 - 1 9 2 .

2 . I am r e f e r r in g p a r tic u la r ly to th e w e ll -k n o w n s ta n z a s o f th e b e g in n in g (1 .2) an d th e e n d ( I V .2 8 6 , o n ly fo u n d in M iy a s a k a 's e d it io n ) o f th e P V : präyah p räk rtasa k tir a p ra iib a lap ra jh o jan ah kevalam nânarthy eva su bhäsiia ih parigaio vidvesiy ap ïrsyâm ala ih / tenäyam na p arop akâra iti nas c in iip i ceias c iram sü ktifbhyäsavivardhitavyasan am ity a irän u baddhasprham // 'M a n k in d a r e m o s t ly a d d ic te d to p la t itu d e s , th e y d o n 't g o in fo r f in e s s e . N o t e n o u g h th a t th e y d o n o t c a r e a t a ll fo r d eep s a y in g s , th e y a r e filled w ith h a tre d a n d w ith th e f i l th o f e n v y . T h e r e f o r e n e i t h e r d o I c a r e to w r ite fo r t h e ir b e n e f it . H o w e v e r , m y h e a r t h a s

3 38 R itu a l a n d S p e c u la t io n

fo u n d s a t is f a c t io n in th is [m y w o rk ), b e c a u s e th r o u g h it m y lo v e fo r p r o fo u n d an d lo n g m e d ita t io n o v e r [e v e ry ] w ell sp o k e n w o rd h a s b e e n g ra t if ie d '; an adhyavasitâvagâhanam an alpadh lsaktin äpy adrstapara - m ärthasäram ad h ik äb h iy og a ir ap i / m atam m am a jagaty a la bd h asa d rsa p rati- g räh a kam prayäsyati payonidheh paya iva svadehe ja räm // 'M y w o rk w ill fin d n o o n e in th is w o rld w h o w o u ld b e a d e q u a te e a s ily to g ra s p its d e e p s a y in g s . It w ill b e a b s o r b e d b y , an d p e r is h in , m y o w n p e r s o n , ju s t a s a r iv e r [w h ic h is a b s o rb e d a n d lo s t] in th e o c e a n . T h o s e w h o a r e e n d o w e d w ith n o in c o n s id e ra b le fo rc e o f r e a s o n , e v e n th e y c a n n o t fa th o m its d e p th ! T h o s e w h o a r e e n d o w e d w ith e x c e p t io n a l in tre p id ity o f th o u g h t , e v e n th e y c a n n o t p e r c e iv e its h ig h e s t t r u t h ' ( t r a n s , in S t c h e r b a t s k y 1 9 3 0 - 3 2 , vo l. I, pp. 3 5 - 3 6 ) . M o k s â k a ra g u p ta a d d r e s s e s h im w ith th e e p ith e t n yäyaparam esvara 'S u p r e m e L o rd o f L o g ic ' (K a jiy a m a 1 9 6 6 , p. 1 2 5 ) .

3 . I am a w a r e th a t th e p u re ly s p e c u la t iv e a s p e c t, d e a lt w ith in th is c h a p te r , d o e s n o t e x h a u s t th e w h o le o f th e P r a ty a b h i jn â te a c h in g . O n th e d o c tr in e s o f th e P r a ty a b h i jn â , se e P a n d e y 1 9 6 3 , pp. 2 9 0 - 4 6 0 ; o n its c o llo c a t io n w ith in th e K a u la t ra d it io n , se e th e o b s e r v a t io n s o f S a n d e rs o n 1 9 8 5 , pp. 2 0 3 - 2 0 4 .

4 . C f . M a s s o n a n d P a tw a r d h a n 1 9 6 9 , p. 3 4 : " A n o th e r q u e s t io n th a t m u s t g o u n a n s w e r e d , th o u g h it is r ich in p o s s ib ilit ie s , is A b h i- n a v a 's d e b t to B u d d h ism . W e sim p ly d o n o t k n o w a n y th in g d e f in ite o n th is p ro b le m a t all, th o u g h it is v e ry te m p tin g to s p e c u la te ." S e e a ls o , o n th e s a m e p a g e , n o te 1 . S e e G n o li 1 9 6 0 , pp. x x ii i -x x v i .

5 . It is P V I I I .2 8 2 kâ m asokabhayon m âdacau rasvapnâdyupap lu lâh / ab hü län ap i pasyanli purato 'vasthitän iva //. T h e v e r s e o f th e ô iv a d r s f i is 1 .45 drsyante 'tra tadicchâto bhävä bh ityädiyogatah / ta ira m ithyâsvarüpam cet sthâpyâgre salyatedrsâm // (c f. G n o li 1 9 5 7 , p. 2 2 ) ; se e a lso U tp a la d e v a 's vrtti: kâm asokabhayâd iyogâc ca te te bhäväh pu rah sphuranto drsyante.

6 . O n th e c e n t r a l ro le o f U tp a la d e v a in th e e la b o r a t io n o f P r a ty a b h i jn â p h ilo s o p h y , se e T o r e l la , fo r th c o m in g A .

7. T h e p r iv ile g e d re la t io n s h ip w ith D h a r m a k lr t i m ig h t be e x p la in e d b y th e fa c t th a t h e , u n lik e D ig n â g a , h ad a c c e p te d th e le g a c y o f B h a r tr h a r i (c f . H e r z b e r g e r 1 9 8 6 , pp. 1 1 - 1 2 ) , w h o c o n s t i t u t e s o n e o f th e P r a ty a b h i jn ä 's p o in ts o f r e f e r e n c e , fr o m U tp a la d e v a o n w a rd .

8 . C f . P a n d e y 1 9 6 3 , pp. 1 4 7 - 1 5 0 .

9 . Ib id ., p. 1 4 9 ; se e a ls o S ivasü travim arsin I, p. 1.

1 0 . F r a u w a lln e r 1 9 6 1 , p. 1 4 7 ; S t c h e r b a t s k y 1 9 3 0 - 3 2 , I 4 0 - 4 1 .

R a f fa e le T o r e lla 3 3 9

1 1 . F ra u w a lln e r , ib id ., p. 1 4 8 .

1 2 . A c c o rd in g to A b h in a v a g u p ta 's t e s t im o n y ( S tc h e r b a ts k y 1 9 3 0 - 3 2 , I pp. 4 1 - 4 2 ) . S t c h e r b a t s k y id e n t if ie s a “ C a s h m e r e o r p h ilo ­so p h ic a l s c h o o l o f c o m m e n ta to r s [o f D h a r m a k lr t i 's w o r k s ] . '

1 3 . O n th e f ig u r e a n d w o rk o f ê a r tk a ra n a n d a , se e G n o li 1 9 6 0 , pp. x x iii f f . ; c f . a lso S tc h e r b a ts k y , ib id ., I p. 4 2 an d B ü h n e m a n n 1 9 8 0 .

1 4 . C f . , e .g ., v o l. 2 , p. 1 7 4 : p räm än ika la ram m anyaih [b au d d h a ih ] tädätm yatadutpatti n iyam an idànam upagate.

1 5 . C f . ib id ., p. 1 4 0 : p arärthän u m änam hi sästram / tatra ca pram än äd i- sodasapadärthatattvam ayatvam eva p ara m ä rth ah ; s e e a ls o IP V V , v o l. 3 , p. 1 8 2 .

1 6 . S e e , f o r in s ta n c e , IP V , vo l. 1 , p. 3 0 8 (o n a p o h a ); IP V V , vo l. 2 , pp . 2 7 6 - 2 7 7 (o n sa b d a k a lp a n ä ); IP V V , vo l. 2 , pp. 3 4 4 - 3 4 5 , v o l. 3 , p. 2 0 5 (o n kä ry akä ran as id d h i); IP V V , v o l. 2 , p. 3 7 1 (o n b ä d h y a b ä d h a k a b h ä v a ), e tc .

1 7 . C f . e .g . , IP V vo l. 2 , p. 3 2 : ekänekarü pasya kriyädeh bähyaväde v iruddhadharm ädhyäsadü$anen a anupapadyam Snasyäpy avasyam sam arthan iyam vapuh.

1 8 . S e e n o te 1 5 .

1 9 . S e e a ls o th e d e s c r ip t io n th a t A b h in a v a g u p ta g iv e s o f th e an u m äna in IP V , vo l. 2 , p. 8 4 , w h ic h a B u d d h is t w o u ld a g r e e w ith : an u m än ajä tu pratltih äb h äsän ta rät käry arü p ät svab hävarü pät vä äb h äsän ta re pratipattih . A b h in a v a g u p ta a c c e p ts th e B u d d h is t c o n c e p tio n e n b lo c , e x c e p t th a t h e in s c r ib e s it in th e s p h e re o f th e L o rd 's p o w e r o f n e c e s s ity (ib id .: vastvantarasya ca tena säkam käry akä ran ab h ä v an iy am ah säm än äd h ikaran y an i yam as ca isvaran iyatisaktyu pajfvan a eva av ad h äry o bh av ati na an y ath ä). H e d o e s th e s a m e e ls e w h e r e w ith th e B u d d h is t d o c tr in e o f im p e r m a n e n c e ( IP V V , v o l. 3 , p. 2 1 4 : na bhävasya kim cit nijam nityam an ityam vä vapuh / ìsvaras tu svasam vin m ukure visvam äb häsayan ksan ikatäm ap i äb h äsay a titi nah p ak sah ).

2 0 . T h e q u o ta t io n s fr o m th e IP K a n d vrtti a r e d ra w n fr o m m y fo r th c o m in g (B ) e d it io n an d tr a n s la t io n .

2 1 . B a n d y o p a d h y a y 1 9 7 9 , p. 4 3 .

2 2 . N B T , p. 8 2 : na cätra ja n y a jan ak abh ä v an iban d h an ah sädhyasädhan a- bh ävah , yenaikasm in vastuni v irodhah syät / ap i tu vyavasthäpyavyavasthäpana- bhävena / tad ekasya vastunah kim cid rüpam pram än am kim cit p ram än ap h a lam na virudhyate.

2 3 . IP V , vo l. 2 , pp. 7 3 - 7 5 ; IP V V , vo l. 3 , pp. 7 1 - 7 2 .

340 R itu a l a n d S p e c u la t io n

2 4 . C f . T S 1 3 4 6 : ata utpreksito bhedo vidyate dhan u räd ivat / utpädyoi- pädakatvena vyavastheyam tu nesyate // a n d th e r e la t iv e pancikä.

2 5 . T S P , v o l. 1 , p. 4 8 8 : ksanikatvena n irvyäpäratvät s a rv a d h arm än äm .

2 6 . C f . H a t to r i 1 9 6 8 , p. 2 8 .

2 7 . T h e w h o le v e r s e re a d s as fo llo w s : savyäpäram iv äbh äti vyäpärena sv akarm an i / tadvasât tadvyavasthän äd ak à ra k a m ap i svayam / / .

2 8 . C F . IP V , v o l. 2 , p. 7 5 : kim ca vyâpârarüpam eva phalam v y äp ä rasca vyäpriyam änät v yäpäryam än ät vä an an y âk âra eva s iddha iti abh ed ah pram ân a- phalayoh .

2 9 . C f . H a t to r i 1 9 6 8 , pp. 8 3 - 8 5 . S e e th e d is c u s s io n in T S 1 2 1 3 ff . an d th e re la t iv e pancikä. C f . a lso P V I I I .1 2 3 : pratyaksam ka lpan äpodham pratyaksen aiva s idhyati / pratyätm avedyah sarvesäm v ika lpo n äm asam srayah / / .

3 0 . A b h in a v a g u p ta , in c o m m e n tin g o n th is v e r s e in IP V V , vo i. 2 , pp. 2 7 6 - 2 7 8 , r e f e r s e x p lic it ly ( fo llo w in g th e t ïk â ) to th e d e f in it io n o f th e N B an d a lso q u o te s tw o p a s s a g e s fr o m D h a r m o t ta r a , fo r w h ic h I h a v e fo u n d o n ly a s u m m a r y c o r r e s p o n d e n c e in th e e d ite d t e x t o f th e N B T . A n o th e r e le m e n t w o r th y o f c o n s id e r a t io n in th e s ta n z a a n d in th e vrtti is th e c o n c e p tio n o f th e d e te r m in a te c o g n it io n (v ika lp a , n iscaya) a s b a se d o n th e e x c lu s io n o f w h a t is o th e r . It r e m in d s o n e o f a n im p o r ta n t p a ss a g e o f th e P V (1 .4 8 - 4 9 ) , w h e r e th e ap o h a , w h ic h a t f i r s t se e m e d o n ly to c o n c e r n th e in f e r e n t ia l p r o c e s s , a ls o is e x te n d e d to d e te r m in a te c o g n it io n (n iscay a jh än a) th a t fo llo w s p e r c e p t io n : kvacid drste 'pi yaj jh än am säm än yärtham v ika lp a kam / asam ärop i- tänyäm se tanm âtrâpohagocaram / / — [svavrtti] yad rü p äd idarsan än an taram alin gam n iscayajhän am bhavati, tat ka tham asati sam ärope bh av ad vyavaccheda- visayam bhavati, sam äropav isaye iasyäb hävät ( . . . ] / / n iscayäropam anasor b ä d h y abä d h ak abh ä v ata h / sam äropaviveke sya p rav rltir iti g am yate // [sva­vrtti ] ( . . . ] tadviveka eva cän yäpohah / tasm äd tad ap i tanm âtrâpohagocaram / na vastusvabhävaniscayätm akam / tathä h i kasyacin niscaye 'py an yäsyäprati- pattidarsanät / tatsvabhävan iscaye ca tasyäyogät (c f. M o o k e r je e a n d N a g a s a k i 1 9 6 4 , pp. 1 0 8 f f .) . C f . IP V , vo l. 1 , pp. 3 0 3 - 3 0 4 : v iv idhä ka lp an ä v iv idha- tvena ca sankitasya ka lpo ‘nyavyavacchedanam v ika lp ah , viv idhatvam ca vahnäv an agn isam bhävan äsam äropan iräse sati bhavat, dvayam vahn yavahn irü pam sam äk sip ati; se e a ls o IP K 1 .6 .2 -3 .

3 1 . U p to th is p o in t , in fa c t , th e P r a ty a b h i jn â a n d B u d d h is t lo g ic a g re e , a n d th e m a s te r s o f th e P r a ty a b h i jn â a r e w ell a w a r e o f th is (c f. IP V , v o l. 1 , p. 2 6 6 : ba u d d h a ir ap i adhyavasäyäpeksam prakäsasya prä- m änyam vadadbhih upagatapräyah eva ayam arth ah , abh ilä p ätm ak atv ät adhya- vasäyasya iti).

3 2 . IP K 1 .5 .1 3 : citih pratyavam arsä tm ä p arä v äk svarasoditä / svätan tryam

R a f fa e le T o r e lla 341

etan m ukhyam tad aisvaryam param ätm an ah / / .

3 3 . IP K 1 .5 .1 9 : säksätkaran e 'py asti v im arsah katham an yathä / d h ävan ädy upapadyeta pratisam dhänavarjitam // 'E v e n a t th e m o m e n t o f th e d ir e c t p e r c e p t io n th e r e is a d e te r m in a te r e f le c t iv e a w a r e n e s s . H o w o th e r w is e co u ld o n e a c c o u n t fo r s u c h a c t io n s as r u n n in g a n d so o n , if th e y w e r e th o u g h t o f as b e in g d ev o id o f d e te r m in a te a w a r e n e s s ? '; c f . IP V , v o l. 1, p. 2 9 3 : süksm ena pratyavam arsen a sam vartita- sab dabhävan äm ayen a bhâvyam eva.

3 4 . A b h in a v a g u p ta r e f e r s e x p lic it ly ( IP V V , v o l. 3 , p. 2 0 1 ) to tw o d if f e r e n t p o s it io n s as re g a r d s th e n a tu r e o f th e sv alaksan a. F o r th e o n e (w h ic h is a lso a c c e p te d b y th e P r a ty a b h i jf ia ) it is fo rm e d b y a c o lle c t io n o f äb h äsas (äb h äsan iku ru m b ä tm ak asv a lak san av ä d a ), fo r th e o th e r it is p a r t le s s (n ira m sa sv a lak san av äd a ).

3 5 . C f . S t e in k e l ln e r 1 9 7 1 , p. 1 9 8 . T h is is valid fo r e v e r y p ram än a, t h e r e f o r e a ls o fo r th e an u m äna (c f . P V 1 .46 a n d svavrtti). IP K II. 3 .8 e c h o e s th is c o n c e p tio n : taträvisiste vahnyädau käry akäran atosn atä- / tattacchabdärthatädyätm ä pram än äd eka lo m atah // 'R e g a r d in g a n o n s p e c if ic m a n i fe s ta t io n o f “ f i r e , " a s in g le m e a n s o f k n o w le d g e k n o w s w h a t t h e e f f e c t o r c a u s e o f it is, its b e in g h o t , i ts b e in g d e n o te d by th is o r th a t w o rd an d so o n . ' S e e a lso IP V V , v o l. 1, p. 1 9 9 .

3 6 . In d e e d it is p re c is e ly d e te r m in a te k n o w le d g e , w h ic h is n o t i t s e l f a p ram än a, th a t r e n d e rs th e p e r c e p t io n fo r a ll in t e n t s an d p u r p o s e s a pram än a ( N B T p. 8 4 : tasm äd adhyavasäyam ku rvad eva praty- aksam pram än am bh a v a li) .

3 7 . C f . V e t te r 1 9 6 4 , p. 5 6 .

3 8 . T h e p a s s a g e c o m m e n ts o n P V 1 .58 : pratyaksena g rh ite 'pi visese 'm savivarjite / yadvisesävasäye 'sii p ra iyayah sa pratiyate / / .

3 9 . C f . V e t te r 1 9 6 4 , pp. 4 8 - 4 9 .

4 0 . T h e v im arsa p la y s th e ro le o f " s y s t e m a t iz e r " (vyavasth äp a ka ) o f r e a l ity th a t is s t r ic t ly a n a lo g o u s to th e ro le th e B u d d h is ts a s s ig n to niscaya-adhyavasäya, n o tw ith s ta n d in g th e d i f f e r e n t v a lu a tio n ( N B T p. 8 4 : niscayapratyayenävyavasthäpitam sad ap i n ilabodharüpam vijnänam asa ik a lp am eva [ . . . ) akrte tv adhyavasäye n ilabodharüpatvenävyavasthäpitam bh av ati v ijnänam ).

4 1 . C f . a b o v e p. 3 3 3 a n d n o te 3 8 .

4 2 . C f . S te in k e l ln e r 1 9 7 1 , p. 1 9 0 .

4 3 . S e e a ls o P V 1 .6 8 -6 9 : pararüpam svarüpena yayä sam vriyate dh iyä / ekä rth ap ra tibh äsin y ä bhävän äsritya bhedinah / / tayä sam vrtanänärthäh sam -

342 R itu a l a n d S p e c u la tio n

vrtyâ bhedinah svayam / abhed in a iväbhänti bhävä rüpena kenacit / / .

4 4 . C f . V e t te r 1 9 6 4 , p. 5 3 .

4 5 . It is a q u e s t io n o f w h a t h a v e b e e n ca lled pratin iyatasak ti a n d scim änyasakti (M ik o g a m i 1 9 7 9 , pp. 8 0 f f . ; K a ts u r a 1 9 8 4 , p. 2 1 8 ) .

4 6 . T S P , v o l. 1 , p. 5 9 : ta eva rüpädayah sa lilä d id h ä ra n ä rth a k r iy ä - kä rin ah sam udäyo gh ata iti vyapadisyante.

4 7 . T o r e l la 1 9 8 8 , p. 2 8 .

4 8 . A f t e r U tp a la d e v a , A b h in a v a g u p ta a ls o m a k e s fr e q u e n t u s e o f th is ty p e o f a r g u m e n ta t io n .

4 9 . T h e N y äy a m a n ja ri (v o l. 1 , p. 5 3 ) a n d th e N yäyabhü san a (p . 2 8 8 ) r e f e r to th e c la s s if ic a t io n in e le v e n fo r m s , d e riv e d f r o m th e N B .

5 0 . D h arm olta rap rad lp a , p. 1 4 0 . C f . K a jiy a m a 1 9 6 6 , pp. 1 5 1 ff .

5 1 . T h e vyäpakav iru ddhavyäptopa labdh i la te r is r e f e r r e d to by M o k s ä k a ra g u p ta (b e tw e e n 1 0 5 0 a n d 1 2 0 2 ) in th e T a rk a b h ä sä ( K a ji ­y a m a 1 9 6 6 , p. 8 5 ) an d b y V id y â k a ra é â n t i (c . 1 1 0 0 ) in th e T a rk a so p in a (T u c c i 1 9 5 6 , p. 2 9 1 ) .

Bibliography

Abbreviations

E W East an d W est, R o m e

IP K isv arap ra ty ab h ijiiäk är ikä

IP V U varap ra ty ab h ijn äv im arsin i

IP V V Isvarapratyabh ijfiav ivrtiv im arsin i

J IP Jo u rn al o f Indian P hilosophy, D o r d r e c h t

N B N yâyabindu

N B T N yäyabindu tikä

P S Pram änasam uccaya

P V P ram änavärttika (P V , vo l. 1 = S v ärth än u m än a ; P V , v o l. 2 = P ra-m än asiddh i; P V , v o l. 3 = P ratyakça ; P V v o l. 4 = P arä rth än u m ä n a )

P V S V P ram ânavârttikasvavrlti

T S T attvasam graha

T S P T attv asam g rah ap ah cikä

W Z K S O W iener Z eitschrift fü r die Kunde S üd- und O stasiens, V ie n n a

R a f fa e le T o r e lla 34 3

T exts

A b h in a v a g u p ta . Isv a rap raty abh ijh äv im arsin i (s e e B h â s k a r a ) .

. Isv arap raty abh ijh äv iv rtiv im arsin i, ed . M . K . S h a s t r i , v o ls . 1 -3 ,K S T S 6 0 , 6 2 , 6 5 . B o m b a y , 1 9 3 8 - 4 3 .

B h ä s a r v a jn a , N y äy abh ü san am , ed . S v ä m I Y o g ïn d râ n a n d a , Ç a d d a rsa n a - p r a k ä s a n a p r a t is th a n a -g r a n th a m a la n o . 1 , V a r a n a s i : 1 9 6 8 .

B h ä s k a r a . B h äsk ari. A C om m entary on the isv arap ra ty ab h ijh ä v im a rs in i of A b h in av a g u p ta , v o ls . 1 -2 , ed . K . A . S . Iy e r a n d K . C . P a n d e y . T h e P r in c e s s o f W a le s S a r a s v a ti B h a v a n a T e x t s N o s . 7 0 a n d 8 3 . A lla h a b a d , 1 9 3 8 - 1 9 5 0 .

D h a r m a k ïr t i . P ram ä n a v ärttik a -k är ikä [S a n s k r i t an d T ib e ta n ) , ed . Y . M iy a s a k a , A cta Indologica 2 ( 1 9 7 1 - 7 2 ) .

. P ram änavärttika w ith the C om m entary 'Vrtti' o f A ch a ry a M an o-rathan an d in , c r i t ic a l ly ed . S w a m i D w a rik a d a s S h a s t r i . (V a ra n a s i 1 9 6 8 ) .

. P ram änavärttikam . T he First C hapter w ith the A utocom m entary , t e x tan d c r it ic a l n o te s b y R . G n o li. S e r ie O r ie n t a le R o m a 2 3 . R o m e : IS M E O .

. H etubindu (s e e S te in k e l ln e r 1 9 6 7 ) .

D h a r m o t ta r a . N yäyabindu tikä (s e e D u rv e k a M is r a , D h arm ottara p ra d ip a).

D u rv e k a M is r a . D harm ottaraprad ipa [being a subcom m entary on D harm ot- tara's N yäyabindu tikä , a com m entary on D harm ak irti's N y äy ab in d u ], ed . P a n d ita D a ls u k h b h a i M a lv a n ia . R e v is e d 2d ed . P a tn a : K a s h i- p ra sa d Ja y a s w a l R e s e a rc h I n s t i tu te , 1 9 7 1 .

Ja y a n ta , N y äy a m a h jar i, ed . P t. S u r y a N ä r ä y a n a ô u k la , p a r ts 1 an d 2 , K a s h i S a n s k r i t S e r ie s 1 0 6 . V a r a n a s i : 1 9 6 9 - 7 1 .

ê â n ta r a k s i ta . T attvasam graha w ith the Com m entary 'Pahjikä' o f K am alasila , 2 v o ls ., c r it ic a lly ed . S w a m i D w a rik a d a s S h a s t r i . B a u d d h a B h a r a ti S e r ie s 1. V a r a n a s i : 1 9 8 1 .

U tp a la d e v a . Isv arap raty abh ijh äv rtt i, c r it ic a l ed . an d t ra n s . R . T o r e lla , S e r ie O r ie n t a le R o m a . R o m e : I S M E O , fo r th c o m in g .

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344 R itu a l an d S p e c u la tio n

B ü h n e m a n n , G . 1 9 8 0 , " I d e n t if iz ie r u n g v o n S a n s k r i t t e x t e n ê a r tk a ra - n a n d a n a s ." W Z K S O , 2 4 .

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H a t to r i , M . 1 9 6 8 . D ignäga, O n Perception, Being the P ratyaksapariccheda o f D ignäga's P ram änasam uccaya, H a rv a rd O r ie n t a l S e r ie s N o . 4 7 . C a m b rid g e , M a s s .

H e r z b e r g e r , R . 1 9 8 6 . B h artrh ar i an d the Buddhists. A n Essay in the D evelop­ment o f Fifth an d Sixth Century Indian T hought, S tu d ie s o f C la s s ic a l In d ia 8 . D o r d r e c h t .

K a jiy a m a , Y . 1 9 6 6 , " A n In tro d u c t io n to B u d d h is t P h ilo s o p h y . A n A n n o ta te d T r a n s la t io n o f th e T a rk a b h ä sä o f M o k s ä k a r a g u p ta ." M em oirs o f the Faculty o f U tters. Kyoto U niversity, 1 0 .

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M ik o g a m i, E. 1 9 7 9 . " S o m e R e m a r k s o n th e C o n c e p ts o f arth a k r iy ä ." ]IP , 7 , n o . 1.

M o o k e r je e , S . , an d H . N a g a sa k i. 1 9 6 4 . T he P ram änavärttikam o f D h arm a- kirti. A n English T ranslation o f the First C hapter w ith the A utocom m entary an d w ith E laborate Com m ents [K ärikäs I -U J . T h e N a v a N ä la n d ä M a h â - v ih ä ra R e s e a r c h P u b lic a tio n , vo l. 4 . P a tn a .

P a n d e y , K . C . 1 9 6 3 . A b hin avagu pta , A n H istorical and P hilosophical Study. 2d e d it io n B a n a r a s : C h o w k h a m b a S a n s k r i t S e r ie s O f f ic e .

S a n d e r s o n , A. 1 9 8 5 . " P u r i t y an d P o w e r a m o n g th e B r a h m a n s o f K a s h m ir ." In M . C a r r i t h e r s , S . C o l l in s , a n d S . L u k e s , T he Category o f the Person. C a m b r id g e , M a s s .: C a m b rid g e U n iv e r s ity P r e s s .

S t c h e r b a t s k y , T . 1 9 3 0 - 3 2 . B uddhist Logic, 2 v o ls . B ib lio th e c a B u d d h ica2 6 . L e n in g ra d (r e p r in te d N e w Y o r k , 1 9 6 2 ) .

S te in k e l ln e r , E. 1 9 6 7 . D harm akirti's H etubindu, P a r t 1 , T ib e t is c h e r T e x t u n d r e k o n s t r u ie r t e r S a n s k r i t - T e x t ; P a r t 2 , Ü b e r s e tz u n g u n d A n m e r k u n g e n . V ie n n a : Ö s t e r r e i c h is c h e A k a d e m ie d e r W is s e n ­s c h a f te n .

R a f fa e le T o r e lla 3 45

. 1 9 7 1 . “ W ir k lic h k e it u n d B e g r i f f b ei D h a r m a k ïr t i . " W Z K S O ,1 5 .

T o r e lla , R . 1 9 8 8 . " A F ra g m e n t o f U tp a la d e v a 's Jsv a rap raty abh ijh ä- vivrti." E W , 3 8 .

. F o r th c o m in g A . “ Im p o r ta n z a di U tp a la d e v a .“ A tti del IV C on­vegno N az iona le di Studi Sanscriti. T u r in .

. F o r th c o m in g B . S e e U tp a la d e v a , ìsv arap ra ty ab h ijh àv rtti.

T u c c i , G . 1 9 5 6 . M in or B uddhist Texts, P a r t I. S e r ie O r ie n t a le R o m a 9 . R o m e .

. 1 9 7 1 . “ B h ä m a h a an d D ir tn ä g a ,“ (Indian A n tiqu ary 5 9 , 1 9 3 0 ) ,re p r in te d in O pera M in ora , U n iv e r s ità di R o m a , S tu d i O r ie n ta l i p u b b lic a ti a c u ra d e lla S c u o la O r ie n t a le , 6 . R o m e .

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