The Idong Diale of Borneo Mervyn W. H. Geech, Ma

UNTONG,A TARACAN nnoxa

WEARING THE CHAWAT

THE

IDON G DIALE

OF BORN EO

MERVYN w . H . gEECH,MA .

(convvs cams'

rx em u -fizz,oxrono )

ASSISTANT DISTRICT CON N ISSIONER IN THE EAST AFRICANPROTECTORATE ; FORMERLY DISTRICT OFFICER

OF TAWAO, BRITISH NORTH BORNEO

W ITH PREFACE AND NOTES

BY

DR. ABR. ANTH . FOKKER

PRIVAAT- DOCENT AT THE UN IVERSITY AND LlCTURER AT THE

CONNERCIAL HIGH SCHOOL OF AN S‘

I'

ERDAN FOR

I ALAY LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

“

O! FORD

AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

1 90 8

HENRY FROWDE, M.A.

PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF O! FORD

LONDON , EDINBURGH, NEW YORK

TORONTO AND MELBOURNE

PREFACE

THE author of this grammar and vocabulary of the‘Tidong

language’requested me to peruse his work and write a short

preface to it. I g ladly complied wi th this request, as the said

language had not yet been investigated by any European

scholar,as far as I know, and any research leading to a

completer knowledge of the vast domain of Malay- Polynesian

tongues must be welcome to the o rientalists who study them.

The specialists of this particular branch of l ingu istic science

are few indeed, and the author seems to have realiz ed this

when entrusting his work to the hands of a Dutchman

Holland in fact is the only country where a doctorate in

M .- P . languages (officially called linguarum Indicarum is to

be obtained at a University, that of Leyden. I cannot but be

thankful for thishonour.

A careful perusal of the grammar and the vocabulary of

Tz’

a’

ong , especially theTarakandialect, led me to the conclusion,that its nearest relationmust be the so—called Ngdju—Da

'

y ak, of

which a valuable dictionary and a grammar were written bya missionary, the late D r . A. Hardelana

’

, who l ived fourteen

years among the Dayaks on the Bari to river in the interior

of Borneo. But also Malay andjavanese offer many points ofresemblance. In fact Tz

’

a’

ong belongs to the same group—thewestern one—in which may be reckoned Sundanese, Madurese

(on Java and Madura), B alinese, B ug inese and Makassarese

(these two on Celebes), and Lampong , B atak, M'

nangkabau,Aefiz

’

nese, Gay e, &c., onSumatra.

PREFACE

But not only the oriental student willappreciate the work

of Mr. Beech ; I am confident this fruit of his three years’

residence in North Borneo will also be useful to those who

may be in need of a practical guide to the T idong language.

Being a colonialmyself and having resided inWesternBorneo

and Java as a mag istrate and a controller in the Dutch

Colonial C ivilService, I know how helpful such a guide may

prove to be in those far-off and scarcely known regions.

A short Appendix deals w ith the phonetic system and some

other points of the grammar wh ich needed a more extensive

l inguistic treating for oriental students. As the Malay language

may be supposed to be the best known among the sisters of

Tidong , the grammar of the former has been constantly laid

together with that of the latter for the sake of comparison.

A. A. F .

AMSTERDAM,November 25 , 1907 .

AUTHOR’

S PREFACE

THIS short work is offered to the public in the hope that it

may be of some interest to students of Malay and its dialects.

I have been unable to treat the subject at greater length, as

I had hoped, owing to the fact that I only remained inBorneo

for three years. This must serve as my excuse for any short

comings or inaccuracies.

As I believe I am the first European to learn these dialects

I produce this little book as a foundation- stone for some one

more competent to bui ld upon.

My very best thanks are due to Dr. A. A. Fokker of

Amsterdam University, who, al though a complete stranger to

me, has been so good as to revise, annotate, and preface mywork, and by many valuable suggestions to give me the benefit

ofhis great knowledge of the Malay- Polynesian languages.

M . W. H. B .

GREAT BEALINGS RECTORY.

Nowméer 27 , 1907.

CONTENTS

CHAP.

I THE TIDONG LANGUAGE

I I . A BRIEF SKETCH or THE TIDONGs IN THEIR VILLAGELIFE

GRAMMAR OF THE TIDONG DIALEC'

rs

Alphabet and PronunciationArticlesSubstantivesAdjectivesNumerals

Pronouns

Verbs

AdverbsPrepositionsConjunctionsInterjectionsSome useful Phrases andIdiomatic

IV. THE TAILED MAN OF SILIMBATU

VOCABULARY

APPENDI!

L IST OF I LLUSTRATIONS

UNTONG, A TARACAN TIDONG, WEARING THE

PAGE

CHAWAT F rontz'

spz'

eee

TIDONGS, LABUK RIVER, BORNEO

TIDONGs, LABUK RIVER, BORNEO

TIDONGS, LABUK RIVER, N .W . BORNEO

PANGIRAN AJI PATI , CHIEF OF TIDONGs, LABUKRIVER

SERUDONG, A TIDONG VILLAGE, NATIVEs OFWHICH SPEAK THE TARACAN D IALECT .

CHAPTER I

THE TIDONG LANGUAGE

IT is a generally accepted theory that allnatives of Borneo wereoriginally of Malay extraction. The Tidongs are obviously so.

These people occupy the East Coast of Borneo between Lahad

Dato and the country a l ittle to the south of Bolongan, though

they seldom penetrate more than thirty miles inland.

I found it extremely difficult to elucidate their history from con

versationwith themselves, but the following theory appears to me tobe the correct one.

At some remote date pirates, belonging to the tribes we may callMalays proper, landed onthe coast of Borneo near Bolongan. The

country was theninthe hands ofthe aborig inal Kayans.

W ith th is race the settlers intermarried, their descendants becoming what are now knownas Tidongs.

These men followed the Muhammadan relig ion introduced bythe Malays.

The new race spoke amixture of Kayanand Malay, which I havecalled Tidong proper.After some time one half of the Tidongs apparently migrated to

the island of Tarakan, while the other half stayed inthe Bolongan

district.Those who stayed in Bolongan gave up a great many of the

Kayanwords and tried to assimilate the Malay,while the emigrants

to Tarakan retained the purest Kayanwords, e . g . the Kayan for

the Eng lish word ‘clear ’

is banta, and is retained by the Tarakan

branch and its ofi'

shobts, while the Tidongs of Bolongan use the

word t’rang , which is pure Malay, except for the fact that it is

pronounced as the Eng lish word bang

[Now there were further emigrations from Tarakan to the neighbouring islands and rivers, so that the Tarakan dialect became

10 THE TIDONG LANGUAGE

sl ightly varied inthe different rivers and islands. This is of coursedue to intercourse w ith up

- country natives. Once d ivided, th escarcity of populationand the fear of foes, making communicat iondifficult, have alltended to diversify the talk.

The following table w ill illustrate what I imag ine to be the

genealogy of the Tidong dialectsMalay-Kayan

Tidongl(proper)

Bolongan Tarakan

ISimb Nonoekan &c., &c.

Tidong proper is, of course, non- existent now, so that the twoI

dialects ofwhich I have determined to treat in this l ittle book are

those of Bolongan and Tarakan. A man who speaks these two

dialects canmake himself intellig ible to any Tidong , even if (as inthe case of the ofi

'

shoots of Tarakan) the native might have somedifficulty inreplying . N early every Tidong I have met can speak

both Bolongan and Tarakan, the former being most popular inDutch, the latter inBritish territory .

The fact that occasionally a Tidong is to be met w ith a wealth of

curly hair is easily explained as being a result of the Kayan strainin their blood, as curly hair among the Kayans, though not general,is at least not uncommon.

The Kayans, being a primitive race, had only a small vocabulary.

As time has progressed, their descendants, the Tidongs, have sup

pl ied this lack from the language of the modernMalay settlers, andthrough them even Arabic, Portuguese and Dutch words havecrept in.

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

12 A BRIEF SKETCH OF THE

defence. The pirates kept in a regular l ine, put about,and

stretched 06 together, not choosing to land. Had I beenalone inthe bay I might have fallen into their hands. The Oran Tedonglive very hard ontheir cruises, their provisionsbeing raw sago flour.

They haveno attap or covering ; nay, sometimes, as the Soo looshave told me, they go, especially if it rains, stark naked. The

Moors of Mag indano and the I llanos,also Moors, despise these

people. When they meet, however, in roads and harbours amongthe Phil ippines, where the commonprey is, they do not molest oneanother. I have been told that the Oran Tedong w ill in certaincases eat human flesh Their boats are small, and made of

thinplanks sewn together. I have heard of some such, once shut

up in a bay by a Spanish cruiser. They took the boats to piecesand carried them overland. The OranTedong make a great dealof granulated sago, which they sell to the Sooloos very Cheap ;

perhaps at one dollar a p icul. The Sooloos, as has beensaid, se llthis again to the Chinese junks.

’

(Forrest, p.

That the Tidongs were orig inally pirates is quite certain, but itwill be noticed that such characteristics as cannibalism are attri

buted to them by their quondam foes the Sulus.

During the past few years I have come into contact w ith both

Sulus and T idongs to a considerable extent, and I have not the

sl ightest hesitation in saying that, whatever they may have beenformerly, the Tidongs of the present day are a race far preferableto the Sulus in every way. The Tidongs build their villages

about thirty miles up the rivers, at the point nearest the sea where

the water is free from salt at low tide. They build their houses on

piles by the river bank. The walls and roofs are made of ataps, ordried leaves of the N ipa palm,

fastened together w ith rotan.

From each house there runs out a platform w ith steps down intothe water. At the bottom of these steps is tied the owner

’

s pranuor jong kong

”.

1 Attap , i . e. amp, 3 Malay word used for any kind of roof-covering .

These are generally made of the dried leaves of the nipa-

palm by the

dwellers near the coast, and of leaves of the sage-

palm by natives of theI'

.mtgr

tc

lh g - out’

canoes, varying from about 3 to 1 2 feet in length. The

sides are made of planks fastened on w ith rotan, and therefore easilyde tachable.

TIDONGS IN THEIR VI LLAGE LIFE 13

T he jung le around is allcleared and planted w ith sago, bananas,

cocgnuts and obi - kayn}.E ach man has hispart? patch whereon, if the owner is not too

la zy to plant it, enough rice can be grown for the fami ly’

s simplew ants: The coco- nuts and bananas serve as barter}W hen thepadz

'

is ripe , menand womenand childrencut it. The

g rain is separated from the husk by pounding i t ina woodencavitycut out of a log of wood 3. This is the business of the womenand

ch i ldren.E very village has its chief, or orang tna (oldman) , also i ts Imam,

who looks after the little mosque. For theTidong professes to be a

Muhammadan, though he is very far from being orthodox ; strictobservance of prayer and ceremony and anything approachingb igotry and fanaticism being quite foreign to his easy-

going ideas.“There w ill , perhaps, be one or two Chinese or Arab shops where

he buys his tobacco and clothes, and where, onhis returnfrom the

jung le, he w ill sel l his gutta or his rotan.

A dozendogs act as scavengers, and a few fowls are kept to bek illed on special occasions only.

The Tidong on h is river lives a very simple life. He does as

l ittle arduous work as possible, and living being so cheap, there isnothing to induce him to work strenuously. He has not the

slightest desire to become rich—enough food for the day is theonly thing to be thought of. A sing le day

’s journey to the sea

wi ll furnish h im w ith fish which , when dried, will be sufficient tolast a week, while prawnsmay always be had out of the river at lowtide. He is,nevertheless, invariably indebt to the shopkeepers for

should he have a successful search in the jung le, allhis profits,whether large or small, are immediately squandered onclothes, orona huge feast, or evenat that corrup ting institution, the Chinese

gambling farm. N0 amount of talk ing or explanationw ill inducehim to save enough to pay for hisnext outlay whenhe wishes to gointo the jung le. On the contrary, he w ill always take his rice andstores from the sh0p , where it is g ivenhim oncredit, onconditionthat whatever he obtains inthe jung lemust be sold at that particu

1 Obi - kayn the tree potato. The word explains itself.2 A log of wood for pounding Mal. lumpang , Jav. h ung

—F .

3 Just as inJava—F.

14 A BRIEF SKETCH or THE

lar shop. Consequently prices rest w ith the shopkeeper, and th e

Tidong cannever look around for the best market. I t is true t h a twhenhe sells his gutta to the shop there is anunwrittenlaw t h a tthe purchaser may only cut through the lump once. Consequentlyhe thinks he gets the better of the Chinaman by inserting in h is

lump of gutta a judiciousmixture of leaves, tw igs, and other fore ig nbodies ; and, child as he is, he never real izes that the Chinaman

makes allowances for this when he names his price, whether th e

gutta be adulterated or not.

He isw ithal veryproud. No inducement inthe shape ofhigh wag e swill induce him to work as a coolie. He likes to be free, so that h ecanwork for a bare existence for one halfof the day , and for the o the rhalfbe idle, or squat inthe shade, weaving a sleeping mat out ofrotan,or dyeing his trousers some brilliant shade of purple or g reen.

Inhis private life the Tidong is distinctlymore moral, or perhapsI should say less immoral, than the other nations who l ive around .

He w ill always be found to be polite, but never servile , and when

one gets to know him, he will speak his mind in an honest and

straightforward way that is never in the slightest degree insolent.This characteristic, together w ith the possessionof a strong sense of

humour, makes him anexceedingly attractive person.

i‘

heTidong averages inheight about five feet ; his colour is as a rulea l ight coffee, but it varies a great deal, and is sometimes almostblack. His hair, sometimes straight and sometimes curly , is gener

ally allowed to grow long , though he wears it wound up into thehandkerchiefwhich forms his head covering . His nose is incl ined

to be spread—his limbs are wonderfully straight and symmetrical)

Contrary to the custom ofmost of the Borneo tribes that professMuhammadanism, the woman herself decides whether she will

a"ccept any of her suitors. She cannot be compelled to marry

against her w ill.The fatalistic tendency in the Tidong is strong . Some of his

customs and superstitions are interesting . The Tidong always

files the top row of h is front teeth so as to make them perfectlylevel 1. He may not treat the bottom row in the same way

unless either his father or his mother is dead. In the same

Like so many other Malay tribes, e. g . the Javanese.—F .

PANGIRAN AJI PATI, CHIEF OF TIDONGS, LABUK RIVER

I6 A BRIEF SKETCH OF THE

thensits downona cushionunderwhich her relations surre ptit io u s ly"

place sz'

rz'

lz,camphor, gambier, and betel- nut. If she immedia tely

faints, th is is a S ign that it is a true spirit of the air w ith wh ich she

has become possessed ; but if she does not,it is a sign that h er

seizure is only a form of hysteria induced by her be ing g z'

la -

y'

ant an

(in love) .1 If she has fainted, and is therefore possessed of a t rue

setan,wh ich I am told isonly the case about once ina hundred time s,

the relatives remove the sz'

n'

fi from underneath the cushion, whe re

uponshe immediately recovers. That Spirit is now considered to beexpelled , but another immediately takes its place and the woman

aga in falls asleep. While she is asleep the setan points out to

her who are the evildoers in the village—who stole this, whomurdered that man, and so on. She w ill then instruct the Spiriteither to punish them w ith sickness, or death, or else turn the ir

hearts from w ickedness and make them respectable members of

society, N eedless to say I never came across a true berlzantn. In

every case that came under my observationthe subject was merely‘ in love I t is, however, astonishing how these womencanwork

themselves up to such a pitch of hysterical excitement as to rush

w ildly from the house and take a flying leap into a river swarmingw ith crocodiles, as I have actually known them to do.

Ag ain, if some one in the village happens to be ill, the friendsand relatives againassemble in the house and beat gongs. Some

one will be Chosen to dance after about half- an- hour he wi ll goand visit the patient, and if the sight provokes him to laughter hew ill know that the spirit has emanated from himself. Very oftena man has as many as ten spirits dwelling inhim. They are notsubject fo his will. For instance

, a spirit dwelling ina manmaytake a dislike to another man, and may enter into this othermaninthe form of a disease, or evenof death, while the manfrom whom

the spirit came may be allthe time onexceeding ly good terms w iththe victim,

and not w ish him any ill at all.’ So that when the

dancer has v isited the sick man and finds out that the evil spiritis from himself he ‘

w ill not command but try to persuade it to

come out’. If his persuasion proves successful the spirit, pre

1 In the Malay of Borneo jantan is applicable either to animals or

bugga beings. So in Tidong dinandu (Tan) , d

’

dor (Bah) apply to

fi t

TIDONGS IN THEIR VILLAGE LIFE I 7

sumably as a Parthian shot, will tell him not to g ive the sick man

any medicine.

’ The Tidong knows that he must disobey this‘

prompting inhis heart g ive the sick manmedicine, and he will

get well. Should, however, the sight of the patient provoke the

dancer to anger, it is a sign that the spirit has emanated from some

other man. He will then ask from whom it has come and why,

and on receiving the answer, he will go in search of the original

possessor of the spirit who may , or may not, try to exorcise it. If

he is unwilling or unable to do this the patient dies. Yet the man

from whom the Spirit came‘ is inno way held responsible for his

death, because it is generally admitted that he has no actual power

over the spirits dwe lling within him, and his ownw ishes may be

even actually opposed to theirs’. Analogously , if a mancommits

a heinous offence against his fellow men, and is afterwards re

pentant, he can always lay the blame upon some itinerant spirit,that has takenrefuge with him and afterwards passed on, and . thus

escape allill- will. The Tidongs believe in the evil eye’

.

They object to being photog raphed, as each photograph isbelieved

to take away some of their essence or being . Toothache is ascribedto the presence of a worm in the tooth

,which a clever doctor can

cause to descend through the arm and wrigg le out at the finger- tips.

‘Stones thrown into the river at certain places w ill certainlybring about a flood, and thrown into other parts will cause rain.

’

Hitting a man three times w ith a woodenspoonw ill cause himto be turned into a monkey.

’

Mushrooms spring from dogs’urine, and if when you gather

them you shout like a madmanmore w ill spring up in their place.

’

A looking -

g lass and a bunch of seri placed outside will causerain to cease .

’

If whenyou talk to a friend you put one hand onhis shoulderand not one hand oneach of his shoulders you will certainly loseyour memory.

’

On the whole I found the Tidong a charming person. There issomething attractive about his very failings. In his home he is

peaceable and law - abiding , and as a companion in the jung leI found him most careful for my comfort , and a cheery

,if not

always intellectual , conversational ist round the camp fire.

BEECH

CHAPTER I I I

GRAMMAR OF THE TIDONG DIALECTS

ABBREVIATIONSMal. Malay. Bug. Bugis.Tar. a: Tarakan. Sul. Sulu.

Bol. Bolongan se.

Sim. Simbakong Tidong .

Non. Nonoekau

ALPHABET AND PRONUNCIATION.

a is equivalent to the a in the Eng lish word rather ’. Ina good

many words, however, in the Bolongandialect it is oftenpronouncedas in the Eng lish word bang For the sake of distinction when

pronounced this way the a will be writtena.

a, usually printed a, is the same as a, only a shorter sound.

a is pronounced as a in the Eng lish‘bale or the e in the

I talian t ill.

2 is identicalwith the e muet ’ of the French, and wi ll throughout the book be signified by anapostrophe as s

’

ndag ina .

z“

as ee in beet ’ ; e. g . f lame is pronounced as if spelt peear - sow .

2’

is pronounced as in pin’.

a“

is pronounced as in bone (highusually printed a, is pronounced as inthe Malay word tanjong

'

.

This is anopenor low a sound as the tongue is held a little farther

away from the palate thanw ith the closed or high a sound as in

Malay suku, balm, keel-n, g ala .

12 and n are high as in boot ’ and Malay salve ; cf. waln, 2m .

12. This is a most curious sound in a Malay language, as it is

pronounced exactly as in the Eng lish mud

b, a’

,It, j, k, l, m,

n,p, s, t are pronounced as inEng lish.

ALPHABET AND PRONUNCIATION 19

r is pronounced exactly as inMalay, i . e. by letting the breathinto the hinder part of the tongue w ithout making the uvulatremb le ; so it is an no vibrative.

g is always pronounced as ing et org oose.

y is pronounced as in ‘yachtan is pronounced as ow in cow

az‘

is pronounced as i in miceex

'

is pronounced as ay in hay

on is pronounced as 5 + u , or as eemu (century) inDutch.

ng is pronounced as ng in sing ing’

cl: is pronounced as inMari It is more dental than the

e}: inEng lish‘chase

The sign (hamza) denotes the abrupt setting in or stopping of

the breath. In the vocabulary it is only printed when used as

a final.The Tidong dialects have no writing . Those who are sufficiently

educated to write at all—and their numbers are very few indeed

ernploy the Malay language w ith the Arabic characters.

For the pronunciationof words a general rule canbe made thatthe accent falls on the penultimate, as inMalay

, Dayak, Javanese,Sundanese, &c.

ARTICLES .

There is no definite article ineither dialect.InTarakan the word sz

‘

nan, meaning one, is used as an indefinite

article it is never used incounting , where z’

sa is always employed

Malak aka pz'

asansz'

nan, I ask for a coconut.

Salimponglcorresponding to the Malay so 502, sa onalz, &c. ,

1 InMalay, as inBurmese, Siamese, Japanese, andChinese, there exists aset of specific and technicalterms, called by the grammariansnumeralafixes,some one or other of which is always used as a coefficient to the numeral,the term being selected according to the class under which the object fallsThe use of these terms w illbe best understood by comparing it w ith the

analogous use inEnglish of such phrases as so many head of cattle so

many file of soldiers’

so many sailof ships so many stand of rifles.’

(Maxwell’sManualof tire Malay Language, p.

In Tarakan or Bolongan lz'

mpong and sz'

mpong are the only numeralcoeffici ents which canbe applied to any class of inanimate objects and all

animate things except human beings, when and (Tan) and b’

kra (Bol.)are employed. These numeral coefficients are also found in Balinese ,Achinese, Minang - kabau Batak, Javanese, &c.

, which all belong to one

family of languages.'—F

20 GRAMMAR OF THE TIDONG DIALECTS

also takes the place of an indefinite art icle ; lz’

mpong li tera l lymeans a round thing , thence a unit

oalez‘

sa lz'

mpong , a house (Malay, sa break mmalr) .Bolonganhas no equivalent to smart .Its equivalent of sa’lz

’

mpong is simpong : mental: sz'

mpong sa

baa/z mmalz.

SUBSTANTIVES .

NUMBER.

The noun undergoes no change to denote the singular and

plural number :Tar. Bol.

ulnn bais, a good man, or ulnn ea. a good man,

good men. good men.

Plural is also expressed by the words meaning many

suang (Tan), raoongmany men: suang ulun (Tan), raoong when

This is intensified (but not usually if talking of persons) byduplication

T{nab a’

o daba w ang snang- suang (Tan) .

Sz’

nadong d’aknw ang raoong

- rabong

Give me a great deal of money.

Ka - su - snang is used by some of the lower dialects instead of thereduplicated form.

The two‘numeral afi'ixes ’

and (Tan) and o’kra which

mean ‘

person’or

‘flesh ’

, are generally used with the numeral in

enumeratingSina ulundua ansi (Tan).N anulundua o

’

kra

There are two men. Literally There are men—two persons.

GENDER.

There is no gender, only sex is distinguished by addingwords meaning male and female

Tar. Bol.

asu dalakz'

, a dog . asu laki , a dog .

asu dz’

nandu, a b itch. asu a’dor, a bitch.

z z GRAMMAR OF THE TIDONG DIALECTS

The ablative meaning‘by

’

(Malay alc/t) can only be expressed

by a round- about phrase, e. g .

This was done by the rajah.

Im'

diouat ole/l: 1 rajah

Tug us rafalzg i tu (l it. : This is the rajah’s work)

K’nnot rajok inan

But the ablative is sometimes expressed by the position of the

agent after the verb , as inMalay

eatenby mice.

dz'

makan tz'

kus

z’

nakan tz'

kus

kz'

numono’

laban

Tidong dialects being of a primitive nature, derivative nouns,especially abstract nouns, are seldom if ever used. Whenever,however, they are employed the ordinary prefixes and suffixes are

used as inMalay.

E . g . Ko - besar - an (Mal.) meaning greatness (not size) could be

expressed by ko- tupal- an (Tan) , ko - roy o

- on

Look at his greatness (his splendour) .Inz

'

long-ma ka - tupal- an- na

T'nung oI

-ma ka - ray a- an-m

’

a

But if we had to express bodily size this would be the renderingInilong

-ma typo] ulung z’

no

T’nang al

-ma ray a ulunz‘

la

which literally means : Look at that man's big (ness) .Verbal nouns are discussed under the heading of verbs.

ADJECTIVES.

Adjectives undergo no change to indicate either number, genderor case, as inMalay, &c.

The adjective ordinarily follows the substantive it qualifies

a bad man—ulnnmalotulunb

’

jz‘

t (Bol.)a black dog—um mz

‘

tam

osu mitam

Literally the thing obtained ole]: being the verbal stem ofoer -olek,to get, to obtain.

—F .

ADJECTIVES 23

But, as inMalay, it canalso precede it, especially if there is anyemphasis onthe quality expressed :

That ’s a good man—Rois alang ina (Tan)B ai

”alan z

’

non

COMPARISON or ADJECTIVES.

The Comparative, as inMalay, &c. , is expressed

(I ) By the help of words signifying‘more or

‘ less

laoz'

k (Tan), m 1x more ; korang (Tan),korang (Bol.) less.

Gz'

la labile kaz'

s (Tan),I ta l

’

bz’

k bai‘

z’

la lebz'

k balk (MThis is better.

(2) By position:

Gila bails z’

ntad do ana g z'

na

I ta boi"ny a ona z

’

nan

This is better than that.L iterally : This is good—thanthat (ny o also=from).

The Superlat iae is expressed

(I ) By the words kanz’

njala (Tan) , t'

ng on followingthe adjective. These words are equivalent to the Malay s’kolt

‘

.

Gila bai lskanz'

njala (Tan),Ila bai

’t’

ng an

This is the best.

(2 ) By the periphrasisGz

'

ta bar’

s z'

afad do ana onda

[ ta bar”ny a ona z

’

non

This is the best of all.

Literally : This is good—incomparisonWi th any other.

Pos. Comp. Super].

labz'

lz tapal tafialkanz’

njalale

’

bz'

k roy al: roy al: t’ng an

116i }: besar besar s’kalz

'

(or ter - besar) (M11617: dokolak dakolalz {dad (Sulu).

greater greatest (Eng ).


NUMERALS.

It is in the ordinals that the languages of the MalayArch ipelagoShow their Malay orig in to a greater extent than in anything else.

Communicationfor the purpose of trading tends to keep enumera

tionsimilar.

The follow ing comparative table , including Bug inese, the language

of S. Celebes, and Sulu, the language of the natives of the Philip

pines, is interesting .

CARDINALS.

Tidong .

Eng . Tarakan Bolongan. Bug ineseone {so iso

two dao dao

three tala f lak

four ompat opal’mpat

five limo limo limo

six anom anom ’nam

seven tajolr tajak taj ak fii ta

eight dalapon w ala w ola araolz

nine s’

moilan sz’

am sz'

om oséro’

ten sapalok safialolz sopalol: s’

palok

1 Dr. Fokker suggests that this final 0 is pronounced as aw in the

English words pshaw raw saw ’ (past of see) . The sound is

certainly more like this thanan0sound, but the sound is far less broad. The

breath is suddenly restrained, making the syllable exceedingly short.—M. B .

2 I t w illbe noticed that the Bug is for‘nine

’is the same word as the

Arabic for ten. The Arabs were the first traders among the Bug is, and ithas been suggested to me that this probably arose from some nine Bugisarticles of barter being worth tenof some Arab articles—M . W . H. B.

The above suggestionseems hardly probable. Malay dolafon is nothingbut daa—alapon, two taken from (ten) as so

'

lopon so moi/on meansone taken from (ten) I think a - raok (cf. Mal. dao ==two) and o -séro

‘

must have ananalogous origin. Cf. so many other cognate languages. Dr.

Matthes’ B oeg z'

nesclze spraakkanst and Mokossoarscke sprookkanst.—F .

In a Malay , Bug inese, and Arabic vocabulary in my possession

this word i s writtenk l, but should be wri ttenI l. I heard the word

pronounced thus inWestern Borneo, where I had“

many Bugis people inmy district

—F .

NUMERALS zs

eleventwelvethirteen sapalolI - tala

fourteen sapalok—opotfifteen sapalolI - limo

sixteen sopalolz- anam

seventeen sapalok- tajake ighteen sopalolt- wola

nineteen sapalolz- siamtwenty daompalok

twenty- one

th irtyfortyfiftysixtyseventyeightyninety sz

'

ompalolz

one hundred sa - rotas

two hundred daa - ratas

two hundred and dao - rotas- iso dao - rotas- x’

so

three hundred tola - rotas tela - ratas

five hundred limo - rams lz'

ma - rotas

sa - rz'

ba sa - rz'

oa

I sa -palok- rz'

ba sa -palolz- rz'

ba

1 sa - lakso so - koy on

sa -ma’

lt'

on (Dutch) so - rotas koy an

sa - rotas lakso sa -ma’

lz'

on

ORDINALS.

The ordinals are formed from the cardinals exactly as inMalay

Eng . Tar. Bol.

first (ona) ko - z’

so (ona) fiertomo Mal.)ko - sz

’

mfiong (seldom used) .

Malay koyon 40 kale Inweight inthe Straits. With the Dutch it is30 kot£.

- F .

sopalok- dao

sopalolr told/I

sapalo’mpot

sopalok- lz'

mo

sopalolz- onom

sapalok- tajaksopa lI -wala

so1)aloh- sz

’

am

daompalok

daampalolz- iso

te‘lampalok’mpatpalok


ka - t’lak

ka - laja/z

ko - se’

am ko - sz’

am

ka- safialolr

Similarly , allthe other ordinals are formedby prefixing ka to thecardinal, exactly as inMalay.

ana placed before an ordinal takes the place of a definitearticle, asy ang inMalay, or la in Sulu.

FRACTIONAL NUMBERS.

Eng .

a quartera

l

half

three quarters tala saka f lak saka

PRONOUNS.

PERSONAL.

Tar. Bol.

doko , aka , ka aka , ka

Ka is never placed (in either dialect) first ina sentence, butalways follows a verb ; so we may consider it as a possessive

pronoun

Gaong- ka molang .

I want to sleep. I want to sleep.

i. e. My want is to sleep.

Ka cannot be used to mean me’. It is always to be

a non- emphatic possessive pronoun.

PRONOUNS 27

Eng . Tar.

we, us domo kamr’

you, thou dada, ma , ko t’

ko , kolz, ma

M a , ko and kok are seldom used except with a verb in the

imperative mood :M indoro- ma s

’ndog z'

ta

Dz'

ooz'

kalt botz'

ta

Go downnow.

ye may a kikam

he, she, it d o , or no following the so’or nz

'

o following thethey [verb sz

'

do [verb

Inspeak ing , or addressing a personof rank, or a European, or

any one ofauthority, the person’

s rank is used instead ofthe personal

pronoun.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.

These are formed by adding the words y ompana (Tan), sim

fiany o to the ordinary pronouns of the first, second, and

th ird persons

Tar.

doko,aka y ompana

dada , y ompana

sio y ompana

domo y ompana

may a y ompana

z'

lo y ompana

For the alternative method of expressing possession vide supra

on Possessive case

1 In the Bolongan dialect whenthe verb ends ina vowel , inthe imperative m is somet imes added to signify the second person. It is reallya shortened form of ma . Thus tz

‘

nondo- ma , make thou a mark I may be

shortened into tinonddm.—M . W. H. B .

Javanese has a similar use in the Rembang dialect, e. g .fini ngm, your

name,’forfi ning -ma , name of you.

’—F.

Bol.

aka sz'

mpany a

r’

ko, kak sz'

mpany o

sa’sz

'

mpany o

komz'

sz'

mpany o

kikam sz'

mpany o

sz'

da sz’

mfiany a


DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

Eng . Tar.

this, thesethat, those g z

‘

no z‘

aan

pronouns, when used attributively, follow the noun

bolei g ino

ramok z'

aan

that house.

But their positions are Often reversed if the noun is pointed out in

anemphatic way , i.e . whenthe pronoun is used predicatively

That is the house. This is he.

Gino nz'

o bales“

Gila nz'

a sz'

o

Inonno ramalz Ila no so‘

S’ndog ino , s

’

ndag ila (Tan), balz'

nan, oalila meaning‘like

that ’ and ‘ like this when followed by an adjective, have the

sense of a demonstrative pronoun:

He ranso fast (with so great speed) that he won.

.S”ndag z

’

no nz'

o lr'

kas menlaras,manong sz

’

o

B ’lz

’

nonno so‘l’

g ar bag z’

mpor, so’ m’ndng

REFLE! IVE PRONOUNs

are formed by adding to the personal pronoun the words

(Tan), kadz’

rz‘

meaning self’

, and corresponding to the

Malay s’ndz'

rz’

He himself—sz‘o kabalz'l (Tan), sa‘ kadz'

rz’

Sto n’

g alonlz’

nok do bodan- no kooolz'

l

So’ mallsz

'

nodong bodan-nz

’

o kodz’

rz’

He bought it for h imself.

L iterally : He bought it to g ive to his ownbody.

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.


INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

N one, naught, has to be expressed by periphrasis

None are good.

N apo komad ona dais

K ilo nanana bai’

Literally :'There are not who are good.

Any inboth dialects is ona - ana

There aren’t any .

N apa kamaa’

ana - ona

K i lo nanana - ona

Some is expressed by periphrasis

Sina ana g aang sino ona nafia

N anana d’mfio

’

non ona kilo

Some like it, some don’t.

Literally : There are who like it, there are who do not.

Each is expressed by dao- dao in both dialects. Literally

two, hence both :

B aa - dao dais

B aa - dao boi’

Each is good.

Every is expressed by kang angoi or k’ng ai Tar.) kamisa

meaning all:

Everyone likes (allmen like).Ulankanong ai [k

’

ag d i ] g aongUlankamisa d’mpo

’

Olker onda (Tar) . loin (Bol.)Daka ng alap ana g ila , dada ng olap ana anda

Aka ng olop ona ila,ika ng olop ana loin

I take the one , you the other.

Else as in what else ?’ is expressed by bog a (Tan), b’ra (B01) ,

which means ‘new afresh

1 Cf. Malay, ado y ang ; Latin, sanlqa i Greek, eiolv oi .

PRONOUNS 31

What else do you wantN asai bag a

N anb’ra

Apa lag i ?

VERBS.

Th e rules for verbs are identical in both dialects. Verbs are

o f tw o classes.

(a ) Simple intransitive Verbs which admit of no inflexion.

(o) Transitive verbs, both simple, and those derived fromnouns,adjectives and other verbs, which do admit of a certainamount of inflexion.

A . Simple intransitive verbs.

Eng . Tar.

To walk mokoa

To wait

NUMBER AND PERSON.

Number and personare distinguished by the personal pronouns.

TENSES.

There are no tenses present, future, and past are distinguishedby means of adverbs or by other verbs :

Mindoa to descend.

PRESENT.

Eng . Tar.

I descend Doko mindaa 1

Thou descendest Dada mindoa

He descends

We descend Damo mindaa

Ye descend M ay a mindaa

They descend 11a mindoa

The future is formed by the use of the auxiliaries g aong (Tan) ,

1 Mindoa must be felt as an intransitive , being formed wi th the

prefix m(a) , like so many words in Javanese, Sund., &c. In Malay


og i meaning‘wish ’

or‘will ’ and

.

corresponding to the

Malay mau kondok

Eng . Tar. Bol.

I w ill, or want to, descend Dako g aang mindoa Aka ag z dikal

Gaang ka mindoa

Thou wilt descend Dada ga ang mindoa I ko og i dioai

He will descend Sia g aang mindoa Sall og i dibai

We will descend Domo g aang mindoa Kami ag i dikal

Ye w ill descend M ay a g aang mindoa K ikam ag i dioai

They will descend Ila g aang mindoa Sido og i dibai

Another way of expressing the future is by dinoi (Tan) nini

meaning wait ’ and thence presently This is identicalw ith the Malay use ofnonli

N onli aka laran

D inoi aka mindoa

JVini aka dioai

Presently I descend : i . e. I wil l descend.

The past tense is expressed by the use of the auxiliary fiz‘

e’

ng ar

(Tan) ,papas which is equivalent to the Malay sadak, and

means done

I have descended.

Pang ar aka mindoa

Doko pang ar mindoaPapas aka diboi

this aflix is sporadic, and not to be confounded with the transitiveprefix me

’

to go in. Cf. Sund. and Jav. osak and sok.

to go up a river. Cf. adik es o’

lokong or : highland, interior, andS adik, the opposite of ilir .

manlak, to vomit. Cf. Dayak, alo, &c.

m |osom, to be sour.mlasin. to be salt.m |anis, to be sweet.mlasak, to be cooked, or ripe.

The sporadic infix am has anidenticalmeaningglmarok, to thunder.gl

'

milang , to glitter.

VERBS 33

MOODS.

ImperoliveMood of Simple Inlransilive Verbs

Descend (sing .) mindoa - maT

Diboi ika

Descend ! (pl.) mindoa may a Diboi kikam.

The expletive nia (Tan) , no are sometimes added for the

sake of emphasis, as the Zak in Malay, both orig inal ly meaningalready , like the Malay equivalent

M indoa nia ka

Di boi no ika

Taran Iok’ng kaa

Get downyou !

N .B .—Tarakannio becomes ai whenimmediately followed by the

particle which marks a question Pang ar a i ki ? Is

it finished ? (cf. p.

The conditional mood is expressed by means of the use of

a conditional conjunction w ith the ordinary indicative ; and the

conjunctive is formed ina similarmanner

If you had gone up I should have been angry.

Ka dada pang ar mosok m’ag ilan aka

Ko ika papas sobi biring1aka

Inorder that I may go up.

Ka doka kolop masakKa aka kilom sabi

B . S IMPLE TRAN SITIVE VERBS,AND THOSE DERIVED FROM

NOUN S,ADJECTIVES, ADVERBS, AND OTHER VERBs.

These are of two classes

(a) Those which do not change the initial letter informing the1 Dr. Fokker suggests that this literally means our etting - down be

’

(the getting downof you) , so that nia and no wouldybe e same part icles

as in Gina nia balei (Tan) , inanno ramol: Vide supra demon.

pron., 28 cf. dongor 1a}: olelc-ma a listen! i . e. hearing be your

g etting (ber - olek, to g et , obtain) .1 I t is interesting to note in the Bolongandialect how anordinary Malay

word like bising , which means‘to make a noise

’

, comes to change its

meaning to morob , to be angry.’Presumably silent wrath is not a quality

of the Tidongs.—M. W . H. B.

InMalay bi t ing : giddiness by noise which meaning caneasily developinto agg ravationor wrath by other disagreeable influences—F .

BEECH C


imperfective or durative form of the active (which formdenotes duration, kobil, or intention) .

(b) Those which do change the init ial.All these verbs form their indicative inexactly the same way as

those inclassA i. e. by the use of auxiliaries.

As these verbs form their imperative active and their passivein the same manner, these two forms canbe treated of together.

(a) Tkose verbs wkiek do not ekang e tko ini tialletter .

These verbs take the prefix ng a (n before them in the active

(ng’

before a vowel).Before b they take ng om ng om

- badi , to abuse ; ng om- basai ,

to paddle (Tan) and also occasionally before 15 ng om-paki ,to abuse

Before ek they take ng an:1 ng on- ekoba

, to try (Tan) ; ng ofi - oka’

ba ,

to make water See, however, p. 35.

Before l they take ng an ng an- lasal, to speak ngan

lag as, to work (Tan) ; ng an- lakaa , to steal ; ng an- lono, to

question.

To g ive a general rule for finding out those verbs whose initialsremainunchanged is hardly possible. We may , however, hold inView that

g , r remainlremains ;

j, d remain;and b remains but sometimes changes ; ck may change or

remain; s may remain.

To form the imperative active and the passive of these verbs,the imperfective active prefix is dropped and the particles inaand inare either

Imperf. act. Imperative act. and Passive

(allforms).

(1) Preyixed e. g . ag o- rampos ino - rompas (rob ! and robbed) .

ng o- likat ino - likal (bind ! and bound).

1 This a the English and Dutch pronounce (but write wi th ann) inthe commonword ‘launch Cf. Javanese, Balinese, Malay, &c.

—F.

VERBS 35

(z ) or Infixed : i. e. inserted between the initial consonant

and the rest of the verbalstem :

Imperf. form act. Imperative act. and passive.

g- ia - amon (hold and held).

ng a-jo

'wal j- in- awol(lose ! and lost).b- ia - asai (paddle ! and paddled) .l- in- akaa (steal and stolen).l- inag as (work !

1and worked) .

g- ia - ilir (g rind and ground) .

(b) Tkose wkick do ckang e lke iniliol.The initial consonant is ckang ea

’

to form the imperfective formof the active. For the imper . act. and the passive, the in (beforea vowel) and the ino (before a consonant) , are infixed betweenthe changed consonant and the rest of the verbal stem. The initialconsonants are changed according to the follow ing rules

9“and k change into ng in the imperfective form active : e. g .

’ibil (bring ) forms active ng ibil and imper. act . and all forms

of the passive’ia - ibil, the particle in being infixed between the

kamsak, which is regarded as a consonant, and the verbal stem.

Likewise‘ong kal, ng ang kal, in

- ang kal‘osa , ng asa , in- asa .

K im’

m (send) becomes in the active ng irim and in imp. act. and

passive k- ia - irim, the particle in, as before, being infixed betweenthe initial (k) and the rest of the verbalstem (ir im) .ck may change into ny : ckamfiar (mix), act., ny ampur ; pass.

s- in- amfiar ;3comp., however, (a).

s may change into ny . Thus songg ol (hold) becomes inthe active ny ongg al, and inimperative act. and passive s- in- angg al.

So salasai (settle) makes ny alosai and s- ia - alasa i . l mostlychanges into a lodong (cover), act. nodong ; pass. l- ia - odong .

1 Cf. Javanesekir im kinirim (sent) ,laka tianka (bought)angkal ing

- ongkol (carried)—F .

9 What the Arabian grammarians call hamzah is nothing but thespiritus lenis of the Greeks ; the abrupt stopping of the breath we

Europeans never write at the end of a word. The Greeks did at thebeginning , but there it denotes a voiced consonant, whereas at the end of a

word it is surd, like allother finals inMalay .- F .

I have noticed that a Tidong makes little or no difference between hisC 2


fl changes to m pampas (enter), act. mampas, pass.p - ia - ampas ;b may become m too : binsang (tear), act. minsang , pass. b- ia

So most tenues change into the corresponding nasal ; mediae andliquidae remainunchanged, except some few cases.

The passive cansometimes be expressed by means of the auxiliary

pilot (Tan) , siw an (Bol.) the equivalents of the Malay keno

Dio keno banok

Sia fiilalpolai

So’

siw anbanok

He was murdered (literally : incurred murder) .

PAST PARTICIPLE PASSIVE.

The past participle passive is only occasionally used. It is

formed by prefixing to or ka to the verbalstem, the initial beingretained :

kalap, to obtain. ko - kalap, obtainedny akob, to open. ka - sakab, Opened

ng andag a , to speak. la - dag a , spoken

kilom, to obtain. la - kilom,obtained

ng an- lana , to question. la - anlona , questioned

ng an- lasal, to speak. lo- lasal, spokenabout

VERBS FORMED FROM NOUNS.

Verbs are formed from nouns by prefixing ng’

,ng a, ng on, ng afi,

ng om, according to the rules g ivenabove (vide supra , page to

the noun inquestion.

N oan.

asa, a dog . ng

- asa , to huntw okil

,an agent. ng o

- zoakil, to make anagent (Tar. and

jamin, bail. ng o-

y'

amin, to go bail (Tar. and

VERBS FORMED FROM ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS.

Verbs formed from adjectives or adverbs make alltenses of theindicative active by prefixing the particle pa to the adjective or

adverb. These verbs are alltransitive.

pronunciation of s and ck . This may therefore very wellbe ck- ia -ompar.But cf. ckermin saromin —M. W. H. B.


The same rules of formation apply as set forth onpages 34- 6;

b, however, occasionally changes into m

ng anlopa’

(Tan) fia - lafia’

j ina -lafia‘

napa’

(Bol.) fia - lapa’

pino - lopa‘

to hide (trans.) to conceal concealed (or imp. act.)

makaa (Tan) pa - lokaa 1pino - lakaa

ng ampano a (Bol.) pa -ponaa pino -panoa

to go tomake go (send) sent (or imp. act.)

mindoa Tar.) fia-pz'

ndaa pino -pindoa orpinindaa

to send down sent down (or imp. act.)

po - kalap

pct - kilom

to make possible made possible (cr imp.act.)

yo -jadi pin-m-jodi

pa -jaa’

i pina -jodito cause to become caused to become (or imp.

act.)

po -polai

to kill

ya -boy og

po -malan

to make alive

pa - babas

fia - barbos pina - barbas

to cast adrift cast adrift (or imp. act.)

1 This occurs inSundanese too ; there evend is sometimes replaced by n,just as is done w ith the tennis l.—F .

This strange leng thening of the stem with Io may be explained by an

older form ofmokoa ‘lamokaa , ofwhich the formermay be anabbreviation.

Com are so many irregularities in the verb to go inother languages (Engl. ,Dutc Roman languages, Greek , Sanskr., Comp. also Jav. m

’

laka

g lumolm,

r

to go (from stem loka) and Malay b’

rloka , to be current, tobehavee_ e

f ina-paloi

killed (or imp. act.)

fiina - boy og

fi ino -malan

made al ive (or imp. act.)

VERBS 39

ng inam (Tan) po - inam pin- lninam orpininamng

‘i rop (Bol.)to drink to cause to drink caused to be drunk (or imp.

ng okon (Tan) pin’- okan

act .)

kamon (Bol.) fiino - kaman

to eat to cause to eat caused to be eaten (orimp. act.)

lamasab (Tan)1

morap (Bol.) po -paraf pitta -f ora;to sink to cause to sink caused to have sunk (or

imp. act. )VERBAL NOUNS.

Verbalnouns, though seldom used, are formed in exactly thesame way as the Malay and use the Malay prefix. They are of

quite moderndescription.

Cf. Tar. a corkscrew from ny akab, to open: pZ-ny akab.

AU! ILIARY VERBS .

These are

Eng.

is, was, are, were

was, did, has been

w ill, shall, would, mustlet, allow

ADVERBS.

ADVERBS or TIME.

Eng . Tar.

now s’ndag ila

lately d’danoi

formerly laan

1 Inkamon the sporadically occurring infix am of intrans. verbs is nomore felt as such, in lamasab it is stillalive, and so thrownoff in trans.derivations.—F .

1 In the Tarakan dialect kamad is used instead of sina . This is

idiomatic, and canonly be used inthe phrase inanswering a question:N apo kamad .

(No) There aren’t any.

Tiado


nafia Jair

kamadian

early sabok-sabok

to- morrow saab sirib

day after to-morrow saab-anda

2 days after (Lit. 3rd day odaa ka - lola

yesterday (Lit. day before’

) adaa g ala

ADVERBS OF PLACE.

sembial

sow ol

do bankalong

(do manor"

M ISCELLANEOUS ADVERBS.

howmany

1 The equivalent of ia meaning yes cannot be expressed inwriting in ei ther dialect. It is made by closing the lips and makingm sound not unlike a lazy grunt of assent inEnglish Inthe Simbakongdialect it is man.

ADVERBS 4T

Eng .

no, not (bakononlyno (lida

’M

certainlywhy i

’ ka ijoo’

,kandi

also, too po’

PREPOSITIONS.

Tar.

at do do

to do do,ko

from inlad ny o or m’

ny a

with may o, ombayo mang ka,fioda¢odo

As inMalay, otherwords or phrases of thenature ofprepositionscanbe formed by compounding these prepositionswith other words.

Eng . Tar. Bol.

onthe top of

to the top ofd“smboa

from the top of ny o-s’mbaa

CONJUNCTIONS.

BO1.

and may o m'

ny a , mang ka

if

perhaps (’nlok inlaa

inorder thatbecause

and, also

or

but

except m’lainkan m

’

lainkan

only loll

again bag a , fii r og i (2) (Mal. lag i )like


INTERJECTION8 .

Eng . Tar.

F ie dis

There now ! ia

Alas ! adoi

Pity ! masik

anexpressionofmalevolence 1

(Malay) sialI saraa saraa I

The ordinary Arab ic expressions used by Malays and allfollowersof Muhammad are also used by the Tidongs.

SOME USEFUL PHRASES AND ID IOMATICSENTENCES .

Don’t leave me. (Let me not stay behind.)Tar. Samo aka mapang .

Bol. B ag i aka l’

mada .

If you go, sir, I w illfollow .

Tar. j iko laanmokaa g aang - knmay o.

B01. jika laan’mpanau m

’

ny o’aka .

It is past three o’clock.

Tar . Pakallala g ala .

Bol. Tilek l’

lak ng olaan.

I thought there were plenty, but there are not any .

Tar. P’miki r - ka saang , l

’

lapi napa kamad.

Bol. P’miki r- ka robong , l

’

lapi kilo non.

Give it to Iran.

Tar. Tinok- ma g ila do I ran.

Bol. Sinodong- ma ila mang ko si Iran.

Who is that ?Tar. S i g ino 2

B01. Sin inan

1 To hit a Tidong with a broom would mean that you w ished him all

bad luck, and is equivalent to cursing him. The actionwould probably beaccompanied by the expression Soraa ! The natives consider this so

deadly an insult that I have known of one having stabbed his teacher at

Bolonganfor acting in this way towards him.

PHRASES AND ID IOMATIC SENTENCES 43

What has he done ?

Tar. N asoi llang as- no 2

BO1. N ankinaol-ny o 2

There is not room for two here—the house is too small.Tar. Sompalbald

/{ila

, nafo kalop dao

B01. Simpilramo ila , ki o molong dao b’kro.

They have gone to the village to buy fowls.Tar. Sia alanpang ar makaa dof

ag ann alando monok.

B01. Papas-no sido’mpanau do nao mo i do oy om.

In that case that’s the end of it.Tar. j ika s

’ndag ina g ino pa‘

ng ar-nia.

Bol. jika bolinonila papasono.

This is a clever fisherman.

Tar . Ulang ilapandoi ng opan.

Bol. Ulan znonloa m’

si .

Do hurry up we shall never get there.

Tar. 7 ikas miling ,ka s

’ndog ila napaB01. D’

ros kab’ni , ko bolila kilo molang .

Go and tell him now.

Tar. Makaa ka , s’

ndag ila inambalo-ma

B01. MManon ika, bolilaj inotan-ma do side.

This .durien is not yet ripe.

Tar. Darion‘

la imbala’

fiir.

BO1. Damon i la m’nldk og i .

What is the use of talking ? Do something .

Tar. N a kosialag andag u , bai s ng anlag as.

B01. N ankasiolng onlasal, boi’ng ang kaal.

He is my adopted son.

Tar. Sia anak ang kal- ka .

BO1. Sa’one

’ang kal

-ka .

Throw the anchor ; we are drifting .

Tar. B inaba’

lsoak, mabas damn.

Bol. B inuang soak, ma’bas kami .

His father, mother, brothers and sisters and allrelations hate himTar. lama -no

, ino-na , iako

-no,iadi -na ,p

’nsalad k’

ng a: bans:

do sia

Bol. lama -ma , sina -nio, sing ka-nio, sad: onio p

’rodi -nia

kamiso b’

ncki do so’

.

Poor fellow , I’

m sorry for him.

Tar. Mosik da alang ino .

Bol. Masik do alan inon.


She is betrothed to the Pang iranTar. Sia batunong do Pang i ran.BO1. Sa

’

balanang mang ko Pang i ran.

Look out, there’s a crocodile near you.

Tar. jaga ka , bay ak ming kad .

Bol. jag a ika bay ak lambal.

I was terribly afraid because I met anelephant.Tar. Lalo aka kapay ang sdbap ialama do ioki .B01. Rakalaka l

’

ng ans’

bop aka bol’ma do g ojak.

The island of Simunu is three days’ journey from here.

Tar. P alaa Simana law ai lola adaa inlad do g ila .

Bol. P alaa Simana ja’

l’la

’daa m

’

ny a ila .

Do you know where we are now —N o I don’t.

Tar. Sina may a pando i do - mana i doma s’ndag ila f

—N apofiandoi aka .

BO1. N ankikam loa da - mo’ kami bolila —K il’oka laa .

Don’t go alone.

Tar. Soma ka makaa kabalil.B01. Bag i kok m

'

panau kad iri .

A crocodile bit his leg .

Tar. Tanak no inaba t bay ak.

Bol. B’lis- nio kinikilbay ak.

There are heaps ofmangusteens here.

Tar. Da -

g ila saang- saang mang gi s.

B01. Do - ila robong- rabong

I must go and plant my padi.Tar. Dako g aang makaa ng anlananz do biliid aka .

B01. Aka og i m’

panau ng anlabas (do )fiadoi .

That ’s the fellow I want.Tar. Gina alan ana g aang

- kn.

Bol. [ nonno alanana d’mpei -ka .

His w ife ismore like a man than a woman.

Tar. I anda -na’

ngg ila'

d do Ioki lag as no.

B01. Dol- nio afiak

Have you finished making those mats ?Tar. Pang ar a i ki ng anlag as do oy omg ino 2BO1. Papas-no ko

’

ng ang kaal (do) likar inonf

The mouse deer is the cleverest of animals.

Tar. F’landa

’

g ilapandai inlad do binalang ana anda.

Bol. F ionda’ila laa ny o binaldng ona lo in.


Can’t you answer ?

Tar. jinowab- ma .9 (Sinombong -ma .)

B01. j inowab- ma l

Oh, Bujang Inang , there, he’s love sick.

Tar. D is B ujang Inong g ino , benando dinonda sia .

Bol. Dis B ajong Inang inon, g ila do d’

dor sa".

Beat the gong and call everyone .

Tar. Tinilik- ma ag ong inolag oa-ma alankanang as.

Bol. Tinilik- ma g ong linowal-ma alan komisa.

That ’s allTar. Gino kiar !Bol. [ nan

What’s your name ?Tar. Si ing alon

- maB01. Sin ado - ma .

9

When there is rain there is much fever.Tar. M asim dosom saong daalou .

B01. M asim kajon rabong l’

rmon.

Wait till I come back.

Tar. D ino dako kasakai .

Bol. N ini oka malang .

P ity anold maneating a coconut.Tar. Mosik do alanlao ng okondo piasau .

Bol. .Masik do alanlao kaman (do) nior1

I t is dark ; let us break the fast.Tar. N ialnia bais baka paoso .

Bol. Rilong na bai’baka puaso

A Muhammadancannot eat rk.

Tar. Ulan I slam napa alop ng okoB01. Ulan Islam kilo kilom kamando

’ncki - boboi .

He started a week ago, but has not got there yet.Tar. Taman alnia sia lajak adaa g ili , an a pir kasaB01. B

’

rang at no so‘lajak doa laonda, blam og i malang .

What news 2Tar. N a ag o ?

Bol. N ankobor (Ar.)1 JVior is the Mala word used inthe Straits. I t isnever used inNorth

Borneo colloquialMa ay. This, like lunay other words, is a remnant of theintroductionofMalay by pirates referred to in the Introduction.

1 B ako paoso being anexpressionconcerned with relig ion, the ordinaryMalay is used.


Who is that fellow —call him.

Tar. Si g ino inolag aa do sia .

Bol. Sin inon.9 linawoldo so

‘

How much is this ?Tar. Tokala karg a g ila

Bol. Kado karg a ila

Bale ! we are sinking .

Tar. Tinimbo - ma karam dama.

Bol. Tinimbd -m m’

rop komi .

Hold tight to the rudder, the waves are strong .

Tar. Sinongg ol-ma alinmikong , lapalnowak.

Bol. Ginomon-ma komadi l’

g ar , ray a ny abo‘

.

He has pawned his parang .

Tar. Sia pa’

ng ar ng ag odai g o ang-na.

Bol. So‘

pupas ng og adi m’a ou -nia.

Don’t make a noise , I want to go to sleep.

Tar. Soma - ma blawan, g aang - knmalang .

Bol. Bog i ko bising , aka og i ling i di .

If you go to the right, you w ill see the w indow.

Tar. K

(o dada makaa may o pomog ol, kolado dada

Bol. K a ika’mpanau ka kanon, kal

’ma i ka findela

W ill you come now or later ? As you please, sir.Tar. Gaong kasoboi s

’

ndag ila aloa dinei .i’ Monoi ko g aang ,

laon.

Bol. I ko og i malang bolila oloa nini .9 Mo

‘ko d’mpo

’

,laon.

How do you sell your gutta ? At one dollar a cati.Tar. Takala karg a alo -ma .

9 Sinonringg ilso kali .Bol. Kada karg a lalo

-ma Simpong r ing g it so kali .

Be good enough to speak slowly.Tar. K ininy am -ma ag andag u lambal

-lambal.Bol. Ckoba-m ng anlasalkolas

- kolas.

I s it boiling yetTar. Sino j

’maar la’pirBol. N anbobac

'

k b’

lam og i .9

There are plenty of bananas inthe fruit season.

Tar. M asim- baok saong panli .Bol. M asim- baak rabong pissing .

Let us go now , we are late already.

Tar. B aismakaa s’

ndog ila , baai niaBol. Bai

’

panaa bolila , i’mbat no I


He left the v illage this morning .

Tar. Sia makaa inlad do pag an sampal.Bol. So

’ ’mpanau ny o b’

nao sabok.

Light a fire and cook the meat.Tar. Sinikil- ma d

’

opai , sinabon-ma dog ing .

B01. Sinikil- ma opa i , bokinckefi ma dog ing .

To think that I should tell you a lie.

Tar. M ano i doka ag andag u labaldo dada.

Bol. M o’

aka ng anlasalbajor do ika.

Cut it inhalves and g ive one each.

Tar. B inag i- ma dao , linak ma sinon- sinan.

Bol. B inog i- ma dao , sinodong

-ma simpong - simfiong .

M ix salt w ith the rice.

Tar. Sinampal-ma masinmay o do nosi .Bol. Ckinompal-ma g orom mang ko nosi .

It is

fl’

t that I don’t want to come, but I am getting old and cannotw k .

Tar. B ic’

kan ko doka napo g aang kasabai , sabop doka laanapo kolopmakaa .

Bol. La in aka kilo d’

mpar’mpanau, s

’bop aka lao no, kilo

malang’mpanau .

The rainhas stopped.

Tar. Dosom b’ronli nia .

Bol. Hajonbr’

nli no .

St0p a moment.Tar. D inei g ala .

Bol. N ini laon.

It is so hot, I must bathe.

Tar. Losa nio g aang- knm’

ajen.

Bol. Ponas aka og i m’adas 1

The mangrove is swarming with mosqui toes.Tar. Bakaa g ila saong ng amok.

Bol. Bakoa ila rabong ng amok.

That ’s the first time I’ve ever heard it.Tar. B og a aka koding ag sia .

Bol. B’

ra aka nangg ia so‘

1 Javanese adaa—F.


What do you think of th is ?Tar. N asoi pikir- ma pasalg ila .

i’

Bol. N anpikir - ma pasolila .9

Allthe clothes have beeneatenby the mice.

Tar. Gabolkanong ai inokonlikas.

B01. Ampi komiso kinaman b’laboa .

Ahmat owes me five dollars and won’t pay .

Tar. Akmat sina along do doka limo ringg il—napo sia g aang

Bol. Akmalnan along do aka limo ringg it—kilo so

’

d’mpa

’

What ’s his ofl'

ence ?

Tar. N asai solok-noz .9

Bol. N an solok - nio

ere can I get the money to pay ?Tar. Do -monoi doka kalop saong may orBol. Da - mo’ ka kilom saong may or

My wife has runaway and left me nothing inthe house.

Tar. Ionda - ka mida nio, napo kamad ona mopong

Bol. Dal- kndarea , kilo nonana l’

mado dolom ramak.

They say there is a party of head- hunters up stream.

Tar. Dag a- no sina alanm’ng ay oa do doad.

Bol. Iba -nio non alanm’

ng oy oa do ala.

That wasnot the only th ing he did.

Tar. B akonko ona g ino kior tinag as-no .

Bol. Lo inona inonlo’kinaol-nio.

Alas ! he is dead.

Tar . Adoi mola i nio sia .

B01. Adoi moloi no so’.

His words were incoherent.Tar. Dog a

- no napo lonla .

Bol. I ba -nio kilo l’

nla .

Wh ich way do we go now ?Tar. Monai makaa s

’

ndog ilaBol. M a

”mpanonbolila .9

He was wounded in the thigh, but is nearly well now .

Tar. Sia sina pilot do opo’

, l’lafii ming kad nio bozs s

’adag ila .

Bol. So sia/ondo poll-nio, lambalboi’

no bolila .

BEECH D


He was so sleepy that he went to bed.

Tar. Sia s’

ndag ina kodondang al, si a makaa malang .

B01. Balinonno so‘kolandan, so

‘ ’mpanau ling idi .

Ask him what he wants.

Tar. Inanlono - ma do sia na ka g aang- nos

Bol. Inonlony o- m do so

’nanko d

’

m a’

- nso.

He’

S a good fellow,that ;

'

everybody likes h im.

Tar. Ba is alang ino alankanong ai g aang do sia.

Bol. Bo i’alan inan alankamiso d

’

mpa’so

’

I w ill send my clerk to accompany you.

Tar. Daka g aang ng irim do kroni - ka may o do dada .

Bol. Aka og i ng im'

m do kroni - ka m’ny o

‘do ika .

The Imam th inks only of getting money.

Tar. Imam g ino piki r’

ngg iam do saong kior .

Bol. Imam inonpikir og i ng ong kalaa do saong lo’

.

CHAPTER IV

THE TAILED MAN OF SILIMBATU

THE follow ing story was told to me by a Tidong , a native of

Silimbatu near Bolongon. The narrator obtained it from h is

father, who in turnheard it from his father.

Long ago, two days’

journey to the interior of Silimbatu, therel ived a manwi th his w ife . Now this man was possessed of a tailvery stiff and very sharp .

1 And one day he wanted to cut wood to

build his prahu, and he said ‘What can I do, I have no axe ?’

Thenhe though t he migh t cut the tree w ith his tail, but invain. So

he returned to his house and meeting his w ife he ordered her to go

to Silimbatu to purchase an axe. So she went, but did not w ishto return. And after many days the husband followed her to

Silimbatu, and when he had sought her out he questioned her as

to why she had tarried so long . And She answered,‘ It was

not fair that you should send me, a woman, alone on so long a

journey, therefore I was unw illing to return.

’ And the husband

was angry, and w ith his tail he whipped the woman grievouslyuntil she was dead. So he returned whence he had come and

lay down in his house to sleep. And there came to his house

another woman, and be seized her, but she strugg led and got

loose from his embrace, and ran back to her husband. So the

1 Menwi th tails have always been associated w ith Borneo. There isa large number of stories current amongst the natives, the only point ofwhich , as in this one, is the reputed existence of a tailed man. That thereis or has beena tribe w ith perhaps an elongated coccyx is quite possible .

Penghulu Arsat, a Tutong chief who lived in Labuan,said that he could

take me to these tailed men in a month—that when he was a child he

w as frequently among them—that they lived near the source of the

Limbang River—that their tails were about 3 or 4 inches long ordinarily ,but sometimes even reached the leng th of 7 inches

—that they carried aboutw ith them little stools with holes in them,

into which the tailfitted whenthey sat down ! He even gave me the names of some of their chiefs.I never had anopportunity of testing the truth of the story.

D 2

52 THE TAILED MAN OF SILIMBATU

tailed man, fearing she would tell her husband, fled away and ran

t ill even, whenhe laid him down to sleep at the foot of a great tree.

But the woman’s husband followed h im,and came uponhim there

and questioned h im as to why he had seized his w ife. And he

answered, Did not the woman love me and seek to kiss me first

But the husband was angry and made as if to kil l him,but 10 ! he

vanished away into the air. And the husband was astounded and

sought for him for the space of three days,only returning home

each evening whenthe sunhad set. But the tailed manwas meantime at home inhis house. Yet eventually the husband sought for

h im inhis own home, and there he found him lying asleep. And

he made as if to clasp h im inhis arms, so that he should not againvanish away, but observed not his adversary’s sharp tail, which

p ierced into his breast, so that he died. And there he lay besidethe tailed manwho had not evenawakened.

And presently the womancame again and beheld the two lyingtogether—the one alive and the other dead. But she knew not

that her husband was no more , and she said, Lo these menwhomI thought enemies are friends !

’and she made haste to awaken

her husband. And whenhe awoke not she roused the slumbererby h is side , who, whenhe awakened, exclaimed, Why is th is manhere ? Then saw he the wound in his breast and knew all, and

the womanbe seized and took her to wife.

Tke above story as lold me inlke Tarakandialect.

ULUN BA- INGKUI .

Buai pi‘

rngur, tawai dua adau intad da bibil1 Silimbatu,’sina

ulunsinanansi"1 maya da iandu- na. Ulung ina sina ingkuimikang

pa‘

, ladam pa’kaninjulu.

‘ Piingur gina15sina sinan adau sia

1 bibilmeans bank of a river. Silimbatu , like allTidong villages, isbuilt upon the bank of a river. Comp. Mal. bibir, lip, rim.

1 Silimbatu a: the stone landing -

place silim Malay pongkolan a

landing-

place , bola stone.

1ans i , the numeralafiix a plied only to humanbeings.

1 mikong po’

, ladampa‘

oninjala . Lit. : stifl'

too, sharp too, very ,’

i . e. both very sharp and stiff.’1 Pang

-

ar g ino kobis ila (Mal.) a after that . This expression is veryfrequently used inconnecting anarrative, evenwhere the sense ofconsequenceis not in the least intended.


ulun ba- ingkui g ina sina dalam balei. Piingur g ina buai - buai l

dalaki g ina’ugglum da sia dalam balei - na, katada sia malang

dag itu . Piingur g ina sia guang nyanggalda ulun ba- ingkui g ina,

sama sia tatag bagu2 nupa katada ingkui -na. Bagu dinakap

-na 1

m’ujul pilat da ingkuei - na dalam tinai - na—m'

ujul matai—lamnidingkad da ulun ba- ingkui.

P iingur g ina kasabai bagu dinandu g inai’ngg ilong dua dua ulun

lamnid sinanmoyag , sinanmatai—dagu- na Ulun g itu dangan- na

atau tabug - na 1—guang pakadat

15 da dalaki - na—bagu’ngg ilong

dalaki -na matai. P iingur g ina kadat ulunba- ingkui g ina ngantana

da sia Kaipa"ulun gitu sina dag itu ?

’Piingur g ina katada da

pilat da tinai - na bagu ng rati sia—dinandu g ina sinanggal- na inalapna jadi iandu- na.

“

Tke same story lronslaled inlo lke Bolong andiolecl.

L’mbat na 7 , ju’

- nia dua dau m’uya’ b ib ir Silimbatu, nan ulun

Simpong b’

kra 8 miingka dul- nia. Ulun inannaningkoi t

’

gar, tajamkangaluan. Pupus inan

1 nan Simpong dau sa‘

ag i nimpas kayu,agi ingkuat bidu

—ibu- nia 1° Bat’

nunaku ag i nimpaskayu itu, kilanankampe

’ 11

1 baai - baai , cf. Malay lama- lama after a long time from which this

ex

pression seems copied .

d{l

imo sia lolog bag a ,

‘ lest he should vanish again sama meanson1 dinakap , passive from ngodokop.

1 Ulun g ila dongon- no oloa lobag

-no,

are these men friends or

enemies i I t is rather diflicult to translate this literally.

1pakadat , a causative verb formed from intrans. kodol to awake.

1 dinandu g ino sinanggol- no inalap - no jad i ionda -no, the woman he

seized and took her to wife.

’

Cf. Malay, prampuan dzlbegong - ny a diambil- kon-ny a jadi bini - ny o. Sinonggol is passive from ny anggalinolop is passive from ngolap .

L ’mbolno . The Bolongandialect is far more terse thanthe Tarakan.

I t w ill be noticed too in this story how much nearer it is to Malay, as

pointed out inchap . ii .1 b

’

kra,note the numeralaffix corresponding to ansi

1 Papas inan kobis ila (Mal.) P ringar g ino (Tan) after this.Stops are of course merely inserted for the sake of convenience.

nia and no have exactly the opposite meanings in the twoIa cc

11 kilo nonkompe’

liodo kayak (Mal.)

THE TAILED MAN OF SILIMBATU 55

Pupus inansa’bapikir agi nimpas kayumtingka ingkoi-nia kila

kilom. Pupus inanmuni na sa’

da rumah - nia, sinuroh- nia 1 dul-nia1mpanau ka Silimbatu mali kampe

".

‘

Mpanau na dul- nia matang ka

Silimbatu, kila sa’d’mpa

’ muni ka sidaya ag i.1 Pupusna dibai bana

nia’mpanau ka Silimbatu ngangkulau dul- nia

—kat’mu dul- niangantinya da sa

’Main ika l’mbat muni ?’ Dul-nia ngantusul

Rakat aku muni kadiri , kila patut ika papanau1 d’aku kadiri .

’

Pupus inan, b ising1 bana- nia , binambang bana - niami

’

rngka ingkoi

lanjar matai dul-nia.

Pupus na muni sa’ka rumah , ag i ting idi. Pupus inanmatang

ka rumah d’

dor Simpong b’kra anu la in—g inamon1

- nia na d’

dor

inan ngalawan da sa’d’dor inan l

’

pas na d’dor inan, muni ka

rumah - nia patau1 da bana- ma.

Pupus inanulunba- ingkoi inandareunya rumah- nia—ritang b’

ru

sa’ting idi da diba kayu raya, t

’tapi bana ulund’

dor inanngagimpar

da sa’

, kat’mu- nia da diba kayu—ngantinya sa

’Main ika nakap

dul- ku —ngajawab- nia Dul- mu d’mpa’

d’aku, ag i ngadak d’

aku

luandu.

’Pupus inanbana

- nia bising ag i papatai"da sa

‘—jawa1- naulun ba - ingkoi inan—Kéranna ulun inan, ngangkulau da sa

’t’

luh

dau, ritang na b’

ru muni - t’

tapi ulun ba- ingkoi inan nan dalamrumah. Pupus inan l

’

mbat- l’mbat, bana inanngangkulau da sa’

dalam rumah-nia, kat’mu sa

‘

ting idi ditu. Pupus inan sa‘

ag i

ngagamonda ulun ba- ingkoi inanbag i sa’ jawal ag i

1—kila kat’muinkoi- nia. B

’ru tinakap

1- nia—lanjar Siwan da ingkoi - nia dalam

butit- nia—lanjarmatai—p’

rubit s’

galulunba- ingkoi.1° Pupus inan

sinarok, passive from ny arok.

og i again, Mal. log i . The sense alone can make this word dis

tingurshable from ogi want, w ill.1paponoa , causat ive verb cause to go

’ formed from ’mpanau .

bising in Malay means‘noisy

’

, and comes in Bol. to mean“ang ry

’

.

Cf. also l’mbat , Mal. ‘ late ’ in Bol. ‘ long

’

(of time) . Kal’

ma is

obviously from Mal. l’

ma ,

‘to meet Here it has come to be the

equivalent of nampok,‘ to perceive There are many other instances of

Malay words having changed a shade of their meaning inB01.1g inamon, passi ve from ngomon, I hold .

1

patau c to g ive to know formed from loa .

papaloi , trans. verb to kill, formed from olo1 bag i so

’

jowalog i sama sio lolog baga , an, where see note 2 , p. 54.

1 tinakap , passive fromnakap .

1° ’

rabils’

golalanbo- ingkoi a bar ing d

’kalorong be’r - ekor (Mal


matang sa‘ag i d

’dor inan—n’ngaldua- dua p’rubit Simpong mulun,

Simpong matai, ibu- nia Ulun itu ibal -nia atau lawan- nia,’ 1

ag i pa

batun1 da bana-nia—b’ru n’

ugal bana- nia matai . Pupus inaubatun ulun ba- ingkoi inan

—ngantinya da sa’

Mainulun itu nanditu ’

? Pupus inan kat’mu da siwan da butit- nia, b

’ru ngarti sa

‘

d’dor inanginamon- nia, inalap

-nia, kinuat-nia dul-nia.

1

1 Ulun ila ibal-nio olaa lowon-nia, cf. note 4, p. 54, Tar. whereof this isthe equivalent. Lowon, inMalay a verb meaning to oppose here comesto be a nounmeaning a foe cf. note 4 , p. 5 5 .

pobolan, trans. verb formed from balan to awake.

1 d’

dor inan g inamon-nio , inolop

-nio kinaal-nio dal-nio’

, cf. note 6,p . 54. Tar . ; g inomon, vide supra, note 5 , p. 55 ; inalop—nia, vide Tar.,note 6, p . 54.

VOCABULARY

REMARKS ON THE VOCABULARY

I . Allwords which in both dialects are identically the same as Malayare omitted.

2 . But such words, if they are ever so slightly different, are inserted.

3. Great care has been taken wi th each separate word, both as regards

its exact meaning and as regards its exact spelling , according to the schemeof pronunciationpresented onpp. 18 , 19 .

4 . No word has been inserted w ithout its having been repeated to the

author severaltimes by Tidong natives .

5 . Allverbs, except simple verbs which undergo no change, and thosew ith pa are g iven in their imperfective form,

the prefixes being printedin italics. In those verbs where the initial consonant is changed the

orig inalconsonant is inserted in brackets after the verb.

6. To signify the sound caused by the abrupt cuttin off of the breaththe Arabic hamzah is used throughout, the finalk i cing only insertedwhenit is actually heard.

7 . The infix -m J m - am or - um is inserted in brackets, where thestem is also used separately.

Olker Tid.

abandon (to) po - apong nada (l)abdomen rinai butit, t

’

naiable (be) kalap kilomabhor (to) bansi binchi(Mal.b

’

ncki )abode baya

‘- (m)apong s

’

gal

above da- sawat da- s’

mbauabscond (to) midu daréI

'

I

absent nupa kamiid kila nanabsolve (to) ng ampunabundant suangabuse (to) ng ombadi

1 ng ampuki1

accept (to) narima (l) narima (l) (m’no

rimo Mal.)accompany (to) maya m

’

uyaaccomplice dangan ibal

omplish (to)ordingly sabap g ina

ngombadi, ngampuki to say the word for pudendum maliebre.the Malay commonexpressionof abuse,paki mo

’.

58 THE TIDONG DIALECTS

Eng lisk. Tarakan.

ag andagu

ng ira (k)

accounts kinira- kinira

accumulate (to) nimong (l)

accurateache

acknow ledge(to)

acquaint (to)acquainted (tobe)

acquire (to)acquit (to )across(athwart)act (to)active

add (to)adeptadequateadhere (to)adjacentadjust (to)admit (to)(enter)

ng angkat

anak- angkat(Mal.)

adorn(to) [see adjustadrift mabasadrift (to cast) po - babas

adultery jinah1

adversity

adopt (to)

adopted child

s’laka

B olong an.

ng antusul

ng ira (Mal.m’

a i ro) (k)kira - krra (Mal. id. )ng umpul (Mal.

m’

ng ampul) (k)t’ngan

p’

das (Mal. id.)ng ukun (Mal.

m’

ag aka)pa - tau

tau (Mal. id)

ng angkat‘

(Mal.m’ng ang kol)

ane’

- angkat (Mal.

ono‘ong kol)

mar’bas

pa-basorpo bar’bas

jinah1

duraka 1

1pa -bdzs, po- bds pa being only a causative prefix, the accent falls onthe

second syllable.

1jinok, Sulu id. Arabic Is

). There is It sounded k, however, in the

Tidong . duraka, inMalay, disobedient, disloyal.—F.

kilomag o l

’

pas

mabat (b)ng angkuat

dras (Mal. id.

quick)namba (l)ulun taug’nap (Mal. id.)ny akat (s)tumbalpo - bai

’ 1

po -

pancha

kin

VOCABULARY 59

Tarakan. B olong an.

D iolecls.

patiltawaipa - tunangpo - lalal(um)ampo

‘

lalaafresh bagu

after da- bangkulongagain pir

aged tua’

agent wakil(guardian)

agi leago

agree

ag reeable (nice)ague

Ahahead

aim (niolMal.) niat , baniat

aim (to) nuju’

(l)air baré i

'

r

alarmed takajutalike ’nggrli

'

rd

alive moyag (b)alive (to make) pa- boyagall kanangai, k

’ugai

allot (to) magi (b)allow (to) bia

’

almost (m)ingkadaims sadaka

aloft da sawatalone kabatit

1 b’

roka i , Mal. b’

r ikal following—F .

1 bafanji , ba may be equivalent to the Mal. b’

r,as b

’

ry'

anj z , in which

case it is a late word copied directly and, as Dr. F. suggests, the r onlya link between the prefix and the verbalstem.

1 daalou , this is apparently- a verbalnounformed after the Malay fashionfrom dual, to ache

1 kadiri , Mal. k ndir i , besides s’

ndir i .—F.

patil (Mal. id.)ln

’

po - tunangpo - rakattam

’nal

rakatb

’

ru, b

’

lu

da- b’

rokut 1

ag i

tuahwakil

l’ma’

t’

rmanadoi

da- luan (Mal. di

olaan)niat, baniar (Ar.1233)

nuju Mal.m’naju )

baré ii

tak’

jut’mpadamulunpa - mulunkamisamagi (b)kin

tumbalsad

’ka

’

(Ar. UM )da s

’

mbaukadiri 1


Eng lisk. Tarakan. B olong on.

amiss korang

amok (to run) ng amok

amulet tambatuamuse oneself gumbak

(tO)ancestors iadu (lit. grand

parents)umbaya, maya da

m’ngitan

galang - tanak

annoy (to) ng usikanother andaanswer (to) ng ajawab, rumam

t (red fire linsadamant)

ant (big wood) kilau kilau- rayaanus alu tumbong (Sulu id.)anxiety (de kandak 1 k

’

uda 1

siderium)any (cipo - opo mana-mana nun- nun

a

anywhere da-manai -mana‘

i da-ma’- da-ma"

apolog ize malak ampun ng alaku ampunapparition imb’lua badua

’

approach (to) makau mingkad’mpanau tumbal

Arabia pagunArab b’

n

ga

)Arab (Mal.

I

arduous susah susah (Mal. id.)1 nini ’ , Mal. nene’-moy ong , ancestors.

—F.

1 bising , Mal. not ‘noisy’

but ‘deafened’

, Frenchllourdi , bynoise,1 kandok

,k’

ndo, cf. Mal. kakindo

’

, wish and the contractionkindo ’,sweetheart—F .

gah

pa- b

’rt'

r

saga’

nan

da' t’

ngah (Maledi l’ng ok)

korfing (Mal.korong )

ng amo’

(Mal.

n

m’

ng ama’

)ajImatbak

’ori

’mpada, padada

bisin 1

g’lrang—b’tis (Mal.

I

ag usi

lain (Mal. id.)nyawal (s) ng ajawab (Mal.nz

'

njkilau- apui

62

babybachelorback

back (to draw)

bad (jakol,Mal.

bad (basok,Mal.)

bake (to)

bale (to)

ball (w icker)bamboobanana

banishbank

basket

THE TIDONG DIALECTS

Olker Tid.

anak lumat j’

mni , ane’

bujang , babuayei m’

ranai,bujfing

bangkulong br’

okut

mundor mundor (Mal. na

malat

mutang buntu

karongng ajaminpumpunmanggang

nimba (l)sipak (Mal. se

'

pa’

bulohuntio - idu

ibil

1 ngajamin, Ar. a corruptionof Fan—F

1 i ron,bozraa , Mal. to banker afier —F .

1 ny oo'

op ,a Sim le word, adjectiVIH - not a verb with a prefix.

l’

lak. InMa l’lo‘ with high 0, but short—F.

karong (Mal. id.)ng ajaminpumpun (Mal. id .)manag i ng (if)pun a

nimbei (l) , (Mal.

m’

nimba )sipe

buloh (Mal. id.)pissi ng (Mal. id.)pa

- dareI'

I

bibir (Mal.

VOCABULARY 63

beak (ofa b ird) munong munchung1

bean kach’

ng 2 (Mal.kackang )bear (carry) ng angkat (Mal. m

’ng ong

kol, to lift up, to carry away)bear (pikal, ng angkatMal.)

bear children a e’

beard janggot (Mal. id .)beat mang il

(b) , mam mambfing (b)

bang b)beaten wali ah (Mal. olak)beautiful ija

’

because

béche—de-merbeckon

becomebed angbedstead katil (Mal. id.)

bee (a) sigudbefore

beg malakbeg in nimpun (l)behind da- bangkulongbelieve ’

rsaya1

believe (think) bapikir

belly (see tinaistomach)

belong ing simpunyabelow da- dibabelt (waist) li - pingg fing (Mal. id.)bend (to) ingkok (b) , (Mal. bengko

’

croc

1 manckung . InMal. rotruding , e. g . ananimal’

s mouth—F .

1 nimpun, nampan (l) , a o limpaan, a beginning .

1p’

rsoy o, p’

rckoy o . Again note the tendency in Tarakan to Substitutes for ck, due to the difficulty of the Kayan to pronounce the ck. Thosewho remained in Bolongan gradually adopted the Malay ck. But videIntroduction.

1 Op. Malay lali-

fo’

nding loli -pinggang ; p’

nding being a metal plateto which the belt is astened (Jav. id.

—F .

ng alambai (Mal. m'

lamboi )jadi (Mal. id. )s’

gal- ting idi

(Mal. rank,

s’lagantingluau (Mal. alaan, prow, stem)

nampun (l)1’

da- br’okut

p’rchaya (Mal. id.)

bapikir (Mal. b’rpiki r)

t’nai, butit

boil (trans.)

(intrans.boil

boil cook),Mal.

THE TIDONG D IALECTS

da - disaubais p

’

nyawa

bais kaninjulubasiwa

pinang (Mal. id.)buyusalapalab ih baisda- antarat(um)aug i

basétau

s’mbialny usub (s)tupalnawak

ng odokug

pampulohsarangasu dinandng abut

m’

mbariugmitamsikit

hadadadada

busak

j’muarng ansubun

kupas

sn‘

igtulang (Mal. Id.)

s’mbilany uru (s) (Mal. m’ny urok)

majal, kila tajam

baboi lakibidu

bisul(Mal. id.)kangar

tuli ng

”81117 : Mal. m’

ng ig il, with two voiced consonants.—F.

da- dibabai

’asang

bai’t’

nganbasiwa

g’rat

buyu

sl’

pa (Mal. id.)l’

bih bai’

(Mal. id .)

ng inggat (Mal. m’ng ikal)

pampulohsarang (Mal. id.)asu d

’

dor

ng ik it (k)1

m’

mbaringmitam (Mal ilom)nyalu (Mal. Id.)badarah (Mal. b

’

dorak)darah (Mal. id.)busel

VOCABULARY

Eng lisk. Tarakan.

k’

libung imbastIte

’

sampan apa’

(otaungnyarnput (s)srmpadan

bo

(w in prayer t(um)ukumto

how (of a ship) dulongbox patiboy (son) anak-dalakibracelet galangbrains utak (Mal. id.)branch adan

brave siiigbread mangkauan, roti

pa-badak

badak

break (palas) bukatbreak (palak) putulbreaker (surf) dulunbreast kubiib

breasts tite’

napas (Ar.

Until)sewal 1 jéwanalikor (l) , m

’

lira

breeze bareu

bridge jamban1

bring ng ibit

brink [see bank]broad tawa

65

B olong an.

tite’

,susu

napas

s’

luar 1

m’lira (p) (Mal.m’m

’

liara)bareu

jamban1

ng ibit

libar (Mal:lébor)

1 don. I t is noticeable that the Bolongan dialect tends to more ab

breviated forms ofwords. Cf. adan don and many other words.1 b

’

las, Mal.pulus, but only of rOpes, thread, and the like—F.

1s’laor , Arabic, Persian, Malay , Jljje .

—F.

1

jambanhused inMalay for a w .c., but this Malay word may be a contraction ofjambolon, a bridge, as such a w .c. is a wooden construction on

BEE R

k’lihang inamtite’, susu (Mal.id.)pah

- kayu) , (lit.th1g

’

)hnyamp

gut (s)

simpadan (Mal.

s’mp

nukum (t)

dulongp’ti (Mal. id.)j’mni, ane - lakigilang (Mal. id .)

11 u

danl (Mal. (la/u m)kangar

roti (Mal. id.)pct - bila

bilab’tuspisu

dulun


broomrothers relations

brother (elder) iaka- dalaki 1 singke- laki’

brother (youn iadi - dalaki l sadi‘

(Mal. adz

ger)brothers or sango

’

sisters- in-law

brush (to)bubble (to),

mali (b) , (Mal.m’mblli )

tumbalnyambil

mangkanan mangkananng ira (k) (Mal.

i a Non.

singgah (Mal. id.)p g (

1 fake: and z‘

adz'

, sz’

ngke’and raa

’z"apply as wellto brothers as to sisters

,

whennot distinguished by the words dalaki , dinandu , &c. The same lackof a specialword in every case to designate the manor the woman is to beobserved in the other names of relations, so t

’

ras, anak, &c.

2z‘

ras. Mal. bird : denotes the relation between a marri ed person andthe sister or brother of his brother(s) or sister(s) - ia - law

, who according toour law are no family relation at all.—F.

3 ngabar , Arabic ”J , plural of

Ji g: grave ; Arabic-Malay , kubur

Mn to bury.-F .,

mangbanan, cf. Mal. makan- au, something to eat.—F .

mapas (fl)habneh (Mal. b

’r

buefi= to foam)payau lakibase

’- kenchup

k’rbau (Mal. id.)

sikatnotong (t),ninu (t)ng ubor (k)abutt’tapi (Mal. id.)taming

VOCABULARY 67

Olker TM.

tanang

camphor apfigcan - to get) kalapcane (rotan) awei

cap(headdress) sungkoh

capon manok- kabiricapsize kalanh

carcass mayatcare (to) ng ajagacare (to) (Mal. p-

’

guna p -

’

guna’

nanggong (t)ng ukir

timag—s(um)amput danum- nyampur

usi kuchingng adakap nakap (d)ny anggal (s) ng agamon

nulu (t)luang

cease (to) b’rant i

centrecertainchaff

chair

change (to)channel (a)chase (to) ng ag imparchase (to hunt) bahutu

(Mal. b’rbum )

samotin dadam

mora’

mural:cheat (to) nipu (t (Mal.

m’

m’

fiu)cheek palingas

1 t’

nang , Mal. calm of water only.—F .

2 nga m, a verb formed from a m, a dog . signifying to hunt with dogsCf. Malay of Borneo, m

’

nganjz’

ng , where the meaning is identical.E 2

tanang(Mal. t ’mmg

‘

)por

kilomwai, rotansungkoh

ayam - kabi

k’laubmayat (Mal. mail)

lobang (Mal. lo

bang )br

’

nti (Mal. id.)t’ugah (Mal. id .)t’utu (Mal. id.)’mpask’

rusi (Mal. id.)


Tarakan.

Otlzer Tzd .

chew (to) ng unyal

chicken anak - manokch ildch ild (w ith) batianchili sab i 1 (Mal.c/zabai )chop (to) motul (p)chopper

choose (to) mili (p)

clasp (to em ng amal(b)brace)

masak

notub (t) (Mal. nodong (t)m

’nutop)

[see near

kuanan, titai bareu

cock manok dalak icoconut piasau

coition(tohave) bakinju‘

cold saloi

1 Mal. dzaba i z laa’a mam/z, or red pepper, Dutch Spaamcke paper , the

former is a corrupted Skr. word (ckavy a) ; compare corruption of Skr .

kgantavy a (be it allowed , w ith your leave) into Mal. rah ",abbreviated

from s’

ntabi’

; the latter form being met w ith in severalMal.- Polynesian

languages, e. g . Batta or Batak , Tagalog (Philippines) , & c.- F .

2 mid ] , mz’

la cf. the Tidong w ords s’

mbz’

al (Tan) , s’

mbz’

la (Bol.)equivalents of the Malay saé

’

lalz. The idea of separation’or division,

’

is implied in these words, which mean ‘ towards ’

,

‘across

’

,

‘on the one

side & c. Hence inallof them the word meaning to split’.

3 Mal. ay amy’

antdn inOpposition to ay am hem—F .

Mal. m'

u r or fl z’

ur synonymous w ith k’

lapa .—F.

5 The Malay word s’ram wi th a uvular r means shrivelled w ith cold

said of the skim—F .

ng unyal(k)ane - ayamane

’

b’

tian

lada (Mal. id.)misu (f )kampemilih (p), (Mal.

ndapn’

pas (t)t’rang (Mal.f rang )mila (b) , (Mal.

m’mb

’

lafz)ng angkat

sab i


Other Tid .

cousin (first)cousin (second)crab

creep (to)

crocodile buyacross (to) indapit , makau da

s’mbial

crow (to), (of a bakuku’

ock)crush (to)crush to pieces

(w ), (weep)shout m)and01

cucumber

curlycurrent (tide)

curtailed jewacushion ubut

motong (p)motul (p)nagad (t ), midis(P)

bailok

niatanak-dinandu

adau

mataibangaran

tz'

Inunda , tilz‘

ndua . I t would seem that the equivalent of the Malays’

pujm, cousin is tz'

lz'

. I have never heard this word used, but in the

Simbakong and Nonoekan dialects of Tidong zganda means‘first

’

,and

is also equivalent to Mal. set -kali . Hence Iz'

Iin- zganda , first cousin tilin

dua , second cousin.

1ant£mon, Malay (M i r/tun. The presence of the I is curious.

b’

léngkar (I prefer J to i , as the parting of the syllables is b’

IéMal., same meaning , from Iéngéar .

—F .

InMalay brim means dumb b’ngal, hard of hearing—F .

tiligandal

tilindua l

limangong arayap (Mal.

m’

rayap)buya’

mpanau ka s’m

b ilabakuku

’

(Mal.

b’

rkuku’

)

ng anchor

nang is (t )batrié

’

(Mal. b’f

trz'

ak) , int’rai

‘

s

lantimon9

tutongbalingkar

8

pasa"(Mal.

k’

pa‘

s’lipi

misu (p)nabang (t), nimpas (t)

bailok

ritanganak - d

’

dor

péu, dau

matai (Mal. mali )bisu (Sulu id.)

VOCABULARY‘

7 1

defy (to) an (Mal.

deliver (to)

deluge (to) bunchu’

mand (to)demolish (to)depart (pulangMal. )

descend (to)detain (to)

matai

d irect (to)direct (straight)dirty ligand isappear (to) tatagdish lalaidish (wooden) tabak (Ar.Mal.

dissolvedistantdive (to)divide (to)do (to)do not !

1 Mal. Frlmrga , lit. having a price.—F

2 Water that is neither salt nor fresh 1s called by the M alays air

pajam—F.

Curiously enough the Tidongs always say that deer are passionately fondof the brackish water that is often to be found in the inland swamps of.

Borneo , and such places are the favourite hunting grounds for natives who.

wish to obtain these animals. Perhaps ai'

bf -pay au water such as the

deer loves —M. W . H. B .

1 Mal. tumbang , to fall down; said of heavy or massive things, bigtrees, &c.

—F .

4 Also straightforward - F.

72

docile

THE TIDONG DIALECTS

Other Tid.

magop

mabas (b)ng inummugar (b) , pa - idu

matak, bintirpa - datohl(um)asiikanandungalmauk

(to)dry (to), (inthe pa - adau, pa - lasusun

dun (to), (Mal.m’nag i /z)

duck

ungdwell (to)

early

eat (to)eat a feast (to)ebb - tideedge

gg1ght

eighteen

sumpul

ng akan

bairaumurutbibil

taluwalusapuloh - walu

1 Mal. m’ng z

'

rup , to sip.—F .

1 I know the word clz’

lup for special dyeing with indigo.

knownallover Java.—F.

ng adupi (Mahbér

marbas (b)”g imppct - dareu

s’

pata, b intirpa - labumarapkatundunmau’ (Mahmdbo

’

)

pa - s’dat

ny ing il(s)

bibe’

(Jav . bebe")

t’

tai (Mal. tdz'

)t(’m)ada

suboh (Ar. Mal.

id.)ng akan

bairau

urut (Mal. surm‘

)bibir

t’lor (Mal. id.)

sapuloh- walu

VOCABULARY 73

walumpuloh1

sapuloh- sinan sapuloh - isa

pa - banta pa - trangtfimukar kurus (Mal 1d.)

bara (Mal. 1d.)

lawan (Mal. opponent, adversary)

enervated mumpai lumug’nap (Mal

lete)entangle (to) ny angkut (s)

sot , M .)enter (to)entrailsenvy (clz

’mbur“, Mal. )

equalerect (to)escape

eveningeverevilexactexamine (to)

kaninjulu

1 walumpulofi , Here the same m is inserted as inverbs

before 6andp ; cf. ”gum-putul Cf. also fifty.—F.

1z'

aki ti + aki) contains the same demonstrative prefix as some names offamily relations (z

’

aka, z’

adi , iandu , and must originally mean the old

man, which would be in perfect accordance w ith native superstitionand

custom. As to gada’

ngan, this comes from gadz'

ng , ivory (cf. Malay) .—F .

74 THE TIDONG D IALECTS

expand (to) kambang

fast (I’ll-as)

fast Mal.)fasten

fatigued

[see banquet]feel (to) i . e. ng agaP (

3

)‘

g rope’

(raba

feel (m mM .) ngamsa

dinandu 1

1alis refers to that part of the eyebrow that is shaved on the occasion

of marriage . The verb signifying to shave this particular part is

”gulf:—Comp. Jav. alis, id.

—F .

kambang (Mal.k’mbang )

koyu -mataalis 1

s (Mal. id.)

d’ras

maranny ikat (s) , ng anching (k)

g’

mu’, t

’rma

tama

ng akap

1 Cf. note I to p. 69. Also cf. Mal. l’

ma’ .—F .

3 Possibly a nominal (participial) form, from dandu (l) or anda

meaning‘to possess Cf. Malay p

’

r—ampu - cu , woman, a possession,from ampa .

—F .

Cf. note I to p. 73.

VOCABULARY 7 5

Tarakcm. Bolong an.

fight (to) ng amok ngamo‘

ran

fil (to) ngudanfin s1sik

find (to) kalapfinger lingagaifin1sh (to) ng alisi, ng aifire apui

fire (to set) ny ikit (s)fire-

place tandangfirst gulufish kananl

fish (dried) kananpuah

fish (to) ng apan

fish- hook mata- apanfix (to) [see fasten]flame sikit

flash(lightning) bakillip (M .

kz'

lat)datallamipq -ng

- kelongl(um)ampluab

bunsuk

sulig (Bajau), bandas

g’lapongbusak

ng antulud

bangaliid

putakng alapismaya, ny alugut (s)balingantanakny awai (s)

1 ban- cm (verb, ngaban) the thing eaten, food. Cf. Mal. z'

krm (verb,makan) . Cf. also English meat w ith Skr. matsya, fish ; both related w ithmale, ge- mate, the one who cats with you.

—F .

sikit

bakinyar

rata Mal. id.)l’

nti’

minggati (p)t’manalluab

, pasangbunchu

’

, banpr

lantai (Mal. id.)

t’

pong (Mal 1d.)bunga , buse

t’

murut

lalat (Mal. id.)pute

’

ng alapisng ag impark

’

rungu

b’

tis (Mal. sh in)(Mal.


Eng lz'

sh. Tarakan. B olong an.

lanyang

bawang pulaktumbanganlambat- lambat

(Mal. id.)kalap kilomkadat batuns(

’m)ila munchitimb’ua badua

’

asang (Mal. ’nchz'

ingz’

nsang )g irl anak-dinandu ane

’- d

’dor

g ive (to) tinak 1 ny adong (s)1 Comp. Jav. botolzan, which must be a corruption of

Malay bltdro/i , to stake,to gamble ; so we might conclude that the

gambling came from the Malays to the javanese. Why not ? Just as

the Dayaks in Borneo (I was inWest Borneo about seventeenmonths) areconstantly taking over uses and customs from the Malays, so the Javanese ,who originally were not more civilized thanthey , may have borrowed muchfrom the seafaring , coloniz ing Malays. Compare many other Malay words

in avanese , some of them used as high words.—F.

a inbabalar and in badua seems to be a prefix (Mal. M) ; the final r

(uvular) may be a wrongly understood sounded finalIi (aThis seems to be a passive form ofnak (t ) , which word I found for to

g ive in a small vocabulary of Tidong by Mr. W. Aemout,1885 , then

kayu (Mal.= wood=Germ. holz )

kalisanluanduayam (Mal. id. )ayam- utan (Mal.1 .d

marum (Mal.

n gar (s)yna

l

r

l

i g

(Mal.p’nolt)g;sur

78 THE TIDONG D iALEcr s

hang (to)

sungko‘

kam e’

b’nchi (Mal. id.)

b’

ranta (Mal. 1d.)

headheadlandear (to)eave (anchor)eavyeel (to), (1ncline)

ulinhelp (to) nolong (l)

manok-dinandu

here dagitu

hide (to), s’

mbuni (Mal. id.)trans.)

muni (6)dalan- tupal raya (Mal.

hill tidong gunong (Mal. id.)hinder (to) ny awai (s)hip t

’mpurong -apa’

hit (to be), (él pilat Stwanmi , Mal.)

h it (to), (stri ke) mambang (b) mambang (b)bakas-dal baboi- laki (Mal.

1 Mal. (lz)ulu ; videnote 3, p. 77.1 T

’

monong K’r z

°

s=Tanjong K’

rz'

s, Mal., a promontory nearBolongan, socalled, as the natives say, because a valuable kris was lost in the waterthere by the first settlers.

1 Cf. Mal. Javanese mi’n'

ng‘

(from stem Iri ng ) .—F .

(w iring all on one side is common in the Malay of Borneo.

M. W. H. B.)

kanéusa

’

, nia (Mal.ny a)

t’

monongnanggla (l)ny ikut (s)b’rat (Mal. id.)

t’

ng iring1

kamudi (Mal. id.)aolong (l)a am- d

’do

d1itu, ditunapu

’

(l)

VOCABULARY 79

English Tarakan. B olong an.

hoist (to) ng a ng angkat1

holdholdone

’

speaceholehop (to)hornbillhot

house

how

how manyhull (of a boat)

hump - backedhungryhunt (to)hurl (to) pa - n

fir- kelong

husband dala ihusk ampas (Mal. id.)

daka , aku, ku aku, ku (Mal. id.) dakan

bantilan malas (Mal. id. ) (Non. )j ika, ka j ika (Mal. ka 11kan(Non.)ny ikit (s) ny ikit (s)balingan k

’

rungu

dual tr’

man

increase (to) , pa - tupal fia - raya‘

(trans. ) (size)indebted ’

rutang (Mal. id.) hautz‘

ingindia - rubber la lisak lula liche’

inform (to) pa -

pandai pa - tau

inland (adj.) da dumud da sidayainquire (to) ng antana ng ant in a

insolent takabor takhor1 For hoisting flags and the like Malays do not use m

'

ngangkal but77:

1 Comp. Mal. gam a'a , name of a fabulous bird inpoetry, &c.

—F .

1 ngasa , v ide note 2 , p. 67 .

1 ’mpdll. The final s in ampas is replaced by final 11, a phenomenon

seen insomany languages. Cf. Skr. nominativemanas, mind, besidesmana/zwhen inpausa, finals inAndalusian and South-Am. Spanish , &c.

—F.

1 Arabicfl“

, pronounced inMalay lak’

bzi r or {Madam—F .

ng agamon

j’

na’

loba'

ng (Mal. id.)ny

’

mput (s)garuda

’ 1

panas (Mal. id.)rumah (Mal. id.)bafnfinkuda’

nchi

Mal. kafial)k(um)

’nyangbatiran

ngasu3

minggati (p)bana’

mpah1


Eng lish Tarakan. Bolong an.

instruct (to)

insufficient

intention niat,baniat

ng ubor1(k)

basi

sina

nupa kamud

kan (Mal. dakan

or’.éan)

it sia, na sa’

,nia (Mal.ny a)

1

itch (kudis) kadul kadul

jar to).(small)jar (large ),(l

’mpay an)join(to) ny ambong (s), ny ambong (s)

ny uput (s) (Mal. m’ay am

bong ) ,ny uput (s)ny amput (s) ny amput (s)t(am)undang t(am)undangtaun kayu,utan(Mal. id.)d’

danai indu

imbulak muda (Mal. id.)

ladam tajamnalikor (l) , ng i nalikor (l), nadatau (l) (l)

1 Arabic pronounced in Malay maksul, the usual word for ia

tention’0_F o

1 Arabic”a(

knbzi r, graves) , via'e note 3, p. 66.

—F .

11 Comp. be. InMal. ny a is only enclitic aim kinda“m’ngambil-nya,I was going to take il

’

(or him, or her, or them) , but then the pronoun

is never emphatic. Inthe latter case Malay requires the forms id and dia .

Same relation betweennon- emphatic m m (only used as a possessive pron.)and emphatic lngkdn, non- emphatic film (also used as a personalpron. :

knpuknl, I have beaten, and aimy ang m’mukul, it was I who beat) and

emphatic ah a—F.

ng ajar (Mal

m’

ng ajar)kila g

’

nap (CompMal.g

’nap , com

plete)ma’sud 1, baniat

(Mal. b’rnial)

bor (k)(Mal. id.)

VOCABULARY 81

Other Tid.

kettle chirit (Mal. id. or

liters”)ny ipe

’

(s) (Mal.

J1

dapuan1, tandang dap1

'

1an

(Non.)

know (to)

know (I don't) itau

knot tabuku

knuckle buku- lingagai

labour

lack (to) korang

ladder tukadlade (out) ny ayid (s)1 Mal. dc

‘

z

filu

s

r . I t would seem as if there should be a slight uvularr sound in word dapfian, e. g . !laym an, but so far as I can ascertain,this is not so .

1 Comp. Mal. m’ra

’a peacock

’.

1 The Tarakan form la seems to be a sporadically represented prefix

(MaL 6! usually followed by euphonic r ) .—F.

1 Iading , exactly the Javanese word, which is not frequently used inMalay Mal.pisau) .—F .

1 Ma la‘

u [all aka ! What do I know about it ?! ’nlalz dia alansa

‘

y a,I don

’t know whether i t is he or I .’ ’nla/i is probably from tan, w i thparasitic

’n.

- F.

areca

pandai (Mal. id.)ng arti (Mal.

m’ngarli )

biasa (Mal .= ac

customed, usual)itau,

’ntau 1

tabuku Ma waku)buku- lingagai

kuat (Mal.


sarat (Mal. id.)p1ka1

lament (to) nang is (l)palita (Mal. id.)

lap (to)

compounds, fia

pl’mbatindu

o) t’

tawa (Mal. id.)(place) nada (l)

lay by (to) namas (l)lay eggs (to)

b’atilan

limatak (Sul.)timah mitam 1

ng ibit

t(um)ukalny amput (s)baguru

barangkat (Mal.

shin

1 In Borneo Malay palita is never used ; always lampo. This is an

instance of the orig inally introduced Malay word surviving .

1 Mal. limalz lzildm.—F.

1 In the Mal. stemp injam there seems to be a refix involved ; comparepann and angkal, pulling and nlang , palang an alang , pala and alu . & c.

Sporagicp! as denominative or causative prefix isstillfelt in

&c.

malas (Mal. idlimata’

s’

mbra mitamng ibitbunchur

kurus (Mal. id.)ny amput (s)baguru (Mal. b’guru , to be w ith a

master, to learnw ith one)

leng th (Mal). buat - na

let (to), (allow)lick (to)lid

lie down (to)lie onback (to)lie (a)

to

ght

(day

light notheavy )

light (h

to), (atorch)

l ightninglike (alike)l ike (to), (befond of)

linger (to)little (size)little (quantity)live

8113118

VOCABULARY 83

randu-nia

pa- randu

tutup, tudong(Mal. ludung )

pf ubnbatila

ny ikit (s)

i’mbat (Mal.

bat

n’ngal (l)jawalkalah (Jav. idd .

,

1para inMal. is only a pustule.

—F.

F 2

tali (Mal. id.)lawai (Day . id.)barurnpene

’

kabani‘

mulunchicha

‘

(Mal.


Eng lish Tarakan. Bolong an.

low (instature) k'

pa’

low water danum matailuggage

madmaggotmaidmake (to)

make (to)(create)

make water(to)maleman

mane (of ahorse)

many suangmany (how) takula suangmarry badulugmarshy lisakmast ujak, takalakmat ayammatches tit ikan

matches (fromfl int)

mattressmay (can)memean (stingy)

1 ngangkual. The passive form of this verb , which should be ‘ i a

angkual, is not used,but its place is taken by the passive of ngual,

k- z'

n- ual. But perhaps ngang could be an irregular prefix before 46, in

which case the passives of both verbs would be kinnal.1 ngangénal, to make strong (i) . Comp. Mal. kual, strong , fromArabic

guwwa(l) , and Mal. le‘

gall, steady , firm, strong—F .

1 Curious use of alan inMalay as a very respectfulword for 1 . Dayak ,& c. , 010, man.

—F .

1 Comp. Mal. any am,m

'

ngany am,to plait.- F .

1 dz’

rdi’beautifully characten

'

zes the Tidongs in their carelessness inmoney matters. Mal. cunning clever.’ I f a Malay is clz

’

rdi ’ to

gTido

gg, he w ill certainly try to cheat him,

and so be mean’to

im

g ila (Mal. id .)urad (see worm)ane

’- bujang

[ng uat (é )]ng angkuat

1 1

pa -jadi (Mal.

jadika’

n)ng anch

’bu

laki (Mal. laki

ulun8

jambul (Mal. id.)

rabongkuda rabongkaw in (Mal. id.)hche

’

ujak, takale’

tikar (Mal. id.)chulu’ (Mal.snluh a torch)

p’

ndidik

kasul (Mal.kasur)kilomaku (Mal. id.)ch

’

rdi’ 1


Olker Tid .

tidong1

gunong (Mal. id.)tikus b

’

labaukaban baba

(trans. pa - insud : pa-kisar (trans.)(intrans.)minsud bakisar (int.)

much suangliche’

must (I) tantu tantu (Mal. f nlu‘certainly

sandap s’

ndulu 1

intalabas (Note marbas

n69)name mgalan

1ada 1

nape ofneck ipus ipus

narrow silt‘

i t s’

mpitnavel usiid pusat (Mal. id.)near (time or m) ingkad tumbalplace)

neck l1ug lihir (Mal. lelzer)need (to) guang ag i

needle sasalut jarum (Mal. id.)needless, it is bia

’- na katu bag i

- n

(la usallMal.) ma- nia

news (klzabar )nightnimble

ninenineteenninetynipmp (m). (lif t?)

1 tidong a hill; orang- lidang the hillmen.

1 Cf. Tarakanlindu’

ln hand.

1 Comp. Jav. aran (interchang ing of medial r and d not uncommon) ,Dayak ara, & c. What I callDayak is more properly Ngaju - Dayak , theonly dialect of which there exists a d ictionary and a g rammar (byDr. Hardeland) . I t is spokenalong the Baritu river by about half a millionpeople .

—F.

kabar (Mal. id .)malam (Mal. id.)

quicksiamsapuloh - siamsiampulohmint (p), chubitmasit (p)

nipa palm

oar (an)

occupied(busy )ocean

odour

odour (sweet)

oil

old (ofpersons)old (of things)onlyOpen (to)opulentorder (to)other

out (to go)out (to put)overturn (to)

VOCABULARY 87

Other Tid.

tia (Non.)

suara (Mal. id.

ingar (Mal. id.)nupa kamud kila nanadong dong (Mal idong )nupa kila (Mal. 1d.)anda ain, lain, btikan

ta’pir, nupa pir b’lum ag i (Mal.

s’ndag itu

busai, dayong

gagau

autanawau

lanyong

umantuti ’

buai

kiar

ny ukab1(s)

kabalok

ny usub (s)anda

dalual

s’

(m )ilafla - silafia - laub

(Mal. id.)d’

luar

munchit (p)fia -

punch1t

pa - k’lap ,pa - k’rap

1 Comp. Javanese l’ngd, id. Mal. and Day. sesam- seed from which

oil is drawn. Mal. l’ngd Day . l

’

ngo. Comp. Spanish aceile, oil (Arab .

olive) ; Latin01mm, Eng . oil, connected with olive, &c.—F .

1 Cf. Javanese mtg /lap and ngungkap .—F .

1 Comp. Ma]. li -arap , turned face downward, iyin on its (his, her,thei r) face(s) ; arap bemg a collateral form of adap , ront (side) , and ll

the prefix ; pa would be replaced by the suffix - kan in Malay ,

b’

sai ,dayon (Mal.

the lattergagau

lantan (Mal. id .)bau (Mal. id.)m’

rum

)(Mal. a

l’nya

1

(Sulu id.)

l’mbat

88 THE TIDONG D IALECTS

oyster (mangrove)

pack (to)paddlepaddle (to)padi (rice)

of han t’lapak (Mal. id.)papaya fruit

pass by (to)pause (to)pay (tol

peck (to)

peel (to)penetrate (to)penis

pepper

perhaps p’

rase’

persp1ration

hlegmerce (to(stab)

pierce (elm

ngadut (k)

1 Comp . Mal. h’

mas', be'ré'

mds,id.—F .

1 may ar . There is a probable relationship betweenMal. lawar ,‘to bid

a price,’ ‘to weaken,

’&c.

, and bay ar , to pay (ll-awar and bei ay ar) .Comp. Day. labor, to pay ; Sund. laur , id. ; MediaevalLatinpacare, topacify , to soothe Frenchpay er ; Spanishpagar and apagar , & c.

—F .

1 Comp. Day. uli , spout of a kettle, &c.

, and id. Also Imlah Mal. for

the latter.—F .

1 Comp. Mal. laja‘

(lafuk) and Mal. lif t: and lanyong , both express ingsomething protruding , something pointed (nail- points) , &c.

ba’

, peak, spear.—F .

manjanl’mabaibr

’

uti (Mal. id.)mayat (b) (Mal.m

’

mbay ar)matok (p)

ng alanit

t’

mbps (Mal. id.)

ut1u

chabi (Mal. liza

90 THE T IDONG D IALECTS

porpoise

ng injak (k) (Mal.

m’ng inja’

, to

tread upon)prettyrohibit (to)

promontory t’munong

prone (to lie) l(um)aub1

property balukprovisions ungkus

proud t’kabor 1

pudenda kayuan1 InMal. k

’

rilang is what the Dutch call brownfish (brninw'

sclz) orpeasant w ith his pigs (beer met syn varkenljes) . I suppose the name wasorig inally a Malay name, but Swettenham g ives lumba - Iumba for por

poise a denominat ionno doubt inconnexionwi th the racing these fishesdow i th their numerous attendants, as lumba -lnmba means race—F .

1

padau . Here againthe r and d interchange. Mal.p’

ra/m —F .

1 Comp. Mal.’mpu -n the ‘Lady of the pregnant

’

, a bad genius

harassing pregnant women (the capi talof Western Borneo, Pontianak , iscalled after her) . Comp. lion inMinangkabau (W . Sumatra) wombespecially of a pregnant woman. I t seems to be a corruption of li

bechilded li being a collateralform of prefix, also to be found in

li t'

ida and tiarap , &c .—F .

1 lumaub. The root Iaub conveys the idea of deviationfrom one’s proper

position. Cf. palaub, to overturn, &c.

1 ArabicJff fs, infinitive of the fifth verbal form. Many infinitives from

the A. are so used in M. and other Mal. -Polynesian languages as norms

krétan

priok (Mal.p’riu

’

)sabain’

tu (l)nuang (l) (Mal.

m’nu

bidu‘

smallfishing-boat

tatundu’

bunting (Mal. id.)pas

’dia (Mal. s

’

di

nyamb il (Mal.

sambil)nganya

’

VOCABULARY 9 1

pudendummu badi

ull(to)ull (down)pulp (of fruit)pummel (to)pungentpurpose

pursue (to)push (to)put (to)put out (a light)

bangas buntu

quake (to) talintig g’mtar (Mal. id.)

quarrel (to) babakanquickquid (of betel)quietquite(a question) ki (Sim.)

race (to) barumba barumba (Mal.b’lumba - Iumba)

1

rainbow

raise (to)

raise (to) , (Mal..édn

pa - kindi

raise (to), (Mal.

m’nnw as)

or even as verés (finite) . Comp. lakdi’

r (inf. second form) , la‘

dlluq (inf.fifth form) , &c. The Mal. pronunciation of labdbbnr is ldk

'

bzi r or

1 Comp. Mal. J enaé tame, meek—F .

2 Comp. note 1 on p. go : the porpoise is constantly racing’with i ts

followers.- E.

nikut (l)nuhanglune’

ny into’

s

p’

das (Mal id.)pa

’sa

b’

lintongng angkat (Mal.

pa - batun

pa - tubun

ny ongkit (clz)


nabus (l)

mulut ikus (Mal. id. )

rattan awat

kasabai’mbachamanang

- manangn’rima (l)

pa - ingat (Mal. in

(Mal.

m’méaz’

kkdn)ny ing il(s)

repletereply (to) ng ajawabrequest (to)resin

resist (to) ng alawan (Mal.m

’

lawan)restore (to) pa -

puni

restrain (to) ng antan ng antan

(pa muli 1 (Jav.malilz) muni1

m’

uduli 1

1 muli and mnni are intransitives w ith m(a ) prefix. Hence pa-punini th doubledpa prefix. Comp . Jav. muli /z, from ulih—F .

1 Cf. dnlin, the rudder,i . e. the thing behind Mal. kamudi—F.

nabus (l), (Mal.m

’

né’

bus)d’

ras (Mal. id.)bi abanwat

matah (Mal.m

’

nla/z)matangmacha (b)t’ngan

- t’

ngannrima (Mal.

m’

nr ima)p’

rubit’r5.ug’

rad1’

pa - l’

pas (Mal.


natak sagu (Mal. id.)iw ii roJa

(m)asin (Mal asin(Mal. id. ga

ram(only subst.same inggilfid

’mpadasand ag is ag 1s

sarong gabal gabalsatiate (to) pa - asug pa - b

’sor

satiated masug b’sor

savage sing kangarsay (to), (kala) dagu usulscare (to) ng ajut (.é ) ng ajut (13) (Mai .

m’ng e/‘

ul- kdn)scented lanyong m’

tum(Mal.amscorpion antt

pkala antip

- kalah

scratch (to) ng o ut (k) ng agaru (Mal.m’ng gam

’

)scurf (daki ) lili i isea lautan lautan (Mal. id.)search

’ngg ium

see (to) angg ilong

see (nampa’

) katadaseed umiseize (to) ng adakapseldom langkangself kabatit

sell (to) pa - alansend

m(to), (ki pa - ibit

send (to),(antar ng atadseparate (to) insuai

serpent m’

ndi pa’

servant (slave) lipan

settle (to) ny alasat (s)

seventy tujumpulohsew (to) ny alut (s)

shadow lindada

1 Comp . high Jav.

kat’mukuyumnakap (t)

fari ng (Mal. id.)diri

pang i rim (k), (Mal.kz

'

n'

m)ng antar

bat’

dai

nyipar1panny alasai (s) (Mal.m’ny allsai

- kdn)tujumpulohny amat (s) (Mal.s’mat, pin

bayang - bayang(Mal. id.)

m'

ngal(from tingal) id F.

VOCABULARY 95

shaft (of wea utakpons)

shake (to)shallshallow tangka, l

’

sakanm1wanladamsia ;

kna

ang apkasiput

tutobei

1asad(Sim.)

1 kaszlput, katkzput, Mal. ”put. The kc! or k! is a prefix commonlyfound innames of plants, animals, &c.—F.

Mr. W. Aernout in his smallTidong vocabulary gives antoea’

omg (inthe spelling of this book : antudong) .—F .

ng aroyau

tangkanyadaptajam (Mal. id.)sa

’nia

sarong (Mal. id.)kachiput

p’lilit

g’mtar (Mal. id.)majil (b) nimbe

’

(t )(Mal.m’

némba’

)ny

’

put (s)

bibir- lantanp’nda

’

(Mal.pan

(1) (Malm

’

nunju’

)tatando’ , kakudasnudong (t )p’das

jina

’

m’ra

singke’

- d’

dor

sadi‘- d

’dor

madu’

langit (Mal. id.)lipanting idikatundunl’mbat (Mal. lam


lumat (Mal. pow ui’

dery,pulvenzed)smell (trans.) ng adaksmoke l isansmooth

ujor (Sim . )

marasm

ng abug

(m)asam

ganjul, tombak

tangkarawa tangkarawa

ny ambor (s)1 ny imhor (all)

1

squeeze (to) misaksquint- eyed

stairs tukadstake (a) turns (Mal. id.)

As before pointed 1nB01. is invariably an.1' inTar.

”3ada’

l1s11n

lichin (Mal. id.)ny ipar

misu (p)ng aj

’

rat (Mal.

take (to)ta lk (to)tall (pan/hag )tall (ting gi )tame

tangle (to)teach (to)

tear (to)tell (to) (biking )tell (p

’

sdn)

testiclesthat (pron.)theretheythickthiefthigh

thin (kurus)thinkthink (intr.)thirstythirtythisthread

THE TIDONG DIALECTS

umin- talig 1na

fig-

gina, da- danai

kapar

p’uakan

a a‘

t um)ukalm

'

bapikir

puah

talumpuloh

g itulawailitig

9n

'

J 1mabul (b)

Bolong an.

Olker Tid .

lawailihir (Mal. lefier )lanjartuni ng (b) (Mal.

m’méuang =‘to

throw awaydanum- t uahdanum- urutny ugent

t’

mpo Male {M ‘

pa) om Port.)kali

siga (Sim.)

lumuda, ka

1 Comp. Mal.'

Iz’

r , penis—F .

t°

a b’rapa kali

tusulrandu

’

s’

mbau

jine’

(Mal. jma‘

)

itu (Mal. id.)ditu, didi , da idisida

kapar

p’

uakan

pah (Mal.pali d )Riff

s

(a)011 1r

bapikir

puah

t’

lumpuloh

Eng lz’

slz.

tobacco

tobacco (cigarette)

to- morrowto-morrow (day

to-morrow (4days after today )

tongue

too

toothtouch (10)towardstrample (to)

trap (to)tray (with legs)

triie

VOCABULARY

Tarakan.

sigup

odut

suab

saab- anda

kaninjulu

nyanggal(s)s1mpotul, s

’mbialng idau (k)

akap (s)tzigdk (Mal. id.)opun

kapayang ,manang

p’

rsaya

ng inyam (k)

pansulud- iama

da- disanngan ti

Bolong an.

J1la (Mal. m’njz

'

lat dila (Sim.)= ‘to l ick ’

)kangangaluanipanng agamons’

1nbila

ng inje’

(Mal.m

ny arkap (s)tabe‘

po (Mal. poéo’

)b’

nar’t’ngan

p’rchaya (Mal. id.)

ng anchuba (Mal.

mmam )tua (Mal. tuba)mutar (p) (Mal.m’mutar )

musing (p) (Mal.m

’

mus mg )

p’

radi’- tame‘

da—diba

ng alungkamindah

g

it ),

(Mal.m

’mm altkdn=‘to move

1 Cf. Jav. ngungkabi , to Open, to unfastem—F.

G z

t’mbaku (Mal.t’mbakau)

isap (Mal. ”f ug isap,

‘tosuck,

’

to

smokesmpdumpau

sabon


mata’, imbula’ m’

utah (Mal.m

’

ntalz)matang

use (to)

useful

papian

Jinis-jinis1

b’nua (Mal.oun

égau

muntah (Mal.

wager (to)waistwait (nantz

’

)wake lokau

want (to)

wash (clothes)wash (mandi )watch (to)

water timugwater (fresh) timug pala

’

1 Mal. Arab .j’m

’

s a corruptionofjms, Arab.

Cf. Jav. awa‘

, body .—F .

1 Cf. Dayakj apok.—F .

basiwaawe

’

nini

batun

masuh (b) (Mal.m

’

mbasulz)mupu (ms

m’ndus

ng ajaga (Mal.

danumdanum tawar

(Mal. azr


maya, ambaya

woman dinandu duanduwom

)b (to carry ngandong

1(k)

m

word

work (to)

wound siwanwretched one

(exclamationimplying t e

proof

ity)wriie nulis (t) (Mal.

yawn

musim sea

kuning (Mal. id.)

yesterd

luandu

dudu,- mu, ka

’ika, kah, -mu

young’mbulak m

’

ugut

1 Comp. Mal. m’

ngundung , to carry ina bag , or to beDay. kandong , mangandong , id.

—F .

Cf. notes 1 , a, to p. 84.

pada’

dor

ngandong1(k)

kayu (Mal. id.)ibung angkuat

(Non.)ta (Sim . )ijun(Non. )bambulak

(Sim.)

pregnant of, and

APPENDI !

BY DR. A. A. FOKKER

IT may be useful to add a few remarks to Mr. Beech’s Grammar

and Vocabulary .

If we consider the phonetic system of Tidong , and compare itw ith that of two cognate languages, Dayak and Malay, we shallfind many points of resemblance.

The table onp. 104 may g ive an idea of the sounds of Tidong .

1. PHONETIC SYSTEM.

As to the vowels, the only slight difference from the Malay is tobe seen in the greater frequency of the sounds d and a, which indeedinMalay are very rare ; é

’s and 2

’

s are just as scarce as inMalaywhereas the overwhelming majority of words contain no vowelsother than a , i , or 11. Some of the words that are g iven in the

vocabulary as containing 0’

s, especially in the root- syllables, mayinreality have ana sound ; so, for instance , the word tidong (onp. 85)for mountain,

’which is also thename of the country where Tidong

’

is spoken. The Dutch , in fact, write this name Tidomg on theirmaps, meaning by oe the sound of Malay ‘

surd u as I call it inmy Malay l uetics. A more accurate designation would be‘low u

’

, in opposition to high a as heard in Malay mmput (firstsyllable) , grass. This word , common to both languages, containsboth types of u

, as do also éurzmg , the Malay word for bird, andothers.

So- called diphthong s are rare, just as in Malay. We meetwith

dy z kasabay ,to come ; bdlay , house (in the vocabulary bald ) ;

dw mimiaw , to descend (in the voc. mimiau)ay : sdloy , cold (in the voc. saloi ) ;fly : z

‘

qkfiy , tail (inthe voc. inkui ).BEECH


a surd fn’

catioe, just as it is heard at the end of Malay words .

Confusion w ith the sonant explosive g (as in Eng lish g et) is a

generally observed phenomenon. So Arabic which exactly co r

responds to this uvular r (surd and sonant) , is often rendered by

foreigners as g . A well - known instance is afforded by the name

B ag dad (shag) . Here, of course, it is sonant.

The mishearing of final t and p may be accounted for by the

pecul iarity of the Eng lish (and also Germanand Danish) pronuncia

t ion of the surd consonants in opposition to the French (and also

the Dutch) way of producing them inthe former a sl ight aspirationis heard after each of them. Consequently a final t without anysuch aspiration—pronounced bare, so to say

—is easily misinter

preted as a d and so finalp as a o. Indeed this peculiarity inthe

pronunciation of the surd is never observed in Tidong or Malay,nor inany of the Indonesian languages.Another possible explanationofmishearing a d for another final

is the peculiar subdentalpronunciationg iventonas a final. So the

words writtenw ith final 11may end inn instead.

1

As to final it may be identified withArabic'

ain Of course

it is surd too, but our definitionof it asfikaryng alis not inaccord

ance w ith that g iven by Sweet and other phonetists. The name

Arabiangrammarians g ive it—fiamz a—exactly defines itsnature as asound produced by pressure of the throat. We are able to observeits formationbetween the g lott is and the uvula; at various heights.

Iz—sonant and surd—is produced at the -same place ofarticulationas the surd type only occurring as a final. This ‘ visarga

’

, as

the Hindoos call it, is rather difficult to the European organs of

speech. Confusion of it w ith final is very general among theEng lish and Dutch. So : finall, thirsty salalt , guilt, fault.

2 . It will be noticed that in the above table of sounds we de

fine e (Eng l. transliterationdz) andj as denials. Such indeed theyare, being formed with the tip of the tongue against the extremityof the upper teeth, so that the lower teeth are also touched by it.

’

1 L

gdAernout

'

s vocabulary g ivespansnlan for relations Mr. Beech

M definitioninMalay Plzoneties as palatals is consequently inexact,asM y and Tidong have the same e and j.

APPEND I! 107

The usual a is formed exactly in the same way as e orj, but for

the opening of the nasal passage by lowering the velum So we

call it subdental, like t and s. The usual d is superdentalinMalay,and presumably is so too inTidong .

The letters printed in thick type denote the consonants onlyoccurring by the influence of assimilation. So subdental 1 appearsonly immediately after another subdentalas final of the precedingword ina sentence, and superdental t is heard immediately after

a final 1Obnt langg a, a light pillowdoka ny angg altinmr , I touch the water.

Similar assimilations take place with other initials or explosives.

3. A consonant hitherto never noticed or defined, as far as we

know ,is the pharyngal nasal,

’

i .e. the nasal corresponding to as

a stop’

or explosive and 11 as a fricative, and indicated onthe table byit, and 523. It is constantly confounded with the velar, or, far morefrequently, with the postpalatal nasal (table fl , and 13” andn: and

all these being rendered by ng . So inthis vocabulary and in

the g rammar, as in allother vocabularies and grammars of MalayPolynesian languages. Malays themselves commit the same error,writing allthree alike, surd and sonant (properly six different con

sonants !) w ith the one sign The other systems of writing

those of Hindoo orig in, the Lampong alphabet, that of the Rejangs,that of the Tegalocs, that of the Javanese, the Madurese, theBalinese , that of the Bug inese and Makassarese—all show the

same lack of accuracy.

§ 4 . The pharyngal type of these nasals is heard when initial‘

turns into its corresponding nasalby the joining of a verbal or other

prefix

So’an.§at becomes iiankat, wh ich we have to consider as an

abbreviationof ‘afiankat.

This type of nasal does not occur inany other instances inwhich

rig is written, e.g . between two vow els, any more than in Malay,Dayak, &c

s’

tanalz, half (spelt inthe vocabularytnmani , to bewail (spelt in the vocabulary tamang i )tinidi , to sleep (spelt inthe vocabulary ting idi ) .


§ 5 . As a final, even as the ending of the first syllable of a

disyllabic stem,it never occurs. What is writtenng as a final is

always 71, the surd postpalatalnasal, as ing narl (g aang ), malan(malang ), g ang aw &c.

s is extremely rare, and a still rarer, both only appearing in case

of coalescence, by assimilation. So in

palm doka rnina’aw , after I had descended.

And in

sia mafia: bajn- nia, he brushes his jacket.

6. It is impossible to g ive here allthe rules for snort and longvowels ; but it w ill be useful to notice1 . That in the penult a is always short and prepalatal before a

final opensyllable ini or a , beg inning w ith a surd :‘iaki , elephant ,

but’ag

'i , more, yet ;‘abu , 1, me, but bag a , new ;

‘

ati , heart , but‘

iddi , younger brother or sister ; n,apn, to strugg le, but tdon, sugarcane, &c.

2 . That in all other cases a is long and prepalatal in an open

syllable (odkas , pig , sagnt , to tangle) ; short, like allother vowels,

and mostly prepalatal too, ina closed syllable (mamoan, to strike) .1

3. That i and a are only long before anr : oi ri t, pipkin, mines,to chase, but

’

nsi , cat,‘

nlnn, man, lisa’

, mud.

4. An r always leng thens any immediately preceding vowe l ,when itself the initial of the last syllable.

5. Whena root- sy llable (the last of a stem) contains a h igh 0 (a) ,an 0 which occurs in the preceding syllable must be high too ;

if an 0 in the root - syllable is low,an 0 in the preceding sy llab

l

e

must be low also. Similarly, whenthe root - syllable contains a hig he an e which occurs in the preceding sy llable must also behigh ; if an e in the root - sy llable is low ,

an e in the precedingsyllable must be low also. Thus

1 What Mr. Beech defines as 32 exactly as in the Engl. mud’

(p. 18) isindeed nothing else but German a in Katze (Dutch kat ) , so that i t is a

trifle different from the sound written w ith n in mud. Compare the

Eng ] . rendering s of Indian geographicalnames[Inmnah (V

Vhitney’s and

others’ rendering ,djanzna/i ) , Punjab (PahCEP) : Ca outta (Kalikata) . Indeed

the sound implie (except in the last instance , where it is the long type)is a

‘low mid’

a , being produced in the middle of the mouth in a low

position of the tongue.

1 10 THE TIDONG DIALECTS

like pun (pon) in Malay, but this is no reason for treating them

as sufiixes. For the rest , see below .

9 . PREF I ! ES, SUFFI ! ES, and INFI ! ES. They are mostly th e

same or equivalents of the same as inthe nearest related languages .

One infix - ia is lacking in Dayak and Malay, but found in

javanese, &c.

1

§ 10. We have to distinguish liv ing and dead prefixes. Th e

former are still felt as such by the l iving g eneration, the latter are

no more separable from their disyllab ic stem. Stems leng thenedby such dead prefixes may be called secondary stems, in opposi

tionto the primary ones, which always consist of two syllables.

So

ten,’ in ting karaw a

, spider, is a dead prefix, for karawa

does not exist separately. Moreover, kara’

w a is itse lf a secondarystem (ka and ra

’

w a), showing the common prefix for names of

animals, trees, &c. (comp. Mal. laba—laba,a spider) .

In’ialaa , older brother or sister,

‘

i is another dead prefix whereas

; )a in pakemn (to astonish) is quite alive : it may still be freely

applied to other stems (adjectives mostly).11 . The Tidong prefixes follow here :

1 .

‘a . This prefix may immediately precede a verbalstem , or be

joined to it by the aid of the nasal corresponding to the initial of thisstem. In the latter case the nasal w illgenerally replace the initial,if this is surd (k, s, t, c, p) ; the verb thenhas a transitive meaning .

A collateral form of’a is ii ,a (with pharyngal nasal , but mostly

w ithout inserted nasal after it), which has the same value as‘a with

inserted or substitutednasal , being always transitive. Examples’aba

'

dat,to be awake (from kadat, awake) .

to lift up (from‘anbot, lifted).

n,ajilat, to lick (fromjilat , tongue) .n,andag u , to say (from dagu , word , said).n,antug us, to make (from tug us, made, making , work).’afi,ddon to g ive (from sa

’

a'

on, ration, portion) , whichhas also the (normal) abbreviated form,

fifi don.

1 Malay bindtang , animal, is the only existing remnant, as it must comefrom batang , body , a word stillfound in Javanese, Sund. , & c.

1 From s t o on we write as much as possible inaccordance w ith thespelling inthe vocabulary .

APPENDI! 1 1 1

‘anamas, to keep (from tamas, kept, the thing kept, keeping )abbreviated form, nornas.

’aminsan, to tear (from binsan, torn, tearing , the th ing torn) ;abbreviated form, minsan.

‘amatur , to turn(fromflutar , turned, the thing turned, turning )abbreviated form, mutar .

N .B . (bamz a) as an initial being sonant, it does not disappearafter the corresponding nasal it is barely audible after it (soin Malay maiz’ambil, usually written meng ambi l, but sometimeswrittenby Malays maambil, so that the insertednasal isneg lected) .

2 . ba. This prefix is ratherm e. It forms adjectives and intransitive verbs (imperfective form,

see verb below) in the Malay way,just as ‘

a orn,a not followed by a vowel. We see it in

bag uru , to have amaster, to learn(fromg uru, teacher, master).bai raw , to have a banquet , to eat a feast (from i raw

,a feast i) .

bakasiat , useful, to be useful (from kasiat, usefulness P) .botara

'

is, to scream, to shriek (from tardis, a shriek) .

badulug ] , to marry (from dalaru a companion? Comp . Java

sadulur , brother, sister) .bai

‘

nkuy , to be tai led, having a tail (from‘inkuy , a tail).

3. ba . Seems to have the same characteristic application as

Malay ta or t! (mostly followed by anuvular r) and Javanese ka or be’

before a verbal stem : it denotes an unintentional, sometimesaccidenta l, act .

B ulanbasila nia , the moon‘has come out has risen.

Kasulzap nia tambanan- na, his door went open (sina/tapwould mean: was opened intentionally by some one) .

Some format ions with this prefix are pure adjectives (= intransi

tive verbs w ith be) batian, pregnant (see note 4, p.

Another functionyet is that of forming ordinals : kadua , &c.

4. ta . This is a lso met with inTar. in the same sense as bar

(see In Bol. it plays the same part.

5 .

‘i . Only occurs sporadically. It occurs in terms of family

relationship‘z’

ama,father.

‘iadi , younger brother or sister.


"irndman, uncle (from ama , father).1

‘iminan, aunt (from ina , mother) .

1

6. iqg abu’

, to fight, and‘insaduy , to swim, afi

'

ord us examp les of

a prefix‘i broadened out by a nasal after it. I t is very rare and

forms the imperfective or durative of intransitive verbs ; sometimes

adjectives :‘irnbula

‘

, unripe, juvenile,‘ing ilut, alike.

7 . pa orpl. Forms causative and denominative verbs from other

verbs and nouns (mostly adjectives), w ithout chang ing the‘

initial orinserting a nasal but when it denotes the instrument or agent, the

performer of anact or a personwho has a certain habit or obvious

quality, it requires the changing of the initial into the correspondingnasal or the inserting of a nasal just as w i th the transitive verbs

formed w ith the prefix’a (see above)

fiapatay , to make to die, to kill (frompatay , death) .

Joana/law , stealer,’ thief (from tabaw , theft, the act of

stealing ) .

pamukap, opener,’corkscrew (from sukap, open,

p’ndidib, matches from flint.

pampululz, to bird (a rare case of apa verb with insertednasal,frompululr, bird- lime).

fialinas, cheek (from ling as = ear i).

pang ilan, to compare (another instance ofnasal insertion, from

g ilan, compar ing , term of comparison,fiakindi , to erect (from bindi , erect, standing ).

As the sporadic intransitive,verbs w ith "

i +nasal prefix have

exactly the same grammatical value as those with em, m, am or um

infix, inboth cases the signof the intransitive has to disappear when

apa form is constructed

mapon, to remain, to dwell , intransitive (imperfective) , fromupon, remaining .

fia - dpon, to make to remain, to leave.

int’

labas, to be naked, intransitive (imperfective) from t’

la‘

bas,

naked.

pa - t’labas, to make naked, to undress, &c.

1 I should like totake these words as‘ i mama an, and

‘ i minaan, one who is hke a father, one who is like a mother (see infix - t

’

rn


to or té : tanhara'

wa,spider w ith doub le

prefix).t’ndulu , hand (te

’

+n

tatuad‘

, prawn.

i or i +nasal : ’imbaw a

, shoulder.’indulay , lead (metal) .

‘irnb

’lua (i +m ba dua compare

‘

iddu’

, g randparents.

‘indihay , water- melon.

p a or p é, w ith or w ithout nasal : palinas, cheek.

fiarumpu’

, nipa palm.

si or ea or 56 siday a (see above).sasabu , urine.

ma or mé m’mbarin(with inserted nasal) , blachan.

’

m’ndtpa

’

, snake.

11 or la or 16 limanu, crab (li -Hnanu) .lantimun, cucumber (see Voc.)

§ 12 . lurrxss. The socalled infixes are1 .

’m, Zen or am, um,

and 2 . in.

We have to keep in view that the name infix only applies to the

graphic image of the word where it is inserted by wr i ting one, &c.,

immediately after the initial letter . In reality the phonetic processis something else.

Inwords like mapbn, to remain (from‘apbn, remaining ) we may

suppose1

a has beendropped (”emaporz> mapon).

tumani (from tani , crying ), to weep, to cry .

je’

znuar (from juar i ) Bol. babui'

h , to foam.

The last instance shows that this infix’corresponds inmeaning

to the prefix ba (see above). Indeed it forms intransitive verbs,mostly w ith a durat ive idea (imperfective).

- in is used to make perfectives (with momentaneous meaning )

1 Inthe vocabulary tindulu , probablymeant w ith the sound of i as inEngl.tin, but , if so ,

w rongly heard instead of t'

ndulu . This mishearing of i (as int in) for 3 (French e muet) is very commonamong European

- bornwhites.

APPENDI! 1 15

and mostly to be taken in a passive sense (see verb below , alsofor the interchanging of - in w ith ’

ina)

linag aw or‘

inalag aw tindw al called.

13. SUFFI ! ES. Here again there are but few

the latter sporadic. We see an in some rather rare derivatives,mostly no longer felt as such

titikan, matches from flint (from ti tih, knock, tick) .tambanan, door, gate (from tumbaq - z to fall to, to fall downP)tang ulan, shaft of a lance (from tang ul, stick i) .

I t sometimes forms intransitive verbs (adjectives with‘to be

’

)w i th a frequentative meaning

banalan or baqaran, to be deaf, hard of hearing .

lulunan, to kiss, to hug .

- i is found intransitive verbs

tanhubi , to cover, to deck,

and sometimes as a mere additional indication

g indi , that (compare French celu i - ld).mandi , where P(compare Malay mdna).

§ 14 . P refix and sufi x at the same t ime occur in some rare

instances

ha - an: kamanahan, nephew, niece.

hatupdlan, greatness, splendour.

pa + - an pajafijian (probably from the Malay), contract.ta nasal) or t! (+nasal) - an t

’

nhabdnan, shield.

§ 15 . F oreign w ords, of course, do not follow the above -

g iven

rules of word- formation. So hadila (Molucco Malay from Port .

cadei ra), chair, hasnothing to do w ith the prefix ha,nor hasflabby/an,clothes, anything to do w ith the prefixpa (Mal.flabby - an) . Some

foreign words have undergone a sort of adaptation. So SanskritMalay cabay , Spanish or red pepper, has become sabi inTarakan,cabi in Bolongan. Verbs or adjectives w ith ba + inserted r are

H 2


probably all borrowings from the Malay. So : b’ranti , to stand

still ; b’ratan, to be in debt, to owe. Tidong stems do not want

this binding w ith r to the prefix.

SOME OTHER POINTS or Tmonc GRAMMAR

16. As ineverything except the phonetic system and the word

formation, especially that of the verb, the Tidong language possessesthe same peculiarities as its sisters, Malay for instance ; we need

not treat them at leng th here. Syntactical difl'

erences are rare

too : these are likew ise connected w ith the use of the verbal forms.

For the rest we refer to Mr. Beech’

s work.

THE VERB

17 . Just as w ith Malay, we have to keep inv iew that verbal

forms may be reduced to these two phases so to say,

1 thepezfi ctive

and 2 . the imperfl ctive,

w ithout any distinctionof time.

The perfective phase as a rule denotes a momentaneous or

achieved doing (aorist or perfect idea) , the imperfective a durationor incompleteness of the same.

We may compare the Malay- Polynesianverb in the former phasew ith our

‘

past participle’

, in the latter phase w ith our‘

present

participle Indeed finite forms are unknown.

1

As imperfective forms are to be reckoned

those w ith the prefixes‘

a or na (w ith or without insertednasal), ba , ma,

’1 (w ith nasal) , and the infix -

’m - am- ém or - um

As perfective forms : allthe others.

Examples

1 Compare Prof. H . Kern’

s De F iay'

i taalvergeleh mmet hare verwantmin Indonesie

’

en Polynesic'

, Amsterdam, Johannes Muller,1886, p. 102 .


But—this is to be kept inview —not all verbalderivations w iththesefire/fires and this infix arepassives.

So we may find tinah, to g ive (perfect ive from tab), just as all

other similar infix- bearing verbs used inanactive sense

binag i-ma dua , cut (it) in halves, which exactly corresponds

to the Malay

The literal translation of the Tidong imperative would be : yourdividing (be) two, or rather : the result of your dividing (be) two.

1

§ 19 . When the verbal stem beg ins w ith a r, or 1, the infix

- in is replaced by the prefix‘in (before or

‘

ina (before r or i )

xna‘

nah, born (from‘anah , child, the act of bearing a ch ild) .

taken (from‘

alap, the act of taking ).‘inarampas, robbed, snatched away (from m embers).

J'

inalag aw , called.

20. Some intransitive verbs have ‘i and inserted nasal before

the stem

inhaman, to creep, creeping ,‘intamu

,to meet

,be meeting (Jav. enema, Mal. bé'rttmzl) .

‘ingabun, to fight, be fighting .

We might compare this form w ith the Latin verba deponenti a ,

these being also often intransitive with a form l ike the passive oftransitives.

§ 21 . Ta and ha w ith identical meaning s exclusively denotea perfective in hasdbay , come , arrive(d) , but in todag a the prefix

may be taken ina passive sense too.

§ 22 . The part the inserted nasals play in the language, as alsothat of the nasals replacing init ials, is as a rule a purelyphonetic

one. They only then assume a syntactical character, if theyrepresent an omitted prefix. Then they are like hinges left ata doorpost, showing that there has been or ought to be a door

hang ing on them.

1 That such a form as bindg i does not strictly express a passive, butdenotes the result of the action (which then is identified w ith the act

itself ; compare the English word act in both senses is proved by a wordlike

‘ i f'

uilan, name, from‘alan Juv.

‘aran, name).

APPENDI! 1 19

So natap stands for ‘d - nutufi (from tutup) .

As to the different changes the surd initials undergo by the

influence of the prefix, see the preceding grammar.

§ 23. The imperative in Tidong is mostly formed in a way

d ifferent from MalayTransitive verbs take the perfective form w ith inserted - in or

prefixed‘in

‘

ina the personal pronounbeing added to it by wayof a suffix

sinaqg al- mu ulin, hold the rudder.

But intransitive verbs fol low the Malay manner : the imperativeis expressed by the bare stem or simplest form of the perfective, orby the imperfective with - m - am &c.

,when that form exists.

Masih da ulung ina (masih, from‘asih, love, pity) ,pity thatman.

Then the personal pronoun is as unnecessary as inMalay. The

Bol. dialect comes nearer to the Malay, as it sometimes followsthe Malay way evenfor transitive verbs

co'

be- m. try I

But, as we see,the pronoun is afl

‘ixed in an abbreviated form ;whereas in Malay the pronoun can only be added if

‘o’

le'

h comes

between

danar [ah o'

le'

h - ma , hear thou !

24 . The pa per/2am seems far more current than its counter

part the imperfective w ith prefixed ma . We have, however, to

reckon a verb l ike

mahjc’u , to bathe,

as an imperfective, because the literal meaning is a causative

(a double transitive), corresponding to Malay to

sprinkle w ith water, &c. The intransitive imperfective would be

je’

men, as the in-

perfective , used as passive, isjznéu (stemje'

u ).

Compare je’

muar , to boil , and our observation about the prefixma in ll, 9.


25 . MALAY AND TIDONG VERBAL AFFI ! ES COMPARED

As To THEIR SYNTACTICAL VALUE

b! r) corresponds to ba and be“

m! nasal)- hln

pe4. r

(as a rule along w ith- h!n, so plr té

'

taphln, to

settle, to fix)

ta or t! r)ka or hl-l - an

- z

di - fia

(di - be’

d - fia)rendered by putting the

pers. pron. immediatelybefore the verbal stem,

mostly inanabbreviated

’

hu bé'ri ahu blr i )’haw bé’ri i

’

nkaw beri )bare stem inMalay

or -m - lm - am ! um!

(before r or I prefix ma

may)or

‘

i nasal’a +nasal or ha

fia

pa nasal, sometimes)

t in- ah—hu.

t - in- ah- ma

t - in- ah- mu if meant as an

imperative

Oxford Printed at the C larendonPress by HORACE HART, M.A.

- in or’

in

ha or ta

ha or ta

- z

in na‘in na

- nia) or‘z'

na - na - nia )(t - in- ah-na (or nia) )

The Idong Diale of Borneo Mervyn W. H. Geech, Ma

Documents

Transcript of The Idong Diale of Borneo Mervyn W. H. Geech, Ma