THE NOUNNUMBERA. The plural of nouns- spelling :

1.noun + s eg: car- cars, egg-eggs

2.if the noun ends in s, z, x, ch, sh, o : noun + es

Eg: bus- buses, fox- foxes, watch- watches, potato- potatoes

Exceptions (when we add only –s):

a) If in front of –o is another vowel eg: zoo- zoos, radio- radios

b) Abbreviations eg: kilo- kilos, photo- photosc) Proper nouns eg: Eskimosd) Italian musical terms eg: piano- pianos, soprano- sopranos,

concerto- concertos

3. if the noun ends in consonant + y, y is deleted and we add iedeg: country- countries

Exceptions (when we add only –s):

a) If in front of –y is a vowel eg:boy- boys, play- playsb) Proper nouns eg: Kennedy- the Kennedysc) Compound nouns eg: stand-by – stand-bys(inlocuitor)

4. Compound nouns:

a) Noun+ noun: we add –s on the second noun eg:boyfriend- boyfriends

b) Preposition+ noun/ Noun+ preposition: we add –s on the noun eg:passer-by – passers-by

c) When there is no noun present we add the plural on the last word eg:grown-up – grown-ups, forget-me-not – forget-me-nots

d) Plural in the first and last element eg:man/woman student-men/women students

Exceptions : man-eater – man-eaters, woman-hater – woman-haters, manhole-manholes(gura de canal)

5. Irregular plural:

a) Man-men, woman-women, person-people, child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese, mouse-mice, louse-lice(paduche), ox-oxen

b) if the noun ends in f/fe, f/fe becomes -ves eg:wife-wives, life-lives, wolf-wolves, thief-thieves

c) Zero Plural : barracks(cazarma), headquarters(sediu central,stat major), means, series, species, works(uzina), carp, deer, game, grouse(potarniche), sheep, pike(stiuca), plaice(cambula), salmon, trout(pastrav), fish, herring, mackerel(scrumbie), cod, antelope

d) Foreign Plurals :i. –us - i/-ora/-era eg:stimulus-stimuli,

corpus-corpora, genus-generaii. –a -ae eg:alga-algaeiii. –um -a eg:agendum-agendaiv. –ex -ices eg:codex-codicesv. –is -es eg:thesis-thesesvi. –on -a eg:criterion-

criteriavii. –eau -eaux eg:tableau-tableaux

viii. –o -i eg:graffito-graffiti

B b

B. Uncountable nouns/.,llll

1.Only singular form:

a) Food, bread, butter, milk, coffee, mutton, pork, chicken, beer, bacon etc.

b) Coal, soap, chalk, land, furniture, grass, paperc) Cleanliness, justice, knowledge, advice, information, news,

business, luck, evidenced) Measles, mumps, rickets(pojar, oreion, rahitism)e) Aesthetics, cybernetics, electronics, linguistics, physics,

phoneticsf) Billiards, cards, darts, marbles, draughts, chequers(joc de

dame), dominoesg) The beautiful the good, the evil, the sublime

Aceste substantive se acorda cu verbul la singular!

Ele pot fi numerate cu expresii ca: a piece of, a slice of, a loaf of, a lump of(un bulgare de), a roast of, a bar of, a stick of, a strip of(o fasie de), an article of, a bit of, a sheet of, a blade of(un fir de), a word of, an item of…

2.Only plural form:

a) Binoculars, compasses, glasses, scissors, tongs/ pliers/ pincers(cleste)

b) Clothes, trousers, shorts, pants, jeans, pyjamas, overalls(salopeta)

c) Pluralia Tantum :Arms, bowels(intestine), colours(drapel, steag), the Commons(Camera Comunelor), damages, dregs(zat), fireworks, funds(fonduri), the Lords (Camera Lorzilor), manners, particulars(date particulare), regards, savings, stairs, surroundings, thanks, valuables(obiecte de valoare),archives, brains(judecata, minte), customs, earnings, goods,minutes(process verbal), outskirts(periferie), wages(salariu), oats(ovaz)

d) Cattle, clergy, gentry, people, youth, police etc.

e) The disabled(persoane cu handicap), the injured, the poor, the rich, the sick, the wounded

f) the Alps, the Highlands, the Carpathians

Only singular Only plural

Advice=sfaturi Advices=instiintari, avize

Air=aer Airs=aere(la figurat)

Ash=scrum de tigara, cenusa(geologie)

Ashes=cenusa

Bearing=conduit, tinuta Bearings=aspecte, coordonate

Content=continut(capacitate) Contents=cuprins

Cost=cost Costs=cheltuieli

Fund=fond de baza(cunostinte, bani)

Funds=fonduri

Ground=pamant,teren Grounds=zat, teren al unei cladiri

Honour=onoare Honours=distinctive la examene

middle age=varsta mijlocie the Middle Ages=Evul Mediu

Regard=privire, consideratie Regards=salutari

Respect=stima Respects=omagii

Scrap=deseuri de metal Scraps=resturi de mancare

Sight=vedere Sights=obiective turistice

Spirit=spirit, fire, atitudine (high/low) spirits=dispozitie(buna/proasta)

Spirit=spirt, alcool pur

Troop=trupa de soldati, grup

Utility=utilitate Utilities=cheltuieli de intretinere

Aceste substantive se acorda cu verbul la plural!

Q1 - The plural of 'church' is ....churchschurcheschurch's

Q2 - The plural of 'shadow' is ....shadowsshadow'sshadowes

Q3 - The plural of 'fox' is ....foxsfoxesfox's

Q4 - The plural of 'play' is ....playesplaysplaisplay's

Q5 - The plural of 'fly' is ....fly'sflysflies

Q6 - The plural of 'sheep' is ....sheepsheep'ssheeps

Q7 - The plural of 'blaze' is ....blazesblaze'sblazs

Q8 - The plural of 'tomato' is ....tomatostomato'stomatoestomatos'

Q9 - The plural of 'information' is ....

informationsIt doesn't have a plural

Q10 - The plural of 'trip' is ....trip'stripestrips

Q11 - The plural of 'wash' is ....washeswashswash's

Q12 - The plural of 'match' is...matchsmatchesmatch's

What is the correct plural of the word?

1. These (person) are protesting against the president.

2. The (woman) over there want to meet the manager.

3. My (child) hate eating pasta.

4. I am ill. My (foot) hurt.

5. Muslims kill (sheep) in a religious celebration.

6. I clean my (tooth) three times a day.

7. The (student ) are doing the exercise right now.

8. The (fish) I bought is in the fridge.

9. They are sending some (man) to fix the roof.

10. Most (houswife) work more than ten hours a day at home.

11. Where did you put the (knife) ?

On the (shelf) .

12. (Goose) like water.

13. (Piano) are expensive

14. Some (policeman) came to arrest him.

15. Where is my (luggage) ?In the car!

Write down the correct form of the plural:

1. city - .

2. house - .

3. boy - .

4. family - .

5. life - .

6. photo - .

7. phone - .

8. sandwich - .

9. nurse - .

10. elf - .

11. phenomenon - .

12. criterion - .

13. village - .

14. toy - .

 GENDER

A.GENDER OF PERSONAL NOUNS

1. gen marcat lexical (prin cuvinte diferite)

eg: boy-girl, mother-father, gentleman-lady, monk-nun, king-queen, lord-lady, man-woman, uncle-aunt, grandpa-grandma

2. gen marcat morphologica) prin sufix la forma de masculini. –ess: actor-actress, duke-duchess, god-goddess, host-

hostess, master-mistress, prince-princess ii. –ine: hero-heroineb) Prin suffix la forma de femininei. –er: widow-widowerii. –groom: bride-bridegroom

3. Genul comun: artist, doctor, musician, professor, student, cousin, friend, neighbour, speaker, teacher

!!! In acest caz, apartenenta de gen se face prin pronume, cuvinte cu genul marcat lexical (boyfriend-girlfriend,

policeman-policewoman, male student-female student, chairman-chairwoman), adjective caracteristice unui singur sex (eg: pregnant)

!!! In engleza americana: actor, mail carrier(postman), fire fighter(fireman), police officer(policeman), chairperson(chairman), spokesperson(spokesman= purtator de cuvant), flight attendant(air hostess), humankind(mankind)

B. GENDER OF ANIMATE NOUNS

1.animale mari:

a) Gen marcat lexical: stallion-mare(horse), bull-cow(ox),boar-sow(pig), stag-hind(deer)

b) Gen marcat morfologic: lion-lioness, tiger-tigress

2.animale mici:

a) marcat lexical:cock/rooster-hen, dog-bitch, drake-duck, gander-goose

b) prin cuvinte de marca ale genului: cock/hen sparrow, he/she goat, Tom/she cat, male/female frog

C. COLLECTIVE NOUNS

1. Cand se refera la un intreg (se comporta ca substantive numarabile)

Eg: The teams are on the field./ The team is on the field.

2. Cand se refera la membri (se comporta ca substantive colective- in acest caz substantivele au doar forma de singular si se acorda cu verbul la plural)

Eg: The team are on the field.

Substantive collective: army, assembly, audience, class, club,committee, crew, crowd, family, government, jury, party, press, public, troop, flight(birds, insects), flock(sheep), herd(cattle), pack(wolves), poultry, shoal(fish), swarm(bees),youth…

NOUNS, ADJECTIVES AND VERBS WITH PREPOSITIONS

1.PREPOZITIA OF

SUBSTANTIVE:

cause, chance, opportunity, complaint, abundance, capability,certainty, sureness(precizie, certitudine), conception,discussion, hope, master, opinion, intention, sense, way, means,knowledge

ADJECTIVE:

afraid, ashamed, aware, characteristic, fond(afectuos), full,jealous, proud, sure, sick, typical, worthy(care merita, nobila,repectabil), confident(sigur), envious(invidious), illustrative,representative, tired, independent, incapable

VERBE:

accuse, boast(a se lauda cu), cure, deprive(a priva), die,remind, rob, suspect, take care, (dis)approve, admit, think,beware, consist, dream, smell

2.PREPOZITIA TO

SUBSTANTIVE:

exception, invitation, kindness, danger, resemblance, lesson, insult, shock, approach, contribution, resistance, responsibility, similarity, answer, solution

ADJECTIVE:

affectionate, appropriate, attentive, cruel, contrary, deaf, indifferent, kind, parallel, polite, rude, thankful, accustomed, related, important, close, engaged, married, unfair, similar, specific, particular, proper, peculiar(propriu), due(din cauza)

VERBE:

adapt, adjust, apply(a aplica pe vopsea, a aplica la regula, a exercita asupra, a apela la), attribute, belong, cling(a se tine de, a se agata de), conform, consent(a consimti la), correspond, direct(a orienta catre), explain, fasten, go, introduce, link, listen, object, prefer, reduce, refer, reply, report, sail, sell,speak, subscribe(a subscrie la, a-si da asentimentul pt., a se abona la), talk, lie, look, forward, accustom, agree, elect, resemble

3.PREPOZITIA FOR

SUBSTANTIVE:

tendency, reason, reputation, care, capability, gratitude, incapacity, love, opportunity, responsibility, search, respect, love

ADJECTIVE:

bound, eager, famous, fit, sorry, late, responsible, greedy, noted

VERBE:

account, ask, blame, care, leave, long, look, send, set out, start, apply, beg, thank, wait, wish, call, stand, mistake, feel,pity, apologize (BE)/apologize (AE), hope, pay, prepare

4.PREPOZITIA ON

SUBSTANTIVE:

expert, opinion, report, comment, debate, discussion, insistence,reliance

ADJECTIVE:

severe, keen, hard, dependent

5.PREPOZITIA IN

SUBSTANTIVE:

interest, progress, satisfaction, change, deficiency,difference,  participation, skill

ADJECTIVE:

disappointed, rich, successful, lacking, interested

VERBE:

abound, believe, end, fail, originate, participate, trust, takepart, succeed (+-ing), trade, be engaged/included/interested,delight, indulge, invest, persist, take pride

6.PREPOZITIA ABOUT

ADJECTIVE:

anxious, enthusiastic, mad

VERBE:

dream, think, lie, boast

7.PREPOZITIA AT

ADJECTIVE:

alarmed, amazed, astonished, good, clever, surprised, annoyed, fast, disappointed, disgusted, slow

VERBE:

aim, arrive, fire, gaze, glance, glare, look, laugh, rejoice, swear, have a try, knock, attempt, guess, hint, marvel, peep, peer, stare, wonder, work

8.PREPOZITIA WITH

ADJECTIVE:

angry, busy, charmed, consistent, pale, delighted, dizzy, faint, identical, satisfied, stiff, wet, pleased, bored, annoyed, preoccupied, disappointed, fed up, flushed, crowded, ill, filled,disguised, content, happy

VERBE:

complete, flush, glow, quiver, shake, overflow, shiver, side, subscribe, supply, threaten, tremble, trust, interfere, charge, fill, agree, compare, conflict, fight, mix, reason

9.PREPOZITIA FROM

SUBSTANTIVE:

difference, freedom, death

ADJECTIVE:

different, safe, free, dead

VERBE:

conceal, die, differ, escape, hide, prevent, protect, recover, start, free, suffer, benefit, abstain, emerge, refrain

10.PREPOZITIA BY

VERBE:

win, live, mean, multiply, divide, abide

 

- at school – la scoala

- in school – in scoala (in cladire sau inscris la cursuri)

- in the street (BE)/on the street (AE) – pe strada

- in the sky – pe cer

- in the sun – la soare

- in the field – pe camp

- in the open – in aer liber

- in the morning/afternoon/evening – dimineata/dupa-amiaza/seara

- in my time – pe vremea mea

- on duty – de serviciu

- on purpose – intentionat

- on a trip – in excursie

- on the way to- pe drum spre

- round the corner/around the corner – dupa colt

- at present – in prezent

- at last – in sfarsit

- in my opinion – in opinia mea/dupa parerea mea

- by heart – pe de rost/pe dinaafara

- by mistake/accident – din greseala

- by day – in timpul zilei, ziua

- by night – noaptea, in timpul noptii

- on time – la timp

- at dawn – in zori

- at war – in razboi

- at best – in cel mai bun caz

- at least – cel putin

- by car/train/plane/bus – cu masina/trenul/avionul/autobuzul

- by chance – din intamplare

- by sea – pe mare

- by air – prin aer

- by land – pe uscat

- on the right/left – la dreapta/stanga

Unele parti de vorbire din engleza pot fi urmate de mai multe prepozitii, in functie de sensul dorit. Aceste parti de vorbire sunt: (smb = somebody, smth = something)

SUBSTANTIVE

- an adept in smth/at doing smth.

- attitude towards smth/regarding smth

- ability in/for smth – pricepere/abilitate la

- behavior to/towards smth/smb

- comparison to/with – comparatie cu

- complaint about smth, against smb – plangere/reclamatieimpotriva

- contrast to – contrast fata de

- control over/of – control a/asupra

- capability of/for something, to do smth

- under/in the circumstances of

- concern about/in/with smth

- concomitance with

- in/under these conditions

- on the condition that

- consistence/consistency with

- in contrast with

- discussion on smth/of a subject

- doubt of smth

- at the front = pe front/la razboi

- gratefulness/gratitude to smb for smth

- hope of smth/that + propozitie

- incapacity for smth/ to do smth

- love of smth/for smb

- in the market=pe piata

- in a large measure

- at the moment=in momentul acesta/acum

- at night = noaptea, seara foarte târziu

- by night = pe întuneric, noaptea

- opportunity for smth/of doing smth/to do smth

- opinion of/on

- on the outskirts of = la periferia

- preoccupation with

- in respect of/with respect to = cu privire la, in privinta

- responsibility to smb for smth

- at the sight of =  la vederea

- by sight = din vedere

- in sight = in vedere, in raza vizuala

- out of sight = in afara razei vizuale, pierdut din vedere

- at smb’s suggestion

- attempt at smth/attempt at +vb-ing/attempt to do smth

ADJECTIVE:

- grateful to smb. for smth.

- adequate for/to

- amazed by/at – uimit de

- prompt at/in

- angry with smb/ at smth

- annoyed at/with smth.

- hostile to/towards smb/smth – ostil fata de

- mad about smb./on smth.

- disappointed in/with smb., with/in/at smth.

- disgusted with smb., at/with smth

VERBE:

- dream about/of

- live on smth. = a trăi cu (un anumit fel de mâncare, a se hrăni): The cat lives on mice. – Pisica se hrănește cușoareci

- live by smth. = a se ghida în viață după/a avea drept principiu

- live on smb. = a trăi pe spinarea cuiva

- think of smb., about smth. = a se gândi la cineva/ceva

- agree with smb on smth, to a proposal

- complain to smb about smth, of an illness/headache/condition

- consist of/in = a consta din/în

- part from smb/with smth = a se despărți de cineva/ceva

- suffer for smth/a cause/ideal, from/with a disease/health condition

- warn of smth, against smb

- complain of smth

- speak to smb – a vorbi cu cineva

- lie to smb about smth

- bite, kick, point. throw at (daca ținta nu a fost atinsă sau nu exista intenție)

- bite, kick, point, throw to (daca ținta a fost atinsă sau dacă există intenția de a face acțiunea)

TEST

1.The barracks … in front of our house.

a.is b.are c.am d.has got

2.”I’d like a … of beef and a … of Coke, please!”

a.roast, tin b.slice, cup c.bar, bit d.sheet, strip

3.I can’t understand how can they eat …

a.bowels b.colours c.funds d.brains

4. … are Romanian mountains.

a.Carpathians b.the Carpathians c.Carpathian d.theCarpathian

5. … is not in the mission now.

a.Troop b.The troops c.Troops d.The troop

6.Don’t speak with Jenny now. She’s not in high … .

a.spirit b.the spirit c.spirits d.the spirits

7.Her brother-in-low comes from a religious family. His brotherslive in monasteries, which means that his brother is a … and his sister is a … .

a.monk, nun b.nun, monk c.munk, nand.nan, munk

8.My neighbour is pregnant. This is … first child.

a.his b.our c.her d.your

9.Choose the correct pairs:

I. Spokesperson i.fireman, firewomanII. Mail carrier ii.air hostessIII. Fire fighter iii.spokesman, spokeswomanIV. Flight attendant iiii.postman, postwoman

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