The 2nd International Conference Planning in the Era of Uncertainty: Sustainable Development

THE LINKAGE OF ZONING AND GROWTH CONTROLS THEORY WITH THE KEVIN LYNCH THEORY EFFORTS

AGAINST REDUCING CONGESTION, IMPROVE WELFARE, HEALTH AND SAFETY IN JAKARTA

Danang Rivadhonni*

Jl. Ganesha No.10, Bandung, Indonesia

Abstract

Zoning and growth controls models can be used to reduce the problem of congestion, improve the welfare, health and safety. This model explains that an important cause of congestion is the commuter flow of motor vehicles which drove from periurban areas to urban areas and vice versa. This model expressed the need for the development of zoning/district in the area which is the commuter access to the city center that has been there a bus station, a public station, railway station and traditional market. Development zone/district relates urban renewal, integrated between improvement public transportation with traditional market, renovation of kampong alleys, development of Open Space (RTH), commercial areas, waste management with composting, parking areas, health center (Puskesmas), non-luxury apartments, Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) and a gas station (SPBU). Development zoning district is expected to reduce the number of vehicles entering the city center and a shift towards commuters to use public transportation and also parking the vehicles in this area. This activities can improve the local economic welfare. Zoning and Growth Controls these are regulatory, financing and development may involve all stakeholders with emphasis on poor society. Urban revewal in this zoning district has unique characteristic/ strong image in the public perception so the Lynch theory has been explained.

Keywords : zoning; growth controls; district; urban renewal; integration; local society.

** Corresponding author. Tel.: +62-856-462-61116; fax: +0622-2500046 (SAPPK-ITB),+0621-7228724 (office).E-mail address: danangbunder@gmail.com

Author

1. PRELIMINARYZoning and Growth Control City Theory according to O’ Sullivan is the ability of local governments to regulate

the area to meet the needs of space for public health facilities, safety and welfare by limiting population growth. In case the object is a city zoning, the legality of the spatial arrangement can be closely related to one of the five elements of the internal structure of the city according to Kevin Lynch's theory of "District". While the other four elements are Path, Edges, Nodes, and Landmarks. The five elements of this theory is the perception or which become unique charm and character of a town.

The implication of relationship between zoning, growth controls and district that is how the local government make the spatial arrangement of both spatial pattern and spatial structure that the main function in the achievement of public health, safety and welfare and distinctive nuances to the development of the zoning district. With the zoning, growth controls and district, then a city can achieve the goal of utilizing space and has a character that makes the city was known by the public.

Zoning can be an arrangement for commercial, industrial, residential, green open spaces, and so the central of government as outlined in the Spatial Planning and Territory Document (RTRW) of the City and Regency (Kabupaten). In a smaller scope that if all the above theories are combined and linked, with the aim of reducing congestion will mean local governments need to develop a unique spatial planning rules and character and serves to reduce congestion due to the influence of the spatial region. Zoning concept relating to public transport are applied during system Transit Oriented Development (TOD) and Park & Ride. Two concepts are almost similar to the model of zoning district and growth controls that will be presented in this paper, but there are differences in emphasis is on aspects of the regulatory power of government, broad spatial integration, creating the character of the city, not limited to reduce congestion or transportation affairs but also public health, safety and welfare as well as the rules relating to restrictions on certain physical development that supports the objectives of zoning itself. In this paper is finding to develop alternative of regional zones/districts by applying restrictions on urban development (growth controls).

Author/ Procedia Environmental Sciences 00 (2012) 000–000

2. PROBLEM FORMULATIONHow the alternative development zone / district that serves to reduce congestion, improve the welfare, health and

safety and make the city character?

3. LITERATURE REVIEWTheory of zoning according to Sullivan (2009) patterned to enviromental policy, fiscal, minimum lot zoning and

space, provision of open space, substantive due process, equal protection and just compensation. Growth Theory controls defined a number of policies to restrict the amout of development land and Thus Spake Reviews their population. A city can outlaw development beyond the urban growth boundary or restrict services Reviews such as roads, water, and sewers to on certain areas. Growth controls aims to establish area / field minimum per population and improve the entire area within the city.

One of the five elements of the internal structure of the city according to Kevin Lynch's Theory is a district that defined its simplest sense is an area of homogeneous character, recognized by clues which are continuous throughout the district and discontinuous elsewhere. The homogeneity may be of spatial characteristics, like the narrow sloping streets of Beacon Hill; of building type, like the swell-front row houses of the South End; of style or of topography. The more these characters overlap, the stronger the impression of a unified region. It appears that a"thematic unit" of three or four such characters is particularly useful in delimiting an area.

According to Corbett (1993) in Ginn (2009) definition of TOD is a mixed-use community within an average, walking distance of a transit stop and core commercial area. The design, configuration and mix of use emphasize a pedestrian-oriented environment and reinforce the use of public transportation. Tods mix of residential, retail, office, open space and public uses within a comfortable walking distance, making it convenient for residents and employess to travel by transit, bicycle or foot as well as by car. Every TOD has a core commercial area and employess that Provides residents with the opportunity to walk or ride a bike to Obtain Reviews their basic goods and services.

According to O 'Cinneide & Casserly (2000) in Ginn (2009) Park and Ride is parking at a custom-built car park and transferring to public transport to travel onward to one's destination. It is a fundamental part of many city transport for many car users, particularly for city center trips originating from outside the built-up areas.

Research Isa and Handayeni (2014) explains that the TOD concept aims to create an environment that reduces dependence on private vehicles and encourage the use of public transport (trains, rapid mass transit, bus, etc.) through regional arrangements oriented transit point and supported by promotion of good accessibility and mobility to the transit points (stations, terminals, bus stop / bus stop).

According to Djoko Sudjarto (2001) Urban Revitalization / Urban Redevelopment is an attempt to reorganize one or several parts of the city or functional area of the city as a whole with a view to improving the quality of life and increase the return of social vitality, social, economic and physical environment in one or several parts of the city or functional area of the city.

4. FRAMEWORK ZONING DISTRICT AND GROWTH CONTROLS MODEL IN REDUCING CONGESTION, IMPROVE WELFARE, HEALTH AND SAFETY IN JAKARTAThis paper attempts to develop a model framework of thought and Growth Controls Zoning District as an effort to

reduce congestion in the chart below:Chart 1: Zoning District Model

Center of The City,

DKI Jakarta

Tangerang

DepokTangerang Selatan

Bekasi

Zoning District

Zoning District

Zoning Distric

t

Zoning

District

Author

The biggest causes of traffic congestion in Jakarta is generally caused by the flow of commuter workers from periurban area towards the city center which took place in the mornings and afternoons between Monday to Friday. The concept of zoning distict here trying to reduce congestion by making an area set by the government to build the area of integration between public facilities and public transportation, bus terminals, train stations, commercial, non-luxury apartments, mosques, gas station (SPBU), health centers, kampong alley renovated and green open space by limiting the number of vehicles to the city center and prohibiting the construction of luxury apartments in the area. Green open spaces can be utilized in addition to local residents for recreation, can also be used for land composting organic waste from the surrounding community.

Restrictions on the number of vehicles entering the city by ERP (Electronic Road Pricing) and banning the construction of luxury apartments is some instrument of Growth Controls. Restrictions on entry of vehicles to reduce congestion, reduce the burden on roads, pollution and more efficient in ecological footprint. The prohibition of the construction of luxury apartments meant that not more crowded by the activity of the rich people who tend to wasteful/high ecological footprint. Rich people would be wasteful to run activities, work, shopping, use of private cars, recreation and water resources and other electricity. The Development of non-luxury apartment is intended to organize a high density region around and priority to local residents to have this non-luxury apartment.

As an example that can be developed around the Pasar Minggu, there is a market, bus terminals and train stations as well as the small alleys towards meeting the high density settlement population. Each private vehicles entering from Depok and Bekasi given the option to continue towards the city center with a vehicle parked in the zoning district then proceed with public transport (buses, public transportation, Commuter Line) or pay compensation/levy which is quite expensive at the door of ERP (Electronic Road Pricing ) that makes the rider feel more economically when using public transport. In turn mode or waiting for public transport, motorists, cyclists and pedestrians can use the open space facilities, mosques, shopping and enjoy a relaxing meal in the surrounding stalls. Public facilities can also be used by local people. Multiplayer economic effects can be felt local people and not by the large capital entrepreneurs.

The existence of this pattern makes the need for the physical improvement of buildings (in the form of land and parking buildings, roads, pedestrian pathways, connecting corridor-terminal-parking station, health center, gas station, stalls, alleys dense housing), urban renewal, transportation improvements, as well as an increasing number of services and public transport. Physical development is pursued well designed, beautiful, and integrated into a unique area so that the image of the city is getting stronger and convenient for residents, newcomers and tourists.

Local communities affected by the expansion of land for open area, parking, commercial and non-luxury apartment building can be compensated by the compensation price worth or virtue/previllage to buy a new commercial building. Between the open green space and public facilities recently with alleys towards local residential/kampong areas around made without any fence firmly and memorable blend with the surrounding environment. Alleys surrounding settlements improved physically for good sanitation, roads and decorations. Dense residential alleys around also given the opportunity to develop independently for example providing parking services, leasing bikes, food stalls and other makes, or develop other creative products. It is also possible local residents make a kind of festivals, fairs, bazaars and other creative products.

5. MAP CONGESTION POINT JAKARTA WHICH ARE VEHICLES ENTRANCE FROM AND TO THE PERIURBAN (SURROUNDING AREAS)Most of the roads in Jakarta is always congested, especially during the early morning of working and school hours,

then during the afternoon at after work. The dots are regarded as the author of the vehicle entrance and to the periurban areas that are in the streets:South Jakarta : Jalan Raya Pasar Minggu, Jalan Ciputat Raya, Jalan Fatmawati Hospital, Jalan Raya Cireundeu,

Ragunan Road, Jalan Warung Jati.West Jakarta : Jalan Daan MogotEast Jakarta : Jalan I Gusti Ngurah Rai, BKS Jalan Timur RayaNorth Jakarta : Jalan Raya Cilincing

We show the figure of the map of point of congestion below (Figure 1) that can be developed Zoning District in the form of a line drawing ellipses. Zoning district are located in Pasar Minggu, Ragunan, Lebak Bulus, Kalideres, Pulogadung, Tanjung Priok and Klender.

Author/ Procedia Environmental Sciences 00 (2012) 000–000

Figure 1: Development Zoning District In Dots Vehicles Entrance From Peri Urban

In these region close to the border with the surrounding areas of Jakarta, and is the point congestion. The road is an access road that will lead to the points other congested roads that are in the downtown area. In the zoning district all been there the bus terminal and public transportation, as well as most of the existing railway station. In these region, built and renovated into a contained area of integration of public facilities and public transportation bus terminals, train stations, commercial, non-luxury apartments, mosques, gas stations, health centers, kampong alleys renovated and green open spaces. Road leading towards the city center built ERP gates/ERP machines (Electronic Road Pricing). Motorists are given the option to park their vehicles in the zoning district or whether entrance to the city center by paying the ticket retribution is more expensive than the cost of riding public transportation and parking fees. The government's role is also very important in making the cost of public transport and parking become cheaper with the best service.

6. URBAN RENEWAL, FINANCING AND REVENUE MODELS Urban renewal is an attempt to reorganize one or several parts of the city or functional area of the city as a whole

with a view to improving the quality of life and re-increase of social vitality, social economic and physical environment in one or several parts of the city or functional area of the city. The area around the zoning district is an area that has a high density of buildings and the buildings are old relative. This area must first be defined in the Spatial Planning and Territory Document (RTRW). For financing model that can be used for physical development or urban renewal area can be seen from the following chart:

Chart 2: Financing and Revenue Models

Open Spaces, Mosque, Parking, Land Composting, security

center

Commercial area(traditional café/warung, shop)

Renovation of kampong alleys

Non Luxury Apartement

Health Center/Puskesmas, Parking

Railway Stasion, Parking

Bus Terminal, Parking

Renovation of Traditional Market/PasarJaya, Parking

ERP machines & ERP gates

Gas Station/SPBU

SocietyLocal Goverment

(APBD)

Society

Society,Enterpreuner

sSociety,

Enterpreunerss

Society,Enterpreuner

s

Tax & Non Tax Revenue (PNBP)

BUMD Private Sectore

Monitoring

Author

The division of the parties to fund physical development zoning district, intended to optimize all stakeholders in the area and more efficient in financing. The Government shall coordinate all interests of both the public and businesses, but still consider the moral importance for poor communities. The flow of the economic activity will take place in which the government and bussines sectors to spend first and then get the tax and non-tax revenues and profit/ revenue from the public. Society will get benefit from this economic activity for welfare, safety, health and medical facilities easily.

7. DESIGN ZONE / DISTRICTIn this paper tries to give an overview of zoning in the Pasar Minggu as follows:

Figure 1: Design Zone/District

Field A is an area of green open space including Mosques, parking, gas station (SPBU). Field B is the area of the market and the bus terminal and the existing public transportation, so it needs to be done renovation. In the market building there is also a parking space that can be used the commuter. To connect the bus terminal, green space, parking and station roads need to be repaired sidewalks and pedestrian bridges constructed wider above the underpass road of Pasar Minggu. Field C has the potential to be used as a non-luxury apartments and parking lots that if built will open up access to the small alleys around it. Small kampong alleys also be improved sanitation, design and convenient way to access the population and potential business opportunities such as self parking, shops, bike rental and more. At point D newly built ERP gates leading to the city center. Expected motorists prefer parking in the zoning district rather than get into the city center. Some point of such street stalls to the node identity at Mampang, ERP can also be present so that if there are missed then filtered at that point.

8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSThe conclusion of this paper is related ideas and models Zoning and Growth Controls is expected to reduce congestion, increase the comfort of well-being (welfare), health and security in Jakarta, as well as making the city even has characteristic/strong image in the public perception. The suggestion of this paper that can be applied further by the Local Government and conducted empirical studies and research in the academia.

9. REFERENCES[1] Arthur O’ Sullivan. Urban Economics. Mc Graw Hill Irwin. 2009[2] Djoko Sujarto. Peremajaan Kota. Publikasi Perkotaan DS 009. Penerbit ITB Bandung. 2001[3] Kevin Lynch. The Image of the City. The Technology Press & Harvard University Press. 1960[4] M.H. Isa & Ketut D.M.E Handayeni.. Keterkaitan Karakteristik Kawasan Transit Berdasarkan Prinsip Transit Oriented Development (TOD)

terhadap Tingkat Penggunaan Kereta Komuter Koridor Surabaya-Sidoarjo. Jurnal Teknik POMITS Vol. 3, No. 2, (2014) ISSN: 2337-3539 (2301-9271 Print).

[5] Simon Ginn. Concept to Develop a New Framework That Can Maximise Public Transport Patronage. A Thesis Submitted for The Degree of Masters of Applied Science (Research) In The Faculty of Built Environment, Queensland University Of Technology. 2009

[6] https://www.google.co.id/maps/[7] http://www.sumberjatibaru.co.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=66%3Atitik-rawan-kemacetan-ibukota-

jakarta&catid=1%3Alatest-news&Itemid=59

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