The competence of the European Union in copyright lawmaking

A normative perspective of EU powers for

Union in copyright lawmakingA normative perspective of EU powers for

copyright harmonization

Dr. Ana Ramalho, LL.M.Senior Lecturer, University of South Wales

Oxford, 11 February 2014

B k d & M ti tiBackground & Motivation National legislative differences can impede cross- National legislative differences can impede cross

border trade of copyright goods and services Runs counter to internal market aims EU can harmonize national laws for purposes of

building an internal market Specific aspects of copyright covered – 8

directives Legal basis: art. 114 TFEU But: functional competence, no normative

id fl ibl l ti tguidance; flexible norm – only connection to internal market necessary.

R h tiResearch questions

1. Has this resulted in a normative gap?g

2 A d if h ht th EU l i l t2. And if so, how ought the EU legislator address that gap?g p

M th d lMethodology General methodology: analytical and normative General methodology: analytical and normative Internal legal perspective – research based on

legal sourceslegal sources Specific methodology: legal theories (ch 4) +

content analysis techniques (ch 2 3 5 6)content analysis techniques (ch 2, 3, 5, 6) Content analysis: sampling of data; systematic

reading; identification of patterns; categorizationreading; identification of patterns; categorization of patterns; formulation of conclusions

CATEGORIES OF 

OBJECTIVES

OBJECTIVES (SPECIFIC)

Computer programs (1991)

Rental & Lending (1992)

Satellite & Cable (1993)

Term of protection (1993)

Databases (1996)

Infosoc (2001)Resale right (2001)

Orphan works (2012)

D Recital 4, 5 Recital 1,2,3 Recital 1‐3, 5,14,33Recital 

2,9,17,18,25Recital 2,3,4

Recital 3,6,7, 31, 32, 47, 56

Recital 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 

Recital 8, 14, 25

DIRECTIVES

14, 15, 23AP

PPart 1:1.4., 2.10, 

2.11.,5.4.Part 

1:10,39,43,45,46Part 1:5,7

Part 1:26‐28,33,38‐41,45,56

 Part 1:2.2.5.;2.2.11.; 7.1.2‐7.1.5.

Intro (1); Ch 2(2); Ch 

3.I(13), II(7), III(5)

I.8; IV.A.2; IV.A.3; IV.A.18; IV.C.7

Recital 3

D Recital 5Recital 4,11, 12, 14, 22, 34, 

40

Recital 7,18

Recital 1,3,5,9,11,15,16, 20‐

Establishment of an internal market

Treaty related goals

The

4023

APRecital 10ter (14 in D); 14 bis (22 in D)

P Part 1:7,8,9,39 Ch 2(2),(3) 1

D Recital 20, 24Recital 

4,7,8,9,11,15,18Recital 5,20, 24,25,

Recital 5, 10, 11

Recital 18,26,27, 30, 

31, 33

Recital 9, 10, 11, 23, 35, 44, 47, 48, 59

Recital 3, 4, 22, 29, 

30

Recital 11,12,13, 14, 15, 16‐

20

Fostering culture 

Protect authorsThe normative

AP Pg 2 (d)Pg 4 recital 19;pg 8‐9, Art 3(2);pg 9 Art 4(1)

Recital 9bis(11 in D), 26

PPart 1: 

7,8,9,10,39,43,45. Part 2: 3.1.1

Part 1: 4,33,35,36,54, 57‐60,62,64

Part 1: 49;60

Part 1: 3.1.11; 

4.2.1.;4.2.6. Part 2:11.3.

Intro (1); Ch 2(1)

I.2, I.3, I.4; 

V.3;V.8;V.15;V.17

D Recital 2,3,6,24Recital 

4 7 8 9 11 19Recital 5,20,24,25,26 Recital 10, 11

Recital 7,11,18,26, 27, 30, 31, 33 39

Recital 4, 9, 10, 35, 44, 47, 

Recital 11‐20

Protect authors and/or 

performers

gap (I), , ,

4,7,8,9,11,19, , , , ,

33,39‐44,48,56,57,5

8,49,50

, , , ,48, 59

20

AP Pg 2 (c)Pg 4 recital 19;pg 8‐9, Art 3(2);pg 9 Art 4(1)

Recital 26

PPart 1:1.2., 1.3., 1 4 3 6 5 4

Part 1:1,7,8,9,10,39,43

Part 1:4,33,35,36,54, 57 60 62 64

Part 1:29 49 60

Part 1:1.2.; 1.4.; 

2.1.3.;2.1.6.;2.2.11.;3.2.8.; 4 1 1 ;4 2 1 ;4

Intro (1); Ch2 (1)

Protect content industries

Protect a specific interest

1.4.,3.6., 5.4.,45

57‐60,62,64 1:29,49,60 4.1.1.;4.2.1.;4.2.6.;4.2.10.;5.1.1.;7.1.5.Part 2: 11.3.

(1)

D Recital 10,28,33Recital 4, 26,27 33

Recital 1,3,9, 11, 15, 16, 

20, 21, 22AP I.3.3.

Part 

Protect intermediaries

P1:33,40,42,54,58,62,64

1

DRecital 17, 18, 21‐

23,26Recital 34,35, 

37,49,50

Recital 33,38,39,51, 

52,57

Recitals 1, 23

APIntroduction of recitals pg 17‐19

Pg 3 d) and e)

P Part 1:3.3.

Part 1:5.3.2.;5.3.7. Part 2: 6.1.; 6 2 ;7 1 ;8 5

Protect end users

6.2.;7.1.;8.5.D Recital 15AP

P

Intro (5); Ch 2(10); Ch 

3.I(14), II (8), III(6), IV(5)

D=Directive; AP=Amended Proposal; P=Proposal (Explanatory memorandum, references made to paragraphs unless otherwise indicated); Ch=Chapter; Pg=Page

Compliance with 

international framework

Compliance with international framework

60

The 30

40

50

normative gap (II) 10

20

30

gap (II)0

The Treaty related goalsThe normative

Treaty related goals

Protect a specific interest

Compliance with

gap (III)Compliance withinternational framework

B h k (I)Benchmarks (I)

CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4SIS

Principle of proportionality Establishment of internal market Protection of moral and economic 

R t f f d t l i htVE   BAS

rights of creatorsRespect for fundamental rights

Consideration of other interests Respect for cultural diversityRMATIV

Consideration of other interests Respect for cultural diversity

Non‐discrimination Principle of proportionalityNOR

B h k (II)Benchmarks (II)

CLUSTERS COMPONENTSP i i l f ti litPrinciple of proportionality

Protection of moral and economic rights of creators

Consideration of other interests1: Balance of private interestsE   BASIS

Consideration of other interests

Respect for fundamental rightsRespect for cultural diversity

E t bli h t f i t l k t

p

ORMATIVE

Establishment of internal market

3: Non‐discrimination Non‐discriminationRespect for cultural diversity

 2: Constitutional balanceNO

B h k (III)Benchmarks (III)BENCHMARK SOURCE ELEMENTSBENCHMARK SOURCE ELEMENTS

Harmonization of national 

Need for harmonization

Clusters 2 and 3laws

Harmonizing effect

R f i l l

Clusters 2 and 3

Facilitation of further creative uses

Respect for national cultures and traditions

Consideration of national cultures and traditions 

Guarantee of income and recognition to creatorsProtection of creators

Clusters 2 and 3

Cluster 1Facilitation of further creative uses

Access to cultural goods/services that takes into account the fundamental rights of end users

Protection of end users Clusters 1 and 2

Promotion of competitiveness of EU 

industriesModerate protection of industryClusters 1 and 2

Fi di (I)Findings (I)

Difficult to reach a balance due to:

• Piecemeal harmonization• Lack of a consistent policy in some of the• Lack of a consistent policy in some of the

benchmarksImpact of non harmonized aspects of copyright• Impact of non-harmonized aspects of copyright on harmonized rulesOpposing benchmarks• Opposing benchmarks

Fi di (II)Findings (II)Conflicts:Conflicts:

Creators

Member States

EU B Users Industry

B

R d tiRecommendations

FIRST SPHERE SECOND SPHERE

Rethink scope of protection Continue to use certain formulae

R d tiRecommendations

FIRST SPHERE SECOND SPHERE

Grant of benefits according to the principle of proportionality

Use of harmonized concepts that are middle ground between copyright and p p p p y

(appropriate, the least restrictive way)g py g

droit d’auteur

Establishment of solid mandatory Use of legislative technique accordingEstablishment of solid mandatory exceptions

Use of legislative technique according to the principle of proportionality

Thank you!Thank you! Questions?Questions?

ana.ramalho@southwales.ac.uk