The 14th Biennial Conference of the Asian Association of ...

The 14th Biennial Conference of the Asian Association of Social Psychology2021.07.29-07.31Virtual (Seoul, Korea)

Social Psychology of Intergroup Conflict:Towards Peace and Reconciliation in Asia

https://www.aasp2021seoul.org/html/

This work was supported by the NRF(National Research Foundation of Korea) Grant funded by the MOE(Ministry of Education).

AASP

Welcome Message from AASP Presidents � 02Welcome Address of AASP 2021 � 03AASP 2021 Organizing Committee � 04KSPPA Executive Committee � 07Keynote Addresses � 09Presidential Address � 15Featured Presentations � 16Featured Symposia � 25AASP 2021 Summer School � 55Awards � 56AASP Code of Conduct � 60AASP 2021: Program at a Glance � 61

Summary of Parallel Symposia (DAY1) � 62Summary of Parallel Symposia (DAY2) � 63Summary of Parallel Symposia (DAY3) � 64

List of Poster Presentations � 101

Parallel Symposia with Abstracts� Day 1 (29/July/2021/Thursday) � 109� Day 2 (30/July/2021/Friday) � 146� Day 3 (31/July/2021/Saturday) � 172

Poster Presentations with Abstracts � 199

AppendixA. Whova Attendee Mobile User Guide � 233B. Whova Attendee Desktop User Guide � 238

CONTENTS

2021

Welcome Message from AASP Presidents

On behalf of the Asian Association of Social Psychology (AASP) Executive Committee and the Korean Social and Personality Psychological Association (KSPPA), we would like to welcome you to the 14th Biennial Conference of AASP in Seoul, Korea.

The main theme of the conference, “Social Psychology of Intergroup Conflict: Towards Peace and Reconciliation in Asia”, symbolizes the much-needed dialogue and scientific research in the wake of highly volatile situations that surround us. We are certain that the Seoul conference will be a monumental event in the era of symbiosis and collective flourishing, which we believe will take center stage in our future endeavors to promote peace and harmony in the region.

As you would all agree, COVID-19 has touched every corner of the world, making it impossible to hold large in-person gatherings. It has become abundantly clear that we must make the safety and health of our participants number one priority, which led us to turn the conference into a virtual format this year. Looking on the bright side, this represents a unique opportunity for us to harnessing the experience of the ‘New Normal.’ As Matshona Dhliwayo had once said, if the storm forgets to bring a rainbow, we should paint our own. With a great line-up of keynotes and featured series while capitalizing on the unique features of virtual interaction, the Seoul conference will offer opportunities for scholarly exchange that are enjoyable as well as productive.

Although we cannot meet in person this time, you will receive a warm (virtual) welcome from all members of the KSPPA. We truly hope you will enjoy this exciting journey and make great strides in our commitment to advancing social psychology.

Look forward to e-meeting you all soon.

Professor Hoon-Seok Choi, President of AASP/KSPPAProfessor Sylvia Xiaohua Chen, President-Elect of AASPProfessor Emiko Kashima, Past-Present of AASP

Hoon-Seok Choi Emiko KashimaSylvia Xiaohua Chen

02 AASP 2021 CONFERENCE July 29-31 I Virtual (Seoul, Korea)

Welcome Address of AASP 2021

Dong Ryeol ShinPresident of

Sungkyunkwan University

Bee YunDirector of Division of Social Sciences,National Research Foundation of Korea

Eun Jin Chang President of KPA

Hoon-Seok ChoiPresident of AASP/KSPPA

03AASP 2021 CONFERENCE July 29-31 I Virtual (Seoul, Korea)

AASP 2021 Organizing Committee

Hoon-Seok ChoiSungkyunkwan University

Organizing Committee Chair

Jinkyung NaSogang University

Ji-eun ShinChonnam National University

Academic Committee (Co-Chairs)

Young-Hoon KimYonsei University

Sangyeon YoonPolice Science Institute

Sun Woong ParkKorea University

Min Chi KimSookmyung Women‘s University

Jiyoon KimAjou University

Sunhae SulPusan National University

Committee members

04 AASP 2021 CONFERENCE

AASP 2021 Organizing Committee

Hayeon LeeSungkyunkwan University

Steering Committee Chair (Co-Chairs)

Young-Mi KwonSungkyunkwan University

Jeong-Gil SeoSungkyunkwan University

Public Relations Committee Chair

Jino ChungSungkyunkwan University

Eun-byul DoSungkyunkwan University

Jimin HanSungkyunkwan University

OckA JeongSungkyunkwan University

Secretariat


KSPPA Steering Committee

Hoon-Seok ChoiSungkyunkwan University

President

Operational Committee

Ji-eun ShinChonnam National University

Academic Committee Chairperson

Jae Hong KoKyungnam University

Disciplinary and Ethics Committee Chairperson

Young-Hoon KimYonsei University

Korean Journal of Social & Personality Psychology Editor

Criminal Psychology Certification Committee Chairperson

Sangyeon YoonPolice Science Institute

Young-Mi KwonSungkyunkwan University

Public Relations Committee Chairperson

Taekyun HurKorea University

Association Development and Planning Committee Chairperson

Taeyun JungChung-Ang University

Auditor


Beom Jun Kim (Kyonggi University)Young Man Kim (Ministry of National Defense)Sun Woong Park � (Korea University)Jong Taeg Yi (Seoul National University)Si Up Kim (Kyonggi University)Ji Kyung Kim (Korea National University of Education)Eun-Yeong Na (Sogang University)Kwangbai Park (Chungbuk National University)Eunkook (Mark) Suh (Yonsei University)Han Kee Seong (Catholic University of Daegu)Kwan Jae Song (Yonsei University)Soo Jung Lee (Kyonggi University)Taeyun Jung (Chung-Ang University)Hoon-Seok Choi (Sungkyunkwan University)Woo Young Chun (Chungnam National University)Eunkyung Jo (Dongguk University)Incheol Choi (Seoul National University)Gyuseog Han (Chonnam National University)Young-oh Hong (Korean Institute of Criminology)Taekyun Hur (Korea University)HaeYoun Choi (Korea counseling graduate university)Jinkyung Na (Sogang University)Sunhae Sul (Pusan National University)Ji-eun Shin (Chonnam National University)Young-Hoon Kim (Yonsei University)Eunsoo Choi (Korea University)Jiyoon Kim (Ajou University)Sangyeon Yoon (Police Science Institute)

KSPPA Executive Committee


AASP 2021 Virtual Conference Platform: Whova

Whova, the virtual event platform, will be used for all presentations with a link to Zoom.Whova will also be used for other conference-related activities, including academic communications and social gathering.You can attend AASP 2021 using both mobile devices and desktop computers.See appendix for detailed instructions (p.233)


Keynote Addresses

AASP 2021 CONFERENCE

Keynote Addresses

Daniel Bar-Tal is Professor Emeritus at the School of Education, Tel Aviv University. His research interest is in political and social psychology studying socio-psychological foundations of intractable conflicts and peace building, as well as development of political understanding among children and peace education. He has published over twenty five books and over two hundred and fifty articles and chapters in major social and political psychological journals, books and encyclopedias. He served as a President of the International Society of Political Psychology and received various awards for his academic achievements.

Biography

The study of intractable conflicts and their resolution is an examination of a unique context and real-life societal issue. The ongoing conflicts in the Middle East, Kashmir, Sri Lanka, Chechnya, and Rwanda constitute prototypical examples of these types of conflict.

The resolution of any conflict, but especially intractable conflicts involves complicated challenges that demand comprehensive solutions, always include change in the attitudes of leaders and powerful sections of society in order to generate support for solutions to these problems. This challenge is particularly difficult in these type of conflicts because they are fed by socio-psychological repertoire of beliefs, attitudes and emotions that support the continuation of the conflicts. For many engaged society members these beliefs and attitudes are central, held with high confidence, ego-involving, relevant to the present context, and related to the social identity. They are learned at an early age, in some cases reinforced through the years by the educational system, are maintained by the leaders, institutions and channels of communication, are expressed by the cultural products, are supported by positive reference group, and preserved by the context. They become powerful socio-psychological barriers that maintain intractable conflicts, as well as impede progress toward their peaceful settlement. These types of beliefs and attitudes are considered to be frozen, that is, even if alternative beliefs and attitudes are being presented, they are likely to be ignored, rejected, misinterpreted and/or forgotten because of the reigning cognitive-emotional structure and societal system that serve barriers to attitude change. Thus, one major challenge for scholars and practitioners is to overcome these deeply rooted barriers to unfreeze the held conflict-supporting beliefs and attitudes.

Topic: Why it is So Difficult to Resolve Peacefully Intractable Conflicts?

Daniel Bar-TalProfessor at Tel Aviv UniversityPresident of the International Society of Political Psychology


Keynote Addresses

Michael Hogg is Professor and Chair of Social Psychology at Claremont Graduate University, an Honorary Professor at the University of Kent, and past President of the Society of Experimental Social Psychology. He has received awards from the Australian Psychological Society, the British Academy, and the Society for Personality and Social Psychology; and is Editor-in-Chief of Group Processes and Intergroup Relations and Associate Editor of The Leadership Quarterly. He has published widely on social identity, group and intergroup processes, and influence and leadership.

Building peace, and reconciling polarized groups and identities can be a challenge in times of global crisis and uncertainty. In this talk I overview a program of research into the motivational role played by self-uncertainty in group identification and group and intergroup behavior (Hogg, 2021a); with a focus on how self-uncertainty can motivate zealous identification with extremist groups and identities (Hogg, 2021b). People need a clear sense of who they are in order to understand the world and their place within it, and to plan their behavior and anticipate the behavior of others. People strive to reduce self-uncertainty, and can accomplish this by identifying with distinctive groups that have consensual, unambiguous and clearly defined social identities. This proposition, developed by uncertainty-identity theory, has far reaching implications for our understanding of extremism and intergroup hostility. Tumultuous social change (associated with, for example, mass migration or a changing world order) can destabilize people’s sense of who they are and make them feel alienated from and marginalized in society. This is a dangerous mix that can strengthen identification with ethnocentric and xenophobic groups that are intolerant of dissent and have autocratic leaders. Such groups are often associated with populist ideologies that promote conspiracy theories and victimhood beliefs oriented around how the “will of the people” is subverted by the malevolent actions of outgroups. Such groups and identities very effectively reduce uncertainty, but they also promote intergroup distrust and hostility that are amplified in online identity-confirming echo chambers. I close by suggesting some general considerations that might protect against populism, extremism and intergroup polarization and hostility.

Biography

Topic: World in Crisis: Epistemic Threat, Self-Uncertainty, and Extremist Social Identities

Michael HoggProfessor at Claremont Graduate UniversityHonorary Professor at the University of KentPast President of the Society of Experimental Social PsychologyEditor-in-Chief of Group Processes and Intergroup RelationsAssociate Editor of The Leadership Quarterly


Keynote Addresses

James H. Liu (刘豁夫) is Professor of Psychology at Massey University in New Zealand. He has been influential in the development of the Asian Association of Social Psychology. His work is in social, cross-cultural, and political psychology, where he has co-authored over 200 publications, and is incoming Co-Editor-in-Chief of Political Psychology. His research specializes in social representations of history and identity politics, as well as trust, digital influence, and global consciousness. He identifies as a neo-Confucianist, following the footsteps of his philosopher father.

Biography

The way people remember their nation’s and the world’s history shapes the political culture of their nation, and for the most powerful nations, the political culture of the world. The United States and China are the two most powerful countries in the world today. The way they collectively remember the foundation of their respective nations, the heroes they revere, the institutional values their history inscribes, and the emotional climate of their recent pasts are strikingly divergent. Because of this, prospects for a unified global culture under liberal democracy are less likely now than they were at the peak of American power in the 1990s. Prospects for peace now center around how the capitalist democracy of the USA and the state-led capitalism of China can co-exist in the 21st century.

The USA is a young culture but an old state, with foundational historical events now almost 250 years old. The institutional values of what it collectively remembers center around a quest for freedom (more than striving for equality). Over time, its quasi-religious beliefs about its historical quest for freedom have become an expansive ideology of liberalism, growing from Westward movement to “Defender of the Free World”. Victory in two world wars resulted in the rise of it as a military-industrial complex after WWII. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 left it as the world’s sole

Topic: Collective Remembering of the United States and China: From the Fall of a Liberal System of Global Dominance to Economic Prospects for World Peace

James H. LiuProfessor of Psychology at Massey UniversityEditor-in-Chief of Political Psychology


Keynote Addresses

superpower, but in the time that followed, the most important historical events for the USA have almost all been negative. 9/11 and wars in Afghanistan and Iraq that failed to win the peace, the 2008 financial crisis, and the 2020 pandemic have left it with a negative emotional climate, and a historical trajectory of decline.

China is an old culture but a young state, with foundational cultural memories more than 2500 years old, but foundational memories of the state only 70 years old. Foundational memories for the culture center around Confucian ethics of benevolence (仁) and other moral virtues like propriety (禮); but Confucianism is barely remembered in the PRCs educational curriculum, and is consciously perceived as only vaguely relevant in the lives of ordinary people today (but it still has implicit impacts). Marxism by contrast is the focus of attention in China’s educational curriculum, but the contradictions between China’s state-led capitalist economy and the Communist doctrines of Marx, Lenin, and Mao leave this as a less than compelling ideology. Unlike the USA, China does not have an historical mission, except to defend its national interests. China has material goods and services, but little ideology or culture to export. It is led top-down by the Communist Party, which has adopted the market pragmatism pioneered by Deng Xiaoping. Contrasting with the USA, its recent historical memories have almost all been positive, and concern economic growth as national strength, now projected globally with the Belt and Road Initiative.

Competition between the USA and China is for economic and political influence. It is not an ideological Cold War, as both have a significant commitment to free trade. China’s military has been largely limited to self-defense. Prospects for world peace appear to me to therefore revolve around negotiations around shared rules for sustainable and free trade, and developing a clear understanding of the different historical missions and trajectories of the two superpowers.


Keynote Addresses

Tatsuya Kameda is a professor of social psychology at the University of Tokyo. His research has revolved around social decision making. He is currently studying the emergence of social norms in groups and its neuro-cognitive-ecological underpinnings, and the wisdom of crowds in collective decisions. Kameda has published more than 100 articles in scientific journals, including PNAS, Psychol Rev, Psychol Sci, Curr Dir Psychol Sci, PSPR, and JPSP.

Biography

Distributive justice concerns the moral principles by which we seek to allocate resources fairly among diverse members of a society. Although the concept of fair allocation is one of the fundamental building blocks of societies, the lack of clear consensus on how to achieve “socially just” allocations often yields bitter and fruitless disputes and divides among various social sectors. Here, I examine behavioral and neurocognitive bases for people’s distributive judgments. I argue that, although often conflated, people’s robust “inequality-averse” preferences are separable into two elements: (1) egalitarian concern about the variance and (2) maximin concern about the poorest (maximizing the minimum), and that the latter is more central to our allocation decisions than the former. I support this argument with a series of behavioral and neurocognitive experiments combined with computational modeling. The results of these experiments provide convergent evidence that:

(1) �People commonly exhibit spontaneous perspective taking of the worst-off position in allocation choices, irrespective of their distributive ideologies (utilitarian, egalitarian, or Rawlsian);

(2) �The dominance of this perspective emerges at a very early stage of decision making (around 500 ms after stimulus onset), suggesting that the maximin concern operates as a strong cognitive anchor almost instantaneously;

(3) �Such focus is further facilitated by group deliberation, yielding more coherent and long-lasting attitude changes.

These results suggest that the Rawlsian maximin concern (as distinguished from the egalitarian concern for the smallest variance) may serve as a possible common ground for making distributive policies in our societies.

Topic: Reducing Variance or Helping the Worst-Off? Behavioral and Neurocognitive Bases for Distributive Norms

Tatsuya KamedaProfessor at the University of Tokyo


Presidential Address

Sylvia Xiaohua Chen is professor of Department of Applied Social Sciences and Associate Dean of Faculty of Health and Social Sciences at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Her research focuses on the social psychology of bilingualism and biculturalism, personality and social behavior in cultural contexts, cultural diversity and mental health, and more recently, globalization and multiculturalism. Currently, she is President-Elect of the Asian Association of Social Psychology.

Biography

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has brought unprecedented challenges to not only public health but also social sciences. Since the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2003 stimulated psychological research related to infectious diseases, the importance of social factors and cultural norms has been recognized in promoting effective coping strategies and health behaviors in the general public. Based on the 2004 special issue on Psychology of SARS in the Asian Journal of Social Psychology, I will talk about reflections on the role of social psychology during the COVID-19 pandemic and the efforts made by Asian psychologists to cope with this crisis. Then I will talk about some empirical studies in Asia during the COVID-19 pandemic showing the interface between public health, personality and social psychological perspectives. It is suggested that multidisciplinary empirical research in health care and social sciences, personality and social psychology is needed for a clear understanding of how cultural values, social norms, and individual predispositions interact with policy to affect life-saving behavioral changes in different societies.

Topic: In Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Contributions of Asian Social Psychologists

Sylvia Xiaohua ChenProfessor at the Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityPresident-Elect of the Asian Association of Social Psychology


Featured Presentations


A retired professor of psychology in the Chonnam National University in Korea. His research covers broadly socio-cultural psychology of Korean people. More specifically, he works on a frame of moral development based on Korean worldview and on indigenous construction of mind. Previous publication covers hierarchical relationship, social values, history of psychology in Korea and theoretical issues in psychology.

The COVID-19 has made a truth very clear that everything is connected each other. Rarely noticed is that there are two patterns of connecting entities. Sometimes they connect as individuals such as in friendship. Often they connect as chok (parts) such as in family. Both patterns occur in every relationship in every culture. Psychology has mostly concerned with the individuality relationship; individuals relate with other entities independently on purpose. Foremost concern of modern psychologists has been on the wellbeing of individuals in dealing with others, separating the self from the environment (including other people). Although not intended, this view of individuals as independent being has contributed in accelerating the eco-crisis because it objectifies all others for its usefulness for human, resulting in the anthropocentrism. However, human beings relate with others as chok more often. Chok is a Korean vernacular meaning part or side, constituting the whole as entity or as business (il). Part of this idea has been put forwarded as the relational orientation, representing the characteristics of Asian social psychology (Ho, 1993, 1998). However, the chok relationship is more than role relationship. When the mentality of chok operates, duty and obligation take precedence over right or privilege because the primary concern is to contribute to or not to disrupt harmonious functioning of the whole. Rituals of precipitating the mode of chok relationship are daily practice in Korea but are being replaced by the mode of individual relationship in many domains of life. In the chok mentality, self is inseparable from the surrounding. This mentality allows expanding the boundary of self from the encapsulated one and collective to the humanity and the whole eco-system. The pandemic urges psychologists to take turn from constraining the self within body to embracing the self within the eco-system. Psychological task is not to abandon the self but to expand the self (Choi, 2021).

Biography

Topic: Post Pandemic Self: Self-System of Psychological Turn for Sustainable Eco-System from a Korean Mentality

Gyuseog HanEmeritus professor at Chonnam National University

17July 29-31 I Virtual (Seoul, Korea)


Allan B. I. Bernardo is Distinguished University Professor and University Fellow at De La Salle University, Philippines. His current research relates to four broad themes: polyculturalism and intergroup relations; socioeconomic inequality; cultural aspects of hope, character strengths and well-being; and sociocultural dimensions of academic achievement and motivation. He obtained his PhD in Psychology from Yale University.

Biography

The cultural ideology of polyculturalism assumes that cultures are interconnected through historical and contemporary interactions. Polyculturalism emphasizes dynamic plural influences of cultures on each other; thus, definitions of cultural groups are not categorical or stable. Research shows that endorsement of polyculturalism has positive implications for intergroup relations and intercultural attitudes. In this presentation, four studies with Chinese and Filipino samples explore the distinction between two characterizations of cultural connections: mutualist polyculturalism (MP) – where interacting cultures mutually benefit from a symbiotic relationship, and asymmetrical polyculturalism (AP) – where one culture benefits more from its relationship with another. A two-factor (MP & AP) scale was developed using EFA on data from a sample (Study 1, n=500) from Guangzhou, then validated using CFA in samples from Macau (Study 2, N=401) and Manila (Study 3, n=340). MP was positively associated with the multicultural acquisition subscales of global orientation and with cultural intelligence in the Guangzhou and Manila samples, but not in Macau. AP was associated with the ethnic protection subscales of global orientation and with genetic lay theories of race in all three samples. Study 4 (N=401) found that MP and AP were positively associated with appreciation for diversity, but only MP was associated with diversity of contacts and comfort with differences; moreover, with Chinese people as target outgroup, MP was associated with interest in intergroup contact, while AP was associated with realistic and symbolic threat. MP and AP were also associated with distinct action tendencies towards Chinese. The results support the dimensionality of the polycultural ideology that has distinct implications for specific intercultural processes.

Topic: Mutualist and Asymmetrical Polyculturalism: Dual Implications of the Polyculturalist Ideology on Intergroup Attitudes

Allan B. I. BernardoProfessor at De La Salle University



Prof. Dr. Grit Hein is a psychologist and neuroscientist, and head of the Translational Social Neuroscience at the University of Würzburg (Germany). Prof. Hein’s team investigates how social interactions shape human motivation, learning and behavior in health and psychopathology, combining brain imaging, computational modeling, and behavioral experiments.

Biography

Coal-directed human behaviors, including social decisions, are driven by motives. Thus, in order to understand a person’s decision, it is crucial to understand the underlying motives. Identifying the motives behind a decision is difficult, because motives are not directly observable, and the same decision can be based on very different motives (for example the decision to help can be driven by empathy or a social norm such as reciprocity). In my talk I will present recent work that illustrates how neuroimaging methods such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can be used to investigate social motives, and their modulation through learning. The potentials and limitation of this approach will be discussed and important questions for future research will be outlined.

Topic: The Motivational Basis of Social Decision-Making

Grit HeinProfessor at University of Würzburg



Yuri Miyamoto is a professor at Hitotsubashi University in Japan. She received her Ph.D. in social psychology from the University of Michigan and worked as a professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Her research focuses on the interplay between cultural contexts and psychological processes by elucidating multilevel influences of culture and social hierarchy on psychological processes and by illuminating cultural differences in cognition and emotion and their health implications.

Biography

Higher social status tends to be associated with higher well-being and better physical health. However, most of such evidence relies on data from Western countries where self-orientation is sanctioned. Some studies have found weaker associations between social status and health in Asian countries where other-orientation is sanctioned. It is possible that in Asian cultures where higher social status is associated with both self-orientation and other-orientation (Miyamoto et al., 2018), higher social status is accompanied by both perks and burdens. In this talk, I will present a study that examined the association of managerial status with well-being, physical health, and relational concerns among a large group of Japanese in the workforce (N=9,123). The results showed that higher managerial status was associated with higher well-being and lower relational concerns, yet with worse physical health. The negative association between managerial status and physical health was partly explained by excessive and compulsive working by people who occupy higher managerial status, suggesting a possibility that the obligations associated with higher status partly underlie the negative association between higher social status and health. Furthermore, especially among people with higher managerial status, being other-oriented was associated with higher well-being, less relational concerns, and better physical health. Other-orientation may be beneficial, especially for those who occupy higher managerial status in Japan.

Topic: Perks (and Burdens) of Higher Social Status in Japan

Yuri MiyamotoProfessor at Hitotsubashi University



Ernestine Gordijn is a professor of social psychology at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands. Her research focusses on intergroup relations and she is especially interested in how people feel, think, and react when their group is in conflict with another group. She published several papers with respect to (meta)-stereotyping and intergroup emotions. She has been the editor of the European Journal of Social Psychology, an associate editor at Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, and she is currently an associate editor at the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.

Biography

When people are confronted with members of other groups they are likely to have stereotypes about these other groups. Stereotypes have been found to play an important role in relations between groups. However, people are also quite likely to have thoughts about how members of other groups perceive them. Such beliefs about how other groups view the ingroup are called meta-stereotypes. In my talk I will discuss some antecedents, such as having low power and evaluative concerns, as well as several consequences of meta-stereotyping for how people think, feel, and behave. To illustrate the importance of meta-stereotyping, I will present an overview of some early work in which we examined the role of meta-stereotyping in different social contexts and with different groups. For example, we looked at stereotypes of ethnic minority groups, women, police officers, and HIV patients, and found that negative meta-stereotyping is related to reduced self-esteem, works stress, loneliness, and the confirmation of negative stereotypes about one’s group. In addition, I will present recent work in which we examined the influence of meta-stereotyping on application intentions of men and women to apply for a job. Together, this research shows that meta-stereotypes have an important role in the relation between groups, sometimes even to a larger extent than stereotypes about the other group.

Topic: The Role of Meta-Stereotyping in Intergroup Relations

Ernestine GordijnProfessor at the University of GroningenAssociate Editor of the Journal of Experimental Social PsychologyPast Editor of the European Journal of Social PsychologyPast Associate Editor of Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin



Jacinth Tan is an Assistant Professor of Psychology at the Singapore Management University, School of Social Sciences. She studies how social status influences individuals’ cognition, affect and biology, and consequently shape intergroup interactions that underlie socioeconomic gaps in health and well-being. She received her Ph.D in social psychology from the University of Illinois and postdoctoral training at UC San Francisco.

Biography

As social class divisions deepen in societies with rising income inequality, cross-class interactions are increasingly fraught with tension. Drawing on sociocultural theories of social class, the current research examined how class differences in self-expressions and social attunement might influence same-class versus different-class dyadic interactions, using a physiological linkage approach. Same-class and different-class dyads were paired for a lab interaction via a quasi-experimental manipulation. Dyads revealed information about their class backgrounds through a structured conversation at the start of the interaction. Participants’ pre-ejection period (PEP) reactivity—a cardiovascular response measure of physiological linkage—was assessed continuously throughout the study. Results revealed that lower-class participants showed stronger PEP linkage and weaker displays of dominance to their partners than upper-class participants, regardless of partners’ class similarity. Self-reports of liking and attunement revealed mainly class-similarity effects, suggesting that the linkage patterns tracked more subtle behavioral signals than more deliberative self-reports. These findings illustrate how physiological linkage could be used to understand how social class backgrounds and contexts shape dynamic class-based interactions.

Topic: Attunement Processes in Class-Based Dyadic Interaction: A Physiological Linkage Approach

Jacinth TanAssistant Professor at Singapore Management University



Giovanni A. Travaglino, Ph.D, is an Assistant Professor in Social and Organizational Psychology at the Centre for the Study of Group Processes, School of Psychology, University of Kent. He has held a faculty position at the Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen). His main research focuses on the nexus between cultural processes and political behaviour. His work has been published in leading psychological journals, including the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Group Processes & Intergroup Relations and the European Review of Social Psychology. He is co-editor with Benjamin Abrams of Contention: The Multidisciplinary Journal of Social Protest.

Biography

Individuals’ acceptance of, and cooperation with systems of authority is generally grounded in legitimization rather than coercion or fear. Whereas the legitimization of formal state authorities is typically related to the extent to which those authorities are perceived as adopting fair procedures, other factors may underpin the legitimization of illegal and semi-legal actors seeking to undermine state power. In this talk, I introduce a novel prospective on individuals’ legitimization of criminal and illegal groups. Specifically, I review a program of empirical studies investigating individuals’ legitimization of criminal organizations in Italy and hackers’ attacks in the UK and the US. Cross-sectional, longitudinal and experimental results emphasize the importance of both cultural factors and attitudes towards the state in predicting individuals’ legitimization of these actors. Findings will be interpreted in light of the thesis that acceptance of illegal and semi-legal actors may provide individuals with a way to express their aspirations for fairer social relationships outside formally sanctioned political channels.

Topic: Towards a Psychology of Informal Political Relations: Understanding the Legitimization of Illegal Actors

Giovanni A. TravaglinoAssistant Professor at University of Kent



Mengyao Li is a Senior Research Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods in Bonn, Germany. Her research lies at the intersection of social, political, and peace psychology. In her work, she explores the psychological processes of intergroup conflicts and their resolution, group-based violence, national identity, transitional justice, and political protests.

Biography

Despite the growing social psychological research on civil resistance and collective action, empirical work has largely been limited to normative acts of resistance in liberal and democratic Western societies. Across two distinct social movements characterized by high levels of repression – the Anti-Extradition Law Amendment Bill Movement in Hong Kong (N=616, on-site survey during a mass demonstration) and the “Chilean Spring” protests of 2019-2020 (N=769, online survey among community and university samples) – we aimed to address this gap and pursued two main research questions.First, what psychological processes underlie protesters’ engagement in radical resistance? We tested three distinct, but not mutually exclusive hypotheses. First, low efficacy of non-violence and lack of hope might motivate engagement in radical actions (“nothing-to-lose” hypothesis). Second, protesters might use radical means strategically to achieve specific movement goals (“strategic choice” hypothesis). Third, radical resistance might be driven by the perception that extreme actions against repression is in itself morally righteous (“moralization” hypothesis). To test these hypotheses, we examined 1) the motivational differences between individuals who had engaged in radical protests and those who had protested exclusively in non-radical ways, and 2) whether the same motivations predicted willingness to engage in future radical acts of resistance. Our results across both studies provided support for the “strategic choice” and “moralization” hypotheses, but not the “nothing-to-lose” hypothesis. Second, do the state’s repressive responses contribute to deterring or mobilizing radical resistance? We proposed and provided evidence for a model of movement escalation, whereby past experiences of police violence predicted stronger intention to engage in future radical actions via increased risk perceptions, and heightened motivations for radical resistance.Taken together, these findings illuminate that repression in the form of coercive police violence may be ineffective in quelling social unrest. Rather, it contributes to the radicalization of protesters and, ultimately, a conflict spiral within social movements. Potential boundary conditions and cross-contextual generalizability of the current results will be discussed.

Topic: Understanding Radical Civil Resistance Under Repression: Evidence from Hong Kong and Chile

Co-authorsAya AdraMax Planck Institute for Research on Collective GoodsSamson YuenHong Kong Baptist UniversitySalvador Vargas SalfateUniversity of IllinoisKa-Ming ChanLudwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU)Anna BaumertMax Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods

Mengyao LiSenior Research Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods


Featured Symposia


The Science of Wisdom in the Face of World’s Social Challenges

Massive-scale floods and fires, geopolitical tensions within and across countries, and a pandemic—the world appears once again at the brink of instability and uncertainty. Social critics suggest that such times call for wisdom. Yet, what is wisdom and how does one study it? A recently advanced common position on wisdom among psychological scientists underscores the centrality of meta-cognitive features (e.g., recognition of one’s fallibility and change, open-mindedness to broader context and diverse viewpoints) and moral aspirations. Study of such fundamentals has revealed key advances for the study of wisdom in the context of intergroup conflicts, goal pursuit, and emotion regulation, showing unique contribution of wisdom for each of these domains. The present symposium presents cutting-edge findings across these fields. Chao and colleagues will describe how wisdom in reflections on acute intergroup conflicts relate to reduced attitude polarization and charitable intentions and behavior. Chen will focus on the role of wisdom-related metacognition in a form of strategic mindsets for effective goal pursuit. Koetke and Schumann will discuss the unique role of intellectual humility – a central feature of wisdom – for combating COVID-related misinformation over the course of the pandemic. Finally, Grossmann will discuss recent advances on the trainability of wisdom characteristics in the context of interpersonal conflicts.

Chair

Igor GrossmannUniversity of Waterloo


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We hypothesized that a wisdom-based reasoning process comprised of epistemic humility, accounting for context, and integrating different perspectives and interests, would be helpful in overcoming intergroup bias and attitude polarization in societal conflicts. We test the hypothesis using both the Situated Wise Reasoning Scale and experimental induction. In each study, we recruited participants who self-identified as members of a group implicated in an ongoing intergroup situation. In five correlational studies (Studies 1-5) we examined the relations between measured wise reasoning and intergroup positivity and attitude polarization. In two experiments, we tested the effects of a brief online wise-reasoning thought exercise on intergroup positivity and polarization (Studies 6-7), and charitable behaviors to an outgroup (Study 6). We found that wise reasoning relates to more positivity toward outgroups and less attitude polarization across different groups and conflicts. The results have implications for theory and may also have implications for future research on interventions to improve intergroup relations.

Individual Presentations and SpeakersWisdom and Balance in Polarized Societal Conflicts

Co-authorsJustin Brienza The University of QueenslandFranki Y.H. Kung� Purdue University

Speaker

Melody M. ChaoThe Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

Metacognition is a key aspect of wisdom. It includes an ability to understand the context, an openness to various alternative possibilities, and the habit of mentally taking a step back to appraise personal experiences from a distance. Why are some people metacognitively wiser than others? And how can we make people metacognitively wiser, so that they can pursue important goals effectively? Drawing inspiration from the mindset literature, I suggest one possible answer: a strategic mindset. A strategic mindset is the habit of frequently and spontaneously asking oneself strategy-eliciting questions, such as “What can I do to help myself? How else can I do this? Is there a way to do this even better?” in the face of challenges or unproductivity (Chen et al., 2020). Multiple studies of ours have found that this domain-general strategic mindset orients people toward being more metacognitive whenever they encounter challenges or unfamiliar situations. This means that they are more likely to plan, self-monitor, and change strategies when they are unproductive—and in turn, also more likely to make progress toward goals across a variety of domains. These findings replicate across Western and Eastern cultures, and also among both adults and adolescents. They suggest that cultivating a strategic mindset could be one new way of developing metacognitive wisdom.

A Strategic Mindset Makes People Metacognitively Wiser

Speaker

Patricia ChenNational University of Singapore


The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have been felt across the globe. While health experts work to spread life-saving information, misinformation and fake news about the virus undermine these efforts. What actions can people take when confronting COVID-19 misinformation, and what factors motivate people to take these actions? We propose that people can engage in investigative behaviors (e.g., fact-checking, seeking alternative opinions) to scrutinize the validity of the information they encounter, and we examine intellectual humility as a predictor of these important behaviors. In three studies (N=1,232) examining both behavioral intentions (Studies 1 and 2) and real behavior (Study 3), we find that those higher in intellectual humility are more likely to engage in investigative behaviors in response to COVID-19 misinformation.

Intellectual Humility Predicts Scrutiny of COVID-19 Misinformation

Co-authorKarina Schumann University of Pittsburgh

Speaker

Jonah KoetkeUniversity of Pittsburgh

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How can people use wisdom when navigating social conflict? Two pre-registered longitudinal experiments (Study 1: Canadian adults /Study 2: American and Canadian adults; Total N=555) tested whether encouraging distanced—i.e., 3rd person—self-reflection would help promote wisdom. Both experiments measured wise reasoning (i.e., intellectual humility, open-mindedness about how situations could unfold, consideration of and attempts to integrate diverse viewpoints) about challenging interpersonal events. In a month-long experiment (Study 1) participants used 3rd- (vs. 1st-) person perspective in diary-reflections on each day’s most significant experience. Compared to pre-intervention assessments, participants reflecting in the 3rd person showed a significant increase in wise reasoning about interpersonal challenges after the intervention. These effects were statistically accounted for by shifts in diary-based reflections toward a broader self-focus. A week-long experiment (Study 2) replicated the 3rd-person self-reflection effect on wise reasoning (vs. 1st-person- and no-pronoun-controls). These findings suggest an efficient and evidence-based method for fostering wise reasoning.

Training for Wisdom: The Illeist Diary Method

Speaker

Igor GrossmannUniversity of Waterloo

Co-authorsAnna Dorfman University of WaterlooHarrison Oakes University of WaterlooHenri C. Santos Steele Institute for Health Innovation, �

Geisinger Health System

Kathleen D. Vohs University of Minnesota Abigail A. Scholer� University of Waterloo


COVID-19 has created significant challenges and uncertainties that have substantial psychological and social effects on human beings. Research has highlighted the role social psychology plays in this unprecedented time. Associate Professor Wendy Li of James Cook University, Australia, and her teams employed the terror management theory (TMT) and meaning maintenance model (MMM) to explore the impact of social psychological and cultural factors that contribute to mental health during the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. This symposium consists of three presentations: 1) Novelty seeking and mental health in Chinese university students before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: A longitudinal study; 2) Filial piety as a cultural buffer for mental health in Chinese people during the COVID-19 pandemic; and 3) Relational responses to COVID-19: Filial piety as a cultural protective factor for psychological wellbeing among Chinese college students. The chair of the symposium is Associate Professor Wendy Li; The presenters include: Dr Daniel Miller of James Cook University, Australia; Associate Professor Yahong Li of South Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China; and Mr Christopher Rouen of James Cook University, Australia.

Chair

Wendy LiJames Cook University

Social Psychological and Cultural Factors in Maintaining Mental Health in the Time of the COVID-19


This longitudinal study explored the relationship between novelty seeking and mental health in Chinese university students before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Participants were surveyed at three points: November, 2019 (prior to the COVID-19 pandemic); between February and March, 2020 (during the peak of the pandemic and intense lockdown in China); and between May and June, 2020 (after lockdown had been lifted in China). Cross-sectionally, correlation analysis indicated that greater novelty seeking was associated with lower levels of stress, anxiety, and depression at all three time points. Univariate latent curve modelling (LCM) indicated a growth trajectory where novelty seeking increased over time and then remained high during the post-lockdown period. Stress, anxiety, and depression all showed V-shaped growth trajectories where these variables decreased during lockdown, before increasing in the post-lockdown period. Multivariate LCM indicated the growth trajectory for novelty seeking was associated with the growth trajectories for stress, anxiety, and depression. This suggests that the observed decreases in stress, anxiety, and depression during the lockdown period may attribute to the sample’s observed increase in novelty seeking. These findings are valuable in that they challenge the notion that lockdown measures are inherently detrimental to mental health. The findings indicate the important role of novelty seeking in responding to crises. It may be possible for future public health measures to incorporate the promotion of novelty seeking to help individuals’ respond to stressful situations and maintain good mental health in the face of crises. To access the article, please visit: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.600739

Individual Presentations and SpeakersNovelty Seeking and Mental Health in Chinese University Students before, during, and after the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown: A Longitudinal Study

Speaker

Daniel MillerJames Cook University

This study investigated the mental health of Chinese people during the COVID-19 outbreak who lived in areas with differing levels of infection severity and assessed the association between filial piety and mental health in times of crisis. Statistics provided by National Health Commission of China, regarding cases and deaths per region, were used to categorize Wuhan City, Hubei Province outside Wuhan, and elsewhere in China into high, moderate, and low infection severity areas. A sample of 1,202 Chinese participants were surveyed between April and June 2020. There were 282 from the high infection severity area

Filial Piety as a Cultural Buffer for Mental Health in Chinese People during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Speaker

Yahong Li South Central University for Nationalities

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(23.5%), 162 from the moderate area (13.4%) and 758 from the low area (63.1%). Utilising the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale severity categories, the highest infection severity group had a higher percentage of participants categorised as having moderate to extremely severe levels of stress, anxiety and depression, as compared to the moderate and low infection severity. General linear modelling indicated that, after adjusting for group differences in age, gender, and education, the high infection severity group displayed higher levels of stress, anxiety and depression than the low infection severity groups. The models also found reciprocal filial piety to have a negative association with depression, anxiety, and stress. However, authoritarian filial piety was unrelated to all three outcome variables. The findings indicate the important role of reciprocal filial piety in responding to the COVID-19 crisis.

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Through two rounds of semi-structured interviews of 63 participants, this study investigated the psychological wellbeing and related cultural factors of a cohort of Chinese college students during the government imposed mass quarantine implemented in response to the outbreak of COVID-19. Although much of the extant of COVID-19 research suggests that, in general, quarantine measures have negative ramifications for psychological wellbeing, the majority of participants in this study reported an improvement in their psychological wellbeing during quarantine compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic. These participants reported better sleep, less academic stress, closer relationships with their parents and increased creativity. Within the context of the Meaning Maintenance Model, the cultural resource of filial piety was identified as a contributor to psychological wellbeing improvement. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that human beings are not simply passive recipients of crisis situations, but are instead active meaning makers and intentional agents, who can reconstruct and reaffirm relational meaning when faced with a crisis so as to maintain psychological wellbeing.

Relational Responses to COVID-19: Filial Piety as a Cultural Protective Factor for Psychological Wellbeing among Chinese College Students

Speaker

Christopher RouenJames Cook University


This symposium explores the intersection of psychology and law, especially examines how legal and extra-legal factors affect decisions of the criminal justice system and criminal trials.

The symposium also focuses on the investigation process of offenders and victims to suggest best investigative practice. The symposium will conclude with a discussion lead by experts on psychology and law. Research results may aid in the advancement of best practice guidelines within the criminal justice system and legal decision making.

Chair

Yimoon ChoiKorean National Police University

Discussant Makoto Ibusuki Seijo University

Psychology and Law in East Asia


The other-race bias refers to the phenomenon that people are better at recognizing faces of their own races than those of other races. The current study conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the other-race bias in facial identification, with a dataset including 148 studies which have been published between 1969 and 2018. Over 16,491 individuals participated in those studies. The effect-size analysis demonstrated significant other-race effects on facial identification performance. When the target was the same race as the participants, hit rates increased (Fisher’s Z=0.11, 95% CI [0.03; 0.18]), and false alarm rates decreased (Fisher’s Z=-0.34, 95% CI [-0.42; -0.27]), which led to an increase in discriminability (Fisher’s Z=0.29, 95% CI [0.22; 0.35]). In addition, participants showed more stringent criteria for own-race faces than for other-race faces (Fisher’s Z=0.11, 95% CI [0.03; 0.18]). Q statistics indicated that the variability of the effect sizes was mostly contributed from sampling errors. Although Egger’s tests detected the possibility of publication bias, most of the estimated effect sizes were still significant even after trim-and-fill procedures. Finally, as an exploratory analysis, a meta-regression analysis was performed to examine potential moderators of the other-race bias, such as publication year, cognitive load, exposure time, presentation mode, and so on. Findings from the present study suggest robust effects of the other-race bias on facial identification. Given the growing racial/ethnic diversity in Asian countries, the potential implications will be discussed.

The Other-Race Bias in Facial Identification

Speaker

Jungwon LeeHallym University

This presents three case studies of our attempts to solve a problem prevailing in society, using Crime Information Analysis in Japan. The main methods used to solve the problems were geographic profiling and multivariate analysis. This was a crime prevention measure for “snatch” crimes in Amagasaki City, Hyogo Prefecture. The project was conducted by the team in charge at City Hall, in collaboration with me. We analyzed the occurrence of incidents on a map and took specific measures for each case. As a result, the number of such incidents decreased from 258 before the project began (in 2012) to 16 in 2018. This was a countermeasure against “insurance fraud,” which had become an important problem at a major non-life insurance company. This was a scam that involved people damaging their own cars and posing as victims to collect insurance money. We conducted a multivariate analysis using data from several non-life insurance companies to identify three types of

Attempt to Solve Social Problems using Crime Information Analysis:Community Crime Prevention, Insurance Fraud, and Customer Harassment

Speaker

Masayuki KiriuToyo University

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cases, and then conducted a laboratory experiment to study each type. As a result, we obtained data that corroborated the inconsistency of self-reports by fraudsters. The results of the study were used in civil courts, and led to a drastic reduction in such cases. This is a countermeasure against customer harassment, which involves excessive customer aggression and malicious complaint behavior against stores and companies. We are currently analyzing a survey of the members of Japan’s largest labor union. The goal is to develop laws for the prevention of customer harassment.

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Fraud can cause severe financial losses and affect the physical and mental health of victims. This study aimed to explore the manipulative characteristics of fraudsters and their relationship with other psychological variables. Thirty-four fraudsters were selected from a medium-security prison in China, and thirty-one healthy participants were recruited online. Both groups completed an emotional face-recognition task and self-report measures assaying emotional manipulation, psychopathy, emotion recognition, and empathy. Results showed that imprisoned fraudsters had higher accuracy in identifying fear and surprise faces but lower accuracy in identifying happiness than controls (t=5.26, p<.001; t=2.38, p<.05; t=3.75, p<.001). Significantly lower scores on non-prosocial factors on the Managing the Emotions of Others scale (MEOS) were found for imprisoned fraudsters, relative to controls (t=3.21, p<.01). Imprisoned fraudsters had low scores in the assessment of psychopathy than the control group, especially Factor 1 (t=2.04, p=.05). For empathy, imprisoned fraudsters had significantly higher scores in perspective-taking than controls (t=2.03, p=.05). Correlation analyses revealed that psychopathic traits were positively correlated with non-prosocial factors in both groups. The results suggest that fraudsters may pretend to be more prosocial than healthy controls, with lower antisocial tendencies, normal empathy ability, and more positive manipulation of others’ emotions during social interaction.

Pretending to Be Better than They Are? Emotional Manipulation in Imprisoned Fraudsters

Speaker

Zhuo ZhangChina University of Political Science and Law


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Due to their memory and cognitive limitations, alleged victims with intellectual disabilities could have difficulty providing accurate and abundant information about the incident during investigative interview. This study confirmed whether investigative interview containing narrative practices phase could improve the quality and quantity of accounts made by people with intellectual disabilities. Narrative practice phase of the NICHD Protocol is designed to familiarize open-ended question which similar to those that will be used later when substantive issues are discussed (Lamb, Orbach, Hershkowitz, Esplin, & Horowitz, 2007). In the study, forty-four participants with intellectual disabilities and 37 children aged 5 to 7 were experienced a scripted encounter with a photographer, then were interviewed about the event with either narrative practices phases or extended rapport building phases. Results shows that regardless they having disability or not, participants with narrative practices give more information that those without narrative practices. It is also showed that the intellectually disabled also give more information when they are asked to open-ended question rather than option-poising, same as children do. Further improvements needed for investigative interviewing of allegedly abused victims with intellectual disabilities will be discussed.

Effects of Investigative Interviewing Containing Narrative Practices Phases on Witness with Intellectual Disabilities

Speaker

Misun Yi Dongyang University


Apologies are considered to be an effective strategy in the resolution of conflict, which elicit forgiveness and foster reconciliation. In addition to investigations on relationships among apology, forgiveness, and reconciliation at the interpersonal level, evidence on the relationships at the intergroup level has been accumulated, which suggests some discrepancies in the assumptions about these constructs between interpersonal and intergroup contexts. In this symposium, we plan to introduce current findings of a variety of empirical studies which contribute to the advancement of knowledge of relationships among apology, forgiveness, and reconciliation.

Chair

Keiko IshiiNagoya University

Current Advances in Research on Apology, Forgiveness, and Reconciliation


In response to public apologies, perceptions of remorse and levels of forgiveness are often low, while skepticism about motive is high. Furthermore, attempts to reduce mistrust of public apologies by manipulating the verbal component of the message have had limited success. Across six studies (combined N=3818) we examined whether people respond more positively to public apologies if they are accompanied by nonverbal demonstrations of remorse: operationalized as kneeling (Studies 1 and 6) and crying (Studies 2-5). Overall, embodied remorse had small-to-medium effects on perceived remorse, and through this relationship had effects on appraisals of the transgressor and satisfaction with the apology. Positive effects of embodiment emerged regardless of whether transgressions were committed by a collective (Studies 1, 2, and 6) or an individual (Studies 3-5). However, embodied remorse did not have a significant effect on forgiveness in any of the studies, and an internal meta-analysis revealed a negligible effect.

Embodied Remorse: Does Bowing, Kneeling or Crying Enhance the Effects of Apologies on Forgiveness?

Speaker

Matthew J. HornseyUniversity of Queensland

Co-authorsMichael J. A. Wohl Carleton UniversityEmily A. Harris University of QueenslandTyler G. Okimoto University of QueenslandMichael Thai Griffith UniversityMichael Wenzel Flinders University

Apology facilitates victims’ forgiveness, and is conducive to reconciliation in an interpersonal context. Previous studies have shown that apologies, especially sincere ones, communicate apologizers’ benign intention and reduce victims’ perceived risk of exploitation by the same transgressors (i.e., now apologizers). Accordingly, recipients of sincere apologies upregulate the relationship value of the former transgressors. Ohtsubo and Watanabe (2009) showed that cost involved in apologies is a key ingredient of sincere apology—costly apologies tend to be perceived sincerer than non-costly apologies (e.g., just saying “sorry”). This communicative function of costly apologies seems to extend to intergroup context. In two recent fMRI studies (Ohtsubo et al., 2018, 2020), both interpersonal and intergroup costly apologies activated victim’s (in an interpersonal context) and bystanders’ (in an intergroup context) theory-of-mind network in the brain. Therefore, it is plausible to assume that people process the sincerity information in apologies in the same manner at least to some extent.

Continuity and Discontinuity between Interpersonal and International Apologies

Speaker

Yohsuke OhtsuboUniversity of Tokyo

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Nonetheless, there is a crucial discontinuity between interpersonal and intergroup apology literatures—although interpersonal apologies generally facilitate forgiveness, intergroup apologies often fail to do so. In this talk, I will address this discontinuity: the key to resolve this discrepancy is the fact that the primary function of apologies is to communicate benign intention but not automatically solicit forgiveness from victims.

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This study explored elements of an ideal intergroup apology focusing on the historical conflicts between Korea and Japan during the Japanese colonial era. We analyzed the contents of apologies written by Koreans themselves that they would want from Japanese, to examine what an effective intergroup apology would look like. In three pilot studies, we asked Korean participants to write an apology that they would want to receive from Japan to identify the elements unique to the context of Korean-Japanese conflict (e.g., acknowledging and apologizing that the apology was given late; promising to give correct history education). In the main study, we again asked Korean participants (N=180) to write a desired apology and also to evaluate the importance of each apology element. We also measured some constructs involved in intergroup relations (e.g., group identity, willingness to forgive, political orientation). Four coders independently coded 164 apologies. The most frequent elements included were (in order): Statement of apology; Naming the transgression; Addressing emotions and/or damage on behalf of the offended; Taking on responsibility; and Promising not to change their stance in the future. Notably, 8.8% of the participants thought that an apology from Japan is not necessary, but for very different reasons: because Japan had already offered apologies and compensations, or because a sincere apology from Japan cannot be expected.

Apologies as the Victim Group Members Want from the Perpetrator Group in a Historical Injustice

Speaker

Sang Hee ParkChungbuk National University

Co-authorsHyeon Jeong Kim Chungbuk National UniversityWenjie Jin Chungbuk National UniversityYeong Ock Park Chungbuk National UniversityJahyun Chun Yonsei University


Two repeated quantitative studies were conducted within the context of conflict which occurred during Jakarta’s 2017 Governor Election process. Both studies aimed to gain explanation whether the group-based emotion including hope, anger, hatred, shame and guilt could predicts willingness to reconcile in the conflict mentioned above. Although emotions and reconciliation in identity’s model exists, studies of group-based emotion and reconciliation are limited. Our current studies hypothesized group-based emotion including hope, anger, hatred, shame and guilt could predicts willingness to reconcile. In the first study, the data were collected using accidental sampling from 442 Jakarta residents, who used their voting rights and identified as part of the groups that involved in conflicts that occurred during Jakarta’s 2017 Governor elections. There were 421 sample with the same criteria collected in the second study. The data were analysed using Structural Equation Modelling techniques were used to analysed collected data followed by the development of integrated model theory and the research hypothesis test. Both studies revealed that group-based hope, hatred, anger and guilt could predicts willingness to reconcile. Those findings support the notion that hope, trust, and guilt have a positive impact to the willingness to reconcile, while the participants’ hatred and anger will reduce the willingness to reconcile with opposing candidate’s supporting group. These studies also gave evidence that guilt was the strongest predictor of willingness to reconcile in the inter-group conflict in the Jakarta 2017 regional elections.

Group-Based Emotion and Reconciliation in the Jakarta’s 2017 Electoral Conflict

Speaker

Arie Suciyana SriyantoUniversitas Mercu Buana

Co-authorsIchsan Malik Universitas Pertahanan

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If you look at your surroundings right now, they are likely to have changed significantly in the past year. The presence of crowds, the prevalence of disease, the availability of resources: all are aspects of our environments that we may not have paid much attention to in the past, but that have come to the forefront of our psychology in the pandemic. This symposium draws upon existing theory from evolutionary and ecological perspectives to explore diverse questions: What are the origins of culture? What is the purpose and meaning of happiness? What is more important: having money or having people one can rely on? Four speakers attempt to provide novel answers to each of these questions by considering the role of the broader environments that we live in—our ecologies.

Chair

Oliver SngUniversity of California, Irvine

The Environments We Live in Fundamentally Shape Our Psychology


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East-West, subsistence methods, social class, religion, race. There are many types of cultural groups, and just as many types of psychological differences accompanying them. What are the origins of these cultural differences? To answer this question, I draw upon the idea of phenotypic plasticity—that organisms evolved to flexibly change their behaviors in varying environments—and outline how cultural groups might differ along several ecological dimensions, such as population density, kin relatedness, and mortality risk. Using examples from existing and ongoing work, I highlight how this framework can (1) generate novel predictions about cultural variation (e.g., groups living in high density ecologies are more future oriented and have more committed romantic relationships), and (2) integrate and ground existing cultural psychological explanations (e.g., existing group differences in collectivism might be due to differences in kin relatedness).

The Behavioral Ecology of Cultural Psychological Variation

Speaker

Oliver SngUniversity of California, Irvine

Recent social ecology research persuasively demonstrates that our psychological experiences, as complex as they might be, are evolved responses to external nature. Unfortunately, this crucial point is glaringly neglected in popular happiness suggestions that exclusively emphasize inner changes of the mind (e.g., construct meaning, be optimistic). The pillars of happiness experience (satisfaction and affect) exist, not to please or console the self, but to inform the person’s progress in solving the various survival and reproductive tasks thrown by the proximal and distal environment. Social ecology offers rich conceptual guidelines for happiness scientists who pursue this research direction. Preliminary findings from our research group on how various social ecological factors (e.g., pathogen level, sex-ratio, life history) shape the construction of happiness judgment are offered.

Nature is Larger than Happiness: Social Ecological Views Expand the Scientific Scope of Happiness

Speaker

Eunkook M. SuhYonsei University

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Does money buy happiness? Although happiness researchers have paid considerable attention in this classical topic, relevant findings have been mixed. Here, we sought to revisit the association between wealth and subjective well-being with an evolutionary perspective. We hypothesized that amongst a variety of ecological threats, the prevalence of infectious diseases might predict whether money buys happiness for the following reasons: First, pathogen stress might inhibit humans from obtaining (or utilizing) enough social resources because other people can be potential sources of infectious diseases. Second, given the past findings on the psychological meaning of money, material wealth can possibly substitute for social resources. In Study 1, we analyzed the World Values Survey (WVS) data with the ecological indices of disease prevalence. A multilevel analysis revealed that material wealth (i.e., financial satisfaction) is more important to life satisfaction in pathogen-prevalent nations, whereas social wealth (i.e., trust) is more important in those with less pathogen prevalence. Findings from Study 1 were also significant even after controlling for individualism and societal wealth (GDP per capita). In Study 2, we investigated the relative importance of material wealth (e.g., socioeconomic status) versus social wealth (i.e., the perceived number of people that can be trusted) in general life satisfaction using Amazon Mechanical Turk (N=198). We found that the more people feel COVID-19 threats, the more their material wealth become important to overall life satisfaction. Taken together, we concluded that material resources might play more important role in subjective well-being under pathogen-prevalent ecologies.

The Ecology of Happiness: Money Matters More in Pathogen-prevalent Areas

Speaker

Minyoung ChoiUniversity of California, Irvine

Is happiness made of positive feelings and joy, or is it made of meaning and self-actualization? Drawing from the evolutionary framework of life history theory, the present research explored whether individuals’ hedonic and eudaimonic beliefs about happiness are associated with their early-life experiences. Earlier life history theory findings demonstrate that scarce and harsh childhood (i.e., poorer childhood socioeconomic status; SES) is more closely associated with present-oriented suite of behaviors (e.g., risk-taking), whereas benign and stable childhood (i.e., wealthier childhood SES) is more associated with future-oriented behaviors (e.g., delaying gratification). Inspired by such work, we explored whether

The Role of Childhood Socioeconomic Status on Hedonic and Eudaimonic Happiness Beliefs: A Life History Approach

Speaker

Jinseok P. Kim Yonsei University

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such influence of childhood SES also extends to individuals’ happiness beliefs. Two studies revealed a consistent pattern: those from wealthier upbringing associated happiness more strongly with self-actualization and meaning, whereas those from poorer upbringing associated happiness with positive feelings and joy. Consistent with past research, this pattern emerged only under salient perception of economic instability (chronic belief, Study 1; experimentally primed, Study 2), and this perception interacted with childhood SES, but not with current SES. The exploratory nature of the present findings requires much further empirical verification, and the specific pathways through which childhood experiences lead to varying happiness beliefs still remain unknown. Nevertheless, drawing on the framework of life history theory, the present research offers an interdisciplinary look at the individual differences in pursuit of happiness, and a novel evidence that early-life experiences may be an underexplored factor in whether happiness is seen as positive feelings and joy, or as meaning and self-actualization.


The countries located in Northeast Asia share many similarities in their historical backgrounds, and they continue to interact closely with each other. At the same time, however, they also face conflicts over many aspects, such as historical perceptions, territorial disputes, and economic competition. Reflecting this situation, the beliefs and attitudes held by each nationality about others are often negative, and discrimination against people from the other countries is sometimes practiced within the country.

In this symposium, we will discuss the current situation and underlying factors of prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping in the countries in this region. In addition to understanding these topics in the context of this particular region, we will also attempt to understand these topics in light of the modern world in the information age and basic human emotion such as disgust sensitivity.

Chair

Fumiaki TakaKanagawa University

Prejudice, Discrimination, and Stereotypes in Northeast Asia


For a long period after modernization, Japanese people have harbored negative stereotypes and prejudice against Korean and Chinese people, who have also faced discrimination in Japan. In the late 20th, this situation showed signs of improvement However, over the past twenty years, the situation appears to have worsened again due to the development of the Internet society combined with rising historical revisionism in Japan, and international conflicts such as territorial disputes. In this speech, I will discuss the state of these stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination in Japan as well as their correlates or underlying factors.

Prejudice, Discrimination, and Stereotypes by Japanese people against Korean and Chinese people

Speaker

Fumiaki TakaKanagawa University

Many online media platforms are concerned by their users’ numerous racist comments. Although they filter or remove racist comments, and ban racist accounts, the efficacy of such direct restrictions is limited. Primarily, online media must confront online racism to understand the relationship between news content and racial comments posted by users. In this presentation, first, I introduce the limitations of handling racist comments on online media. Second, I share our work on the association between news topics and audiences’ racial prejudice expressions on online television news.

Racism and News on the Internet: An Example of Japanese Online Television

Speaker

Masanori TakanoCyberagent Inc.

I would like to present a study of mine that examines whether disgust sensitivity, a basic human emotion characterized by aversion to unfamiliar stimuli, affects South Koreans’ attitudes toward immigration. Using a couple of online opt-in surveys, I found that individuals with high scores on disgust sensitivity were less likely to hold favorable attitudes toward immigrants and open-border policies, while demonstrating stronger attachment

Disgust Sensitivity and Public Attitudes toward Immigration in South Korea

Speaker

Shang E. Ha Sogang University

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to the Korean national identity. Additional analysis revealed that high levels of disgust sensitivity were associated with negative attitudes toward North Korean immigrants and opposition to the reunification of the two Koreas. These findings suggest that the alleged common belief in “one nation, two countries’ notwithstanding, South Koreans high on disgust sensitivity hold out-group prejudice against North Korea and its citizens.


People around the world have implemented diverse behavioral regulations to fight the COVID-19 pandemic. As the containment of the disease requires effortful measures ranging from social distancing and mask-wearing at the individual level to border closure at the national level, different types of conflicts have inevitably arisen. As individuals are required to sacrifice their autonomy in social and economic activities, a reconciliation between self-interest and other-interest poses a challenge to society. In addition, as the pandemic heightens out-group awareness, hatred and discrimination against out-group members have become a source of societal conflict more than in the pre-COVID-19 era. The present symposium provides four research projects that examine how these conflicts and challenges are better understood by considering the cultural values and orientations. Dr. Yukiko Uchida (Kyoto University) will focus on how the Japanese have collectively regulated their own and others’ preventive behaviors during the pandemic. The role of interdependence values such as group-level reputation concern and behavioral adjustment motivation in promoting preventive behaviors will be demonstrated. Moreover, how such behavioral regulation of members of Japanese society is related to their attitude toward Japanese leaders’ slow decision-making process will be discussed. Dr. Matt Gobel (University of Exeter) extends related research to a multinational study across three East Asian cultures (Japan, Korea, and Hong Kong) and two Western cultures (UK, US). Specifically, the study focuses on the effects of governmental influence in each culture on citizens’ compliance with health-protecting behaviors for collective benefit. Two possible pathways have been identified: governments’ direct influence through incentivizing health-protecting behaviors, and indirect influence through meting out punishment to non-complying citizens. Analyzing self-reported responses from 2,000 adults from the five countries, the results indicated that only the governments’ indirect influence on citizens’ health-protecting behaviors was significant, and this effect was stronger in East Asian than in Western cultures. These findings speak to the crucial role that governments play for creating social assurance, which seems particularly important in East Asian cultures. Dr. Joonha Park (NUCB Business School) investigates attitudes towards cultural diversity and foreign migrants during the pandemic with a particular focus on human values as potential boundary conditions. Analyzing more than 10,000 participants across three Asian countries (China, Japan, Korea), the results showed that openness to change (vs. conservation) and self-transcendence (vs. self-enhancement) tend to have positive effects on outgroup tolerance and acceptance of cultural diversity. Culture-specific patterns for different boundary conditions will be examined in more detail. Finally, Dr. Alex English will talk about how Chinese, as the target of discrimination and hatred during the COVID-19, coped emotionally in response to intergroup threat. In particular, by utilizing two different samples of Chinese, Chinese living in China and Chinese living outside China, the present analysis will provide insight into how collective national identity facilitate collective affective acculturation.

Chair

Eunsoo ChoiKorea University

Living through COVID-19: Conflicts and Adjustment


Japanese are likely to make decisions and regulate their behaviors based on social concerns. Uchida et al. (2019) suggested that concern for reputation is stronger in communities with a higher frequency of collective activities such as farming (which require group gathering and coordination). During the coronavirus pandemic, the Japanese seem to value their interdependence more than usual to regulate their behavior. As a prominent example, people show stronger social concern and wear masks not only to prevent infection but also to signal their adherence to the social norm. It has also been suggested that in Japanese culture, group-level reputation concern would be strong. Therefore, they tend to socially punish norm-violating behaviors (e.g., going out without a mask), and also the act of getting infected itself. Being afraid of having such a negative reputation, the Japanese not only regulate their own behavior, but also pay attention to the behavior of others, especially towards ingroup members. In this presentation, I will show some data which suggests that interdependence and behavioral adjustment motivation is related to adherence to COVID-19 preventative behavior. On the other hand, the data indicated that people also felt frustrated with Japanese leaders’ slow decision-making process, which seemingly relies on such behavioral regulation.

Interdependent Behavioral Adjustment in Japanese COVID-19 Situation

Speaker

Yukiko Uchida Kyoto University

1

2

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has revealed new conflicts and has confronted us with a challenging social dilemma. Its mitigation and resolution, at times, pitches individual and collective interests against each other. Health-protecting behaviours (e.g., respecting stay-at-home orders, or self-isolating), for instance, can only make society safer, if a large enough proportion of the population engages with them. While such cooperative actions produce mutually beneficial outcomes for society, they can be costly to an individual (e.g., restricting individual freedom, or increasing financial burden).

How can governments enable behaviours, which are potentially costly to the individual, but provide the foundation for collective success? We investigated two possible pathways for governmental influence: Firstly, we investigated governments’ direct

The Role of East Asian and Western Governments during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Providing Social Assurance Increases Health-protecting Behaviours

Speaker

Matthias S. GobelUniversity of Exeter

Co-authorsKosuke Takemura Shiga University

Atsuki Ito Kyoto University

Jennifer Lay University of Exeter

Eunsoo Choi Korea University


influence by incentivising health-protecting behaviours. Secondly, we investigated governments’ indirect influence by meting out punishment to non-complying citizens, which would provide uncertain individuals with social assurance about other citizens’ cooperative intentions.

During the first wave of the pandemic (Spring 2020), we surveyed more than 2,000 adults from the general population across three East Asian cultures (Japan, Korea, and Hong Kong) and two Western cultures (the UK and the US). We only found evidence for governments’ indirect influence on citizens’ health-protecting behaviours, and this effect was stronger in East Asian than Western cultures. These findings speak to the crucial role that governments play for creating social assurance, which seems particularly important within East Asian cultures.

We will end our presentation by discussing longitudinal effects based on data collected during the third wave of the pandemic (Spring 2021).

Globalization and cultural diversity are being threatened under times of global pandemic. Values serve a standard for justifying one’s own actions and outgroup attitudes in intergroup relations. The current study investigates the effects of basic human values on attitudes towards cultural diversity and foreign migrants. We examine two potential moderators of the value-attitude link: individual-level social trust and ingroup resilience (i.e., beliefs that one’s country will overcome the crisis well). Data consist of responses from 3,200 Chinese, 3,000 Japanese, and 4,000 S. Korean adults who participated in online panel surveys in each nation, from May to August 2020. Results from a set of path analyses show that although openness to change (vs. conservation) and self-transcendence (vs. self-enhancement) tend to have positive effects on outgroup tolerance and acceptance of cultural diversity consistent with previous findings, different patterns in specific associations exist across national groups. For moderation effects, individual-level social trust tends to moderate values on outgroup intolerance in Japan and S. Korea. Japanese (Korean) participants who attribute greater value to openness to change (self-transcendence) are more tolerant to foreigners coming to the country, which is moderated by their level of trust. Although the effects of values on outgroup tolerance are found inconsistent in China, the effects of openness to change on acceptance of diversity were moderated by beliefs about the country’s resilience. The study suggests important belief structures that affect acceptance attitudes towards ethnic outgroups amid the pandemic in East Asian countries.

Values, Trust, Beliefs about Ingroup Resilience, and Outgroup Attitudes in Times of Crisis

Speaker

Joonha ParkNUCB Business School

Co-authorsPlamen Akaliyski Keio UniversityNaoko Taniguch Keio University

3


As the early COVID-19 outbreak sparked xenophobia against people of Asian and Chinese background, we collected data from Chinese nationals (Group 1, Chinese living domestically in China; Group 2, Chinese living outside China) to test how worldwide discrimination at a macro-level was expressed against the Chinese during COVID-19 globally. Specifically, we examined (1) whether/how the Chinese were aware of discrimination against their co-nationals during COVID; (2) if so, among the various affective responses possible, whether anger was a predominant reaction of these Chinese groups towards certain media exposure to relevant information; (3) how responses of anger transcend across the Chinese diaspora. Integrating the ecological perspective of cultural psychology and intergroup perspective of social psychology, we conducted three studies that manifest the effect of traditional media exposure to discrimination on collective anger - a process mediated by national identity across both samples. Findings suggest the possibility for ecologically remote mono-cultural groups to share collective emotions when facing threats in unprecedented times. Further examination of host country location among Chinese abroad also revealed a particular interaction between traditional media and West/non-West on national identity. Our studies reveal how variant ecological factors could work on collective emotions through identity among sparsely scattered cultural members. These findings suggest further research to examine the emotional norms of similar cultures bonded via strong collective identities in times of intergroup threat and the theoretical possibility for remote emotional acculturation.

How Anger Transcends the Diaspora: The Mediating Role of National Identity among Chinese during COVID

Speaker

Alex EnglishZhejiang University

Co-authorsXiaoyuan Li Shanghai International Studies University �Steve Kulich Shanghai International Studies University

4


Environmental problems, such as climate change and pollution, are serious threats facing humanity today. Addressing these threats requires an unprecedented level of cooperation across the world. However, such change is challenging to make due to a number of barriers that impede environmental action. Importantly, environmental issues often involve conflicts of interest between ingroup vs. outgroup and present vs. future. Moreover, the borderless nature makes it difficult to identify responsibility for environmental issues. This symposium presents cutting-edge psychological research from international scholars on how people respond to the aforementioned conflicts related to environmental issues and what makes people have a collaborative sense of responsibility for environmental problems and further engage in pro-environmental action.

Chair

Kimin EomSingapore Management University

From Conflict to Collaboration: Investigations on Environmental Sustainability


Min Suh examines how people assign responsibility for environmental problems with the case of particulate matter air pollution in South Korea. The studies focus on the roles of people’s inferences of commission (active involvement or encouragement) and omission (failure to prevent pollution) of the Korean and Chinese governments. Results show that attributing responsibility for the particulate matter problem to the Korean government was predicted by inference of omission rather than commission, whereas inference of commission, but not omission, strongly predicted attribution of responsibility of the Chinese government.

Understanding Collective Responsibility in the Issue of Particulate Matter in Korea

Speaker

Min SuhUniversity of Massachusetts Amherst

Kim-Pong Tam examines how patriotism is related to pro-environmental support. He finds that individuals who have blind and uncritical love for their country deny their country’s responsibility in climate change and reject domestic climate efforts. On the contrary, people who show constructive patriotism are more willing to accept their country’s responsibility and support domestic contributions to the mitigation of climate change. Importantly, the expectation that other governments would take similar climate efforts can buffer the effects of patriotism to a certain degree.

Understanding Public Engagement with Climate Change through the Lens of National Interest

Speaker

Kim-Pong Tam The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

1

2

3

Kimin Eom examines how religious beliefs are related to guilt for environmental problems and pro-environmental actions. He focuses on two religious beliefs that are commonly endorsed in many religions: stewardship beliefs and belief in a controlling god and shows that these two beliefs operate as opposing forces in motivating pro-

Religion, Environmental Guilt, and Pro-Environmental Action

Speaker

Kimin EomSingapore Management University


environmental actions because of their contrasting effects on environmental guilt. Environmental stewardship is positively, whereas belief in a controlling god is negatively, associated with environmental guilt, which in turn leads to greater pro-environmental actions.

Angela Leung demonstrates the significant role of confidence in local government in reducing the present bias (valuing of current interests over future environmental threats) and encouraging pro-environmental actions. With cro ss-cultural data comparing South Koreans and Americans, she shows that Americans exhibit greater present bias and lower levels of engagement in pro-environmental behaviors and activism than Koreans do. She further shows that this between-country difference is significantly moderated by respondents’ confidence in the government, such that Americans exhibit similarly low levels of present bias as their Korean counterparts when confidence in the government is high.

Environmental Sustainability as a Mirage of Time: Confidence in Government Moderates Cross-Cultural Differences in Present Bias and Pro-Environmentalism

Speaker

Angela LeungSingapore Management University

4


The Editor-in-Chief and Co-Editors-in-Chief of the Asian Journal of Social Psychology will introduce the major editorial policy changes and recent developments of the journal and answer questions. Anyone interested in publishing their work in the journal is welcome to join.

Date: July 30 (Friday), 2021Time: 16:20 ~ 17:30 (Seoul time, GMT+9)

Special Session: “Meet the AJSP Editors”

AJSP Editor-in-Chief

Kim-Pong TamThe Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

AJSP Co-Editors-in-Chief

Angela LeungSingapore Management University

Sammyh KhanÖrebro Universityy


AASP 2021 Summer School

AASP Education & Training Committee Chair

Dr. Itesh Sachdev

DateJuly 26 (Monday) - July 28 (Wednesday), 2021

TopicThe Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations and Pandemics

CoordinatorsItesh Sachdev (SOAS University of London)Jiin Jung (University of Kansas)

MentorsRichard Bourhis (Université du Québec à Montréal)Cindy Gallois (University of Queensland)Elizabeth Jones (Monash University)James Liu (Massey University)Vivian Lun (Lingnan University)Purnima Singh (Indian Institute of Technology Delhi)Jacinth Tan (Singapore Management University)Bernadette Watson (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)

Lecturer in Advanced StatisticsSeungmin Jahng (Sungkyunkwan University)


Awards

Michael Harris Bond Early Career Award

Dr. Alex English has lived in China for more than 13 years. He graduated from Zhejiang University in 2016 with a Ph.D in Applied Psychology, and Honor’s Post-doctoral Research Fellowship from Shanghai International Studies University in 2021. Dr. English researches how culture impact human behavior and psychological changes. He is interested in social cognition, coping congruence, and how COVID-19 has impacted social norms around the world. Dr. English has published in papers in prestigious journals like PNAS, PLoS ONE, JCCP, IJIR and AASP.

How do humans change when they move between vastly different cultural environments? This is a question for both psychologists and policy-makers in the era of globalization. To investigate this question, I will present three longitudinal studies from China. Study 1, I investigate how international students who applied culturally congruent coping strategies adapted when living in China. In Study 2 and 3, I replicated this finding by testing the similar experiences of Chinese moving from around the country. Finally in Study 4, I will discuss key findings from my study that tracked the cultural thought style of 1,462 students from 18 sites as they moved to colleges across China. While most psychologists would expect that modernization might be the driving force behind thought style change, I found no evidence to support the modernization hypothesis. Instead, students who moved to counties with a history of rice farming thought more holistically within just five months. This fits with the theory that rice farming’s labor and irrigation requirements encouraged tight ties and interdependence. Acculturation was stronger in small, homogenous communities. The results suggest China’s history of farming is shaping cultural differences in the modern day and that psychologists are largely unaware of it.

Biography

Topic: What Moving Can Tell Us About Psychological Changes During Transitions? Evidence from 4 Longitudinal Studies

Michael Harris Bond Early Career Award

Alex EnglishResearch Fellow at Zhejiang University


Misumi Award for Best Article Published in the Asian Journal of Social Psychology

2019Li, W. Q., Li, L. M. W., & Li, M. (2019). Residential mobility reduces ingroup favouritism in prosocial behaviour. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 22 (1), 3-17. doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12338

2020Yang, Z., & Xin, Z. (2020). Income inequality and interpersonal trust in China. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 23 (3), 253-263. doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12399

Runners up for Misumi Award (Special citation)

Krys, K., Zelenski, J. M., Capaldi, C. A., Park, J., van Tilburg, W., van Osch, Y., Haas, B. W., Bond, M. H., Dominguez-Espinoza, A., Xing, C., Igbokwe, D. O., Kwiatkowska, A., Luzniak-Piecha, M., Nader, M., Rizwan, M., Zhu, Z., & Uchida Y. (2019). Putting the “We” into well- being: Using collectivism-themed measures of well-being attenuates well-being’s association with individualism. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 22 (3), 256-267. doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12364

Guo, S., Huang, Z., Yuan, Y., & Gao, D. G. (2019). Sharing economy promotes morality, not impedes it. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 22 (1), 84-92. doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12357

English, A. S., Kunst, J. R., & Sam, D. L. (2019). Climatic effects on the sociocultural and psychological adaptation of migrants within China: A longitudinal test of two competing perspectives. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 22 (3), 244-255. doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12363

Wice, M., Karasawa, M., Matsui, T., & Miller, J. G. (2020). Knowing minds: Culture and perceptions of mental state access. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 23 (3), 319-327. doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12404


Jiayu Chen (Nagoya University)Ugyal Lama Yolmo (Sikkim University)Khatijatusshalihah Khatijatusshalihah (Syiah Kuala University)Li Mushi (Peking University)Xiang Yi Tee (Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman)Michael Pan (University of the Philippines)Ya-Nan Fu (GuangXi Normal University)Xiaona Xie (Nanjing Normal University)John Ian Wilzon Dizon (Angeles University Foundation)Marsha Fadhilah (Brawijaya University)

KS Yang Travel Awards

Franklin Kam (Harvard University)Young-joo Jun (Seoul National University)

Park Jung-heun & Jung Tae-gon Young Scholar Awards

Park Jung-heun Young Scholar Award

Moh Abdul Hakim (Universitas Sebelas Maret)Upekha Miriyagalla (LaTrobe University)

Jung Tae-gon Young Scholar Award



AASP Code of Conduct

AASP aims to provide stimulating, productive, enjoyable, and safe experiences at its conferences. We are dedicated to encouraging an environment of collegiality and mutual respect for all members, who represent diversity in nationality and ethnic background, sex, gender identity, affinity orientation, age, abilities, appearance, and religion.

We expect participants to communicate professionally and constructively, whether in person or virtually. Please be reminded that with our cultural diversity also comes diversity in norms for appropriate behavior. We expect members to be aware of potential cultural differences and sensitivities, as well as forgiving of accidental offense within reasonable bounds. We expect participants to handle dissent or disagreement with courtesy, dignity and an open mind, being respectful when providing feedback, and being open to alternate points of view.

We do not tolerate harassing, intimidating, demeaning, bullying, or threatening speech or actions. Participants are encouraged to report these behaviors to the Executive Committee’s appointed ombudsperson as soon as possible and the reporter’s personal identity will only be known to the ombudsperson who investigates the case.

AASP 2021: Program at a Glance



10:00-10:30 Opening Ceremony

10:30-11:30 Keynote Address- Michael Hogg “World in Crisis: Epistemic Threat, Self-Uncertainty, and Extremist Social Identities”

11:30-11:50 Break

11:50-13:00Featured Symposium- Igor Grossmann “The Science of Wisdom in the Face of World’s Social Challenges”Parallel Symposia (1-1-1 to 1-1-7)

13:00-14:00 Lunch

14:00-15:10

Featured Symposium- �Wendy Li “Social Psychological and Cultural Factors in Maintaining Mental Health in the Time of the

COVID-19”Parallel Symposia (1-2-1 to 1-2-9)

15:10-15:20 Break

15:20-16:30Featured Symposium- Yimoon Choi “Psychology and Law in East Asia”Parallel Symposia (1-3-1 to 1-3-9)

16:30-16:50 Break

16:50-18:00Featured Symposium- Keiko Ishii “Current Advances in Research on Apology, Forgiveness, and Reconciliation”Parallel Symposia (1-4-1 to 1-4-7)

18:00-18:10 Break

18:10-19:10 Keynote Address- Daniel Bar-Tal “Why it is So Difficult to Resolve Peacefully Intractable Conflicts?”

19:10-19:20 Break

19:20-19:50Featured Presentation- Allan B. I. Bernardo “Mutualist and Asymmetrical Polyculturalism: Dual Implications of the Polyculturalist Ideology on Intergroup Attitudes”

* The schedule is based on Seoul Time (GMT+9)

Thursday JULY 29 2021Conference Program Day ❶


10:00-11:00Keynote Address- �James H. Liu “Collective Remembering of the United States and China: From the Fall of a Liberal

System of Global Dominance to Economic Prospects for World Peace”

11:00-11:10 Break

11:10-12:10Keynote Address- �Tatsuya Kameda “Reducing Variance or Helping the Worst-Off? Behavioral and Neurocognitive Bases

for Distributive Norms”

12:10-12:20 Break

12:20-13:30Featured Symposium- Oliver Sng “An Ecological Approach to Social Stereotyping”Parallel Symposia (2-1-1 to 2-1-8)

13:30-14:20 Lunch

14:20-14:50Featured Presentation- �Gyuseog Han “Post Pandemic Self: Self-System of Psychological Turn for Sustainable Eco-System from

a Korean Mentality”

14:50-15:00 Break

15:00-16:10

Featured Symposium- Fumiaki Taka “Prejudice, Discrimination, and Stereotypes in North-East Asia”Parallel Symposia (2-2-1 to 2-2-8)Special Session “Unraveling Child Abuse in South Korea: Investigation and Evaluation” (Presentations in Korean, 90 min.)

16:10-16:20 Break

16:20-17:30 Special Session “Meet the AJSP Editors”Parallel Symposia (2-3-1 to 2-3-8)

17:30-17:40 Break

17:40-18:40Featured Presentations- Grit Hein “The Motivational Basis of Social Decision-Making”- �Mengyao Li “Understanding Radical Civil Resistance Under Repression: Evidence from Hong Kong and Chile”

18:40-19:00 Break

19:00-20:00

Featured Presentations- Ernestine Gordijn “The Role of Meta-Stereotyping in Intergroup Relations”- �Giovanni A. Travaglino “Towards a Psychology of Informal Political Relations: Understanding the

Legitimization of Illegal Actors”


Friday JULY 30 2021Conference Program Day ❷




10:00-11:00Presidential Address- �Sylvia Xiaohua Chen “In Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Contributions of Asian Social

Psychologists”

11:00-11:10 Break

11:10-12:30 AASP Annual General Meeting

12:30-13:00 Michael Harris Bond Early Career Award Presentation

13:00-14:00 Lunch

14:00-15:00Featured Presentations- Yuri Miyamoto “Perks (and Burdens) of Higher Social Status in Japan”- �Jacinth Tan “Attunement Processes in Class-Based Dyadic Interaction: A Physiological Linkage Approach”

15:00-15:10 Break

15:10-16:20Featured Symposium- Eunsoo Choi “Living through COVID-19: Conflicts and Adjustment”Parallel Symposia (3-2-1 to 3-2-7)

16:20-16:30 Break

16:30-17:40Featured Symposium- �Kimin Eom “From Conflict to Collaboration: Investigations on Environmental Sustainability”Parallel Symposia (3-2-1 to 3-2-7)

17:40-17:50 Break

17:50-19:00 Parallel Symposia (3-3-1 to 3-3-7)

19:00-19:10 Break

19:10-19:40 Farewell Ceremony & Invitation to 2023 Conference


Saturday JULY 31 2021Conference Program Day ❸


Parallel SymposiaDAY 1


Session 1-1: JULY/29/2021 11:50 ~ 13:00

Symposium 1-❶-1International Association of Language and Social Psychology (IALSP) Symposium Part A

Chair Liz Jones

Presenters Jin YingNicola SheeranRachyl PinesBernadette Watson

Symposium 1-❶-2From status concerns to helping those in need: The way we react to economic inequality depends on how we experience it

Co-Chairs Davide MelitaMatthias S. Gobel

Presenters Davide MelitaMargaux N.A. WienkMary Angeline DaganzoAtsushi Ueshima

Paper Session 1-❶-3Morality from a Cultural Perspective

Chair Jaewuk Jung

Presenters Huanen GuoSutarimah AmpuniJaewuk Jung

Paper Session 1-❶-4Self, Motivation, and Social Relationship

Chair Franklin Chon-I Kam

Presenters Tian LanYi-Kai ChenFranklin Chon-I KamAgnes Montalbo

Paper Session 1-❶-5Social Issues and Implications of Social Support

Co-Chairs Eun Ju SonShue-Ling Chong

Presenters Eun Ju SonShue-Ling ChongMasayuki Fujino

Paper Session 1-❶-6Psychology of Social Issues

Chair Hana Chae

Presenters Soon Aun TanHana ChaeDanielle P. OchoaDomingo Barcarse

Paper Session 1-❶-7Individual Differences in COVID-19 Attitudes and Behaviors

Chair Xiaona Xie

Presenters Kan ShiXiaona XieShafira Nurul Izzah


Symposium 1-❷-1International Association of Language and Social Psychology (IALSP) Symposium Part B

Chair Liz JonesPresenters Siyang Luo

Sammyh KhanJin GohStefano Occhipinti

Symposium 1-❷-2Social Class, Stereotype, and Hostile Social Interactions

Chair Aritra MukherjeePresenters Aritra Mukherjee

Upekha MiriyagallaNicholas SeetJunix Jerald Delos Santos

Paper Session 1-❷-3Perspective-taking in Social Situations

Chair Yujie ChenPresenters Chia-Chi Yeh

Zekun XuYujie Chen

Paper Session 1-❷-4Attitudes in the Real World Settings

Chair Megumi M. OhashiPresenters Megumi M. Ohashi

Angelita CruzUgyal Lama Yolmo

Paper Session 1-❷-5Moderating and Mediating Factors of Social Trust

Chair Zhuo TongPresenters Zhuo Tong

Junqi LinXuhui YuanNing-Meng Cao

Paper Session 1-❷-6Close Relationships in Cross-Cultural Contexts

Chair Ben Chun Pan LamPresenters Ben Chun Pan Lam

Ritesh KumarJohnrev GuilaranChee-Seng Tan

Paper Session 1-❷-7Social Neuroscience of Interpersional Interactions

Chair Yuting ShaoPresenters Yuting Shao

Weilong XiaoQin Duan

Paper Session 1-❷-8Violent Aggression and Relational Conflicts

Chair Sramana MajumdarPresenters Eunkyung Jo

Bing ChenJian-Bin LiSramana Majumdar

Paper Session 1-❷-9Community Psychology in the Era of COVID-19

Chair Wulan SaroinsongPresenters Madhumita Ramakrishna

Wulan SaroinsongAnindya Pritanadhira

Session 1-2: JULY/29/2021 14:00 ~ 15:10


Symposium 1-❸-1Understanding economic inequality and social class in social psychology

Chair Hongfei DuPresenters Ronnel B. King

Zhechen WangHongfei DuJin You

Paper Session 1-❸-2Culture, Diversity, and Intergroup Relations (1)

Chair Katja AlbadaPresenters Kaela Aleeah Leyretana

Ilkhom KhalimzodaKatja Albada

Paper Session 1-❸-3Culture, Diversity, and Intergroup Relations (2)

Chair Anggi Fithrian FathimahPresenters Arjuna Putra Darma Wangsya

Reni PertiwiAnggi Fithrian FathimahAldawiyah

Paper Session 1-❸-4Intercultural Attitudes in Multiple Contexts

Chair Xavier Javines BilonPresenters Xavier Javines Bilon

Peiyi WangYang Li

Paper Session 1-❸-5Self, Identity, and Individual Differences

Chair Margo TurnbullPresenters Emily Hong

Margo TurnbullShaofeng ZhengDa Ye Lee

Paper Session 1-❸-6Mental Health of Children and Adolescents

Chair Wen LiuPresenters Brown Pak Long Chan

Wen LiuWen LiuWen Liu

Paper Session 1-❸-7The Pursuit of Meaningfulness and Engagement at Work

Chair Indrayanti IndrayantiPresenters Indrayanti Indrayanti

Kartika DamayantiRahadian Dandyaswara HidayatSiti Sholichah

Paper Session 1-❸-8Perspectives on the Multifaceted Experience of �Stigmatized Groups

Chair Viyanga GunasekeraPresenters Angela Therese Jorge

Viyanga GunasekeraJacqueline Joy Lising

Paper Session 1-❸-9Mental Health and Coping during COVID-19 (1)

Chair Alexie BasileyoPresenters Sumnima Rai

Alexie BasileyoNamhee Kim

Session 1-3: JULY/29/2021 15:20 ~ 16:30


Symposium 1-❹-1Translating Values into Action: Testing the Linkage between Values and Collective Behaviors

Chair Jeong-Gil Seo

Presenters Giovanni A. TravaglinoJeong-Gil SeoHayeon LeeHyun Euh

Paper Session 1-❹-2Politics and Intergroup Relations

Chair Wybren Nooitgedagt

Presenters Nora StorzWybren NooitgedagtHye Kyung (Evelyn) JeongHye Kyung (Evelyn) Jeong

Paper Session 1-❹-3The Role of Culture in Organizational Behavior

Chair Chanki Moon

Presenters Xudong SongChanki MoonYun-Tung PuYu-Hsuan Kuo

Paper Session 1-❹-4Diversity and Group Processes

Chair Pol Lemaire Portillo

Presenters Pol Lemaire PortilloLiting FanMichelle Ryan

Paper Session 1-❹-5Psychological Health of Young Adults

Chair Erick Vernon Dy

Presenters Marison Felicidad DyErick Vernon DyRobert ThompsonNhorly Domenden

Paper Session 1-❹-6Money, Power, and Social Status

Chair Yu Tong

Presenters Maya SanctuaryYu TongTricia Tok

Paper Session 1-❹-7Mental Health and Coping during COVID-19 (2)

Chair Mechthild Kiegelmann

Presenters Mechthild KiegelmannRamila Usoof-ThowfeekPrincess Arianne SisonJesus Alfonso Datu

Session 1-4: JULY/29/2021 16:50 ~ 18:00


Day ❶ Thursday JULY 29 2021

Symposium 1 - ❶ - 1

● International Association of Language and Social Psychology (IALSP) Symposium Part A

● Chair: Liz Jones, Monash University Malaysia

① �Hedging and identity positioning: culture and interview discourse about health stigma

� Presenter: Jin Ying, University of Macau

② �Understanding the role of culture in communication preferences patients have with their doctor

� Presenter: Nicola Sheeran, Griffith University

③ �Understanding the role of culture in patient values in their decision-making preferences with their doctors

� �Presenter: Rachyl Pines, Cottage Health Research Institute

④ �Culture and communication perspectives on the role of moralisation in lung cancer stigma

� �Presenter: Bernadette Watson, Hong Kong Polytechnic University


● From status concerns to helping those in need: the way we react to economic inequality depends on how we experience it

● Co-Chairs - Davide Melita, University of Granada - Matthias S. Gobel, University of Exeter

① �The effects of perceived income inequality and mobility beliefs on status anxiety

� Presenter: Davide Melita, University of Granada

② �Attributions about the fairness of economic inequality alter in psychological processes in distinct ways

� Presenter: Margaux N.A. Wienk, Columbia University

③ �The Role of Social Class and Attribution in Helping Behaviour among Adolescents

� �Presenter: Mary Angeline Daganzo, De La Salle University

④ �Social deliberation increases attention to the fate of the least well-off more than to inequality per se in third-party allocation decisions

� �Presenter: Atsushi Ueshima, The University of Tokyo, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science

Paper Session 1 - ❶ - 3

● Morality from a Cultural Perspective● Chair: Jaewuk Jung, Sogang Univeristy

① �The relationship between moral identity and immoral behavior: a meta-analysis

� Presenter: Huanen Guo, Zhejiang Normal University

② �Comparing Australian and Indonesian moral perspectives using the three ethics moral framework

� �Presenter: Sutarimah Ampuni, Universitas Gadjah Mada

③ �Cultural differences in perception of hypocrisy� Presenter: Jaewuk Jung, Sogang Univeristy


● Self, Motivation, and Social Relationship● Chair: Franklin Chon-I Kam, Harvard University ① �A new perspective on Digital Personality: extend

basic needs theory into Generation-Z online development.

� Presenter: Tian Lan, Tsinghua University

② �Self-enhancement or Self-improvement After Academic Failure: Scale Development of Path-changing and Staying the Course

� Presenter: Yi-Kai Chen, National Taiwan University



③ �A Shared Experience involving High Self-Aspects can Lead to an Instant Bond for Most People but Not Avoidants

� Presenter: Franklin Chon-I Kam, Harvard University

④ �Media and Technology Usage as Predictors of Well-Being of University Students in The Philippines

� �Presenter: Agnes Montalbo, Rizal Technological University


● Social Issues and Implications of Social Support● Co-Chairs - Eun Ju Son, Queen’s University - Shue-Ling Chong, International Medical University

① �Perceived Partner’s Feminism and Women’s Relationship Satisfaction

� Presenter: Eun Ju Son, Queen’s University

② �Peer and Teacher Support, Self-efficacy and Smartphone Addiction among Adolescents in Malaysia.

� �Presenter: Shue-Ling Chong, International Medical University

③ �Development of The Multi-dimensional Social support Measurement scale

� Presenter: Masayuki Fujino, Nagoya University


● Psychology of Social Issues● Chair: Hana Chae, Florida International University

① �Porn Addiction: Does Porn Watching Cause Higher Realism?

� Presenter: �Soon Aun Tan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

② �Examining the Impacts of Child and Expert Witnesses on Jurors’ Decision Making in a Case of Domestic

Homicide� Presenter: Hana Chae, Florida International University

③ �How do Young Adults Justify Corporal Punishment? Cultural Conceptions of the Child and Implications for Advocacy

� �Presenter: Danielle P. Ochoa, University of the Philippines Diliman

④ �Lived Experiences of Filipino Overt Gay Biological Fathers

� Presenter: Domingo Barcarse, Jose Rizal University


● Individual Differences in COVID-19 Attitudes and Behaviors

● Chair: Xiaona Xie, Nanjing Normal University

① �The impact mechanism of interrupted plans on the motivation of economically difficult groups to get rich under the COVID-19: a moderated mediation model

� �Presenter: Kan Shi, Wenzhou Model Development Institute

② �Affective Polarization in Chinese Online Social Media Before and After the Outbreak of COVID-19

� Presenter: Xiaona Xie, Nanjing Normal University

③ �Does being mindful during a pandemic benefit us? The role of trait mindfulness on fear of COVID-19 and prejudice toward Chinese

� Presenter: �Shafira Nurul Izzah, University of Indonesia

Symposium 1 - ❷ - 1

● International Association of Language and Social Psychology Part B

● Chair: Liz Jones, Monash University Malaysia



① �Understanding culture from a representation similarity perspective

� Presenter: Siyang Luo, Sun Yat-Sen University

② �History is victorious (even if it was not): Valence of social representations of history and wellbeing in 42 countries

� Presenter: Sammyh Khan, Örebro University

③ �Traditional Gender Roles and Past Voting Likelihood in Five Western Countries

� Presenter: Jin Goh, Colby University

④ �The role of culture in the stigmatisation of health conditions

� �Presenter: Stefano Occhipinti, Colby University, Griffith University

Paper Session 1 - ❷ - 2

● Social Class, Stereotype, and Hostile Social Interactions● Chair: Aritra Mukherjee, University of Delhi

① �Essentialism and Class: A Triangulation Study on Essentialist Beliefs of Class Among Urban Indians

� Presenter: Aritra Mukherjee, University of Delhi

② �Positive Gamer Stereotypes in the Video Game Era, and Factors that Influence Them

� Presenter: Upekha Miriyagalla, La Trobe University

③ �Teacher Bullying in an Asian Context� Presenter: �Nicholas Seet, James Cook University Singapore

④ �Tagasalo Personality among Filipino Lesbian Women and Gay Men

� �Presenter: Junix Jerald Delos Santos, Saint Louis University, University of Baguio


● Perspective-taking in Social Situations

● Chair: Yujie Chen, South China Normal University, Southwest University

① �The view of social cognitive theory to establish unexpected situations of social skills in virtual reality teaching for students with autism

� Presenter: Chia-Chi Yeh, Tsinghua University

② �The versatility of polyglots: Cognitive Advantages in Cognitive Flexibility of Skilled English-Chinese Bilingual Youth

� Presenter: Zekun Xu, Guangxi Normal University

③ �Relative familiarity accentuates gaze cueing of attention in preschoolers

� �Presenter: Yujie Chen, South China Normal University, Southwest University


● Attitudes in the Real World Settings● Chair: Megumi M. Ohashi, Tokyo Future University

① �Implicit attitudes toward sports and exercise: Similarities and differences between Desirability IAT and Joy IAT

� Presenter: Megumi M. Ohashi, Tokyo Future University

② �Examination of Students’ Attitudes toward Physical Education in the Philippines

� Presenter: Angelita Cruz, Keimyung University

③ �Social Media Engagement & Political Attitude among University Students

� Presenter: Ugyal Lama Yolmo, Sikkim University


● Moderating and Mediating Factors of Social Trust● Chair: Zhuo Tong, Renmin University of China



① �Specific Interpersonal Trust and Mental Health of University Students: Mediating Roles of Perceived Peer Acceptance and Self-esteem

� Presenter: Zhuo Tong, Renmin University of China

② �The relationship between psychological resilience and social trust of Beijing community residents: the moderating effects of demographic variables

� Presenter: Junqi Lin, Renmin University of China

③ �The effect of social perspective-taking on interpersonal trust under the cooperative and competitive contexts: the mediating role of benevolence

� Presenter: Xuhui Yuan, Zhejiang Normal University

④ �Birth Cohort and Social Change in Chinese College Students’ Interpersonal Trust from 2000 to 2019

� Presenter: Ning-Meng Cao, Zhejiang normal university


● Close Relationships in Cross-cultural Contexts● Chair: Ben Chun Pan Lam, University of New

South Wales

① �Dialecticism in Romantic Relationships: An Examination in Chinese and American Cultural Contexts

� �Presenter: Ben Chun Pan Lam, University of New South Wales

② �Assessing the psychometric properties of the Hindi version of ECR-RS scale

� �Presenter: Ritesh Kumar, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

③ �Received Social Support and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in New Zealand and Philippine Emergency Responders

� �Presenter: Johnrev Guilaran, University of the Philippines Visayas

④ �Why Do Malaysian and Japanese Youths Desire to Stay Single?

� �Presenter: Chee-Seng Tan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman


● Social Neuroscience of Interpersional Interactions● Chair: Yuting Shao, Zhejiang Normal University

① �Gesture imitation promotes intention understanding in teacher-student communication: A fNIRS-based hyperscanning study

� Presenter: Yuting Shao, Zhejiang Normal University

② �The effects of teaching experience on neural synchrony during teacher-student problem solving

� �Presenter: Weilong Xiao, School of Teacher Education Zhejiang Normal University

③ �Neural Variability Fingerprint Predict Individuals Information Security Violations

� Presenter: Qin Duan, Sun Yat-Sen University


● Violent Aggression and Relational Conflicts● Chair: Sramana Majumdar, Ashoka University

① �Differences in Victim and Perpetrator Blaming by Crime Type, Victim-Perpetrator Relationship, and Victim’s Alcohol Consumption.

� Presenter: Eunkyung Jo, Sookmyung Women’s University

② �The Association Between Social Class and Aggression: A Meta-Analytic Review

� Presenter: Bing Chen, Southwest University

③ �Hong Kong University Students’ Normative Beliefs about Aggression toward Police during Protests: The Role of Ecological Risks and Future Orientation

� �Presenter: Jian-Bin Li, The Education University of Hong Kong



④ �Living in intractable conflict: Reviewing links between violence, aggression and gender

� Presenter: Sramana Majumdar, Ashoka University


● Community Psychology in the Era of COVID-19● Chair: Wulan Saroinsong, Universitas Negeri Surabaya

① �Teaching in the times of COVID-19: Exploring resilience and coping in Delhi school teachers

� �Presenter: Madhumita Ramakrishna, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

② �Religious Belief Predicts Student’s Life Satisfaction in Pandemic COVID 19

� Presenter: �Wulan Saroinsong, Universitas Negeri Surabaya

③ �The Role of Psychological Capital in Predicting Entrepreneurial Success in Tourism, Culinary, and Service Industry During the Pandemic of COVID-19

� �Presenter: Anindya Pritanadhira, PT. Quantum Edukasindo Paradigma

Symposium 1 - ❸ - 1

● Understanding economic inequality and social class in social psychology

● Chair: Hongfei Du, Beijing Normal University

① �Greater Income Inequality is Associated with Lower Belonging at School

� Presenter: Ronnel B. King, University of Macau

② �Restless in an unequal world? Social class, economic inequality, and the desire for wealth and status

� Presenter: Zhechen Wang, Fudan University

③ �Income Inequality Induces Negative Emotions� Presenter: Hongfei Du, Beijing Normal University

④ �Age-Specific Roles of Objective and Subjective Socioeconomic Status in Predicting Psychological and Interpersonal Outcomes

� Presenter: Jin You, Wuhan University

Paper Session 1 - ❸ - 2

● Culture, Diversity, and Intergroup Relations (1)● Chair: Katja Albada, University of Groningen

① �Ibang Tao at Hindi Ibang Tao: Understanding the Korean Immigrants’ Experiences of Kapwa through Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis

� �Presenter: Kaela Aleeah Leyretana, Ateneo De Manila University

② �Destination-country language proficiency and cultural (dis)involvement in immigrant acculturation

� Presenter: Ilkhom Khalimzoda, University of Jyvaskyla

③ �When cultures clash: Links between perceived cultural distance in values and host-society members’ attitudes towards migrants

� Presenter: Katja Albada, University of Groningen


● Culture, Diversity, and Intergroup Relations (2)● Chair: Anggi Fithrian Fathimah, Center for

Indigenous Psychology,

① �Tolerance in Adolescents: An Exploration Study Using Constructive Realism-Indigenous Psychology Approach

� �Presenter: Arjuna Putra Darma Wangsya, State islamic University of Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau

② �Internalization of Tolerance Value: A Study of Indigenous Psychology

� Presenter: �Reni Pertiwi, Center for indigenous psychology



③ �The Form, Factors and Effects of Tolerance in Teenagers Perspectives: A Review of Indigenous Psychology

� �Presenter: Anggi Fithrian Fathimah, Center for Indigenous Psychology

④ �Urgency of tolerance in adolescents: An overview of indigenous psychology

� �Presenter: Aldawiyah, Center for Indigenous Psychology, State Islamic University of Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau


● Intercultural Attitudes in Multiple Contexts● Chair: Xavier Javines Bilon, University of the

Philippines Diliman

① �What Predicts Homonegativity in Southeast Asian Countries? Evidence from the World Values Survey

� �Presenter: Xavier Javines Bilon, University of the Philippines Diliman

② �Acculturative Stress and Eating Disinhibition among Asian College Students in the United States

� Presenter: Peiyi Wang, University of California Irvine

③ �Trust and Signaling of Good Intention among Chinese, Japanese and Americans

� Presenter: Yang Li, Tamagawa University


● Self, Identity, and Individual Differences● Chair : Margo Turnbul l , The Hong Kong

Polytechnic University

① �Nostalgia Strengthens Global Self-Continuity Through Holistic Thinking

� Presenter: Emily Hong, Seoul National University

② �Identity work and emotion in Hong Kong: A case study of social rupture

� �Presenter: Margo Turnbull, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

③ �Mu Opioid Receptor Gene (OPRM1) Moderates the Influence of Perceived Parental Attention on Social Support Seeking

� Presenter: Shaofeng Zheng, Nagoya University

④ �The Relat ion between Parental Academic Achievement Pressure and Materialism: Moderating Role of Identity Clairty

� Presenter: Da Ye Lee, Korea University


● Mental Health of Children and Adolescents● Chair: Wen Liu, Liaoning Nomal University

① �Effects of Vestibular Stimulation Techniques in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

� �Presenter: Brown Pak Long Chan, The Open University of Hong Kong

② �The Relationship between Anxiety and Attention Bias in 8-12 years old Children and the Intervention Effect of Attention Bias Training

� Presenter: Wen Liu, Liaoning Nomal University

③ �The Relationship between Depression and Cognitive Reappraisal in Children aged 8~12: The Mediating Effect of Attention Bias

� Presenter: Wen Liu, Liaoning Normal University

④ �The Relationship between Effortful Control and Depressed of 9~12-year-old Children: the Role of Attention Networks and Emotion Regulation

� Presenter: Wen Liu, Liaoning Normal University



Paper Session 1 - ❸ -7

● The Pursuit of Meaningfulness and Engagement at Work

● Chair: Indrayanti Indrayanti, Universitas Gadjah Mada

① �Finding a meaning at work from the different perspective on two generations

� Presenter: Indrayanti Indrayanti, Universitas Gadjah Mada

② �Enhancing Work Meaningfulness Through Employee-Leader Relationships during Work From Home

� Presenter: Kartika Damayanti, Universitas Gadjah Mada

③ �The Role of Work Meaningfulness and Organizational-Citizenship Behaviour towards Work Engagement during Work from Home

� �Presenter: Rahadian Dandyaswara Hidayat, Universitas Gadjah Mada

④ �What Make Employees Feel Engaged during Work from Home? A study from Indonesia

� Presenter: Siti Sholichah, Universitas Gadjah Mada


● Perspectives on the Multifaceted Experience of Stigmatized Groups

● Chair: Viyanga Gunasekera, University of Peradeniya

① �Coming Out From The Closet and Into The Limelight: The Lived Experiences of Trans Women Beauty Queens; Reasons, Challenges and Self-Fulfillment

� Presenter: Angela Therese Jorge, Far Eastern University

② �Victim Memories vs. Political Narrative: The case of the expulsion of Northern Muslims in Sri Lanka

� Presenter: Viyanga Gunasekera, University of Peradeniya

③ �Rainbows after the storm: destigmatizing same-sex

relationships� Presenter: Jacqueline Joy Lising, Mondriaan Aura College


● Mental Health and Coping during COVID-19 (1)● Chair: Alexie Basileyo, Lyceum of the Philippines

University Laguna

① �Mental health, Coping, Personality and Stress During the COVID-19 Pandemic

� Presenter: Sumnima Rai, Sikkim University

② �The Role of Students’ Personality in Predicting Fear during COVID-19 Pandemic

� �Presenter: Alexie Basileyo, Lyceum of the Philippines University Laguna

③ �Using promotion focus to maintains well-being during COVID-19: The effect of regulatory focus and coping strategies on well-being during COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea

� �Presenter: Namhee Kim, Center for Happiness Studies, Seoul National University

Symposium 1 - ❹ - 1

● Translating Values into Action: Testing the Linkage between Values and Collective Behaviors

● Chair: Jeong-Gil Seo, Sungkyunkwan University

① �Cooperation during the Pandemic: A Study of Trust and Self-conscious Emotions across Cultures

� Presenter: Giovanni A. Travaglino, University of Kent

② �The Moderating Effect of Value Orientation on the Relationship between Ingroup Identification and Outgroup Learning

� Presenter: Jeong-Gil Seo, Sungkyunkwan University



③ �The Joint Impact of Communal Values and Independent Self-view on Ally Behaviors for Disadvantaged Groups in Korean Society

� Presenter: Hayeon Lee, Sungkyunkwan University

④ �More Than an Armchair Activist: The Role of Political Efficacy in Translating Egalitarian Values into Ally Behavior

� Presenter: Hyun Euh, University of Minnesota

Paper Session 1 - ❹ - 2

● Politics and Intergroup Relations● Chair: Wybren Nooitgedagt, Utrecht University ① �Support for conciliatory policies in the Israeli-

Palestinian conflict: The role of different modes of identification and territorial ownership perceptions

� Presenter: Nora Storz, Utrecht University

② �Who owns the country? Understanding perceived territorial group ownership using a person-centered approach

� Presenter: Wybren Nooitgedagt, Utrecht University

③ �South Korea’s Qualities of Intergroup Relationship with Two Outgroups, Japan and North Korea

� �Presenter: Hye Kyung (Evelyn) Jeong, University of Limerick

④ �Identity and Political Processes on Quality of Intergroup Relationship with Outgroups in the Context of South Korea

� �Presenter: Hye Kyung (Evelyn) Jeong, University of Limerick


● The Role of Culture in Organizational Behavior● Chair: Chanki Moon, Leeds Beckett University

① �The Contingent Effect of Cultural Tightness-Looseness and Leadership Behavior on Innovation Behavior

� Presenter: Xudong Song, Wenzhou University

② �Culture and Hierarchy: A Cross-Cultural Study on Individuals’ Normative Responses to Incivility in South Korea and Spain

� Presenter: Chanki Moon, Leeds Beckett University

③ �The Effects of Negative Emotional Display on Voice Endorsement: A Test of Emotional as Social Information Model

� Presenter: Yun-Tung Pu, National Taiwan University

④ �How and when do rational voice tactics affect voice endorsement? Using social persuasion perspective to investigate the moderating and mediating effects

� Presenter: Yu-Hsuan Kuo, National Taiwan University


● Diversity and Group Processes● Chair: Pol Lemaire Portillo, Nagoya University

① �Exploring the Aversive Reactions to Intrusive Culture Mixing in the Context of Acculturation: The Case of Immigration in Japan

� Presenter: Pol Lemaire Portillo, Nagoya University

② �Relationship between moral identity and moral behavior in different cultures: a systematic review and meta-analysis

� Presenter: Liting Fan, Zhejiang Normal University

③ �The gendered cost-benefit analyses of making sacrifices for work or family

� Presenter: Michelle Ryan, University of Exeter




● Psychological Health of Young Adults● Chair: Erick Vernon Dy, University of the Philippines

Los Banos

① �Benefits of and Barriers to Mental Health Help-Seeking of Selected Filipino College Students

� �Presenter: Marison Felicidad Dy, University of the Philippines Los Banos

② �Mental Health Concerns of New University Students in the Temporary Normal

� �Presenter: Erick Vernon Dy, University of the Philippines Los Banos

③ �A quantitative investigation on the mediating effect of trait anxiety on the relationship between perfectionism and academic burnout among university students

� Presenter: Robert Thompson, Leeds Beckett university

④ �Psychological well-being of children in conflict with the law

� �Presenter: Nhorly Domenden, Wundt Psychological Institute


● Money, Power, and Social Status● Chair: Yu Tong, Zhejiang Normal University

① �Exploring Luxury Purchase Intention through Antecedent Variables: Status Consumption, Consumer Need for Uniqueness and Self-Construal

� Presenter: Maya Sanctuary, Leeds Beckett

② �Does Money Priming Affect Social Mindfulness? The Role of Interpersonal Distance and Empathy

� Presenter: Yu Tong, Zhejiang Normal University

③ �Subjective Social Status and Social Support Seeking:

The Role of Interpersonal Trust� �Presenter: Tricia Tok, Singapore Management University


● Mental Health and Coping during COVID-19 (2) ● Chair: Mechthild Kiegelmann, Karlsruhe

University of Education

① �On-line teaching—what can be learned from special education (policy) perspective

� �Presenter: Mechthild Kiegelmann, Karlsruhe University of Education

② �Home Alone: Exploring Relationships Between Existential Loneliness and Psychological Distress Under Covid -19 Lockdowns in Sri Lanka

� �Presenter: Ramila Usoof-Thowfeek, University of Peradeniya

③ �Depression, Anxiety, and Stress of Filipino Employees Working in a Corporate Firm amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic

� �Presenter: Princess Arianne Sison, Espada Psychological Consultancy, City College of Angeles

④ �The psychological benefits of staying gritty: A cross-national study in the Philippines and the United States

� �Presenter: Jesus Alfonso Datu, The Education University of Hong Kong


Session 2-1: JULY/30/2021 12:20 ~ 13:30

Symposium 2-❶-1Reconciliation in the very intractable conflict

Chair Kap-Sik Kim

Presenters Juhwa ParkYoung-Mi KwonJeong-Gil Seo

Symposium 2-❶-2The Collective Remembering of History & the Political Psychology and Culture of Nations

Chair James Liu

Presenters James LiuSarah ChoiHu Young JeongTian Xie

Symposium 2-❶-3From Self to Sense-Making: Cross-Cultural Perspectives in the Psychology of Religion

Co-Chairs Jonathan RamsayAlbert Lee

Presenters Richelle-Joy ChiaEddie TongJonathan RamsayCindel J. M. White

Paper Session 2-❶-4Collectivism, COVID-19, and Global Issues

Chair Heejung Kim

Presenters Jennifer ColeHeejung KimDavid ShermanSyamil Yakin

Paper Session 2-❶-5Personality and Social Psychology of Depression

Chair John Vincent Felix

Presenters John Vincent FelixChristian Khiel UntoDessi Aryanti Dwi Putri

Paper Session 2-❶-6Close Relationships and Group Processes

Chair Zirong Ren

Presenters Yahui ChangSunyoung KimZirong RenSarah Rezaei

Paper Session 2-❶-7Self, Identity, and Motivation

Chair Tian Qiu

Presenters Tian QiuKhatijatusshalihahSooyeol Kim

Paper Session 2-❶-8A New Tool to Measure COVID-19 related Mental Health

Chair Haeyoun Choi

Presenters Haeyoun ChoiJohn Ian Wilzon T. DizonRong HeSuyi Leong


Session 2-2: JULY/30/2021 15:00 ~ 16:10

Symposium 2-❷-1Social Psychology in Everyday Life

Chair Yufang Zhao

Presenters Duoduo HuYufang ZhaoLing leeYi-Syuan Peng

Symposium 2-❷-2Lay Theories in Community Psychology

Chair Augil Marie Robles

Presenters Mengge TanTakafumi SawaumiVivien PongAugil Marie Robles

Paper Session 2-❷-3Overcoming Adversity, Stigma, and Trauma

Chair Michael Pan

Presenters Yashpal JogdandSimin WanMichael PanRon Julius Espada

Paper Session 2-❷-4Emotion and Social Cognition

Chair Kawon Kim

Presenters Kawon KimYuqi ChenJingyi Lu

Paper Session 2-❷-5Mental Health and Well-being at Workplace

Chair Debora Purba

Presenters Debora PurbaReyiel Pela-TecsonJayvee Tamondong

Paper Session 2-❷-6Social Cognition and Organizational Behavior

Chair Indrayanti Indrayanti

Presenters Indrayanti IndrayantiChristian Kevin KurniawanHao Cheng Lo

Paper Session 2-❷-7Prosocial Behavior and Well-being during the COVID-19

Chair Ying Yang

Presenters Farid JamaludinYa-Nan FuYing YangSutarimah Ampuni


Session 2-3: JULY/30/2021 16:20 ~ 17:30

Paper Session 2-❸-1Psychology of Gender

Chair Fangfang Wen

Presenters Fangfang WenLysann ZanderNoel BediaSukmo Bayu Suryo Buwono

Paper Session 2-❸-2Culture and Social Issues

Chair Tetsuro Kobayashi

Presenters Arkadiusz BialekKuba KrysTetsuro Kobayashi

Paper Session 2-❸-3Self, Emotion, and Motivation in Well-being

Chair Xinwei Li

Presenters Ding YanjieXinwei LiHerdiyan Maulana

Paper Session 2-❸-4Roads to Happiness: Meaning-Making, Alexithymia, and Interpersonal Trust

Chair Jinhyung Kim

Presenters Jinhyung KimHui ZhouJing Lin

Paper Session 2-❸-5Measurement and Quantitative Psychology

Chair Shuai Yuan

Presenters Shuai YuanShuai YuanTong-Rong YangTong-Rong Yang

Paper Session 2-❸-6Character Building and Academic Achievement of Children

Chair Zhang Ruiping

Presenters Zhang RuipingLitong ZhuYi-Kai ChenFang Liu

Paper Session 2-❸-7The Social Impact of COVID-19

Chair Ruth Edisel Rylle Cercado

Presenters Ruth Edisel Rylle CercadoKailo BigcasGleanzzy Pauline Gay Reyes


Day ❷ Friday JULY 30 2021


● Reconciliation in the very intractable conflict● Chair: Kap-Sik Kim, Korea Institute for National

Unification

① �Naïve representation of peace and the attitude toward reconciliation in the very intractable conflict

� �Presenter: Juhwa Park, Korea Institute for National Unification

② �Perceived social norms and Koreans’ attitude toward the reunification of South and North Korea

� Presenter: Young-Mi Kwon, Sungkyunkwan University

③ �An Investigation on South Koreans’ Policy Support toward the COVID-19 Cooperation between South and North Korea

� Presenter: Jeong-Gil Seo, Sungkyunkwan University


● The Collective Remembering of History & the Political Psychology and Culture of Nations

● Chair: James H. Liu, Massey University

① �Contents of Living Historical Memory across 39 countries: Associations with National Identity, System Justification, and SDO in the making of Political Culture

� Presenter: James H. Liu, Massey University

② �Investigating the dynamic functions of collective memory through priming its resonance with the present

� Presenter: Sarah Y. Choi, Massey University

③ �The Structure and Diversity of Collective Victim Beliefs and their Role in Shaping Intergroup Relations: A Q-methodology Investigation in South Korea

� Presenter: Hu Young Jeong, Clarke University

④ �The Historical Representation and Contemporary Identity of Confucianism in China: Interviews with Young Educated Chinese and Longitudinal Analyses of Official Chinese Language Textbooks

� Presenter: Tian Xie, Wuhan University


● From Self to Sense-Making: Cross-Cultural Perspectives in the Psychology of Religion

● Co-Chairs - Jonathan Ramsay, James Cook University - Albert Lee, Nanyang Technological University● Discussant: Patrick LIN, James Cook University

① �Anthropomorphism of God elicits Beliefs in Tempting Fate

� �Presenter: Richelle-Joy Chia, Nanyang Technological University

② �The Effect of Religious Priming on Implicit Self-Accessibility: The Mediating Role of Self-Transcendence

� �Presenter: Eddie Tong, Nanyang Technological University

③ �The God of Big (and Good) Things: Religious Priming, Event Properties, and Supernatural Explanations

� Presenter: Jonathan Ramsay, James Cook University

④ �Karma’s Effect on Generosity and Attributions for Misfortune

� �Presenter: Cindel J. M. White, University of British Columbia


● Collectivism, COVID-19, and Global Issues● Chair: Heejung Kim, University of California Santa

Barbara

① �It’s All Connected: Collectivism, Climate Change, and COVID-19

83July 29-31 I Virtual (Seoul, Korea)AASP 2021 CONFERENCE


� �Presenter: Jennifer Cole, University of Colorado Boulder

② �Psychology and the Threat of Contagion: How Perceived Vulnerability to Disease Moderates the Link between Xenophobic Thoughts and Support for Xenophobic Actions

� �Presenter: Heejung Kim, University of California Santa Barbara

③ �Environmental Engagement in a Diverse World: The Relationship Between Environmental Beliefs, Social Norms, and Support for Environmental Action

� �Presenter: David Sherman, University of California Santa Barbara

④ �Testing Measurement Invariance of Time Perception Scale across U.S. and Japanese Samples

� Presenter: Syamil Yakin, The Ohio State University


● Personality and Social Psychology of Depression● Chair: John Vincent Felix, Pamantasan ng

Lungsod ng Maynila

① �Depressive Profile of Selected Adolescents and the Efficacy of Visual Arts as Basis of Expressive Therapeutic Intervention

� John Vincent Felix, Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila

② �Similarities and Differences between Clinical Depression and Dark Night of the Soul: A Systematic Review

� �Christian Khiel Unto, Espada Psychological Consultancy, Holy Angel University

③ �“Dear Me”: A Pilot Study to Examine Feasibility of Self-Compassion Exercise for Decreasing Depression Symptoms

� �Dessi Aryanti Dwi Putri, Center for Indigenous Psychology, UIN Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau


● Close Relationships and Group Processes● Chair: Zirong Ren, Zhejiang Normal University

① �Imagining Shared Experiences With Human and Non-human Agents Boosts Interpersonal Closeness

� Presenter: Yahui Chang, University at Buffalo

② �Mental Contrasting and Realization of a Wishful Contribution to a Group

� Presenter: Sunyoung Kim, New York University

③ �Is a hero always trustworthy? Punishment of in-group reduces trust

� Presenter: Zirong Ren, Zhejiang Normal University

④ �Of Persistence and Pursuit: Unwanted Pursuit Behaviour Among Indian Young Adults

� Presenter: Sarah Rezaei, University of Mumbai


● Self, Identity, and Motivation● Chair: Tian Qiu, East China Normal University

① �I experienced more changes than you� Presenter: Tian Qiu, East China Normal University

② �Obedience of Minangkabau Indonesian Young Adults in Preserving Balimau Tradition

� Presenter: Khatijatusshalihah, Syiah Kuala University

③ �Turning Uncertainty into Creativity: The Benefits of Volunteering for Employee Creativity

� �Presenter: Sooyeol Kim, National University of Singapore�


● A New Tool to Measure COVID-19 related Mental Health

● Chair: Haeyoun Choi, Korea Counseling Graduate University



① �Construct and Measurement of The Covid 19 Stress� �Presenter: Haeyoun Choi, Korea Counseling

Graduate University

② �Validation and measurement invariance of a brief screener of depression and anxiety amid the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines: The PHQ-4

� �Presenter: John Ian Wilzon T. Dizon, Angeles University Foundation

③ �Social Psychological Representation of Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic

� Presenter: Rong He, Southwest University

④ �The Role of Collectivism in Individuals’ Compliance with COVID-19 Health Measures

� �Presenter: Suyi Leong, University of California Santa Barbara


● Social Psychology in Everyday Life● Chair: Yufang Zhao, Southwest University Chongqing

① �Are “Female Drivers” Really More Dangerous? Gender Differences in Dangerous Driving Behaviors and Attitudes

� Presenter: Duoduo Hu, Northwest Normal University

② �Stereotype threat affects negative self-conscious emotions: the moderating role of self-esteem

� �Presenter: Yufang Zhao, Southwest University Chongqing

③ �Intergroup communication and social identity across educational pathways in sonography

� Presenter: Ling Lee, University of Queensland

④ �Untangling the relationship among leader-member exchange, power distance, and voice endorsement

in Chinese organizations: An exploration of moderated-mediating model

� Presenter: Yi-Syuan Peng, National Taiwan University


● Lay Theories in Community Psychology● Chair: Augil Marie Robles, University of the

Philippines Visayas

① �Problems and Solutions of Community Conflict in China: From the Perspective of Social Constructionism

� Presenter: Mengge Tan, Nanjing Normal University

② �2019 A ASP Summer School Group Project Presentation: Culture-Congruent Messaging for Promoting Pro-Environmental Behaviors

� Presenter: Takafumi Sawaumi, Ryutsu Keizai University

③ �The role of Identification With All Humanity in Environmental Justice using the Social Identity Model of Collective Action

� �Presenter: Vivien Pong, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

④ �From Program Strategies to Localized Knowledge: Exploring Lay Interpretations of Family Planning through the Social Representations Theory

� �Presenter: Augil Marie Robles, University of the Philippines Visayas


● Overcoming Adversity, Stigma, and Trauma● Chair: Michael Pan, University of the Philippines,

Korea University

① �Powerless but Not Passive: The Experience of and Response to Humiliation among Dalits in India

� �Presenter: Yashpal Jogdand, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi



② �The Influence of Childhood Psychological Maltreat Experience on Fear of Missing out: The Chain Mediation Effect of Personality Traits and Basic Psychological Needs

� Presenter: Simin Wan, Zhejiang Normal University

③ �Trauma Exposure, Emotion Regulation, and PTSD Symptoms among Typhoon Haiyan Survivors: A Moderated Mediation Analysis

� �Presenter: Michael Pan, University of the Philippines, Korea University

④ �Understanding Compassion Fatigue: A survey on Palliative Caregivers effect on Patient’s Quality of life

� �Presenter: Ron Julius Espada, Espada Psychological Consultancy


● Emotion and Social Cognition● Chair: Kawon Kim, Seoul National University

① �When and Why Overfulfilled Promises are Not Appreciated: The Role of Social Dominance Orientation

� Presenter: Kawon Kim, Seoul National University

② �Are the Consequences Caused by Expressing a Different View as Negative as We Believe them to be?

� Presenter: Yuqi Chen, East China Normal University

③ �Overestimating the Negative Consequences of Refusal

� Presenter: Jingyi Lu, East China Normal University


● Mental Health and Well-being at Workplace● Chair: Debora Purba, Universitas Indonesia

① �Selection, Optimization and Compensation Strategies as a Moderator in the Relationship

between Occupational Future Time Perspective and Affective Commitment

� Presenter: Debora Purba, Universitas Indonesia

② �Adversity Quotient as Correlates to Professional Quality of Life of Teacher: Basis for a Proposed Wellness Program

� �Presenter: Reyiel Pela-Tecson, Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila

③ �Workplace Loneliness as Correlates to Coping Strategies Among Employees in Non-Traditional Set-Up: Basis for a Proposed Mental Health Program

� �Presenter: Jayvee Tamondong, Espada Psychological Consultancy


● Social Cognition and Organizational Behavior● Chair: Indrayanti Indrayanti, Universitas Gadjah

Mada

① �Trust to leader or having a “click”: Discovering meaningful at work during work from home

� �Presenter: Indrayanti Indrayanti, Universitas Gadjah Mada

② �Perceived Organizational Support, Values, and Work Engagement: The Mediating Role of Work Meaningfulness

� �Presenter: Christian Kevin Kurniawan, Gadjah Mada University

③ �The trickle-down effect of voice in Chinese organizations: Test of a dual-process model

� Presenter: Hao Cheng Lo, National Taiwan University


● Prosocial Behavior and Well-being during the COVID-19

● Chair: Ying Yang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences



① �Are COVID-19 Volunteers Altruistic? emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence and social responsibility as predictors

� �Presenter: Farid Jamaludin, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

② �Awe and prosocial behavior during the COVID-19: The mediating role of presence of meaning in life and the moderating role of perceived social support

� Presenter: Ya-Nan Fu, Guangxi Normal University

③ �Connection to nature enhances well-being: The role of needs satisfaction

� �Presenter: Ying Yang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

④ �The development of the Scenario-Based Prosocial Intention Questionnaire (SBPIQ): Measuring prosocial intentions in children and adolescents

� �Presenter: Sutarimah Ampuni, Universitas Gadjah Mada


● Psychology of Gender● Chair: Fangfang Wen, Central China Normal University

① �The Impact of (Continuous) Gender Counter-stereotypes on Negative Personnel Decisions and Gender Differences

� �Presenter: Fangfang Wen, Central China Normal University

② �Fitting in or feeling excluded: Perceived peer exclusion as predictor of university students’ help-seeking strategies

� �Presenter: Lysann Zander, Leibniz Universität Hannover

③ �Gender Identity and Expression: A Phenomenological

Study on the Lived Experiences of Trans People in the Philippines

� Presenter: Noel Bedia, De La Salle University Manila

④ �The effect of moral-themed story on children’s prosocial intentions: The moderating role of gender

� �Presenter: Sukmo Bayu Suryo Buwono, Universitas Gadjah Mada


● Culture and Social Issues● Chair: Tetsuro Kobayashi, City University of Hong

Kong

① �Cultural developmental psychology’s approach to shame and shaming – conceptual investigation.

� Presenter: Arkadiusz Bialek, Jagiellonian University

② �Preference for Modernization Is Universal, but Expected Modernization Trajectories Are Culturally Diversified

� Presenter: Kuba Krys, Polish Academy of Sciences

③ �Testing Cultural Contingencies of Selective Exposure and Polarization: A Cross-National Study in Japan, the U.S., and Hong Kong

� �Presenter: Tetsuro Kobayashi, City University of Hong Kong


● Self, Emotion, and Motivation in Well-being ● Chair: Xinwei Li, Zhejiang Normal University

① �From smoking cessation intention to quitting action planning: The Moderating Effects of Subjective norms and identity

� Presenter: Ding Yanjie, Zhejiang Normal Uiversity



② �Cigarette-Specific Disgust Aroused by Smoking Warning Images Strengthens Smokers’ Inhibitory Control under Smoking-Related Background in Go/NoGo Task

� Presenter: Xinwei Li, Zhejiang Normal University

③ �Smoking in Indonesia: How Much Depression and Personal Health Factors Contribute? Evidence from a population based national survey

� Presenter: Herdiyan Maulana, State University of Jakarta


● Roads to Happiness: Meaning-Making, Alexithymia, and Interpersonal Trust

● Chair: Jinhyung Kim, Sogang University

① �Beyond the Search for Meaning in Life: Exploring Personal Value of Meaning as a New Construct for Understanding Meaning in Life and as a Facilitator of Preference for Experiential Purchases

� Presenter: Jinhyung Kim, Sogang University

② �Why individuals with alexithymia symptoms more likely to mobile phone addicted? The multiple mediating roles of social interaction anxiousness and boredom proneness

� �Presenter: Hui Zhou, Jinhua Advanced Research Institute, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University

③ �The role of economic inequality and interpersonal trust on prosocial behavior toward multiple targets

� Presenter: Jing Lin, Beijing Normal University


● Measurement and Quantitative Psychology● Chair: Shuai Yuan, Tilburg University

① �Modern Variable Selection Techniques for Clustering: A Tutorial

� Presenter: Shuai Yuan, Tilburg University

② �Building Prediction Models with Grouped Data: A Case Study on the Prediction of Turnover Intention

� Presenter: Shuai Yuan, Tilburg University

③ �Failure Attribution Scale Construction: Lack of Ability, Lack of Exertion, and Lack of Strategy

� Presenter: Tong-Rong Yang, National Taiwan University

④ �Entity Belief vs. Obligation Belief in Confucian-Heritage Cultures: Development and Validation of a Measurement Instrument

� Presenter: Tong-Rong Yang, National Taiwan University


● Character Building and Academic Achievement of Children

● Chair: Zhang Ruiping, Zhengzhou University

① �Parenting practices and Rural Chinese Children’s Self-control and Problem Behaviors: A Comparison of Left-behind and Non-left-behind Children

� Presenter: Zhang Ruiping, Zhengzhou University

② �How to Get Students to Complete Homework consciously? The multiple mediating roles of positive emotion and autonomous motivation

� Presenter: Litong Zhu, Zhejiang Normal University

③ �A Measurement Scale for Teacher Feedback After Students’ Academic Failure: Comfort or Advice

� Presenter: Yi-Kai Chen, National Taiwan University

④ �Improving preschool children’s emotional competence: A class-based intervention program

� Presenter: Fang Liu, Ningbo University


● The Social Impact of COVID-19● Chair: Ruth Edisel Rylle Cercado, University of the

Philippines Visayas Tacloban College



① �Tele-MHPSS: Changed Landscape of Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Eastern Visayas, Philippines during the COVID-19 Pandemic

� �Presenter: Ruth Edisel Rylle Cercado, University of the Philippines Visayas Tacloban College

② �Narrative Congruence of a Populist and the Public: Analyzing Narratives on the COVID-19 Vaccine in the Philippines

� Presenter: Kailo Bigcas, Ateneo de Manila University

③ �Understanding Cebuanos’ Behaviors in Complying with Health-Related Protocols During COVID-19: A Social Cognitive Perspective

� �Presenter: Gleanzzy Pauline Gay Reyes, University of San Carlos


Session 3-1: JULY/31/2021 15:10 ~ 16:20

Symposium 3-❶-1Toward an Integrative Understanding of the Influence of COVID-19 on Individual Functioning

Chair Hyein Chang

Presenters Hyein ChangHyung In ParkSeungmin JahngM. Justin Kim

Paper Session 3-❶-2Mental Health and Coping during COVID-19 (3)

Co-Chairs Bin ZuoYoung Joo Jun

Presenters Bin ZuoYoung Joo JunPamela GohErna Risnawati

Paper Session 3-❶-3Intergroup Relations from Cultural Perspective

Chair Stephanie Valera

Presenters Patmawaty TaibeStephanie ValeraIori KasaharaSuryodaya Sharma

Paper Session 3-❶-4Intergroup Relations and Social Influences

Chair Liman Man Wai Li

Presenters Sukmo Bayu Suryo BuwonoLiman Man Wai LiEmerlyn NgXiaoxiao Zhang

Paper Session 3-❶-5Culture and social cognition

Chair Xiaopeng Ren

Presenters Inhae BaekBin ZuoXiaopeng RenWeiwei Xia

Paper Session 3-❶-6Social Influence and Individual Differences in Well-being

Chair Wei-Wen Chen

Presenters Uly GusniartiYufei JiangWei-Wen ChenKaili Zhang

Paper Session 3-❶-7Close Relationships and Well-being

Chair Kenneth Tan

Presenters Yan Ling TanKenneth TanMushi LiIris Cristelle Destura

Paper Session 3-❶-8Organizational Behavior and Social Issues

Chair Moh Abdul Hakim

Presenters Mendiola Teng-CallejaXuhui YuanYi-Heng TsaiMoh Abdul Hakim


Session 3-2: JULY/31/2021 16:30 ~ 17:40

Symposium 3-❷-1New Directions in the Study of Morality and Moral judgment

Co-Chairs Minoru KarasawaEmma E. Buchtel

Presenters Aya MurayamaMichael Shengtao WuChihiro KidaEmma E. Buchtel

Symposium 3-❷-2Values, behavior, and well-being in the era of COVID-19 pandemic crisis in East Asian societies

Chair Joonha Park

Presenters Jianghong LiAlex EnglishJoonha ParkPlamen Akaliyski

Paper Session 3-❷-3Morality, Mental Health, and Peace

Chair Ron Julius Espada

Presenters Xiaohui WangMarshaley BaquianoRon Julius EspadaChristian Khiel Unto

Paper Session 3-❷-4Social Issues and Culture (1)

Chair Gwyneth Thong

Presenters Wei Ling KohGwyneth ThongSasmita RosariLisa Koh

Paper Session 3-❷-5Social Issues and Culture (2)

Chair Yoshihisa Kashima

Presenters Yoshihisa KashimaMrunali DamaniaKuba Krys

Paper Session 3-❷-6Measurement and Health Psychology

Chair Yue Song

Presenters Yue SongXinwei LiDomingo Barcarse

Paper Session 3-❷-7Psychology of Prosocial Behaviors

Chair Eun Jin Han

Presenters Eun Jin HanJiaxin ChengChunli ZhaoMinji Kim


Session 3-3: JULY/31/2021 17:50 ~ 19:00

Symposium 3-❸-1Emerging Perspectives on Prosocial Behavior

Chair Smita Singh

Presenters Joonha ParkI Gusti Ngurah Edi PutraSmita Singh

Paper Session 3-❸-2Motivation, Social Cognition, and Culture

Chair Emi Kashima

Presenters Linna FuEmi KashimaShilei ChenBek Wuay Tang

Paper Session 3-❸-3Self, Identity, and Culture

Chair Kuba Krys

Presenters Eunmi ParkTimothy TakemotoKuba KrysRong He

Paper Session 3-❸-4Social Class and Socioeconomic Status

Chair Xinyuan Fu

Presenters Xinyuan FuBaorui ChangJiayu Chen

Paper Session 3-❸-5Relational Aggression and Implications for Well-being

Chair Takaaki Hashimoto

Presenters Xiang Yi TeeTomoko OeTakaaki Hashimoto

Paper Session 3-❸-6Perspective Taking, Negotiations, and Leadership

Chair Klaus Harnack

Presenters Ratri VirianitaKlaus HarnackKengo FuruhashiMargo Turnbull

Paper Session 3-❸-7Gender, Social Issues, and COVID-19

Chair Kaori Ando

Presenters Emir ÜzümçekerMarsha FadhilahKaori AndoRina Tanaka


Day ❸ Saturday JULY 31 2021


● Toward an Integrative Understanding of the Influence of COVID-19 on Individual Functioning

● Chair: Hyein Chang, Sungkyunkwan University

① �The Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health: Promoting Resilience in High-Risk Individuals

� Presenter: Hyein Chang, Sungkyunkwan University

② �Research on Organizational Life during the COVID-19 Crisis

� Presenter: Hyung In Park, Sungkyunkwan University

③ �Personality traits vulnerable to emotional distress due to COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea

� Presenter: Seungmin Jahng, Sungkyunkwan University

④ �The Role of Corticolimbic Circuit Function in Trait Anger

� Presenter: M. Justin Kim, Sungkyunkwan University


● Mental Health and Coping during COVID-19 (3)● Co-Chairs - Bin Zuo, Central China Normal University,

Center for Studies of Social Psychology - Young Joo Jun, Seoul National University

① �The Association between Insecurity and Subjective Well-being among Youth During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Moderated Mediation Model

� �Presenter: Bin Zuo, Central China Normal University, Center for Studies of Social Psychology

② �Adaptive aspects of maximizing in times of crisis� Presenter: Young Joo Jun, Seoul National University

③ �Stability of coping strategies across studies and contexts during the COVID-19 pandemic in Southeast Asia

� Presenter: Pamela Goh, Ministry of Home Affairs

④ �Positive Mental Health, Life Satisfaction, and Death Anxiety during COVID-19 Pandemic

� Presenter: Erna Risnawati, Mercu Buana University


● Intergroup Relations from Cultural Perspective ● Chair: Stephanie Valera, Ateneo de Manila

University

① �Ethno-Religious Implicit Bias In The Political Election In Indonesia

� Presenter: Patmawaty Taibe, Bosowa University

② �An Analysis of Philippine Discourses on Cultural Diplomacy

� �Presenter: Stephanie Valera, Ateneo de Manila University

③ �Selective exposure toward similar opinions among Japanese citizens: Mediational roles of personally experienced cognitive dissonance and interpersonal sense of shared reality

� Presenter: Iori Kasahara, Nagoya University

④ �Collective Victimisation in the Indian Caste System: Interviews among Upper-Caste Group Members

� �Presenter: Suryodaya Sharma, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi


● Intergroup Relations and Social Influences ● Chair: Liman Man Wai Li, The Education University

of Hong Kong

① �The effect of religion-based identity salience on children and adolescents’ prosocial intentions toward members of religion-based ingroup and outgroup

� �Presenter: Sukmo Bayu Suryo Buwono, Universitas Gadjah Mada



② �Relational mobility and the existence of enemyship� �Presenter: Liman Man Wai Li, The Education

University of Hong Kong

③ �Poverty and Poor Decisions: Does Inequality Increase Risk-Taking Among Young Singaporeans?

� �Presenter: Emerlyn Ng, Singapore Management University

④ �Mobility of Relationships as a Social Status Cue and its Impact on Attitude Inference

� Presenter: Xiaoxiao Zhang, Shenzhen University


● Culture and social cognition ● Chair: Xiaopeng Ren, Institute of Psychology, CAS

① �Cue-based Physical Attractiveness Assessments among Young Korean Adults

� Presenter: Inhae Baek, Chung-Ang University

② �Animal stereotype contents and the warmth priority effect in evaluating animal-associated human groups

� �Presenter: Bin Zuo, Central China Normal University, Center for Studies of Social Psychology

③ �SARS-CoV-2 enhanced ingroup favoritism� �Presenter: Xiaopeng Ren, Institute of Psychology,

CAS

④ �Holistic Thinking and Emotional Variability across Environments

� �Presenter: Weiwei Xia, Education University of Hong Kong


● Social Influence and Individual Differences in Well-being

● Chair: Wei-Wen Chen, University of Macau

① �Peers Social Support as a Source of Subjective Well-Being: A Study on Secondary School Teenagers in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

� Presenter: Uly Gusniarti, University of Malaya

② �The Relationships between Ostracism, Rumination, Insomnia, and Subjective Well-Being

� �Presenter: Yufei Jiang, The Education University of Hong Kong

③ �The Effect of Square Dance on Family Cohesion and Subjective Well-Being of Middle-Aged and Empty-Nest Women in China

� Presenter: Wei-Wen Chen, University of Macau

④ �Connotation, Causes, Types, and Prospects of Foolishness

� Presenter: Kaili Zhang, Nanjing Normal University


● Close Relationships and Well-being● Chair: Kenneth Tan, Singapore Management

University

① �Effect of Self-Discrepancy on Functioning: Role of Cause Attribution as Moderator

� �Presenter: Yan Ling Tan, Nanyang Technological University

② �Relationship receptivity and individual well-being� �Presenter: Kenneth Tan, Singapore Management

University

③ �Maximizing the Mating Selection: Mating Preferences and Relationship Satisfaction of Female Maximizers

� Presenter: Mushi Li, Peking University

④ �Exploring Relationship Quality and Family Life Satisfaction among BPO Employees

� �Presenter: Iris Cristelle Destura, Rizal Technological University




● Organizational Behavior and Social Issues● Chair: Moh Abdul Hakim, Universitas Sebelas

Maret

① �Dissecting the Role of HRM in Disaster Preparedness and Response: A Phenomenological Approach

� �Presenter: Mendiola Teng-Calleja, Ateneo de Manila University

② �Charity organizations trust recovery in times of accidental crisis: the role of crisis response strategies and crisis history

� Presenter: Xuhui Yuan, Zhejiang Normal University

③ �It takes two to tango: An actor–partner interdependence model of perceived fitness and leader-member exchange between supervisors and subordinates

� Presenter: Yi-Heng Tsai, National Taiwan University

④ �Politics beyond Party and Ideology: Voters’ Sense of Intimacy with the Prime Minister and Their Political Attitudes across Party Lines in New Zealand

� Presenter: Moh Abdul Hakim, Universitas Sebelas Maret


● New Directions in the Study of Morality and Moral judgment

● Co-Chairs - Minoru Karasawa, Nagoya University - Emma E. Buchtel, The Education University of

Hong Kong

① �Applying moral foundations theory to cross-cultural comparison of acceptance of changes in social systems

� Presenter: Aya Murayama, Kindai University

② �The Chinese version of moral foundations dictionary: A pilot analysis

� Presenter: Michael Shengtao Wu, Xiamen University

③ �Moral motives among Japanese may guide their preferences for strivers over the naturally talented

� Presenter: Chihiro Kida, Nagoya University

④ �Prosocial corruption?: Corrupt environments and the moral requirement to help a friend

� �Presenter: Emma E. Buchtel, Education University of Hong Kong


● Values, behavior, and well-being in the era of COVID-19 pandemic crisis in East Asian societies

● Chair: Joonha Park, NUCB Business School

① �Flexible societies excel in fighting the battle against the COVID-19 pandemic

� �Presenter: Jianghong Li, WZB Berlin Social Science Center

② �New soc ia l norms dur ing the pandemic : Observational studies reveal high mask use even without COVID infections

� Presenter: Alex English, Zhejiang University

③ �Comprehensive models of life satisfaction in the era of COVID-19 crisis in China, Japan, and S. Korea

� Presenter: Joonha Park, NUCB Business School

④ �COVID-19, existential insecurity and value change in Japan

� Presenter: Plamen Akaliyski, Keio University


● Morality, Mental Health, and Peace● Chair: Ron Julius Espada, Espada Psychological

Consultancy



① �Is the top good? Moral metaphor of vertical spatial dimension

� Presenter: Xiaohui Wang, Guangxi Normal University

② �Understanding Peace and Order in Mindanao, Philippines Using A Peace Psychology Framework

� �Presenter: Marshaley Baquiano, University of the Philippines Visayas

③ �An Analysis of Subjective Well-Being, Work Engagement, and Occupational Stress of Pediatric Residents in a Tertiary Hospital in Pampanga

� �Presenter: Ron Julius Espada, Espada Psychological Consultancy

④ �Childhood Depression among Rheumatic Heart Disease Patients Using Childhood Depression Rating Scale-Revised

� �Presenter: Christian Khiel Unto, Espada Psychological Consultancy


● Social Issues and Culture (1) ● Chair: Gwyneth Thong, Nanyang Technological

University

① ��Influence of Intercultural Liking on Cultural Attribution of Outgroup Behaviors

� �Presenter: Wei Ling Koh, Nanyang Technological University

② �Multiculturalism centrality moderates the effect of distinctiveness threat on outgroup attitudes

� �Presenter: Gwyneth Thong, Nanyang Technological University

③ �Social self-concept of refugee children after their traumatic events

� �Presenter: Sasmita Rosari, University of Education Karlsruhe

④ �Understanding the Rat Race: Downstream Effects of a Country’s Pathways to Success on Student Competition and Attitudes towards Immigrants

� Presenter: Lisa Koh, National University of Singapore


● Social Issues and Culture (2) ● Chair: Yoshihisa Kashima, The University of

Melbourne

① �Profiles of an Ideal Society: The Utopian Visions of Ordinary People

� �Presenter: Yoshihisa Kashima, The University of Melbourne

② �An Exploratory Qualitative Analysis of Rape Myths in India� Presenter: Mrunali Damania, IIT Roorkee

③ �Happy Societies� Presenter: Kuba Krys, Polish Academy of Sciences


● Measurement and Health Psychology● Chair: Yue Song, Nanjing Normal University

① �Predict life satisfaction from personalities and values: insights from a novel, interpretable machine learning approac

� Presenter: Yue Song, Nanjing Normal University

② �Does Quitting Intention Increase by Perceived Risk of Smoking? The Effects of Negative Outcome Expectancy, Future Orientation and Emotional Support

� Presenter: Xinwei Li, Zhejiang Normal University

③ �Lived Experiences of Commercial Sex Women Worker Rape Survivors: Relationships, Struggles and Coping Strategies

� Presenter: Domingo Barcarse, Jose Rizal University




● Psychology of Prosocial Behaviors● Chair: Eun Jin Han, Sogang University

① �Social class and domains of prosocial behavior: A target’s social class elicits prosocial intentions of others differently in the cases of donation and volunteering.

� Presenter: Eun Jin Han, Sogang University

② �Search for Meaning and Prosocial Behavior Serially Mediate the Effect of Mortality Salience on Experienced Meaning in Life

� Presenter: Jiaxin Cheng, Guangxi Normal University

③ �Money Priming Modulates the Effect of Ego-depletion on Altruistic Behavior

� Presenter: Chunli Zhao, Guangxi Normal University

④ �Power vs. Status: How they influence people’s willingness to behave unethically for their close others

� Presenter: Minji Kim, Sogang University


● Emerging Perspectives on Prosocial Behavior● Chair: Smita Singh, James Cook University

Singapore

① �Exploring cultural similarities and differences in personality patterns associated with empathy and solidarity: Evidence based on data from three representative national samples

� �Presenter: Joonha Park, Nagoya University of Commerce and Business

② �Better Green Space Quality, More Prosocial? Evidence from Australia

� �Presenter: I Gusti Ngurah Edi Putra, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong

③ �Effects of Types Prosocial Media Primes, Gender, Empathy on Accessibility of Prosocial Thoughts and Behavior

� �Presenter: Smita Singh, James Cook University Singapore


● Motivation, Social Cognition, and Culture● Chair: Emi Kashima, La Trobe University

① �How Do Young Adults Conduct Common Activities in the Chinese Context? --- The Cultural Value Transformation of Long-term Orientation

� �Presenter: Linna Fu, National Research University Higher School of Economics

② �Core Social Motives and Perceived Societal Threats � Presenter: Emi Kashima, La Trobe University

③ �Self-objectification and approval motivation: Comparing collectivist and individualist societies

� Presenter: Shilei Chen, King’s College London

④ �Cross-country differences between Americans and Singaporeans in estimation (and over-estimation) of social mobility

� �Presenter: Bek Wuay Tang, Singapore Management University


● Self, Identity, and Culture ● Chair: Kuba Krys, Polish Academy of Sciences

① �Differences in the variability of self-concepts and behavioral judgments on the degree of closeness among Koreans, Chinese and Japanese

� Presenter: Eunmi Park, Chung-Ang university



② �Why can Japanese see Mario in MarioKart: Third person perspective or autoscopic positive self-regard?

� Presenter: Timothy Takemoto, Yamaguchi University

③ �Collectivism Has Many Faces: Latin American Fosters Independent Selves

� Presenter: Kuba Krys, Polish Academy of Sciences

④ �The Representation of Professional Honor for Normal Students

� Presenter: Rong He, Southwest University


● Social Class and Socioeconomic Status● Chair: Xinyuan Fu, Central University of Finance

and Economics

① �Signs of Target’s Social Class affect Agent’s Perceived Trustworthiness and Trust

� �Presenter: Xinyuan Fu, Central University of Finance and Economics

② �The Mediating Effect of Life History Strategy on Socio-economic Status and Fertility Willingness

� Presenter: Baorui Chang, GuangXi Normal University

③ �Birds of a different feather reciprocate each other: Cooperativeness visibility, costly favor, and the reduction of rich-poor segregation

� Presenter: Jiayu Chen, Nagoya University


● Relational Aggression and Implications for Well-being

● Chair: Takaaki Hashimoto, Toyo University

① �The Study of Relationship between Cyber Victimization and Coping Strategies among Adolescents

� Presenter: Xiang Yi Tee, UTAR

② �Behavioral and cognitive responses in a cold and a warm environment: Encountering others on the street in a virtual reality experiment

� Presenter: Tomoko Oe, Teikyo University

③ �Power and apology affects aggression toward a norm-violator: Analysis using the voodoo doll paradigm

� Presenter: Takaaki Hashimoto, Toyo University


● Perspective Taking, Negotiations, and Leadership● Chair: Klaus Harnack, University of Münster

① �Perception and Participation in the Entrepreneurial Education and Mentoring Program and its Relationship in Fostering Entrepreneurial Motivation

� �Presenter: Ratri Virianita, Faculty of Human Ecology IPB University

② �From outer space to the augmented negotiating table – Interdisciplinary approaches to foster negotiation behaviour

� Presenter: Klaus Harnack, University of Münster

③ �Self-oriented perspective-taking and perception of helper’s cost

� Presenter: Kengo Furuhashi, Nagoya University

④ �Leveraging uncertainty during a health crisis: A comparison of four international leader’s discourse during the first six months of COVID-19

� �Presenter: Margo Turnbull, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University




● Gender, Social Issues, and COVID-19● Chair: Kaori Ando, Nara Women’s Universitiy

① �The Role of Normative Beliefs and Risk Factors on Men’s Adoption the COVID-19 Preventive Health Measures in Turkey

� Presenter: Emir Üzümçeker, Dokuz Eylul University

② �Different Gender and Ethnicity Makes Differences in Subjective Well-Being, Is It Possible?

� Presenter: Marsha Fadhilah, Brawijaya University

③ �The effect of social norms on COVID-19 preventive behaviors in Japan

� Presenter: Kaori Ando, Nara Women’s Universitiy

④ �The effect of sex, age, and media exposure on risk perception of COVID-19

� Presenter: Rina Tanaka, Nara Women’s University


List of Poster Presentations

ID Title Presenter

1 The moderating effect of gender on the relationship between materialism and happiness among children in Korea

Sebeen Kweon

2 The Effects of Weight Stigma and Self-Affirmation on Eating Behavior Ah Hyeon Shin

3 The Effects of Illusion of Control and Counterfactual Thinking on Gamble Behavior Jinyoung Lee

4 The Effects of Temporal distance and Social status on Perceived Legitimacy of the Hakbul system (academic cliquism) in Korea and emotion experience

Jungmin Ahn

5 The psychometric properties of Meteoropathy and Meteorosensitivity questionnaires in Iranian sample

Mostafa Zarean

6 When Empathy Doesn’t Work: Emotional Consequences of Intergroup Empathy Jino Chung

7 The Differential Effects of Personal Anxiety and Societal Anxiety on COVID-19 Related Behaviors

Jimin Han

8 The Moderating Effect of Decision Authority on the Relationship between Recovery Activities on Vigor

Yoo Na Kim

9 Disease threat decreases the beneficial effect of extraversion on happiness Hyeonsup Han

10 The Effect of Perfectionistic Self-Presentation on Well-being: The Mediating Effect of Materialism

Ujeong Jeong

11Health beneficial aspect and pharmacological activities of visnagin in the medicine for the treatment of CNS disorders: Physiological functions through scientific data analysis

Dinesh Kumar Patel

12 Biological potential and therapeutic effect of canadine against various form of cancer: Scientific data analysis of current scientific research work

Dinesh Kumar Patel

13Development of effective medicine against various human disorders from liquiritin in the medicine: Biological importance and therapeutic benefit through scientific database analysis

Dinesh Kumar Patel

14 Humor Production and Gender Differences in Emotion Regulation Eunbyul Do

Poster presentations will be available throughout the entire conference.You can access all posters via Whova anytime.You can also engage in conversations with the author (s) using ‘Chat’ on Whova.



ID Title Presenter

15 Subjective comprehension and evaluation of e-learning by commuting college students in Japan: The case of asynchronous e-learning.

Megumi M. Ohashi

16 Nostalgia always helps ? The possible impacts of nostalgia with different construal level on meaning and satisfaction in life

Wenhao Huang

17 Game Mindset Zhijuan Liang

18 Coronavirus Pandemic Dreams in China (1): The effect of the city lockdown on dream recall frequency and the characteristics of the dreams

Shang Wang

19 Coronavirus Pandemic Dreams in China (2): The impact of the Wuhan lockdown on dream contents

Wenyu Xia

20 Family socioeconomic status and depression among Chinese high school students in Maanshan city, Anhui province

Jing Liu

21 The role of emotion regulation mediating the association between relationship challenges and negative affect under COVID-19

Min Young Kim

22 The Effect of Work Overload on Job Burnout: The Moderation Effect of Problem Focused Coping and Job Autonomy

Jaewon Moon

23‘Despite not being Difficult-to-Return Zones, zones in which evacuation orders continue even now’: discourse analysis of the first-person experience of affectivity after the Fukushima nuclear accident

Yasuhiro Igarashi

24 Some characteristics of positive situation Kazuya Horike

25 A happily expected social event involves more thoughts about the social experience and less about the instrumental process.

Younkyung Lee

26 The effects of superiority/competence complex narcissism on organizational dysfunctional behavior

Ryoichi Semba

27 Survey of Working Japanese University Students on Determinants of COVID-19 Stress Masumi Takeuchi

28 Relationship between cognitive strategies and optimistic beliefs about COVID-19 in adult Japanese students

Ai Fukuzawa

29 Examination of effects of telecommunication on post-communication reassurance among adult and elderly parents: Focus on video-communication.

Ayano Oishi

30 The modulation of attentional deployment on the sensitivity to missed chances of individuals with depressive tendency

Zhenyu Zhang

31 Inconvenience of Grocery Shopping and Mutual Assistance Eri Takahashi




ID Title Presenter

32 The effect of proposer’s age on the acceptance rates of older and younger respondents in the Ultimatum Game: The evidence of the Social Input Model

Ahjeogn Hur

33 Dispositional Awe and the Need for Protection (from Disease) Vanessa Wiese

34 Emotional coolness as a component of empathy, associated with negative components of self-compassion, not positive components

Yusuke Kurebayashi

35 Better Spouse, Better Life?: Investigating Curvilinear Relationship Between Mate Value Discrepancy and Marital Satisfaction.

Jeongwoo Kim

36When the Grass on the Other Side Looks Greener: The Moderating Role of Regulatory Focus in the Relationship between Mate Value Cost and Alternative Monitoring in Married Couples

Hanbyeol Lee

37 The relationship between comprehensive environmental variables and Hofstede’s cultural dimensions in the Chinese context

Linna Fu

38 The Relationships between Materialism and Instrumentality to the Other and Social Connectedness as Moderator

Taek-Su Kim

39The Effects of leader–member perception of LMX quality: Examination of the role of work value congruence and the relationship with member’s affective commitment and turnover intention

Yoonjung Rah

40 The association between grandparenting behavior and child attachment on children’s prosocial behavior

Yiwen Mao

41Focusing on the strengths of decision alternatives worsens the quality of small-group decisions: Examining the effects of the positive and negative framework in the hidden profile paradigm

Kaede Matsumura

42 Fickle judgments under moral dilemmas: Time pressure and utilitarian judgments in interdependent cultures

Hirofumi Hashimoto

43 Why Men Can’t Relate: The Effects of Cognitive and Affective Foci When Taking the Perspectives of Women

Eunbyul Do

44 The influence Mechanism of leader’ reward omission and punishment omission on employees’ work engagement

Haipian Ma

45The role of relationship factors that evoke feedback-seeking behavior: A comparison of leader-member exchange (LMX) and psychological safety on the effects of learning goal orientation

Chikako Miyamoto

46 The More Loving One: Detrimental Effect of Affectionate Communication Discrepancy on Marital Satisfaction for Preventive People

Hyewon Yang



ID Title Presenter

47 The Impact of Regulatory Focus, Intercultural Sensitivity, and Global Awareness on Intercultural Communication Apprehension: Taking Japan and the US as example

Lina Wang

48 Using Cross-Cultural Comparativist Methodology in Exploring Embedded Sociocultural Messages in South Korean and British Murder Mysteries.

Jane Greenip

49 Interpersonal Power and Prosocial Behaviour in Organizational and Friendship Contexts Hirotaka Imada

50 Country-Level Long-Term Orientation Predicts the Connectivity of Personality Structure Chenhao Zhou

51 Affective responses of Japanese adults to help-seeking recommendations Takeshi Hashimoto

52 Acculturative Well-Being and Disgust towards Culture Mixing: Mainland Chinese sojourners in Hong Kong

Frank T.-F. Ye

53 Does parental time management support increase children’s perceived control of time?

Tomoya Imura

54 A re-examination of national stereotypes in Japan Isao Sakuma

55 Does an individual’s social class affect their type of humor? Ryota Tsukawaki

56 A Review of Research on Gender Differences in Social Dominance Orientation and the Invariance Hypothesis

Emir Üzümçeker

57 Cultural Models of Sacrifice: The Role of Family Responsibilities Jenny Yang

58 Belongingness in a Culturally Diverse Group: The Role of Inclusive Leadership and Cultural Intelligence

Jiayi Tan

59 Skin tone based stereotypes with Asian targets: Possible causes and consequences Chang Hyun Ha

60 Can forgiveness backfire? When pragmatic-motivated forgiveness backfires for people espousing Right-wing authoritarianism

Jane Quek

61 People prefer equality in asymmetric volunteer’s dilemmas Yukari Jessica Tham

62 The Effect of Perceived Economic Inequality on Executive Functions Jia Ming Lau

63 The effect of vertical and shared leadership on team activities Go Ichimiya

64 Health as the network of performance activities related to mental illnesses Hiroshi Sugimoto

65 Cultural Differences in Perception of Heroes Yuning Sun

66 The establishment of the scale of left-behind children’s school adjustment and its reliability and validity verification

Yumeng Cai


ID Title Presenter

67 Collectivistic Independence Promotes Information Sharing between Teams: An Agent-Based Modeling

Minjae Kang

68 A Cross-Cultural Comparison of “indebtedness” among Japanese and Chinese University Students

Pingping Lin

69 An incremental mindset attenuates the negative influence of social comparison on positive affect

Eunjeong Park

70 Group attitude matters? The Effects of group and attitude direction on ambivalent attitude.

Hui-Tzu Lin

71 Unconscious goal priming can effectively alleviate children’s ego-depletion Fengyun Luo

72 Can helping others really be “happy”? Mediating effect of meaning in life Baorui Chang

73 Creating a positive perception toward inclusive education with future-oriented thinking

Kaede Maeda

74 Neural basis of structural balance: evidence from real-world social network and fMRI data

Kiho Sung

75 The Influence of National Identity on the Meaning of Life: The Mediating Role of National Confidence

Li Zhao

76 The mediatory role of psychological capital in the structural relations of attitudes towards immigration and personality characteristics

Mostafa Zarean

77 Effects of explicit and implicit shyness on task satisfaction and implicit coordination in collaborative work

Tsutomu Inagaki

78 Why are lonely people not fun to be with? : Interpersonal-competence mediates between loneliness and humor style

Siyun Kim

79 Differences in accuracy of person perception between blind and sighted students Yei-Ji Seo

80 The relationship between causal complexity and beliefs in tempting fate Hazel Teo

81 Effects of LMX on job crafting: The mediating effect of motivations for job crafting Sumin Lee

82 What is “gender equality” in Japan? College students’ belief of achievement of a gender-equal society

Yasuko Morinaga

83 COVID-19-associated stigma in China: A descriptive study Zhen Wang

84 Do you think human beings would like me? : Uncanny valley, anthropomorphism and moral care for human-like robots

Hong Im Shin



ID Title Presenter

85Differences in parents’ values regarding children’s after-school activities in the US, Germany, China, and Japan-Effects of educating parents using picture books on parenting

Etsuko Togo

86 Empathy and the need for closure predict moral intuitions that influence conservatism: Testing moral intuitions as motivated social cognition in Japan

Goun Park

87 We do not talk anymore: Competitive context leads to negative attitudes toward other group members through diminished intellectual humility

Seunghye Jeong

88 Men who strongly endorse benevolent sexism refuse to change their surname: Marriage and surname choice in Japan

Koudai Fukudome

89 The Effect of Leaders’ Workplace Spirituality and Care Perspective on Subordinates’ Leader Trust and Followership

Juyoung Choi

90 Gender Differences in Obtaining Decent Work: A Multi-Group Analysis of Psychology of Working Theory

Seul Ah Lee

91 Distinct Types of Calling among Korean Employees: A Latent Profile Analysis of Calling Sources

Jakyung Seo

92 Can decision-makers resist nudge interventions? Ayumi Yamada

93 Wearing a mask for you and for me: How compassionate goals predict more adaptive behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic

Yu Niiya

94 Effects of personal attributes, risk perception and risk literacy on COVID-19 vaccination

Daisuke Kudo

95 Influence of Money on Social Distress Robin Park

96 The Role Of Hope As A Mediator Between Social Support And School Engagement Among Filipino Public School Students

Michelle De Guzman

97 Implicit Association Test measuring non-conscious aspects of psychologists’ credibility and its reliability and validity

Yoshikazu Fukui

98 Observing a “desirable” elderly person develops positive attitudes toward elderly adults: Focusing on prescriptive stereotypes

Yuho Shimizu

99 The impact of international mentoring on the adjustment of foreign employees: a preliminary survey

Asami Oue

100Perceived Social Impact, Perceived Social Worth, and Customer orientation behaviors Among Care Workers in Facilities Covered by Public Aid Providing Long-Term Care to the Elderly

Yasuhiko Haraguchi



Parallel Symposia with Abstracts


Symposium 1 - ❶ - 1International Association of Language and Social Psychology (IALSP) Part A

Chair: Liz Jones, Monash University Malaysia

In July 2019 the first joint AASP-IALSP small group meeting ‘Narratives of Identity: Bridging the Divides’ was held in Hong Kong. 24 early career researchers from the 2 Associations attended the 3-day meeting. All participants engaged in qualitative and quantitative workshop sessions before breaking into one of 3 groups to brainstorm ideas for ongoing research collaborations: 1) Bridging the divide in healthcare led by Liz Jones and Bernadette Watson 2) Intergroup Relations led by James Liu, Sammyh Khan and Sylvia Chen 3) Personal Well-being Across Cultures led by Michael Bond and Vivian Miu-Chi Lun The papers in this symposium come from a series of the research projects developed by the 3 groups at the small group meeting. They tackle a variety of topics and use a variety of methodologies, but each examines the role of culture and/or nation in understanding social psychological phenomena.

1. Hedging and identity positioning: culture and interview discourse about health stigma

Jin Ying, University of MacauLiz Jones, Monash University MalaysiaMarshaley Baquiano, University of the Philippines VisayasStefano Occhipinti, Colby University, Griffith UniversityAngelica Ang, Ateneo de Manila UniversityAron Pamoso, University of Southern Philippines FoundationMelissa Elwin, Griffith University

The aim of the current study was to investigate how culture influences the way people talk about stigmatised health conditions. Interviews (N=6) were part of a larger corpus of interviews in Australia, Hong Kong and Philippines. Interviewees were asked what health conditions they would think negatively of a person for having, and what conditions others would view negatively. We identified a range of hedging devices that participants use when talking about stigmatised health conditions. Using conversation analysis and discourse analysis, we demonstrate how hedging is used in a particular sequential position: interviewees’ response to sensitive questions. And we show how hedging is used differently across cultures. In our observation, we also found that by hedging their response,

participants position themselves as unbiased against which other characters in the ‘story’ of stigma are criticized. The research aims to answer the 3 questions below: • How do participants respond to interviewers’ questions regarding stigma? • How is hedging used in participants’ response across different cultures? And • How do participants build their identities via the use of hedging? We discuss the implications for our understanding of how culture shapes stigma.

2. Understanding the role of culture in communication preferences patients have with their doctor

Nicola Sheeran, Griffith UniversityLiz Jones, Monash University MalaysiaRachyl Pines, Cottage Health Research InstituteAron Pamoso, University of Southern Philippines FoundationJin Ying, University of MacauJessica Arentz, Griffith UniversityMaria Benedetti, Santa Barbara Cottage Health

Although there have been changes in healthcare internationally to encourage patient-centered care (PCC), and patient empowerment, there remains wide variation among patients in how much involvement and decision-making power they wish to have in their healthcare. Limited research has examined what predicts patient preferences, including the role of culture in patient preferences for decision-making power with a doctor. Nor has sufficient attention been given to the applicability of Westernized conceptions of PCC across cultures. As such, framed by Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT), this multinational (N=1307 from Nepal, Hong Kong, Philippines, USA, Australia), cross-cultural study examined how culture and cultural values predicts patient preferences for communication and involvement in their care. We found significant differences across countries in people’s preferences for communication and involvement in decision-making regarding their health. We discuss the implications for our understanding of the role culture plays in patients’ preference for participation, which will help doctors appropriately enact PCC/FCC in our increasingly global society. Understanding diverse preferences for PCC may provide a way to reduce health disparities across cultures.

3. Understanding the role of culture in patient values in their decision-making preferences with their doctors

Rachyl Pines, Cottage Health Research InstituteNicola Sheeran, Griffith UniversityLiz Jones, Monash University MalaysiaAnnika Pearson, Aron PamosoJin Ying, University of MacauJessica Arentz, Griffith UniversityMaria Benedetti, Santa Barbara Cottage Health

Despite international healthcare policy shifting to encourage patient-centered care (PCC) and patient empowerment, we do not yet know from patients, how much involvement and decision-

Day 1Thursday JULY 29 2021



making power they desire in their care. Limited research has examined what predicts patient preferences, including the role of culture in patient preferences for decision-making power with a doctor. Nor has sufficient attention been given to the applicability of Westernized conceptions of PCC across cultures. This multinational (N=1307 from Nepal, Hong Kong, Philippines, USA, Australia), cross-cultural study examined how patient values for their care, and the behaviours they want their doctors to use, differed across cultures. We found that although patients across cultures valued some level of involvement in their care, and being very well informed generally, those in the Philippines and Hong Kong valued their doctor being honest, and directing the conversation more than the other countries. We also found participants in the USA value being able to trust the motives of the doctor such that they feel confident the doctor has their best interest in mind, more than other countries. We discuss the importance of understanding patient values and how this differs across cultures. Understanding patient values is important to enable PCC to be adapted across countries and in intercultural health encounters.

4. Culture and communication perspectives on the role of moralisation in lung cancer stigma

Bernadette Watson, Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityStefano Occhipinti, Colby University, Griffith UniversityLiz Jones, Monash University MalaysiaAndy Cheng, Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Lung cancer attracts significant stigma from laypeople and medical professionals owing to its links to smoking, and this stigma is associated with psychosocial distress for lung cancer sufferers and caregivers (Occhipinti, Dunn, O’Connell, Garvey, et al, 2018). However, relatively little work has addressed why smoking stigma accrues to lung cancer sufferers (Chambers et al., 2012). In particular, no studies have examined the potential social and cultural mechanisms by which the stigma is manifest nor how this influences people’s communicative intentions with people with lung cancer across cultures. The aim of the current project is to investigate the social and cultural mechanisms underlying moralisation of smoking and the stigmatisation of lung cancer in Australia and Hong Kong SAR. We conducted semi-structured interviews with N=20 laypeople (smokers and non-smokers) in each country to investigate their discourses regarding their beliefs about people with lung cancer. The interviews are currently being analysed using both thematic analysis and discourse analysis. This study will provide insights into how stigma is expressed across cultures.

Symposium 1 - ❶ - 2From status concerns to helping those in need: the way we react to economic inequality depends on how we experience it

Co-Chairs- Davide Melita, University of Granada- Matthias S. Gobel, University of Exeter

Economic inequality, and the concerning global trend for economic inequality to rise, are key challenges of our era. Economic inequality is not only related to conflict and violence but it has also been shown to reduce health and wellbeing. Moreover, economic inequality is strongly associated with psychological tendencies that threaten social cohesion such as increased levels of individualism, competitiveness, status concerns, and decreased levels of interpersonal trust. Paradoxically, when confronted with economic inequalities, the majority of people express a desire to reduce it and to help those who are in need. Social psychological research has started to investigate how the way people experience economic inequality influence these divergent outcomes. This symposium will add to this literature by investigating how people react to inequality on the basis of a wide range of motivational, cognitive, and contextual variables. In this symposium, we bring together strong social psychological theory and cutting-edge empirical research put forward by a diverse group of early-career social psychologists. Data collected across three continents will provide evidence that different experiences of economic inequalities play a crucial role for self-oriented outcomes, such as status concerns, negative and positive affects – and for other-oriented outcomes, such as economic redistribution intentions, and helping those who are in need. Moreover, the symposium will examine the role of cognitive and motivational variables, such as fairness perceptions, mobility beliefs, and attributions, as well as contextual variables, such as intergroup interactions and social deliberation, in explaining these outcomes. First, across three studies conducted in Spain, Melita and colleagues will provide experimental evidence of how perceived economic inequality increases status anxiety, because of its effect through status mobility beliefs. Second, across two studies conducted in the U.S., Wienk, Buttrick and Oishi will show that inequality makes people unhappy, meritocratic beliefs increase status concerns, and when inequality is perceived as unfair, redistribution motivation increases. Third, in another study conducted in the Philippines, Daganzo examined the effects of external vs. internal attributions on helping behaviour among Filipino students from different economic class backgrounds. Her findings showed different effects for dependency-oriented vs. autonomy-oriented helping. Finally, Ueshima will present research conducted in Japan. Using a multi-method approach, this author investigated redistribution outcomes in an allocation task, and found evidence for the role of social deliberation on preferences for helping those in need versus tendencies to reduce inequalities. Taken together, our symposium illustrates that the continued trend of rising economic inequalities around the globe is a major structural problem that requires immediate action. Economic disparities are aversive



both studies played a rigged trivia game with two confederates in which the participant and confederates started with equal starting points (equal and merit conditions) or unequal starting conditions based on luck (luck condition; 10 and 30 points more). We also standardized the outcomes such that in the equal conditions the two confederates earned a little bit more (4 and 6 points more), whereas in both unequal conditions (merit and luck) the confederates earned 10 and 30 points more. We standardized the starting points and outcomes across participants. Across studies, we failed to find an effect for social capital (i.e., trust and competitiveness), found more status concerns in the merit condition (vs. less in the luck condition, equality condition no significant difference), more negative affect and less positive affect in both unequal conditions (vs. equal condition), and higher levels of redistribution in the luck condition (vs. equal and merit conditions). Taken together, findings highlight that inequality generally makes people unhappy, but mechanisms and responses vary as a function of perceptions of fairness.

3. The Role of Social Class and Attribution in Helping Behaviour among Adolescents

Mary Angeline Daganzo, De La Salle University

A quasi-experiment was conducted to test if middle and high social class adolescents vary in the type of help (autonomy-oriented versus dependency-oriented; amount of donation) they tend to provide based on the social class of the recipient and the cause of the problem. Social class of the recipient (low and high) and cause of the problem (caused by the individual or by others) were manipulated in the information given to 216 Filipino high school students. A research confederate presented the participants an informational brochure about a fictional organization that helps students with academic problems. Participants were asked if they would like to donate the money from a (cover) study they had previously participated in. They had the option to not donate, donate towards a program that provides dependency-oriented help (give money directly to recipients), or donate towards a program that provides autonomy-oriented help (skills-building training for recipients). No differences were found in helping behavior based on the social class of the recipient but there were some differences based on social class of the help-giver and the cause of the problem situation, providing partial support for attribution theory (Weiner, 1992) and intergroup helping theory (Nadler & Chernyak-Hai, 2014).

4. Social deliberation increases attention to the fate of the least well-off more than to inequality per se in third-party allocation decisions

Atsushi Ueshima, The University of Tokyo, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science

How much inequality should be tolerated? How should the poorest be treated? Though sometimes conflated, concerns about inequality and the fate of the poorest involve different

and disrupt social cohesion. The present symposium will help to further understand the intra-psychic and interpersonal effects of economic inequality, and it will discuss possible avenues to address adverse effects.

1. The effects of perceived income inequality and mobility beliefs on status anxiety

Davide Melita, University of GranadaMatthias S. Gobel, University of ExeterRosa Rodríguez-Bailón, University of GranadaGuillermo B. Willis, University of Granada

Status anxiety theory posits that higher income inequality leads people to attribute more importance to their socioeconomic status and to worry about the position they occupy along the socio-economic ladder, with potential negative effects on health and social cohesion. One important psychological explanation for this effect might be individuals’ perceptions to move up or fall down the socio-economic ladder, which in turn increases their status anxiety. We tested this idea across three experimental studies. In Study 1 and 2, 1117 undergraduate students were assigned to either a high or a low income inequality condition. We found that perceived inequality decreased both upward and downward mobility beliefs. However, while decreased upward mobility beliefs increased status anxiety, decreased downward mobility beliefs decreased status anxiety. In Study 3, 500 undergraduate students were assigned to a downward mobility, no mobility, or upward mobility condition, while perceived income inequality was kept constant. Results confirmed the opposite effects of upward and downward mobility beliefs on status anxiety. Our findings suggest that the impact of economic inequality on status anxiety might result from multiple processes working simultaneously: perceived downward mobility seems to supress the effect of inequality, whereas perceived upward mobility seems to exacerbate it. People living in more unequal societies may accurately think that it may be harder to climb up the socio-economic ladder, but also that it is harder to fall down, which might protect them against the harmful psychological effects of economic inequality.

2. Attributions about the fairness of economic inequality alter in psychological processes in distinct ways

Margaux N.A. Wienk, Columbia UniversityNicholas R. Buttrick, Princeton UniversityShigehiro Oishi, University of Virginia

Although economic inequality is often ought to cause negative interpersonal and intrapersonal outcomes, recent debate has emerged about whether the effects of inequality are the result of perceptions of society being unfair. In two studies (N=165 and N=154), we investigated whether merit-based inequality (i.e., ‘fair’ inequality), luck-based inequality (i.e., ‘unfair’ inequality) and equality differed in their effects on psychological outcomes that have been commonly associated with inequality. Participants in



2. Comparing Australian and Indonesian moral perspectives using the three ethics moral framework

Sutarimah Ampuni, Universitas Gadjah MadaEmiko Kashima, La Trobe University

Previous research has shown that cultural groups differ in their endorsement of morality. This research applied Shweder et al.’s (1997) moral framework to compare how the people of Australia and Indonesia judge moral violations and hence endorse moral ethics. We compared moral judgments to transgressions related to the three ethics—Autonomy, Community, and Divinity—and unpackaged the cultural differences. An instrument containing 28 scenarios of moral transgressions was administered to measure moral judgment, along with the scales measuring individualistic/collectivistic self-construal, cultural tightness/looseness, religiosity, and moral self-concept. Participants were 209 Australian and 664 Indonesian college students. Results of within culture analyses showed that the most endorsed ethics in Australia was Autonomy followed by Community and Divinity, while in Indonesia it was Autonomy followed by Divinity then Community. The three ethics received more equal endorsements in Indonesia. Between-culture analyses showed that moral transgressions in all three ethics were judged more harshly by Indonesians, especially in Community and Divinity ethics. When these differences were unpackaged using moderation and mediation analyses, it was found that the cultural differences in Community and Divinity endorsements were explained by interdependent self-construal, cultural tightness, and religiosity, while the small difference in Autonomy endorsement was mediated by cultural tightness only. Moral self-concept affected the endorsement of Autonomy but not the other two ethics.

3. Cultural differences in perception of hypocrisy

Jaewuk Jung, Sogang UniveristyJinkyung Na, Sogang Univeristy

Previous reserch about hypocrisy mainly focused on misalignment between wrongdoer’s word and action. We assume that perception of hypocrisy can also occur when people doubt the actor’s intention. In this case, people perceive hypocrisy even without actor’s bad act or past good word. Cross-cultural research suggests that westener and easterner have different preferene for explains of behavior. Westerner or analytic thinkers are more likely to believe that someone’s behavior directly represents his/her internal attributes. On the other hand, easterner or holistic thinkers are more likely to weigh on situational factor to explain someone’s behavior. We expected that cultural difference in inferring intention of behavior would eventually affect perception of hypocrisy. In present study, we investigated culture effect on hypocrisy with tobacco company’s CSR works. Our main study was performed with 2 (culture: US vs. KOR) * 2 (relevance to tobacco: low vs. high) between subject design. We found that there was an interaction effect on perception of hypocrisy. To be more specific, when tobacco company’s CSR work were

allocation principles with different sociopolitical implications. Using laboratory experiments, we tested whether deliberation—the core of democracy—influences reasoning about distributive principles. 322 participants faced allocation decisions for others between egalitarian (low variance in allocation), utilitarian (high total amount), and maximin (maximizing the welfare of the poorest) options. After their initial decisions, participants either reflected upon similar decisions solely or discussed them in pairs before facing the same choices again individually. First, analyzing approximately 7500 utterances, we confirmed that participants were strongly concerned with the fate of the least-well off during social deliberation. Second, we found that social, but not solitary, deliberation led to more maximin and fewer egalitarian choices. Finally, with a follow-up study, we showed that this change lasted at least 5 months after the experiment. These results suggest that some participants initially made egalitarian choices heuristically, when in fact they mostly cared about the poorest, and dialogue promoted clearer maximin preferences.

Paper Session 1 - ❶ - 3Morality from a Cultural Perspective

Chair: Jaewuk Jung, Sogang Univeristy

1. The relationship between moral identity and immoral behavior: a meta-analysis

Huanen Guo, Zhejiang Normal University

There is a close relationship between moral identity and moral behavior, but the research results about moral identity and immoral behavior are different. In order to clarify the relationship between moral identity and immoral behavior and the reasons for their divergence, this study used meta-analysis techniques to explore the relationship between them. Systematically searched Web of Science, Science Direct, CNKI, Wan Fang, Google Scholar, and PubMed databases, 55 studies and 75 independent effect sizes were obtained, including 24,285 subjects. The heterogeneity across studies was assessed by the Cochrane Q test statistic, I2 test statistic, and P-values. The results showed that publication bias did not affect the results of meta-analysis, and the random effects model is accurate. The meta-analysis of random effects model showed that moral identity was negatively correlated with immoral behavior (r=-0.20, p<0.001, 95% CI [-0.237 -0.159]). The strength of the association was moderated by culture and measurement, but not by age. Specifically, compared with the collectivistic cultures, the correlation is stronger between moral identity and immoral behavior in individualistic cultures. In terms of measures, self-reported immoral behavior has a stronger correlation with moral identity than reported by others. These results confirm the role of moral identity and emphasize the need to pay attention to the types of measurement tools and cultural differences in research.



Yi-Kai Chen, National Taiwan UniversityTong-Rong Yang, National Taiwan UniversityBih-Jen Fwu, National Taiwan University

Heine (2001) found that Westerners tend to hold self-enhancing motivation, which focuses on positive aspects of themselves and feel especially motivated to work on tasks in which they excel, whereas Asian learners are inclined to hold self-improving motivation, which emphasizes negative aspects of themselves and feel especially motivated to work hard at correcting them. However, East Asian do not always work hard on all weak areas. We argue that in Confucian-heritage cultures (CHCs), students are obligated to pursue success in socially constructed goals such as academic achievement. Thus, in face with academic failure, students who hold obligation belief (OB) feel motivated to stay in the course to make improvements. On the other hand, students who hold entity belief (EB) tend to change to the areas/fields they are good at. This study intends to develop action scales of staying the course and path-changing to improve after academic failure and the relationship among belief, failure attributions, affects, and actions was used for evaluation of criterion-based validity. 382 Taiwanese university students were assessed for learning belief and behavior after failure. Two factor structures were found using EFA. Correlation analysis showed that path-changing is highly positive correlated with failure attribution to low ability and hopelessness, and no correlation with EB. Staying the course is highly correlated with OB related beliefs, attribution to lack of exertion, and indebtedness to teacher and self. We hope the development failure action scale could shed light on the underling mechanism for students in CHCs following academic failure.

3. A Shared Experience involving High Self-Aspects can Lead to an Instant Bond for Most People but Not Avoidants

Franklin Chon-I Kam, Harvard UniversityTong-Rong Yang, National Taiwan University

Prior literature has shown that the perceived subjective similarity induced by a shared subjective experience can rapidly form a strong bond between two strangers, while a typical relationship trajectory consists of a series of prolonged procedures such as objective information acquisition, image formation, and liking evaluation. Coining the term “I-sharing” for the phenomenon, Pinel, Long, Landau, Alexander, & Pyszczynski postulate that such closeness induction in an I-sharing setting is caused by the satisfaction of two human fundamental self-motives─the needs for connectedness and for belief validation driven by existential isolation. We conducted a scenario-based survey with a Chinese sample (N=94) in Taiwan to examine the reproducibility and applicability of the proposed model in Greater China and to investigate further the relationships between I-sharing and different attachment styles. In line with their findings, the data reveal that a shared subjective experience fostered liking in initial encounters, and participants with high anxious attachment indexes reported an elevated effect. Besides, this study has also found (1) a positive correlation between the degree of self-

highly relevant to tobacco (youth smoking prevention campaign, aid to stop smoking clinic) Americans perceived it as more hypocritical than Koreans did. In low relevance condition, neither Americans nor Koreans rated the CSR as hypocrisy. Moreover, the relationship between culture and perception of hypocrisy was mediated by assesment of actor’s intention and this indirect effect was significant only when high relevance condition. These findings contribute to our understanding of the cultural differences in perception of hypocrisy and highlights the role of intention attribution.

Paper Session 1 - ❶ - 4Self, Motivation, and Social Relationship

Chair: Franklin Chon-I Kam, Harvard University

1. A new perspective on Digital Personality: extend basic needs theory into Generation-Z online development.

Tian Lan, Tsinghua UniversityXinyue Hu, Tsinghua UniversityKairui Li, Tsinghua UniversityYuhan Chen, Tsinghua University

The current research examines the structure of Digital Personality for online development. To this end, we borrowed the framework of Dweck’s (2017) unified theory from basic needs to goals and representations, which provide a new perspective on development. Previous research has revealed that as individuals experience needs and pursue need-fulfilling goals they develop representations of their experiences that are fundamental to their motivation and that play a major role in the formation of their personality. We argue that these basic needs processes can be extended to understand the developmental mechanism in online situation. This extrapolation would be appropriate when digital society is an important part of the individual’s life, especially for the Generation Z. To the extent that basic needs online has been shown to be an important personal feature for young people in China, it is useful to test our new theory of Digital Personality in the Chinese context. Similarly, we adopted three basic needs—acceptance, optimal predictability, and competence—are there from initial network contact that individuals come prepared to pursue them. We examined the extent to which types of basic needs occurred systematically in user of Lofter (study 1) and QQ/Wechat (study 2) contexts. We found that basic needs model of Digital Personality could predict the well-being and online mental health. The result showed that rather than the need for self-coherence from Dweck’s model, need for cognitive closure is the “hub” of all the needs in digital personality.

2. Self-enhancement or Self-improvement After Academic Failure: Scale Development of Path-changing and Staying the Course



recruited 202 women undergraduate students and asked them to answer their partners’ and their own level of endorsement of feminist principles (The Feminist Beliefs and Behavior measure; Zucker, 2004). They also responded to questions asking about their relationship satisfaction (Kang & Han, 2020). Results indicated the significant effect of women’s, but not partners’, feminism score on women’s relationship satisfaction. The stronger women endorsed feminist principles, the lower was their relationship satisfaction (b=-.146, p=.046). Partners’ feminism was not significantly associated with relationship satisfaction (b=.090, p=.160). However, moderation analysis using Hayes’ PROCESS Model 1 indicated a significant interaction effect (b=-.1421, t (198)=-2.101, p=.037, 95% CI [-.2754, -.0087]. The relationship between partners’ feminism score and women’s relationship satisfaction was stronger for women who were less feminist (16th percentile), b=.363, t (198)=3.663, p<.01, 95% CI [.1675, .5584], than their counterparts (84% percentile), b=.126, t (198)=1.455, p=.147, 95% CI[-.0448, .2971]. It seems like the relationship of women who are less feminist benefit from their partners’ feminism the most.

2. Peer and Teacher Support, Self-efficacy and Smartphone Addiction among Adolescents in Malaysia.

Shue-Ling Chong, International Medical University

Peers and teachers play essential roles in adolescent development. Adolescents start to gain independence from family while building relationships with people around them, such as peers and teachers in school during their current phase of development. This study examined the role of classmates and best friend support, as well as teacher support on smartphone addiction among school-going adolescents in Malaysia. Data was collected from high school students in Malaysia (N=383). Results show that classmates, best friend and teacher support do not significantly predict smartphone addiction, however self-efficacy significantly predicts smartphone addiction. Self-efficacy has an indirect effect on the relationships between classmates, best friend, and teacher support with smartphone addiction respectively. Findings of the study shed light on the importance of self-efficacy as a protective factor towards smartphone addiction among adolescents, which could be fostered by providing sufficient peer and teacher support. Findings of the study contribute to the understanding of smartphone addiction phenomenon, which could also serve as references for school administrators, teachers, and parents.

3. Development of The Multi-dimensional Social support Measurement scale

Masayuki Fujino, Nagoya UniversityHidetoki Ishii, Nagoya University

The purpose of this study was to develop a measurement method which measures the degree of both needed support and received support for four types of support (tangible, informational,

aspects involved in a scenario and the strength of the basic effect in secure and anxiously attached individuals as well as (2) a moderation by avoidant attachment, which previous research predicted but failed to find, in I-sharing scenarios with higher shared self-aspects.

4. Media and Technology Usage as Predictors of Well-Being of University Students in The Philippines

Agnes Montalbo, Rizal Technological University

Mental health is an integral and essential component of health and with the upsurge of technology and smartphone usage, it is important to understand the negative and positive effects of technology on mental health and well-being. This correlational study identified the predictors of well-being using various social media platforms and technology usage. The instruments used were the Media and Technology Usage and Attitude Scale (MTUAS) and the Student Well-being Process Questionnaire that were given to 495 university students in the Philippines. Major results of the study showed that the sites commonly visited for longer period of more than 3 hours were Facebook, Messenger, Mobile Legend, YouTube, Netflix and Kissasian. Text messaging was the major reason for technology utilization with a mean of 6.90. Results of multiple linear regression on the predictors of well-being and attitude revealed that Facebook usage significantly predicts Positive Coping, Negative Coping and Stress. Netflix was also a predictor of Stress. Contrary to previous studies on TV viewing, this study revealed that TV viewing decreased the experience of negative well-being. TV viewing predicted positive outcome, conscientiousness, positive personality, social support, cognitive problem and negative outcome. TV viewing correlated positively with positive well-being and attitude and correlated negatively with negative attitude and well-being. In addition, the results of this study showed that the more students use social media and internet, the more they experience negative well-being and attitude.

Paper Session 1 - ❶ - 5Social Issues and Implications of Social Support

Co-Chairs- Eun Ju Son, Queen’s University- Shue-Ling Chong, International Medical University

1. Perceived Partner’s Feminism and Women’s Relationship Satisfaction

Eun Ju Son, Queen’s UniversityUjeong Jeong, Sungshin Women’s University

In this study, we tested whether women partnered with feminist partners experience high relationship satisfaction and whether women’s own feminism score moderates this relationship. We



2. Examining the Impacts of Child and Expert Witnesses on Jurors’ Decision Making in a Case of Domestic Homicide

Hana Chae, Florida International UniversityKelly McWilliams, John Jay College of Criminal Justice

The present study investigated the effects of varying witness testimony on mock jurors’ perceptions of a case where a woman utilizes self-defense as a reason for killing her husband during a domestic dispute. A 3 (expert witness) x 3 (child witness age) design was used to examine the effects of two different forms of expert testimony and its interaction with the presence of a child witness. Three-hundred-six participants were recruited from a university in a metropolitan city and Amazon Mechanical Turk in the United States. Results revealed there were no significant main effects of expert testimony or child testimony. However, there was an interesting Child x Expert interaction. When age 8 child testified participants in both expert conditions made more guilty verdicts (vs. no expert). Also, the results show that age 8 child perceived as being in less danger; the defendant’s action was perceived as less justifiable in both expert conditions (vs. no expert) when age 8 child testified. These findings suggest that the expert testimony might have been perceived as irrelevant to this specific case when age 8 child testified. That is, jurors may not think the interpersonal violence that this defendant experienced is as severe as the cases that the expert explained in their testimony. Furthermore, an open-ended question that was designed for attention check originally shed light on the case interpretation of mock jurors. Preliminary analyses of open-ended responses revealed that mock jurors may make decisions based on factors separate from witness testimony.

3. How do Young Adults Justify Corporal Punishment? Cultural Conceptions of the Child and Implications for Advocacy

Danielle P. Ochoa, University of the Philippines DilimanMichelle G. Ong, University of the Philippines Diliman

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child states that children have “the right to protection from corporal punishment and other cruel or degrading forms of punishment”. In spite of this, disagreement remains on the moral acceptability of this practice in many cultural contexts including the Philippines. This study examined different moral positions on corporal punishment by analyzing the discourses used and negotiated by Filipino young adults, using Shweder’s three ethics of Autonomy, Community, and Divinity, which represent different cultural conceptions of the self and give rise to different moral codes. Discourse analysis of interviews with 12 urban Filipino young adults reveals how constructions of corporal punishment are built around discourses of the child as an autonomous rights-bearer, incompletely autonomous, or a member of a hierarchical society, along with the (in)effectiveness of this practice in disciplining the child. These in turn produce different conceptions of the parental role and degrees of latitude for negotiating the harmfulness and normativeness, and thus the (im)morality of corporal punishment.

emotional, and self-esteem), and consequently to estimate the degree of “effective support”. Effective support can be defined as the relative amount of received support to its needed amount. In Study 1, 26 Japanese undergraduates (15 males, 11 females) were asked to answer the open-ended question what support they want to receive from their close friend under stressful situations in daily life, academic-related, self-related, and interpersonal relationship. After examining the answers, 58 support items were obtained for next study. In Study 2, 81 Japanese undergraduates (33 males, 47females, 1 non-binary) were asked to answer the degree of needed of each support type from their close friend when they were under stressful situation. Principal component analysis was conducted in each support type to choose typical support items. As the result, 4 items were selected in each support type, and the “Multi-dimensional Social support Measurement scale (MSM)” was composed. A respondent is asked to answer the degree of both needed and received of each support from their close friend. The degree of “Effective support” is estimated by taking the ratio of received support to needed support.

Paper Session 1 - ❶ - 6Psychology of Social Issues

Chair: Hana Chae, Florida International University

1. Porn Addiction: Does Porn Watching Cause Higher Realism?

Soon Aun Tan, Universiti Tunku Abdul RahmanYee Shan Goh, Universiti Tunku Abdul RahmanNorzarina Mohd Zaharim, Universiti Sains MalaysiaLing Khai Lee, Universiti Tunku Abdul RahmanSu Wan Gan, Universiti Tunku Abdul RahmanSarvarubini Nainee, Universiti Tunku Abdul RahmanChin Choo Yap, Sunway University

Past studies have demonstrated a link between pornography usage and addiction to pornography but the underlying mechanism of this association is still unclear. This study intended to examine the mediating role of perceived realism of pornography in the association between pornography usage and addiction to pornography among emerging adults in Malaysia. This correlational cross-sectional study recruited 377 emerging adults via purposive sampling method. Results indicated positive associations among pornography usage, addiction to pornography, and perceived realism of pornography. Controlling for gender, perceived realism of pornography was found to be a significant mediator between pornography usage and addiction to pornography. This study provides a fundamental understanding on the role of perceived realism of pornography in explaining the association between pornography usage and addiction as well as points out a need to guide the emerging adults in interpreting and evaluating pornographic materials.



Scale, the Epidemic Risk Threat Scale, the Poverty Identification Scale, and the Get Rich Motivation Scale to conduct household questionnaires on 412 subjects in Liupanshui, Guizhou, China. The survey verifies a moderated mediation model. Interrupted plans can significantly positively predict the motivation of low-income groups to become rich, Coronavirus threat plays a mediating role as a cognitive factor, and poverty level negatively regulates the relationship between Coronavirus threats and motivation to get rich. Although China has eliminated absolute poverty from the material point of view, the problem of relative poverty still exists. The training mechanism of endogenous motivation for psychological poverty alleviation should be activated to solve the problem of poverty reduction and peaceful development in Asia.

2. Affective Polarization in Chinese Online Social Media Before and After the Outbreak of COVID-19

Xiaona Xie, Nanjing Normal UniversityHan Deng, Jiangsu University of Science and TechnologyTingting Ji, Nanjing Normal UniversityXingyu Long, Nanjing Normal UniversityYongyu Guo, Nanjing Normal University

In recent years, attitudes toward social issues are polarizing between groups (e.g., supporters and opponents of Donald Trump) on social media. Meanwhile, hostility toward opposing groups is also rising, which is referred to as “affective polarization”. Does the outbreak of COVID-19 exacerbate such affective polarization? In the present research, we compared affective polarization toward traditional Chinese medicine on social media at different periods of COVID-19 (i.e., three months before December 31, 2019, the day of the disease was first identified in Wuhan, and three months after that day). Based on the Uncertainty–Identity Theory, we hypothesized that people might more frequently express hostility to opposing groups after the outbreak of COVID-19 and the intergroup interaction might be more negative than before. In two studies, we extracted 205,722 posts and 351,545 comments regarding traditional Chinese medicine posted by both supporters and opponents of traditional Chinese medicine from Sina Weibo, a Twitter-like service in China. By using machine learning techniques, we analyzed the degree of hostility of these texts. Results showed that people posted higher proportion of hostile weibo regarding traditional Chinese medicine after the outbreak of COVID-19 than before (Study 1). In addition, interactions between supporters and opponents on weibo also showed greater negativity after the outbreak (Study 2). This research provides insights of understanding the affective polarization in Chinese online social media, especially concerning the subject of traditional Chinese medicine, and suggests that such affective polarization might be exacerbated by the outbreak of COVID-19.

3. Does being mindful during a pandemic benefit us? The role of trait mindfulness on fear of COVID-19 and prejudice toward Chinese

We discuss the implications of these results in taking culturally-sensitive approaches to children’s rights advocacy.

4. Lived Experiences of Filipino Overt Gay Biological Fathers

Domingo Barcarse, Jose Rizal UniversityTiffany Aspa, Far Eartern UniversityAura Clarice Glinoga, Far Eartern UniversityJonah Rose Merez, Far Eartern UniversityBea Montemayor, Far Eartern UniversityMario Antonio Pelayo, Far Eartern UniversityRoma Floriza Rio, Far Eartern University

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the lived experiences of Filipino overt gay fathers residing in Manila. The researchers investigated the positive and negative experiences of the participants, their paternity and child rearing practices. Purposive sampling technique was used, semi-structured interviews were constructed to gather data and interviews were audio recorded and transcribed which were analyzed using thematic analysis. Themes developed from transcribed interviews were: positive emotions over knowledge of having a child, encountered self-struggles, positive response from relatives, mixed reactions of other people, good son/daughter-father relationship. In their child rearing practices, it found out that overt gay biological fathers have experienced: avoidance on disclosure about sexuality, prioritized education and financial security of children, imparted principle, and best support provided to children.

Paper Session 1 - ❶ - 7Individual Differences in COVID-19 Attitudes and Behaviors

Chair: Xiaona Xie, Nanjing Normal University

1. The impact mechanism of interrupted plans on the motivation of economically difficult groups to get rich under the COVID-19: a moderated mediation model

Kan Shi, Wenzhou Model Development InstituteXinhui Qin, Wenzhou Model Development InstituteFang Wan, Wenzhou Model Development InstituteQiong Li, Wenzhou Model Development InstituteSongming Jiao, Wenzhou Model Development Institute

This study is based on COVID-19, a global public health event. Through an international comparison of the living conditions of people in China and developed countries (take Canada as an example) and developing countries (represented by Bangladesh), It is found that there are significant differences in people’s savings habits and public policies in various countries. Due to the differences in government assistance policies, Western countries are more affected by the epidemic and the poverty problem is more serious; Secondly, to examine the impact of the epidemic on people’s lives and psychology, we used the Interrupted Plans



nation in understanding social psychological phenomena

1. Understanding culture from a representation similarity perspective

Siyang Luo, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityMan Wai Li, The Education University of Hong KongErvina Espina, UP Visayas Tacloban CollegeMichael Harris Bond, Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityVivian Miu-Chi Lun, Lingnan UniversityLiqin Huang, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityQin Duan, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityJames H. Liu, Massey University

Human society has a complex structure in which all units are interrelated with each other and no single unit is independent. The way in which previous research has studied culture is limited to the linear trend and the influence of one particular cultural dimension on the group level. Here we provide a new perspective for understanding and studying cultural differences and relationship between individual, society and conceptual model, which we refer to as a representation similarity perspective analysis. In representation similarity analysis, by computing representational dissimilarity matrices (RDMs), we can characterize the information carried by a given representation in one individual, society or conceptual model. By comparing RDMs, we can test whether multi-item measures of psychological traits/states are quantitatively related to each other and to regional culture and computational theory. This talk will introduce the method of representation similarity analysis and its application on various cross-cultural studies, including individual level, society level, theoretical level and also cross-level data analysis.

2. History is victorious (even if it was not): Valence of social representations of history and wellbeing in 42 countries

Sammyh Khan, Örebro UniversityJames H Liu, Massey UniversityNicholas Garnett, Keele UniversityJob Chen, Clemson UniversityGiovanni Travaglino, The Chinese University Hong KongTibor Polya, Hungarian Academy of Sciences

Research from a social identity approach offers strong evidence for the palliative effects of group membership and social identification on wellbeing outcomes – applying to both small-scale (e.g., family and work) and large-scale (e.g., national) groups and identities. This research has tended to focus on the nature of these effects in different contexts and underpinning social-cognitive and relational processes. Less attention has been dedicated to examining how social representations of group membership and social identities – that is, the content and meaning ascribed to group and identities are related to wellbeing outcomes. Drawing on Social Representations of History (SRH; Liu & Hilton, 2005), our study examined how the valence of nominated historical events is associated with wellbeing outcomes

Alifah Raihandari, University of IndonesiaRaissa Fatikha, University of IndonesiaShafira Nurul Izzah, University of IndonesiaRizka Halida, University of Indonesia

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused international insecurity, fear of foreigners, and general xenophobia globally, particularly toward the Chinese. Especially in Indonesia, where prejudice against the ethnic Chinese has rooted deeply in history, the virus’s emergence this year could further exacerbate prejudice against that minority ethnic group. This study aims to understand the association between fear of COVID-19 and prejudice against Chinese Indonesian. Seeing how trait mindfulness could play a role in reducing the current COVID-19 fear and prejudice toward Chinese, this study also aims to understand how trait mindfulness moderates the correlation of those variables. Participants were 123 non-Chinese Indonesian adults currently residing in Jakarta and its greater area. The Indonesian-adapted version of the FCV-19S, Blatant and Subtle Prejudice Scale, and FFMQ were used in this study. Correlation analyses with SPSS version 25 were carried out on each dimension of each measuring instrument. Significant positive correlations between fear of COVID-19 and blatant prejudice and negative correlations between fear of COVID-19 and trait mindfulness (acting with awareness, nonjudging of inner experience, nonreactivity to inner experience) were found. Moderator analysis with PROCESS Macro of each dimension of trait mindfulness found that acting with awareness moderated the correlation between psychological fear of COVID-19 and blatant prejudice. Although not all of the hypotheses were confirmed, our results show that the COVID-19 pandemic could affect intergroup relations, but the individual’s awareness disposition could lessen its magnitude, particularly blatant prejudice. Further results and limitations are discussed.

Symposium 1 - ❷ - 1International Association of Language and Social Psychology Part B

Chair: Liz Jones, Monash University Malaysia

In July 2019 the first joint AASP-IALSP small group meeting ‘Narratives of Identity: Bridging the Divides’ was held in Hong Kong. 24 early career researchers from the 2 Associations attended the 3-day meeting. All participants engaged in qualitative and quantitative workshop sessions before breaking into one of 3 groups to brainstorm ideas for ongoing research collaborations: 1) Bridging the divide in healthcare led by Liz Jones and Bernadette Watson 2) Intergroup Relations led by James Liu, Sammyh Khan and Sylvia Chen 3) Personal Well-being Across Cultures led by Michael Bond and Vivian Miu-Chi Lun The papers in this symposium come from a series of the research projects developed by the 3 groups at the small group meeting. They tackle a variety of topics and use a variety of methodologies, but each examines the role of culture and/or



Angelica Ang, Ateneo de Manila UniversityMarshaley Baquiano, University of the Philippines VisayasJin Ying, University of MacauMelissa Elwin, Griffith University

The aim of the current study was to investigate the social and cultural factors underlying stigmatisation of health conditions in 3 countries. Interviews were conducted with a general population sample in Australia (N=36), Hong Kong (N=19) and Philippines (N =26). Interviewees were asked what health conditions they would think negatively of a person for having, and what conditions others would view negatively. We found some similarities in the conditions stigmatised in each country, with both visible and invisible conditions stigmatised. However, we also found culturally unique aspects to the conditions stigmatised and the reasons participants gave for conditions being stigmatised. We discuss the implications for our understanding of how culture shapes stigma, as well as the implications for health service delivery.

Paper Session 1 - ❷ - 2Social Class, Stereotype, and Hostile Social Interactions

Chair: Aritra Mukherjee, University of Delhi

1. Essentialism and Class: A Triangulation Study on Essentialist Beliefs of Class Among Urban Indians

Aritra Mukherjee, University of DelhiIshita Bharadwaj, University of Delhi

Mahalingam (2003) in his seminal study on understanding essentialism across caste groups utilized a Brain Transplant Paradigm i.e., rich person’s brain in a poor person’s body and vice versa and how they will act in the future. He found that Brahmin men essentialized class more than any other group. The study provided various implications such as the role of affirmative action and welfare economics. However, it did not stress the role of socialization and lay[people’s idea of social capital and he did not study people from different class categories which is an important category of categorization and power in itself. The current study replicated Mahalingam’s original study on women and men from different classes and added an extra qualitative component that sought to understand the reasons attributed for change in behavior. A total of 688 respondents, among which 344 men (172 Upper class and 172 Lower class) and 344 women (172 Upper class and 172 Lower class) were collected. Chi-square test reveals that sample from the upper class, especially men endorsed essentialized notions of class more than the lower-class sample. Furthermore, the findings of the content analysis suggest that laypeople attribute higher competency to rich people more, many stated on the role of habituation and social capital one has access to, some also believe that richness is ‘earned’ through Karma or hard work. The implications of the findings are on

in a cross-cultural sample comprising 17,265 participants from 42 countries. Participants nominated the three historical events with the greatest impact on their respective country of belonging, and rated the valence of these events (i.e., how positively versus negatively the events were viewed). Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), controlling for key sociodemographic variables (age, gender, subjective social status), revealed positive historical event valence had direct effects, and indirect effects via system justification beliefs, on indicators of both eudemonic (meaning of life, life satisfaction, and self-assessed health) and hedonic (depression and anxiety) wellbeing. These effects were invariant across the 42 countries. The findings are discussed with reference to the framework of SRH and highlight the value of considering identity content for understanding the nature of palliative effects of group membership and national social identification.

3. Traditional Gender Roles and Past Voting Likelihood in Five Western Countries

Jin X. Goh, Colby UniversitySammyh Khan, Örebro UniversityJames H. Liu, Massey University

Voting was historically limited to men across many Western societies. As such, voting is likely interwoven into traditional gender roles, the belief that men and women occupy separate social roles, and that men should hold social and political power. Despite narrowing of the gender gap in political participation, there still exists considerable variability across countries. Thus, understanding the gender gap in voting may require consideration of factors beyond gender in and of itself. We argue that it is equally important to consider beliefs and ideologies about gender, specifically traditional gender roles. Traditional gender roles create contentment with the status quo of gender inequality, and such roles may predict important political behaviors like voting. In a large cross-cultural study, we examined the relationship between traditional gender roles and past voting likelihood in five countries: Germany (N=1012), New Zealand (N=1136), Spain (N=992), UK (N=1042), and USA (N=1143). In all five countries, greater traditional gender roles significantly predicted lower likelihood of voting. Interestingly, this effect was not moderated by gender, suggesting that more traditional men and women were less likely to vote in general. Furthermore, our results held even after controlling for various demographic (e.g., age, class, and SES) and ideological (e.g., conservatism, system justification, and Social Dominance Orientation) factors in all countries except for the UK where social class played a larger predictive factor. This research suggests that understanding the gender gap in political participation requires an additional consideration of gender ideology.

4. The role of culture in the stigmatisation of health conditions

Stefano Occhipinti, Colby University, Griffith UniversityLiz Jones, Monash University MalaysiaAron Pamoso, University of Southern Philippines Foundation



students. A two-stage process of teacher bullying in the form of a pattern of disparagement was also observed, where the first stage would involve the dismissal of the students’ claim or opinion, followed by a transfer of fault to the student in the second stage. The effects that teacher bullying had on these students included a diminishing of their self-esteem and self-worth, a shattering of their beliefs in their academic abilities that is often followed by quitting or avoidance behaviour, and forms of intropunitive behaviour that are considered to be culturally specific to Asian societies. Our findings highlighted the forms and consequences of teacher bullying, providing important implications for reviewing policies related to teachers’ behaviours.

4. Tagasalo Personality among Filipino Lesbian Women and Gay Men

Junix Jerald Delos Santos, Saint Louis University, University of Baguio

The tagasalo personality had been conceptualized to be a member of the family circle who takes care or the one who comes to the rescue. Considering that early studies on the tagasalo personality did not include the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer population, this study aims to address this gap in the literature. Using the integrated theoretical lens of queer theory, intersectionality theory, and minority stress theory, pakikipagkwentuhan was conducted with four lesbian women and four gay men who identify as the tagasalo in their family. Six family members who were least likely to be the tagasalo were also interviewed to situate how the tagasalo lesbian women and gay men were perceived in the family. Analysis of the participants’ narratives culled out two domains that describe the characteristics of the tagasalo lesbian women and gay men. The findings show that some lesbian women and gay men may feel compelled to occupy the role of tagasalo to feel more accepted by their families due to an internalized sense of inferiority that is experienced by some members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer community. The emotional support that the tagasalo lesbian women and gay men provide for their families was also highlighted in the lived experiences of the participants.

Paper Session 1 - ❷ - 3Perspective-taking in Social Situations

Chair: Yujie Chen, South China Normal University, Southwest University

1. The view of social cognitive theory to establish unexpected situations of social skills in virtual reality teaching for students with autism

Chia-Chi Yeh, Tsinghua UniversityYing-Ru Meng, Tsinghua University

perceived competency and understanding of the problematic relationship between social mobility and meritocracy held by laypeople.

2. Positive Gamer Stereotypes in the Video Game Era, and Factors that Influence Them

Upekha Miriyagalla, La Trobe UniversityEmiko Kashima, La Trobe UniversityArthur Stukas, La Trobe University

Since its introduction in the early 1950s, video gaming and gamers have attracted negative stereotypes of being unpopular and socially dysfunctional. However, with gamers increasing in numbers to reach billions worldwide, the contents of gamer stereotypes are likely in flux; thus, requiring updating the literature. The current study investigated the content of video gamer stereotypes along the dimensions of physical/social, warmth, competence and morality, as a function of violence level and gamer identity. Male and female participants (634 US Americans and 414 Indians) completed an online survey on the MTurk platform, which involved rating the stereotypes of gamers in the high-violence and low-violence genres on 22 adjective pairs and answering questions about gamer identity and behaviour. Results revealed positive stereotypes of gamers, especially in the low-violence genre. Low-identifiers’ stereotypes were less favourable in the high-violence than the low-violence genre; however, this pattern was attenuated among high-identifiers, and especially among younger gamers and on the dimension of competence. The study revealed remarkable changes in the stereotype contents of gamers in the last decade and highlighted the importance of the game content and gamer identity as a determinant of gamer stereotypes.

3. Teacher Bullying in an Asian Context

Nicholas Seet, James Cook University SingaporeNerina Caltabiano, James Cook University CairnsAi Ni Teoh, James Cook University SingaporeJesslyn Lo, James Cook University Singapore

Bullying remains an issue that affects individuals globally. However, most research has paid attention on school and workplace bullying, with limited research focused on teacher bullying. Teacher bullying refers to teachers using their power to punish, manipulate or disparage a student beyond what would be considered a reasonable disciplinary procedure. This study used semi-structured interviews to investigate teacher bullying in an Asian context. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used to interrogate the experiences of four men and one woman who were subjected to bullying by their teachers at an undergraduate level. Public humiliation in the form of shaming, aggressive harmful manipulative behaviour in the form of passive-aggression and dismissive attitudes through prejudice motivated dismissal of opinions was reported by the students. These themes often overlapped with each other, suggestive of their impact on



proficient English-Chinese bilinguals. Our findings showed that language experience had a positive predictive effect on cognitive flexibility. Skilled English-Chinese bilingual youths show better cognitive flexibility advantages in switching tasks, with lower switching costs and fewer cognitive resources.

3. Relative familiarity accentuates gaze cueing of attention in preschoolers

Yujie Chen, South China Normal University, Southwest UniversityLai Liu, Southwest UniversityYufang Zhao, Southwest UniversityLei Mo, South China Normal University

Gaze cueing, namely the tendency to shift attention in response to others’ gaze direction, is known be stronger for familiar than non-familiar faces in adults, but this seems not to occur in infants. Previous findings indicate that such preferential orienting to familiar faces might appear during childhood. In two experiments, we investigated whether relative familiarity can modulate the gaze-cueing effect in children of about 5-year-old. In Experiment 1, the faces of four individuals were used as stimuli, which were either familiar (two faces) or less-familiar (two faces) for the experimental group, but they were all less-familiar faces for the control group. As expected, significant gaze cuing effect was elicited for the gaze direction of the familiar faces rather than the less-familiar faces in the experimental group. However, in the control group, the gaze-cueing effect was not modulated by relative familiarity. In Experiment 2, faces of four individuals belonging to the same social group (i.e., kindergarten teachers) were used as stimuli, and again relative familiarity was manipulated between two groups of participants. Again, children consistently shifted attention only in response to the averted gaze of the faces that depicted a familiar face than a less-familiar face, and this emerged in both groups. Overall, these results suggest that gaze-cueing of attention can be shaped by relative familiarity at the age of about 5 years.

Paper Session 1 - ❷ - 4Attitudes in the Real World Settings

Chair: Megumi M. Ohashi, Tokyo Future University

1. Implicit attitudes toward sports and exercise: Similarities and differences between Desirability IAT and Joy IAT

Megumi M. Ohashi, Tokyo Future UniversityTakafumi Sawaumi, Ryutsu Keizai UniversityEtsuko Togo, Tokyo Future UniversityYumiko Iume, Tokyo Future University

Previous studies show that people have a positive image of sports and exercise. These explicit attitudes, however, sometimes differ from the implicit attitudes that people actually have,

Through DSM-5 (The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5), we understand that the characteristics of autism are related to interpersonal interaction and social skills. According to domestic and foreign related reports of adolescents and adults with autism (2016), 90% of people have difficulties in social interaction. With the different severity and the age of the patient, the symptoms are also different. Especially considering that students with autism prefer the sound and light stimulation, the virtual reality situated learning is just in line with theirs. To enable patients with autism to improve their social skills, it is necessary to enhance their social interaction and effective communication and to make it easier for students with autistic to understand and learn through visual aids such as visual images, sound and light images.This study uses the theme of “Art Tour with Classmates”, the research methods through social cognitive perspectives and in-depth interviews, attempt to improve social patterns and stereotypical behaviors that are difficult to change for students with autism, 4 social interaction crises have been developed in the course’s context, including pre-departure discussions with students (in the classrooms):　My classmates stand me up; participation with classmates (in the cultural relics exhibition areas): Tickets out of stock; dining with classmates (the location is the restaurant): Someone jumps the queue; and bidding farewell to the students (in the park): The classmate cannot bear to part with me.This study develops a set of virtual reality courses based on social stories, so that students with autism can practice coping styles and understand possible unexpected situation through the virtual reality courses. Hope it helps the interactions with people for students with autism in the workplace and social situations.

2. The versatility of polyglots: Cognitive Advantages in Cognitive Flexibility of Skilled English-Chinese Bilingual Youth

Zekun Xu, Guangxi Normal UniversityLiqin Zhang, Shihezi UniversityChunli Zhao, Guangxi Normal University

Language experience is an important factor influencing executive function. Many studies have demonstrated that individual’s executive function will be changed if one masters two or more languages. However, other studies have not found such an effect of Language experience on executive function, especially in terms of cognitive flexibility. To address the influence of language experience on cognitive flexibility of individual’s executive functions, we tested whether proficient English-Chinese bilingual youths (n=29) performed better in cognitive flexibility than unskilled English-Chinese bilingual youths (n=30), using the digital transformation paradigm in the task switching paradigm. The interaction between language proficiency and task type showed that the response time of proficient English-Chinese bilinguals in switching tasks was lower than that of unskilled bilinguals, and there was no significant difference between the two groups in repetitive tasks. And the switching cost of proficient English-Chinese bilinguals was significantly less than that of non-



PE that consequently may increase the likelihood of their active participation in life-long physical activities particularly in girls.

3. Social Media Engagement & Political Attitude among University Students

Ugyal Lama Yolmo, Sikkim UniversityPooja Basnett, Sikkim University

An important factor on which democracy is built on is the assumption of a well-informed electorate. Since the general elections of 2014 in India, social media has provided a platform for political participation and engagement and a way to gain electorate’s trust and thereby votes. Hence, it is important to analyze political attitude as electoral participation and their attitude is of utmost important in the establishment of democracy, especially among the youths as they are the future. At the same time examining the role of media and whether it plays a role in influencing or formulation of political attitude among the youths or not is an area of importance that demands attention. Thus, the present study is aimed at understanding the political attitude of social media users towards usage of social media as a platform for political participation and engagement among university students in India. Further, the study also examined gender differences in political participation via social media and the political attitude. The results obtained displayed a positive correlation between social media engagement and political attitude (political efficacy (r=0.293, p<0.05) and political interest (r=0.556, p<0.01)) and as for the gender difference no significant gender difference was observed in social media engagement but a significant gender difference (t=2.143, p<0.05) in political interest was seen with males showing more inclination towards politics and political participation.

Paper Session 1 - ❷ - 5Moderating and Mediating Factors of Social Trust

Chair: Zhuo Tong, Renmin University of China

1. Specific Interpersonal Trust and Mental Health of University Students: Mediating Roles of Perceived Peer Acceptance and Self-esteem

Zhuo Tong, Renmin University of ChinaYan Dong, Renmin University of China

Specific interpersonal trust is related to the specific person, such as the person with blood relationship or nepotistic relationship, and the degree of specific interpersonal trust will change accordingly with the closeness of relationship. The purposes of this study are to investigate the specific trust in a friend of the same gender among university students, and to explore the relationship between university students’ specific interpersonal trust and their mental health, as well as the mediating roles

but unconsciously. The present study tries to measure implicit attitudes toward sports and exercise using the Implicit Association Test (IAT). We examined how strongly “sports and exercise” is associated with positive words in contrast to “sedentary behaviors.” We employed stimulus words belonging to each category to ensure independence between the Desirability IAT and the Joy IAT because in many ways, being desirable and being joyful can lead to positive perceptions of sports and exercise. We conducted an online experiment in which 318 students were asked to complete one type of IAT and fill out questions concerning their explicit attitudes to sports and exercise. The average IAT score was positive for both Desirability IAT (M=0.471, SD=0.551) and Joy IAT (M=0.562, SD=0.549). The results indicate that implicit attitudes toward sports and exercise are positively related with explicit attitudes, but the relationship is weak (.170<rs<.240). This weak positive relationship is in accordance with previous studies. In addition, both types of implicit attitude toward sports and exercise are positively related with the interest in professional sports, and the only Joy IAT score is related to the frequency of sports and exercise, self-reported physical competence, and their coach’s motivational climate. The paper discusses limitations and offers suggestions.

2. Examination of Students’ Attitudes toward Physical Education in the Philippines

Angelita Cruz, Keimyung UniversityAlcidor Saludes, Navotas National High SchoolLeandro Breis, San Roque Elementary SchoolHyun-Duck Kim, Keimyung University

According to the World Health Organization, more than 93% of the adolescent population in the Philippines are physically inactive. The education sector has been recognized to support physical activity promotion through its physical education (PE) program. However, positive and/or negative attitudes towards PE have shown to vary depending on various factors. This study identified PE attitudes of Filipino adolescent students and examined different factors that may relate to PE attitude. A total of 855 students (male=356; female=499) from 5th to 10th grade volunteered to participate in the study. The Physical Education Attitude Scale (PEAS) was used to measure students’ attitudes toward PE. Overall, students had moderate to very positive attitudes toward PE ranging from 3.70 to 4.15. Student gender, grade level, and teacher gender significantly influenced students’ attitudes toward PE. There was also an interaction effect between student and teacher genders that showed girls were more satisfied and comfortable toward PE than boys when the teacher was male. Hierarchical multiple regression revealed that in both genders, aspects of PE such as comfort, satisfaction, activity, and teacher behavior were significant predictors of PE attitude with the addition of teacher gender in boys and physical activity outside school in girls. Enhancement of PE curriculum that are less stressful, enjoyable, and meaningful as well as development of PE teachers’ communication and pedagogical skills are suggested to further increase positive attitudes of students toward



3. The effect of social perspective-taking on interpersonal trust under the cooperative and competitive contexts: the mediating role of benevolence

Xuhui Yuan, Zhejiang Normal UniversityChangkang Sun, Zhejiang Normal UniversityBinghai Sun, Zhejiang Normal UniversityWeijian Li, Zhejiang Normal University

A large number of previous studies have shown that perspective-taking can foster interpersonal trust. However, few studies have explored the effect of social perspective-taking on interpersonal trust under a specific social context and its internal mechanism. The present study explored the effect of social perspective-taking on interpersonal trust and further examined the effect of social perspective-taking on interpersonal trust under two different social contexts: a cooperative vs. a competitive context. We also explored why social perspective-taking fostered interpersonal trust. In Study 1, participants were asked to read the dilemmas of two partners under two conditions (social perspective-taking vs. objective focus) and complete the trust game after each reading. In Study 2, we explore the effect of social perspective-taking on interpersonal trust under different contexts (competitive vs. cooperative). In Study 3, we examined the mediating effect of benevolence. Study 1 showed that interpersonal trust under the social perspective-taking condition was significantly higher than interpersonal trust under the objective focus condition. Study 2 showed that under the cooperative context, participants under the social perspective-taking condition invested more money to another partner than those under the objective focus condition. However, under the competitive context, the results were opposite. Study 3 demonstrated that benevolence mediated the relationship between social perspective-taking and interpersonal trust in both cooperative and competitive contexts. Social perspective-taking could improve interpersonal trust under a cooperative context, while the degree of interpersonal trust decreases under a competitive context. Moreover, social perspective-taking improves benevolence and thereby enhances interpersonal trust.

4. Birth Cohort and Social Change in Chinese College Students’ Interpersonal Trust from 2000 to 2019

Ning-Meng Cao, Zhejiang normal universityGuo-An Yue, Zhejiang normal universityBing-Hai Sun, Zhejiang normal universityWei-Jian Li, Zhejiang normal university

Trust is important not only for individuals but also for society. Whether trust increasing with social development or not has been a controversial issue. College students, a special group in society, show a high sensitivity to changes in social life. As a result, interpersonal trust among college students may be affected by social changes. 160 papers adopting Rotter’s Interpersonal Trust Scale (ITS) were included in a cross-temporal meta-analysis to investigate trust among Chinese college students and to explore

of perceived peer acceptance and self-esteem. In this study, the revised Specific Interpersonal Trust Scale, Scale of the Perceived Peer Acceptance, Self-esteem Scale, and SCL-90 were administered to 1611 university students in three universities. The main results were as follows: (1)There are positive correlations among specific interpersonal trust, mental health, perceived peer acceptance, and self-esteem. (2)Perceived peer acceptance plays a partial mediating role between specific interpersonal trust and university students’ self-esteem. (3)Perceived peer acceptance and self-esteem play a chain mediating role between specific interpersonal trust and self-esteem of university students. In the future, we can promote the level of university students’ mental health by improving their specific interpersonal trust, perceived peer acceptance, and self-esteem. Keywords: University students; Specific interpersonal trust; Mental health; Perceived peer acceptance; Self-esteem

2. The relationship between psychological resilience and social trust of Beijing community residents: the moderating effects of demographic variables

Junqi Lin, Renmin University of ChinaYan Dong, Renmin University of China

As a crucial indicator of mental health, psychological resilience is an important contributor to social trust. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between psychological resilience and social trust and the internal mechanism. Specifically, we explored the association between psychological resilience and social trust, which included interpersonal trust, institutional trust and professional trust. Moreover, the moderating role of demographic variables was examined. Questionnaire-based data were collected from 2143 Beijing residents with household registration. The participants completed a demographic questionnaire that assessed age, gender, educational level, marital status and monthly income, the psychological resilience scale, and the social trust questionnaire. The results indicated that the psychological resilience of Beijing community residents could significantly predict the overall level of social trust, interpersonal trust, institutional trust and professional trust. In addition, the moderating models indicated that the demographic variables, such as gender, educational level and marital status, had moderating effects between psychological resilience and social trust, while age and monthly income did not. Specifically, compared with women, men’s resilience had a stronger predictive effect on career trust. Secondly, the resilience of individuals with higher education level was stronger than that of individuals with lower education level in predicting interpersonal trust. Finally, compared with unmarried individuals, the psychological resilience of married individuals had a weaker predictive effect on interpersonal trust. This study provided a theoretical support for promoting the level of social trust through improving psychological resilience. Keywords: Psychological Resilience; Social Trust; Gender; Educational Level; Marital status



vital role in influencing relationship processes. Researchers and practitioners require a culturally validated scale for exploring relationship processes in different cultures. Experiences in close relationships – relationship structure (ECR-RS) is a nine-item scale to measure individuals’ attachment patterns for different relationships. ECR-RS has been translated and modified in multiple languages. The absence of a Hindi version of the ECR-RS scale hinders both research and practice in the Indian context. The present study aimed to develop and assess the psychometric properties of the Hindi version of the ECR-RS scale. The study (N=201, undergraduate students, 33.83% females) evaluated the scale’s psychometric properties. The confirmatory factor analysis supports the presence of the two-factor model as originally theorized in ECR-RS. The average variance extracted (AVE) and hetero-trait mono-trait (HTMT) approach supports the modified scale’s convergent and discriminant validity respectively. The study contributes methodologically by providing an instrument of attachment styles, which could be a valuable resource for practitioners and researchers alike.

3. Received Social Support and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in New Zealand and Philippine Emergency Responders

Johnrev Guilaran, University of the Philippines VisayasIan De Terte, Massey UniversityKrzysztof Kaniasty, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Polish Academy of SciencesChristine Stephens, Massey University

Introduction: Emergency responders are at risk of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). In the face of trauma, perceived social support has been associated with fewer negative outcomes. However, the effectiveness of actually received social support remains unclear. Method: This cross-sectional study tested the influence of received social support and its components on the relationship between duty-related traumatic exposure and PTSS. Emergency responders from New Zealand and the Philippines (N=223) answered an online questionnaire measuring social support and PTSS. Results: When controlling for demographic variables and trauma exposure, high amount of total received support was significantly associated with lower levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Analyses of sources and types of received social support revealed that co-worker, emotional, and tangible support exhibited salutary main effects on PTSS. Contrary to the stress-buffering model of social support, high amounts of received support from supervisors were found to be associated with low levels of PTSS only among participants who reported low trauma exposure. Discussion: In general, findings were congruent with the main effects model: received social support predicted better psychological well-being. Results also underscored the importance of investigating varied manifestations of social support as they may differentially influence the strength of effects of receiving social support by emergency responders.

the impact of social change on trust. The 160 studies involved 70, 394 college students, and the data was collected from 1998 to 2017. Results showed that the interpersonal trust among Chinese college students increased by 1.05 SD from 1998 to 2017. Besides, typical social development indicators and indicators related to college students are selected. The results of the lay analysis showed that trust was significantly positively correlated with college graduates, the gross domestic product (GDP), etc. 10 years ago, 5 years ago, and at present, respectively. while significantly negatively correlated with the unemployment rate and Gini coefficient at present. The above results indicate that interpersonal trust among Chinese college students presents an upward trend over time with social development. While the high unemployment and high Gini coefficients in the process of social development would be risk factors for trust growth in the future.

Paper Session 1 - ❷ - 6Close Relationships in Cross-cultural Contexts

Chair: Ben Chun Pan Lam, University of New South Wales

1. Dialecticism in Romantic Relationships: An Examination in Chinese and American Cultural Contexts

Ben Chun Pan Lam, University of New South WalesSusan E. Cross, Iowa State UniversitySylvia Xiaohua Chen, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

The cultural theory of naïve dialecticism was employed to examine Chinese and European Americans’ representation and evaluation of their romantic partners and relationships. Study 1 revealed that Chinese and Euro-Americans organized their partner knowledge in equally compartmentalized ways, but Chinese were more likely to hold complex knowledge structures and to value both positive and negative partner knowledge. Study 2 demonstrated that Chinese were more likely than Euro-Americans to simultaneously hold positive and negative attitudes toward their partner and relationship (i.e., being ambivalent), both implicitly and explicitly. A measure of dialectical relationship beliefs was developed in Study 3 to explain cultural differences in ambivalent partner and relationship evaluations. These findings illuminate theories and research on intimate relationships from a cultural perspective.

2. Assessing the psychometric properties of the Hindi version of ECR-RS scale

Ritesh Kumar, Indian Institute of Technology RoorkeeRam Manohar Singh, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

The family systems worldwide are experiencing changes due to several forces such as urbanization, globalization, education, and women’s movement. These changes require exploration of relationship functioning in diverse cultures. Culture plays a



communication is open to be explored. Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy-based hyperscanning, this study measured accuracy of intention understanding and IBS of the 34 teacher-student pairs simultaneously during gesture communication. In the gesture communication task, students use actions to express their intentions, and the teacher speculates the intentions through the actions under three gesture conditions: fixed gesture vs. gesture observation vs. gesture imitation. Results showed that the participants in imitation condition were higher in accuracy and IBS at the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) than those in observation and fixed condition. The IBS in dlPFC was significantly correlated with the teachers’ accuracy in intention understanding. These results suggested that the gesture imitation can promote terchers’ understanding of students’ intentions, and IBS might be the neural marker for intention understanding.

2. The effects of teaching experience on neural synchrony during teacher-student problem solving

Weilong Xiao, Zhejiang Normal UniversityShuwei Lin, Zhejiang Normal UniversityHui Zhou, Jinhua Advanced Research InstituteLiting Fan, Zhejiang Normal UniversityHuanen Guo, Zhejiang Normal UniversityBinghai Sun, Zhejiang Normal UniversityWeijian Li, Zhejiang Normal University

Previous studies have shown that expert teacher-student dyads (ET-S) have batter behavioral performance than the novice teacher-student dyads (NT-S). One mechanism posited to underlie batter behavioral performance and collaboration might be the stronger interpersonal neural synchrony. Although presumably foundational for expert teacher’s batter behavioral performance, evidence for this assumption is lacking. In the current study, we used dual-functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to measure inter-neural synchrony (INS) between 47 teacher-student dyads to examine the effects of teaching experience on neural synchrony during a problem-solving task. In a cooperation condition, teachers and students were instructed to solve 3D model building task together. In an independent condition, teachers and students performed the same task alone with an opaque screen between them. Wavelet transform coherence was used to assess the cross-correlation between the two fNIRS time series. Results revealed that higher completion rate and batter teamwork were detected in the ET-S dyads in the cooperation condition. Moreover, increased INS was detected in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of participants in ET-S dyads, but not in NT-S dyads in the cooperation condition. Moreover, in ET-S dyads, INS was positively correlated with the scores of teachers’ perspective-taking and theory of mind. The results emphasize neural synchrony as a biomarker for teaching experience of the teachers. These findings further highlight the role of metallization ability in interpersonal synchronization processes linked to successful coordination with others and in the long-term might improve the understanding of others. Keywords: teaching experience; teacher-student interaction; fNIRS-based

4. Why Do Malaysian and Japanese Youths Desire to Stay Single?

Chee-Seng Tan, Universiti Tunku Abdul RahmanSiew-May Cheng, Universiti Tunku Abdul RahmanTomokazu Nakayama, Jissen Women’s University

It has been documented globally that young people prefer to stay single rather than involve in a romantic relationship with reported mixed impact of singlehood on well-being. While some studies indicated that singlehood is detrimental to well-being, others found benefits of being single. Moreover, the increasing rate of being single could cause some social issues such as low birthrate and decreasing market demands especially in aging societies. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the reason young people choose to be single. The present study aimed to address this issue across two countries guided by the Investment Model of Commitment process. A total of 445 Malaysian and 350 Japanese young adults responded to an online survey consisting of the 20-item desirability of control (DC) scale, 12-item relational mobility (RM) scale, 5-item financial threat (FT) scale, and the newly developed 9-item Single by Choice scale. Multiple regression analysis results showed that DC significantly associated with SbC for the Malaysian sample while RM significantly associated with SbC for the Japanese sample. The results not only shed light on the preference of staying single among young adults but also offer insights into the unique reason of them choosing to stay single in two cultural contexts. The findings indeed clarify the mixed findings of the effect of singlehood on well-being.

Paper Session 1 - ❷ - 7Social Neuroscience of Interpersional Interactions

Chair: Yuting Shao, Zhejiang Normal University

1. Gesture imitation promotes intention understanding in teacher-student communication: A fNIRS-based hyperscanning study

Yuting Shao, Zhejiang Normal UniversityWeijian Li, Zhejiang Normal UniversityBinghai Sun, Zhejiang Normal UniversityXiaofei Xu, Zhejiang Normal UniversityWeilong Xiao, Zhejiang Normal UniversityYu Tong, Zhejiang Normal UniversityLitong Zhu, Zhejiang Normal University

Teachers’ understanding of students’ intentions is an important factor influencing the quality of teacher-student interaction. In the previous study, increased interpersonal brain synchronization (IBS) was observed among dyads during gesture imitation relative to passive observation, and the imitation promoted the understanding of gesture intention. Whether this neural synchronization can be found in teacher-student gesture



in judgement based on crime type except in the instance of rape where, in the case of rape victims, alcohol consumption had a significant effect on blame while non-sexual crimes had no significant effects on judgement. This suggests that rape victims could be more vulnerable to secondary victimization compared to victims of other crimes. Lastly, participants placed more blame on the victim and less on the perpetrator when they were partners compared to when they were strangers. This shows that people tend to place blame more easily on the victim and less on the perpetrator solely because of their romantic relationship. This study showed that judgment can be biased especially toward intoxicated rape victims and in intimate partner violence cases.

2. The Association Between Social Class and Aggression: A Meta-Analytic Review

Bing Chen, Southwest UniversityChao Zhang, Southwest UniversityFan Feng, Southwest UniversityHua Xian, Southwest UniversityYufang Zhao, Southwest University

Substantial evidence links the social class to aggression. However, evidence of this association has been inconsistent. Some studies illustrated that a low social class level is inversely associated with aggression, while other studies demonstrated positive or null associations. We conducted a meta-analysis to estimate the average association between social class and aggression, and to examine the potential moderation effects. Social class showed a small but significant relationship with aggression among 144 studies. This relation, however, is moderated by study-level characteristics (e.g., national and cultural differences), sample-level characteristics (e.g., age), class-level characteristics (e.g., type, assessment, and source of social class), and aggression-level characteristics (e.g., type of aggression, and target’s responsibility). Additional analyses also revealed these effects to be robust, with little evidence of publication bias. Practical implications for future study and policy are discussed.

3. Hong Kong University Students’ Normative Beliefs about Aggression toward Police during Protests: The Role of Ecological Risks and Future Orientation

Jian-Bin Li, The Education University of Hong Kong

Dozens of social protests have occurred in Hong Kong with various political goals since June 2019. University students were actively involved in the protests and they upheld different attitudes about the use of aggression toward police during the protests. In this study, drawing upon the risk-resilience model, we aimed to understand the individual differences in normative beliefs about aggression toward police (NBAGG→P) and its association with multiple ecological risks (i.e., distrust in institutions, exposure to community violence, poor family monitoring, poor school discipline and affiliation with delinquent peers). Moreover, we examined the protective and moderating role of future

hyperscanning; neural synchrony; problem

3. Neural Variability Fingerprint Predict Individuals Information Security Violations

Qin Duan, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityZhengchuan Xu, Fudan UniversityQing Hu, Baruch College, The City University of New YorkSiyang Luo, Sun Yat-Sen University

The weakest part of the information security defense is the individuals in organizations, because of their knowledge of the information systems of the organizations. Therefore, it is important to predict individuals’ information security violations. Many studies have done to do it relying on interviews and surveys which both with common method bias or social desirability. Cognitive neuroscience methods provide insights into psychological processes remit these biases. In current study, we test whether the neural variability could predict information security violations. We applied the situational decision paradigm to assess the tendency to violate information security, and found that people are more likely to take actions in neutral conditions than in minor violation contexts and major violation contexts, and neural variability model including nodes within task control, default mode, visual, salience and attention network can predict information security violations. Results illustrate the predictive value of neural variability on information security violations.

Paper Session 1 - ❷ - 8Violent Aggression and Relational Conflicts

Chair: Sramana Majumdar, Ashoka University

1. Differences in Victim and Perpetrator Blaming by Crime Type, Victim-Perpetrator Relationship, and Victim’s Alcohol Consumption.

Eunkyung Jo, Sookmyung Women’s UniversityJisun Park, Sookmyung Women’s University

The current study examined the difference of judgment on victim and perpetrator in sexual and non-sexual violence and attempted to determine the roles of attitude and gender in it. A total of 12 scenarios were presented, considering the crime type (assault, rape, murder), victim-perpetrator relationship (stranger, partner), and victim’s alcohol consumption (consumed, not consumed). Participants (female=156, male=156) rated victim and perpetrator blaming and answered to the attitude toward interpersonal violence (ATIV) and subtle rape myth acceptance (SRMA) scale. The results showed, firstly, that there is an overall mediation effect of attitude (ATIV, SRMA) on the effect of gender to the judgment, offering a practical reason why we should focus on education to change the attitude accepting wrong beliefs, not just focusing on gender itself. Second, there were no clear differences



Paper Session 1 - ❷ - 9Community Psychology in the Era of COVID-19

Chair: Wulan Saroinsong, Universitas Negeri Surabaya

1. Teaching in the times of COVID-19: Exploring resilience and coping in Delhi school teachers

Madhumita Ramakrishna, Indian Institute of Technology DelhiPurnima Singh, Indian Institute of Technology DelhiMatthew Bambling, University of QueenslandSisira Edirippulige, University of Queensland

In context of the Covid -19 pandemic, globally there was a unified need to respond to an unprecedented adversity. The Indian education system had to rapidly adapt to under-utilized modes of enabling the teaching – learning process. Resorting to digital education for the first time, schools in the Delhi capital region, faced stress on two fronts – the reality of dealing with a global pandemic, and secondly continuing the teaching – learning process with a lack of resources and infrastructure. Albeit the universal nature of the pandemic, culture matters in understanding the response of a collective, and helps in identifying social factors that explain the resilience of a particular community. Given that adaptation to adversities goes beyond personal strength, this study attempted to understand the cultural resilience in the school teachers of Delhi by focusing on the impact of COVID-19 on their daily life experiences, to note their ability to cope with uncertainty and their adaptation to a new reality. Semi structured interviews were conducted with 25 teachers in Delhi to explore their experiences pre- and post-pandemic, by asking them to reflect on their experiences over ten months of lockdown to understand the role of social ecology in coping. Data was analysed using reflexive thematic analysis and the following themes emerged – disengagement, emotional and technological connect, forced adaptation to change and loss. Insights from teachers on student mental health as a result of social isolation is also highlighted. Keywords: COVID-19, cultural resilience , school teachers, digital teaching, Delhi Capital region,

2. Religious Belief Predicts Student’s Life Satisfaction in Pandemic COVID 19

Wulan Saroinsong, Universitas Negeri SurabayaMochamad Nursalim, Universitas Negeri SurabayaBrwa Aziz Sidiq, Human Development UniversitySiti Ina Safira, Universitas Negeri Surabaya

Currently Pandemic chaos has been changed people habituation to the new normal life system. It leads the researcher to study on life satisfaction in Pandemic situation. It was purposed to reveal the impact of religious belief toward Student’s life satisfaction in pandemic COVID-19. This study has connected within 200 students, which are divided into three continents such as Asia, America, and Africa. The self-report questionnaire used Google

orientation. A total of 1,025 Hong Kong university students participated in a cross-sectional survey. Results showed that about 80% students (valid N=1,019) had joined the protests and about 45% of them (valid N=802) had shown aggression during the protests. Students reported medium levels of NBAGG→P and these aggressive beliefs were related to more participation in protests and more use of aggression during the protests. Except for poor family monitoring, other ecological risks and a positive orientation were related to higher and lower levels of NBAGG→P, respectively, net the effect of demographic variables and general normative beliefs about aggression. Moreover, future orientation moderated the link between distrust in institutions and NBAGG→P. Ironically, this relation was stronger for students with a more positive future orientation compared to those with a less positive future orientation. These findings provide insights for reducing young people’s aggressive attitude and promoting positive civic engagement.

4. Living in intractable conflict: Reviewing links between violence, aggression and gender

Sramana Majumdar, Ashoka University

Traditionally, most of conflict literature has focused on homogenous opposing groups ignoring the intragroup identities and differences therein. Intersectional questions have added more nuance to the social psychological understanding of conflict in recent years with gender being one of the most important explorations within that subject. This paper examines gendered experiences of exposure to political violence through different quantitative and qualitative findings from a study conducted with youth in the long disputed region of Kashmir Valley. I begin by examining political conflicts as masculine militarized spaces and how gender roles are negotiated and represented in these circumstances. This is substantiated by accounts and literature on Kashmiri women and their role in the political resistance so far. Secondly I present evidence from a qualitative paper on the understanding of violence and highlight the gendered differences in the meaning making of ‘violence’ and ‘trauma’ among youth in Kashmir, emphasizing how military violence (specifically sexual violence) lead to specific limitations for women. Lastly, I will present findings from a quantitative study to show interaction effects of exposure to violence and aggression with gender to discuss-i) why direct violence as opposed to collective violence has a stronger interaction effect on aggression for women vis-a-vis men and ii) why more experiences with direct violence leads to less aggression among women while the reverse seems to be happening among men. By critically examining experiences of violence and mental health outcomes, the discussion aims to raise questions and draw attention to a gendered understanding of large-scale violence.



psychologists have worked to understand the impacts of economic inequality and social class. The research presented in this symposium considers the influences of economic inequality and social class on motivations, emotions, and psychological functioning by covering four research papers. The first paper examined the associations of income inequality with school belongingness. The second paper investigated how income inequality and social class interactively affect desires for wealth and status. The third paper focused on how income inequality shapes emotions. The last paper examined the role of socioeconomic status in psychological functioning.

1. Greater Income Inequality is Associated with Lower Belonging at School

Ronnel B. King, University of MacauMingming Chiu, The Education University of Hong KongHongfei Du, Beijing Normal University

Students’ school belonging is critical to overall academic and socioemotional functioning. However, past studies of school belonging have mostly focused on the proximal micro and meso-system antecedents. The role of the broader macro societal environment is seldom examined. In this study, we focus particularly on income inequality at the societal level and how it is associated with students’ school belonging. We further examined whether socioeconomic status at the family and school level moderates the harmful effects of inequality on belonging. We analyzed 822,230 students’ survey responses from 65 countries/regions using three waves of data (2000, 2003, and 2012) from the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA). Results showed that country-level inequality in the past year was associated with lower school belonging, controlling for other variables at the country, school, and student-levels. Moreover, for students from high socioeconomic status families and more advantaged schools, the association between income inequality and lower school belonging was weakened. This study demonstrates the importance of economic inequality in understanding school belonging.

2. Restless in an unequal world? Social class, economic inequality, and the desire for wealth and status

Zhechen Wang, Fudan UniversityJolanda Jetten, University of QueenslandNik Steffens, University of Queensland

Social class influences people’s goals, values, and perceptions, while economic inequality affects people’s attitudes and behaviors. Across a set of preliminary studies (total N=156,000), we found that higher social class is associated with a greater desire for wealth and status. Building upon the neo-material and the status anxiety perspectives, we further examine whether economic inequality might influence people’s attitude towards wealth and status. First, using experimental designs, we found that people in the high inequality condition reported a greater desire

Form platform for collecting the data. This study confirmed that religious belief has predicted student’s life satisfaction in pandemic COVID-19. Student who has high life satisfaction might control their life habit, activities and perspective according to their own belief. It has contributed to the mental health education area to encourage students in the learning process; either school curriculum might maintain as student psychological needs. Broadly, the SDGs goal in education welfare encourage the reconciliation among nations during Pandemic crisis.

3. The Role of Psychological Capital in Predicting Entrepreneurial Success in Tourism, Culinary, and Service Industry During the Pandemic of COVID-19

Anindya Pritanadhira, PT. Quantum Edukasindo ParadigmaLisa Ardaniyati, Universitas Semarang; State Islamic Institution Salatiga

The Pandemic of COVID-19 had caused degradation of income among many countries in the world, including Indonesia. The survey from the Central of Statistic Bureau in Indonesia showed three enterprise sectors which experienced highest percentage of income degradation, among others: accommodation and culinary enterprise (92.67%), service industry (90.90%), and transportation and warehouse (90.34%). During the pandemic of COVID-19, the reduction of financial income was caused reduction in customers’ loyalty. The reduction in customers’ loyalty influenced by the fear of the customer to use the service which was perceived as one of the source of covid-19 transmission. Shane (2003) defined entrepreneurial success as a process of discovering, evaluating, and trial to initiate sophisticated way in organizing, promoting, and preparing raw materials to produce novel goods and services. One of the aspect of human resource which influence entrepreneurial success is psychological capital. Luthans, Youssef, & Avolio (2007) divided the components of psychological capital into: hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism. Previous research from Baluku, Kikooma, and Kibanja (2016) proved that psychological capital influenced entrepreneurial success among small start-up companies. Psychological Capital play a role in fostering human resource of the company in solving problems, such as : new competitor, shifting of consumer behavior, and the change of situation and condition. It could foster the entrepreneurs to implement some changes, such as : shifting business sector, reducing market segmentation, and transform the whole business processes and goals (Tucci & Clouse, 2005). Keyword (s) : psychological capital, hope, efficacy, resilience, optimism, entrepreneurial success

Symposium 1 - ❸ - 1Understanding economic inequality and social class in social psychology

Chair: Hongfei Du, Beijing Normal University

Due to the widely rising economic inequality in the world,



social network members and predicted lower power from non-family network among Chinese older adults. Income predicted better positive psychological functioning (i.e., general health, vitality, social functioning, flourishing, positive affect and happiness) but lower negative affect and depressive symptoms among Chinese older adults. While subjective SES predicted different indicators for psychological functioning across young and old adults, it showed stronger associations with happiness and positive affect among older adults than among young adults. The study highlights the unique roles of different SES indicators in determining health disparities across different populations.

Paper Session 1 - ❸ - 2Culture, Diversity, and Intergroup Relations (1)

Chair: Katja Albada, University of Groningen

1. Ibang Tao at Hindi Ibang Tao: Understanding the Korean Immigrants’ Experiences of Kapwa through Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis

Kaela Aleeah Leyretana, Ateneo De Manila UniversityJulianna Soberano, Ateneo De Manila UniversityShinyee Park, Ateneo De Manila UniversityMendiola Teng-Calleja, Ateneo De Manila University

This study explored the experiences of Korean immigrants in the Philippines through the lens of the classic Philippine Psychology theory Kapwa. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was utilized to make sense of the data collected from interviews with 12 Korean immigrants. Overall results enumerated five superordinate themes: (1) The expression of Kapwa in Filipino-Korean Interactions, (2) The Role of Language in the Immigrants’ Experiences, (3) Lack of Kapwa in Filipino Behavior, (4) Koreans’ Perceptions of Filipino Culture, and (5) Hallyu as Koreans’ Acquired social capital. Implications of the study to the Kapwa theory and Filipinos’ treatment of immigrants are discussed.

2. Destination-country language proficiency and cultural (dis)involvement in immigrant acculturation

Ilkhom Khalimzoda, University of JyvaskylaMarko Siitonen, University of Jyvaskyla

Most studies in the American context indicate that the destination country’s language proficiency and preference in daily interactions facilitate immigrant acculturation. It is also vital to examine local language proficiency and preference in countries where the immigrant sending and receiving societies have strained relations or immigration from certain areas has been scrutinized. Against this backdrop, this comparative study looks into Russian speakers’ acculturation in Finland and Latvia by contrasting their cultural (dis)involvement (Carlson & Güler, ) with their self-reported language proficiency and preference. Drawing on survey data collected from both countries (N=225), the findings

to have more wealth and status than those in the low inequality condition (Ns=488 and 321). Then correlational and cross-cultural studies showed that economic inequality is associated with a greater desire for both wealth and status as well (Ns=244 and 141,477). Moreover, our analyses show that the effect of inequality on desire varies as a function of social class. Particularly, the “greater inequality—heightened desire” relationship was stronger among lower- than upper-class individuals. We conclude that inequality creates a more threatening uncertain environment in which lower-class individuals have a greater need to strive for more wealth and status to buffer themselves against these threats.

3. Income Inequality Induces Negative Emotions

Hongfei Du, Beijing Normal UniversityAnli Chen, Guangzhou University

Income inequality has been considered as a ‘social evil’, such that in more unequal areas, individuals have poorer well-being, worse social relationship, and lower trust and fairness. However, little is known on whether and how income inequality shapes emotions. We propose that income inequality would decrease positive emotions and increase negative emotions. We conducted three experiments and manipulated income inequality so as to investigate the effect of income inequality on emotions. Across the three experiments (N=450), income inequality increased negative emotions, but had no effects on positive emotions. The effects of income inequality on negative emotions were accounted for by beliefs in system justice, but not by social comparison and attributions in wealth. That is, in condition of more income inequality, individuals had weaker beliefs in system justice, which in turn induces more negative emotions. Last, income inequality increased negative emotions in both high- and low-class individuals, which suggests high social class did not buffer the effects of income inequality. This work demonstrates the impact of income inequality on negative aspects of emotions.

4. Age-Specific Roles of Objective and Subjective Socioeconomic Status in Predicting Psychological and Interpersonal Outcomes

Jin You, Wuhan UniversitySiqi Liu, Wuhan University

Cross-cultural studies have documented the importance for objective socioeconomic status (SES) for psychological functioning for East Asians. Yet, few studies have examined their implication for interpersonal functioning and the potential within-culture variations. This study examined how objective and subjective SES predicted psychological and interpersonal outcomes among Chinese young (N=202) and old adults (N=176). Results showed that objective SES (i.e., education and income) well predicted psychosocial functioning among Chinese older adults. Specifically, education predicted the perception of lower warmth but higher negativity from family, friends, and other



Siti Maisarah, State islamic University of Sultan Syarif Kasim RiauIvan Muhammad Agung, State islamic University of Sultan Syarif Kasim RiauDesma Husni, State islamic University of Sultan Syarif Kasim RiauYasser Khadafi, State islamic University of Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau

Tolerance is one of the keys to peace for all people in the world. The essence of tolerance brings a lot of attention, to be able to live side by side with each other regardless of differences. By using the approach of constructive realism indigenous psychology, the aim of this study was to explore constructs of tolerance in adolescents in Pekanbaru, Indonesia. A total of 449 adolescents (N. Multi-responses=2245) completed open-ended questions on tolerance. Categorization, Open coding, axial coding, then cross-tabulation were run to see features of the data. The results show that Human Values (57.2%) became the largest construct when adolescents asked 5 words related to tolerance. Furthermore, tolerance as Self-Concept (24.7%), Harmony of Life (12.5%), Self-actualization (4.4%), and Culture & Tradition (1.2%). The cross-tabulation analysis shows that the Human Values of 41.4% (N. single-response: 449) was the highest proportion of the tolerance constructs on females, and followed by 28.7% on males. The results show that adolescents in Indonesia understand if human values as the main construct of tolerance that dominated by females, following tolerance as a self-concept, a harmony of life, as a form of self-actualization, and as culture & tradition in Pekanbaru, Indonesia.

2. Internalization of Tolerance Value: A Study of Indigenous Psychology

Eka Cahyani, Center for indigenous psychologyReni Pertiwi, Center for indigenous psychologyTiara Gustriani, Center for indigenous psychologyMughni Hidayati, Center for indigenous psychologyIvan Muhammad Agung, Center for indigenous psychologyDesma Husni, Center for indigenous psychologyYasser Khadafi, Center for indigenous psychology

The purpose of this study was to determine the source and process of learning the value of tolerance in high school students in Pekanbaru, Indonesian with a total of 534 participants consisting of 237 males and 297 females ranging in age from 14-19 years. The research instrument used an open-ended questionnaire by applying the analysis method of the indigenous psychology study approach. The results showed that family, school, community, religion, experience and, media are sources informing the value of tolerance. While the process of tolerance value is through teaching (30.3%), experience (25.8%), social learning (13.7%), learning (9.9%), and advice (5.4%). The findings also show that there are differences between ethnicity and gender in internalizing the value of tolerance. The conclusion of this study is the internalization of tolerance values based on different sources and processes for each individual. Keywords: Tolerance, Source of tolerance, Internalization of values

show if the Russian speakers’ everyday language use is related to their acculturation. Analyzes of other influencing factors such as age, sex, education, citizenship, and short/long term orientation are also presented. Keywords: acculturation, migrant, Russian diaspora, language proficiency, preference, Latvia, Finland

3. When cultures clash: Links between perceived cultural distance in values and host-society members’ attitudes towards migrants

Katja Albada, University of GroningenNina Hansen, University of GroningenSabine Otten, University of Groningen

Migration has become a challenge for many countries and elicits mixed reactions among citizens. Negative responses towards migrants seem to be especially the case when migrants are perceived as culturally distinct from the host-society. However, little is known about which specific cultural differences may evoke negative attitudes. Therefore, we investigated when and why perceived cultural distance (PCD) is associated with negative migrant attitudes by focussing on differences in cultural values. We expected that PCD in social values (focus on relationships and society) would be more negatively linked to attitudes towards migrants than PCD in personal values (focus on individual needs and gains) and would be mediated by symbolic threat. In two quasi-experimental studies (N=200, N=668), with Dutch host-society members, we simultaneously tested effects of respondents’ perception of Dutch values, their perceptions of migrant values, and the PCD between Dutch-migrant values on attitudes. We systematically investigated perceptions of three distinct migrant groups (Moroccan, Syrian, Polish). For all three migrant groups, PCD in social values was associated with more negative attitudes, less tolerance towards migrants, and less support for policies improving migrants’ position in society. Moreover, this relationship was mediated by symbolic threat. These links were weaker for personal values showing that not all cultural differences may play a role in intergroup relations. Importantly, especially PCD in social values may mark an important turning point for intercultural-group relations.

Paper Session 1 - ❸ - 3Culture, Diversity, and Intergroup Relations (2)

Chair: Anggi Fithrian Fathimah, Center for Indigenous Psychology,

1. Tolerance in Adolescents: An Exploration Study Using Constructive Realism-Indigenous Psychology Approach

Habibah Habibah, State islamic University of Sultan Syarif Kasim RiauArjuna Putra Darma Wangsya, State islamic University of Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau



is open-ended questionnaire which is analyzed using content analysis and descriptive analysis with the indigenous psychology approach. The results of this study showed participant who answered tolerance was very important (70.6%), important (23.2%), and quite important (5.4%) and (0.2%) answered that tolerance was not important. Assessment of the importance of tolerance for adolescents is based on 5 answer categories, that is unity (32.6%), relationships (32%), needs (15.4%), self-development (8.8%) and application of values (3.2%). The results of this study will be discussed within the context of indigenous psychology in Indonesia.

Paper Session 1 - ❸ - 4Intercultural Attitudes in Multiple Contexts

Chair: Xavier Javines Bilon, University of the Philippines Diliman

1. What Predicts Homonegativity in Southeast Asian Countries? Evidence from the World Values Survey

Xavier Javines Bilon, University of the Philippines DilimanJose Antonio Clemente, University of the Philippines Diliman

Negative attitudes toward lesbian women and gay men continue to exist in Southeast Asian countries. This study identified predictors of homonegativity or negative attitudes toward lesbian women and gay men that are generally consistent across the countries in the region. Using nationally-representative probability samples from the seventh round of World Values Survey, logistic regression analysis was employed to country-level data sets in six of the 11 Southeast Asian countries: Indonesia (N=3,200), Malaysia (N=1,313), Myanmar (N=1,200), the Philippines (N=1,200), Thailand (N=1,500) and Vietnam (N=1,200). With 20 predictors contained in the full models—including values, beliefs, affect variables, and socioeconomic and demographic variables—six parsimonious country-level logistic regression models were obtained through backward selection based on the Akaike information criterion. Results suggest that four values and one demographic variable are consistent predictors of homonegativity in Southeast Asia. Endorsements of equality, choice, and agnosticism were found to be consistent predictors of lower levels of homonegative attitudes, while endorsement of relativism was found to be a consistent predictor of higher levels of homonegativity. Age was also deemed a consistent predictor, with older people in the region more likely having negative attitudes toward lesbian women and gay men than younger people. Implications of the findings on a more culturally informed model of homonegativity and recommendations for future research and interventions targeting these values were discussed.

2. Acculturative Stress and Eating Disinhibition among Asian College Students in the United States

3. The Form, Factors and Effects of Tolerance in Teenagers Perspectives: A Review of Indigenous Psychology

Anggi Fithrian Fathimah, Center for Indigenous PsychologyMuhammad Algi Saputra, Center for Indigenous PsychologyMirza F. Al-Islami, Center for Indigenous PsychologyIvan M. Agung, Center for Indigenous PsychologyDesma Husni, Center for Indigenous PsychologyYasser Khadafi, Center for Indigenous Psychology

This study aims to determine the form, factors, and effects of tolerance on teenagers in Pekanbaru, Indonesia. The study participants were 534 teenagers from 6 high schools (female=297, male=237) with ages 13-19. The data were obtained by presenting 3 (three) open-ended questionnaires, which were analyzed using content and descriptive analysis with the Indigenous Psychology approach. The findings indicate several things, namely: First, forms of tolerance in students in Pekanbaru include prosocial behavior (34.1%), appreciation (28.1%), impartiality (15.9), acceptance (9.9 %), and respect (7.5%). Second, the behavior of tolerance in students is triggered by personality factors (68.7%), interpersonal relationships (6.4%), religiosity (5.2%), environmental (5.1%), emotions (4.9%), and learning. (2.1%). Third, after taking tolerance measures, the effects felt by students were positive emotions (Happiness, empathy, and gratefulness) (69.3%), neutral effects (9.0%), benevolence (6.0%), negative emotions (Sadness, disappointment, and anger) (5.4%) and personal quality improvement (4.3%). The finding of the study will be discussed using the perspective of Indigenous Psychology.

4. Urgency of tolerance in adolescents: An overview of indigenous psychology

Aldawiyah, Center for Indigenous Psychology, State Islamic University of Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau, IndonesiaNovi Alzuhra, Center for Indigenous Psychology, State Islamic University of Sultan Syarif Kasim RiauHarsa Rahmi, Center for Indigenous Psychology, State Islamic University of Sultan Syarif Kasim RiauUmi Putri, Center for Indigenous Psychology, State Islamic University of Sultan Syarif Kasim RiauYuda Syaputra, Center for Indigenous Psychology, State Islamic University of Sultan Syarif Kasim RiauIvan Agung, Center for Indigenous Psychology, State Islamic University of Sultan Syarif Kasim RiauDesma Husni, Center for Indigenous Psychology, State Islamic University of Sultan Syarif Kasim RiauYasser Khadafi, Center for Indigenous Psychology, State Islamic University of Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau

This research aims to determine the importance of being a tolerant person and the reasons for the importance of being a tolerant person among adolescents. Participant in this study were 534 adolescent students (male=237 and female=297) with criteria aged 15-18 years from 6 Senior High Schools in Pekanbaru city, Indonesia. The instrument used in this research



Paper Session 1 - ❸ - 5Self, Identity, and Individual Differences

Chair: Margo Turnbull, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

1. Nostalgia Strengthens Global Self-Continuity Through Holistic Thinking

Emily Hong, Seoul National UniversityConstantine Sedikides, University of SouthamptonTim Wildschut, University of Southampton

Nostalgia, a sentimental longing for one’s meaningful past, promotes global self-continuity (GSC), a sense of connection among one’s past, present, and future selves. We identified a cognitive mechanism for this effect: holistic thinking, and in particular interactional causality (presupposing multiple causes that interact to influence an object’s behaviour). In three studies, using measurement-of-mediation and experimental-causal-chain designs, nostalgia was related to, and caused, higher GSC through interactional causality. In cross-sectional Study 1, trait nostalgia was associated with GSC via interactional causality. In Study 2, induced nostalgia led to higher interactional causality and ensuing GSC. In Study 3, manipulated interactional causal thinking increased GSC.

2. Identity work and emotion in Hong Kong: A case study of social rupture

Margo Turnbull, The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityYing Jin, University of MacauBeatrice Lok, Caritas Institute of Higher EducationAlexandra Sanderson, Child-HKBernadette Watson, The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityAmos Yung, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Dramatic social events such as civil unrest, natural disasters, and health crisis have well-documented impacts upon individuals and communities. Although such events are becoming more common globally, there is limited empirical research that explores how individuals renegotiate identity and community connections in the immediate aftermath of a crisis event. We present a case study to explore identity work and emotion after social rupture by drawing on the 2019 social unrest in Hong Kong. The most recent prolonged period of unrest in Hong Kong began in June 2019, culminating in a ‘general strike’ in November of that year. Various groups converged onto some of the city’s university campuses with strategic positions around main roads and tunnels of the city. The conflict escalated and resulted in severe damage to university property. University campuses were locked down for repairs and face-to-face learning and teaching and research abruptly stopped. Our study draws on social constructionist approaches, with particular reference to the work of Beech (2011) and Sablonniere et al. (2019) to present an exploration of the identity work done by individual community members in the aftermath of these events.

Peiyi Wang, University of California IrvineEsmeralda Garcia, University of California IrvineIlona Yim, University of California Irvine

The aims of the current study were to 1) examine the relationship between acculturative stress and eating disinhibition among Asian college students in the United States, and 2) investigate the mediating effect of depressive symptoms and 3) the moderating effect of cultural orientation on this association. Asian college students (N=477; 78% females; Mage=20.35, SD=1.72) participated in this online cross-sectional study. As predicted, higher acculturative stress, specifically that due to intercultural relations, was associated with higher eating disinhibition, after controlling for general perceived stress and demographic information, b=3.45, p=.001. Depressive symptoms partially mediated this link, ab=0.35, 95%CIboot [0.04, 0.77]. This mediation model varied based on Asian students’ sex and cultural orientation. Particularly, the association between intercultural relations stress and depressive symptoms was driven by Asian male participants, b=-1.00, p=.028, 95%CIboot [-1.90, -0.11], indicating that among male students, depressive symptoms partially explained this link between intercultural relations stress and eating disinhibition. Among female students, intercultural relations stress and eating disinhibition were directly related, but only among those who reported low on heritage cultural orientation (b=3.99, 95% CIboot=1.39, 6.60) or high on mainstream American cultural orientation (b=3.15, 95% CIboot=0.84, 5.46). The study findings suggest that cultural-specific stressors can uniquely impact Asian’s appetite regulation. The results can inform college health professionals to target at-risk Asian individuals and improve cultural competence in problematic eating counseling and intervention services.

3. Trust and Signaling of Good Intention among Chinese, Japanese and Americans

Yang Li, Tamagawa UniversityNobuhiro Mifune, Kochi University of Technology

Trust plays an integral role in effective interpersonal and social functioning. While the cultural difference between Western and Eastern societies (e.g. U.S. and Japan) has received great attention, substantial cultural difference within East Asian societies has also been reported. Some previous results indicate that the motivation of signaling their good intentions to the counterpart might be related. In this study, we conduct an online hypothetical game experiments among Chinese, Japanese and Americans, where people report their willingness to trust and to reciprocate in a Trust Game (TG) and a Faith Game (FG). To our surprise, although we replicated that behavioral trust is highest among Americans, and Chinese is more trusting than Japanese, and people are more trusting when they can signal their trust (TG) then when they cannot do so (FG), no interactions was found.



dispositional materialism. Then, participants were randomly assigned to two conditions: identity clarity or control. Participants in the identity clarity condition were asked to write about the experiences when they clearly felt about and grasped their self-identity. On the other hand, participants in the control condition were asked to describe what had happened the day before without including any subjective thoughts or feelings. Right after the writing task, participants completed a measure of state materialism. Supporting the hypotheses, PAAP and dispositional materialism were positively related. Also, in the identity clarity condition, participants showed decreased state materialism, while there was no significant difference between participant’s state materialism and dispositional materialism in the control condition. Lastly, identity clarity manipulation moderated the relation between PAAP and state materialism. Our findings indicate that experiencing clear self-identity in one’s daily lives may be one way to reduce the influence of parental achievement pressure and to diminish materialism.

Paper Session 1 - ❸ - 6Mental Health of Children and Adolescents

Chair: Wen Liu, Liaoning Nomal University

1. Effects of Vestibular Stimulation Techniques in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Brown Pak Long Chan, The Open University of Hong KongWing Yee Ho, The Open University of Hong Kong

Background: The literature on Ayres Sensory Integration (ASI) therapy has long-recognized the benefits of vestibular stimulation, particularly in relation to occupational therapy. Children with poor discrimination of proprioceptive and vestibular input usually show poor attention and are constantly moving and fidgeting. Learning becomes difficult without proper and sufficient sensory integration, and affected individuals typically feel uncomfortable about themselves. However, most studies have evaluated the ASI in an occupational therapy context and very few studies have examined its use in the classroom. Objective: This interdisciplinary study evaluated the effectiveness of 30-minute vestibular stimulation techniques (e.g., super tramp, slides, seesaws) in improving attention to tasks in students aged 8-10 years with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Method: Three children with ADHD received the intervention, whereas 5 children with ADHD did not. The attention levels, executive function, and disruptive behaviors of the participants were assessed using ADHD Rating Scale-5 for children and structured observations before and after the 5-day intervention. Results: The result showed that the vestibular stimulation techniques increased the level of attention, improved executive function, and thus decreased disruptive behaviors of the ADHD training group. Conclusions: Children with ADHD increased the level of attention

We use qualitative interview data from 60 staff and students from University A to explore how the language of emotion reflected sense-making and identity reformation from these interviews. Data analysis indicates various types of loss and the manifestation of emotions associated with stress, anxiety and uncertainty. The findings of this research inform the social and psychological study of conflict, identity and emotion.

3. Mu Opioid Receptor Gene (OPRM1) Moderates the Influence of Perceived Parental Attention on Social Support Seeking

Shaofeng Zheng, Nagoya UniversityTakahiko Masuda, University of AlbertaMasahiro Matsunaga, Aichi Medical UniversityYasuki Noguchi, Kobe UniversityYohsuke Ohtsubo, Kobe UniversityHidenori Yamasue, Hamamatsu University School of MedicineKeiko Ishii, Nagoya University

Parenting has been associated with social support seeking among children and young adolescents. However, to date, no research has investigated the role of perceived parental attention in social support seeking in early adulthood. And there is a growing body of research suggests that the μ-opioid receptor gene polymorphism (OPRM1 A118G) moderates individual’s responsiveness to negative social experience. Inspired by the differential susceptibility theory of gene-environment interaction, through self-report measures, the current research examined the main effect of perceived parental attention and its interaction with OPRM1 polymorphism on emotional support seeking and instrumental support seeking respectively among 416 Japanese undergraduate students. No significant main effect of perceived parental attention emerged. Importantly, the interactive effect of perceived parental attention and OPRM1 genotypes was significant both in emotional support seeking and instrumental support seeking. Specifically, perceived parental attention only significantly and positively predicted the OPRM1 GG carriers’ emotional support seeking and instrumental support seeking in response to stress. These findings supported that OPRM1 polymorphism moderates the association between childhood experiences and developmental outcomes.

4. The Relation between Parental Academic Achievement Pressure and Materialism: Moderating Role of Identity Clairty

Da Ye Lee, Korea UniversityHajung Cho, Korea UniversitySun W. Park, Korea University

Previous research has shown that experiencing clear (vs. unclear) self-identity may lead to lower (vs. higher) levels of materialism. The present research aimed to examine the relation between parental academic achievement pressure (PAAP) and materialism, and whether identity clarity moderates the relation. A total of 120 participants were recruited from a private university in South Korea. Participants completed self-report measures of PAAP and



reappraisal. However, little research has explored that how depression influence children’s cognitive reappraisal. The present study aimed to test the mediation effects of attention bias in the relationship of childhood depression and cognitive reappraisal. A sample of 90 children were randomly selected to completed the measurements of depression and habitual cognitive reappraisal, instructive cognitive reappraisal by the behavioral experiment, as well as attention bias by eye movement technique. Results showed that depression significantly negatively predicted the use of habitual cognitive reappraisal, but did not show a linear predictive effect on the instructive cognitive reappraisal, so that the relationship of the two needs to be further explored. Furthermore, the total fixation time bias score for sad faces mediated the relationship between depression and habitual cognitive reappraisal, while the other bias score for sad faces and any bias score for happy faces were not significantly correlated with the two variables. In conclusion, Attention bias plays the underlying mediating role between children’s depression and habitual cognitive reappraisal.

4. The Relationship between Effortful Control and Depressed of 9~12-year-old Children: the Role of Attention Networks and Emotion Regulation

Wen Liu, Liaoning Normal UniversityJiaqi Zhang, Liaoning Normal UniversityXiangrui Meng, Liaoning Normal University

Children in primary school are not mature in physiology and psychology. Facing the increasingly heavy academic pressure makes them easily troubled by depression. Effortful control is a regulatory dimension of temperament, which is conducive to the development of children’ s mental health. Therefore, we explored the relationship between children’ s effort control and depression, and the important role of attention network and emotion regulation between them. We selected 207 9~12-year-old participants (M=10.62，SD=1.66), and used the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire, Children’ s Depression Inventory, the Kid version of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and the Attention Networks Test. Results showed that executive attention and cognitive emotion regulation strategies play a chain mediating role between children’ s effortful control and depression. Children’ s effort control negatively predicted depression (β=-0.395, P<0.001), effort control positively predicted executive attention (β=0.451, P<0.001), executive attention positively predicted adaptive cognitive emotion regulation (β=0.355, P<0.001), and negatively predicted non-adaptive cognitive emotion regulation (β=-0.527, P<0.001). Adaptive cognitive emotion regulation could negatively predict depression (β=-0.321, P<0.001), and non-adaptive cognitive emotion regulation could positively predict depression (β=0.424, P<0.001). The conclusion shows that the higher level of effortful control, the greater the effect of attention network implementation, which makes children use more adaptive cognitive emotion regulation or less non-adaptable cognitive emotion regulation, and ultimately reduce their depression.

and improved classroom executive function, consequently reducing disruption in the classroom; thus, using the 5-day vestibular stimulation intervention positively affected children with ADHD. Implications: Children can be provided with early intervention and one or more therapies, including medical interventions and occupational therapy. These combined treatments could decrease inattention, improve executive functioning, and decrease disruptive behaviors.

2. The Relationship between Anxiety and Attention Bias in 8-12 years old Children and the Intervention Effect of Attention Bias Training

Wen Liu, Liaoning Nomal UniversityXin Dong, Liaoning Nomal UniversityMengya Li, Liaoning Nomal University

Anxiety affects children’s physical and mental health. Interventions that can relieve anxiety in Children have become a hot topic. The present study explores the relationship between anxiety and attention bias, and verifies the effectiveness of attention bias training in alleviating children’s anxiety. The study first used questionnaire to investigate the characteristics of anxiety in 534 children aged 8 to 12 years, and on this basis, randomly selected 184 children aged 8~12 years, and used eye tracking technology to measure children’s attention bias. We analyzed the characteristics of children’s attention bias and discussed the relationship between anxiety and attention bias. The results showed that comparing with neutral faces, children were more sensitive to emotional faces. As children grew older, their perception of happy and fearful faces tended to speed up and showed less attention bias to fearful faces. In addition, The study found that children’s attention bias to fearful faces and somatic/panic could predict the development of the other to a certain extent. Children aged 8~12 years old with anxiety were recruited from the above study. Finally, 58 children volunteered to participate in the experiment, including 29 in the experimental group. An eight sessions attention bias training was conducted. The results showed that attention bias training had a certain intervention effect on children’s attention bias, but the effect was not significant. However, the attention bias training had a significant effect on the overall anxiety, social phobia and school phobia.

3. The Relationship between Depression and Cognitive Reappraisal in Children aged 8~12: The Mediating Effect of Attention Bias

Wen Liu, Liaoning Normal UniversityNi Zhang, Liaoning Normal UniversityWeiwei Wang, Liaoning Normal University

Depression, one of the most common mental health problems in childhood, seriously affects their social and cognitive function. Cognitive reappraisal is the most common positive emotion regulation strategy, which can prevent the development of depression. Previous studies have found a direct and stable negative relationship between depression and cognitive



3. The Role of Work Meaningfulness and Organizational-Citizenship Behaviour towards Work Engagement during Work from Home

Rahadian Dandyaswara Hidayat, Universitas Gadjah MadaIndrayanti Indrayanti, Universitas Gadjah Mada

During the pandemic, the demand of working while staying home is still at large. In this case, employees are still required to have work engagement by organization. This study aims to examine the role of Organizational-Citizenship Behavior and Work Meaningfulness as the predictors to bring up employee’s Work Engagement during working from home. A survey study was conducted using UWES-17 Scale of employee engagement, Organizational Citizenship Behavior Scale, and Work and Meaningfulness Inventory Scale towards 130 employees who came from different institutions in Indonesia. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Results show that OCB and Work Meaningfulness are simultaneously have significant role to bring up employee’s work engagement while work from home (b=0.226; p<0.00 and b=0.961, p<0.01, respectively). Work Meaningfulness has greater contribution to enhance employee engagement without down playing the role of Organization Citizenship Behavior.

4. What Make Employees Feel Engaged during Work from Home? A study from Indonesia

Siti Sholichah, Universitas Gadjah MadaIndrayanti Indrayanti, Universitas Gadjah Mada

In the pandemic situation, organizations still have to pay attention to make employee feel engaged during work from home. This is to ensure that the organization can still achieve organizational goals. This study aims to examine the antecedent to support employee engagement during work from home including internal and external factors. Data were collected using survey questionnaire and UWES scale of employee engagement from 437 employees in various institutions in Indonesia. Data were analyzed using JASP statistical analysis. The results show that during work from home, employee still keep engaged to the organization. Generation X has a higher engagement rate than millennial. Marital status, having school children online, and trust in leader have become the most antecedent to maintain employee engagement. Interestingly, friendship in the organization does not have a significant role in employee engagement. Thus, family condition and positive relation with leader could maintain employee engagement during work from home.

Paper Session 1 - ❸ - 8Perspectives on the Multifaceted Experience of Stigmatized Groups

Chair: Viyanga Gunasekera, University of Peradeniya

Paper Session 1 - ❸ - 7The Pursuit of Meaningfulness and Engagement at Work

Chair: Indrayanti Indrayanti, Universitas Gadjah Mada

1. Finding a meaning at work from the different perspective on two generations

Indrayanti Indrayanti, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Work meaningfulness has become a management concern in order to ensure the welfare of employees in order to encourage the achievement of organizational goals as seen from the mutual gain’s paradigm. This study aims to determine work meaningfulness in the view of millennial generation and generation X in terms of work engagement and leader member exchange. A mix-study with a questionnaire and an open-ended questionnaire, was conducted in the form of an online survey of 448 employees in Indonesia. Four scales are used, namely Work Meaningfulness Scale, Work Life Balance Scale, Work Engagement Scale, and Leader Member Exchange. Data were analyzed using regression analysis on two generations of data. The results show that the work meaningfulness of millennial employees is not related to the dimensions of personal life interfere work life and work interfere personal life, but is related to work / personal life enhancement, engagement, and LMX. On the other hand, leader member exchange does not affect work meaningfulness in generation X where this generation is more influenced by work personal life engagement and engagement. Keyword: generation, leader member exchange, work life balance, work meaningfulness

2. Enhancing Work Meaningfulness Through Employee-Leader Relationships during Work From Home

Kartika Damayanti, Universitas Gadjah MadaIndrayanti Indrayanti, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Work meaningfulness is important for an organization to ensure that employees persevere to do their job since they experience meaningfulness at work. This study aims to examine the role of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) in mediating the relationships between Work-Life Balance (WLB) and work meaningfulness. A survey study was conducted on 453 employees who work from home during this pandemic from various institutions in Indonesia. Data were analyzed using JASP statistical software with the Mediation Analysis technique to examine mediation hypotheses. Results show that LMX mediates the relationship between WLB, in particular, work personal life enhancement to work meaningfulness. It indicates that employees with high work and personal life enhancement need a leader’s role to achieve work meaningfulness. The way leaders treat employees with professional respect will impact individual enhancement and work meaningfulness.



parliamentary Hansard of 9th November 1990 to analyze how the political discourse differs from that of personal. The findings show that there is a schism between the discourses of personal and political. On the one hand, the community narratives are diverse in rich details of memory and emotions. On the other hand, the official political discourse consists of generalities, and has for the large part no mention of victims. It nevertheless engages in communication to mitigate accountability. It neither acknowledges nor identifies the humanness of the personal discourse, but is morally disengaged from the victims. This study is important to understand how the lack of sensitivity and humanness of the political apparatus can marginalize and dehumanize victim communities. Such narratives can result in apathy in developing policy and intervention initiatives that can ensure the wellbeing of victim communities.

3. Rainbows after the storm: destigmatizing same-sex relationships

Jacqueline Joy Lising, Mondriaan Aura College

This phenomenological study explores the lives of homosexual couples. Same-sex relationship is defined as “relationship between two persons of the same sex”. Documentation of gender non-conformity have been observed since 17th century Philippines when “babaylans” (male shamans of ethnic groups in the Philippines) from Bisayan society known as “asog”, not only dressed as women but were also granted social and symbolic recognition as “somewhat-female” (United Nations Development Program, 2014). In a study conducted by Rolle (2018), it was inferred that intimate partner violence (IPV) has been observed in most same-sex relationships. To understand the said study, the researcher utilised the Filipino indigenous method of “pakikipagkuwentuhan” (storytelling) guided by semi-structured interview questions. Eight (8) same-sex couples participated in this study. Through narrative analysis, five life chapters were identified: pre-relationship experience (how they lived before same-sex relationship), testing waters (gradual changes after engaging in homosexual relationship), baby steps (couples accepted the changes brought by their relationship), grounding (efforts were made to reinforce the concept that families can come in different forms, plans for adoption), and anchoring and reflecting (planning their future). All couples stated that they became better persons when they entered their current relationship, not just for themselves but more importantly for their children and families. The result of this study also negated the result of the study conducted by Rolle (2018); participants agree that arguments should not lead to IPV. They have emphasised the importance of kindness, honesty, communication, understanding and being open-minded in maintaining any kind of relationship.

1. Coming Out From The Closet and Into The Limelight: The Lived Experiences of Trans Women Beauty Queens; Reasons, Challenges and Self-Fulfillment

Angela Therese Jorge, Far Eastern UniversityMichael De Vera, Far Eastern UniversityVictoria Isabel Durano, Far Eastern University, ManilaTherese Jerickielle Fuertes, Far Eastern UniversityRamon Oliver Garcia, Far Eastern UniversityJanina Patricia Legaspi, Far Eastern UniversityShaira Solita, Far Eastern University

Transwoman beauty pageants are one of the most popular events in the Philippines, whether they be large, televised events on the national or international stage or the smaller local events arranged between barangays. This study seeks to find out the contestants’ reasons, challenges, & self-fulfillment for entering them, using a sample of seven (7) transwomen who have been participating for at least 3 years, aged (X-Y), all college-educated, and are well-off financially. Open-ended interviews were conducted over VoIP programs like Facebook Messenger and Zoom, transcripts were produced with audio recordings, after which themes were analyzed and validated by audit trial and investigator triangulation. The results found that transwoman beauty pageants played key roles in the participants’ lives since early childhood to the present, helping them discover and validate their gender identities as women; their social networks intersect with the events as their friends are fellow competitors in their “clans” and “camps” and their other friends are also their stylists, gownmakers, and the like; and they primarily compete for the sake of their advocacy as a platform to be heard outside the LGBT community and also for personal growth and development than for monetary benefits. They face uniquely LGBT challenges such as rejection by their families, invalidation of their gender identity by others including other LGBT individuals, and discrimination and exploitation with how their beauty pageants are portrayed as events to ridicule and make fun of the competitors.

2. Victim Memories vs. Political Narrative: The case of the expulsion of Northern Muslims in Sri Lanka

Viyanga Gunasekera, University of PeradeniyaRamila Usoof-Thowfeek, University of Peradeniya

The literature on collective memory shows that contentious conflict events result in the construction of diverse discourses by different groups of people. While victim communities live by more pluralistic discourses, oftentimes these get silenced and marginalized in the official political discourse as it is shaped by political contingencies and not necessarily by lived experience (Schröter 2013). This study of the eviction experiences of Muslims from the Northern Province in Sri Lanka in 1990 by the LTTE examines the disparity between personal memories of the victim community and the political narrative, and derivations of the disparity. The study uses two archival data sets; transcripts of community narratives of Northern Muslims in Puttalam, and



was hypothesized that the domains of the Big Five model of personality would predict the fear of COVID-19. Our findings supported the hypothesis, showing distinct associations between personality traits and fear of COVID-19. Neuroticism (β=0.39, p<0.000), conscientiousness (β=0.15, p=0.016) and extraversion (β=0.11, p=0.039) predicted the fear of COVID-19 while agreeableness and openness to experience did not. We discussed the dynamics of personality-based variables in determining how college students’ think, feel and act in relation to fear and anxiety in this novel global health crisis.

3. Using promotion focus to maintains well-being during COVID-19: The effect of regulatory focus and coping strategies on well-being during COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea

Namhee Kim, Center for Happiness Studies, Seoul National UniversityIncheol Choi, Seoul National University

In worldwide, including South Korea, COVID-19 not only changed everyday life but also affected people’s mental health. The research on people’s well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic has been pouring in countless times over the past year. However, there is little research on how people maintain well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic and why. Our study examined whether there are differences in well-being depending on individual differences, especially regulatory focus. Also, we tested the mediation effect of the coping strategy in responding to COVID-19 in well-being. For this purpose, we analyzed the well-being (N=1,062) of those who responded to the before COVID-19 outbreak (December 2019 ~ January 2020), first (February 2020 ~ March 2020), second (August 2020 ~ September 2020), and third wave (December 2020 ~ January 2021). According to the results, well-being is linearly decreasing. During the COVID-19 pandemic, did people with preventive focus maintain well-being? The results show that, contrary to our expectations, the well-being of those with a preventive focus continues to decline while the well-being of those with a promotion focus remains unchanged during the COVID-19. People with a promotion focus have done more cognitive reappraisal (e.g., thinking positively) and behavioral strategy (e.g., doing new hobbies), and these coping strategies have shown to maintain well-being during COVID-19. Finally, we discuss the implication of reality.

Symposium 1 - ❹ - 1Translating Values into Action: Testing the Linkage between Values and Collective Behaviors

Chair: Jeong-Gil Seo, Sungkyunkwan University

In recent decades, the concept of person’s value orientation has received fast-growing attention by social psychologists. Values are desirable trans-situational goals that serve as guiding principles in the life of a person (Schwartz, 1994). Previous research has

Paper Session 1 - ❸ - 9Mental Health and Coping during COVID-19 (1)

Chair: Alexie Basileyo, Lyceum of the Philippines University Laguna

1. Mental health, Coping, Personality and Stress During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Sumnima Rai, Sikkim UniversityAnkita Paul, Sikkim UniversitySatyananda Panda, Sikkim University

PURPOSE: The present study will be highlighting as to how the mental health gets affected by the underlying personality and coping patterns with the perception of stress and crisis during the pandemic when environmental constraints are at the highest. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, online based survey conducted among adults living in India from 10th November to 24th December, 2020. Measures like General Health Questionnaire (Sterling, 2011), Interpersonal Stress Coping Scale (Kato, 2013), Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen, 1994), and Ten-Item Personality Inventory (Gosling et al., 2003) were used for the present study. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the data. RESULTS: A total of 31 males and 40 females completed the survey. Snow-ball sampling method was used. It was found that there were no gender differences with respect to mental health, Interpersonal Coping, Perceived Stress and Personality. Poorer mental health (somatic symptoms, anxiety/insomnia, Social Dysfunction and Severe Depression) were found to be positively correlated with age, Perceived Stress, and Distance Coping. Also, a negative correlation was evident among poor mental health and the personality variables (Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Openness to Experience). CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE PRESENT STUDY: The present study lays a path to understand the different mental health issues that the pandemic has brought with it and how people are coping with their personality. More data is being collected in this regard from a wider area in order to provide a clearer and more detailed account of the variables.Keywords: Covid-19, pandemic, mental health, coping, personality

2. The Role of Students’ Personality in Predicting Fear during COVID-19 Pandemic

Alexie Basileyo, Lyceum of the Philippines University LagunaFernando Garcia, Lyceum of the Philippines University LagunaRoden Reuteraz, City College of CalambaJulie Ann Orajay, City College of CalambaLielanie Barrion, City College of CalambaVivien Untalan, Laguna College of Business and Arts

The aim of this study was to determine if personality traits predict the perceived fear of COVID-19 in college students. It



Outgroup members’ criticism toward the ingroup can be a catalyst for positive ingroup change, because outgroup members are likely have useful knowledge and perspectives that ingroup members do not have. However, groups hardly take advantages of criticisms from outgroups (cf. Hornsey et al., 2002). The present study was an attempt to further understand how to promote group members’ intention to learn from the outgroup criticism (‘outgroup learning’ hereafter). Although previous research revealed that both person’s identity and value orientation have profound effect on intergroup behavior, little is known about the joint function of the two constructs. From this standpoint, we assumed that the effect of ingroup identification on outgroup learning is moderated by person’s value orientation. In the online survey involved 218 Korean undergraduates, we tested our hypothesis in the context of COVID-19 crisis in Korea. Participants read an ostensible news article in which Japanese media criticized the Korean government’s COVID-19 measures. Results indicated that, for people with high collectivistic value orientation, national identification negatively predicted outgroup learning. In contrast, national identification was not related to outgroup learning for those with low collectivistic value orientation. Findings indicate that people’s self-identity and value orientation are conceptually independent, and they jointly predicted outgroup learning. Implications for general intergroup relations will also be discussed.

3. The Joint Impact of Communal Values and Independent Self-view on Ally Behaviors for Disadvantaged Groups in Korean Society

Hayeon Lee, Sungkyunkwan UniversityHoon-Seok Choi, Sungkyunkwan University

It is important to promote ally behaviors of privileged group members toward disadvantaged group members for constructing an equitable and harmonious relationship within society. However, there are obstacles to build solidarity with/support for disadvantaged outgroup members, that is, threats to the welfare of the ingroup. We propose the way to reduce ingroup threats and enhance ally behaviors by the joint of two psychological states, a concern for the whole community and the independence from the ingroup’s normative position, which is the preference of privileged status of the ingroup. To test this hypothesis, we conducted two research with South Koreans by measuring individuals’ communal values and their independent self-view. Each of the two variables denotes the communal concern for society and the independence from the majority group members they belong to. We also asked participants about the ingroup threats to the two disadvantaged groups in South Korea, North Korean defectors and refugees from abroad, as well as behavioral intentions for being allies with them. As a result, people who have a high level of collectivistic value orientation with an independent (vs. interdependent) self-view predicted a lower level of ingroup threats. Further, the positive relationship between the joint impact of individuals’ collectivistic value orientation and independent self-view and the intention of ally behaviors was fully mediated by a low level of ingroup

found that person’s value orientation have a systematic impact on various types of individuals’ social behaviors, from daily choices to pro-environmental actions. However, there is a paucity of research on the relationship between values and collective behaviors. Notably, the little existing research on the link between values and collective behavior has rarely tested the effects of values in conjunction with other variables. It is important to note that several scholars found moderators of the value-behavior link at the individual level (e.g., individuals’ construal level). Therefore, testing the joint impact of value orientation and other related variables would greatly contribute to our understanding on values and collective behaviors.From this standpoint, we present studies that examined the effects of values on collective behaviors in intra and intergroup context. Our studies also highlight the role of self-related variables (i.e., self-conscious emotions, ingroup identification, self-representation, self-efficacy) on the linkage between values and collective behaviors. Overall, findings across studies reinforce the idea that the concept of values is a useful tool for explaining collective behaviors. We discuss implications of our findings for promoting reconciliation and peace in Asia.

1. Cooperation during the Pandemic: A Study of Trust and Self-conscious Emotions across Cultures

Giovanni A. Travaglino, University of KentChanki Moon, Leeds Beckett University

To respond effectively to the COVID-19 health crisis, people must act collectively and cooperate on behalf of their groups. In the present study, we investigated trust, self-conscious emotions of shame and guilt, and cultural values of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism as predictors of cooperation across different cultural contexts, the United States (N=597), Italy (N=606), and South Korea (N=693). We focused on individuals’ intentions to comply with national lockdown measures and their willingness to report the infection to the authorities. Across countries, feelings of shame predicted lower compliance and lower intentions to report the infection to both authorities and acquaintances. In contrast, guilt was associated with stronger intentions to report the infection to the authorities. Finally, trust was associated with stronger compliance and intentions to report the infection to the authorities. Unlike Italy and South Korea, the association between trust and compliance was not significant in the United States. Results also revealed that, across all countries, vertical collectivism (VC) predicted stronger shame, whereas horizontal collectivism predicted stronger trust in the government. Only in the United States, VC was associated with stronger trust. Theoretical implications of the results are discussed.

2. The Moderating Effect of Value Orientation on the Relationship between Ingroup Identification and Outgroup Learning

Jeong-Gil Seo, Sungkyunkwan UniversityHoon-Seok Choi, Sungkyunkwan University



such conflicts. Findings on the relation between ethnic identification and conciliatory policies have been mixed, and first theory and research suggest that considering two aspects of ethnic identification—the attachment to one’s ethnic group as well as the feeling that one’s own group is superior to others—helps us to better understand these relations. In addition, we suggest that territorial ownership perception of the own group as well as the conflicting outgroup can serve as an important mechanism that explains the relation between different forms of ingroup identification and conciliatory policies. In a structural equation model among Israeli Jews (N=1268) we tested this. We found that ingroup superiority, but not attachment, related negatively to conciliatory policies and that the relation between superiority and conciliatory policies was mediated by higher ingroup and lower outgroup ownership perceptions of territory. Attachment to the own group was however only related to more ingroup, but not to outgroup ownership perceptions or conciliatory policies. We showed that it is relevant to consider different types of identification when we want to get a better understanding of its relation to conciliatory policies. Additionally, we showed the relevance of taking into account territorial ownership perceptions in order to better understand the relation between ingroup superiority and conciliatory policies.

2. Who owns the country? Understanding perceived territorial group ownership using a person-centered approach

Wybren Nooitgedagt, Utrecht UniversityBorja Martinović, Utrecht UniversityKumar Yogeeswaran, University of CanterburyMaykel Verkuyten, Utrecht University

Conflicts over the ownership of territory have shaped intergroup relations between Indigenous and non-Indigenous groups in settler societies. Collective psychological ownership—a sense that a territory belongs to a group—might explain attitudes of the White majority towards territorial compensation for Indigenous Peoples in settler societies. We examine majority member’s perceptions of ingroup and outgroup (Indigenous) territorial ownership using a person-centered approach. Using latent profile analysis, we found five different subgroups of individuals among samples of Anglo-Celtic Australians (Study 1, N=475) and European New Zealanders (Study 2, N=747). In two studies, we found five different subgroups of individuals among samples of Anglo-Celtic Australians (Study 1, N=475) and European New Zealanders (Study 2, N=747). Most people in Australia and New Zealand perceived comparable levels of ingroup and outgroup territorial ownership: i.e., low-low (3.6%;8.3%); moderate-moderate (50.5%;53.0%) high-high (29.5%;24.3%). Two distinct subpopulations diverted from this pattern, instead fitting a high ingroup/low outgroup ownership (AU: 1.9%/NZ: 7.4%) or low ingroup/high outgroup ownership (AU: 14.5%/NZ: 7.1%) profile. Furthermore, we show that these subgroups differ on educational attainment, age, political orientation, and national and ethnic identification.

threats. The implications of this finding for building a pluralistic society are discussed.

4. More Than an Armchair Activist: The Role of Political Efficacy in Translating Egalitarian Values into Ally Behavior

Hyun Euh, University of MinnesotaMark Snyder, University of MinnesotaMarti Hope Gonzales, University of Minnesota

During the past year we observed tragic manifestations of systemic racism and the polarization of racial attitudes around the globe. However, we also witnessed socially advantaged group members (e.g., White Americans) who act as allies and invest the effort to benefit disadvantaged group members (e.g., Black Americans). Although this effort can manifest in a wide range of behaviors, little is known about what predicts these varied actions. The current research investigated the role of egalitarian values and political efficacy in predicting Whites’ ally behavior. In Study 1, we used a nationally representative sample (American National Election Studies, 2020) and found that egalitarianism interacts with political self-efficacy to predict positive attitudes toward ally behavior. Building on these findings, Study 2 tested whether Whites’ perception of Blacks’ collective efficacy is associated with different types of ally behavior. We found that White participants who believe that Blacks are capable of producing positive social change were more willing to engage in effective ally behaviors such as supporting movements led by Blacks (vs. by Whites) and policies that empower Blacks (vs. those that provide direct assistance resulting in dependency). Study 3 revealed the causal role of perceived collective efficacy of Blacks in predicting White participants’ effective (vs. less effective) ally behaviors to reduce the racial wealth gap. Findings from three studies have implications for how powerholders in institutions, organizations, and society can become the catalyst for combating racism. Implications for intergroup inequalities in Asia (e.g., discrimination against immigrants) will also be discussed.

Paper Session 1 - ❹ - 2Politics and Intergroup Relations

Chair: Wybren Nooitgedagt, Utrecht University

1. Support for conciliatory policies in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: The role of different modes of identification and territorial ownership perceptions

Nora Storz, Utrecht UniversityBorja Martinovic, Utrecht UniversityNimrod Rosler, Tel Aviv University

Territorial conflicts between different ethnic groups are rather widespread, and understanding people’s attitudes towards conciliatory policies is important in order to peacefully resolve



Korea. Identity processes, especially threats to distinctive Korean identity, predict the quality of intergroup relationship with Japan, whereas only a few indicators in identity processes explain a few aspects of the relationship with North Korea. In contrast, political processes predict intergroup relationships with both outgroups. This explorative nature of the study brings psychological insights into understanding the South Koreans’ intergroup relationships with its neighboring states and fills the gap in the social psychological research on intergroup relations.

Paper Session 1 - ❹ - 3The Role of Culture in Organizational Behavior

Chair: Chanki Moon, Leeds Beckett University

1. The Contingent Effect of Cultural Tightness-Looseness and Leadership Behavior on Innovation Behavior

Xudong Song, Wenzhou UniversityKan Shi, Wenzhou UniversityXueqi Yang, Wenzhou UniversitySongming Jiao, Wenzhou University

Tight—loose culture as a new perspective of cross-cultural studies. During the COVID-19 epidemic, this study systematically explored the influence mechanism of transformational leadership on innovative behavior, based on the strength of social norms and tolerance for deviant behavior. In this study, a total of 4759 valid questionnaires were collected from 27 provinces and 4 municipalities directly under the central government in China. The research results show that: First, during the outbreak of macro and micro tight—loose culture survey, China generally has a tight culture-dominated response mode, and compared with countries with a loose culture-dominated response, the positive behavior in response to the epidemic has achieved more obvious results. Second, in the post-epidemic era, it is found that under the background of transformational leadership behavior, transformational leadership based on loose culture has a more positive moderating effect on innovation behavior. At last, The results also show that the organizational management for top talents should consider the contingency relationship between leadership behavior and cultural factors, so as to achieve better management effectiveness.

2. Culture and Hierarchy: A Cross-Cultural Study on Individuals’ Normative Responses to Incivility in South Korea and Spain

Chanki Moon, Leeds Beckett UniversityÁngel Sánchez‐Rodríguez, University of Salamanca

Although many studies in psychology have recently researched on the antecedents and influences of workplace incivility, there is still a lack of consideration for cultural influences. The samples for the present research were obtained from South Korea (N=276)

3. South Korea’s Qualities of Intergroup Relationship with Two Outgroups, Japan and North Korea

Hye Kyung (Evelyn) Jeong, University of LimerickAnca Minescu, University of LimerickRita Guerra, ISCTE-Instituto Universitário de Lisboa

Due to the experience of the colonial rule under Japan during World War II and the national division during the Cold War, South Korea’s international relations with its two neighboring states, Japan and North Korea, have been deeply rooted in historical grudges. Despite the robust social science research on intergroup relations and outgroup attitudes, there is a lack of research on attitudes towards different types of outgroups. Thus, the paper focuses on the South Korea’s qualities of intergroup relationships with its historically and politically salient outgroups, North Korea and Japan. Using an experimental online survey with 195 South Koreans, we investigated the cognitive, affective, and attitudinal aspects of intergroup relationships with Japan (colonizer outgroup) and North Korea (former-ingroup outgroup). The results showed the differences in intergroup relationships with North Korea and Japan. The participants showed different perceptions of nation images, affective responses, and social closeness towards the former-ingroup outgroup, North Korea, and the colonizer outgroup, Japan. They had a concrete and uniform intergroup relationship with their former colonizer, whereas they showed a more ambivalent relationship with the former-ingroup outgroup that is sensitive to changing political contexts. This study not only fills the gap in the social psychological research on outgroup differences but also expands the psychological understanding of East Asian intergroup relations, providing insights into peacebuilding in the region.

4. Identity and Political Processes on Quality of Intergroup Relationship with Outgroups in the Context of South Korea

Hye Kyung (Evelyn) Jeong, University of LimerickAnca Minescu, University of LimerickRita Guerra, ISCTE-Instituto Universitário de Lisboa

Based on the experience of the colonial rule under Japan during World War II and the national division during the Cold War, South Koreans have formulated multifaceted national identities and developed intricate relationships with their neighboring states, Japan and North Korea. Many sociologists and political scientists have explored the factors behind South Korea’s intergroup relations with North Korea and Japan, but there is little research that examines the particular context of South Korea’s intergroup relationship from sociopsychological perspectives. Thus, based on the Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1986) and Group Position Model (Butz, 2009), the paper examined how political and identity processes explain South Korean’ quality of intergroup relationships with their two salient outgroups, Japan and North Korea. The results from multivariate regression analysis showed that different identity and political processes explained the qualities of intergroup relationships with Japan and North



influence tactics of voice negatively related to voice endorsement when supervisor-subordinate fit was low (mediated by leaders’ negative emotion reaction). The results contribute to voice literature by applying EASI model to explore the role of negative emotional display in influential tactics of voice and examine its effect on voice endorsement.

4. How and when do rational voice tactics affect voice endorsement? Using social persuasion perspective to investigate the moderating and mediating effects

Yu-Hsuan Kuo, National Taiwan UniversityYi-Syuan Peng, National Taiwan UniversityYun-Tung Pu, National Taiwan UniversityYi-Heng Tsai, National Taiwan UniversityHao-Cheng Lo, National Taiwan UniversityTsung-Yu Wu, National Taiwan University

Although employee using rational voice tactics is crucial for facilitating supervisors’ voice endorsement, how and when rational voice tactics affect supervisors’ voice endorsement remain understudied. Thus, adopting social persuasion perspective, we consider three important elements in the persuasion process of voice (i.e., content, source, and receiver) into our study. We predict that supervisors’ perceived constructiveness of the voice (the content) and liking for the voicing subordinate (the source) will mediate the relationship between subordinates’ rational voice tactics and supervisors’ voice endorsement. Also, we predict that supervisors’ managerial self-efficacy (the receiver) will moderate the above two mediating processes differently. Using 101 supervisor-employee dyad data from organizations in Taiwan, we test our hypothesized model. The results show that both mediators (i.e., perceived constructiveness of the voice and liking for the voicing subordinate) have a positive indirect effect between subordinates’ rational voice tactics and voice endorsement. However, only the indirect effect of supervisors’ perceived constructiveness of the voice is moderated by supervisors’ managerial self-efficacy; the indirect effect is stronger when supervisors’ managerial self-efficacy is high. This result offers us a more integral view for understanding the effect of subordinates’ rational voice tactics to supervisors’ voice endorsement.

Paper Session 1 - ❹ - 4Diversity and Group Processes

Chair: Pol Lemaire Portillo, Nagoya University

1. Exploring the Aversive Reactions to Intrusive Culture Mixing in the Context of Acculturation: The Case of Immigration in Japan

Pol Lemaire Portillo, Nagoya UniversityMinoru Karasawa, Nagoya University

and Spain (N=191) based on the theoretical considerations: the national levels of power distance are similar between South Korea and Spain, but the levels of tightness/looseness are different between the two countries. The present research aims to examine whether people’ occupational position affects their normative responses to incivility differently. All participants (Ntot=467) were randomly assigned to one of four perpetrator×victim conditions: Participant (victim)’s (those who response to uncivil behaviors) status (low vs high) and perpetrator’s (those who display uncivil behaviors) status (low vs high) were experimentally manipulated. The key results showed that the level of social and personal acceptability of incivility was greater either among Koreans than Spanish at a national level or among people who endorsed higher power distance and tightness values at an individual level. The present findings broaden our understanding of the psychology of individuals in relation to workplace incivility, by considering the influences of social standing and culture (power distance and tightness/looseness). Theoretical and practical implications of the findings, as well as future directions for research will be discussed.

3. The Effects of Negative Emotional Display on Voice Endorsement: A Test of Emotional as Social Information Model

Yun-Tung Pu, National Taiwan UniversityYi-Heng Tsai, National Taiwan UniversityYu-Hsuan Kuo, National Taiwan UniversityYi-Syuan Peng, National Taiwan UniversityHao-Cheng Lo, National Taiwan UniversityTsung-Yu Wu, National Taiwan University

It is important for subordinates to provide effective voice to make supervisors willing to endorse their suggestions. However, sometimes subordinates may inevitably display negative emotions while speaking up, especially when using assertive upward influence tactics to voice. Will subordinates’ assertive upward influence tactics, which involves negative emotional display, has negative effects on supervisors’ voice endorsement? To answer this question, we draw on Emotion as Social Information (EASI) model to examine how and when subordinates’ assertive upward influence tactics of voice affect supervisors’ voice endorsement. We predict that subordinates’ assertive upward influence tactics of voice will positively affect supervisors’ voice endorsement via the mediating effects of supervisors’ perception of subordinates’ organizational concern, while will negatively affect supervisors’ voice endorsement via the mediating effects of supervisors’ negative emotional responses. However, the above two mediating effects are contingent on supervisors’ conscientiousness and supervisor-subordinate fit respectively. Using questionnaire study, we obtained a sample of 101 supervisor-subordinate dyad data in organizations of Taiwan for analysis. The results showed that subordinate’s assertive upward influence tactics of voice positively related to voice endorsement when leaders’ conscientiousness was high (mediated by leaders’ perception of subordinates’ organizational concern), whereas assertive upward



(r=0.27, p<0.001, 95%CI [0.23,0.30]). The moderation analyses revealed that the relationship between moral identity and moral behavior was moderated by culture. Specifically, compared with the individualistic cultures, the correlation is stronger between moral identity and moral behavior in collectivistic cultures. Other moderators such as age, measurement tools did not moderate the relation between moral identity and moral behavior. Conclusions: There was a significant positive association between moral identity and moral behavior in this meta-analysis. Moreover, a stronger correlation between moral identity and moral behavior in collectivistic cultures than individualistic cultures.

3. The gendered cost-benefit analyses of making sacrifices for work or family

Michelle Ryan, University of ExeterLoes Meeussen, University of Leuven

One explanation for women’s underrepresentation in leadership is that they are less willing than men to make the necessary sacrifices. In three studies we examine the social psychological mechanisms that lead men and women to make sacrifices for work or family. In Studies 1 and 2 we surveyed surgical trainees (N=1385) and vets (N=1251). Both studies demonstrate gender differences in willingness to make sacrifices, in part, explained by situational factors. Women experienced more discrimination and perceived lower fit with successful people in their profession, both associated with lower perceived benefits of sacrifice, and, in turn, a lower willingness to make sacrifices. In Study 3 we presented working parents (N=625) with specific examples of sacrifices. While men were more willing to sacrifice for work, women were more willing to sacrifice for family. This was driven by women’s stronger perceptions of the costs and benefits for family, even though women also saw greater costs and benefits for their career. Together, these studies question the rhetoric of individual choice associated with sacrifices, demonstrating the influence of gendered norms and organizational climates

Paper Session 1 - ❹ - 5Psychological Health of Young Adults

Chair: Erick Vernon Dy, University of the Philippines Los Banos

1. Benefits of and Barriers to Mental Health Help-Seeking of Selected Filipino College Students

Marison Felicidad Dy, University of the Philippines Los BanosAnne Marielle Villamor, University of the Philippines Los Banos

The study examined the perceived benefits of and barriers to mental health help-seeking behaviors among selected college students and how these relate to sex, age, family income, having a friend or family member with mental health problems,

Culture mixing, especially when it is perceived as intrusive, can promote exclusionary reactions based on perceived symbolic threat and contamination of the heritage culture. Whereas previous studies have mainly focused on the reactions to the mixing of cultural representations, the current research explored how immigrants undertaking certain acculturation strategies and occupations might be perceived aversively by the Japanese host population, eventually leading to opposition towards immigration. Japanese participants (N=443), who were recruited through a crowdsourcing agency, were randomly assigned to one of four conditions. The participants read a scenario and saw the picture of an American immigrant character performing either a culturally representative (Shinto priest: high culture mixing condition) or non-representative occupation (bank worker: low culture mixing condition) in Japan. Further, the character was presented as either keeping or not keeping foreign American attitudes. Participants then rated their emotional and attitudinal responses to the character. The results revealed that an immigrant performing as a Shinto priest elicited more disgust and symbolic threat, especially when keeping foreign attitudes and not assimilating into the Japanese culture. Furthermore, disgust and symbolic threat were positively associated with opposition towards immigration, suggesting their role as mediators between opposition and culture mixing. Moreover, national attitudes (e.g., Internationalism) moderated the response to culture mixing. These findings support the notion that, in certain conditions, the acculturation of immigrants might be perceived as an intrusive form of culture mixing, promoting exclusionary reactions that might challenge their integration into the new society.

2. Relationship between moral identity and moral behavior in different cultures: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Liting Fan, Zhejiang Normal UniversityHuanen Guo, Zhejiang Normal UniversityWeilong Xiao, Zhejiang Normal UniversityBinghai Sun, Zhejiang Normal UniversityWeijian Li, Zhejiang Normal University

Background: The relationship between moral identity and moral behavior has been confirmed by previous study (Hertz & Krettenauer, 2016). Moreover, some studies suggested that moral identity was fluctuant in different cultures. Whether the cultures moderate this relationship still unknown. In order to clarify this open question, we conducted the current study with systematic review and meta-analysis. Method: Web of Science, Science Direct, CNKI, Wan Fang, Google Scholar, and PubMed databases were systematically searched. All essential data were extracted using a standardized data extraction template. The heterogeneity across studies was assessed by the Cochrane Q test statistic, I2 test statistic, and P-values. The random effect model was chosen to estimate the correlation between moral identity and moral behavior. Results: 24,269 participants (76studies) were involved in this meta-analysis. The main effect analysis indicated a significant positive correlation between moral identity and moral behavior



temporary normal.

3. A quantitative investigation on the mediating effect of trait anxiety on the relationship between perfectionism and academic burnout among university students

Robert Thompson, Leeds Beckett universityChanki Moon, Leeds Beckett university

The present study aimed to explore the relationship between a university student’s desire to achieve perfection and the physical and mental burnout they experience from working so hard, with dispositional or trait anxiety acting as a causal explanatory mediator between the two variables. 119 university student participants answered a questionnaire, which consisted of 3 well known measures. The Almost Perfect Rating Scale – Revised (Slaney et al., 2001) was used to measure perfectionism, the Beck anxiety Inventory – Trait (Beck et al., 1988) was used to measure trait anxiety and the Maslach Burnout Inventory – Student Survey (Schaufeli et al., 2002) was used to measure academic burnout. The results showed strong positive correlations between perfectionism, trait anxiety and academic burnout. As expected, we found the significant direct and indirect effects of perfectionism and academic burnout. However, the indirect effect of perfectionism on academic burnout via anxiety was more significant than that of the direct effect of the two variables, which was not as strong. These findings are quite beneficial, as they indicate that those who attend college who tend to be organized and strive for perfection, may benefit more from anxiety treatments and therapies, rather than direct interventions for their perfectionist personality, making them even less susceptible to the effects of academic burnout. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings, as well as future directions for research will be discussed.

4. Psychological well-being of children in conflict with the law

Nhorly Domenden, Wundt Psychological Institute

This research assessed the CICL’s status of psychological well-being as a basis for creating intervention programs. It identified the status of the respondents’ psychological well-being; age at the commission of offense; nature of offense committed; and the extent of administrative and family support across various aspects guided by the hypothesis that there is a significant relationship between the respondents’ status of psychological well-being across the variables. This study employed the descriptive-correlational method, involving 89 male CICL admitted at a youth Rehabilitation Center in the Philippines. Data were obtained through a standardized test, a researcher-made questionnaire duly validated and tested for reliability, record retrieval, and informal interviews. Data were subjected to statistical analysis: frequency and percentage; weighted mean; Chi-square and Pearson-R. The study found out that CICL in rehabilitation centers are still at risk of developing and suffering from psychopathology regardless of the nature of offense committed; younger CICL at

and preferred source of help if they feel mentally poor. The respondents were determined using stratified random sampling to obtain equal number of samples for each year level. The respondents were 94 undergraduate students who answered a self-administered online questionnaire. Descriptive analysis and cross tabulations were done. Results show that the highest perceived benefits of mental health help-seeking were self-awareness/personal growth and improved mental health. The highest perceived barriers were denial that there was a problem and not feeling comfortable sharing feelings with another person. Most of them reported that they would most likely ask for help in case they feel mentally poor, especially among the females. The most preferred source of help was a friend and mother. There were relationships between benefits of and barriers to mental health help-seeking with sex, age, family income, having a friend or family diagnosed with mental health disorder, and preferred source of help. Community/school interventions like seminars and workshops can be established to widen information dissemination regarding mental health, symptoms of mental health disorders, and the importance of help-seeking from both informal and formal support services to enhance self-awareness and healthy mental states. Information and educational campaigns may use popular social media sites to develop positive attitudes toward mental health help-seeking.

2. Mental Health Concerns of New University Students in the Temporary Normal

Erick Vernon Dy, University of the Philippines Los Banos

Due to the pandemic, the University of the Philippines Los Baños held classes through an online set up. This has affected academic performance, classroom dynamics, socialization, and mental health of the students, especially for new students of AY2020–2021.The study looked into the mental health concerns of new students by understanding their experiences, concerns, coping mechanisms, and the different guidance services they needed. These were gathered from 276 new students of 1st semester AY2020-2021 through online survey and during the guidance instruction sessions.Result shows that the students feel overwhelmed and cannot work well in the online set up. Attending their classes for the first time in the online set up has been their most unforgettable experience. The major challenges they are facing are their own attitude towards learning, stress due to heavy academic requirements, and internet connection difficulties. Most of them have difficulties in coping. Their major coping strategies are managing their time, resting, and talking to people. The top guidance services that they want to avail are tutorial, counseling and psychological testing.It is recommended to organize online activities such as webinars that will help them adjust to college life stressors, mental health coping mechanisms, and information about university services which could help them thrive in an online set-up. There is also a need to establish an appropriate delivery of the guidance program that will attend to the needs of the new students in the



2. Does Money Priming Affect Social Mindfulness? The Role of Interpersonal Distance and Empathy

Yu Tong, Zhejiang Normal UniversityLitong Zhu, Zhejiang Normal UniversityLingli Yan, Zhejiang Normal UniversityYijun Chen, Zhejiang Normal UniversityBinghai Sun, Zhejiang Normal UniversityWeijian Li, Zhejiang Normal University

Social mindfulness is a prosocial behavior that respects the autonomy of others’ choices, which requires individuals to sacrifice their own interests. Previous studies have found that money priming makes individuals maximize their own interests, which means that money priming may have a potential negative effect on social mindfulness. However, no research currently has directly investigated this question. Thus, our study including three sub-studies aims to investigate whether money priming has a negative effect on social mindfulness, and then to explore boundary conditions of this effect. In Study 1 (N=59), we used paradigms of money priming and social mindfulness, finding that money priming did have a negative effect on social mindfulness. Based on Study 1, Study 2 (N =88) further manipulated interpersonal distance, finding that this negative effect was established only under the condition of distant interpersonal distance. Based on Study 1, Study 3 (N=92) further manipulated empathy, finding that empathy could effectively alleviate this negative effect. Together, these three studies help us understand the negative effect of money priming on social mindfulness, provide evidence for the prerequisite of this negative effect, and have implication for selecting strategies for alleviating it.

3. Subjective Social Status and Social Support Seeking: The Role of Interpersonal Trust

Tricia Tok, Singapore Management UniversityJacinth Tan, Singapore Management UniversityKimin Eom, Singapore Management University

Social support seeking as a coping strategy can bring about positive health outcomes. However, one’s perceived socioeconomic status (SES) can impose constraints in one’s social support system, and in turn, the extent that one seeks help. The current research examined the role of interpersonal trust in explaining how subjective social status may affect social support seeking. One thousand and fifty-six participants (525 females) from Singapore were recruited via the Qualtrics panel. Participants’ age ranged from 18 to 65 years old (M=34.85, SD=11.26), and their median monthly family household income ranged from $3001 to $4000. Their subjective SES was assessed using the MacArthur’s Scale of Subjective Social Status (Adler et al., 2000), their social support seeking behaviour was assessed using the social support seeking subscales from the COPE Inventory (Carver, 1989, 1997), and their level of interpersonal trust was assessed using the General Trust Scale (Yamagishi & Yamagishi, 1994). Regression analyses revealed that lower SES

the time of commission of offense are more prone to develop anxiety and hypochondriasis; the extent of administrative’s physical support is significantly related to the level of social introversion, while spiritual support is significantly related to depression; and weak family support contributes to the development of depression and interpersonal problems. It is then recommended that Rehabilitation Centers need to address the psychological risks by extensively assessing CICL upon admission; developing curative psychological interventions, strengthening the psychological services, and pilot testing and implementing the proposed intervention model (PIPES Model; delivering comprehensive administrative rehabilitation support with the cooperation of the CICL’s families.

Paper Session 1 - ❹ - 6Money, Power, and Social Status

Chair: Yu Tong, Zhejiang Normal University

1. Exploring Luxury Purchase Intention through Antecedent Variables: Status Consumption, Consumer Need for Uniqueness and Self-Construal

Maya Sanctuary, Leeds BeckettChanki Moon, Leeds Beckett

As the global luxury goods market continues to expand so does the need for focused research into consumer motivations and buying behaviours. In order to effectively capitalise on the growing market, luxury brands must truly understand their target audience and their motivations for luxury consumption. Previous research has explored luxury goods purchases through the concept of status consumption, as luxury goods are often seen as symbols of high status. The current study set out to explore how self-construal impacts luxury goods purchase intention considering the roles of status consumption and consumer need for uniqueness (CNFU). An online questionnaire was used to collect participants’ (n=156) responses. Initial mediation analysis failed to support the hypothetical model; the relationship between self-construal and luxury purchase intention was not mediated by status consumption and CNFU. However, as expected, a significant positive correlation between status consumption and luxury goods purchase intention was observed. Based on this, using an exploratory approach, we tested a moderation model and found that there is a strong relationship between status consumption and luxury purchase intention that is moderated by CNFU; the relationship between status consumption and purchase intention was stronger when participants’ level of CNFU was lower (vs. higher). The study findings offer insight into the luxury goods market and are relevant for future consumer research and for developing marketing practises. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings, as well as limitations and suggestions for future research will be discussed, including the possible reasons the results differed from previous findings.



2. Home Alone: Exploring Relationships Between Existential Loneliness and Psychological Distress Under Covid -19 Lockdowns in Sri Lanka

Ramila Usoof-Thowfeek, University of PeradeniyaTehani Gunawardena, University of Peradeniya

As COVID-19 raged globally, with no known medication to fight the disease and vaccines only just being manufactured, health authorities implemented strategies that reduced human interactions, to prevent its spread. These strategies relied predominantly on lockdowns, quarantining and curfews. The situation was no different in Sri Lanka. With limited resources, the authorities closed down the country using law enforcement and military for implementation. These lockdowns lasted several weeks but in certain areas they lasted for over three months at a time. The economic fallout of these strategies was obvious, however, the psychological toll is yet to be examined. The latter is especially important to understand as the lockdowns directly intrude on the basic need for human affiliation and strong collectivistic cultural norms. The current study examines the psychological impact of the lockdowns via the concept of existential loneliness (EL). It is observed in situations which are novel, uncertain where one realizes one’s insignificance and aloneness. Therefore, the current study using a online survey design with a sample of 159 participants, explored the relationship between existential loneliness, measured by the ELQ and psychological distress measured by the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS). It was found that moderate and high levels of anxiety was most commonly experienced by respondents and that this was significantly associated with the experience of existential loneliness.

3. Depression, Anxiety, and Stress of Filipino Employees Working in a Corporate Firm amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic

Ron Julius Espada, Espada Psychological ConsultancyPrincess Arianne Sison, Espada Psychological Consultancy, City College of AngelesChristian Khiel Unto, Espada Psychological ConsultancyDianne Angelica Puzon, Espada Psychological Consultancy

As declared by the World Health Organization (WHO), mental health concerns will comprise the ‘second wave’ of the COVID-19 pandemic. Among the most affected individuals concerning these mental health challenges are employees working in corporate firms. While there’s an abundance of research in other countries about the aforementioned topic, there seems to be a lack of literature among Filipino samples. For this reason, the researchers employed a sequential explanatory method to assess and explore the depression, anxiety, and stress levels of Filipino corporate employees. This research was accomplished as part of the Employee Assistance Program (EAP) that the corporate firm sought from the researchers’ mental health clinic. Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) was administered through phone call as part of the 127 willing participants’ screening.

predicted significantly lower reported social support seeking behaviour. Importantly, this relationship was mediated by lower levels of interpersonal trust. The relationship remained even after controlling for age, gender and objective SES measures (i.e., income and mean of parent’s education level). These results provide preliminary evidence for the importance of interpersonal trust in explaining why socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals do not necessarily seek social support even when it is beneficial to do so. Future studies that experimentally manipulate subjective SES and trust are needed to ascertain their causal effect on social support seeking behaviours.

Paper Session 1 - ❹ - 7Mental Health and Coping during COVID-19 (2)

Chair: Mechthild Kiegelmann, Karlsruhe University of Education

1. On-line teaching—what can be learned from special education (policy) perspective

Mechthild Kiegelmann, Karlsruhe University of EducationSonja Hahn, Karlsruhe University of EducationMarie-Luise Springmann, Karlsruhe University of EducationMasakuni Tagaki, Osaka Prefecture University

On-line education under the pandemic provides the first semester students with psychological burden. However, we should consider that on-line classes might be expected to avoid infection in crowded public transportation and at classrooms rather than regular face to face education. We present an evaluation of a specially designed class in Germany about counseling for first semester students, in which content and promotion of social connectedness was combined. The N=135 students were divided into two groups, with one-half experiencing the intervention for social connectedness at the beginning of the semester and the other half towards the end. In a mixed methods design, students provided survey data on social connectedness, stress and satisfaction with study situation. Data were collected mid-semester and at the end. The results provide a differentiated view about how social relationships in the transition to on-line college and about the intervention. The presented study is discussed with the perspective of long term implementation of digital teaching which could support access to education with limited demands for mobility. The intervention is being analyzed in cooperation with an expert from Japan in the field of disability studies and policy, including issues of differences in indepentend /interdependend self in Japan and Germany. For students with disabilities in particular, moderate duration of on-line program might be a transition to a new environment of higher education. The current study could hold implication for inclusive higher education for students with specific needs post the COVID 19, which would contribute to regular students.



Ten participants who scored the highest and lowest in the screening were recruited for an interview. Descriptive analysis of the participants’ DASS-21 scores revealed that participants have moderately elevated anxiety levels, and t-test revealed that participants age 21-29 years old have significantly elevated scores in the said domains compared to other age group. Meanwhile, thematic analysis elicited from the participants’ responses that their most prominent concerns are being socially withdrawn from their loved ones, feeling pressured to fulfill responsibilities, feelings of being stagnant in their personal and professional growth, and having aggravated mental health issues. Mental health awareness seminars, mental health screenings, and individual or group mental health services are recommended in order to address the aforementioned concerns of the employees.

4. The psychological benefits of staying gritty: A cross-national study in the Philippines and the United States

Jesus Alfonso Datu, The Education University of Hong KongFrank Fincham, Florida State UniversityJana Patricia Valdez, The Education University of Hong Kong

This study examined how the triarchic model of grit (i.e., perseverance of effort, consistency of interests, and adaptability to situations) is related to cultivation of genuine happiness, loneliness, and COVID-19 anxiety in American (N=643) and Filipino (N=546) undergraduate students. It also explored whether grit had indirect effects on such social and well-being outcomes via relatedness needs satisfaction and meaning in life. Results of structural equation modeling demonstrated that whereas all grit dimensions were linked to increased relatedness needs satisfaction and meaning in life in the United States, only consistency and adaptability were associated with such outcomes in the Philippines. Meaning in life was related to increased cultivation of happiness and reduced loneliness in both societies. Relatedness needs satisfaction was associated with higher happiness as well as decreased COVID-19 anxiety and loneliness in the United States and Philippines. Finally, evidence supported indirect effects of grit on cultivation of genuine happiness via relatedness needs satisfaction and meaning in life in both settings. This research complements existing literature on the relational and psychological benefits of staying gritty in different societies.



Symposium 2 - ❶ - 1Reconciliation in the very intractable conflict

Chair: Kap-Sik Kim, Korea Institute for National Unification

South Korea provides a unique socio-psychological context in which the complexity of reconciliation can be examined. The two Koreas have been divided for over 70 years with two completely different political regimes in place since the ceasefire treaty in 1953. Although inter-Korean conflict achieves negative peace, North Korea has never ceased to be a tangible threat to South. Indeed, the Korean peninsula is the only region in the world where the last vestige of the Cold War that started right after the Second World War still lingers on. In other words, inter-Korean conflict is the intractable conflict without massive violence. Inter-Korean conflict is also unique in that South Koreans maintain an ambivalent attitude toward North Korea with both favorable and hostile feelings saliently mingled together. Before the division of the two Koreas in 1945, South and North Korea had been a nation state for more than 1,000 years. The two Korean regimes in South and North both have made it their official objective to revive a nation state and considered a reconciliation of the two Koreas as a first step to building a nation state. Consequently, South Koreans have developed two different identity, common in-group identity (i.e., ethnic identity) and subordinate identity (i.e., identity as South Korean). This symposium will address the challenges and opportunities in reconciliation in inter-Korea conflict in In three presentations. 1) Naïve representation of peace and the attitude toward reconciliation in the very intractable conflict; 2) Perceived social norms and Koreans’ attitude toward the reunification of South and North Korea; and 3) An Investigation on South Koreans’ Policy Support toward the COVID-19 Cooperation between South and North Korea.

1. Naïve representation of peace and the attitude toward reconciliation in the very intractable conflict

Juhwa Park, Korea Institute for National Unification

The ultimate goal of society in conflict is to achieve peace. Despite its importance , little attention has been paid to psychological aspects of peace. it is mainly due to the fact that peace is context-dependent concept. Coleman (2012), for example identified more thatn 40 terms distinguishing different types or aspects of peace in terms of level, source or conditions, type and so on. The goal of this study is to investigate the impact of social

representation of peace on the attitude to conflict resolution. To be specific, this study aims to apply and extend Leshem and Eran Halperin (2020)’s work focused on Israel-Palestine conflict to another intractable conflict, inter-Korean conflict. South Korea provides a unique socio-psychological context to investigate the social representation of peace. Compared to Israel-Palestine conflict, inter-Korean conflict achieved negative peace since the ceasefire treaty in 1953 which means that inter-Korean conflict is intractable conflict without massive violent. Park et al. (2019) showed that the dominant social representation of peace in Korea is a dove, reflecting structrual/cultural violence is prevailing. Another difference is that South Koreans maintain an ambivalent attitude toward North Korea with both favorable and hostile feelings saliently mingled together. The root of the South Korean people’s ambivalence lies at common in-group identity (i.e., ethnic identity) and subordinate identity (i.e., identity as South Korean). This study explore how social representation of peace interact with the variables above and more using a nation-wide survey (N=1600)

2. Perceived social norms and Koreans’ attitude toward the reunification of South and North Korea

Young-Mi Kwon, Sungkyunkwan University

Social norms have a significant impact on individuals’ attitudes and behaviors (Asch, 1951; Festinger et al., 1950; Newcomb, 1943; Sherif, 1936). Individuals are motivated to compare their private attitudes to the norms of a group or a society to which they belong (Festinger, 1954) to evaluate whether their opinions and attitudes are correct. When they perceive inconsistencies between their attitudes toward a target and the perceived norms – other people’s attitudes – they feel uncomfortable and are motivated to use various strategies to reduce this discomfort. For example, they may internalize the perceived social norms and change their attitudes, try to change others’ attitudes, or reject to identify with the group or the society. Those who strongly identify themselves with society feel a strong motivation to internalize the socially desirable or approved attitudes (Prentice & Miller, 1993). The purpose of the current study is to investigate the relationship between Koreans’ perceived social norms - how most Korean people evaluate the reunification – and their attitudes toward the reunification of South and North Korea by using a recently developed ATU-K (Attitude Toward Unification of Korea) scale (Park et al., 2020). More specifically, this study examines the effect of individuals’ perceived social norms on their attitude depending on their national identity as well as Collectivism/Individualism. A nation-wide survey (N=1600) including the relevant variables is in progress, and data will be analyzed once data collection is done.

3. An Investigation on South Koreans’ Policy Support toward the COVID-19 Cooperation between South and North Korea

Jeong-Gil Seo, Sungkyunkwan University

A long-lasting conflict between South and North Korea is one of

Day 2Friday JULY 30 2021



the most intractable issues in this era. Recently, relations between the two nations have become worse since all communication channels were disabled in June 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic aggravated the situation. The North Korean government sealed its borders to prevent COVID-19, and the government has been denying any humanitarian support from outside. The South Korean government has continuously emphasized on building a cooperative response system against infectious disease. The government is also expecting that the COVID-19 cooperation will be the first step to open doors for peace between the two nations. In these circumstances, however, little is known about South Korean people’s support toward the government policy. The present study is an attempt to investigate the current state of South Koreans’ support toward the COVID-19 cooperation. Data collection involving 1,600 South Korean adults is in progress. I will analyze descriptive statistics on South Korean’s support toward the COVID-19 cooperation and test models to predict policy support using variables including political ideologies and personal values. I will highlight the importance of social psychological perspectives in policy-making. Implications on reconciliation and peace in the Korean Peninsula will also be discussed.

Symposium 2 - ❶ - 2The Collective Remembering of History & the Political Psychology and Culture of Nations

Chair: James H. Liu, Massey University

Recent decades have witnessed a “memory boom” where across the disciplines of sociology, history, psychology, English, and culture studies, scholars are interested in collective memory: how a group remembers events and people in history as part of their symbolic narrative of who they are as a people. The four papers in this symposium address different parts of this phenomenon. First, we address cross-cultural research on how Living Historical Memory (LHM: open-ended nominations of the 3 most impactful historical events in the lifetime of the participant, or people known by the participant) relates to the political psychology of old and young states. In young states LHM were positively evaluated, and positively associated with national identity, because they often consisted of celebrated memories concerning the foundation of the current state. By contrast, LHM in older states, especially in English-speaking countries, were more negative, with LHM being dominated by terrorism (e.g. 9-11). Across cultures, LHM was negatively correlated with social dominance orientation (SDO) and system justification. Second, we focus on how foundational events are related to LHM in one specific context, the USA, and the implications of these associations for the organization of collective memory and the political culture and behaviour in this established democracy facing the challenge of political polarization. How are positive foundational memories for the USA integrated with its more negative LHM, and how does this function to shape and be shaped by its current, highly partisan political culture? Third, we examine collective remembering in a

younger state with an older culture, S.Korea. Here, partisanship is important as well, as previous research suggests that Korean perceptions of collective victimhood are not relevant to its current political culture and action. A structured form of content-rich research (the Q-Sort) is used to examine the perceived relevance of 60 different collective victim beliefs among a small, diverse community sample. Different clusters of collective victim beliefs were more relevant to different subgroups, and were related to different preferences for addressing current relations between Korea and Japan. Fourth and finally, we examined historical representations of Confucianism in the People’s Republic of China. Here, collective memories of Confucianism extracted from interviews fit hand-in-glove with thematic content analysis of Chinese language teaching textbooks prescribed by the state from its inception in 1949 to 2019. Confucianism is collectively remembered only as ancient classics more than 2000 years old, and ancient masters Confucius and Mencius. Links to culture changes over the last 2000 years were “forgotten”, leaving the impression that Confucianism is disconnected from present-day lives. In summary, collective remembering is presented as a open system that is keyed to culture and culture change around the world. It indexes ideas, events, figures and narratives coming into being and fading out of relevance, through complex social processes involving social groups and institutions. Attention to context, content, and process (at both the individual, group, and institutional levels) are required to develop a more comprehensive understanding of how political cultures are formed, maintain themselves, and change over the course of generational time.

1. Contents of Living Historical Memory across 39 countries: Associations with National Identity, System Justification, and SDO in the making of Political Culture

James H. Liu, Massey UniversitySarah Y. Choi, Massey University

Survey research using representative national samples from 39 societies (N=20,000+) examined the content and the impacts of living historical memory (LHM: open-ended nominations of the 3 most impactful historical events in the recent times). Content analysis showed that Western societies were dominated by living memories of terrorism, reflecting a negative emotional climate. By contrast, many developing societies displayed a more positive emotional climate rooted in events related to their nation’s foundation. Multilevel analyses revealed that the number of LHM nominations was positively but variably related to national identity, with stronger links in developing countries. LHM was consistently associated with lower social dominance orientation, and lower system justification. Thus, LHM fosters bottom-up aspirations for group-equality, that is associated with critical systemic evaluations in developing countries especially. It appears that LHM in developing countries has progressive functions, contextualizing current disadvantages as being linked to history, but nonetheless drawing from living memories to band people together through positive memories of the foundation of the state. We theorize about the dynamics by which living



historical memories are (or are not) narrated in continuity with an official canon of cultural memory (or official history), through pathways of resonance between the past and present. LHM that are consistent with already established and canonized historical narratives will be more accessible (i.e., resonant) in public consciousness, especially in times of crisis. Such processes are driven by identity entrepreneurship—the explicit mobilization of certain historical narratives by political elites and mass media to serve a political agenda.

2. Investigating the dynamic functions of collective memory through priming its resonance with the present

Sarah Y. Choi, Massey UniversityJames H. Liu, Massey University

A dominant approach within psychology has been to study collective memory as socially shared representations of history with important functions in nation-building (SRH; see Hilton & Liu, 2017). We use the USA as a case study for identifying historical representations most central to national identity, and then test how these representations function in relation to more idiosyncratic and individualized representations of recent events- Living Historical Memories (LHM). Core historical representations are identified through descriptive mapping of survey data (e.g. correspondence analysis) from nominations of national historical events that participants think people ought to remember. How these relate to LHM will be used to speculate about whether the USA has an historical charter (a widely accepted narrative of the nation’s origins, historical trajectory, and mission). In the second study, functional pathways of anchoring (representations of the past guiding interpretation of the present) and projection (representations of the present affecting interpretation of the past) are experimentally tested through priming. Both functional pathways are theorized as processes of resonance between the past and present. We reflect on how these can be capitalized on by political elites to build the nation in the image of their current political agenda. After testing this in an American context, we propose to extend and replicate this paradigm in other cultural contexts, like South Korea, where we expect strong pathways of anchoring and projection between historical and contemporary representations, centered around historical memories of colonization resonating with the agenda of building up Korean national identity an independence today.

3. The Structure and Diversity of Collective Victim Beliefs and their Role in Shaping Intergroup Relations: A Q-methodology Investigation in South Korea

Hu Young Jeong, Clarke UniversityJohanna Vollhardt, Clarke University

Previous studies show that how people make sense of their group’s victimization (i.e., collective victim beliefs) helps explain intergroup relations with perceived enemies and other victim groups. However, social psychological research on collective

victimization so far has only examined a limited number of collective victim beliefs and limited contexts of collective violence. South Korea, where collective victimhood resulting from Japanese colonization is still salient, is one of many understudied contexts in this area of research. Preliminary studies (Jeong & Vollhardt, 2020) suggested that competitive victimhood was not relevant in this context, although it is the most studied collective victim belief. Therefore, more research on the complexity of collective victim beliefs is crucial for understanding Korean society and intergroup relations between Japan and South Korea. The current study used Q-methodology (a small N-approach that enables distinguishing complex beliefs shared within a group; Brown, 1980) to examine the perceived relevance of 60 different collective victim beliefs (based on an in-depth literature review and previous qualitative studies) among a diverse community sample of 50 Koreans. We identified the clusters of collective victim beliefs that were most relevant to different subgroups. We also analyzed the relationship between these collective victim beliefs and participants’ preferences for addressing the current relations between Korea and Japan. Theoretically, the findings expand the collective victim beliefs literature by holistically examining diverse forms of collective victim beliefs in the understudied context of South Korea. These findings have practical implications for understanding Koreans’ attitudes about historical and present-day Japan-Korean relations.

4. The Historical Representation and Contemporary Identity of Confucianism in China: Interviews with Young Educated Chinese and Longitudinal Analyses of Official Chinese Language Textbooks

Tian Xie, Wuhan UniversityJames H. Liu, Massey University

Confucianism was an historically powerful ruling ideology in China. Guided by theory on social representations of history, two studies explored what role Confucianism plays in the identity of Chinese people today. In Study One, eighteen young educated were interviewed, and the second study analyzed 84 official editions of Chinese language textbooks published from 1949 to 2019. These sources of collective remembering fit hand-in-glove. Thematic analysis and content analysis showed that: (1) Confucianism representations contained two subthemes, figures (Confucius and Mencius) and thoughts (propriety and benevolence); (2) The influence of Confucianism was often implicit, as evidenced by subthemes: self-cultivation, and social norms. Almost everything mentioned about Confucianism was more than 2000 years old; (3) In addition to the contribution of family education, school education played the role in the transmission of Confucian knowledge; (4) Representations of Confucianism in the textbooks all came from Classics more than 2000 years old, and only Confucius and Mencius were recognized; (5) In the textbooks, Confucianism is represented in a distant, abstract, decontextualized, and apolitical way. Official Chinese language textbooks have not been able to play their prescribed role (according to official curriculum objectives) as an important



settings. The use of both North American and Asian samples in these studies also provides an empirical ground for us to discuss to what extent religious beliefs are similar or different across human populations. These discussions are compatible with prior work on the reliance of WEIRD samples in psychological research. The ensuing discussions will provide insights into the challenges of conducting psychology of religion research in Asia and will explore opportunities and priorities for enhancing the region’s contribution to the global literature.

1. Anthropomorphism of God elicits Beliefs in Tempting Fate

Richelle-Joy Chia, Nanyang Technological UniversityAlbert Lee, Nanyang Technological University

Many people are reluctant to hike up a mountain late in the day or boast about their winning before entering a casino. These observations, showcasing beliefs in tempting fate, were examined in this research through the anthropomorphism of God. That is, we focus on people’s tendency to imbue supernatural agents, such as God, with human-like mental capacities. An anthropomorphic God is perceived to have a mind that think like ours, in the sense that it is sophisticated enough to understand intentions, respect for authority, and punish people in an ironic manner for their wrongdoings, such as a gambler with a bad loss boosting about his or her winning too early. Beliefs in tempting fate, in contrast, are less compatible with a non-anthropomorphic representation of God that is perceived to be abstract, impersonal, and void of a mind that thinks like ours. This line of reasoning suggests that people who anthropomorphize God should believe more strongly in tempting fate, compared to people who do not anthropomorphize God. Supporting this prediction, we found that the tendency to anthropomorphize God was positively correlated with beliefs in tempting fate, an observation unexplained by external locus of control, risk aversion, and negativity bias (Study 1). Replicating these results experimentally, participants became more inclined to believe in tempting fate when they had been led to think about God anthropomorphically (vs. non-anthropomorphically) (Studies 2 and 3). Taken together, these findings highlight the role of anthropomorphism of God in beliefs in tempting fate.

2. The Effect of Religious Priming on Implicit Self-Accessibility: The Mediating Role of Self-Transcendence

Pyrena Koh, National University of SingaporeEddie Tong, National University of Singapore

Research has consistently found that activation of religious concepts may enhance prosociality but little attention has been paid to what might drive the effect. We propose that self-transcendence could play a role in this effect. More specifically, we propose a model that states that religious primes may increase self-transcendence, which in turn leads to lower activation of self-concepts, resulting in a lower focus on personal needs and priority and hence the greater prosocial responses previously

carrier connecting Chinese people to traditional cultural identity. From a strategic perspective, if Confucianism is to play a role in bolstering cultural identity in mainland China, details of how the Confucianism is communicated through public education should be given more consideration. Top-down and bottom-up forms of collective memory need to come together to produce political culture and culture change.

Symposium 2 - ❶ - 3From Self to Sense-Making: Cross-Cultural Perspectives in the Psychology of Religion

Co-Chairs - Jonathan Ramsay, James Cook University- Albert Lee, Nanyang Technological UniversityDiscussant- Patrick LIN, James Cook University

Over 80% of the world’s population identify as religious, and while the proportion of irreligious individuals is growing, major world religions are also increasing in terms of their number of adherents. Asia, in particular, is witnessing tremendous change, as non-indigenous religions expand at the expense of Eastern and folk religions while intersections of religious and ethnic identity continue to drive important social and individual phenomena, both positive and negative. Despite the well-documented influence of religion in many psychological domains, Asian Eastern religions and non-Western populations remain under-researched and under-represented in the global literature. This symposium seeks to strike a balance by providing a coverage on how thoughts and behaviors may be guided by religions in both the East and the West. The four presentations provide tantalising insights into the psychological basis of religious beliefs and the way they are manifested in different levels of thought processes across cultures. Chia and Lee report findings on the anthropomorphism of God, which showed that people who are inclined to represent God in human-like traits have a stronger tendency for tempting fate, compared to people who represent God in abstract, non-anthropomorphic terms. In a similar vein, Ramsay, Khong, and Yeo provide evidence that supernatural explanations for events are more likely when events are positive and serious: phenomena that are consistent with cognitive biases that support views of a benevolent and powerful divinity. Next, Koh and Tong investigated the influence of religion on self-transcendence and self-accessibility. Through priming manipulations, they observed a consistent tendency for God concept activation to reduce the accessibility of a person’s self-concept, an effect mediated by enhanced self-transcendence. Finally, White, Willard and Norenzayan share the results of a series of studies examining the influence of karma beliefs on attributions for misfortune, revealing the ways in which core Buddhist and Hindu beliefs shape attitudes to individuals and to inequality more generally. These four presentations describe research conducted in culturally, ethnically, and religiously diverse



and subsequent generosity towards those in need. Past social psychological research, conducted mainly in Western populations, has documented that less help is given to those who are held personally responsible for their misfortunes. The present study tests whether reminders of karma heighten this relationship (i.e., by increasing internal attributions for misfortune that deter generosity) or whether reminders of karma have a broad impact on generosity regardless attributions, due to the belief that personal karmic merit is gained through generous action. These hypotheses are tested in samples of Indian Hindus, Singapore Buddhists, and Americans who believe in karma, to assess the generalizability of results across cultural contexts that vary in their dominant religious traditions and prevalent cultural narratives surrounding social inequalities. Results highlight possible boundary conditions of the effect of karma beliefs on prosocial behavior and reveal how religious worldviews interact with naturalistic explanations for misfortune to shape interpersonal attitudes.

Paper Session 2 - ❶ - 4Collectivism, COVID-19, and Global Issues

Chair: Heejung Kim, University of California Santa Barbara

1. It’s All Connected: Collectivism, Climate Change, and COVID-19

Jennifer Cole, University of Colorado BoulderKimin Eom, Singapore Management UniversityDavid Sherman, University of California Santa BarbaraStephen Dickert, Queen Mary University of LondonAlexandra Flores, University of Colorado BoulderGabriela Jiga-Boy, Swansea UniversityTehila Kogut, Ben-Gurion University of the NegevMarcus Mayorga, Decision ResearchEric Pedersen, University of Colorado Boulder�Beatriz Pereira, Iowa State UniversityEnrico Rubatelli, University of PaduaPaul Slovic, Decision ResearchDaniel Vastfall, Linkoping UniversityLeaf Van Boven, University of Colorado Boulder

Some conversations and news articles have emerged during the pandemic that focus on connections between climate change and COVID-19. These include processes such as human relationships to nature causing climate change and making pandemics more likely, changing land use patterns due to climate change making pandemics more likely, and concern about climate change decreasing due to the pandemic. While these connections may or may not be scientifically true, perceiving that these issues are connected may effectively increase action to mitigate both issues. Who sees connections between the two issues? In a seven-country study including data from Brazil (N=1500), Korea (N=1484), Israel (N=1958), Italy (N=1586), Sweden (N=1589), the

observed of some religious primes. In this talk, we present evidence supporting two pathways of this model, focusing on primes that activation concepts about God. First, we present evidence from several studies showing that participants who were exposed to the word-stimuli “God” responded slower to words about themselves as compared to participants who were exposed to other stimuli such as a nonsensical word, “Dog”, “Love”, “Father”, “Devil”, and “Religion”. We also presented two studies showing that self-transcendence mediates this effect of God prime on implicit self-accessibility, using both the traditionally measurement-of-mediator method and the currently advocated manipulation-of-mediator method. We discuss the implications of these findings for why religion may influence people to go beyond their own personal needs to be more sensitive and altruistic to others.

3. The God of Big (and Good) Things: Religious Priming, Event Properties, and Supernatural Explanations

Jonathan Ramsay, James Cook UniversityZhi Yin Khong, James Cook UniversityJoey S. E. Yeo, James Cook University

Humans have a pervasive tendency to make causal attributions when attempting to explain life events. While causality is often attributed to naturalistic forces, such as the agency of individuals or situational factors, many individuals—particularly those who hold religious or spiritual beliefs—invoke supernatural explanations that ascribe causation to invisible forces or agents such as God (s), fate, or karma. The present research sought to clarify conflicting findings regarding the types of events that tend to elicit supernatural explanations, and to investigate whether religion exerts a causal effect on these tendencies using priming methodologies. Over two studies (N=119; N=121), we observed a consistently greater tendency to invoke supernatural explanations when events were serious and positive. A significant effect of religion on the tendency to invoke supernatural explanations was observed in study 1 (subliminal priming) but not study 2 (supraliminal priming), while inconsistent interactions between valence and seriousness were also observed. These findings are consistent with the notions of God-serving and “God-of-the-gaps” attributional biases, although evidence for a causal influence of religion on these processes remains inconclusive.

4. Karma’s Effect on Generosity and Attributions for Misfortune

Cindel J. M. White, University of British ColumbiaAiyana K. Willard, Brunel UniversityAra Norenzayan, University of British Columbia

Rising socioeconomic inequalities around the world make it important to understand how people make sense of disparities of wealth and opportunity, how religious worldviews affect these explanations, and the implications for prosocial responses to those in need. This study compares how belief in karma affects attributions (internal and external) for one’s status in life,



that people with different sociocultural backgrounds support or reject pro-environmental actions for different reasons. I examine factors that influence the relationship and relative importance of personal factors (i.e., personally held environmental beliefs) and social factors (i.e., perceived social norms) as psychological antecedents of support for pro-environmental actions. The talk will examine cultural orientation (individualism-collectivism) and socioeconomic status as moderators of the link between environmental beliefs, social norms, and support for environmental action, as well as the interaction between the two factors. Using a range of methods, including analysis of nationally representative survey data, online experiments, and field studies, we found that personal factors predicts support for pro-environmental actions more strongly among people from contexts where independence is emphasized (i.e., individualistic culture, higher social class) whereas social factors predict support for pro-environmental actions more strongly among people from contexts where social interdependence is emphasized (i.e., collectivistic culture, lower social class). The talk will also include a discussion of how this research may be utilized to support pro-environmental actions in response to the climate crisis.

4. Testing Measurement Invariance of Time Perception Scale across U.S. and Japanese Samples

Syamil Yakin, The Ohio State UniversityYu Niiya, Hosei University

Time can be perceived as a finite resource that one can take, offer, or lose; or as a nonzero-sum resource. Previous research has shown that a nonzero-sum perception of time is associated with better psychological well-being in a sample of Japanese adults (Niiya, 2018). This current study aims to establish a measure of time perception that can be used in both individualistic and collectivistic cultures. With 189 American and 240 Japanese adult participants, we conducted a multiple group confirmatory factor analyses (MGCFA) to test whether the time perception scale shows metric and scalar invariance across the U.S. and Japan. A four-factor model with 12 items corresponding to perception of taking time, offering time, nonzero-sum time, and losing time showed good fit in the U.S. (χ²/df=2.56; CFI=.94; RMSEA=.09; SRMR=.08) and Japan (χ²/df=1.54; CFI=.98; RMSEA=.05; SRMR=.09) after some minor adjustments. The adjusted model supported full metric invariance, and partial scalar invariance across both cultures. Reduction in factors (three-factor, two-factor, and one-factor model) resulted in poorer model fit. Moreover, in both cultures, nonzero-sum time perception is positively correlated with satisfaction in life and relatedness compared to taking, offering, or losing time. Also, in both cultures, losing time is negatively correlated with time affluence compared to taking or offering time; or nonzero-sum time perception. Our results provide support for time perception constructs and its ability to predict life outcomes across cultures.

United Kingdom (N=1520) and the United States (N=3318), we demonstrate that people with more collectivist mindsets perceive greater connections between climate change and COVID-19. This relationship holds true when controlling for individualism, political ideology, belief in climate change, and demographics. People in more collectivist countries also perceive a greater connection, and country-level collectivism interacts with personal-level collectivism such that personal-level collectivism has a stronger relationship with perceived connection in countries that are higher on collectivism. These results indicate that perceiving people to be more interconnected correlates with perceiving broader societal processes to be interconnected. The study also underscores the importance of systems-thinking mindsets. The findings provide a theoretical basis from which interventions can be developed to increase concern for and action on climate change and COVID-19.

2. Psychology and the Threat of Contagion: How Perceived Vulnerability to Disease Moderates the Link between Xenophobic Thoughts and Support for Xenophobic Actions

Heejung Kim, University of California Santa BarbaraKimin Eom, Singapore Management UniversityRoxie Chuang, University of California Santa BarbaraDavid Sherman, University of California Santa Barbara

In the United States, COVID-19 went from being a relatively low threat (in February 2020) to a high and urgent threat (in March 2020) with shocking speed. This research examined Americans’ xenophobic responses to COVID-19 at those two time points. Two types of xenophobic response were examined: 1) xenophobic thoughts (i.e., group-serving biases); and 2) support for xenophobic actions (i.e., protective policy support). Results indicated that when COVID-19 threat was proximal (March, N=926), group-serving bias predicted protective policy support less strongly than when the threat was distal (February, N=992). This weakened association occurred because support for protective policy increased among those with relatively low xenophobic thoughts. Furthermore, the moderation by timing was explained by the difference in the level of participants’ perceived vulnerability at the two time points. Studying psychological responses to this pandemic underscores the importance of historical context in understanding of human psychology.

3. Environmental Engagement in a Diverse World: The Relationship Between Environmental Beliefs, Social Norms, and Support for Environmental Action

David Sherman, University of California Santa BarbaraKimin Eom, Singapore Management UniversityJohn Updegraff, Kent State UniversityHeejung Kim, University of California Santa Barbara

Addressing global issues such as climate change requires significant support and engagement of citizens with diverse socio-cultural backgrounds. This talk will present findings showing



of the Soul have a stronger desire to live and to prolong their suffering for the sake of purification. Both the clinically depressed and those undergoing the Dark Night of the Soul show profound irritation, but the former display irritation that deliberately affect their functioning and social life. The presented similarities and differences are but few of the notable comparisons between the two. However, there often seem to be a thin line between them, and professionals are suggested to evaluate whether an individual who reports depressive symptoms needs spiritual care, psychological intervention, or both. With this being said, further researches about the two variables are warranted.

3. “Dear Me”: A Pilot Study to Examine Feasibility of Self-Compassion Exercise for Decreasing Depression Symptoms

Dessi Aryanti Dwi Putri, Center for Indigenous Psychology, UIN Sultan Syarif Kasim RiauIkhwanisifa Ikhwanisifa, UIN Sultan Syarif Kasim RiauAnggia Kargenti Evanurul Marettih, UIN Sultan Syarif Kasim RiauRiangga Novrianto, Universitas Indonesia

This study aimed to verify the effect of self-compassion exercise on depression symptoms in university students with family-related problems. This study employed quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design with follow-up and open-ended questionnaire, semi-structured interview and observation for qualitative data. Participants of this study were 8 university students (N =8; 8 females, aged 18-23 years old, M=20.25, SD=1.909). The experimental group underwent twelve 30 to 60-min sessions of self-compassion exercise 3-4 times a week for 2 weeks, while the control group was put on a waiting list. Paired sample t-test was used to examine differences in depression scores before and after the intervention on the experimental group. Results indicated there were significantly decreased depression symptoms after the intervention (t (3)=2.932, p=0.030 ( p <0.05)). The Independent Sample t-test was also used to examine differences between the experimental and control group on depression scores of post-test. Results indicated there were significant differences between the experimental and control group (t (6)=-3.959, p=0.007 ( p<0.05)). The study suggested an evidence for self-compassion exercise could be beneficial as an intervention for individuals with family-related problems. Recommendations for future research are discussed.

Paper Session 2 - ❶ - 6Close Relationships and Group Processes

Chair: Zirong Ren, Zhejiang Normal University

1. Imagining Shared Experiences With Human and Non-human Agents Boosts Interpersonal Closeness

Yahui Chang, University at BuffaloLora Park, University at Buffalo

Paper Session 2 - ❶ - 5Personality and Social Psychology of Depression

Chair: John Vincent Felix, Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila

1. Depressive Profile of Selected Adolescents and the Efficacy of Visual Arts as Basis of Expressive Therapeutic Intervention

John Vincent Felix, Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila

This study investigated the significant difference between the pretest and posttest total scores on depression (mild and moderate) of selected Grade 9 students using Quasi-Experimental research method. They were screened through purposive sampling. The instruments that were used are Zung Self-Rating Depression scale and Expressive Art Modalities Checklist. This study was conducted in a local Public high school located in Las Piñas City, Philippines. The statistical methods that have been used to analyze the results were the frequency, mean score, mean difference, and t-test for dependent paired samples. Results indicate that there is a significant change be-tween the pretest and posttest scores of the experimental group indicating alleviation of symptoms of depression. On the other hand, there is no significant change noted in the scores of the control group. Based on the data gathered, it can be concluded that Visual arts can be considered to be an effective intervention with adolescents experiencing depression. Moreover, the research revealed 3 major themes of the visual creative expressions of the respondents. First theme is the respondent’s awareness and affirmation of potential and increased self-worth. Second is having an optimistic outlook in life, and lastly, the respondents became more conscientious and determined to finish studies to attain their goals and aspirations.

2. Similarities and Differences between Clinical Depression and Dark Night of the Soul: A Systematic Review

Christian Khiel Unto, Espada Psychological Consultancy, Holy Angel University

Dark Night of the Soul is a description of Catholics about a spiritual process in which an individual is in a deep spiritual dryness. There seems to be an overlap of the said spiritual process with clinical depression, hence, this study aims to systematically review the similarities and differences of the two indicated variables. Google Scholar and Ebsco databases were used in searching. Journal articles and dissertations were included for the systematic review. The review revealed that individuals suffering the Dark Night of the Soul evidently present symptoms of clinical depression. However, these symptoms are only within the context of their spirituality and they’re able to maintain vitality in other aspects of their lives. While the clinically depressed often present suicidal tendencies and the desire to quickly end their suffering, those who undergo the Dark Night



manipulation, and in the effort towards wishes and fulfillment of wishes measured after Thanksgiving Day. Study 2 found the same pattern in terms of effort and additionally found the expectancy-dependent changes both in contribution to happy Thanksgiving Day and closeness with the people they spent Thanksgiving Day with.

3. Is a hero always trustworthy? Punishment of in-group reduces trust

Zirong Ren, Zhejiang Normal UniversityBinghai Sun, Zhejiang Normal UniversityWeilong Xiao, Zhejiang Normal UniversityLingling Jin, Zhejiang Normal UniversityGuoan Yue, Zhejiang Normal University

As a type of altruistic behavior, third-party punishment (TPP) plays a significant role in maintaining social fairness and justice. The social preference model notes that people always want to punish individuals who violate fairness and group norms. TPP is a measure and a reflection of individuals’ moral standards and trustworthiness. Existing studies have shown that TPP affects onlookers’ trust in punishers, but these studies do not take group factors and their hidden psychological mechanisms into account. The current study focuses on how the group relationship between the punished and bystanders influences the effect of TPP on bystander trust. We used third-party punishment and trust game paradigms to conduct this research. A pre-experiment (N=63) showed that TPP can have an impact on trust levels between participants (bystanders) and the punisher. Study 1 (N=84) showed that TPP improved trust levels between participants and the punisher under the out-group condition. Under the in-group condition, the level of trust between the participants and the punisher decreased. Study 2 (N=128) showed that, under the out-group condition, an increase in trust was the result of an increase in the perceived integrity of the punisher by the bystander. Under the in-group condition, a decrease in trust is the result of a decrease in benevolence consciousness. The study showed that TPP does not always enhance bystanders’ trust in the punisher. This is only the case under the in-group condition, while the out-group condition shows the opposite result.

4. Of Persistence and Pursuit: Unwanted Pursuit Behaviour Among Indian Young Adults

Sarah Rezaei, University of Mumbai

The topic of unwanted pursuit behaviour (UPB) post the dissolution of a romantic relationship has garnered considerable attention among social scientists and the past decade has seen a rise in the number of researches focused on understanding its predictors. Replicating past researches on unwanted pursuit in the context of relationship dissolution, this study examined the Investment Model variables as well as Partner-Specific Dependency as its predictors in individuals in an ongoing romantic relationship (N=104). UPB was found to be commonplace in the

Humans have a fundamental need to belong and to feel socially connected to others. Prior research suggests that people feel closer to others when they share experiences with other people versus when they do not. This research investigated this effect in the context of imagining shared experiences. In Study 1, participants imagined both sharing (and not sharing) the experience of eating chocolates with another participant. Results showed that participants felt closer to the other participant and felt more satisfied with life when they were both eating chocolates than when they were engaging in different activities. In Study 2, participants imagined having shared and unshared experiences of eating chocolates with a non-human agent. Participants felt closer to the non-human agent and reported higher life satisfaction when the experience was shared versus unshared. Study 3 showed that people’s feelings of closeness and life satisfaction were amplified, regardless of who their partner was (a human or non-human). In study 4, participants recalled their experiences of yesterday, being social included or excluded before they imagine to engage in the shared or unshared experiences. Emerging results showed when people feel socially included, participants feel less closer to the robot, regardless of the shared and unshared experience. Together, these findings suggest that even imagined shared experiences with human or non-human agents increase feelings of closeness and life satisfaction, and the experience of social inclusion might reduce feelings of closeness with robots.

2. Mental Contrasting and Realization of a Wishful Contribution to a Group

Sunyoung Kim, New York UniversityPeter M. Gollwitzer, New York UniversityGabriele Oettingen, New York University

The ability to self-regulate is essential not only for individuals’ functioning as an entity but also for their functioning as a part of social groups. Past research has shown that mental contrasting, a self-regulatory strategy based on fantasy realization theory (Oettingen, 2000, 2012), enables people to put expectancy-dependent effort into their wishes while merely thinking of a desired future (i.e., fantasies) leads to an expectancy-independent moderate effort to wishes. Extending the past work that has primarily focused on wishes that are bounded at an individual level (e.g., one’s academic achievement, promoting physical activities, etc.) or in a dyad (e.g., conciliatory behaviors in romantic relationships), the present research examined if mental contrasting produces expectancy-dependent changes for wishes that are situated in a group context. In two studies that were conducted a few days before Thanksgiving Day, participants named a wishful contribution they would like to fulfill for everyone to spend a happy Thanksgiving Day, and then engaged in either mental contrasting (i.e., mentally contrasting a positive future with a negative reality) or indulging (i.e., thinking only a positive future). In Study 1, we found that the mental contrasting, but not indulging, leads to expectancy-dependent changes in commitment to a wish measured immediately after



Indonesia is rich with its culture and ethnicities that contribute in ruling the behavior of its people. Minangkabau ethnicity in Sumatra island practices Balimau tradition where people cleanse their body in a river to purify their soul prior to Ramadan month. This study aims to measure the obedience of Minangkabau in practicing Balimau tradition. The research used quantitative and ethnographic method. Data were collected using questionnaire and interview using guided form Chaplin obedience theory (1989). The sampling method used purposive sampling of n=40 young adult and adolescent aged 17-25 years. The result showed that only 7.8% from the participant that would want to practice Balimau tradition, It means that the obedience of Minangkabau young people in preserving the Balimau tradition is still low.

3. Turning Uncertainty into Creativity: The Benefits of Volunteering for Employee Creativity

Sooyeol Kim, National University of SingaporeHun Whee Lee, Ohio State UniversitySeonghee Cho, North Carolina State UniversitySohee Kim, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

In this paper, we suggest that volunteering can be an untapped resource that can facilitate employee creativity, especially in times of uncertainty. Drawing from the literature on positive psychology and the broaden-and-build theory, we investigate the mechanisms and boundary condition of the relationship between volunteering and creativity. We propose that volunteering can help employees gain a sense of positive influence over their environment (i.e., perceived prosocial impact), which leads to positive affective state and subsequent creative behavior. We further suggest that these benefits of volunteering are greater for individuals who experience high uncertainty. Results from the online experiment (Study 1) and experience-sampling study (Study 2) support our predictions. Our research contributes to the literatures on volunteering, positive psychology, and the broaden-and-build theory by identifying a cross-domain effect of volunteering on employee creativity and its mediating mechanism and boundary condition, thereby providing a comprehensive theoretical framework for understanding the relationship between volunteering and creativity.

Paper Session 2 - ❶ - 8A New Tool to Measure COVID-19 related Mental Health

Chair: Haeyoun Choi, Korea Counseling Graduate University

1. Construct and Measurement of The Covid 19 Stress

Haeyoun Choi, Korea Counseling Graduate UniversityHyuna Choi, Korea Counseling Graduate University

This study investigated the construct of the stress caused by Covid 19, and developed a new scale to measure the Covid 19 Stress.

current sample with 93% of the total participants reporting that they will engage in at least one form of UPB. Consistent with the findings obtained by previous researches, anxious attachment, under Partner-Specific Dependency, emerged as a significant predictor of UPB. Of the Investment Model variables assessed, investment significantly predicted the occurrence of UPB.

Paper Session 2 - ❶ - 7Self, Identity, and Motivation

Tian Qiu, East China Normal University

1. I experienced more changes than you

Tian Qiu, East China Normal UniversityXiaoya Chen, East China Normal UniversityRuihan Zhang, East China Normal UniversityJingyi Lu, East China Normal University

Since “change is the only constant in life,” an interesting question is how many changes people believe they have experienced in the past. The current research investigates whether the perceived number of changes for oneself differs from it for others. Literature shows that people bring to mind only improvements when they think about “changes,” though changes actually can be positive, neutral, or negative. On the basis of motivated reasoning, we hypothesize that people will think that they have changed more than others because of a self-enhancement motive that they expect themselves being good. Four studies tested our hypotheses. In Study 1, participants assessed the number of global changes they or their friend had experienced over the past five years. They also indicated the direction of changes when they thought about their own or their friend’s changes. Results showed a basic pattern—people believed that they had changed more than their friend. In addition, people considered improvements when they thought about their own changes and their friend’s. Studies 2a and 2b replicated the basic pattern across domains (physical appearance and values) and extended the pattern into future changes (i.e., people believed that they would change more than others). Study 3 found that people perceived that they had changed more than others because they expected themselves being good more than others. This research shows a novel self-other difference and contributes to research on motivated reasoning by revealing the role of self-enhancement motivation in the perception of change amount.

2. Obedience of Minangkabau Indonesian Young Adults in Preserving Balimau Tradition

Khatijatusshalihah, Syiah Kuala UniversityIzza Syakira, Syiah Kuala UniversityRizki Aulia Rn, Syiah Kuala UniversityAndri Maifandi, Syiah Kuala University



3. Social Psychological Representation of Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic

Wei Huang, Southwest UniversityRong He, Southwest UniversityChongzeng Bi, Southwest University

Since the COVID-19 pandemic broken out from Jan. 2020, learning it thoroughly becoming necessary swiftly. Consequently, what is public understanding of COVID-19 pandemic in daily life needs us to study, and methods of Social Representation Theory is suit to us. In the present research, we reported three studies when the prevention and control measures of COVID-19 pandemic had had been normalized. Study 1 caught high frequency topics on social platforms in China (Weibo and Baidu Tieba). Study 2 attained six core elements according to free association task, ranking task and justification task based on Central Core Theory. In Study 3, we verified the centrality of the six core elements in study 2 based on Basic Cognition Scheme Model, and found all the elements are over-activated elements. These three studies showed that infection, protection, quarantine, medical aid, death and country were core elements in public social representations, which has performed people’s concentration for the development, protection and control of COVID-19 pandemic. We also found there are some words like country and protection had a trend to be central core elements. However, most of these representations were over-activated, which means public representations would change when COVIN-19 pandemic mutates or scientists achieve a great break of this virus. Additionally, we found some people constructed their central core representations about COVID-19 pandemic already as well.

4. The Role of Collectivism in Individuals’ Compliance with COVID-19 Health Measures

Suyi Leong, University of California Santa BarbaraKimin Eom, Singapore Management UniversityHeejung Kim, University of California Santa BarbaraDavid Sherman, University of California Santa Barbara

Digital contact tracing (DCT) and wearing face covering are effective health measures to combat the spread of COVID-19. However, they impose some personal cost, and require a great amount of compliance to be effective. In this study, we recruited participants from four countries (US, Singapore, Japan, Germany) that vary on their cultural orientation, and focused on individual-level collectivism as a key predictor of public compliance. We hypothesized that collectivists would more likely comply to these health measures, regardless of where they are from. We also identified different aspects of collectivism (e.g., tendency to prioritize communal over personal goals, influence of social norms, trust in government) that explains greater compliance. Across four countries, we found that more collectivistic individuals were more likely to opt-in to DCT and wear face covering even when it is not required. The relationship between collectivism and compliance was explained by collectivists’ tendency to

The scale items were developed on the basis of literature review and interviews with the expert. In order to validate the new scale, we recruited 300 adults in Seoul and metropolitan area one year after the outbreak of Covid 19, at the time of increasing infection. The results of factor analysis shows that the scale consists of seven factors, “fear of infection” reflecting the fear of infection of oneself and family; “job instability” reflecting employment insecurity and uncertainty about the future; “social distance” reflecting social distancing behavior to prevent infection; “social isolation and stress” reflecting the accumulation of stress and social isolation caused by significant changes in daily life; “fear of the aftermath of infection” reflecting a fear of damage and stigma caused by infection: “distrust in coping capacity” reflecting distrust in the government and the medical system controlling the pandemic situation; “daily constraints” reflecting restrictions on a job and daily life. Further analyses provided statistical evidence supporting for the 21 item scale’s internal consistency and construct validity. The Covid 19 Stress shows two dimensions; “Primary stress” which is a short-term and direct and “secondary stress” which is formed in the long-term aftermath of Covid 19.

2. Validation and measurement invariance of a brief screener of depression and anxiety amid the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines: The PHQ-4

Norman Mendoza, The Education University of Hong KongCherry Frondozo, The Education University of Hong KongJohn Ian Wilzon Dizon, Angeles University FoundationJet Buenconsejo, The Education University of Hong Kong

This study examines the psychometric properties of the PHQ-4 as a brief screener of depression and anxiety in the Philippines amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Using data from 4,525 respondents from the Philippine general population, collected between March to June 2020, we evaluated the reliability and validity of the scale through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), multigroup CFA, and structural equation modeling (SEM). Results show that the full scale has good internal reliability (Cronbach’s α=0.82) and demonstrate that the two-factor model has an excellent model fit that is superior to the one-factor model. The two-factor model also held across groups (gender, age, and locale), which demonstrates measurement invariance. The SEM model highlights sound theoretical association of PHQ-4 subscales to stress, negative affect, and positive affect, demonstrating external validity. A total of 81.78% and 94.06% of participants who met the depression and anxiety cut-off scores for PHQ-4 eventually met the cut-off scores for the PHQ-9 and GAD-7. These results suggest that the PHQ-4 is a reliable and valid brief screener to capture the prevalence of common mental health symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the use of diagnostic interviews is necessary to demonstrate diagnostic efficacy, the inclusion of these brief screeners in studies conducted during the pandemic is encouraged, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Scalable and brief mental health evaluation, especially during health crises in low resource communities, is invaluable for mobilizing social resources and support.



emotion, tend to be triggered by individual (social self) identity-related events. Stereotype threat is a self-threat to social identities of stigmatized individuals, possibly evoking their negative self-conscious emotions. Personality trait self-esteem closely related to emotions, is said to have an impact on self-related emotions. Based on the Multi-Threat Framework, this study investigated the influence of stereotype threats on negative self-conscious emotions, and the moderating role of self-esteem in it. Method: Two parallel experiments were carried out. Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 selected gender-mathematical stereotype threat, respectively primed self-concept threat and group-concept threat, and then measured women’s shame and guilt. Personality trait self-esteem was measured one to two weeks before the experiments. Results: Exposed to two stereotype threats, women’s negative self-conscious emotions have undergone inconsistent changes, which have not altered due to self-esteem. Women suffering self-concept threat had an increased shame and unchanged guilt, while women confronting group-concept threat had an invariable shame and decreased guilt. These emotional responses were synchronized in low-self-esteem women. Conclusions: These findings extended theory and knowledge of self-conscious emotions and stereotype threat by showing that stereotype threat can affect negative self-conscious emotions, which is moderated by personality traits self-esteem. In the future, it is necessary to further verify and explore why two stereotype threats have different responses to shame and guilt. Keywords: shame, guilt, self-concept threat, group-concept threat, self-esteem, the Multi-Threat Framework.

3. Intergroup communication and social identity across educational pathways in sonography

Ling Lee, University of QueenslandLori Leach, University of QueenslandDavid Hewett, University of QueenslandBernadette Watson, University of QueenslandAnn Quinton, CQ University

In the UK and Australia, a recognised on-going workforce shortage of sonographers and an increase in clinical demand have resulted in the introduction of a new educational pathway for the sonography profession. This study aims to discover the understanding, opinions and perceptions of the sonography workforce regarding this change of practice. We aim to explore evidence for any biases towards students from the new pathway and discover reasons for such bias (es). This study is designed as a mixed-method survey (quantitative and qualitative). A series of questions are designed to collect data on the understanding of the new educational pathway and comment boxes are provided for the survey respondents to express their views. The background data collected serve as evidence of differences in opinions and understanding within the profession, due to social identity and intergroup dynamics. The result uncovers the perceptions of thetwo groups (students and accredited sonographers) and furtherunpack the intergroup relationship between them. SIT is adopted

perceive a stronger social norm of compliance, and greater trust in government, but not in prioritizing communal health over personal health. The findings highlight the role of cultural orientation in the making of personal health decisions that involve tensions between individual and communal benefit, with implications for policymakers, health authorities and even app developers.

Paper Session 2 - ❷ - 1Social Psychology in Everyday Life

Chair: Yufang Zhao, Southwest University Chongqing

1. Are “Female Drivers” Really More Dangerous? Gender Differences in Dangerous Driving Behaviors and Attitudes

Duoduo Hu, Northwest Normal UniversityLin Yong, Northwest Normal UniversityJibo He, Tsinghua University

Objective: This study aims to examine the gender differences in Chinese drivers’ driving attitudes and their dangerous driving behaviors，as well as to explore whether gender and attitude can effectively predict dangerous driving behavior in a Chinese culture environment. Process and methods: a total of 343 drivers (66.9% male and 33.1% female) were investigated anonymously with the driving behavior questionnaire compiled by a Tsinghua research group. Results: the results showed that the number of speeding penalties of the male drivers was significantly more than that of the female drivers (t (341)=2.57, p<0.05, Cohen’s d=.31). Other than that, there was no significant difference in other types of driving penalties, traffic accidents and dangerous driving behaviors. There was no significant difference between the male and female drivers in their attitudes toward dangerous driving behaviors or their choice of the most dangerous, less dangerous, the most serious consequences or their most frequent dangerous driving behaviors. However, the self-evaluation scores of the male drivers was significantly higher than that of the female drivers (t (341)=2.01, p<0.05, Cohen’s d=.24). Regression results show that the effective predictor of the drivers’ dangerous driving behavior is their attitude toward dangerous driving behavior rather than gender. Conclusion: in daily driving, the female drivers are not more dangerous than the male drivers. When judging a driver’s driving safety, the most important indicator is the driver’s attitude towards dangerous driving behavior, but not the driver’s gender.

2. Stereotype threat affects negative self-conscious emotions: the moderating role of self-esteem

Yufang Zhao, Southwest University ChongqingQing Chen, Southwest University Chongqing

Objective: Shame and guilt, as an important self-conscious



1. Problems and Solutions of Community Conflict in China: From the Perspective of Social Constructionism

Mengge Tan, Nanjing Normal UniversityLiping Yang, Nanjing Normal UniversityLidong Qi, Nanjing Normal UniversityXihe Li, Nanjing Normal University

With the deepening of China’s political and economic structure reform, especially the housing reform, the focus of social governance has gradually shifted down, from management relying on “Danwei” to grassroots community autonomy. However, the imperfection of community management regulation and the lack of sense of community among residents lead to frequent occurrence of various conflicts. Consequently, community construction has become an important task in social reform and development of China and community conflict has also aroused the concern of Chinese psychological research. In the past, some disciplines have discussed the causes, mechanisms and governance of community conflict from different perspectives. For example, community conflict can be divided into different types, such as interest, cognition, emotion, culture and belief conflicts. Social constructionism emphasizes the dynamicity and progressive development of community conflict and the mutual transformation between different types of conflicts. In the process of conflict development and transformation, the most significant link is the cognitive conflict based on the different construction of reality. Different interest groups will have different understanding, which reflecting the essence of cognitive conflict is the contradiction of culture and belief, and then leads to emotional conflict. Therefore, dealing with cognitive conflict is a key point to solve community conflict. Social constructionism provides some techniques and methods for it, resolving conflicts and building a harmonious community by promoting mutual listening, understanding, dialogue and cooperation. Key words: social constructionism; community conflict; conflict construction

2. 2019 AASP Summer School Group Project Presentation: Culture-Congruent Messaging for Promoting Pro-Environmental Behaviors

Takafumi Sawaumi, Ryutsu Keizai UniversityNicholas Poh-Jie Tan, The University of MelbourneSophia H. Y. Yu, National Taiwan UniversityLinna Fu, National Research University Higher School of EconomicsTianruo Sun, The University of Melbourne

Environmental problems are one of the most important issues facing the world. Previous literature have pointed out cultural variability in effectiveness of messages aimed at changing people’s pro-environmental consciousness. One study compared individualist (e.g., European Americans) and collectivist (e.g., Japanese) cultures, and showed that personal environmental concern predicted pro-environmental action among participants from an individualist culture, whereas social norms regarding environmental conservation were predictive for those from a

to understand the intergroup relationship while CAT is utilized toexamine the interactive communication between these two groups. The result will inform the profession in formulating an appropriate strategy to ease the transition. Conflicts arise from perceived social status differentials and associated poor communication. Conflicts can be alleviated with a change of mindset and having a common goal in an intergroup situation. An innovation of practice by fostering inclusiveness and effective communication using CAT communication strategies are crucial in moving towards a more conducive working environment in the health sector.

4. Untangling the relationship among leader-member exchange, power distance, and voice endorsement in Chinese organizations: An exploration of moderated-mediating model

Yi-Syuan Peng, National Taiwan UniversityYu-Hsuan Kuo, National Taiwan UniversityYi-Heng Tsai, National Taiwan UniversityYun-Tung Pu, National Taiwan UniversityHao-Cheng Lo, National Taiwan UniversityTsung-Yu Wu, National Taiwan University

Voice endorsement is an important way that subordinates can influence supervisors and organizations. However, in Chinese culture which emphasizes both relationship and hierarchy (i.e., hierarchical relationalism), how do supervisor-subordinate relational quality and hierarchical difference interplay to affect supervisor’s voice endorsement remain unknown. Thus, we consider both relationship and hierarchy in the current study and illuminate their effects on supervisors’ voice endorsement in Chinese context. Specifically, we explore whether leader-member exchange (LMX) (i.e., relationship) indirectly affect supervisors’ endorsement via the mediating effects of supervisors’ perceived constructiveness of the voice and supervisor’s liking for the voicing subordinate, as well as examine whether power distance (i.e., hierarchy) has different moderating effect on above mediating processes. We used survey study and analyzed 201 supervisor-subordinate dyads questionnaires. The results showed a positive indirect effect of LMX on voice endorsement via both mediators (i.e., perceived constructiveness and liking for the voicing subordinate). However, only the indirect effect via supervisors’ liking for the voicing subordinate is moderated by power distance; the mediating effect of supervisors’ liking for the voicing subordinate is stronger when power distance is high. The results implied that supervisor-subordinate relational quality specifically matters to supervisors’ endorsement in Chinese organizations which highlight power distance.

Paper Session 2 - ❷ - 2Lay Theories in Community Psychology

Chair: Augil Marie Robles, University of the Philippines Visayas



4. From Program Strategies to Localized Knowledge: Exploring Lay Interpretations of Family Planning through the Social Representations Theory

Augil Marie Robles, University of the Philippines VisayasMarshaley Baquiano, University of the Philippines Visayas

People actively engage in an interactive process of meaning making to construct their version of social realities. Therefore, the participation of Filipino parents in health behaviors such as family planning is rooted in their shared, lay interpretations of its definition and importance. We use Social Representations Theory (Moscovici, 1988) to surface how parents from four communities in Negros Occidental, Philippines collectively understand family planning. We conducted an open-ended survey among 400 mothers and fathers who engage in family planning. We combined quantitative and qualitative modes of data analyses, running the K-means algorithm to extract homogeneous clusters of terms, and utilizing thematic analysis to further make sense of these emerging patterns. Results reveal that the meaning of family planning is primarily anchored on birth control, which is further understood as preventing pregnancies and imposing discipline on oneself. Parents comprehend family planning as economically benefitting, affording child rearing in a time of poverty- the cost of which is revealed to be beyond the material. Family planning is seen as a way to secure the family’s future and protect maternal reproductive health. This study offers insights on how the meaning of family planning is (re)constructed by members of a particular locale, alluding to the congruencies between how it is framed as a government health program and how it is perceived at the level of its recipients. The results further illustrate how Social Representations Theory serves well to unpack such localized knowledge, through the strategic use of descriptive and interpretative analyses.

Paper Session 2 - ❷ - 3Overcoming Adversity, Stigma, and Trauma

Chair: Michael Pan, University of the Philippines, Korea University

1. Powerless but Not Passive: The Experience of and Response to Humiliation among Dalits in India

Yashpal Jogdand, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

Despite social psychology’s long-standing tradition of studying prejudice and discrimination against stigmatised groups, there has been a lack of empirical research investigating how stigmatised groups experience and seek to manage and/or challenge humiliation. I report interview data with Dalits (N=19) about their experience and response to humiliation in the Indian caste system. Dalit participants reported humiliation as a social encounter in which their valued identity was diminished or denied. Dalit

collectivist culture (Eom, Kim, Sherman, & Ishii, 2016). However, this study did not establish whether manipulating an individual’s personal environmental concern or perceived social norms would lead to greater pro-environmental behaviors being undertaken and whether this relationship was moderated by culture. Thus, to address this gap in the literature, we recruited a sample of participants from an individualistic (e.g., Australians) and a collectivistic culture (e.g., Japanese) and investigate whether pro-environmental messaging targeting personal concern or perceived social norms is effective in promoting pro-environmental choices in a simulated shopping task. Participants assigned to the personal environmental concern condition read a vignette designed to heighten their concern about the environment, whereas those assigned to the social norm condition read another vignette designed to raise their awareness about how other people in their social group are combatting environmental problems. We hypothesized that participants from an individualistic culture would choose more sustainable products in the personal environmental concern condition, while those from a collectivistic culture would choose more sustainable products in the social norm condition. Results and discussion will be provided.

3. The role of Identification With All Humanity in Environmental Justice using the Social Identity Model of Collective Action

Vivien Pong, The Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyKim-Pong Tam, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

Environmental justice is about the rights of the environment and our responsibility toward the environment, other species, humanity and future generations. In this light, I argue that private-sphere and public-sphere pro-environmental behaviors (PEB) are collective actions toward our perceived morally just assignments of rights and responsibility. In this research, I employ van Zomeran’s collective action model, Social Identity of Collective Action Model, to examine the role of Identification With All Humanity (IWAH) in environmental justice and the engagement in PEB. Following the Model, moral conviction, IWAH, group-based emotions related to environmental injustice and collective efficacy were included in the prediction of engagement in PEB. The study adopted a two-wave within-subject time-lagged panel design where the same group of participants self-reported their engagement in private PEB in the past four weeks, future private-sphere PEB intentions and future public-sphere PEB intentions. The results showed that IWAH consistently predicted group-based injustice emotions, collective efficacy, past private PEB in Time 1 and Time 2 and future PEB engagement intentions. Unlike political actions examined in past research, moral conviction, but not group-based injustice emotions or collective efficacy, directly predicted PEB. The roles of moral norms, self-efficacy and trust were also explored.



Michael Pan, University of the Philippines, Korea UniversityEunjoo Yang, Korea University

Exposure to traumatic events has the potential to disrupt an individual’s emotion regulation system that is in turn associated with higher PTSD symptoms. Further evidence shows that the type of trauma experienced by survivors can serve as a contextual variable whereby certain pathways to psychosocial outcomes are made more salient. The current study examined the moderating role of trauma type in the mediating effect of emotion regulation difficulties (ERD) on the trauma exposure and PTSD link. Students (N=324, aged 19-28 years) who were survivors of the deadly Typhoon Haiyan participated in this study. The initial mediation analysis demonstrated the indirect influence of trauma exposure on PTSD symptoms via emotion regulation difficulties. Subsequent moderated mediation analysis showed that the mediating influence of emotion regulation difficulties on the association between trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms was conditional upon the type of worst trauma event experienced by the participants. Specifically, more PTSD symptoms were reported by those whose worst trauma was interpersonal in nature. Empirical contributions to current research on the psychosocial correlates of trauma exposure are discussed.

4. Understanding Compassion Fatigue: A survey on Palliative Caregivers effect on Patient’s Quality of life

Lerrezyl Sabong, Jose B. Lingad Regional Memorial HospitalRon Julius Espada, Espada Psychological Consultancy

Most literature focus on the quality of life of patients. Burnout and compassion fatigue of the patients’ caregivers are infrequently studied. While there is a growing number of literatures regarding the compassion fatigue and burnout level of healthcare professionals, informal caregivers such as family or friends of the patients are given less attention. With that being said, the researchers of this study aimed to study the compassion fatigue of palliative caregivers of cancer patients of Jose B. Lingad Regional Memorial Hospital (JBLRMH). Their demographic profiles and levels of compassion satisfaction, burnout, and compassion fatigue were acquired with the use of survey forms and the Professional Quality of Life Screening (Pro-QOL 5). The study aims to identify the levels of compassion satisfaction, burnout, and compassion fatigue of the caregivers, and what demographic factors may contribute to the said variables. After using descriptive statistics, it was discovered that there is a low to moderate levels of compassion fatigue and burnout, while there is a high level of compassion satisfaction among the participants. Meanwhile, being a paid employee showed a significant relationship to high levels of burnout and compassion fatigue. The double-role of being a caregiver and a provider explains to the high levels of burnout and compassion fatigue of employed caregivers. On the contrary, having a perceived family support significantly buffers burnout, thereby increasing one’s compassion satisfaction, primarily because family support provides an emotional outlet and relieve from caregiving. Interventions targeting such

participants’ construal of valued identity underpinned appraisal and emotional experience in humiliating encounters. Not only was valued identity deemed critical to the variability in appraising humiliation, but it was also seen as an absolute prerequisite for humiliation to be experienced as humiliation. Participants reported failure in confronting perpetrators during humiliating encounters and attributed their inaction to powerlessness. However, participants saw powerlessness as relative rather than absolute and actively sought ways to negotiate the meaning of humiliation. Participants’ response to humiliation highlighted social identity and group membership as resources for individual coping and a radical transformation of social systems and institutions. I discuss the implications of present data for understanding appraisal, experience and response to humiliation. I conclude by highlighting the potential of humiliation to motivate social change.

2. The Influence of Childhood Psychological Maltreat Experience on Fear of Missing out: The Chain Mediation Effect of Personality Traits and Basic Psychological Needs

Simin Wan, Zhejiang Normal UniversityXiaohua Cao, Zhejiang Normal University

Childhood psychological maltreatment has been demonstrated to be an important factor that is associated with fear of missing out (FoMO). However, the underlying mechanisms of this association are less clear. Based on the Theory of Compensatory Control, a total of 700 students (aged 17–23 years) completed the Child Psychological Maltreatment Scale (CPMS), Trait-State Fear of missing Out Scale (T-S FoMOS), Basic Psychological Needs Scales (BPNS), and NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFT) to explore the relationship between personality traits and basic psychological needs in childhood psychological maltreatment and fear of missing out. Our correlational analyses showed that childhood psychological maltreatment positively related to fear of missing out, supporting hypothesis 1. Furthermore, the positive factors (Agreeableness, Extraversion, Conscientiousness, and Openness) of personality traits and basic psychological needs were negatively related to childhood psychological maltreatment and fear of missing out, while Neuroticism was positively related to them, which provided support for hypothesis 2. More importantly, the results from structural equation modeling indicated that basic psychological needs and personality traits play a role as a chain mediator between childhood psychological maltreatment and fear of missing out, supporting hypothesis 3. These findings suggested that personality traits and basic psychological needs could explain how student’s childhood psychological maltreatment experience influenced their fear of missing out. Keywords：fear of missing out, childhood psychological maltreatment, personality traits, basic psychological needs

3. Trauma Exposure, Emotion Regulation, and PTSD Symptoms among Typhoon Haiyan Survivors: A Moderated Mediation Analysis



reactions to test this overestimation. The reactions were measured in three aspects: proposers’ feelings, proposers’ evaluations towards responders, and the relationship between the two parties. We showed that responders overestimated proposers’ negative reactions in in both real (Study 1) and hypothetical (Studies 2 to 5) settings. By setting a third-person condition, we ruled out the social-desirability explanation such that proposers pretended to be open to diverse views (Study 2). By adding a similar-view condition, we found such a misprediction existed in the different-view condition and disappeared in the similar-view condition, indicating this misprediction was specific to the context of raising a different view (Studies 3 and 4). Furthermore, we examined our sensitivity mechanism by a thought-listing process and revealed such a misprediction was driven by differences between opinion proposers and responders in regard to the sensitivity to the benefits and harm experienced by opinion proposers (Study 5). Together, our research shows that opinion responders overestimate the negative consequences of raising a different view. The overestimation stems from opinion responders’ sensitivity to harms to proposers.

3. Overestimating the Negative Consequences of Refusal

Jingyi Lu, East China Normal UniversityQingwen Fang, East China Normal University

People often find it difficult to refuse requests from others. However, avoiding saying “no” has negative consequences for both requesters and responders. The current research explores a potential cause of this tendency. We propose a misprediction that rejecters overestimate the negative consequences of saying “no”. Eight studies (N=2,335) and three supplementary studies (N=1,050) showed that rejecters overestimated rejectees’ negative emotions, rejectees’ negative evaluations of them, their negative relationships with rejectees, and the probability of rejectees spreading negative information about them. This overestimation persisted in hypothetical (Studies 1 and 3), real-life (Study 2), and incentivized settings (Study 4). Moreover, this misprediction was specific to refusal (Studies 5a and 5b). When responders complied with requests, their predictions about requesters were more accurate. The mispredictions made by rejecters stemmed from worryful thinking (Studies 6 and 7). Rejecters imagined the worst outcomes of refusal and thus exaggerated negative consequences.

Paper Session 2 - ❷ - 5Mental Health and Well-being at Workplace

Chair: Debora Purba, Universitas Indonesia

1. Selection, Optimization and Compensation Strategies as a Moderator in the Relationship between Occupational Future Time Perspective and Affective Commitment

caregivers are highly recommended. Keywords: Compassion Satisfaction, Burnout, Compassion Fatigue

Paper Session 2 - ❷ - 4Emotion and Social Cognition

Chair: Kawon Kim, Seoul National University

1. When and Why Overfulfilled Promises are Not Appreciated: The Role of Social Dominance Orientation

Kawon Kim, Seoul National UniversityYuen Lam Bavik, Deakin UniversityJason Shaw, Nanyang Technological University

We examine whether and how employees’ ideological endorsement of inequality and egalitarianism affects their feelings of gratitude in response to overfulfilled promises from employers. Drawing on social dominance theory and considering power inequality in employment relationships, we propose that employees who endorse egalitarianism (i.e., low in social dominance orientation [SDO]) tend to attribute overfulfilled promises to employer prosocial motives, which in turn result in their greater feelings of gratitude. On the contrary, we propose that employees who endorse inequality (i.e., high in SDO) tend to attribute overfulfilled promises to employer instrumental motives, which leads to their lesser feelings of gratitude. We test our theory in the novel context of employment relationships between foreign domestic helpers and their individual employers. Data from exploratory interviews, a field survey, and an experiment provide some support for our predictions. Specifically, our results support the moderating role of SDO and the mediating role of employee attribution to employer prosocial motives, thus explaining why only egalitarian employees experience gratitude in response to perceived overfulfilled promises. The findings provide important managerial insights by shedding light on the psychological implications of excess inducements and the role of ideology in shaping employee reactions to employers’ overfulfilled promises.

2. Are the Consequences Caused by Expressing a Different View as Negative as We Believe them to be?

Yuqi Chen, East China Normal UniversityLifen Hu, East China Normal UniversityJingyi Lu, East China Normal University

Although diversity of opinion is highly valued, people are often reluctant to raise a different view. We present an explanation for such a tendency: opinion responders (who respond to opinion proposers) overestimate opinion proposers’ (who initially put forward a view) negative reactions after raising a different view. Across five studies (N=2,591), we showed such a misprediction and examined its mechanism. We benchmarked responders’ predictions about proposers’ reactions against proposers’ actual



3. Workplace Loneliness as Correlates to Coping Strategies Among Employees in Non-Traditional Set-Up: Basis for a Proposed Mental Health Program

Jayvee Tamondong, Espada Psychological Consultancy

This study was conducted to establish a better understanding on assessing the level of workplace loneliness and coping strategies among employees working in non-traditional set-up. This study was conducted among employees in nontraditional set-up in the Province of Pampanga, Central Luzon. The location was primary chosen by the researcher aside from it being his hometown, this province has become a hub for business from different industries. There were one-hundred ninety-five (195) approved respondents based on the criteria set by the researcher. The researcher used non-probability sampling, specifically the exponential non-discriminative snowball sampling wherein the first subject recruited to the sample groups provides multiple referrals. There were two instruments that the researcher used in this study namely Loneliness at Workplace Scales (LAWS) to identify employees’ workplace loneliness and Coping Orientations to the Problems Experienced Questionnaire (COPE) to identify coping strategies of the respondents. A univariate analysis was employed to describe the participants’ overall level of workplace loneliness and to identify their coping strategies. Meanwhile, Pearson bivariate correlation was utilized in order to assess the association of the said variables. Based from the statistical results, it was revealed that there was a significant relationship between workplace loneliness and coping strategies among employees in non-traditional work set-up.

Paper Session 2 - ❷ - 6Social Cognition and Organizational Behavior

Chair: Indrayanti Indrayanti, Universitas Gadjah Mada

1. Trust to leader or having a “click”: Discovering meaningful at work during work from home

Indrayanti Indrayanti, Universitas Gadjah Mada

The current work environment is dominated by two generations, namely the millennial generation and the X generation. The meaning of work is one of the factors that must be fulfilled to support individual performance. This study aims to investigate who plays a role in fostering the meaning of work in these two generations. A mix-study with a questionnaire and an open-ended questionnaire, was conducted in the form of an online survey of 448 employees in Indonesia. The Work Meaningfulness Inventory scale is used to measure the meaningfulness of work between generations and an open-ended question is used to explore who plays a role in achieving work meaningfulness in employees. Data were analyzed using regression analysis on data from two generations. The results show that trust in leadership is the key to

Debora Purba, Universitas IndonesiaAulia Elma Rabbika, Universitas Indonesia

The study aimed to investigate the role of selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC) strategies as a moderator in the relationship between occupational future time perspective (OFTP) and affective commitment to the organization. Drawing on the Conservation of Resource (COR) theory, it is argued that the relationship between OFTP and affective commitment is strengthened when the levels of SOC strategies are high. Data were collected from a private company engaged in the vehicle battery industry (N=202) using a self-reported survey method with temporal separation technique, in which predictors data were taken three weeks before the outcome data. Data were analyzed using Hayes’s PROCESS macro on SPSS software. This study indicates that the use of the SOC strategies moderates the relationship between OFTP and affective commitment, but different from previous expectations, the SOC strategies did not strengthen but weaken the relationship between OFTP and affective commitment. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed further.

2. Adversity Quotient as Correlates to Professional Quality of Life of Teacher: Basis for a Proposed Wellness Program

Reyiel Pela-Tecson, Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila

This study investigated the adversity quotient level among senior high school teachers and its relationship to their professional quality of life. A total of 112 respondents from Navotas City were obtained through population sampling technique. The Adversity Quotient of the participants were analyzed through Adversity Quotient Profile 10.0 by Dr. Paul Stoltz (2019) while their compassion satisfaction, burnout and secondary traumatic stress level have been measured through Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQOL) Compassion Satisfaction and Compassion Fatigue (ProQOL) Version 5 (2009). Results reveal that respondents have below average level of overall adversity quotient is (x=129), whereas control is (x=36, SD=5.64); ownership is (x=34, SD=10.14); reach is (x=26, SD=7.54), and endurance is (x=33, SD=7.15). In addition, results show respondents’ high level of compassion satisfaction (x=42, SD=5.01); moderate level of burnout (x=25, SD=5.32), and moderate level of secondary traumatic stress (x=27, SD=7.93). The hypothesis was tested by analyzing the relationship among their Adversity Quotient and Professional Quality of Life by utilizing the Pearson Product Moment Correlation (r). It was also found out that their adversity quotient has an insignificant relationship with their compassion satisfaction (r=.091, p-value=.341), as well as with burnout (r=-.046, p-value=.628) and secondary traumatic stress (r=-.035, p-value=.714). It could be gleaned that respondents identify adversities as unrelated to the matters and situations that they are compassionately satisfied while their burnout and secondary traumatic stress can be attributed to non-related incidents where they experience life setbacks. Keywords: Adversity Quotient, Professional Quality of Life, Compassion Satisfaction,



mediates the relationship between supervisory support for voice and employee voice, not the relationship between supervisor’s upward voice and employee voice. We conducted a survey study and utilized multisource and time-lagged data from 187 supervisor-subordinate dyads in Taiwan for analysis. We found that employee voice efficacy mediated the positive relationship between supervisor’s upward voice and employee voice and that employee felt obligation for constructive change mediated the positive relationship between supervisory support for voice and employee voice. Beyond our predictions, employee felt obligation for constructive change also mediated the positive relationship between supervisor’s upward voice and employee voice. The theoretical and practical implications, limitations, and further directions are discussed.

Paper Session 2 - ❷ - 7Prosocial Behavior and Well-being during the COVID-19

Chair: Ying Yang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

1. Are COVID-19 Volunteers Altruistic? emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence and social responsibility as predictors

Ikhwan Lutfi, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah JakartaFarid Jamaludin, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

The COVID-19 pandemic can make someone to be volunteer. Is volunteering a form of altruism? This study aims to determine the effect of emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence and social responsibility on altruism in social volunteers in the COVID-19 pandemic case. Participants in this study are volunteers who are involved in social activities in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic. A sample of 257 people living around Jakarta was taken by non-probability sampling. Data collection used online methods, with the form of g-form. The measuring instrument used is the adaptation and modification of the Generative Altruism Scale (GAlS), the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS), the Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory (SISRI-24) and the Chinese University Students Social Responsibility Scale (CUSSRS) to measure responsibility. socially responsible. Testing construct validity uses CFA (Confirmatory Factor Analysis) and hypothesis testing using multiple regression. The results showed that all independent variables had a significant effect on the altruism of social volunteers in the COVID-19 pandemic case, with the proportion of variants being 41.4%. The involvement of external variables can be a consideration for further research.

2. Awe and prosocial behavior during the COVID-19: The mediating role of presence of meaning in life and the moderating role of perceived social support

Ya-Nan Fu, Guangxi Normal UniversityShuyue Zhang, Guangxi Normal University

meaningful work for the younger generation, while generation X is more influenced by the factor of close friendships (clicks) than trust in the leadership. This indicates that the role of leaders is decreasing in the older generation. Keyword: click, trust, work meaningful, work from home

2. Perceived Organizational Support, Values, and Work Engagement: The Mediating Role of Work Meaningfulness

Christian Kevin Kurniawan, Gadjah Mada UniversityIndrayanti Indrayanti, Gadjah Mada University

The COVID-19 pandemic has made workers who work at home lose their work focus due to the unclear role of work and the role of family members. This study aims to examine the role of work meaningfulness as a mediator in the role of perceived organizational support and values ��for work engagement. The research data collection was carried out online and involved 220 workers who worked in various fields. Perceived organizational support is measured by the SPOS scale consisting of 16 items, values ��measured with the PVQ scale consisting of 21 items, work meaningfulness is measured by the WAMI scale consisting of 10 items, and work engagement is measured by the UWES scale consisting of 17 items. The data analysis in this study used the mediation test. The results showed that perceived organizational support and values ��had a significant role in work engagement. The results of the mediation test show that work meaningfulness significantly mediates the role of perceived organizational support and values ��on work engagement. Thus, the results of the study indicate that job resources and personal resources play a significant role in this study. In addition, work meaningfulness significantly mediates the role of variables that become resources in work engagement in this study. Keywords: Perceived Organizational Support, Values, Work Engagement, Work Meaningfulness

3. The trickle-down effect of voice in Chinese organizations: Test of a dual-process model

Hao Cheng Lo, National Taiwan UniversityTsai Feng Chang, National Taiwan UniversityTsung Yu Wu, National Taiwan University

Supervisor’s behaviors have been considered crucial for employee voice. Although much prior research has explored how supervisor leadership affects employee voice, less scholarly attention has been paid to the trickle-down effect of supervisory voice-related behaviors (i.e., supervisor’s upward voice and supervisory support for voice) on employee voice. Thus, drawing on social cognitive theory and social exchange theory, the current study hypothesizes two mechanisms behind the trickle-down effect of voice: First, employee voice efficacy serves as a learning-based mechanism, which mediates the relationship between supervisor’s upward voice and employee voice and the relationship between supervisory support for voice and employee voice. Second, employee felt obligation for constructive change serves as an exchange-based mechanism, which only



Prosocial behavior is ideally measured through behavioral observations, but it is less practical to do so. We constructed a questionnaire to measure prosocial intentions in children and adolescents, which we call the Scenario-Based Prosocial Intention Questionnaire (SBPIQ). This scale uses scenarios (stories) where subjects are asked to imagine if they were the actor in the stories. Four items representing types of prosocial behaviors (helping, sharing, comforting, cooperating) follow each scenario and subjects were asked to respond to what extent they would perform each of the behaviors. We went through three phases in developing this questionnaire. In phase 1 we developed the scenarios (11 scenarios, 44 items) conducted try-out (N=82), and examined the internal consistency of the early version of SBPIQ. We found that the scale showed acceptable internal consistency. In phase 2 we examined the structure and internal consistency of the scale (10 scenarios, 40 items) with more extensive participants (N=2656) and found good reliability, although there were issues with regard to the goodness of fit and factor loadings. In phase 3 (N=370, all Muslims) we modified SBPIQ to measure prosocial intentions toward the religion-based ingroup and outgroup peer members by adding Islamic/non-Islamic character’s name of the target of prosocial behaviors. We found adequate validity and reliability of this version of the SBPIQ. Overall, we are confidentthat this questionnaire is promising as a tool to measure children and adolescents’ prosocial intentions, although further development is needed.

Paper Session 2 - ❸ - 1Psychology of Gender

Chair: Fangfang Wen, Central China Normal University

1. The Impact of (Continuous) Gender Counter-stereotypes on Negative Personnel Decisions and Gender Differences

Fangfang Wen, Central China Normal UniversityKe Yang, Central China Normal UniversityBin Zuo, Central China Normal UniversityShuhan Ma, Central China Normal UniversityYang Wang, Central China Normal UniversityYu Ding, Central China Normal UniversityYalan Qiao, Central China Normal University

This study explored the effects of information on the different levels of degree (continuous) of gender counterstereotypes when making personnel decisions. The results showed that: (1) When women made a decision of rejection/salary reduction, backlash effect only showed on male applicants/employees with high degree of gender counterstereotypes, and the degree of gender counterstereotypes had no impact on negative decision to female applicants/employees; however, for male participants, there existed backlash effect on gender counterstereotyped applicants/employees, and the backlash effect on male

Although awe has been shown to play an important role in prosocial behavior, little is known about the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying this relationship. In order to explore the mechanism of the influence of awe on prosocial behaviors during COVID-19 and the role of presence of meaning in life and perceived social support, a survey of 1091 college students was conducted by questionnaire method. The results showed that: (1) awe was significantly and positively associated with prosocial behavior and presence of meaning in life mediated this association; (2) the relationship between awe and presence of meaning in life was moderated by perceived social support, and this relationship was stronger for college students with low perceived social support than who were with high; (3) the relationship between presence of meaning in life and prosocial behavior was also moderated by perceived social support, and this relationship was only significant for college students with high perceived social support.

3. Connection to nature enhances well-being: The role of needs satisfaction

Ying Yang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesZiyan Yang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesHuajian Cai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

A great deal of research has witnessed the psychological benefits of connection to nature. We proposed that connection to nature can enhance individuals’ well-being via satisfying basic psychological needs. We conducted four studies to test the proposition. In study 1, exposure to natural (vs. urban) scenes enhanced higher emotional well-being, which was serially mediated by greater connection to nature and satisfaction of basic psychological needs. In Study 2 and 3, participants who were selected on-site in or randomly assigned to urban parks (vs. plazas) reported greater emotional well-being, life satisfaction and meaning in life, and these effects were again serially mediated by connection to nature and satisfaction of basic psychological needs. A three-wave longitudinal study (Study 4) further showed that connection to nature promoted well-being and reduced distress both during and after the outbreak of COVID-19, by fulfilling basic psychological needs. Taken together, these results suggested that connection to nature satisfies human’s basic psychological needs and thus enhances psychological well-being. The findings shed light on the mechanism of nature and nature connectedness on human well-being.

4. The development of the Scenario-Based Prosocial Intention Questionnaire (SBPIQ): Measuring prosocial intentions in children and adolescents

Sutarimah Ampuni, Universitas Gadjah MadaSukmo Bayu Suryo Buwono, Universitas Gadjah Mada



in studying how people make sense of their gender identity and expressions, the informants were asked to share their understanding of what being trans means to them. They were also asked about their coming out processes and lived experiences as trans men and women. Results showed that all the informants understood that being trans means identifying oneself as the opposite of gender assigned at birth, feeling like a boy (transman) or a girl (transwoman), living as a man (transman) or woman (transwoman) and will eventually undergo physical transition. Their narratives also revealed that their coming out process and experiences was not easy. They experienced misgendering oneself and by other people. In the process of identifying, one’s gender identity, they sought help from professionals; they experienced disapproval from other family members; and whirlwind romances. They also went through medical and non-medical physical changes. The transitioning also led them to experience cultural and societal restrictions; and with all these experiences they vow to advocate for LGBT education and awareness. Through the analysis of the informants’ lived experiences, it was established that the process of developing a sense of self not only involves individuals’ self-concepts, but also others’ perceptions of them whether it is aligned or not. In the case of transgender individuals, their gender self-concept may not ‘‘match’’ what others assign to them; thus, others’ confirmation (often referred to as ‘‘passing’’) is a powerful force.

4. The effect of moral-themed story on children’s prosocial intentions: The moderating role of gender

Sukmo Bayu Suryo Buwono, Universitas Gadjah MadaSutarimah Ampuni, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Storytelling can be used as a mean for moral education; but is the effect universal across gender? This quasi-experimental study examined gender differences in the effect of a moral-themed story on children’s prosocial intentions. As many as 76 children (9-10 years old) participated and were divided into experimental group (N=35; 20 boys, 15 girls) and control group (N=41; 25 boys, 16 girls). Participants in the experimental condition were exposed to the story using the read aloud method (i.e., being read), while participants in the control group were not given any treatment. Prosocial intentions were measured before (pre) and after (post) treatment, using a scenario-based questionnaire. Analysis using mixed ANOVA revealed that the main effect of treatment was significant, but when gender is considered, only boys in the experimental group showed increased intention to act prosocially. More specifically, the increases were only shown in the aspects of helping, sharing, and comforting, and not in the aspect of cooperating. It was discussed that this different effect across gender was mostly due to the male-centered nature of the story.

applicants/employees was stronger than female applicants/employees. (2) In the demotion decision, women’s demotion decision of gender counterstereotyped employees depended on the competence evaluation of employees; while men still boycotted gender counterstereotyped male employees stronger than female employees. This study expanded the division method of traditional research that treated counterstereotypes as a dichotomous variable and provided a new perspective for research on backlash effects of gender counterstereotypes.

2. Fitting in or feeling excluded: Perceived peer exclusion as predictor of university students’ help-seeking strategies

Lysann Zander, Leibniz Universität HannoverElisabeth Höhne, Leibniz Universität Hannover

Research has shown that students who feel excluded by their peers report lower academic self-competence, academic self-concepts, and achievement motivation. However, to date, only little research has investigated the relationship between perceived peer exclusion and students’ help-seeking strategies. The present study examines whether students’ sense of exclusion from their peers’ private or subject-related exchanges can also hold students back from seeking adaptive help from their fellow students. Extending previous research, our study takes a closer look at the quality of help that students seek, and by comparing the psychological situation of male and female minority students in two gender-connoted domains: computer science and education. In a cross-sectional study, we compared three different help-seeking strategies (autonomy-oriented, dependency-oriented, avoidance; Nadler, 2002) among 200 computer science students (149 male, 51 female) and 218 students enrolled in either educational science, primary school pedagogy or special needs education (35 male, 183 female). Multiple-group regression analyses showed that, overall, students reported lower autonomy-oriented help-seeking and higher help-seeking avoidance in computer science than in education. In computer science, perceived peer exclusion predicted more help-seeking avoidance among both male and female students and, only among females, less autonomy-oriented help-seeking. In education, however, perceived peer exclusion was a significant predictor of both male and female students’ lower autonomy-oriented help-seeking. Results suggest that in computer science, help-seeking appears to have an “image problem” signaling competence-related inferiority rather than being an effective form of self-regulated learning. Practical implications for enhancing adaptive help exchange cultures will be discussed.

3. Gender Identity and Expression: A Phenomenological Study on the Lived Experiences of Trans People in the Philippines

Noel Bedia, De La Salle University ManilaPatricia Mae Taba, National University Manila

This study explored the lived experiences of self-identified trans people in the Philippines. Using the phenomenological approach



education, and health/longevity). We used a number of analytical approaches to identify universal and country-specific preferences, including multidimensional scaling, analysis of variance, and pairwise comparisons. Our results demonstrate that what people understand as modernization is fairly universal across countries, but specific pathways of development and preferences towards these pathways tend to be varied between countries. We distinguished three facets of modernization—foundational aims (e.g., trust, safety, economic development), welfare aims (e.g., poverty eradication, education), and inclusive aims (e.g., openness, gender equality, human rights)—and incorporated them into a folk meta-theory of modernization. In all nine countries, we found that the three facets of modernization were preferred more than conventional aims (e.g., military, demographic growth, religion). We propose a method of implementing our findings into development indexes so that cultural sensitivity can be reflected in how societal development is measured.

3. Testing Cultural Contingencies of Selective Exposure and Polarization: A Cross-National Study in Japan, the U.S., and Hong Kong

Tetsuro Kobayashi, City University of Hong KongLing Liu, Waseda University

Partisan selective exposure—the tendency of individuals to seek political information that confirms their existing beliefs over such information that does not—has been well documented in the Western political communication literature. However, its cross-cultural validity has been tested rarely. Drawing on a recent development in cultural psychology, which indicates that Westerners polarize whereas Easterners moderate their attitudes and affect when exposed to conflicting information, this study tests the hypothesis that Easterners will demonstrate weaker partisan selective exposure compared with Westerners. Cross-cultural studies were fielded in Japan (East), the US (West), and Hong Kong, where East meets West. Specifically, after measuring support for political leaders (Shinzo Abe, Donald Trump, and Carrie Lam/Jasper Tsang), participants were presented with a simulated online news site containing four news headlines about the political leaders and four news headlines unrelated to politics. Of the four news headlines about the leader, two were favorable toward the leader and two were critical. Participants’ browsing behavior was recorded unobtrusively for up to 90 seconds. Analyses of browsing behavior indicated that partisan selective exposure is robustly observed in the US, but not in Japan, and even when it is found in Hong Kong, it is weaker than in the US. These results suggest that partisan selective exposure is culturally contingent. Furthermore, an exploratory analysis using a self-report measure of cognitive dissonance measured after browsing news sites suggests that cultural differences in selective contact cannot be explained by differences in the strength of cognitive dissonance. Theoretical implications were discussed.

Paper Session 2 - ❸ - 2Culture and Social Issues

Chair: Tetsuro Kobayashi, City University of Hong Kong

1. Cultural developmental psychology’s approach to shame and shaming – conceptual investigation.

Arkadiusz Bialek, Jagiellonian University

Cultural developmental psychology (CDP) recognizes importance of examining developmental processes in cultural research and central role of culture in shaping developmental processes and outcomes (Wang, 2018). It investigates humans as biologically cultural beings (Rogoff, 2003) and acknowledges that species specific characteristics are diversely shaped in different cultural contexts. The importance of shame for: (i) development of self (Zahavi, 2014), (ii) and for cumulative cultural evolution, as part of norm-psychology (Chudek & Heinrich, 2011), is well established. Although shame is recognized as an universal emotion, in some cultures it is experienced more often, is more salient and, crucially, plays more important role in the process of socialization (Mesquita & Frijda, 1992). So called ‘face cultures’ (Leung & Cohen, 2011), i.e. East Asian societies, are the best manifestations of such cultures. They were even called ‘shame cultures’, in contrast with Western ‘guilt cultures’ (Benedict, 1946). Although this dichotomic view was substantially questioned (Lebra, 1976; Wong & Tsai, 2007), it remains uncontroversial that shame plays specially important role in the context of Confucian values (Hwang, 2011). It is regarded as a beginning of Confucian core value, i.e. virtue of righteousness (Fung, 2006), and thus is part of moral socialisation (Fung, 1999). Shame is closely linked with face and (fear of) losing face (Ho, 1976). The aim of the planned conceptual investigation is to discuss shame as a part of evolved in humans norm-psychology and as a culturally saturated state with variable relevance in different cultures, i.e. as an exemplification of CDP approach.

2. Preference for Modernization Is Universal, but Expected Modernization Trajectories Are Culturally Diversified

Kuba Krys, Polish Academy of Sciences

People across cultures differ in behaviours, thoughts, and preferences. Cultural sensitivity in development science has been argued for since at least the 1960s, but has remained understudied. The goal of the current paper is to address this gap and to investigate folk theories of societal development. In particular, we aimed to identify both universal and culturally specific lay beliefs on what constitutes good societal development. We collected data from 2,684 participants from Japan, Hong Kong, Poland, Turkey, Brazil, France, Nigeria, USA, and Canada. We measured preferences towards 28 development aims, as well as preferences towards the three aims included in the Human Development Index (i.e., economic prosperity,



Paper Session 2 - ❸ - 3Self, Emotion, and Motivation in Well-being

Chair: Xinwei Li, Zhejiang Normal University

1. From smoking cessation intention to quitting action planning: The Moderating Effects of Subjective norms and identity

Chen Haide, Zhejiang Normal UiversityDing Yanjie, Zhejiang Normal Uiversity

Objective: To investigate the moderating effects of subjective norms and identity of smokers on the relationship between intention and action planning to quit smoking. Methods: 638 smokers completed the Questionnaire of Intention of Quitting Smoking, Action Planning to Quit Smoking Questionnaire, the Quitting Social Norms Scale, and the Identity Scale. Results: The intention to quit smoking was a significant and positive predictor of action planning to quit smoking. The moderated effect of subjective norms on the relationship between intention and action planning to quit smoking was not significant, as well as identity. An interactive moderating effect of subjective norms and identity on the relationship between intention and action planning to quit smoking was significant. As for smokers with higher level of subjective norms or lower level of identity, the intention to quit smoking significantly and positively predicted the action planning to quit. As for smokers with lower level of subjective norms or higher level of identity, the intention to quit smoking significantly and positively predicted the action planning to quit, while the coefficient of prediction was weaker. Conclusion: The process of increasing intention and action planning is influenced interactively by both of subjective norms and identity in smokers.

2. Cigarette-Specific Disgust Aroused by Smoking Warning Images Strengthens Smokers’ Inhibitory Control under Smoking-Related Background in Go/NoGo Task

Xinwei Li, Zhejiang Normal UniversityWeijian Li, Zhejiang Normal UniversityHaide Chen, Zhejiang Normal UniversityNingmeng Cao, Zhejiang Normal UniversityBoqiang Zhao, Zhejiang Normal University

Reduced inhibitory control is more pronounced during substance-related cue exposure among addicts. However, it is inconclusive whether smokers’ inhibitory control would be impaired by smoking-related background. Furthermore, few studies explored whether the cigarette-specific disgust aroused by smoking warning images would alleviate the negative effect of smoking-related cues on smokers’ inhibitory control. Experiment 1 investigated the effect of smoking-related background on inhibitory control in cigarette smokers with a modified Go/NoGo

task and experiment 2 explored whether cigarette-specific disgust aroused by smoking warning images would alleviate the negative effect of smoking-related background on smokers’ inhibitory control. 62 male participants (32 smokers) were recruited in experiment 1 and 51 male smokers were recruited in experiment 2. Experiment 1 found that compared to neutral background, smokers made more commission errors under smoking-related background, indicating that smoking-related background has a negative effect on smokers’ inhibitory control. Experiment 2 found that after experiencing cigarette-specific disgust, smokers made fewer commission errors at post-mood induction than pre-mood induction, indicating that cigarette-specific disgust aroused by smoking warning images alleviates the negative effect of smoking-related background on smokers’ inhibitory control. These results suggest that the negative effect of smoking-related cues on smokers’ inhibitory control would be alleviated by cigarette-specific disgust aroused by smoking warning images, which supports the theory of Behavioral Immune System. Keywords: smoking-related background, inhibitory control, general disgust, cigarette-specific disgust, male smokers, Go/NoGo task

3. Smoking in Indonesia: How Much Depression and Personal Health Factors Contribute? Evidence from a population based national survey

Herdiyan Maulana, State University of JakartaGumgum Gumelar, State University of Jakarta

The prevalence of smoking in Indonesia is among the highest in the region. Existing literature have reported a significant association between major depression symptoms and smoking. Apart from depression, personal health-related factors have also been considered predicting smoking status. Using cross-sectional of large national based data (N=31400) from the 5th Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) 2014, this study aims to investigate the role of depression and personal health factors in smoking among Indonesian general population. Logistic bi-nominal regression was performed to examine the effects of depression, gender and personal health factors (general health perception, health expectation and compared health) on respondent’s smoking status. The logistic regression model was statistically significant χ2 (31394)=19372.35, p<.001. The current model correctly classified 80% of smoking cases in sample characteristic. This current findings indicated that increasing depression was associated with an increased likelihood of smoking behavior. While respondent’s positive perception on their physical health and a belief that they would stay healthy for the following year were significantly decreased the likelihood of smoking behavior. Therefore, the presence of these factors (positive health perception and health expectation) reduced respondent’s smoking behavior to 82% and 77% respectively. Interestingly, compared health (social comparisons that individuals made with others about their health) did not significantly affect the smoking behavior. The finding also showed that higher smoking status among males than females respondent. The fact that the positive effect of personal health on smoking, it is important to consider personal-



alexithymia and problematic mobile phone use (PMPU). However, yet gaps remain in identifying the internal mechanisms of this relationship. Hence, based on the Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution model, the current research examined the mediating roles of adolescent students’ social interaction anxiousness (SIA) and boredom proneness (BPS) in the relationship between alexithymia and problematic mobile phoneuse. A total of 1300 adolescent students (Mage=20.36 years, SD=0.97) were recruited from two universities in the southeast of China to completed a series of questionnaires, including the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Social Interaction Anxiousness Scale, Boredom Proneness Scale, and Mobile Phone Addiction Index Questionnaire. In order to conduct conservative predictions, the demographic variables (i.e., gender) were controlled as covariates. The results of multiple mediation analysis showed that: (1) Alexithymia was positively linked with problematic mobile phone use; (2) both social interaction anxiousness and boredom proneness mediated the link between alexithymia and problematic mobile phone use; and (3) a serial indirect pathway emerged (i.e., Alexithymia → SIA → BPS → PMPU). These findings indicated that alexithymia could influence problematic mobile phone use in a simple indirect way (parallel mediation) and in a complex indirect way (serial mediation). Besides, these findings provide some insights into the prevention and intervention of problematic mobile phone use. Keywords: Alexithymia, Social interaction anxiousness, Boredom proneness, Problematic mobile phone use, Adolescent students

3. The role of economic inequality and interpersonal trust on prosocial behavior toward multiple targets

Jing Lin, Beijing Normal UniversityYu Kou, Beijing Normal University

Economic inequality is related to a series of social outcomes, including mental health, mortality, and crime rates. However, little is known about the role of economic inequality as a characteristic of the socioecological environment in individuals’ prosocial behavior. Four studies (N=1424) were conducted to test the hypothesis that higher economic inequality leads people to reduce interpersonal trust and their prosocial behavior. Across the questionnaire study (Study 1), we found that interpersonal trust and prosocial behavior are lower in China with greater perceived economic inequality. In Study 2a and Study 2b, individuals who perceived higher levels of inequality by laboratory manipulation planned to do prosocial behavior less, and the negative effects were mediated by interpersonal trust. Finally, in Study 3, the priming of high inequality led to a lower preference for interpersonal trust and prosocial behavior, which was moderated by interaction targets. Our findings provide comprehensive and detailed empirical evidence on the mechanisms by which economic inequality affects prosocial behavior, exploring the mechanisms by which the macro-social context influences individual’s micro-psychological and social antecedents of prosocial behavior. The findings are instructive in terms of interrupting the negative effects of economic inequality on benign social behavior.

health specific intervention.

Paper Session 2 - ❸ - 4Roads to Happiness: Meaning-Making, Alexithymia, and Interpersonal Trust

Chair: Jinhyung Kim, Sogang University

1. Beyond the Search for Meaning in Life: Exploring Personal Value of Meaning as a New Construct for Understanding Meaning in Life and as a Facilitator of Preference for Experiential Purchases

Jinhyung Kim, Sogang UniversityJoshua Hicks, Texas A&M University

Over the past decade, the empirical study of meaning in life (MIL) has flourished, particularly with the focus of presence of and search for MIL. This dual system of MIL has elevated our understanding of MIL by suggesting that people seek meaning when lacking it in their life. Although this “meaning-maintenance” account is useful for understanding the experience of MIL, it clearly undervalues the motivational nature of human need for meaning. In the present talk, I introduce a new idea that is centered on a “meaning-augmentation” account. Specifically, I propose personal value of meaning as a new construct that complements the previous account for understanding how people think, feel, and do about a sense of MIL. To this end, I present two research projects: First, a replication study of search for meaning scale finds evidence suggesting that personal value of meaning is a distinct construct. Second, a series of studies demonstrate that personal value of meaning importantly and uniquely predicts intention of the modern type of meaning-seeking behavior, preference for experiential purchases. Specifically, using various methodologies including cross-sectional and longitudinal correlation and experimental intervention study designs, three studies found that people with personal value of meaning perceived experiential purchases to have greater existential value (Study 1) and preferred experiential purchases over material purchases over time (Studies 2 and 3). This was presumably due to their motivation to augment MIL (Study 3). Implications, remaining questions, and future research avenues are discussed.

2. Why individuals with alexithymia symptoms more likely to mobile phone addicted? The multiple mediating roles of social interaction anxiousness and boredom proneness

Hui Zhou, Jinhua Advanced Research Institute, Fujian PolytechnicNormal UniversityWeilong Xiao, Zhejiang Normal University, Fujian PolytechnicNormal UniversityHuaibin Jiang, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University

Previous studies have investigated the relationship between



rarely discussed in building prediction models. We filled this gap by introducing and illustrating different strategies to deal with multilevel data sets and deliberated important considerations in applying prediction models. The performance of different modeling strategies and prediction models were compared in an empirical data set consisted of 1454 employees from 199 small-to-medium-entrepreneurs. Following a workflow to compare the relative performance of these methods, the model with the best prediction accuracy appeared to be the one that allowed for complex relationships between the predictors and the outcome and that incorporated random effects. Furthermore, following the estimates of this model, we identified the five most influential predictors of turnover intention were perceived fairness, leader-member exchange, career opportunities, pay satisfaction, and age.

3. Failure Attribution Scale Construction: Lack of Ability, Lack of Exertion, and Lack of Strategy

Tong-Rong Yang, National Taiwan UniversityYi-Kai Chen, National Taiwan UniversityBih-Jen Fwu, National Taiwan University

Weiner’s attribution theory (1986) indicated that success and failure can be attributed to ability, effort, luck, task difficulty. Weiner’s study found that individuals are more likely to want to explain why a failure occurred rather than a success. Empirical research has shown that ability and effort are the most common attributions to failure in Western societies. Moreover, many studies indicated that those who believe entity theory (EB) tend to attribute their failure to lack of ability. However, research conducted in Confucian-heritage cultures (CHCs) repeatedly found that the use of learning strategies together with effort as explanations for a failure. We argue that EB holders are likely to attribute their failure to low ability, whereas those who believe obligation theory (OB), based on Fwu’s (2020) role-obligation theory of self-cultivation, tend to attribute their failure to lack of exerting oneself to fulfill their obligation and ineffective strategies. This study intends to develop failure attribution scales of exertion, ability, and strategy as well as investigate the relationships among OB, EB, and their failure attributions. We collected a 396 Taiwanese university students’ sample. As expected, three factors were found using EFA. Correlation analysis showed that lack of ability was highly correlated with EB, whereas lack of exertion and strategy were both correlated with OB. We hope that this study extends failure attributions from pre-dominant EB theory to both OB and EB theories in CHCs through the development of this scale, so as to fully capture the attributions triggered by different types of belief.

4. Entity Belief vs. Obligation Belief in Confucian-Heritage Cultures: Development and Validation of a Measurement Instrument

Tong-Rong Yang, National Taiwan UniversityYi-Kai Chen, National Taiwan UniversityBih-Jen Fwu, National Taiwan University

Paper Session 2 - ❸ - 5Measurement and Quantitative Psychology

Chair: Shuai Yuan, Tilburg University

1. Modern Variable Selection Techniques for Clustering: A Tutorial

Shuai Yuan, Tilburg UniversityKatrijn Van Deun, Tilburg UniversityKim De Roover, Tilburg University

The availability of data sets with a large quantity of variables has largely increased in social and personality psychology, thanks to the convenience of collecting a wide range of variables and a dramatic rise of publicly available data sets. These data sets offer rich opportunities to psychologists, as they provide a wealth of detailed information. For cluster analysis aiming to identify subgroups of subjects and group-specific shared processes therein, the application of these data sets, compared to the typical small-scale data sets, is likely to result in more accurate recovery of clusters as well as discovery of novel subgroups. However, proper cluster analysis is not an easy task, as the data sets likely contain a significant number of irrelevant variables, defined as variables not contributing to cluster separation, which may hinder the successful discovery of subgroups. Recent advances in applied statistics and machine learning literature provide a few useful methods to tackle this issue. Unfortunately, their highly technical presentations have impeded their wide adaptation in psychological research. To address this research gap, the current tutorial introduces, in a detailed, illustrative, and non-technical manner, several advanced methods and the accompanying software for simultaneous variable selection and clustering. Some important topics in the application of these methods – how to determine the number of clusters, examine the stability of solutions, visualize cluster partitions –are also covered with in-depth discussion and vivid illustration. Last, the tutorial illustrates the usefulness of these algorithms in an analysis of personality profiles.

2. Building Prediction Models with Grouped Data: A Case Study on the Prediction of Turnover Intention

Shuai Yuan, Tilburg UniversityBrigitte Kroon, Tilburg UniversityAstrid Kramer, Tilburg University

In recent years, HR analytics utilizing prediction models flourishes in the field of HRM, as a response to the increasing availability of datasets with a large volume (i.e., big data). However, because of the technical nature of these prediction models, HR professionals and researchers may struggle to collaborate with data experts. We aimed to address this issue by offering a comprehensible explanation concerning the logic of prediction analyses. Moreover, we highlighted the concern of treating multilevel data sets – commonly seen in HRM research and practices yet



did not differ between left-behind children and non-left-behind children. Implications, limitations and future directions of this study were discussed.

2. How to Get Students to Complete Homework consciously? The multiple mediating roles of positive emotion and autonomous motivation

Litong Zhu, Zhejiang Normal UniversityYu Tong, Zhejiang Normal UniversityYijun Chen, Zhejiang Normal UniversityLingli Yan, Zhejiang Normal UniversityBinghai Sun, Zhejiang Normal UniversityWeijian Li, Zhejiang Normal University

As a key indicator to measure students’ homework involvement, homework effort is of great importance for students’ learning. How to get students to complete homework consciously has always been the focus of attention of parents, teachers and government departments. Existing studies have shown that perceived teacher autonomy support （PTSA） significantly predicts students’ homework effort (s-HE). However, few studies have revealed the internal mechanism between perceived teacher autonomy support and students’ homework effort. Based on self-determination theory, the current research examined the mediating roles of students’ positive homework emotion (s-PHE) and students’ autonomous motivation (s-AM) in the relationship between perceived teacher autonomy support and students’ homework effort. 1126 students（male=621 , female=505）from 3rd to 6th grade of four primary schools were measured using four questionnaires concerning perceived teacher autonomy support, students’ positive homework emotion, students’ autonomous motivation and students’ homework effort. The main finds were as follows: (1) Perceived teacher autonomy support, students’ positive homework emotion, students’ autonomous motivation and students’ homework effort were significantly positively correlated. (2) Perceived teacher autonomy support can significantly positively predict students’ homework effort. (3) Perceived teacher autonomy support (PTSA) can affect students’ positive homework emotion (s-PHE), students’ autonomous motivation (s-AM) and students’ homework effort (s-HE) through three ways: PTSA→s-PHE→s-HE, PTSA→s-AM→s-HE and PTSA→s-PHE→-AM→s-HE. These results explained the internal mechanism of the influence of perceived teacher autonomy support on students’ homework effort, and provided a path for promotion of students’ homework effort by increasing positive emotion and improving autonomous motivation.

3. A Measurement Scale for Teacher Feedback After Students’ Academic Failure: Comfort or Advice

Yi-Kai Chen, National Taiwan UniversityTong-Rong Yang, National Taiwan UniversityBih-Jen Fwu, National Taiwan University

Rattan and colleagues (2012) found that Western teachers tend

Dweck’s (1988) implicit theory, viewing human qualities/traits as fixed (Entity belief: EB) or malleable (Incremental belief: IB), has been widely used to conduct empirical research. However, Fwu et al. (2020) argued that the implicit theory may not fully capture the essence of the beliefs in Confucian-heritage cultures, thus proposing the role obligation theory of self-cultivation, which holds that one’s qualities/traits can be changed and should be constantly improved. It is an individual’s obligation to transform oneself through constant self-cultivation to achieve the ultimate good (Obligation belief: OB). This study intends to develop scales of obligation-oriented belief (OB) and investigates the relationship among OB, EB, and IB. We anticipate that EB and IB are reversed construct to each other, and OB is slightly correlated with EB and IB. A sample of 476 Taiwanese university students were assessed for their learning belief and suggestions for their peers who failed academically. Results of EFA found three distinct factors. As expected, IB and EB were highly negative correlated whereas OB was slightly positive correlated with IB but trivially correlated with EB. We further validated those constructs and found that (1) OB holders strongly suggested their peers pushing limits to improve their performance, (2) IB holders tended to suggest that hard work will pay off one day, and (3) EB holders may accept their peers cheating in exams to get credits. We hope the development of learning belief scale could shed light on the underling mechanism for students in CHCs when facing academic failure.

Paper Session 2 - ❸ - 6Character Building and Academic Achievement of Children

Chair: Zhang Ruiping, Zhengzhou University

1. Parenting practices and Rural Chinese Children’s Self-control and Problem Behaviors: A Comparison of Left-behind and Non-left-behind Children

Zhang Ruiping, Zhengzhou UniversityZhang Xiao, Hongkong UniversityXiao Nan, Hongkong UniversityRen Ping, Beijing Normal UniversityLi Xi-Ying, Shanxi Normal University

Using the cross-sectional data of 1,053 children aged 9 to 17 years from rural boarding schools in Henan, China, this study examined the differences in and relations among parenting practices and children’s self-control and internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors between children who were left behind by their migrant parents and those who were not. The results showed that left-behind children had lower levels of self-control and more internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors and reported higher levels of parental refusal and overprotection than non-left-behind children. The three dimensions of parenting practices (parental refusal, overprotection, and warmth) predicted children’s internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors via the mediating role of self-control, and these observed relations



that classroom-based intervention program could effectively promote preschool children’s emotional competence and social adjustment. Keywords: emotional competence; emotion understanding; emotion regulation; preschool children.

Paper Session 2 - ❸ - 7The Social Impact of COVID-19

Chair: Ruth Edisel Rylle Cercado, University of the Philippines Visayas Tacloban College

1. Tele-MHPSS: Changed Landscape of Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Eastern Visayas, Philippines during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Ruth Edisel Rylle Cercado, University of the Philippines Visayas Tacloban College

Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS) is “any type of local or outside support that aims to protect or promote psychosocial well-being and/or prevent or treat mental health condition” (IASC, 2019). It consists of a set of guidelines issued by the Inter Agency Standing Committee for emergency situations. Mental health professionals, psychosocial support providers, and various local actors have responded to different calls for MHPSS in Eastern Visayas for the past several years. This includes the provision of psychological first aid to victims-survivors of natural disasters, armed conflict, and accidents. The experiences they have in dealing with a multitude of mental health concerns and psychosocial issues in previous emergency situations were useful in planning, establishing, and implementing for an MHPSS response to COVID-19. However, the worsening health crisis, limited mobility, and restrictive health protocols changed the way MHPSS is being delivered to individuals and communities at large. This presentation highlights the importance of ICT in tele-MHPSS and the challenges in the remote delivery of MHPSS in the midst of a pandemic.

2. Narrative Congruence of a Populist and the Public: Analyzing Narratives on the COVID-19 Vaccine in the Philippines

Rhaelyne Bairan, Ateneo de Manila UniversityKailo Bigcas, Ateneo de Manila UniversitySofia Paras, Ateneo de Manila University

Employing the analytical framework of narrative congruence, the current study seeks to analyze populist leadership’s narrative with its public in the midst of a public health crisis. Taking President Duterte’s vaccine response as an exemplar, this research employed a sequential mixed-methods design using text mining procedures and social network analysis. The study used data consisting of 4,239 Facebook comments and comment replies, and 21 transcripts of President Rodrigo Duterte’s speeches. Data collected were from the months of August, November,

to hold entity theory (EB) and provide unsuccessful students with ability-comfort feedback (AF_C) like “It’s ok — Not everyone can be good at math.” However, empirical research found that such feedback seldom appeared in Confucian-heritage cultures (CHCs) where role-obligation theory of self-cultivation prevails. We argue that in CHCs, teacher feedback depends on whether students dedicated themselves to fulfilling their obligations. We argued that if students do their best but failed, teachers who believe in obligation theory (OB) would give students comfort for their exertion without paying off (DF_C). In contrast, if students did not exert themselves and failed, OB teachers would advise their students for working harder (DF_A). This study intends to develop teacher feedback scales of AF_C, DF_C and DF_A as well as to investigate the relationship between OB, EB, related attribution and affects. All AF_C, DF_C, and DF_A consisted of verbal and strategy feedback. We gathered 371 Taiwanese preservice teachers’ responses on the teacher feedback scale. Five factors were found using EFA. As expected, for AF_C and DF_C, both verbal and strategy feedback were separated. Nevertheless, the verbal and strategy feedback of DF_A were combined into one factor. As predicted, correlation analysis showed that AF_C was positively correlated with EB and low ability, whereas verbal DF_C and strategy DF_A were positively correlated with OB and lack of exertion. We hope this study can shed light on the effect of teacher feedback on student’s responses after academic failure.

4. Improving preschool children’s emotional competence: A class-based intervention program

Yu-Qing Wu, Ningbo UniversityHao Li, Ningbo UniversityFang Liu, Ningbo University

Emotional competence plays an important role in children’s interpersonal communication and social adjustment. Preschool period is a key stage in the development of children’s emotional competence. Emotional competence is crucial to preschool children to interact and form relationships with other and to reduce problem behaviors. The goal of the present study was to investigate whether an intervention involving reflection on preschool emotional competence was capable of improving children’s social adjustment. We recruited 61 children (ranging from 3 to 5 years old, M=5.54, SD=0.54) in Ningbo city, China. All the children were randomly assigned to three conditions: intervention group (20 children), attention training group (19 children), and control group (22 children). The intervention group received 12 weekly curriculum intervention directed at the emotional competence. While the attention training group received the same length of attention training, the control group did not accept any intervention. Intervention sessions included brief understanding of positive/negative emotions and application of emotion regulation strategies. Comparison of pre- and posttest scores revealed significant improvements for the intervention group in emotion understanding and self-comforting behavior, and a reduction in externalized problem behaviors and negative emotional coping style. In general, the present study indicated



and December 2020 due to the relevant political episodes on vaccines that occurred at these times. Twenty-one storylines were analyzed, based on unique, semi-congruent, and congruent narratives for three months. Three emergent themes were also noted to aid with analysis, namely (a) state dependence on international vaccines, (b) antagonistic attitudes between political groups, and (c) hesitance to receive the vaccine. It was found that political positions among the politicized online users may have had an influence on their perception on the vaccine issue. Furthermore, the data indicated that Duterte shifted his populist narrative to a pragmatic neorealist tone, especially since COVID-19 became a global issue rather than a local one. The study has implications for the use of the narrative congruence framework, relating psychology and populism, and on social media use—especially of influencers and political personalities.

3. Understanding Cebuanos’ Behaviors in Complying with Health-Related Protocols During COVID-19: A Social Cognitive Perspective

Gleanzzy Pauline Gay Reyes, University of San CarlosKyren Mearr Cabellon, GO-VAPaulita Duazo, University of San CarlosJhanina Albert Arceo, University of San Jose RecoletosDelia Belleza, University of San Carlos

The study explores the behavior of Cebuanos in complying with health-related protocols (i.e. wearing a mask, practice social distance) during the COVID-19 pandemic in Cebu, Philippines. Using the Health Belief Model, participants’ compliance to the protocols were examined by looking at how perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefit, and perceived barrier influence the decision to follow health-related preventive behaviors. The study further explored self-efficacy, as an additional factor that influences adherence to these health protocols. A total of 206 participants, ages 18-64, responded to the study through an online survey. Multiple regression was then used to determine the significance of the model and to further identify which among the factors significantly contributes to the adherence of health protocols. Results reveal that perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, and perceived self-efficacy significantly predict health-related preventive behaviors of Cebuanos (i.e. wearing masks, frequent washing of hands, physical distancing). People’s perception of how vulnerable they are to the virus and the belief in their capabilities is positively linked to their compliance with COVID-19 health protocols. However, their perception of the benefits of doing such health protocols is related to less adherence to health protocols. Relevant implications on the probable mitigation of the virus’ spread by focusing on the significant variables in the model are then discussed.



Symposium 3 - ❶ - 1Toward an Integrative Understanding of the Influence of COVID-19 on Individual Functioning

Chair: Hyein Chang, Sungkyunkwan University

The COVID-19 that has now lasted over a year has had significant impact on how individuals function everyday. The current pandemic is unique in that it is a global health crisis that has quickly become a major psychosocial risk that affects people across many domains of functioning including interpersonal and occupational contexts. The term “new normal” implies that the effects of the COVID-19 may be pervasive and chronic, and thus a critical task is to understand the processes involved in how individuals adjust to this unprecedented crisis. For an integrative perspective of how the pandemic has influenced individuals, it is important to consider individual functioning in multiple contexts and at different levels of analysis. To achieve this goal, in this symposium, we focus explaining how the pandemic has had effects on people by incorporating findings from recent studies that have examined individual functioning in different contexts. Based on the reviews, we will propose academic and practical future directions with an ultimate goal to promote successful adjustment of individuals. In Presentation 1 (Hyein Chang), we will focus on how the current pandemic has led to compromised mental health among individuals, with a particular focus on elucidating mediators and moderators of the association between the COVID-19 and psychological problems. In Presentation 2 (Hyung In Park), we will examine recent empirical data on how individuals and groups are functioning in industrial and organizational settings in the pandemic, and derive proposals for future directions in research and intervention. In Presentation 3 (Seungmin Jahng), we will investigate the role of personality traits in explaining variations in individuals’ responses to the pandemic along with empirical data examining how multiple dimensions of personality affects individuals’ levels of psychological distress in the pandemic. In Presentation 4 (M. Justin Kim), we will investigate individual differences in how anger, an emotion that has become highly salient in the pandemic, is processed in the brain, and propose trait anger as a key factor that may explain variations in negative health consequences. Together, this symposium will offer an integrative perspective on understanding how individuals may function in the COVID-19 pandemic. More importantly, we aim to propose future directions for research, clinical intervention, and social policy to promote resilience of individuals in this global health crisis.

1. The Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health: Promoting Resilience in High-Risk Individuals

Hyein Chang, Sungkyunkwan University

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to increases in psychological problems such as depression, anxiety, and alcohol or drug use around the world, particularly among vulnerable populations (e.g., psychiatric patients, individuals of poverty, etc). Despite high demand for mental health services, however, the pandemic has resulted in major disruptions in providing psychological services for individuals in need of professional intervention. Thus, a major task during and after the pandemic would be to restore and promote individuals’ psychological functioning. To achieve this goal via effective and efficient implementation of clinical and policy efforts, research is critical to understand how individuals’ mental health is influenced in the pandemic. In this presentation, I will review the findings from recent studies on individuals’ mental health in the COVID-19 pandemic focusing on a) mediators (e.g., bereavement, isolation, income loss, etc.) that may explain processes by which the pandemic may become associated with mental health problems, and b) moderators (e.g., emotion regulation, social support, stability in daily routine, etc.) that may weaken the adverse impact of COVID-19 on individuals’ psychological functioning. It is hoped that this presentation would facilitate an integrative perspective on multiple processes that may underlie the association between the COVID-19 pandemic and individuals’ mental health. Based on the review, potential targets for early identification and prevention of more serious psychological consequences will be proposed.

2. Research on Organizational Life during the COVID-19 Crisis

Hyung In Park, Sungkyunkwan University

This study reviewed 20 articles published from four top-tier journals in the area of industrial and organizational (I/O) psychology in order to analyze the current research trend regarding the COVID-19. Among 10 top journals of 2019 journal citation reports on applied psychology, six dealt with I/O psychology: Personnel Psychology, Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, Journal of Applied Psychology, Leadership Quarterly, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, and Journal of Organizational Behavior. Each of these six journals was searched with two conditions. The two conditions were 1) including “COVID-19” anywhere, and 2) published from January 2020 to March 2021. The outcomes resulted in 20 articles. The topics embraced telework, loneliness, insecurity, safety, taking charge at work, calling, work-family strategies, companion animals at home, job search, and effective leadership in a crisis. After summarizing and categorizing the contents, implications and future research directions were discussed.

Day 3Saturday JULY 31 2021



3. Personality traits vulnerable to emotional distress due to COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea

Seungmin Jahng, Sungkyunkwan University

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has had a huge impact on people’s daily lives. COVID-19 has caused numerous infections and deaths worldwide and has severely limited social and economic activities. The pandemic has also caused significant psychological distress for most people. Many countries in East Asia, including South Korea, have relatively well prevented the spread of COVID-19, but the people living in these countries have also endured enormous social, economic, and psychological difficulties. During a prolonged pandemic, some people are more resilient and better able to cope with the psychological distress caused by the spread of the disease, while others appear more susceptible to suffering. Individual differences in vulnerability to psychological distress from the long-term pandemic are probably due in part to their personality traits. For example, a high level of negative emotionality and anxiety is suspected to be closely related to such vulnerability. The current study looked at hundreds of Korean adults experiencing psychological distress from COVID-19 and examined how personality traits are related to psychological distress during pandemics. Negative emotionality, trait anxiety, risk avoidance, intolerance for uncertainty, and overestimation of threats were investigated as candidate risk personality traits. Positive relations of negative emotionality, trait anxiety, and risk avoidance with psychological distress experienced under the pandemic will be demonstrated. It will also be emphasized that intolerance for uncertainty and overestimation of threats should be more closely related to psychological distress during the pandemic.

4. The Role of Corticolimbic Circuit Function in Trait Anger

M. Justin Kim, Sungkyunkwan University

Anger has fast become a commonly observed emotional response to the COVID-19 pandemic. As such, there is an increasing need for investigating possible mechanisms that may drive individual differences in such anger responses. Of particular relevance is trait anger – an individual’s dispositional tendency to more easily experience frustration, resulting in a decreased threshold for feeling angry in a wide range of situations. Trait anger has substantial socioemotional ramifications, as it is linked with reactive aggression, violent behavior and increased risk for cardiovascular conditions. Here, I will summarize the findings from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies that documented the neural substrates of trait anger, and also present novel empirical data focusing on intrinsic functional connectivity of the amygdala. Based on the literature emphasizing the role of the corticolimbic circuit in emotion regulation, we tested whether the functional connectivity patterns of the amygdala were associated with trait anger using fMRI. Seed-based functional connectivity analysis revealed a broad network of cortical and subcortical brain regions with altered functional connectivity as a function of trait anger.

These brain regions included the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, thalamus, caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens, supplementary motor area, medial frontal pole, middle frontal gyrus, temporal pole and brainstem. In particular, hyperconnectivity of the amygdala-dmPFC circuit is reported to be associated with sustained anxiety or enhanced inflammatory responses to stress. Our findings suggest that the amygdala-dmPFC hyperconnectivity observed in individuals with high trait anger may reflect their relative susceptibility to negative health outcomes.

Paper Session 3 - ❶ - 2Mental Health and Coping during COVID-19 (3)

Co-Chairs- Bin Zuo, Central China Normal University, Center for Studies

of Social Psychology- Young Joo Jun, Seoul National University

1. The Association between Insecurity and Subjective Well-being among Youth During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Moderated Mediation Model

Bin Zuo, Central China Normal University, Center for Studies of Social PsychologyHanxue Ye, Central China Normal University, Center for Studies of Social PsychologyFangfang Wen, Central China Normal University, Center for Studies of Social PsychologyShi Han, Central China Normal University, Center for Studies of Social PsychologyJianli Zhu, Central China Normal University, Center for Studies of Social PsychologyWenlin Ke, Central China Normal University, Center for Studies of Social PsychologyYujia He, Central China Normal University, Center for Studies of Social Psychology

The COVID-19 pandemic increased insecurity worldwide, negatively impacting mental health. At a critical developmental stage, youth are sensitive to sudden environmental changes. This study examined the relationship between insecurity on subjective well-being among youth during the pandemic. During the COVID-19 outbreak (June 2020), data of 5,520 Chinese youth were collected via an online questionnaire. Subjective well-being, self-control, and hope were measured. Insecurity negatively predicted subjective well-being, as mediated by self-control and moderated by hope. The link between insecurity and lack of self-control was stronger when hope was low, but weaker when hope was high, reducing the negative impact on subjective well-being. Thus, insecurity influences subjective well-being in youth, and increasing self-control and hope can improve their mental health. The findings provide implications for reducing the negative impact of insecurity from a positive psychology perspective and for youth mental health



interventions during a public health crisis. Keywords: COVID-19, insecurity, hope, subjective well-being, youth.

2. Adaptive aspects of maximizing in times of crisis

Young Joo Jun, Seoul National UniversityJoo Hyun Kim, Seoul National UniversityIncheol Choi, Seoul National University

Previous studies have shown the negative associations between maximization and well-being. However, in recent years, some researchers began to explore novel aspects of maximizing tendencies. With the goal of finding contexts where maximizing could be more adaptive, the present research investigated whether maximizers use more coping strategies and thus maintain higher well-being during COVID-19 pandemic. 3,493 participants (87.7% Female; Mage=27.24, SDage=9.94) responded to the online survey from January 20 to October 11, 2020. Results from the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) revealed negative direct associations between the three maximization factors and well-being. In addition, the relationships were significantly mediated by coping strategies. Importantly, the significance and directions of indirect paths depended on factors of maximization and coping strategy types. There were positive indirect associations between high standards and well-being through two coping strategies; high standards positively related to preventive measures and cognitive appraisal, which ultimately led to better well-being. The effect of alternative search on well-being was also positively mediated by self-distraction and social connection. Thus, the results of opposite direct and indirect effects supported inconsistent mediation paths. On the other hand, decision difficulty showed negative indirect relations to well-being through cognitive appraisal, self-distraction, and social connection. The current study confirmed the existence of inconsistent mediational effects between maximization (high standards and alternative search) and well-being via coping strategies. Discussion highlights a double-edged effect of maximization on well-being and contribution to a growing body of research showing that maximizing can, in part, be beneficial.

3. Stability of coping strategies across studies and contexts during the COVID-19 pandemic in Southeast Asia

Jessie Janny Thenarianto, Ministry of Home AffairsPamela Goh, Ministry of Home AffairsJane Quek, Ministry of Home Affairs

Prior research on the stability of coping strategies across time have found mixed results, and little research has examined the stability of coping during large-scale crises such as a pandemic. Our research aims to understand how coping strategies have or have not changed during the COVID-19 pandemic as the crisis becomes prolonged. Data was collected from a Southeast Asian sample. Study 1 data was collected from 28 February to 5 March 2020 (N=255) to understand how Southeast Asians’ cope with the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly when the pandemic was

starting to manifest significantly in South East Asia. Study 2 data was collected from 7 April to 2 May 2020 (N=201), when most Asian countries have entered lockdown to contain the pandemic spread. Across the two studies we wanted to observe whether coping remained stable as the crisis progressed and to observe if coping strategies will change when the pandemic trajectory may have been changed due to containment measures implemented by the authorities. Results of this study found that coping strategies across studies (and contexts) was stable: problem-focused coping was consistently used more than emotion-focused coping, whereas adaptive coping was consistently used more than maladaptive coping. Acceptance and positive reframing were the most frequently used specific coping strategies at both time points in our sample. A combination of situational factors and cultural values were thought to have influenced these results. Further studies are needed to determine if the same coping strategies can be applied to other stressful situations.

4. Positive Mental Health, Life Satisfaction, and Death Anxiety during COVID-19 Pandemic

Laila Meiliyandrie Indah Wardani, Mercu Buana UniversityErna Risnawati, Mercu Buana UniversityAdiyo Roebianto, Mercu Buana University

The COVID-19 pandemic, which was so massive and had been going on for a long time, had various impacts on society. One of them is the increased anxiety about death . The anxiety felt by many people about the Covid outbreak actually increases the risk of Covid to be greater because anxiety will reduce individual immunity. This study aims to determine the role of positive mental health and people’s life satisfaction on the anxiety caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. The population in this study has an age range of 17-50 years. This study uses the Positive Mental Health Scale (PMH-S) by Lukat, Margat, Lutz, Vander Vell and Baker, the life satisfaction scale by Dienner and the Death Anxiety Scale by Templer. This research is expected to contribute efforts to tackle the risk of the COVID-19 pandemic in a psychological aspect and to increase immunity by minimizing public anxiety.

Paper Session 3 - ❶ - 3Intergroup Relations from Cultural Perspective

Chair: Stephanie Valera, Ateneo de Manila University

1. Ethno-Religious Implicit Bias In The Political Election In Indonesia

Patmawaty Taibe, Bosowa University

The study shows the role of religious identity and ethnicity both implicitly and explicitly in influencing in-group bias of alignments based on their social identity, ethno-religious implicit bias also



affecting political preference through social identity and intolerant tendency. Implicit religious and ethnic bias in the IAT experiment, both with word stimulus and facial photos stimulus, consistently showed significant differences in the majority and minority groups. However, the ethnic-religious minority group showed high implicit bias to their in-group than the majority ethnic-religious group. Substantively these findings showed that certain ethnic and religious symbols evoked the implicit bias toward in-group and out-group in particular. Religious identity and ethnic identity were significant predictors of the social identity construction in Indonesia. The research shows that religious identity and ethnicity affect Indonesian political constellation in line with the tendency of intolerance significantly affects more conservative political choices or political preferences based on similar social identities. The mediation model effect of ethno-religious implicit bias toward political preferences through social identity and the intolerant tendency was significant and fully mediated; this result supports the researcher’s assumption that explicit and implicit can routes to attitudes affect distinctly but generally is a complementary process. In conclusion, implicit bias or partiality towards in-group causes a strengthening of prejudice and a tendency towards intolerant behavior, significantly influencing one’s political preference for conservative politicians or parties attributed to religious identity background. All in all, the findings suggest religious-ethnic identity has the leading role in identity politics that affects Indonesian voters’ voting behavior.

2. An Analysis of Philippine Discourses on Cultural Diplomacy

Stephanie Valera, Ateneo de Manila UniversityMa. Elizabeth Macapagal, Ateneo de Manila University

Most research on cultural diplomacy focus on relating with foreign populations. The current paper uses a discursive lens in exploring how cultural diplomacy is constructed in Philippine on-line media in order to contribute to the knowledge of the concept which has various, even overlapping definitions. A discourse analysis of 187 on-line articles on Philippine cultural diplomacy since the promulgation of the National Cultural Heritage Act of 2009 show constructions of cultural diplomacy as a core aspect of Philippine international relations work, which includes engaging the fellow Filipino, and as an instrument in fostering better relations, peace and common goals among peoples. The components and benefits of Philippine cultural diplomacy are also specified. Whereas the notion of diplomacy usually includes engagement of foreign nationals, the present study revealed that Filipino cultural diplomacy includes partnering with, promoting to, educating and empowering its own nationals, particularly Filipinos abroad, including their descendants. Situated in the context of being a migrant-sending country, an analysis of discourse, with its action-orientation, shows how talk and text on cultural diplomacy contribute to defining Filipino identity.

3. Selective exposure toward similar opinions among Japanese citizens: Mediational roles of personally experienced cognitive dissonance and interpersonal sense of shared reality

Iori Kasahara, Nagoya UniversityMinoru Karasawa, Nagoya University

Social and political fragmentation is often associated with biased communication networks such as echo chambers. Because selective exposure (SE) toward similar opinions could be a possible cause of such networks, we need to clarify how SE occurs in interpersonal settings. In the present study, we examined the roles of personally experienced cognitive dissonance and the interpersonal sense of shared reality on SE with Japanese participants. Based on the evidence that Japanese people may show cognitive dissonance effects particularly when self-relevant others were primed, we hypothesized that the participants would show weak or even no SE based on their dissonant feelings. On the other hand, we hypothesized that they would show strong SE based on perceived shared reality because pursuing shared reality with others is a strong tendency observed among people in East Asia. Participants (N=557) indicated their attitudes toward a policy and willingness to contact a person whose opinion was consistent or inconsistent with their own. They indicated the extent to which they perceived cognitive discrepancy and dissonance, sense of shared reality, and relational motive toward the target person. The results showed the predicted SE tendency, mediated by the sense of shared reality and relational motive. The sequential mediation by discrepancy and dissonance was also significant, but the indirect effect was smaller than that of the shared reality and relational motive, which was basically consistent with our hypothesis. Implications in a broader context of social and political fragmentation and cultural characteristics of SE are discussed.

4. Collective Victimisation in the Indian Caste System: Interviews among Upper-Caste Group Members

Suryodaya Sharma, Indian Institute of Technology DelhiYashpal Jogdand, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

The Indian caste system, despite its grave human costs and oppressive implications, remains underexamined in social psychology. The present study addresses this gap by examining the upper caste group members’ perspectives regarding victimisation of Dalits, i.e., members of the erstwhile untouchable castes in India who routinely face violence. Thirty-two self-identified upper-caste participants were interviewed based on an interview schedule. The semi-structured interviews were transcribed and thematically analysed. We identified three major themes that encapsulated how upper-caste participants made sense of victimisation and negotiated the caste-based victimhood. The first theme “Ambivalent attitudes towards outgroup suffering” maps out the dilemmatic ways the upper-caste participants acknowledge the caste-based violence towards Dalits. The second theme “Upper Castes as the real victims” identifies how the upper-caste participants redefine ingroup as the victim, rather than the perpetrator of caste. The third theme “Caste as the ‘real’ perpetrator” demonstrates how constructing caste in a ‘psychologised’ manner helps upper-caste participants



accomplish specific actions - denials and rejections of casteism, resolve moral dilemmas, and redefine the victim-perpetrator relationship. These findings suggest the critical importance of caste discourse in shaping collective victimhood in caste relations and pave the way for future research on intergroup relations in the Indian subcontinent.

Paper Session 3 - ❶ - 4Intergroup Relations and Social Influences

Chair: Liman Man Wai Li, The Education University of Hong Kong

1. The effect of religion-based identity salience on children and adolescents’ prosocial intentions toward members of religion-based ingroup and outgroup

Sukmo Bayu Suryo Buwono, Universitas Gadjah MadaSutarimah Ampuni, Universitas Gadjah MadaFarah Aisyah Azzahra, Universitas Gadjah MadaNadia Puti Sakina, Universitas Gadjah Mada

The study aimed to investigate whether religion-based identity salience affects children and adolescents’ prosocial intentions toward peer members of religion-based ingroup and outgroup. We primed subjects’ religion-based identity using religious symbols. Two studies tested the hypothesis that prosocial intentions would be higher toward ingroup members than outgroup members. We only recruited Moslem participants for both studies for convenience reason. Participants of Study 1 consisted of 92 children (38 girls, 54 boys) aged 9-12 years old, while participants of Study 2 consisted of 370 adolescents (218 females, 152 males) aged 11-18 years old. It was initially planned that Study 2 would collect data from children and adolescents, but due to the pandemic situation it was only possible to recruit adolescent participants. Prosocial intentions in both studies were measured using scenario-based questionnaires that used Islamic/non-Islamic character’s name to differentiate between ingroup and outgroup targets. In Study 1, we found that children’s prosocial intentions toward ingroup and outgroup peer members were not different. Based on our evaluations, we saw some limitations with regard to Study 1 method, one of them was that we did not make sure the ingroup and outgroup scenarios were equal in terms of the level of sacrifice needed to conduct the behaviors in question. In Study 2 we corrected the issue then conducted the study with identical procedure. We found adolescents’ prosocial intentions toward ingroups were higher than prosocial intentions toward outgroups. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

2. Relational mobility and the existence of enemyship

Liman Man Wai Li, The Education University of Hong KongWeiwei Xia, The Education University of Hong KongHelen Yuet Man Lo, The Education University of Hong Kong

Previous studies showed that relational mobility affects people’s experiences in enemyship. Extending previous work, the present research examined the effect of relational mobility on the existence of enemyship. In a pilot study, participants from a university (N=31) were asked to recall personal conflict scenarios in their daily life, and indicate the extent to which they considered the person involved to be their enemy after the conflict. A marginally significant effect of perceived relational mobility in participants’ immediate social environment was found, in which a lower level of perceived relational mobility was associated with a greater likelihood of the existence of enemyship. In the main study, the level of environmental relational mobility was manipulated. Participants from a university (N=96) were presented with 21 personal conflict scenarios selected from the pilot study. They were asked to indicate the likelihood of the existence of enemyship in each personal conflict. The results showed that a higher level of perceived relational mobility induced by the manipulation of relational mobility was associated with a greater likelihood of the existence of enemyship. The results also showed a significant moderating effect of gender that the negative association between perceived relational mobility and perceived likelihood of the existence of enemyship was stronger among female participants. The results obtained in the two studies were not moderated by the level of tension perceived in the personal conflicts. The present research provided further evidence for the importance of socioecological factors in shaping people’s interpersonal relationships.

3. Poverty and Poor Decisions: Does Inequality Increase Risk-Taking Among Young Singaporeans?

Emerlyn Ng, Singapore Management UniversityJacinth Tan, Singapore Management University

Although correlational studies have shown a robust relationship between economic inequality and risk-taking, limited experimental studies have been conducted to determine the causal nature of this relationship. As well, no existing work has examined the effects of perceived inequality that is informational—knowledge about levels of inequality in one’s immediate environment—on risk-taking. The current research aims to address these gaps by experimentally manipulating perceived inequality in one’s immediate environment among university students the form of information about high or low economic inequality that exist on campus. Risk-taking was assessed using self-reported measures (i.e., framing effects, knowledge of social norms and risk perceptions). We found that perceived inequality had no direct or indirect effects through negative affect on risk-taking. However, the effect of inequality on current risk perceptions was moderated by parental education level. Specifically, under low perceived inequality, participants’ risk perceptions did not differ by parental education level. However, under high perceived inequality, participants with lower parental education level perceived significantly lower risk than participants with higher parental education level. These findings suggest that high levels of economic inequality perceived



on campus specifically impairs risk perception of students from lower-class but not upper-class backgrounds.

4. Mobility of Relationships as a Social Status Cue and its Impact on Attitude Inference

Xiaoxiao Zhang, Shenzhen UniversityXian Zhao, University of Toronto at St. George

This study aimed to show that social ecology is a social status cue. Three experiments were con-ducted to verify that relational mobility, the degree to which individuals in a social environment can form new and terminate old relationships, is a cue that shapes social status perception and forms our inference of others’ attitudes. Across three experiments, we found that participants who perceived a target with high relational mobility tended to perceive the target to have a greater so-cial status and inferred the target to possess a more favorable attitude toward the rich (people from more developed provinces, people with high-status occupations, and the rich in general) than those with low relational mobility. These effects were replicated among both Chinese and Ameri-can participants. Implications for social perception literature and residency decisions are dis-cussed.

Paper Session 3 - ❶ - 5Culture and social cognition

Chair: Xiaopeng Ren, Institute of Psychology, CAS

1. Cue-based Physical Attractiveness Assessments among Young Korean Adults

Inhae Baek, Chung-Ang UniversityTaeyun Jung, Chung-Ang University

This study examined whether the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and the golden ratio are empirically significant to physical attractiveness judgment for the modern Asian participants in their twenties. The study also tested the ‘new golden ratio’ found by Pallett et al. (2011) for further affirmation. For the first time, we use three-dimensional games ‘Black Desert’ to directly engage participants in the experiment. The participants created their ideal physical attractiveness by using character customizing tools of the game. 15 body ratios were defined for calculating golden ratios. Then, we compared the measured ratios with the given ratios, respectively (WHR: the range of 0.7, golden ratio: 1.618, new golden ratio: 0.46 and 0.36). We also conducted a 2*2 (participants * target gender) Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Multiple Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) to test the main effects and interaction. Most measured values were significantly different from the given ratio. The ratios of characters created by participants were larger in the hips and thinner in the waist than not only attractive WHR but also lower than the normal range of healthy adults. The people preferred small faces and big features. They did not prefer long

legs to the golden ratio but preferred a short waist. There were no main effects for the participants’ gender but the main effects for the target gender were significant in all measurements. The interaction results imply that the attractive female target may have a “specific” ratio.

2. Animal stereotype contents and the warmth priority effect in evaluating animal-associated human groups

Bin Zuo, Central China Normal University, Center for Studies of Social PsychologyTianran Zhang, Central China Normal University, Center for Studies of Social PsychologyFangfang Wen, Central China Normal University, Center for Studies of Social PsychologyYuntao Lin, Central China Normal University, Center for Studies of Social PsychologyCui Yang, Central China Normal University, Center for Studies of Social PsychologyKe Yang, Central China Normal University, Center for Studies of Social PsychologyYu Ding, Central China Normal University, Center for Studies of Social Psychology

Based on the Stereotype Content Model, this study investigated the animal stereotype content model and implicit effects at explicit and implicit levels in Chinese culture. Through nomination and trait word assessment, we obtained four stereotypes of 25 animals in study 1, which were subordination (such as chicken and pig), awe (such as tiger and lion), protection (such as dog and cat) and contempt (such as snake and mouse). In Study 2, we obtained and evaluated human groups which were associated with these four kinds of animal stereotype clusters. It was found that there was a match between human groups and animals which belong to the same animal stereotype cluster on warmth and competence evaluation, but the competence evaluation of high warmth-high competence animal related human groups such as “young people” and “courier” was significantly lower than that of the same animal stereotype cluster, such as “cattle” and “horse”. People’s evaluation of low warmth-high competence animal related human groups such as “police” and “businessmen” was significantly higher than that of animals such as “tiger” and “bear”. In Study 3, the implicit effects of animal stereotypes was explored by using the semantic paradigm of classical Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP). The results showed that animal stereotype and warmth primacy effect existed. Keywords: animal stereotype; Affect Misattribution Procedure; stereotype content model; related human groups; the warmth priority effect

3. SARS-CoV-2 enhanced ingroup favoritism

Xiaopeng Ren, Institute of Psychology, CAS

The aim of this paper is to explore whether or not pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 would enhance ingroup favoritism specifically with two studies with three tasks. In study 1, 296 participants were



recruited to finish the survey which 156 participants did it before outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 and 140 participants during pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 independently. Results showed that participants during pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 were more ingroup favoritism (Mduring=594.29, SDduring=458.93) than those before pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 (Mbefore=216.56, SDbefore=408.65), t (289)=3.82, p=.00, d=.45. Holistic thought did not vary across during pandemic condition (Mduring=.62, SDduring=.26) and before pandemic condition (Mbefore=.65, SDbefore=.26), t (280)=-.47, p=.64. Dispositional bias did not vary across during pandemic condition (Mduring=.69, SDduring=.24) and before pandemic condition (Mbefore=.70, SDbefore=.23), t (280)=1.08, p=.28. In study 2, 84 respondents were recruited to finish the survey twice before and during pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 with the same tasks. Paired t-test showed that respondents during pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 were more ingroup favoritism (Mduring=612.94, SDduring=382.82) than those before pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 (Mbefore=484.71, SDbefore=415.43), t (84)=2.19, p=.04, d=.24. Holistic thought did not vary across during pandemic condition (Mduring=.68, SDduring=.28) and before pandemic condition (Mbefore=.69, SDbefore=.29), t (84)=-.47, p=.64. Dispositional bias did not vary across during pandemic condition (Mduring=.70, SDduring=.26) and before pandemic condition (Mbefore=.66, SDbefore=.29), t (84)=1.08, p=.28. These findings suggested that once pandemic of parasite disease would enhance ingroup favoritism but not all the facets of collectivism.

4. Holistic Thinking and Emotional Variability across Environments

Weiwei Xia, Education University of Hong KongLiman Man Wai Li, Education University of Hong KongMing Li, Jishou University

To advance the understanding of the environment-human relation, the present research examined individuals’ emotional variability, which captures the fluctuation in negative and positive emotional states, across environments. Specifically, we examined the relationship between holistic thinking and emotional variability across environments in three studies. In Study 1, to measure emotional variability, we presented participants (N=454) with a series of pictures that showed different natural environments, and asked them to rate their emotional feelings in each presented environment. Besides, the holistic thinking scale and perceived self-nature connection were measured. We found that stronger holistic thinking was associated with greater emotional variability across natural environments, and this relationship was explained by stronger connectedness to nature. In Study 2, we replicated this pattern with a community sample (N=208), by including some human-made environments with more diverse characteristics as the stimuli. In Study 3, we further explored the potential moderating effect of the type of environment and the cultural background. Participants from the United States (N=226) and China (N=217) were recruited. They were randomly assigned to either viewing natural environments or viewing human-made environments. The results showed that the relationships of holistic thinking, connectedness to

environments, and emotional variability across environments were more evident among Chinese participants while the type of environment had minimal impact. The present research has implications for environmental research, which highlights the importance of the nuanced influence of cultural beliefs on the human-environment relation.

Paper Session 3 - ❶ - 6Social Influence and Individual Differences in Well-being

Chair: Wei-Wen Chen, University of Macau

1. Peers Social Support as a Source of Subjective Well-Being: A Study on Secondary School Teenagers in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Uly Gusniarti, University of MalayaJas Laile Jaafar, University of MalayaFonny Dameaty Hutagalung, University of Malaya

A great number of studies have consistently reported that peer social support escalates subjective well-being. As studies on both aspects are limited in Indonesia, and acknowledging the Eastern culture-specific role the peers bring to the social development of the teenagers, the present study attempts to determine the relationship between peer social support and subjective well-being among secondary school teenagers in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. A total of 267 adolescents (148 girls, 119 boys, grade 7-9) filled out the Indonesian versions of the classmate support subscales from The Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale (Malecki, Demaray, and Elliott, 2000) and The Brief Adolescents Subjective Well-Being in School Scale (Tian et al., 2014). The results revealed that the Grade 7 group is found to be higher in subjective wellbeing as compared to Grade 9 group and overall, the social support and subjective wellbeing of the teenagers are at a moderate level. Peer social support correlated significantly with subjective well-being and no significant gender differences are found. Overall, the results indicate that developmental differences exist but interestingly, the correlation value between peer social support and subjective wellbeing is high. This could probably reflect the stronger social role of peers among collectivistic societies and indeed worth to be examined further. Keywords: peer social support, subjective wellbeing, Indonesia

2. The Relationships between Ostracism, Rumination, Insomnia, and Subjective Well-Being

Yufei Jiang, The Education University of Hong KongKai-Tak Poon, The Education University of Hong Kong

Sleep is an important biological need while belongingness is a basic psychological need. However, relatively little empirical research has examined the associations between interpersonal relationships and sleep quality and underlying psychological



Based on the current research findings, foolishness is an individuals’ behavior or tendency to produce negative consequences for others, public interests, or oneself due to the shortcomings of individuals when their external situation changes incommensurably within a specific social and cultural background. After analyzing and concluding various explanations for the expression of individual foolishness, the article advances a defect theory to explain it. Specifically, individual foolishness is related to some internal defects, such as cognitive bias, insufficient or incorrect knowledge experience, negative personality tendency, or lack of emotional control, lack of ethics or morality, or inability to utilize the above factors flexibly. Moreover, there are four different classifications of foolishness based on different perspectives: (a) blind folly and plain folly, (b) unrealistic optimism, egocentrism, omniscience, and omnipotence, invulnerability, ethical disengagement, and toxicity, (c) stupidity from lacking intelligence and stupidity from lacking morality, (d) domain-specific foolishness (or state foolishness) and pan-situational foolishness (or trait foolishness). Similar to the classification of wisdom, we propose that foolishness can be divided into three types: domain-specific foolishness, domain-general foolishness, and pan-situational foolishness. In the future, empirical methods should be adopted to more comprehensively exploring the factors and mechanisms of both individual and group foolishness. The relationship between foolishness and wisdom is controversial, which needs further sufficiently studied. Furthermore, it is significant and urgent to propose and verify some feasible ways and educational countermeasures to reduce or avoid foolishness.

Paper Session 3 - ❶ - 7Close Relationships and Well-being

Chair: Kenneth Tan, Singapore Management University

1. Effect of Self-Discrepancy on Functioning: Role of Cause Attribution as Moderator

Yan Ling Tan, Nanyang Technological UniversityHui Xian, Acacia Lee, Nanyang Technological UniversityChing Wan, Nanyang Technological University

Self-discrepancy occurs when individuals perceive a gap between their actual self, who they think they are currently, and either their ideal or ought self-representation. Self-representations can be evaluated from a personal standpoint and from the standpoint of a close other. The discrepancy between individuals’ real self and their self-representations from the two standpoints are labelled as personal and relational self-discrepancy. High perceived personal self-discrepancy in an individual is often associated with poorer emotional and psychological wellbeing. However, little is known about the implication of personal self-discrepancy on relational well-being as well as the relationship between relational self-

mechanisms. The current research aims to fill this knowledge gap by testing whether ostracism, defined as being ignored or excluded (Williams, 2007), is positively associated with insomnia. It also tests whether the ostracism-insomnia link is mediated by rumination and has implications on subjective well-being. Ostracism blocks people from attaining the goal of belongingness and results in psychological distresses (Baumeister et al., 2005; Williams, 2007). As people respond to unresolved goals and psychological distresses with rumination (Watkins, 2008), ostracized people evince increased rumination. Rumination prolongs physiological activation and evades the quality of sleep (Waldeck et al., 2020). Therefore, we proposed rumination mediates the ostracism-insomnia link. Moreover, research shows that worse sleep quality lowers people’s levels of subjective well-being (Weinberg et al., 2016). Therefore, we also examined whether the relationship between ostracism and subjective well-being is serially mediated by rumination and insomnia. Participants completed a series of well-validated measures to assess their dispositional ostracism, rumination, insomnia, and subjective well-being. The results revealed ostracism was positively associated with insomnia and rumination mediates such an association. In addition, the ostracism–rumination–insomnia link was associated with reduced subjective well-being. These findings have implications for advancing current theories about negative outcomes of ostracism and identifying the underlying psychological mechanisms. They also emphasize the significant role that interpersonal relationships play in easing insomnia and enhancing subjective well-being.

3. The Effect of Square Dance on Family Cohesion and Subjective Well-Being of Middle-Aged and Empty-Nest Women in China

Wei-Wen Chen, University of Macau

Researchers in this study aimed to examine the effect of square dance on the subjective well-being of middle-aged and empty-nest women, as well as the potential moderating role of group belongingness in the relationship between family cohesion and subjective well-being. A total of 331 middle-aged and empty-nest Chinese women participated in a survey to measure their family adaptability and cohesion, group belongingness, general well-being, and square-dancing participation information. The results were found as follows: (a) Chinese middle-aged and empty-nest women’s family cohesion was positively associated with subjective well-being, and their group belongingness in square dance was positively associated with subjective well-being; (b) participation in square dance can be the moderator the relationship between family cohesion and subjective well-being; (c) group belongingness was found to be a moderator in the relationship between family cohesion and subjective well-being.

4. Connotation, Causes, Types, and Prospects of Foolishness

Kaili Zhang, Nanjing Normal UniversityFengyan Wang, Nanjing Normal University



Mushi Li, Peking UniversityHuiyuan Jia, Capital University of Economics and BusinessXiaofei Xie, Peking University

This study explored the influence of maximizing decision-making style on female mating preferences and long-term relationship satisfaction. Mating selection is a hard and an important decision in life. Decision-making styles divide people into two groups based on their maximizing tendency, and it may influence mating preferences, long-term decision results and relationship satisfaction of women. It is a new attempt to examine mating preference and relationship satisfaction from the perspective of decision-making style. A three-wave study investigated 849 female participants from Women’s Federation in China about their maximizing tendency, relationship quality, mating preferences, and the actual ratings on partners. The mating preferences conclude eight aspects: ability, personality, moral quality, appearance, economic status, family background, health, and education. The results showed that the higher maximizing tendency, the smaller difference between the actual score of the partner and ideal mating preferences, as well the fewer aspects with significant differences. Besides, maximizing tendency can positively predict the relationship satisfaction. Thus, women with higher maximizing tendencies have less compromises in the process of mate selection and are more satisfied with the quality of the relationship. Female maximizers in long-term mating behavior could be more adaptive and lead to better relationship satisfaction. This study provided a novel perspective from female’s view for long-term mate selection and decision-making style.

4. Exploring Relationship Quality and Family Life Satisfaction among BPO Employees

Iris Cristelle Destura, Rizal Technological University

Roles in the family usually have to be juggled with the roles performed at work in the Business Process Outsourcing Industry, just like any other job. Challenges in familial and work relationships may be present, especially at times of shifting schedules and unmet needs due to lack of communication, which has been the backbone of this research. With relatively few studies conducted in the Philippines regarding relationship quality, there is ambiguity regarding its nature, determinants, and dimensions. This paper provides a framework for future researchers to utilize how relationship quality and family life satisfaction can be measured qualitatively. This study focused on exploring the relationship quality and family life satisfaction among BPO employees in the Philippines based on their own told experiences. It provides an avenue for future researchers to develop a more comprehensive framework encompassing dimensions that arise from the participants’ experiences, such as communication, conflict, intimacy, which could also be augmented by other extraneous variables present in the participants’ environment.

discrepancy and wellbeing. This research investigated how both personal and relational self-discrepancy might be related to personal and relational functioning. Additionally, this research also examined the moderating effects of cause attribution (i.e. whether individuals perceive their self-discrepancy as due to person-self, situation or interpersonal causes) in the relationship between self-discrepancy and functioning. Undergraduates in Singapore (N=227; M_age=21.00) were recruited to complete an online questionnaire pertaining to their personal and relational self-discrepancy, cause attribution of the discrepancy, and personal and relational functioning. Regression analyses showed that both personal and relational self-discrepancy negatively predicted personal functioning, whereas only relational self-discrepancy negatively predicted relational functioning. Interpersonal cause attribution was also found to significantly moderate the relationship between relational self-discrepancy and relational functioning, such that the relationship is stronger at higher levels of interpersonal cause attribution. Implications and directions for future research were discussed.

2. Relationship receptivity and individual well-being

Kenneth Tan, Singapore Management University

It has been traditionally thought that people in romantic relationships (those who are married, in particular) experience better psychological well-being than those who are single. Recently this has been called into question, with research showing that there could be various underlying factors (e.g., relationship quality; avoidance motivation etc.) that moderate whether relationships are beneficial or detrimental to well-being. The current research examines how relationship receptivity (i.e., the extent to one is ready for relationships at the current point in time) relates to individual well-being as a function of relationship status. We posit that individuals who feel less ready, but nonetheless find themselves in a relationship, will report lower well-being, whereas those who feel ready and are in relationships will report the greatest well-being. We tested our hypotheses in 3 studies. Study 1 (college sample) showed a significant interaction between receptivity and relationship status. Specifically, single individuals had high well-being, regardless of their readiness whereas individuals who were in a relationship reported lower well-being, when they were low in readiness. Using a representative Singaporean sample, Study 2 replicated Study 1 results, showing that receptivity moderated the effects of relationship status on well-being. Finally, Study 3 replicated both Studies 1 and 2 across samples in USA and Singapore. Interestingly, Study 3 showed that attached individuals who reported lower readiness also reported higher life satisfaction. Our results reflect that receptivity could be a crucial moderator regarding how attached vs single individuals report on their individual well-being.

3. Maximizing the Mating Selection: Mating Preferences and Relationship Satisfaction of Female Maximizers



×2 (crisis response: diminish vs. rebuild) between-subjects experimental design. The results show that the interaction effect between crisis history and crisis response strategies on trust repair is significant. Further simple effects analysis indicated that under the no crisis history context, the trust repair effect of the diminish strategy was significantly higher than that of the rebuild strategy. However, under the crisis history context, the trust repair effect of the rebuild strategy was significantly higher than that of the diminish strategy.

3. It takes two to tango: An actor–partner interdependence model of perceived fitness and leader-member exchange between supervisors and subordinates

Yi-Heng Tsai, National Taiwan UniversityYun-Tung Pu, National Taiwan UniversityYi-Syuan Peng, National Taiwan UniversityYu-Hsuan Kuo, National Taiwan UniversityHao-Cheng Lo, National Taiwan UniversityTsung-Yu Wu, National Taiwan University

The relationships between the perceived fitness and leader-member exchange (LMX) have long been explored. However, previous research focused only on either supervisors’ or subordinators’ perspectives, seldom including the perspectives both from the supervisors and subordinates simultaneously. Thus, it is crucial to capture the dyadic relationship between supervisors and subordinates by inspecting the effects of subordinates’ perceived fitness on both subordinates’ and supervisors’ LMX as well as the effects of supervisors’ perceived fitness on both subordinates’ and supervisors’ LMX. We drew on role theory and used Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) to analyze the data from a sample of 201 superior-subordinate dyads in Taiwan, and both supervisors and subordinates rated fitness and LMX from their perspectives on a questionnaire survey. The results revealed that, regarding the actor effect, supervisors’ perceived fitness significantly predicts their LMX, and subordinates’ perceived fitness predicts their LMX. Regarding the partner effect, subordinates’ perceived fitness significantly predicts superiors’ LMX, but supervisors’ perceived fitness fails to predict subordinates’ LMX. This asymmetric result may be attributed to the different roles of supervisors and subordinates in their hierarchical relationships. Specifically, compared to supervisors, the subordinates have greater needs to make their roles meet supervisors’ expectations. In so doing, the supervisors are more likely to develop a higher level of LMX with subordinates. Taken together, our studies take a more comprehensive view of the dyadic relationships between supervisors and subordinates under Chinese culture.

4. Politics beyond Party and Ideology: Voters’ Sense of Intimacy with the Prime Minister and Their Political Attitudes across Party Lines in New Zealand

Moh Abdul Hakim, Universitas Sebelas MaretSarah Choi, Masssey University

Paper Session 3 - ❶ - 8Organizational Behavior and Social Issues

Chair: Moh Abdul Hakim, Universitas Sebelas Maret

1. Dissecting the Role of HRM in Disaster Preparedness and Response: A Phenomenological Approach

Mendiola Teng-Calleja, Ateneo de Manila UniversityAlfred Presbitero, Deakin University, MelbourneMira Michelle Angeli De Guzman, Ateneo de Manila University

This study examined the role of human resource management (HRM) practitioners in disaster preparedness and response efforts of work organizations in the Philippines – a country that regularly experiences disruptions due to natural calamities. A phenomenological lens was used in gathering and analyzing data gathered from semi-structured interviews with 16 HRM leaders. Findings surfaced three superordinate themes that captured the experiences reflecting the role of HRM in disaster situations - (a) contributor to the business continuity plan formulation and implementation (b) in-charge of building a disaster-resilient culture, and (c) primary unit that takes care of employee wellbeing and welfare during and post-disaster. This study contributes to addressing the dearth of empirical studies that point to the contribution of different organizational units in disaster preparedness and response efforts. It also expands literature that describes the strategic and/or operational positioning of HRM in work organizations. Practical implications of this study include the identification of factors that can help HRM in fulfilling its role of surfacing and addressing employee needs amidst natural calamities.

2. Charity organizations trust recovery in times of accidental crisis: the role of crisis response strategies and crisis history

Xuhui Yuan, Zhejiang Normal UniversityZhengjie Liu, Zhejiang Normal UniversityBinghai Sun, Zhejiang Normal UniversityWeijian Li, Zhejiang Normal University

The accidental crisis is the most frequent type of crisis, and strategies are least effective when the nonprofit was responding to an accident crisis. According to Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT), the most appropriate crisis response strategy for accidental crisis is diminish strategy, followed by rebuild strategy. However, the most appropriate crisis response strategy for accidental crisis is rebuild strategy when the organization has a crisis history (Coombs, 2004). This study provides experimental evidence for the applicability of Coombs’ theory in the context of accidental crises in charitable organizations, which provides guidelines for matching crisis response strategies to the accidental crisis to best restore charitable trust. The impact of crisis history and crisis response strategies on trust repair is measured for 179 participating in a 2 (crisis history: no past crisis vs. crisis history)



limitations of employing the MFT framework to analyze moral implications embedded in current affairs such as the ethics of engineering and global environmental issues. Wu and colleagues’ presentation will describe the development and validation of a Chinese version of the Moral Foundation Dictionary, comprising 639 words covering vices and virtues of the 5 Moral Foundations. Its application to open-ended descriptions by Chinese participants suggests that the Chinese MFD accurately categorizes text into the relevant foundation themes, with some disagreement on the Loyalty dimension. The dictionary opens up new routes for using text-analysis in the Chinese context to identify foundation-relevant themes. The study by Kida and Karasawa will explore moral ramifications of the achievement domain. When observing a success or failure in task performance, people typically make sense of the achievement outcome in terms of the actor’s talent and effort. In the research tradition concerning causal attribution, the relative importance of these factors has been examined with respect to perceived controllability. In contrast, the present study analyzes the talent versus effort distinction from the perspective of motives concerning prescriptive versus proscriptive morality. The results will elucidate the cultural emphasis on effort among Japanese. Buchtel and colleagues will discuss moral conflict between loyalty and fairness, in the context of understanding a form of corruption: particularism, or using relationships to get around inconvenient (but fair) rules. She finds that the moral conflict processes underlying decisions to act unfairly to help a friend or relative are quite similar across three cultural groups (USA, Hong Kong, and mainland China). She also finds that moral guilt about saying “no” to a favor-seeking associate is increased when it’s perceived that the environment is more corrupt. Conflict between different, important moral values, and its increase in environments that are corruption-prone, may be a reason why particularism could be a difficult problem to stamp out. Together, the present collection of presentations is expected to facilitate interdisciplinary attempts to enrich the concept of morality and develop innovative research programs in the Asian region.

1. Applying moral foundations theory to cross-cultural comparison of acceptance of changes in social systems

Aya Murayama, Kindai UniversityAsako Miura, Osaka University

Moral Foundations Theory (Haidt, 2012) focuses on the moral values of individuals which influence on various judgements related to complex social issues, including ideological conflicts. In the past decade, the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ) has been developed and used to measure individuals’ five (or six) domains of morality (i.e., Harm, Fairness, Ingroup, Authority, Purity), not only in the Western culture but also in the Eastern culture. In this presentation, I will first introduce some previous studies that have tested the reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the MFQ. Specifically, we have obtained results consistent with those in other cultures, although there are some issues that need to be resolved. Followed by these, the results of a cross-cultural comparison of how an individual’s moral

James H. Liu, Massey UniversityGrant Duncan, Massey University

Personalized politics is considered as one of the most prominent features of politics in many democracies today. In a personalized politics, the sense of intimacy with political leaders becomes the currency to gain support, especially during the election cycles. Despite the prominence of this phenomenon, the extent to which this sense of intimacy may actually influence voters’ political thoughts and feelings is still largely under researched. To contribute to this literature, the present study examines the implications of voters’ sense of intimacy with political leaders on their political mood and attitudes toward policy issues. The effects of this perceived intimacy is especially tested in New Zealand, a country with a long tradition of parliamentary system where party affiliation and ideology are traditionally considered as the main drivers for voters. To address this issue, we performed a cross-lagged analysis using the Stuff-Massey University Poll’s two wave panel data collected pre and post New Zealand’s 2020 Election involving Stuff’s news readers (W1 & W2 N=1345). More specifically, we tested the extent to which voters across party lines develop a sense of intimacy with the Prime Minister (Jacinda Ardern), and how it might then influence their attitudes toward pressing and ideologically dividing issues in the country, including the handling of pandemics, tax, and climate change. The implications as well as the limitations of the findings will be discussed in light of the current debate on the risks and benefits of personalized politics for democracy.

Symposium 3 - ❷ - 1New Directions in the Study of Morality and Moral judgment

Co-Chairs- Minoru Karasawa, Nagoya University- Emma E. Buchtel, The Education University of Hong Kong

In the past decade, social psychological studies on morality and moral judgment have shown remarkable progress both in theories and in empirical findings. This advancement has provided us with new angles to examine certain issues that have already received extensive examinations in social psychology. For instance, research based on Moral Foundations Theory (MFT) has opened new ways to expand the scope of moral psychology incorporating ideas such as evolutionary processes and findings involving political ideology. The research has also revealed that a greater diversity may exist, both in moral concerns and in cultural influences, than what had traditionally been assumed. The purpose of the present symposium is to discuss the possibility of further pursuing the variety of moral implications regarding previously unexplored domains and cultures. Murayama will first discuss potential similarities and differences across cultures with regard to moral foundations, and their relevance to other social domains. On the basis of her own data collected from multi-national samples, Murayama will address the possibility and



Japanese. We furthermore aimed to reveal potentially underlying moral motives. Japanese participants recruited by an outsourcing agency (N=267) were presented with one of 16 vignettes depicting high achievers in 8 different vocational domains, with one half designed to invite talent attribution whereas the other half described effort-based success. Each participant rated the target concerning their interpersonal desirableness in work settings, along with their personal impressions. The Moral Motives Scale was also administered to assess each participant’s achievement motivation orientations concerning “self- versus other-focused” and “approach versus avoidance.” Results revealed an overall tendency to value effort over talent. The preference for strivers was particularly pronounced among those who endorsed self-help (i.e., opposing the other- and approach-focused Social Justice Motive). As for impression ratings, scoring high in the Self-Restraint Motive was associated with viewing effortful target persons as more friendly and warm, whereas scoring low in the other- and avoidance-focused Social Order Motive (i.e., being liberal) was associated with viewing them as active and outgoing. Moral implications of praising effort in Asian cultures are discussed.

4. Prosocial corruption? Corrupt environments and the moral requirement to help a friend

Emma E. Buchtel, Education University of Hong KongFrank T-F. Ye, Education University of Hong KongXiaoxiao Liu, Xiamen UniversityYanjun Guan, Durham University

What is the moral difference between Particularism (bending a rule to help a friend or relative) versus Corruption (taking a bribe and then bending a rule)? While corruption is typically considered selfish and antisocial, Particularism presents a conflict between following a fair rule (bringing benefits to all) vs. the responsibility to help people within your relational circle. We examined how much moral guilt Hong Kong, Mainland Chinese, and American participants (total N=649) felt about saying “no” when asked to bend a rule for a bribing stranger vs. a family member, in environments when they knew others did (or didn’t) usually bend the rule. We found that in all three cultures, participants felt more moral guilt for saying “no” to family members than saying “no” to a bribe; and when the environment was “less transparent” (others often broke the rules), moral guilt went up dramatically when saying no to family members but less so to bribing strangers. Moral guilt, in turn, predicted whether or not participants would say “no” to the favor request. We suggest that in all cultures, when loyalty vs. fairness moral conflicts arise, it increases moral guilt and makes saying “no” more difficult; moreover, corrupt environments exaggerate this moral conflict. Implications for what cultural environments encourage certain forms of corruption, and for how to prevent particularism (as prosocial moral conflict), are discussed.

foundations influence acceptance of changes in social systems will also be introduced. We have collected data from China, Thailand, and Germany, as well as from Japan (a total of 2800 samples, 700 from each culture). Results of the study indicates that moral foundations differently influence on matters involving the body (e.g., acceptance of using medical AI for their health check, eating artificially cultivated meat), matters not involving the body (acceptance of laws and regulations to reduce CO2 emissions), and matters involving group cohesion (acceptance of immigrants, support for minorities). Throughout the presentation, I will discuss both the advantages and disadvantages of applying moral foundations theory to cross-cultural comparison to understand people’s judgements about complex social issues.

2. The Chinese version of moral foundations dictionary: A pilot analysis

Michael Shengtao Wu, Xiamen UniversityHongyu Wang, Jilin UniversityEmma E. Buchtel, Education University of Hong KongYingnan Zhao, Jilin UniversityYanyan Zhang, Jilin University

Based on Moral Foundation Theory, the present research aimed to develop and validate Graham and colleagues’ (2009) moral foundations dictionary (MFD) for use in the Chinese context. The reliability and validity of 10 dimensions (virtue and vice words) for five moral foundations (i.e., care, fairness, loyalty, authority, and purity) were tested. In Study 1 (N=717), rating scores on the 639 Chinese MFD words showed good reliability for each dimension, and a moderate correlation between the word ratings and Moral Foundation questionnaire scores for each dimension respectively. In Study 2 (N=213), a LIWC (Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count) analysis using the Chinese MFD of open-ended writings about each dimension showed a correct categorization of Chinese participants’ descriptions into the corresponding moral foundations, except the loyalty foundation. Taken together, the current study provides a reliable method for identifying moral foundations in linguistic data in the Chinese context, and the cultural universality and variations of the MFD should be a focus of future directions.

3. Moral motives among Japanese may guide their preferences for strivers over the naturally talented

Chihiro Kida, Nagoya UniversityMinoru Karasawa, Nagoya University

Social psychological studies have provided mixed evidence concerning whether people generally value natural talent or effort as the primary cause of successful achievement. Some studies, for instance, have shown that the North American culture can be characterized by a “naturalness bias,” whereas others have demonstrated a stable preference for effortful strivers also in the U.S. In the present study we extended the investigation to explore whether there is any systematic preferential trend among



COVID infection and mortality rates. These studies focus on Hofstede’s collectivism, and a few studies on tightness vs looseness (Gelfand et al. 2021) or cosmopolitanism and rationality (Ruck et al. 2021). However, none of the studies have explored mechanisms underlying this link. No studies have examined flexibility vs monumentalism (Minkov et al. 2018), a cultural trait that uniquely distinguishes East Asia from the rest of the world. East Asian countries have out-performed other countries in containing COVID infections and lowering mortality; they returned to normality within a short time period in 2020. In contrast, much of the globe have lost many more human lives in the first wave and is still struggling in the current wave, exacerbated by various strains of Corona mutations with much higher contagion. Our study aims to fill in this gap. Our preliminary results show that flexibility vs monumentalism is associated with significant decrease in COVID mortality as of 31 October 2020, independent of democracy, GDP, population living urban cities, population density and hospital beds. Societies ranked high on flexibility, e.g., East Asia, had significantly lower mortality than nations who score low on flexibility. This dampening effect on mortality is independent of other prominent national cultural traits which have received much attention (individualism vs collectivism and tightness vs looseness). This demonstrates that flexibility vs monumentalism is a unique national cultural trait that also plays a crucial role in shaping the COVD-19 pandemic and its devastating consequences.

2. New social norms during the pandemic: Observational studies reveal high mask use even without COVID infections

Alex English, Zhejiang University

COVID-19 has drastically altered people’s mask behaviors around the world. This presentation discusses research from two observational studies: (1) At the start of the outbreak in 2020 and (2) in public areas in the megacity of Shanghai, China 1 year later. The research aim is to investigate what individual, situational, and locational factors might influence mask use. Observing actual mask use instead of using self-report measures gives us a more precise understanding of how people respond to mask enforcement mandates in various situations like entering supermarkets or in indoor shopping centers. In both studies of more than N=7500 across 7 cities and 8 districts, the data showed that people in more developed, urban areas wore masks more often, and people wore masks in places when it was required. Women also wore masks more than men, and older people complied more to mask enforcement policies. We tested if district-level and prefecture factors like GDP per capita, historical rice farming, population density, and migration-inflow might impact more mask usage. We found evidence that more densely populated districts, areas with more historical rice farming, and areas with more inflow of non-locals also predicted more masks use. Finally, I will discuss how even without any local transmissions in more than 40 days, 62% of the sample still wore masks in public places. I argue that the pandemic has long-lasting effects on human behavior like mask usage and individuals’ continual need to conform to new social norms.

Symposium 3 - ❷ - 2Values, behavior, and well-being in the era of COVID-19 pandemic crisis in East Asian societies

Chair: Joonha Park, NUCB Business School

The COVID-19 pandemic is an ongoing crisis to many societies and individuals on the globe at the time of writing this proposal. Cultural values are the ideas that shape society and influence the people who live within society by guiding individuals’ beliefs, behaviors, and various psychological experiences. Although culture is considered relatively stable, it can also change due to a sudden environmental shock such as the current pandemic (Seitz et al., 2020; Varnum & Grossmann, 2017). At the same time, prevalent cultural values can affect the way each society responds to the sudden environmental threat. Even within a large cultural region, sub-regional differences do exist, and examining the specific patterns is important in understanding the diversity of human behavior across societies. Our symposium consists of four presentations of longitudinal and/or cross-sectional approaches focusing on various aspects of the COVID-19 crisis and social psychology in East Asian societies. Dr. Li et al.’s study examines culture-specific mechanisms that underlie the link between national characteristics and progress of the COVID-19 infection and mortality rates. The cultural dimension Flexibility vs. monumentalism is suggested to explain the relatively low infection and mortality rates in East Asian countries compared with the rest of the world. Dr. English will present recent data from two observational studies on people’s mask-wearing in China. His findings suggest that people’s compliance with mask usage differs being affected by individual, situational, and locational factors and that the current crisis may have long-lasting effects on social norms and individuals’ public behaviors. Dr. Park et al.’s analysis of life satisfaction in three East Asian countries implies that the influence of the current crisis experiences on individuals’ psychological well-being is not uniform across countries . Also, the study addresses the general importance of supporting individuals’ work-life balance to improve life satisfaction during and after the pandemic era. Finally, Dr. Akaliyski et al.’s study turns towards the issue of value change in times of crisis. The results based on an analysis of a large Japanese sample suggest that perceived existential threat can lead to a change in emancipative and secular values even within a short time period. Our symposium is expected to provide insights into various aspects of cultural transition in East Asia in the post-pandemic era.

1. Flexible societies excel in fighting the battle against the COVID-19 pandemic

Jianghong Li, WZB Berlin Social Science CenterPlamen Akaliyski, Keio UniversityMichael Minkov, Varna University of ManagementSimon Löbl, WZB Berlin Social Science Center

Several studies have linked national cultural traits to and the



Lastly, we examine if individuals subjectively experiencing adversity also emphasize values related to existential insecurity more strongly. At all levels of analysis – national, regional, and individual (objectively and subjectively measured) – existential insecurity was associated with weaker emancipative and secular values, that is, stronger traditional, intolerant, and religious values. These findings support the scarcity hypothesis but disconfirm the socialization hypothesis as we provide evidence that values can change even within a negligibly short time period.

Paper Session 3 - ❷ - 3Morality, Mental Health, and Peace

Chair: Ron Julius Espada, Espada Psychological Consultancy

1. Is the top good? Moral metaphor of vertical spatial dimension

Xiaohui Wang, Guangxi Normal UniversityBaorui Chang, Guangxi Normal University

The vertical metaphorical representation of moral behavior and immoral behavior in behavioral intention was investigated by means of between-subject experimental design, and the influence of body posture on morality was discussed. Experiment 1 found that the subjects who were standing at attention during the helping task donated more time, while the subjects who were sitting upright donated less time. Experiment 2 showed that in the self-interested task, subjects in the upright position kept less money for themselves than those in the upright position. The research proved that the metaphorical connection between vertical spatial dimension and moral behavior has psychological reality, and the difference of body posture will influence the choice of moral behavior and immoral behavior. Keywords：Embodied morality; Metaphor to characterize; Vertical space; Body posture

2. Understanding Peace and Order in Mindanao, Philippines Using A Peace Psychology Framework

Marshaley Baquiano, University of the Philippines Visayas

This study examines the security mechanisms in selected areas in Mindanao, Philippines using a framework which integrates episodes and structures of violence and peace. This peace psychology framework distinguishes between direct and structural violence and between peacemaking and peacebuilding (Christie, 2006). Fifteen in-depth interviews among members of the Peace and Order Council of the aforementioned areas were conducted and data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Violent episodes include killings, criminal activities, terrorism, and rido (clan feud), while structural violence include poverty, human rights violations, and inadequate social services. To address these, the Peace and Order Council highlights stricter security systems especially during community activities, coordination

3. Comprehensive models of life satisfaction in the era of COVID-19 crisis in China, Japan, and S. Korea

Joonha Park, NUCB Business SchoolNaoko Taniguchi, Keio UniversityPlamen Akaliyski, Keio University

Material well-being is understood as the strongest predictor of life satisfaction (Diego-Rosell et al., 2018). However, sudden environmental change would affect the aspect they prioritize in evaluating life quality. COVID-19 is a significant threat to human life and functioning, which makes people experience fear, anxiety, stress, and psychological problems. The current study aims to identify important factors that affect people’s life evaluation amid the pandemic crisis by examining demographic, situational, and subjective status of life circumstances in three countries. The data used in the study consists of responses from national representative samples in China, Japan, and S. Korea, who participated in online survey between May and August, 2020. We explored whether the material well-being would be the strongest predictor amid the pandemic as in previous literature. We further expected that the economic threat would have greater impact than the infection threat on life evaluation. Across samples, different factors were involved in predicting life satisfaction. However, in Japan and China, demographic factors (e.g., marriage) and situational factors (e.g., job loss due to the pandemic) were common contributors. In S. Korea, personal factors such as personality traits and values were more important than situational factors in predicting life satisfaction. As expected, economic threat was a more significant predictor of life evaluation across countries. Interestingly, satisfaction with work-life balance was the strongest predictor followed by financial satisfaction. The findings suggest increasing importance of work-life balance in the pandemic crisis era.

4. COVID-19, existential insecurity and value change in Japan

Plamen Akaliyski, Keio UniversityNaoko Taniguchi, Keio UniversityJoonha Park, NUCB Business SchoolStefan Gehrig, Keio University

Inglehart’s modernization theory links cultural values to the underlying subjective sense of existential security (‘scarcity hypothesis’). Values are also considered stable once individuals reach adulthood (‘socialization hypothesis’) but an acute existential crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic may challenge this assumption. We test how the existential insecurity related to the pandemic relates to emancipative and secular values in four different analyses. First, we test whether values have changes during the pandemic compared to five months earlier using representative surveys for the population of Japan (WVS wave 7 and VIC survey). Second, we test whether prefectures more severely affected by the pandemic experienced stronger value change. Third, we assess if individuals objectively affected by the pandemic differ in their values from the rest of the population.



B. Lingad Regional Memorial Hospital, diagnosed with the said heart disease. The sample population was taken from children with RHD, and a total of 34 patients were included in the study. The participants were administered the Childhood Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R). Results of this study revealed that inpatients are more likely to be diagnosed with depression, compared to their outpatient counterparts. This is likely because the daily lives of the outpatients are not hindered, unlike the inpatients who spend most of their time admitted to the hospital. Both inpatients and outpatients showed a decrease in their selfesteem and an increase in feelings of guilt, however, this seems to be more heightened with the inpatients. Especially, outpatients seem to manifest resilience and the necessary adjustments in living their everyday lives despite their conditions. Social support also seem to play a factor in the outpatients’ adjustment. Meanwhile, mental health screening and appropriate mental health services are recommended to manage the patients’ risk for depression. Keywords: Children, Depression, Rheumatic Heart Disease, Childhood Depression Rating Scale-Revised

Paper Session 3 - ❷ - 4Social Issues and Culture (1)

Chair: Gwyneth Thong, Nanyang Technological University

1. Influence of Intercultural Liking on Cultural Attribution of Outgroup Behaviors

Wei Ling Koh, Nanyang Technological UniversityChing Wan, Nanyang Technological University

The present study explores cultural attribution of outgroup members’ behaviors. We focused on two types of cultural attributions—cultural stereotypes and cultural norms. Cultural stereotypes are stable, generalized internal dispositions of members of a cultural group, whereas cultural norms are external expectations of behaviors that members of a cultural group might be subjected to. Past research on causal attribution suggests that expectancy consistent behaviors are more likely to result in internal attribution rather than external attribution. Positive (negative) behaviors of liked (disliked) cultural outgroups are expectancy consistent. Therefore, we expected that liking-consistent outgroup behaviors would be attributed more to cultural stereotypes than cultural norms. 158 Singaporean Chinese first reported their liking of the culture of Mainland China. Then, in the positive (negative) behaviour condition, participants read three behaviour vignettes where a Mainland Chinese behaved positively (negatively). These behaviour vignettes were presented in a random order. Participants rated their attribution of each protagonist’s behaviour to personal characteristics, the environment, cultural stereotypes, and cultural norms. Attribution patterns for positive outgroup behaviors were in line with our hypothesis, whereby participants with higher liking of outgroup culture attributed these behaviors more to cultural stereotypes

among various groups in the community down to the barangay level, and conflict management. It also employs the help of tribal leaders when carrying out conflict management, especially in addressing cases of rido. Structural peacebuilding comes in the form of sectoral representation in the council, legislations, and access to social services. Results point to the council as putting more efforts to peacemaking or addressing episodic violence and lesser effort to peacebuilding or addressing structural violence. The peace psychology framework illustrates that violent episodes are manifestations of systemic factors, rooted in structure-based inequalities. As such, prevention and mitigation of violence and promotion of sustainable peace require systemic peacebuilding efforts that transform systems of violence into more equitable and cooperative interpersonal and social arrangements.

3. An Analysis of Subjective Well-Being, Work Engagement, and Occupational Stress of Pediatric Residents in a Tertiary Hospital in Pampanga

Jonathan Peralta, Jose B. Lingad Memorial Regional HospitalRon Julius Espada, Espada Psychological Consultancy

Concept of work and its effect on individuals is not relatively new, the changes happening in the society has shifted the nature of work. Despite the growing number of researches with the association of well-being with occupational stress and work engagement, there is a sparse literature that concerns pediatricians. This study aims to assess and explore the occupational stress, subjective well-being, and work engagement of 34 pediatric residents in a tertiary hospital in Pampanga. Pearson correlation revealed that work engagement has a significant relationship with subjective well-being and occupational stress, but the two latter variables didn’t have a significant association with each other. Regression analysis revealed that work engagement has no significant predictive relationship with well-being and occupational stress. Meanwhile, thematic analysis revealed that average levels of occupational stress, work engagement, and subjective well-being may be accounted for by a balance of pleasant and unpleasant factors in the pediatric residents’ workplace. A heavy workload is the primary factor that contributes to the occupational stress of the participants, but their professional growth allows them to be engaged in their profession, hence, diminishing their workplace stress. Keywords: Work Engagement, Occupational Stress, Subjective Well-being, Pediatricians

4. Childhood Depression among Rheumatic Heart Disease Patients Using Childhood Depression Rating Scale-Revised

Rose Ann Guevarra, Jose B. Lingad Regional General Memorial HospitalRon Julius Espada, Espada Psychological ConsultancyChristian Khiel Unto, Espada Psychological Consultancy

Several researches associate Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) with depression, especially among children. This study aims to determine the depression level of pediatric patients of Jose



the results. However, in this study, we used a mixed-methods approach, which combines qualitative and quantitative data to provide not only more data but also more detailed insights and further knowledge of social self-concept of refugee children. Semi-structured interviews and personal diaries were used to construct the categories of their social self-concept. Furthermore, the German short-version of the Self-Description Questionnaire (SDQI-GS) was applied to supply a short description of the social self-concept of interviewed children compared to other reference groups. Thirteen refugee children of elementary school-age (7 to 14 years), who took refuge in Germany because of wars and persecution, participated in this study. During data collection, they were living together with their parents or at least with one of their parents. The findings of qualitative content analysis show that there are four main categories of social self-concept: the meaning of friendship, parent-child relationship, relationship with siblings and other family members, and available contacts at school. The importance of relationships was validated by SDQI-GS results: the interviewed refugee children have strong relationships with their parents, and friendship has an important role particularly during their integration in host countries as well as for their self-identity.

4. Understanding the Rat Race: Downstream Effects of a Country’s Pathways to Success on Student Competition and Attitudes towards Immigrants

Lisa Koh, National University of SingaporeChun Hui Lim, National University of SingaporeLile Jia, National University of SingaporeOliver Sng, University of California IrvineIsmaharif Ismail, National University of Singapore

The student-centric pursuit of a few high-status occupations (i.e. few pathways to success) has been repeatedly observed worldwide, yet this ecological construct’s antecedents and implications remains unclear. We propose economic inequality as a primary antecedent. High economic inequality signals concentration of economic success within the “top” few jobs, perpetuating the mindset that there are few pathways to success, and discouraging exploration of alternatives that are potentially a better fit for students. We also investigated how pathways to success influences student competition and attitudes towards immigrant employment. We operationalized “Pathways to Success” (PtS) as the percentage of students who chose one of their country’s 10 most popular occupational groups for their career, calculated using student responses regarding their expected career path from the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2018 dataset (N=479,725). Higher scores indicate fewer perceived pathways to success. Economic inequality was measured using the World Bank’s Gini index. Across two studies using cross-national datasets (Study 1: PISA 2018 and Study 2: World Values Survey 7), economic inequality positively predicted PtS. In Study 1 (N=412,808), a multilevel mediation further revealed that fewer perceived pathways to success in turn led to greater perceived competitiveness in schools and a stronger competitive goal orientation. Study 2

than norms. Negative outgroup behaviors were generally attributed more to cultural norms than stereotypes. However, participants with lower liking of the outgroup showed less of the attribution bias toward cultural norms. Implications of the findings for the understanding of group attribution and intergroup relations will be discussed.

2. Multiculturalism centrality moderates the effect of distinctiveness threat on outgroup attitudes

Gwyneth Thong, Nanyang Technological UniversityChing Wan, Nanyang Technological University

Distinctiveness threat occurs when the ingroup and outgroup are perceived to be insufficiently differentiated, which may prompt increased outgroup prejudice in ingroup identity defence. This research examined the role of the centrality of multiculturalism value in individuals’ responses towards distinctiveness threat. Values that are central to the ingroup affirm the ingroup identity and guide actions to be aligned with the values. When multiculturalism is perceived as a central value to the ingroup, upholding multiculturalism could restore ingroup distinctiveness. Importantly, multiculturalism as a value also promotes acceptance of outgroups. Thus, we expected that at high multiculturalism centrality to the ingroup, distinctiveness threat would lead to decreased (instead of increased) outgroup prejudice. Singaporean undergraduates first reported the centrality of multiculturalism to the Singaporean identity. They were then shown bogus information where Singaporean and international students were either similar (high distinctiveness threat) or dissimilar (low distinctiveness threat) on personality profiles. Then, they rated their envious prejudice, and facilitation and harm behavioural tendencies toward international students. Lastly, they reported their level of Singaporean identification. Findings showed that multiculturalism centrality moderated the effect of distinctiveness threat on outgroup prejudice, supporting our prediction. At high multiculturalism centrality, high (vs low) distinctiveness threat resulted in lower envious prejudice towards international students. Singaporean identification did not show the same moderating effect. Our results suggest that high centrality of multiculturalism may override the negative intergroup effect of distinctiveness threat. Implications of the findings on intergroup relations will be discussed.

3. Social self-concept of refugee children after their traumatic events

Sasmita Rosari, University of Education KarlsruheProf. Dr. Mechthild Kiegelmann, University of Education Karlsruhe

This paper presents the social self-concept of refugee children by exploring their subjective perceptions, judgments, and evaluations about themselves due to their interpersonal relationship. Most current studies purpose on grasping the social self-concept of a person utilizing self- and external assessment and comparing



are not supportive of rape myths that excuse the rapist when he is under the influence of alcohol. The nature and intensity of rape myths vary according to culture. Assessment tools and educational interventions need to be tailored according to these variations. Keywords: Rape myth acceptance, India, victim-blaming, secondary victimization, thematic analysis, interview method.

3. Happy Societies

Kuba Krys, Polish Academy of Sciences

In psychological science, researchers put substantial efforts to understand how to make an individual person happier. At the same time, what makes a society as a whole happier remains understudied so far. In the planned presentation, I will address thig gap by discussing two potential pathways to a happy society. First, with WVS data, I will document that happy societies are characterized by “open society“ attitudes (i.e., tolerance, trust, civic engagement, and non-materialism). Second, with the data we collected across 50 countries, I will indicate that happy societies are those of “positive societal emotional environment”.

Paper Session 3 - ❷ - 6Measurement and Health Psychology

Chair: Yue Song, Nanjing Normal University

1. Predict life satisfaction from personalities and values: insights from a novel, interpretable machine learning approac

Yue Song, Nanjing Normal UniversityShuai Yuan, Tilburg University

Life satisfaction (LS) is one of the most important life outcomes that have drawn great interests from the psychologists. Although some associations have been found between personality traits/personal values and LS, less is known about the predictive roles of either traits or values, partly due to the descriptive nature of the previous studies. Employing an advanced machine learning model, the prediction rule ensembles (PRE), this study aimed to further investigate how both traits and values co-predict the changes in LS in the individual-level, in particular which item (s) are the most important predictors. We used the 6-wave, Longitudinal Internet Studies for the Social Sciences (LISS) panel data with a sample of 2638 subjects. The participants self-rated their traits and values in questionnaires in 2013 and life-satisfaction, for six times, from 2013 to 2019. As results, we identified 10 items (and the level of these items accordingly) that are most predictive of the mean-level changes in LS, and 10 of the deviations of LS longitudinally. Specifically, “Felt hopeful about the future” is most important in predicting the mean-level changes, and the combination of “Get stressed out easily” and “Change my mood a lot.” is most important in predicting the

(N=39,992) extended these findings beyond the educational setting. Fewer pathways to success predicted a stronger preference to prioritize locals (vs foreigners) during job scarcity, controlling for unemployment rate. These findings are well-positioned to broaden our priorities in education.

Paper Session 3 - ❷ - 5Social Issues and Culture (2)

Chair: Yoshihisa Kashima, The University of Melbourne

1. Profiles of an Ideal Society: The Utopian Visions of Ordinary People

Julian Fernando, Deakin UniversityLean Obrien, University of CanberraMadeline Judge, University of GroningenAngela Paladino, The University of MelbourneYoshihisa Kashima, The University of Melbourne

Throughout history, people have expressed the desire for an ideal society – a utopia. These imagined societies have motivated action for social change. Recent research has demonstrated this motivational effect among ordinary people, but we know little about the specific content of ordinary people’s utopian visions. Here we report that a majority of samples from four countries - Australia, China, the United Kingdom, and the United States - converge on a small number of utopian visions: a Modern Green utopia, a Primitivist utopia, a Futurist utopia and a Religious utopia. Although the prevalence of these utopia profiles differed across countries, there was a cross-cultural convergence in utopian visions. These shared visions may provide common ground for conversations about a better future across cultural borders.

2. An Exploratory Qualitative Analysis of Rape Myths in India

Mrunali Damania, IIT RoorkeeRam Manohar Singh, IIT Roorkee

Rape myths are commonly held false beliefs and prejudices about rape that create a climate that is hostile for victims. Beliefs are shaped by cultural and societal norms. This study attempts to explore the nature of rape myths in the Indian context and compare them with rape myths that have been reported in other cultures. Detailed semi-structured interviews were conducted on participants coming from diverse backgrounds (N=23). Thematic content analysis was used to analyze the data. The study found that, along with the attribution of the blame on victim characteristics such as short clothes, drinking and smoking, and going out alone at night, rape is also attributed to other victim behaviors. Examples of some specific cultural themes that emerged from our analysis include ‘western’ clothes (irrespective of length), make-up, fashion, having a boyfriend, speaking rudely, and hurting the male ego. Interestingly, we found that Indians



stability of LS. This study employs a new, advanced method in predicting (rather than describing) the role of traits and values, reveals how both traits and values co-contribute to the changes in LS at the item level, as well as provides practical implications to the intervention that aims to improve LS in the long term.

2. Does Quitting Intention Increase by Perceived Risk of Smoking? The Effects of Negative Outcome Expectancy, Future Orientation and Emotional Support

Xinwei Li, Zhejiang Normal UniversityWeijian Li, Zhejiang Normal UniversityHaide Chen, Zhejiang Normal UniversityBoqiang Zhao, Zhejiang Normal UniversityNingmeng Cao, Zhejiang Normal University

The association between perceived risk and behavioral intention is well-established. Few studies, however, have examined the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying the relation between perceived risk and behavioral intention. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of perceived risk of smoking on quitting intention and examine the mediating role of negative outcome expectancy and the moderating role of future orientation and emotional support in these relationships. A total of 317 Chinese male smokers participated in the study and accomplished self-report questionnaires. The results indicated that the relationship between perceived risk of smoking and quitting intention was mediated partially by negative outcome expectancy. And when both of the scores of future orientation and emotional support were high, negative outcome expectancy mediated the relationship between perceived risk of smoking and quitting intention. These findings provided implications for smoking cessation interventions in the future. Different interventions should be taken for different populations of smokers. Keywords: perceived risk of smoking; future orientation; negative outcome expectancy; emotional support; quitting intention

3. Lived Experiences of Commercial Sex Women Worker Rape Survivors: Relationships, Struggles and Coping Strategies

Domingo Barcarse, Jose Rizal UniversityTeri Rose Villanueva, Far Eastern UniversityAlyssa Mae Aguilar, Far Eastern UniversityMarynel Binuya, Far Eastern UniversityGerard Valle, Far Eastern UniversityAndrea Marie Paje, Far Eastern University

Lived Experiences of Commercial Sex Women Worker Rape Survivors: Relationships, Struggles and Coping Strategies By: Domingo O. Barcarse, Department of Psychology, Jose Rizal University, Mandaluyong City, Philippines Alyssa Mae I. Aguilar, Marinel A. Binuya, Andrea Marie Paje, Gerard R. Valle and Teri Rose S. Villanueva, Department of Psychology, Far Eastern University, Manila, Philippines The researchers intended to investigate the lived experiences and coping strategies of women sex worker

who were survivors of rape. Interpretative phenomenological analysis qualitative research design was utilized and thematic analysis used as a method of interpreting data. Three Filipino women sex workers who are survivors of rape working within the area of Manila. The participants described their experiences, lives and coping strategies regarding their experienced rape incident in accordance to the interview questions. Common themes that surfaced were feelings of dislike and embarrassment, emotional and social hardships after the rape incidents, suicidal thoughts, and feelings of hopelessness regarding ideas of seeking jobs outside of sex work. Respondents also experienced unfair treatment from clients and feelings of rejection from family. After surviving the rape incident along with their own coping strategies, participants reported their current life being better than the past. Coping strategies of the participants mainly included religious practices and social support, either from friends, family, or both.

Paper Session 3 - ❷ - 7Psychology of Prosocial Behaviors

Chair: Eun Jin Han, Sogang University

1. Social class and domains of prosocial behavior: A target’s social class elicits prosocial intentions of others differently in the cases of donation and volunteering.

Eun Jin Han, Sogang UniversityJin Kyung Na, Sogang UniversityJi Sok Choi, Sogang University

Many studies have recently focused on investigating the behavioral impact of a specific target’s social class on the actions of others. Particularly, many attempts have been made to explore the role of target social class itself in eliciting prosocial motivations of others. Extending these lines of research, the present study examined how a target’s social class (high vs. low) would influence observers’ prosocial intentions in two certain domains, donation and volunteering. The results showed that, for donation, a low-class person was more effective in eliciting prosocial intentions of other people than a high-class target. However, the pattern was reversed for volunteering; when people were informed that a person from higher social class volunteered for others in need, they showed greater prosocial intentions. Showing the interactive effect of social class and different prosocial domains, the present study result implies that it is vital to take diverse domains of prosocial behavior into considerations to accurately understand the effects of target social class in eliciting prosocial intentions of others. These findings will shed light on the positive effect of each social class on others’ helping behaviors in donation and volunteering.

2. Search for Meaning and Prosocial Behavior Serially Mediate the Effect of Mortality Salience on Experienced Meaning in Life



Minji Kim, Sogang UniversityJinkyung Na, Sogang University

Power and status are two different dimensions of social hierarchy. Power, asymmetric control over valued resources, is not conferred by others and thus can be more independent from others. Status, respect and admiration from others, relies on others’ evaluation and thus more influenced by other people. Due to these differences, we reasoned that power and status would have opposite effects on other-beneficial unethical behaviors. Specifically, people with high-power would be less likely to behave unethically for others whereas people with high-status would be more likely to do. Furthermore, we proposed that individuals’ social dominance orientation (SDO) would moderate the relationship between power and other-beneficial unethical behaviors because people with high-SDO, preferring hierarchy structure, would less behave for others’ interests than people with low-SDO. Meanwhile, we thought that individuals’ concern for status would moderate the relationship between status and otherbeneficial unethical behaviors because the more people concern for their status, the more they would consider others’ benefit to receive favorable evaluations. In two studies, as predicted, power and status showed opposite effects on people’s willingness to engage in unethical behaviors for their friends. Specifically, power had a negative relationship with willingness of other-beneficial unethical behaviors whereas status showed a positive association with it. In addition, study2 showed that SDO moderated the relationship between power and unethical behavior tendency. That relationship was statistically significant only among people with high-SDO. Meanwhile, inconsistent with our hypothesis, individuals’ concern for status had no moderating effect on the relationship between status and inclination of other-beneficial unethical behaviors.

Symposium 3 - ❸ - 1Emerging Perspectives on Prosocial Behavior

Chair: Smita Singh, James Cook University Singapore

Prosocial behavior is a positive form of behavior that is beneficial to others. It excludes behavior motivated by personal gains or exchange. Research in the field of prosocial behavior is burgeoning. Different perspectives and different methodologies are studied to understand what enhances prosocial behavior. From investigating the model of bystander intervention to the use of implicit association techniques, research methodology in the field of prosocial behavior has progressed to study possible causes and predictors of prosocial behavior. When and why people help? What are the underlying motivations? Does gender or the culture of the individual play a role? Can we prime individuals to be more prosocial? Does our surroundings play a role in making us more prosocial? These research questions have been the focus of various investigations. Our symposium aims to extend this discussion further and highlight the emerging

Baorui Chang, Guangxi Normal UniversityJiaxin Cheng, Guangxi Normal UniversityJiandong Fang, Guangxi Normal UniversityJunhua Dang, Uppsala University

This study investigated the effect of mortality salience on experienced meaning in life and its mechanism. Six hundred and forty-eight Chinese college students were surveyed using the Death Anxiety Scale, the Prosocial Behavior Scale, and the Meaning in Life Scale. The results showed that mortality salience influenced experienced meaning through three pathways: the first one was through search for meaning singly; the second one was through prosocial behavior singly; and the third one was through search for meaning and prosocial behavior serially, which accounted for the highest proportion of the total effect. This study highlights the positive side of mortality salience.

3. Money Priming Modulates the Effect of Ego-depletion on Altruistic Behavior

Chunli Zhao, Guangxi Normal UniversityJingyun Wang, Shihezi UniversityYunzhu Zhou, Shihezi UniversityXuan Zhu, Shihezi University

Altruistic behavior is an important form of prosocial behavior. Many studies have demonstrated that both money cues and ego-depletion have negative influence on altruistic behavior. However, empirical research also suggests that money cues can counteract the effect of ego-depletion. These findings raise the question: how is altruistic behavior affected when both monetary cues and ego-depletion are present? To address the above question, we conducted a 2×2 factorial design experiment, with egodepletion as a within-subjects factor (high vs. low depletion), and monetary concept priming as a between-subjects factor (priming, control). Analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect of self-depletion, and a significant main effect of money priming. Participants in the high-depletion condition allocated more tokens to the self, and that money priming also reduced altruistic behavior significantly. Importantly, the 2-way interaction between money priming and ego-depletion was significant. Further analysis showed that participant who received monetary primes allocated similar amount of tokens to themselves in the high and low depletion condition. In addition, in the low depletion condition, there was a significant difference in altruistic allocation between the money priming group and the control group. Our results replicate the negative effects of ego-depletion and money priming on altruistic behavior found in previous studies. However, we found that money priming can alter the negative effect of egodepletion on altruistic behavior. Our findings extend previousresearch by showing that monetary cues and ego depletion interact together when influencing altruistic behavior.

4. Power vs. Status: How they influence people’s willingness to behave unethically for their close others



2. Better Green Space Quality, More Prosocial? Evidence from Australia

I Gusti Ngurah Edi Putra, University of WollongongThomas Astell-Burt, University of Wollongong, University of Sydney, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, The Chinese Academy for Medical Sciences and Tsinghua UniversityDylan P. Cliff, University of WollongongStewart A. Vella, University of WollongongXiaoqi Feng, University of Wollongong, University of Sydney, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, University of New South Wales

Background: The presence of quality green space in the neighbourhood might support the development of prosocial behaviour among children. However, there is a paucity of studies in this regard. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using PRISMA guidelines for articles published up to October 2019 to synthesise the findings from the available evidence on the association between green space quality and prosocial behaviour among children. We also conducted empirical studies using data from 4,969 children with a 10-year follow-up (2004-2010) retrieved from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children to examine 1) the association between green space quality and prosocial behaviour; 2) the association between different trajectories of green space quality across childhood (potential life-course processes) and prosocial behaviour, and potential effect modifiers. Latent class and multilevel longitudinal analyses were used. Results: Overall, findings suggest that green space might positively influence prosocial behaviour, with a limited number of studies concerning green space quality. Our first empirical study found that better green space quality reported by caregivers was associated with higher prosocial behaviour among children. The second empirical study suggests that trajectories of green space quality were associated with prosocial behaviour. Children whose caregivers reported very good quality green space over time (i.e., 10 years) also reported greater prosocial behaviour than those children with consistently low-quality green space. The child’s gender, ethnicity, area disadvantage and accessibility were effect modifiers. Conclusion: Improving and maintaining access to green space quality across childhood might foster the development of child prosocial behaviour.

3. Effects of Types Prosocial Media Primes, Gender, Empathy on Accessibility of Prosocial Thoughts and Behavior

Smita Singh, James Cook University – Singapore

Numerous studies have established links between active (playing games) or passive (watching video or listening to music) forms of prosocial media and increased accessibility to prosocial thoughts and behavior. However, what type of media is more impactful remains unclear. The present study, therefore, examined the exposure to three types of prosocial media (prosocial video

perspectives in prosocial research. Using diverse methodologies, our session will cover three distinct and significant domains of prosocial research. The first research will focus on a cross-cultural comparison between personality patterns associated with empathy and solidarity. Using the three nationally representative samples from China, Japan, and S. Korea, this presentation investigates the relationship between the Big Five personality concept, prosocialness (solidarity), and empathetic orientation. The second research presentation focuses on a systematic review between green space quality and prosocial behavior among Australian children. Thus, implying improving and maintaining access to green space quality across childhood. The third research presentation compares the effects of active (playing prosocial video games) and passive (watching prosocial video games and listening to prosocial lyrical music) media exposure among male and female participants in a Singapore University. The effect of different prosocial media primes was investigated on participants’ prosocial thoughts accessibility and prosocial behavior. Our intent here is also to demonstrate the distinct methodologies in the contemporary study of prosocial behavior.

1. Exploring cultural similarities and differences in personality patterns associated with empathy and solidarity: Evidence based on data from three representative national samples

Joonha Park, Nagoya University of Commerce and BusinessPlamen Akaliyski, Keio UniversityNaoko Taniguchi, Keio University

Empathy and solidarity are important values on the rise during a pandemic. Empathy is a fundamental human ability for successful social interactions and coping from crisis through prosocial behavior and attitudes. Solidarity is understood as an aspect of prosocial behavior as it is intended to benefit other people (Weinstein & Ryan, 2010). Given that personality traits are important variables that modulate empathy (Melchers et al., 2016), it was hypothesized that personality traits would moderate the effects of empathy on solidarity. Using the three nationally representative samples from China, Japan, and S. Korea, the current study aimed to investigate the relationship between the Big Five personality concept, prosocialness (solidarity), and empathetic orientation measured with Davis’s short version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Consistent with previous findings, conscientiousness and agreeableness were positively associated with empathy. However, openness was another important predictor of empathy in our samples. Roles of extraversion and neuroticism appeared to be inconsistent across cultures - in China (Japan and Korea), less (more) extraverted and less (more) neurotic people are more empathetic. The associations between personality traits and solidarity vary across cultures – overall, neuroticism tends to negatively, and agreeableness tends to positively predict solidarity, whereas the prediction of conscientiousness is unstable. Moderating effects of personality on empathy effects on solidarity did not exist. The current findings give partial support to the recent arguments on personality and empathy and suggest caution for understanding the underlying personality patterns of empathy and solidarity as uniform across cultures.



games or video clips or listening to lyrical music) and its effect on the accessibility to prosocial thought (average reaction time on a Lexical Decision Task (LDT), (Greitemeyer & Osswald, 2011)) and prosocial behavior (e.g., number of pamphlets taken to help the experimenter). 180 participants (90 males, 90 females; Mage=23.53, SD=3.67) were randomly assigned to a 3 (type of prosocial media primes: music versus video game versus video clip) x 2 (Gender: female versus male) between-subject factorial design. The empathy measure was patterned after the questionnaires used by Davis (1983) and Jolliffe and Farrington (2006). Results indicated no significant difference in reaction times for processing prosocial words and the number of pamphlets collected across the three media prime conditions. However, compared to the control condition (n=50), participants in the media prime condition indicated a significantly lower reaction time in accessing prosocial thoughts. This implies that it is not the type of media (active or passive) but the content which influences prosocial thoughts and behavior. In addition, females participants were faster than male participants in accessing prosocial thoughts (e.g., reacted faster to prosocial words) and found to significantly higher on empathy measure than male participants.

Paper Session 3 - ❸ - 2Motivation, Social Cognition, and Culture

Chair: Emi Kashima, La Trobe University

1. How Do Young Adults Conduct Common Activities in the Chinese Context? --- The Cultural Value Transformation of Long-term Orientation

Linna Fu, National Research University Higher School of Economics

Long-term Orientation (LTO), a very important cultural value in the eastern context, including China, needs to be examined more carefully. Given the progress of globalization and ecological development taking place in China, people’s thoughts and attitudes towards LTO may have begun to experience cultural dynamics, especially among young adults. This research examined young adults (age: 18-25 years old)’ transformation indeed realized and specifically, in cultural values from a long-term to a short term via longitudinal and implicit sections. (1) Over time, LTO’s transformation tendency of young adults tends to inconsistent directions. In the persistence and thrift aspects, the youth manifest significant keeping in the LTO tendency. While, in the face aspect, young adults become decreasing national pride, thereby transform into STO tendency. And the young generation expresses a little bit just about divorce. (2) Young adults keep LTO tendency in the implicit attitude part, but they experience cultural value transformation in the implicit self-identification side with no difference between LTO and STO. (3) LTO can effectively predict well-being. Interestingly, the paradox condition of LTO

wouldn’t influence well-being level. Researches on LTO needs to be developed from theoretical ways to more practical ways. This research contributes to the understanding of cultural change and lays the foundation for future research on LTO in the Chinese context.

2. Core Social Motives and Perceived Societal Threats

Emi Kashima, La Trobe University

Societal threats that face the world today seem overpowering, especially for young generations who will need to develop creative solutions. The current project examined the relationships between perceived societal threats and core social motives. A new scale to measure core social motives was developed based on the BUC (K)ET framework (Belong, Understand, Control, Esteem, and Trust) and validated for cross-cultural invariance. Core social motives function to orient individuals towards the social world and prepare them to engage socially. The adaptive function of social motives should be helpful when threats are looming in the environment. We expected that perceived societal threats would correlate positively with social motives, especially among individuals with lower self-esteem who are low in psychological resources for managing threats. Correlational data from Australia, the United States, New Zealand, the Philippines, China (Macao), Malaysia (Sabah), and Austria (N=1,269) supported our prediction, and evidence was strongest in the United States. We also analyzed the contents of the perceived “biggest social changes” in their societies. They revealed both culture-specific and shared societal threats across these societies.

3. Self-objectification and approval motivation: Comparing collectivist and individualist societies

Shilei Chen, King’s College LondonWijnand Van Tilburg, University of EssexPatrick Leman, The University of Waikato

Fredrickson and Roberts (1997) offered objectification theory as an integrative framework for understanding, researching and modifying women’s experience as sexualized objects in a sociocultural context. Existing research on self-objectification has mostly uncovered its negative impacts on women in intrapersonal contexts, such as their mental health, affective change, cognitive ability, etc. However, little research so far has examined how self-objectification shapes women’s behaviours in interpersonal contexts. Furthermore, most of the existing research on self-objectification was done with Caucasian participants. The present research aims to address these gaps by examining (i) the impact of self-objectification on the approval motivation in social media contexts; (ii) the cultural difference (collectivist vs. individualist) of the relationship between self-objectification and approval motivation. We proposed and tested, in two studies, if higher trait self-objectification predicts more deceptive self-presentation on social media among women and whether this effect is consistent across culture. Study 1 (N=202) found that social media users from



particular relational contexts exist within collectivism or relationalism among three East Asian people: Koreans, Chinese, and Japanese. In this regard, this study aims to compare the features of the relational collectivism of three East Asians by indicating cross-cultural study for the variability of self-concepts and behavioral judgments in accordance with the degree of relational closeness. And, to explore whether similar norms of relational context occur among three East Asian people or it is the innate feature of Koreans. In Study 1, three East Asian’s variability of self-concept in the relational closeness was analyzed and compared. Participants were undergraduate students and the total number of participants was 201 (73 Koreans, 63 Chinese, 67 Japanese). They were measured for their general traits and traits in the interpersonal contexts (with father, mother, close friends, and strangers). 10 items of Big-5 scale were used and was converted them into index of self-concept variability among the contexts. As a result, self-concept variability across contexts was higher for Koreans and Chinese than for Japanese and interaction of cultures and degree of closeness was significant. Self-concept variability across close relationships showed that Chinese was higher than Korean and Japanese. And, self-concept variability across distant relationships showed that Korean and Chinese were higher than Japanese. However, the deviation of self-concept variability between degree of closeness was significant only for Koreans. Through this, it was verified that Korean participants have higher self-concept variability across the degree of closeness

2. Why can Japanese see Mario in MarioKart: Third person perspective or autoscopic positive self-regard?

Timothy Takemoto, Yamaguchi University

While many Western video games tend to use a first person perspective, many Japanese video games, such as Mario Kart use a “third person” perspective. The Japanese preference for “third person,” elevated, birds eye view perspectives is usually argued to be motivated by the Japanese collectivist, interdependent desire to see around themselves, their context (Cohen & Gunz, 2002; Masuda et al., 2012). This presenter has however argued that another motivation for so called “third person” perspectives is the Japanese desire to see themselves, enjoy a positive autoscopic self-regard and feel “I am cute.” In order to investigate which of these two motivations is stronger, Japanese video game players will be given the option of playing a game in a contextual, elevated, birds eye view perspective in which they cannot see themselves, and in a low field of vision autoscopic perspective, similar to a first person shooter perspective but where they can see themselves. Playing time in each view, and evaluations of play enjoyment will be compared to see which view, contextual or autoscopic, Japanese prefer.

3. Collectivism Has Many Faces: Latin American Fosters Independent Selves

individualist societies who were high in trait self-objectification reported being more deceptive in their self-presentation on social media, statistically mediated by the increased need for others’ approval. Study 2 (data collection in progress) replicates Study1 with Hong Kong participants (somewhat collectivist) and Mainland China participants (collectivist) to make a cross-cultural comparison.

4. Cross-country differences between Americans and Singaporeans in estimation (and over-estimation) of social mobility

Bek Wuay Tang, Singapore Management UniversityJacinth Tan, Singapore Management University

Perceptions of social mobility can shape people’s evaluation of their society and support for inequality-mitigating policies. The primary goal of this research was to investigate the psychological processes involved in people’s perception of social mobility and to examine cross-country differences in these perceptions. To this end, we recruited 1055 Singaporeans and 1038 Americans from Qualtrics Panel and asked them to estimate social mobility—the likelihood of a child from the poorest 20% of families moving to the richest 60% as an adult—in their own countries. We found that Americans estimated social mobility in their country to be lower as compared to Singaporeans. The lower estimations can be partly attributed to lower perceptions of meritocracy in the US, even though Americans reported more general optimism and similar levels of general national pride as compared to Singaporeans. When comparing with the actual statistics of social mobility in the respective countries, we also found that Americans significantly overestimated social mobility (49.5% versus actual statistics of 39.2%), whereas Singaporeans were generally accurate (54.6% versus actual statistics of 54.0%). This difference in accuracy of estimations were mediated by greater self-enhancement bias amongst the Americans, which was also associated with perceptions of greater meritocracy in the country. These findings suggest the psychological processes that potentially explain cross-country variability in estimations of social mobility.

Paper Session 3 - ❸ - 3Self, Identity, and Culture

Chair: Kuba Krys, Polish Academy of Sciences

1. Differences in the variability of self-concepts and behavioral judgments on the degree of closeness among Koreans, Chinese and Japanese

Eunmi Park, Chung-Ang universityTaeyun Jung, Chung-Ang university

Based on the previous study, it has been proved that the



on how to attach it, which implied that they still lacked a touching with teachers’ honor as well. Honor related professional identity intervention courses was developed based on those findings which helps normal students fully understand teachers’ honor and make knowledge, skill, and mentality for coming teaching career. * This researches was supported by the Education and Teaching Reform Committee of Southwest University.

Paper Session 3 - ❸ - 4Social Class and Socioeconomic Status

Chair: Xinyuan Fu, Central University of Finance and Economics

1. Signs of Target’s Social Class affect Agent’s Perceived Trustworthiness and Trust

Xinyuan Fu, Central University of Finance and Economics

Social class predicts numerous important life outcomes and social orientations. Thus far, the research literature has mainly examined how an individual’s own social class shapes interactions with others, whereas whether a target’s class affects social interactions has been relatively neglected. In particular, do signs of target’s social class impact the agent’s perceived trustworthiness of the target and trust? Furthermore, could agent’s social class alter the effects of signs of target’s social class on trustworthiness and trust? To explore these two research questions, we tested competing predictions stemming from social exchange, social fairness and social identity perspectives. We conducted three experiments using the trust game, in which we manipulated the signs of target’s social class (low vs. control vs. high), measured the agent’s social class, perceived trustworthiness of the target and trust. According to the results, target’s high class signs elicited higher levels of agent’s perceived trustworthiness of the target and trust compared with low class signs. We also found that self’s social class had little to no relationship with the agent’s perceived trustworthiness of the target and trust. Further mediation analyses indicated that target’s high class signs increased agent’s perceived trustworthiness of the target, which in turn led to increased trust. Our findings support the social exchange perspective and highlight the key roles of signs of target’s social class in shaping trustworthiness and trust.

2. The Mediating Effect of Life History Strategy on Socio-economic Status and Fertility Willingness

Mingqin Guo, GuangXi Normal UniversityBaorui Chang, GuangXi Normal University

Fertility deficit and population aging have become difficult problems in the 21st century. At present, my country has bought into the ranks of countries with low fertility rate. How to increase fertility rate has become a problem discussed by many scholars.

Kuba Krys, Polish Academy of SciencesVivian Vignoles Vignoles, University of SussexYukiko Uchida, Kyoto UniversityIgor De Almeida, Otemon Gakuin University

In cultural psychology, binary contrasts of West versus East, individualism versus collectivism, and independent versus interdependent self-construal are often treated as largely equivalent. Markus and Kitayama (1991) famously proposed that Euro-American culture promotes independent self-construal, whereas East Asian (Confucian) cultures promote interdependent self-construal. Extrapolating beyond their original focus on North American and East Asian cultures, researchers commonly assume that all collectivistic contexts promote interdependent rather than independent models of selfhood. We propose that certain cultural contexts—such as Latin American cultures—are characterized by collectivist values but largely independent models of selfhood. Quantitative syntheses of existing data indicate that Latin American societies emphasize collectivist values at least as strongly as Confucian East Asian societies, but they differ in numerous other respects, including honor logic, looseness of norms, relational mobility, emotional expressivity, monumentalism, perceived and desired control, endorsement to maximization principle, indulgence, religious background, cultural heterogeneity, and—crucially—independent self-construals. Latin American self-construals are at least as independent as Western self-construals, but with some differences of emphasis. We conclude that the common view of ties between self-construals and collectivism needs revision. Collectivist cultures are diverse, and researchers should pay more attention to those beyond East Asia.

4. The Representation of Professional Honor for Normal Students

Rong He, Southwest UniversityChongzeng Bi, Southwest University

Professional honor as a teacher is a crucial mindset for normal students because it conveys social values, and provides supporting in coping the stress from teaching activity. However, what and how normal students represent the professional honor are little been known. In the present study, based on the Social Representation Theory and the Central Core Theory, we explored the representations of professional honor of normal students. According to the frequency and importance, we categorized the answers into four quadrants through free-association and justification tasks for normal students. The content of core elements included responsibility, education, recognitions, students, and morality, etc.; the first periphery elements composed by relationship, happiness, and pride, etc.; the second periphery elements made up by loving of their position, teaching ability and students’ development; and the contrasted elements were formed by rewards, glory, and welfare, etc. These representations revealed normal students focused more on the normative standards of professional honor as a teacher like the morality and responsibility of teaching, while less



Xiang Yi Tee, UTARPoh Chua Siah, UTARSew Kim Low, UTARJoanna Tjin Ai Tan, UTAR

Different coping strategies and measurements have been developed, but lack of qualitative studies that identified the coping strategies adopted by adolescents who have experienced cyber victimization in Asia. This study uses the in-depth interview method to identify the coping strategies adopted by adolescents who have experienced cyber victimization. Nineteen cyber victims were recruited through school counselors by the purposive sampling method, and were interviewed by three registered counselors in the research team. Two main themes were identified: The active and passive orientation coping strategies. The findings revealed that more passive oriented coping strategies were used among interviewees. Besides, different coping strategies were identified under each main theme. Ignoring, self control, and seeking support were the most commonly mentioned coping strategies employed. The findings provide information for the design of coping strategies scale among cyber victims in Asia. The findings also suggested the necessity of including coping strategies, and the inclusion of parents, teachers and school administrators, in the promotion programs to prevent cyber bullying. Keywords: Cyber victims, coping strategies, qualitative study, in-depth interview

2. Behavioral and cognitive responses in a cold and a warm environment: Encountering others on the street in a virtual reality experiment

Tomoko Oe, Teikyo UniversityTakeshi Takata, Teikyo UniversityMtsuhiro Ogawa, Teikyo UniversityJun’Ichi Kotoku, Teikyo University

Ambient temperature can affect both prosocial and antisocial behavior. To identify the difference in behavioral and cognitive responses that occur when people in a cold or warm environment attack or help someone, we conducted a virtual reality experiment where participants can repeatedly engage in those social behaviors in a short session. Participants were told that their role was to protect their community and completed trials in both a warm and a cold environment. In the practice trials, they repeatedly encountered a cylindrical object with one of the three words written on it. They were instructed to choose “attack,” “help,” or watch over the object if the word is “dangerous,” “puzzled,” or “harmless,” respectively, and to pull the trigger towards the object after choosing “attack.” In the main trials, participants performed the task in the same way as in the practice trials, except that they encountered a human character who appear to be dangerous, in need of help, or harmless. At the end of each trial, participants were asked to rate how much they considered the character as members of the community. Results showed that participants rated lower on the characters’ membership when the characters appeared dangerous despite

Starting from the theory of life history, this research explores the interrelationship among subjective socioeconomic status, life history strategies and fertility willingness, and examines the mediating role played by life history strategies between socioeconomic status and fertility willingness. The results show that: (1) Socio-economic status is negatively correlated with the willingness to give birth, and positively correlated with life history strategies. Life history strategy is negatively correlated with fertility willingness. (2) Life history strategy plays an intermediary role between socioeconomic status and willingness to reproduce.

3. Birds of a different feather reciprocate each other: Cooperativeness visibility, costly favor, and the reduction of rich-poor segregation

Jiayu Chen, Nagoya UniversityTasuku Igarashi, Nagoya University

How do we reduce the segregation between the rich and the poor? Although critical economic inequality leads rich people to favor rich counterparts, the salience of reputational information shifts their focus more on partner’s cooperativeness than on partner’s wealth category. In this study, we examine whether the availability of cooperativeness information and two forms of costly favors (anonymous/non-anonymous resource giving) promote rich-poor interactions and cooperation. Eighty-seven Japanese participants played a modified public goods game, which introduced the selective play paradigm (Hayashi & Yamagishi, 1998), repeatedly with different partners (autonomous agents) they selected. Initial wealth disparities were set among players and agents, and rich agents were programmed as behaving selfishly, whereas poor agents were behaving cooperatively. In the process of partner selection, participants (all allocated as rich) were able to see partner’s wealth categories (the hidden condition) or see partner’s categories and last-round contribution ratio (the revealed condition). Participants were also allowed to grant a costly favor (i.e., giving the small amount of their resources) to partners with anonymity (compassionate donation) or without anonymity (commitment construction) before playing the public goods game. Analysis with GLMM found that the rich-poor segregation was reduced only when participants tried to build commitments with cooperative poor agents in the revealed condition. The results suggest that sending commitment signals to the cooperative poor is a better way than being compassionate to be inclusive beyond wealth homophily.

Paper Session 3 - ❸ - 5Relational Aggression and Implications for Well-being

Chair: Takaaki Hashimoto, Toyo University

1. The Study of Relationship between Cyber Victimization and Coping Strategies among Adolescents



An entrepreneurial education and mentoring program implemented in Bogor Regency, West Java, Indonesia aims to create new entrepreneurs. It is assumed that positive perceptions and active participation in entrepreneurial education and mentoring program will encourage entrepreneurial motivation of the participants. The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between 1) perception and participation in the entrepreneurial education and mentoring program, and 2) participation and entrepreneurial motivation enhancement among participants in the entrepreneurial education and mentoring program. The study was conducted by survey method using questionnaire to collect data from 164 participants. Data analyzed by Pearson Correlation showed that there was a significant relationship between perceptions and participation in the entrepreneurial education program implementation (r=.48, p<.05). It was also revealed that participation in the program was significant related to entrepreneurial motivation enhancement among program participants (r=.37, p<.05). Thus, it is evident that well-organized entrepreneurial education and mentoring program will provide good impression to attract active participation as well as to increase entrepreneurial motivation of program participants. Keywords: entrepreneurial education and mentoring program, entrepreneurial motivation, participation, perception

2. From outer space to the augmented negotiating table – Interdisciplinary approaches to foster negotiation behaviour

Klaus Harnack, University of Münster

Negotiations are often characterized by participatory barriers that hinder individuals to participate and enrich the collective decision making process. Besides group phenomena, negotiations are additionally distorted by individual cognitive biases that prevent an optimal starting point for integrative negotiations. Although research has identified several psychological obstacles, practical procedures to overcome these obstacles are rare. The present contribution is an attempt to fill this gap. For issues on the group level, the concept of Democratic Tableware is introduced and for the individual level, a newly developed mind-set-manipulation based on the construal level theory will be presented. Under the umbrella term of Democratic Tableware, we introduce various design products - tools - intended to foster and support group discussion, negotiation and collective decision-making. All tools are designed to help people ascertain and express their own interests, as well as to discover and appreciate collective interests. With the study “Being Astro Alex”, we introduce a simple mindset procedure to induce a high-level construal in order to foster integrative negotiation behavior. For both projects, the proof of concept as well as first empirical results will be presented. In sum, the present set of tools and procedures will provide practitioners with implements to foster integrative negotiation behavior.

3. Self-oriented perspective-taking and perception of helper’s cost

the possibility of being community members. Moreover, male participants in the cold environment had a higher rate of pulling the trigger more than once than male participants in the warm environment when encountering the characters who appeared dangerous. The relation between human thermoregulation and social behaviors are discussed.

3. Power and apology affects aggression toward a norm-violator: Analysis using the voodoo doll paradigm

Takaaki Hashimoto, Toyo UniversityKaori Karasawa, The University of Tokyo Does power increase a person’s tendency to punish or forgive norm-violators? Existing studies report mixed findings (e.g, Karremans & Smith, 2010; van Prooijen et al., 2014). We examined whether power contributes to both, as a function of a situational factor: apology. To examine people’s punitive/forgiving tendency, we implemented the Voodoo Doll Task (DeWall et al., 2013) as a measure of symbolic aggression that people express toward the norm-violator. In an online experiment, we primed participants with high or low power via an episode-recalling task (Galinsky et al., 2003) and then presented a videoclip depicting an individual (i.e., target) who behaves arrogantly and uncooperatively in a staged laboratory experiment. The target’s apology was manipulated so that he either offered an apology for the misdeeds or remained with his rude posture. We then showed participant with a picture of a voodoo doll with an instruction that it represents the target they saw in the video. Participants responded on the number of pins they want to stab into the doll. Data analyses were conducted with data from 211 participants. Voodoo doll pin count was significantly predicted by an interaction of power and apology manipulations. Specifically, high power facilitated greater levels of aggression when the target did not apologize, while empowerment also led to a significantly less pins when the target did offer an apology. Reconciling mixed findings of existing literature, the results highlight how an interplay of power and other factors systematically determines people’s decisions and actions in cases of conflict.

Paper Session 3 - ❸ - 6Perspective Taking, Negotiations, and Leadership

Chair: Klaus Harnack, University of Münster

1. Perception and Participation in the Entrepreneurial Education and Mentoring Program and its Relationship in Fostering Entrepreneurial Motivation

Ratri Virianita, Faculty of Human Ecology IPB UniversityWarcito Warcito, Institution of Research and Community Services IPB UniversityMintarti Mintarti, Institution of Research and Community Services IPB University



that reflect broader social, cultural and gender dimensions. Importantly, however, there is evidence that as local crisis intensified and public anxiety and conflict increased, leaders in Australia and the United Kingdom altered their approach towards the management of uncertainty in key ways. Findings highlight the need for further in-depth study of the dimensions and deployment of gender and culture in political discourse alongside the measurement of population level responses.

Paper Session 3 - ❸ - 7Gender, Social Issues, and COVID-19

Chair: Kaori Ando, Nara Women’s Universitiy

1. The Role of Normative Beliefs and Risk Factors on Men’s Adoption the COVID-19 Preventive Health Measures in Turkey

Emir Üzümçeker, Dokuz Eylul UniversityMete Sefa Uysal, Dokuz Eylul UniversityCennet Yastibaş, Dokuz Eylul University

Health reports about the COVID-19 showed that men are more at risk of death and catching COVID-19, in just the same way as previous pandemics SARS and MERS. The research suggested that men engage in fewer preventive health behaviours in general. Furthermore, research on condom use, smoking, drug, and alcohol consumption revealed the relationship between normative beliefs and healthy behaviors. In line with the Focus Theory of Normative Conduct and theoretical frameworks of Anderson and Dunning (2014), this research aims to investigate the predictive role of normative beliefs such as descriptive, injunctive social, and injunctive moral norms as well as risk factors such as smoking and having a chronic disease on men’s adoption of preventive health measures during the COVID-19. All of the variables were measured by self-report questionnaires. To address this argument, a survey study conducted with 203 Turkish men aged between 18 to 67 years (M=30.0, SD=10.2) in Turkey. Although our results suggested that descriptive (r=.23, p<.01), injunctive moral (r=.47, p<.001), and injunctive social norms (r=.17, p<.05) are related to men’s adoption of COVID-19 preventive measures, only injunctive moral norms (ß=.43, p<.001) have a predictive effect. Our findings also asserted that while having a disease predicted the preventive behaviors of men (ß=.13, p<.05), smoking did not. We believe that our research can help to understand the underlying normative and risk factors on men’s adoption

2. Different Gender and Ethnicity Makes Differences in Subjective Well-Being, Is It Possible?

Marsha Fadhilah, Brawijaya UniversityIka Herani, Brawijaya University

The rapid spread of covid-19 outbreak has prompted the

Kengo Furuhashi, Nagoya UniversitySachiko Kiyokawa, The University of TokyoTasuku Igarashi, Nagoya University

Help-seeking behavior is useful to cope with stressful situations. However, when help-seekers perceive other people’s costs for helping as high, they hesitate to seek help. A general tendency that help-seekers overestimate the helper’s cost even though they try to take the helper’s perspective indicates that help-seekers tend to commit an error in other-oriented perspective-taking or imagining how helpers perceive their cost for helping. To reduce the error, we focus on self-oriented perspective-taking or having help-seekers imagine the cost for helping as if they were helpers. We conducted an online experiment to test the hypothesis that the helpers’ cost for helping is perceived as lower when help-seekers recall their own helping experience than when they do not. Participants read a scenario about a stressful event (unemployment or depression), in which they helped the person (perspective-taking condition) or sought help from others (control condition), and rated how they perceived the helper’s cost. Then participants in both conditions read another scenario describing their experience of seeking help from others and rated the helper’s cost. Contrary to the hypothesis, participants who read the unemployment scenario in the perspective-taking condition perceived a higher cost of helpers than those in the control condition. The results indicate that help-seekers might estimate the helper’s costs for helping as high through self-oriented perspective-taking when the situation is serious.

4. Leveraging uncertainty during a health crisis: A comparison of four international leader’s discourse during the first six months of COVID-19

Margo Turnbull, The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityYing Jin, University of MacauBernadette Watson, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Uncertainty is a cognitive state derived from situations in which inadequate or incomplete knowledge makes it is impossible to project the future in relation to specific events. Political, social and cultural responses to a crisis often reflects the “uncertainty avoidance” levels of the broader population (Hofstede, 2010). This study draws on a corpus of data collected from the press conferences of four international leaders (Australia, Hong Kong SAR, New Zealand, United Kingdom) during the first six months of the COVID-19 health crisis. Unlike ceremonial speeches, press conferences tend to be short and often serve the specific purpose of engaging the population via the media in the announcement of policies and actions (Moberg & Eriksson, 2013). In addition, press conferences fulfil pragmatic and psychosocial functions which aim to comfort, unify and reassure the public in times of crisis. We drew on Petty and Cacioppo’s (1986) model of message processing and persuasion alongside public data outlining population responses and compliance with political directives. Analysis of this corpus of data indicates patterns within the management of uncertainty by individual political leaders



4. The effect of sex, age, and media exposure on risk perception of COVID-19

Rina Tanaka, Nara Women’s UniversityKaori Ando, Nara Women’s UniversityHiroki Takehashi, Nara Women UniversityYusuke Umegaki, Nara Women’s University

The present study aims to investigate the determinants of risk perception toward COVID-19. The study focuses on the effect of sex, age and media influence. The fear of COVID-19 is causing changes in Japanese society; it was requested to refrain from travelling to other prefectures when unnecessary, wear masks when going out. However, responses to these requests differ among people. Risk perception toward COVID-19 is estimated to have large variations among individuals. Previous studies on risk perception of COVID-19 did not find consistent results for the effect of sex and age, however the study on the topic has been just started. Method: We recruited Japanese participants via online survey on August 2020, during the second wave of epidemic in Japan. The total number of valid responses was 1555 (50.5% female, age range 18-69). The study was designed to have balanced number for each sex and age group. We examined risk perception, anxiety, perceived probability of infection and media exposure. Results: Women scored higher than men in risk perception, anxiety, and perceived probability of infection. The effect of age was reversed for risk perception and probability of infection; the older perceived higher risk perception whereas the younger reported higher probability of infection. The hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that exposure to TV, internet news, and newspaper affected risk perception while SNS did not have significant effect when controlling for demographics.

government to make various efforts to prevent the spread of the virus. One of the solution made by the government is to formulate a large scale social restriction policy. This policy allows students from various levels of education to do online learning. Changes that occur in learning method have an impact to individual subjective well-being. This study aims to see differences in the subjective well-being of university students during the covid-19 pandemic in terms of gender and ethnicity. The sample of this research is Indonesian university students. Researchers used accidental sampling to find the research subject. This research is a comparative study with a quantitative approach. The measuring instruments used are The satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) and Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE), both scale developed by Diener et al.. SWLS consists of 5 statement items and SPANE consists of 12 statements items, both scales are measured using likert scale. The analysis techniques used are independent sample t-test and one way ANOVA. The results of this study found that there was no difference in the level of subjective well-being in terms of ethnicity and there was a difference in the level of subjective well-being in terms of gender, where the average level of women’s subjective well-being was higher than men.

3. The effect of social norms on COVID-19 preventive behaviors in Japan

Kaori Ando, Nara Women’s UniversitiyYusuke Umegaki, Nara Women’s UniversitiyHiroki Takehashi, Nara Women’s UniversitiyRina Tanaka, Nara Women’s Universitiy

The present research investigated the effect of social norms on preventive behaviors against COVID-19 in Japan. It is pointed out that in Japan conforming to social norm plays an important role to ‘fit in’ in the society (Markus & Kitayama, 1991). Gelfand et al. (2011) showed that Japan is one of the ‘tight’ societies where social norms have strong power. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the rate of mask wearing masks has been very high, even when people are walking alone or jogging outside. Individuals may adopt take preventive behaviors because of social pressure instead of seeking their own safety. Method: An online survey was conducted in August 2020, when concern over the second wave of the pandemic was high. Request emails were sent to registrants at an online survey company aged 18 and over. The total number of valid responses was 1555. Results: The level of preventive behaviors was generally high (M=4.24), and women performed more preventive behaviors than men. Hierarchical regression analysis was conducted using preventive behaviors as a dependent variable with independent variables gender and age group in the first step and risk perception, social norms, and others’ attitudes toward deviant behavior in the second step. The results showed that social norms had the strongest effect on preventive behaviors (β=.47), and the effects of risk perception and others’ attitudes toward deviant behavior were also significant. The results indicated that social norms had a strong effect on preventive behaviors in Japan.


Poster Presentations with Abstracts


01

The moderating effect of gender on the relationship between materialism and happiness among children in Korea

Sebeen Kweon, Kyungsung UniversityNangyeon Lim, Kyungsung University

Literature shows that materialistic attitude is linked to lower subjective well-being, and albeit somewhat inconsistent, the majority of the research reported that the adverse effects of materialism are stronger for females than males. The purpose of the present research is to examine whether there are gender differences in nature and the impact of materialism among children as well. This study used the 9th and 10th waves of a large sample from the Panel Study on Korean Children. Children were provided a forced-choice question of six alternatives asking what kind of person they want to become in the future. Those who chose a person who earns a lot of money as an answer were categorized as materialistic. Participants only who answered this question both at 9th and 10th waves (when they were 8 and 9 years old, respectively) were included in the analyses (i.e., 1,293 elementary school students). This study examined whether there are differences between materialistic versus non-materialistic 9-year-old children among those who were materialistic at 8 years old and whether gender plays a role as a moderator. The results showed that boys are more materialistic than girls and that 10-year-old children were less happy if they were materialistic two years in a row than if they were not materialistic anymore. Also, this negative effect of holding a materialistic attitude for two years was stronger for girls and boys. The findings implicate that it is important to take gender into account when studying the materialism-unhappiness relationship further.

02

The Effects of Weight Stigma and Self-Affirmation on Eating Behavior

Ah Hyeon Shin, Gyeongsang National UniversityJoon Ho Park, Gyeongsang National University

This study is set and tested, through an experiment, a two-way interaction hypothesis, which proposes that the level of weight stigma will have different effects on Eating Behavior according to the level of self-affirmation. It was a completely randomized design of 2 (weight stigma: weight stigma/non-stigma)×2 (self-affirmation: self-affirmation/non-affirmation) and data from 86 females were analyzed. The group with weight-stigma received an article with a negative perception of obese/overweight people, while the group with non-stigma received an article with a negative perception of people unrelated obese/overweight. After weight stigma manipulation, we provided feedbacks to all participants that they get the low immersion scores to experience ego-threatening. Afterward, the group with self-affirmation was

asked to rank the values in order of personal importance and wrote about their values, while the group with non-affirmation was asked to rank the values in order of others’ personal importance and wrote about the others’ values. Afterward, participants in taste evaluation study were requested to taste and evaluate three snacks, and then they were instructed to fill out the filler task. As a result of this study, two-way interaction between weight stigma and self-affirmation on eating behavior was significant and thus the hypothesis was supported. In the simple main effect analysis, in the case of the group with non-affirmation, participants with weight stigma ate more snacks than those with non-stigma, while in the case of the group with self-affirmation, there was no significant difference on eating behavior between both group with weight stigma.

03

The Effects of Illusion of Control and Counterfactual Thinking on Gamble Behavior

Jinyoung Lee, Gyeongsang National UniversityJoonho Park, Gyeongsang National University

In this study, pre-planned hypotheses that the illusion of control (IOC) and counterfactual thinking (CFT) would increase gambling behaviors were verified through experiments. Eighty-seven undergraduate students participated in the experiment and were assigned to completely randomized design of 2 (IOC: high/low)×2 (CFT: induction/inhibition). In practice games, the high IOC group was given winning results if they made a choice with a high winning rate and a feedback that ‘analysis’ was important. However, the low IOC group was given winning results if they made a choice with a low winning rate and a feedback that ‘luck’ was important. Then participants typed thoughts on pop-up window when they lost at first phase of the games. The CFT induction group was instructed to “Please think that the game you just lost would have been better if you made a different choice and write down”, while the CFT inhibition group was instructed to “Please think that the game you just lost would have still been lost even if you made a different choice and write down.” Afterwards, participants played second phase to measure gambling behaviors (total betting point, average betting point, gambling frequency, time spent gambling). As a results of analysis, the high IOC and CFT induction group significantly showed higher average betting point than the rest of groups. On the contrary, the low IOC and CFT inhibition group significantly showed lower gambling frequency and lower time spent gambling than the rest of groups. Based on such results, the implications, limitations, and future research directions were discussed.

04

The Effects of Temporal distance and Social status on Perceived Legitimacy of the Hakbul system (academic cliquism) in Korea and emotion experience



Jungmin Ahn, Chung-Ang UniversityTaeyun Jung, Chung-Ang University

Perceived legitimacy of a social system and emotion experience within the system are important predictors of participation in social movement for social change. We investigate how two variables affect the legitimization of Hakbul system (academic cliquism) in Korea and emotion experience, namely temporal distance and the social status within the Hakbul Ideology. The 2 (temporal distance: near, distant) x 2 (social status: higher, lower) factorial design experiment (N=141) shows the interaction effect of two variables on perceived legitimacy of the social system. That is, when temporal distance is near, people with higher social status perceived the Hakbul system more legitimate than people with lower social status. However, when temporal distance is distant, the perceived legitimacy of the social system had no statistically significant difference between higher and lower social status groups. Also, although there was no statistically significant difference in positive emotion (pride) among the groups, negative emotions show differences: Lower status group’s anger is higher than higher status group’s, and in condition of near temporal distance, lower status group’s anxiety is higher than higher status group’s. Guilt and shame of people with higher status is higher than people with lower status only when the temporal distance is distant. The limitations and implications of this findings in the areas of social conflict and social change are discussed.

05

The psychometric properties of Meteoropathy and Meteorosensitivity questionnaires in Iranian sample

Mostafa Zarean, University of TabrizHoma Sheybani, University of Tabriz

There has been a growing interest for the possible impacts of the weather situation on the mental and physical health of individuals. As a primitive study, we examined the psychometric properties of the underlying questionnaires in two Iranian samples. In a descriptive research design, 270 ordinary individuals as well as 210 clinical sample recruited to the study by convenient sampling method, and completed Emotion Regulation and Meteoropathy and Meteorosensitivity questionnaires through online platform. Data were analyzed using correlation coefficients, and internal consistencies for reliability and validity indices. Results indicated that there have been satisfactory Cronbach’s Alpha estimates for Meteoropathy (0/92, 0/93) and Meteorosensitivity (0/86, 0/86) for ordinary and clinical samples, respectively. There have also been significant correlations between two indices and also with emotion regulation subscales and total score. The proposed Farsi translation of Meteoropathy and Meteorosensitivity questionnaires seem to have satisfactory psychometric properties and could be used in different health related research.

06

When Empathy Doesn’t Work: Emotional Consequences of Intergroup Empathy

Jino Chung, Sungkyunkwan University

Research indicates that empathy is associated with positive effects, such as satisfaction or liking in intergroup relations. However, little is known about the negative emotional consequences of empathy like anger in intergroup context. Anger stems from intergroup conflict situation involving discrimination or deprivation. Considering the influence of anger in intergroup behavior, it is necessary to focus and handle anger in intergroup empathy. In the current study, we tested whether outgroup member’s empathy increases target’s anger in intergroup conflict situation. Specifically, we examined a situation where a male (female) target is being empathized by a female (male) for an unfair treatment at work with the target’s gender as a sole reason for his/her predicament. We assumed that receiving empathizing message from outgroup member would increases anger as an immediate response on the part of the target. In the first study that involved 246 Korean undergraduates, we found support for the presumed effect of empathy. In the second study that involved 158 Korean employees, we found that outgroup empathy reduced outgroup contact intention through increased anger. Findings indicated that empathizer’s membership and interaction contexts must be considered to fully understand the effects of empathy. This finding has implication for real life intergroup conflict. The way to bumper this effect should be further examined for intergroup harmony.

07

The Differential Effects of Personal Anxiety and Societal Anxiety on COVID-19 Related Behaviors

Jimin Han, Sungkyunkwan University

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak accompanying serious health threats to individuals inundated people’s lives and caused negative emotions such as anxiety. This study examined whether anxiety (personal versus societal), which is one of the key psychological correlates of COVID-19 related behavior, mediates the impact of two forms of beliefs in a just world (personal versus general) on pandemic-related attitudes and behaviors (e.g., preventive behaviors and COVID-19 prosocial behaviors). Korean undergraduates (Study 1; N=182) and adults (Study 2; N=324) completed questionnaires including measures of personal BJW, general BJW, personal anxiety, societal anxiety, and preventive behaviors. Measures of prosocial support were added in study 2 (e.g., I am willing to protect vulnerable groups from coronavirus even at my own expense). We found that lower levels of personal BJW predicted a more frequent engagement in preventive behaviors, and this relationship was mediated by personal



anxiety but not by societal anxiety. In terms of COVID-19 prosocial support, personal anxiety and societal anxiety have the opposite effects. Specifically, participants with lower levels of personal BJW experienced more personal anxiety and it leads them to help others. On the other hand, individuals with lower levels of general BJW experienced more societal anxiety which in turn led to less intention to engage in prosocial behavior. Taken together, these results indicate that two types of anxiety played distinctive roles in the context of COVID-19.

08

The Moderating Effect of Decision Authority on the Relationship between Recovery Activities on Vigor

Yoo Na Kim, SungKyunKwan UniversityHyung In Park, SungKyunKwan University

This study aims to investigate the effects of recovery activities during lunchbreak on vigor and to test moderating effects of decision authority on those relationships. Recovery activities are classified into four: Relaxation, nutrition-intake, socialization, and cognitive activities. According to the effort-recovery model (Meijman & Mulder, 1998), recovery can lead to positive states such as vigor, a high energy level to put efforts on work (Schaufeli & Bakker, 2004). Empirical evidence has also shown this relationship (Sonnentag, 2003). Additionally, based on conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989), decision authority, one type of job control as resource, is expected to change the relationship between recovery activities and vigor. The positive relationship between recovery activities and vigor will be more salient when employees perceive low decision authority in general than when they perceive high decision authority. When decision authority is high, the environment is resourceful enough to handle lack of recovery activities, and the effect of daily recovery activities will be attenuated. Data were collected from 120 workers over three days, two times a day. Lunch time and evening time were paired as one data point, resulting in 360 data points in total. The results from multilevel analyses demonstrated that between-level decision authority moderated the relationship between daily relaxation and daily vigor, in the expected direction, after controlling for other three activities (γ11=-.15, p<.05). Organizations may benefit from providing relaxation activities during lunchbreak. It also implies that decision authority should be given to employees to keep their vigor high.

09

Disease threat decreases the beneficial effect of extraversion on happiness

Hyeonsup Han, Chonnam National UniversityJi-Eun Shin, Chonnam National University

It is well established that extraversion is positively related to happiness. However, the hedonic benefits of extraversion may be less pronounced when acting extraverted is deemed less appropriate—especially when the threat of infectious diseases requires avoidant behavioral strategies. We thus hypothesized that pathogen threat would weaken the positive relationship between extraversion and happiness. As expected, the extraversion-happiness relationship was weaker among those with stronger motivation to avoid pathogens (Study 1), and among those who were experimentally primed with pathogen threats (Study 2). By demonstrating that salient threat of pathogen can moderate the benefit of extraversion, the present findings offer insight into the boundary conditions under which the hedonic advantage of extraversion is reduced.

10

The Effect of Perfectionistic Self-Presentation on Well-being: The Mediating Effect of Materialism

Ujeong Jeong, Sungshin Women’s UniversityHyekyung Park, Sungshin Women’s University

In order to understand the impact of perfectionistic self-presentation on individuals’ well-being, this study examined whether perfectionistic self-presentation in adults in their 20s and 30s would relate to subjective and psychological well-being, and whether materialism would mediate this relationship. This study further examined whether cognitive emotion regulation strategies would moderate the mediation effect of materialism described above. To this end, we measured perfectionistic self-presentation, materialism, cognitive emotion regulation strategy, subjective well-being, and psychological well-being in 226 adults (172 women; M age=25.02). First, the results revealed that perfectionistic self-presentation was negatively correlated with psychological well-being, but not with subjective well-being. Second, materialism partially mediated the relationship between perfectionistic self-presentation and psychological well-being, and fully mediated the relationship between perfectionistic self-presentation and subjective well-being. Third, only maladaptive, but not adaptive, cognitive emotion regulation strategies moderated the relationship between perfectionistic self-presentation and materialism. Finally, there was not a significant moderated mediation effect on cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between perfectionistic self-presentation and individuals’ well-being through materialism. Taken together, these results suggest that the use of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies among individuals engaging in perfectionistic self-presentation results in higher levels of materialism. However, these results did not affect individuals’ well-being. This study implies that perfectionistic self-presentation affects an individuals’ well-being and that materialism and cognitive emotion regulation strategies play a role in the process. However, future studies are needed to examine which aspect of perfectionistic self-presentation would relate to adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies.



11

Health beneficial aspect and pharmacological activities of visnagin in the medicine for the treatment of CNS disorders: Physiological functions through scientific data analysis

Dinesh Kumar Patel, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and SciencesKanika Patel, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences

Background: Visnagin is an active phytochemical of plant Ammi visnaga commonly known as ‘khella’ is an annual herb of Nile delta and Mediterranean region and cultivated in Latin America and India. Ammi visnaga is having anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antihyperglycemic, vasodilator and antihyperacidic activities in the medicine. Methods: In order to know the health beneficial potential of visnagin in the medicine for the treatment of various forms of human disorders, here in the present investigation numerous scientific research work data has been collected and analyzed. Literature data of visnagin on oxidative stress induced neurodegenerative disorders has been collected and analyzed in the present work. Detailed pharmacological potential of visnagin has been investigated in the present work through literature data analysis of various research works. Pharmacological activities scientific data has been correlated with medicinal importance of visnagin in the present work through literature data analysis of various scientific research works. Results: Literature data analysis of various scientific research works signified the therapeutic importance of visnagin in the medicine. Literature data analysis of different research work revealed the therapeutic benefit of visnagin in oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Literature data analysis revealed the medicinal uses and pharmacological activities of visnagin in the medicine. Conclusion: Literature data analysis signified the biological importance of visnagin in the medicine and other allied health sectors.

12

Biological potential and therapeutic effect of canadine against various form of cancer: Scientific data analysis of current scientific research work


Background: Hydrastis canadensis have been used in the medicine for the treatment of numerous human health complications. Hydrastis canadensis contain significant amount of canadin which stimulate uterine muscles. Hydrastis canadensis

commonly called Goldenseal belongs to the family Ranunculaceae which have been used in the medicine due to its antimicrobial activity of the roots and rhizomes part. Methods: Biological effect of canadine has been investigated in the scientific research work for their anticancer activity in different models and scientific data have been collected from various literature work. All the collected scientific information of canadine has been analyzed for their therapeutic effectiveness against various form of cancerous disorders. Results: Literature data analysis revealed that biological effect of canadine on Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) TT cell line has been investigated and showed little effect. Cytotoxic effects of canadine through various cell cultures techniques have been investigated in the scientific research work and literature data analysis signified that canadine does not possess cytotoxic effect. Scientific data analysis of various literature works revealed the biological potential in the medicine and other allied health sectors. Conclusion: Present work signified the biological potential of canadine in the medicine against various form of cancerous disorders.

13

Development of effective medicine against various human disorders from liquiritin in the medicine: Biological importance and therapeutic benefit through scientific database analysis


Background: Medicinal plants contain numerous pure phytochemical called primary and secondary metabolite which have various pharmacological activities in the medicine. Glycyrrhiza have been well know drug in the traditional system of medicine and modern medicine and have been known for anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and neuroprotective properties. Liquiritin is an important class of phytochemical found to be present in the roots and rhizomes of glycyrrhiza. Liquiritin is also used as main component of various Chinese herbal medicine and formulation. Methods: Various scientific databases of the literature have been searched and analyzed in the present investigation to know the biological potential and therapeutic beneficial properties of liquiritin in the medicine. Medicinal uses and analytical aspects of liquiritin for the treatment of numerous health complications have been evaluated in the present investigation through literature data analysis of various scientific research works. Results: Liquiritin is an active component of glycyrrhiza has biological potential on glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase. Literature data analysis also revealed the significant effect of iquiritin on the hyperprolactinemia and could be beneficial for hyperprolactinemic patients. Further literature data analysis also revealed the biological potential of liquiritin as novel analgesic agents which could be used against various form of neuropathic pain in the medicine. Conclusion: From the analysis of



various literature databases of the scientific field, it was found that liquiritin has numerous pharmacological activities and could be used for the development of effective medicine in the future.

14

Humor Production and Gender Differences in Emotion Regulation

Eunbyul Do, Sungkyunkwan UniversityHong-Im Shin, Sunchon National University

Humor is often seen as an adaptive coping strategy. Previous research has shown that humorous reappraisal can reduce elicited negative emotions. Two experiments will be carried out to answer whether there are gender differences in coping with negative emotions through humorous reappraisal. In addition, we will examine whether humor styles of participants could relate to emotion regulation. In the experiments, participants are shown two types of pictures (neutral vs. negative) and given the task to generate a humorous, a rationalizing, and a neutral comment. Participants then rate their emotional responses to each picture on valence and arousal. Finally, they complete humor style scales. We expect that humorous reappraisal reduces evoked negative valence and arousal levels more effectively than the other two conditions. However, the down-regulation of experienced negative emotions are expected to be even more pronounced among male participants than females. Regarding humor styles, aggressive humor styles will not reduce negative emotions. The results would implicate that humorous reappraisal can be helpful for coping with adverse situations. However, gender effect and various humor production styles need to be differentiated concerning the down-regulation of negative emotions. All data collection will be completed before presentation.

15

Subjective comprehension and evaluation of e-learning by commuting college students in Japan: The case of asynchronous e-learning.

Megumi M. Ohashi, Tokyo Future UniversityMegumi Kawaguchi, Tokyo Future UniversityYumiko Iume, Tokyo Future University

Due to the COVID-19 epidemic, almost all universities were urgently required to offer distance learning in 2020. This study examined the evaluation of e-learning by Japanese college students in the Tokyo area using asynchronous　materials with slides. A total of 611 students, mainly freshmen and sophomores, responded to a questionnaire about e-learning classes on the whole as well as about a target class at the end of the spring semester. Most of them used their personal computers to learn. The materials used were evaluated as easy to understand.

However, the students tended to state that they understand better in face-to-face classes than in online classes, the degree of which differed among grades and majors. Hence, they preferred face-to-face classes to online classes. It was also found that they were highly satisfied with the clarity and convenience of online classes, but were dissatisfied with their one-sidedness and experienced difficulty in maintaining the motivation to continue studying. It is concluded that we need to overcome the low motivation associated with learning alone, and the unidirectionality of online classes. The evaluation of e-learning differed according to majors and grades. The effect of the number of face-to-face classes and other expected related variables are discussed.

16

Nostalgia always helps ? The possible impacts of nostalgia with different construal level on meaning and satisfaction in life

Wenhao Huang, National Chengchi University, TaipeiChien-Ru Sun, National Chengchi University, Taipei

Research showed that nostalgia has positive effects on individual’s well-being, however, some recent studies using experience-sampling methodology indicated that nostalgia could cause some negative effects. Based on the perspective of Construal Level Theory (CLT), we argued that nostalgia is a mental process which can lead to either high-construal level thinking or low-construal level thinking, and therefore cause different results. In the present study, 201 participants were randomly assigned to a nostalgia manipulation ( high-construal level nostalgia vs. low-construal level nostalgia vs. Event Reflection Task (ERT) vs. control- daily experience recall）between-subjects design. The main dependent measures were the meaning in life and the satisfaction with life. The results indicated that participants in the high-construal level nostalgia condition and ERT condition had significant higher life satisfaction and also rated their life as more meaningful than those who in the daily experience recall control condition. Moreover, we also found there is no significant difference between the low-construal level nostalgia condition and the control condition. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the process of nostalgia can leads to different construal level of thinking, and previous ERT manipulation tend to lead individuals to think nostalgia with high construal level. The study provided a new framework to discuss nostalgia, and implications are discussed.

17

Game Mindset

Zhijuan Liang, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesXiming Liao, China Mobile Communications Group Co.,Ltd

With the observation of children’s participation in games and



the semi-structured interviews, we extracted the characteristic elements of the game process and proposed Game Mindset. Game Mindset is defined as a mindset that pursues pleasure through the rules-based processes of try, engagement, and acceptance. We identified different levels of pleasure and the conditions and contents of each characteristic element. The most important contribution of this study is to provide a new perspective for understanding the acquisition of subject well-being and enrich the theory of positive psychology.

18

Coronavirus Pandemic Dreams in China (1): The effect of the city lockdown on dream recall frequency and the characteristics of the dreams

Shang Wang, Toyo UniversityEiko Matsuda, Toyo UniversityKazuo Matsuoka, Iwate University

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the “Coronavirus Pandemic Dream” phenomenon in Chinese including people residing in Hubei province, where the outbreak first occurred. Methods: 943 Chinese adults participated in this research. Four scales were administrated to the participants; 1) rating scale for dream property: DP scale, 2) experienced sensory modalities in dream recall scale, 3) dream emotion scale, 4) dream recall frequency. The part of the survey was retrospective questions of the days when the city was in lockdown, and the second part is a question about the present dream after lockdown. Results: We compared the characteristics of dreams during the city lockdown and after lockdown, with regards to the residence (Hubei province and other provinces) and status (undergraduate students and workers). We can say that all groups tended to recall more dreams during the city lockdown. On the DP scale, Hubei province people and workers recalled dreams with higher characteristics of cognitive activity, autonomic nervous system-related negative emotional activity, visual imagery activity, and REM sleep-drive-related activity than other province people and students, respectively. During the lockdown of cities in China, the dream recall frequency was high and there were many distressing dreams, but after the lockdown was lifted, the negative feelings of dreams decreased. Conclusions: It is suggested that both psychosocial stress from self-restraint (i.e. health anxiety, death anxiety, and financial anxiety) and lifestyle changes (including the lack of physical activity) contribute to recall pandemic dreams mediated by disturbed sleep rhythms and poor sleep quality.

19

Coronavirus Pandemic Dreams in China (2): The impact of the Wuhan lockdown on dream contents

Wenyu Xia, Toyo UniversityShang Wang, Toyo UniversityEiko Matsuda, Toyo UniversityKazuo Matsuoka, Iwate University

Background: The purpose of this research is to explore the impact of COVID-19 on dream content in Chinese including people residing in Wuhan city based on continuity hypothesis of dreaming. We analyzed the effects of lockdown due to COVID-19 on dreams reported from Chinese university students and workers residing inside and outside of Hubei province. Methods: 943 participants answered a qualitative questionnaire about dreams consisting of the following items during two periods via an online survey. The following two points were analyzed most impressive dream text using KH-coder: (1) a free account of the most impressive impactful dream one had in the past month, and (2) a free account of the events and information that were thought to have influenced the dream. Results: The result showed that higher frequency of COVID-19 related word appeared in the dreams of participants in Hubei province, such as ‘abandonment’, ‘ending’, and ‘chasing’. However, Chinese workers were more likely to dream about negative words such as ‘snake’, ‘no’, ‘back’, and ‘go out’, which are common in nightmares, regardless of lockdown. By comparing dreams had during and after the lockdown, we found that after the lockdown was lifted, more dreams containing enjoyable words such as ‘school’, ‘teacher’, ‘boss’, and ‘money’, were recalled, indicating a recovery in social functions. Conclusions: We can suggest that anxiety and stress related with the COVID-19 pandemic have affected Chinese people’s waking state and sleep and as a result, it may have affected the contents of their dreams.

20

Family socioeconomic status and depression among Chinese high school students in Maanshan city, Anhui province

Jing Liu, Ochanomizu University

Family socioeconomic status (SES) is a predominant factor affecting the physical and mental health of adolescents. Mechanisms explaining the associations between SES and physical and mental health remain unclear and require further empirical investigation. Focusing on depression among early adolescents, who spend most of their lives at home and school, this paper proposed a model that included parental attachment and peer attachment, as well as self-efficacy. It was hypothesized that SES is related to depression via attachment and self-efficacy, and that attachment is associated with self-efficacy.Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted in two high schools (urban – High School 1; rural – High School 2) in Maanshan City, Anhui Province, China. High school students and their parents from 1058 households were recruited in the survey. Of these, 832 datasets were considered valid (64.4% High School 1, 16.7% grade 1, 34.4% grade 2, 48.9% grade 3, and 53.7% females).



Results: Structural equation modeling revealed that after controlling for school location, child’s sex and grade, maternal attachment and self-efficacy had mediational effects on the relationship between family SES and high school students’ depression (x2(1)=.33, p=.57, CFI=1.00, RMSEA=.00). Maternal attachment was related to paternal attachment and peer attachment, and paternal attachment was associated with peer attachment. Paternal attachment, maternal attachment and peer attachment were not only directly related to depression, but also had an indirect effect through self-efficacy on depression.Discussion: Early adolescents with high SES tend to establish quality interpersonal relationships with others and have high self-efficacy, and are thus less likely to become depressed. Even if they experience difficulties, they are able to garner support from others. Moreover, they can independently find solutions because they have a high sense of self-efficacy, and as a result, they will be less likely to experience depression.

21

The role of emotion regulation mediating the association between relationship challenges and negative affect under COVID-19

Min Young Kim, Keimyung UniversityKyueun Han, Sangmyung University

COVID-19 pandemic has brought significant challenges in our life such as contactless interpersonal relationships. It could be one of the sources of increased negative affect (NA) of individuals. However, if individuals could regulate NA more successfully, they would experience less negative emotions. In order to test this hypothesis we designed an online survey and recruited 210 US participants (Mage=36.47 MSD=10.68, Female=34.8%). Survey questions include the changes in their interpersonal relationship qualities such as relationships with family members, friends, and romantic partners, NA under COVID-19 in general, difficulties in emotion regulation, and demographics. The results of mediation analysis showed that the association between the changes in romantic relationships and NA is completely mediated by difficulties in emotion regulation (b=0.112, 95% CI [0.060, 0.164]). In addition, the association between the changes in relationships with friends and NA is mediated by difficulties in emotion regulation (b=0.123, 95% CI [0.066, 0.180]). The finding suggests the importance of emotion regulation buffering the impact of decreased quality of relationships with romantic partners or friends on NA under COVID-19.

22

The Effect of Work Overload on Job Burnout: The Moderation Effect of Problem Focused Coping and Job Autonomy

Jaewon Moon, The Korea Counseling Graduate UniversityHaeyoun Choi, The Korea Counseling Graduate University

The moderating effect of problem-focused coping and job autonomy in the relationship between work overload and job burnout was verified with 150 participants. Looking at the conditional effect, if the job autonomy level is low, the problem-focused coping interacts with the work overload to strengthen the impact on job burnout. If the job autonomy level is high, the problem-focused coping interacts with the work overload to weaken job burnout. As a result of confirming the significant area of ��the conditional effect using the Johnson-Neyman technique, it was found to be significant in the area of ��50.66% of the overall level of job autonomy. As the work of organizational members overloaded, they experience the more job burnout. problem-focused coping, known as more adaptive coping methods in the work environment, have a high positive correlation with job performance and reduce job burnout levels. Through the verification of the moderated moderation effect, it was revealed that key talents using problem-focused coping in the organization experience job burnout differently in the work overload according to job autonomy. Accordingly, it was suggested that job autonomy is an essential resource for key talents functionally coping with the organization.

23

‘Despite not being Difficult-to-Return Zones, zones in which evacuation orders continue even now’: discourse analysis of the first-person experience of affectivity after the Fukushima nuclear accident

Yasuhiro Igarashi, Yamano College of Aesthetics

On 3rd June 2016 the then prime minister of Japan, Mr. Shinzo Abe visited the disaster-stricken regions of the Fukushima nuclear accident, and newspapers reported that. The title of one of the news reports, in Asahi Shinbun, was ‘the prime minister said “the evacuation orders will be lifted except for Difficult-to-Return Zones in March next year”’. When I read this, I experienced being disconcerted, and got irritated immediately after reading the phrase in it that, ‘despite not being Difficult-to-Return Zones, there are zones in which evacuation orders continue even now. I ordered to lift them by March next year’. In this presentation I will examine this, my affective experience from the first-person perspective of someone doing discourse analysis with the newspaper article as text. It has been an important task for psychologists to integrate subjectivity and lived experience with so-called objective scientific research in order to better tackle on important social, political problems of the age with psychological research. This is what I am to do in my research. From the preliminary discursive examination, it seems that I found a strong naked power executed by the political leader operating there, and a kind of arrogance. He seems to close his eyes to the socially constructed nature of Difficult-to-Return Zones and other evacuation order zones. This has seriously affected a huge number of survivors’ lives, and so reading the phrase ‘despite not being Difficult-to-Return Zones, there are zones in which



evacuation orders continue even now’ led to my subjective response.

24

Some characteristics of positive situation

Kazuya Horike, Toyo UniversityHiroko Horike, Tohoku Gakuin University

Background: Positive psychology has sheded light on the human strengths based on personality trait theory. Some researchers highlighted the importance of situational factors (e.g., Kashdan & Steger,2011; Biswas-Diener,2011). However, there were few studies focused on situational factors in this area. Method: Over fourteen hundred participants answered the questions on web, to describe an unforgettable situation (n=712), and a frequently encountered situation (n=712) within one month. They were also asked to describe, a) the scene/setting, b) with whom your were, and c) the behavior they took at the situation (open questions respectively). Subsequently, they were asked to rate, 2) the positivity of the situation (1:negative – 7:positive), 3) the situations’ relationship to the well-being with five aspects (emotional, psychological, engaging, relational, and cultural), 4) situational cognition scales (DIAMONDS (Rauthmann,et al.,2014), CAPTIONS (Parrigon,et al.,2017), and 5) TIPI-J（Oshio,et al.,2012）. Results: One hundred and forty-five participants who answered they did not experience applicable situations were removed. Remaining participants’ situations (n=1297) were analyzed. Means of situation positivity were 4.55 (unforgettable) and 4.63 (frequently encountered) (t=0.78, n.s.). Seven hundred and sixty-nine situations (59.2%) were regarded as positive (rated over 5 point). Female participants evaluated their situation more positively (4.69 (F), 4.45 (M), t=2.17, p<.03). Situation positivity correlated moderately with SWBs. SWBs positively related with the subfactors of DIAMONDS (positivity and sociality), and subfactors of CAPTIONS (positive valence and importance). Adversity subfactors of both scales correlated negatively with SWBs. These results suggested the situational study has no small significance on positive psychology.

25

A happily expected social event involves more thoughts about the social experience and less about the instrumental process.

Younkyung Lee, Yonsei UniversityEunkook M. Suh, Yonsei University

Social events provide the joy of being together (i.e., conversations and spending time together) but also require a certain set of instrumental processes (i.e., scheduling the right time for everyone and reaching the location). We propose that a happily expected social event is more focused on the social experience and less

focused on the instrumental process. In this study, participants were all instructed to imagine an upcoming social event with intimate people. Results showed that the group imagined being excited about a social gathering, compared to the group less excited, focused more on the social experiences such as talking and sharing experiences with other people than the practical issues such as scheduling the convenient time. In our view, a happily imagined social event might not be a complete picture including the practical details. Rather an incomplete picture focused on the potential social experience might be a happier one.

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The effects of superiority/competence complex narcissism on organizational dysfunctional behavior

Ryoichi Semba, Kyoto Tachibana University

The objective of this study is to examine the effects of superiority/competence complex narcissism on organizational dysfunctional behavior among general workers with an exploratory approach. For this purpose, we conducted a questionnaire survey on 504 company or organization workers, and 1) performed a hierarchical multiple regression analysis with organizational dysfunctional behavior as a dependent variable, and sex, threatened egotism, superiority/competence complex narcissism and an interaction term between threatened egotism and superiority/competence complex narcissism as independent variables. The result revealed that sex, threatened egotism and superiority/competence complex narcissism had significant positive main effects, while the interaction term didn’t. This suggests that woman workers or workers with strong levels of superiority/competence complex narcissism tended to take on organizational dysfunctional behavior, and the narcissism didn’t change the relation between threatened egotism and organizational dysfunction behavior. 2) Subsequently, we divided the workers with sex into two groups, and performed the same analysis. The results showed that threatened egotism had significant positive main effects, and the interaction term didn’t for both groups, while superiority/competence complex narcissism did for a woman group. That is, among woman workers, ones with strong levels of superiority/competence complex narcissism tended to take on organizational dysfunctional behavior.

27

Survey of Working Japanese University Students on Determinants of COVID-19 Stress

Masumi Takeuchi, Kobe University, Japan Society for the Promotion of ScienceAi Fukuzawa, The University of Tokyo, Japan Society for the Promotion of ScienceKeiko Katagiri, Kobe University



Stress caused by economic anxiety and activity limitation by COVID-19 has been reported (Park et al., 2020). This study investigated the determinants of COVID-19 related stress of working university students in Japan. The survey was conducted anonymously through the Internet from December 2020 to January 2021. Participants were students of a distance learning university in Japan that were requested to participate in the survey and responded during classes and on Facebook (N=125 24 -76 years old, M=50.9, SD=10.33). We investigated the following variables as factors related to stress: problems caused by COVID-19, including not being able to travel, financial problems, fear of COVID-19, decreased face-to-face conversations, occupations, subjective health status, age, sex, educational background, and household income. The results of factor analysis indicated that problems caused by COVID-19 could be divided into two factors: restrictions on positive activities, including traveling, eating out, and hobbies, among others, and difficulties in daily life, including the inability to secure study time, financial problems, and cancellation of children’s school events, among others. The fear of COVID-19 was classified into three categories: Fear of getting ill, financial fears, and interpersonal fears. Multiple regression analyses indicated that people with more restrictions on positive activities, more fear of getting ill, and high financial fears experienced increased stress. Moreover, medical workers, older people, men, and those with lower education, also experienced more stress. Countermeasures are needed to mitigate factors that increase stress.

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Relationship between cognitive strategies and optimistic beliefs about COVID-19 in adult Japanese students

Ai Fukuzawa, The University of Tokyo, Japan Society for the Promotion of ScienceMasumi Takeuchi, Kobe University, Japan Society for the Promotion of ScienceIkuko Sugawara, The University of Tokyo

Previous studies on cognitive strategies have demonstrated that people categorized as Defensive Pessimists (DP) and Strategic Optimists (SO) tended to perform more adaptively than those categorized as Realistic Pessimists (RP) and Unrealistic Optimists (UO). These tendencies have been mainly demonstrated in academic settings. Nevertheless, recent studies have suggested that DP and SO are more adaptive than RP and UO, even in other settings. This study assessed cognitive strategy, well-being, and beliefs about COVID-19 among adult Japanese students to investigate if DP and SO are better adjusted to the coronavirus crisis than RP and UO. The results demonstrated that SO had a more unrealistically optimistic belief about COVID-19 than DP. Moreover, DP had less hedonic well-being, including life satisfaction, than SO, whereas the level of eudaimonic well-being, including active and positive attitudes toward ones’ future, was not significantly different between DP and SO. There were no

participants with features of UO in this study, so that we could not test the hypothesis that UO would have more unrealistically optimistic beliefs than DP. However, we suggest that DP tended to be better adjusted to the coronavirus crisis by omitting unrealistically optimistic beliefs about COVID-19 and maintaining eudaimonic well-being. Conversely, SO tended to be adjusted to the coronavirus crisis through high optimism about the situation and maintaining high hedonic and eudaimonic well-being.

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Examination of effects of telecommunication on post-communication reassurance among adult and elderly parents: Focus on video-communication.

Ayano Oishi, Ochanomizu UniversityKana Nagasaki, Ochanomizu UniversityMika Omori, Ochanomizu University

COVID-19 changed our lifestyles. Telecommunications are now required instead of face-to-face contact. In this study, we examined whether the way of telecommunication with separated elderly parents influences their post-communication reassurance among 128 Japanese adults. First, we examined whether the similarity of each communication tool to face-to-face contact positively affected post-communication reassurance. Second, we examined whether obligation in adult relationships with family increases telecommunication frequency and whether telecommunication frequency increases post-communication reassurance mediated by frequency. Video communication seems to be similar to face-to-face contact, so we predicted that it would have the highest positive impact on post-communication reassurance. An ANOVA was performed to compare post-communication reassurance across communication tools (video communication, voice communication, and text communication) and revealed a small difference (F (2, 21)=2.77, p=.086), with video-communication being slightly higher than text-communication (p=.091). Mediation analyses were performed for each communication tool, with independent variables as obligation, mediating variable as telecommunication frequency, and dependent variable as post-communication reassurance. The results revealed that obligation influenced post-communication reassurance through each telecommunication frequency. In video-communication and text-communication, direct effects were not significant, and indirect effects were significant, indicating a complete mediation model (video-communication: direct effect, b=.015, p=.057, indirect effect, b=.013, p=.003; text communication: direct effect, b=.001, p=.864, indirect effect, b=.018, p=.001). In summary, this study suggests the importance of video-communication among adults and elderly parents, necessitating the widespread use of video communication.



30

The modulation of attentional deployment on the sensitivity to missed chances of individuals with depressive tendency

Zhenyu Zhang, Shaanxi Normal UniversityPujiang Huang, Shaanxi Normal UniversityZhiyuan Liu, Shaanxi Normal University

Depression is harmful to individuals’ mental health. Individuals with depressive tendency were sensitive to missed chances. The current study, containing two experiments, investigated the modulation of attentional deployment on the sensitivity to missed chances of individuals with depressive tendency. Experiment 1 explored whether individuals with depressive tendency (DT) were more sensitive to missed chances than healthy controls (HC) by using a sequential risk-taking task. On each trial of the task, subjects opened a series of boxes consecutively and decided when to stop. Each box contained a reward, except for one containing a devil. If the devil was revealed, subjects’ collected gains in that trial would be lost. Once stop, subjects’ collected gains and missed chances would be revealed. The results of Experiment 1 indicated that, compared with HC, DT showed stronger emotional sensitivity to missed chances. Based on Experiment 1, Experiment 2, adding attentional deployment (AD, subjects were induced to focus on collected gains or missed chances of the outcome) and Non-AD conditions, investigated the modulation of attentional deployment on DT’s sensitivity to missed chances. The results showed DT was less sensitive to missed chances after focusing on collected gains relative to Non-AD condition. Moreover, DT reported less regret for outcome with missed chances after focusing on collected gains. The current study highlighted that attentional deployment could modulate the sensitivity to missed chances of individuals with depressive tendency, which may pave the way to find new treatment strategy for depression.

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Inconvenience of Grocery Shopping and Mutual Assistance

Eri Takahashi, Kansai University

Inconvenience of grocery shopping for the elderly is currently a social issue in Japan. Many elderly people who need some support in grocery shopping are not networked with reciprocity like kinship or local community. However, mutual assistance formed by a voluntary group is more likely to support the elderly, even if the elderly cannot give any in return for the group. This paper aims to show that increasing relations based on voluntary groups strengthen mutual assistance in a community and that mutual assistance alleviate the inconvenience of grocery shopping. Secondary analysis was conducted using a data set from Japanese General Social Surveys (JGSS) in 2015. The survey subject population consists of men and women aged 20 to 89,

and subjects are selected using a stratified 2-stage sampling method. Five indicators are included in our path analysis model: belonging of voluntary groups, community supports, inconvenience of grocery shopping, moving by a vehicle and intention of settlement. The results show that belonging to a voluntary group increases interpersonal relationships, and that community support mediates the effect of inconvenience of grocery shopping on intention of settlement.

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The effect of proposer’s age on the acceptance rates of older and younger respondents in the Ultimatum Game: The evidence of the Social Input Model

Ahjeogn Hur, Chungbuk National UniversityHei-Rhee Ghim, Chungbuk National University

Positive social relationship in old age has been explained by the older adults’motivation and ability to regulate their emotions as positive. However, the recently proposed Social Input Model maintains that the social relationships of older adults are positive because not only older adults regulate their emotions, but also their social partners have a positive influence by regulating their emotions in conflicting situations with older adults. In other words, people react favorably to older adults when they interact with them, which positively affects the social relationships of older adults. This study tested whether young adults who were less good at emotion regulation could regulate their emotions more toward older adults than toward young and middle-aged adults. Ultimatum game was used in which the respondent had to decide whether to accept or reject it when the proposer proposes to allocate some of the limited resources to the respondents. If the respondent rejects the proposal, neither the proposer nor the respondent gets nothing. Therefore, if respondents consider their own interests, they should accept the unfair offers no matter how small their share is by regulating the anger felt at the offer. Seventy university students and 78 old adults participated in this study. Overall, older adults accepted more and reported anger less at the unfair offers compared with young adults. Young adults accepted more and reported anger less at the older adults’offers than those proposed by the young and mid-aged adults. On the other hand, older adults accepted less and reported anger more at.

33

Dispositional Awe and the Need for Protection (from Disease)

Vanessa Wiese, Yonsei UniversityEunkook M. Suh, Yonsei University

Does awe increase the need for protection? While the awe literature mostly focuses on its positive and prosocial side, the sense of awe also elevates negative experiences, such as fear



and a diminished self. We suggest that the self’s diminished sense of potency (during awe) increases perceived vulnerability and the need for protection. Specifically, in the context of the COVID pandemic, we expected that dispositional awe will predict vulnerability and heightened need for protection against pathogens. In Study 1 (N=221; 51.1 % female), we measured dispositional awe using the awe subscale (“I often feel awe.”; 1=strongly disagree, 7=strongly agree) from the Dispositional Positive Emotion Scale (Shiota, Keltner & John, 2006) and perceived vulnerability to disease (PVD) with the Perceived Vulnerability to Disease Questionnaire (Duncan, Schaller & Park, 2009; “In general, I am very susceptible to colds, flu and other infectious diseases.”; 1=strongly disagree, 7=strongly agree). As expected, those who frequently felt awe were significantly more likely to perceive themselves as vulnerable to disease (r=.17, p=.01). In Study 2 (N=112; 55.4 % female), we found a conceptually similar pattern between awe and the motives of “self-protection” and “disease avoidance, using items from the Fundamental Social Motives measure (Neel, Kenrick, White & Neuberg, 2016). Higher dispositional awe predicted higher levels of self-protection (r=.26, p<.01) and disease avoidance (r=.21, p=.02) motives.

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Emotional coolness as a component of empathy, associated with negative components of self-compassion, not positive components

Yusuke Kurebayashi, Musashino University

Objectives This study aimed to examine whether emotional coolness as a component of emotional empathy is associated with self-compassion Methods 823 psychiatric nurses in Japan were recruited to answer a questionnaire comprised of the following 5 scales: demographics; Other-consciousness scale (OCS), comprised of 3 subscales; Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire (RRQ), comprised of rumination and reflection subscales; Self-compassion Scale (SCS), comprised of self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness subscales as positive aspects, and self-judgement, isolation, and over-identification subscales as negative aspects; and the emotional coolness subscale of the emotional empathy scale. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed to predict the emotional coolness subscale by populating the following four dependent variables: demographics (model 1), OCS (model 2), RRQ (model 3), and SCS (model 4). P<.05 significance was obtained using SPSS Version 23.0. Results 573 completed questionnaires were analyzed. A higher emotional coolness score was predicted by: younger age in model 1; lower internal aspect and higher fantastic aspect in OCS in model 2; lower self-judgement and over-identification and higher isolation in SCS in model 4. The change in the amount of R2 from model 2 to model 3 was not significant. The account rate of variance in Model 4 was 15.9%. Conclusion Emotional coolness as a component of emotional empathy was predicted by the negative aspect of self-compassion, not positive aspect. This

finding suggests that a lower negative aspect of self-compassion was associated with emotional coolness. Future studies are needed to examine whether preventing excessive negative aspects of self-compassion influence emotional coolness.

35

Better Spouse, Better Life?: Investigating Curvilinear Relationship Between Mate Value Discrepancy and Marital Satisfaction.

Jeongwoo Kim, Yonsei UniversityYounghoon Kim, Yonsei University

Mate value discrepancy (MVD) is a discrepancy between self and partner’s mate value, which refers to one’s desirability as a romantic partner. Previous studies have found some evidence supporting the linear relationship between relationship satisfaction and MVD, indicating that the higher the mate value of one’s spouse than that of oneself, the higher the satisfaction in marriage will be. However, considering that one with a superior spouse is inevitably paired with one with an inferior spouse, such linear relationship is questionable. In the current study, we hypothesize a curvilinear relationship between MVD and marital satisfaction, which implies an existence of a particular point of discrepancy where one can optimize their satisfaction. 700 married couples from Korea participated in the study through an online survey. The participants rated their own and spouse’s mate value in 6 domains (appearance, personality, socioeconomic status, education, intelligence, career prospect). The MVD was calculated by subtracting the spouse’s mate value from that of oneself. Results revealed a gender difference regarding the relationship pattern between MVD and marital satisfaction. Men’s marital happiness linearly increased as their wives’ mate values were better than them. Women showed a curvilinear pattern, indicating that there is a certain point where women are most satisfied, and the satisfaction level sharply decreases if MVD deviates from the very point. The optimal MVD point for women was -1.79, which is 2.5 SD away from the mean, meaning that women’s ideal partner should be way better than themselves.

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When the Grass on the Other Side Looks Greener: The Moderating Role of Regulatory Focus in the Relationship between Mate Value Cost and Alternative Monitoring in Married Couples

Hanbyeol Lee, Yonsei UniversityYounghoon Kim, Yonsei University

Mate value (MV) refers to desirable qualities as a mate. Although mate values of couples tend to be similar, there are circumstances where spouses’ mate values do not match, inflicting certain cost



to a spouse with higher MV. Substantial literature in evolutionary psychology suggests that a spouse of higher MV is expected to seek alternative partners. Given that marital satisfaction works as a signal monitoring costs and benefits of relationship, marital satisfaction might be a key variable explaining the relationship between MV and alternative monitoring. The specific pathway, however, has only been studied indirectly. Accordingly, we aimed to test a mediation model where costly marriage leads to alternative seeking behavior through marital satisfaction. Expanding the model, we tested if there is individual difference; that is, who is more prone to this pathway? From previous literature, it is suggested that promotion-focused individuals are sensitive to potential gains and utilize approach strategies to achieve a goal. Therefore, we hypothesized that promotion-focused individuals are more prone to alternative monitoring. 700 married Korean participants were asked to rate self and partner’s mate value, followed by marital satisfaction, alternative monitoring and regulatory focus. The mate value cost (MVC) is calculated by subtracting the partner’s mean mate value from one’s own, intended to indicate that higher rating means higher cost in the marriage. We tested if the MVC leads to alternative monitoring through marital satisfaction, and whether the regulatory focus moderates this pathway. The results supported our hypothesis. Theoretical and practical implications are further discussed.

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The relationship between comprehensive environmental variables and Hofstede’s cultural dimensions in the Chinese context

Linna Fu, Faculty of Social Sciences

Environmental problems generally refer to phenomena in which the quality of the environment is degraded or ecological disorders are caused by the action of nature or human activities on the environment around people, and such changes in turn have a negative impact on human production and life. As a country with a large population and rapidly growing economy, China’s environmental problems have been of global concern. Chinese and their government also began to invest a great deal of energy in addressing environmental issues in the coming decade. This paper uses Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory (five cultural values dimensions) as mediating variables to explore a structural model of correlation regarding environmental variables. Based on the valid data collected so far, the findings are as follows: (1) Ecological passion is more sensitive than ecological attitude and climate change perception in terms of cultural values to effect on related environmental behaviors; (2) Not only Collectivism-Individualism, but also Uncertainty Avoidance Index and Long-Term Orientation were more worthy of exploration for the ecological area in the Chinese context; (3) Environmental citizenship and food aspects of the ecological behaviors were more likely to be improved on the impact of cultural values.

This study expands the dimension of cultural values compared to previous studies, and refines the variables related to the environment to be more useful for future environmental policy formulation and implementation in China.

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The Relationships between Materialism and Instrumentality to the Other and Social Connectedness as Moderator

Sun W. Park, Korea UniversityTaek-Su Kim, Korea University

It has been said that Materialism can affect interpersonal relationships, but there have not been explanations of what cognition mechanism can affect it. And there has not been which condition can change this relationship as well. The purpose of this study is to identify the relationships between Materialism and Instrumentality to the Other and find a way these relationships can be changed. Practicing an experiment method, the study tested hypotheses that Materialism affects Instrumentality to the Other and Social Connectedness moderates associations between Materialism and Instrumentality to the Other. There was a manipulation to affect people’s Social Connectedness by using the writing method. By means of statistical descriptions, correlational analysis, and variance analysis, statistical analysis was conducted. Results indicated that people with stronger materialistic values reported more Instrumentality to the Other. As expected, Social Connectedness moderated between Materialism and Instrumentality to the Other. Implications of the possibility Materialism affects Instrumentality to the Other in a different way and the method for the study of Social connectedness are discussed.

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The Effects of leader–member perception of LMX quality: Examination of the role of work value congruence and the relationship with member’s affective commitment and turnover intention

Yoonjung Rah, Sungkyunkwan UniversityYongwon Suh, Sungkyunkwan University

Unlike most leader-member exchange research based solely on members’ perceptions, the purpose of this study is focusing on leader-follower mutual perceptions of LMX and how it is related to work value congruence and follower outcomes such as affective commitment and turnover intention. Furthermore, we consider organizational culture and LMX differentiation as contextual variables that influences an antecedent and consequence of mutual perception of LMX. For this study, survey was administered to employees of various companies, and both leader and follower reported their perceptions of LMX. We finally



analyzed responses of 266 leader-member dyad from 60 teams of 19 companies. The results show that leader-follower work-value congruence positively related to LMX perceived by leader-member and the sequential mediating effect of mutual perception of LMX and affective commitment in the relationship between work value congruence and turnover intention. Especially, through multilevel analysis, we examined the cross- level moderating effects of contextual variables such as organizational culture and LMX differentiation on mutual perception of LMX. As expected, findings show that the positive relationship between work value congruence and LMX perceived by leader-member is strengthened in the “respect for people” culture compared to performance-oriented culture. Although the result was marginally significant, we also found that the cross-level interaction effects of LMX differentiation based on leader ratings on the relationship between the leader-member mutual perception of LMX and affective commitment. This implies that high mutual perception of LMX quality increases subordinate’s affective commitment when leader’s differentiation is low, and it results in lower turnover intention.

40

The association between grandparenting behavior and child attachment on children’s prosocial behavior

Yiwen Mao, Ochanomizu University

The relationship between grandparents and children is considered to be an important part of the family relationship. Whether or not grandparenting influences child development, and its weight on that influence, is still lack of certain research. In addition, such researches to date have mainly focused on grandmothers, distinguishing between paternal and maternal, or grandfather and grandmother, and the relationship between each of these groups and their grandchildren development have rarely been considered. In latest study, we measured the prosocial behavior of 590 children in China and the nurturing behavior of six subjects (paternal grandfather, paternal grandmother, maternal grandfather, maternal grandmother, and parents) and the attachment relationship between each subject and the children. Path analysis showed that the nurturing behavior of each subject explained 28% to 53.5% of the attachment relationship with the child, and that the nurturing behavior of each subject could predict the attachment relationship with the child. For children’s prosocial behavior, the partial regression coefficient of grandparents’ attachment relationship was β=.171 ~ .202 (p<.05), slightly higher than that of parents’ β=.261 (p <. 001), which was slightly lower than that of parents. Regardless of the subject, the results indicate that high levels of nurturing build good attachment relationships, and furthermore, that attachment relationships can predict high levels of prosocial behavior in children. Keyword: grandparenting, attachment, children’s prosocial behavior

41

Focusing on the strengths of decision alternatives worsens the quality of small-group decisions: Examining the effects of the positive and negative framework in the hidden profile paradigm

Kaede Matsumura, Osaka City UniversityHirofumi Hashimoto, Osaka City University

Hidden profiles are defined as small-group decision tasks in which a superior decision alternative exists but the superiority cannot be detected by each group member as each possesses a subset of information that supports an inferior decision alternative. These hidden profiles can generally be addressed if group members exchange and integrate the information they possess. Based on the characteristic of the hidden profile, we hypothesized that the “positive” framework for discussing the advantages or strengths of decision alternatives, which might promote information sharing and thereby improve the quality of small-group decisions, is one possible key to address hidden profiles. To examine the hypothesis, we utilized the hidden profile paradigm and manipulated the discussion framework (i.e., positive, negative, and control) in the group decision tasks that are performed by a group of four. Our finding did not support our hypothesis, but rather suggested that the “negative” framework for discussing the disadvantages or weaknesses of decision alternatives may be more helpful in addressing hidden profiles. The theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.

42

Fickle judgments under moral dilemmas: Time pressure and utilitarian judgments in interdependent cultures

Hirofumi Hashimoto, Osaka City UniversityKaede Maeda, Osaka City University, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Yasuda Women’s UniversityKaede Matsumura, Osaka City University

In the trolley problem, a well-known moral dilemma, the intuitive process is thought to increase deontological judgments, while deliberative reasoning is thought to promote utilitarian judgments. Therefore, there is an attempt to save several lives at the expense of a few others. This study examines the validity of this argument, which is based on the dual-process model. We manipulated decision time in the standard switch-trolley dilemma to compare differences among 121 Japanese female undergraduates under three conditions: intuitive decision, deliberative decision, and a decision after a small group discussion. The results demonstrated that utilitarian judgments decreased from 52.9% in the intuition condition to 43.3% in the deliberation condition, and then to 36.7% after the discussion. Additional experiments suggested that the decrease in utilitarian judgments may be related to psychological unwillingness to assume responsibility for the lives



of others, rather than to an increase in deontological judgments. Theoretical implications and the potential for a culture-specific utilitarian judgment in interdependent cultures are discussed.

43

Why Men Can’t Relate: The Effects of Cognitive and Affective Foci When Taking the Perspectives of Women

Eunbyul Do, Sungkyunkwan UniversityJeewon Hyun, Sungkyunkwan University

Gender inequality is one of the most pronounced intergroup conflict in Asia. To resolve this issue, men’s allyship behavior that supports the movement of women’s rights is essential. Research on intergroup empathy suggests that taking the perspectives of women plays a key role in enhancing allyship behavior. However, other findings indicate that negative meta-stereotypes are activated when one tries to take an outgroup member’s perspective. To disentangle the mixed results in previous research, we argue that because stereotypes are a cognitive dimension of intergroup attitudes, focusing on women’s thoughts (i.e., cognitive perspective-taking) activates negative meta-stereotypes of men, creating a roadblock for intergroup empathy. By contrast, we expected that concentrating on the target’s feelings (i.e., affective perspective-taking) would yield positive effects as this process might suppress meta-stereotype activation. In two laboratory studies involving Korean undergraduates, we found support for our hypothesis. In Study 1 (N=91), the activation of negative meta-stereotype was higher amongst male students when they focused on the female target’s thoughts during perspective-taking than when they focused on her feelings. Further, in Study 2 (N=84), male students reported stronger intention to engage in allyship behavior to promote gender equality in the affective perspective-taking condition than in the cognitive perspective-taking condition and the control condition. We also found that participants’ felt personal relevance to the issue mediated this effect.

44

The influence Mechanism of leader’ reward omission and punishment omission on employees’ work engagement

Haipian Ma, Wenzhou UniversityHaiming Zhou, Wenzhou University, Shandong University of Science and TechnologyKan Shi, Wenzhou University, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

In recent years, many studies have focused on the analysis of leader’ effective feedback and excessive feedback on employee performance, but there is still extensive research space on the lack of feedback. Leaders lack positive and negative incentives for employees’ excellent and bad performance, that is, when there

are “reward omission” and “punishment omission”, employees tend to show negative performance in work engagement. According to the social exchange theory and the Job Demands-Resources model, this paper mainly explores the influence mechanism of leader’ reward omission and punishment omission, job crafting and leader-member exchange on employees’ job engagement. 1100 data were collected by using the leader reward omission and punishment omission scale, the job crafting scale, the leader-member exchange scale and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. The results show that: (1) job crafting plays a mediating role between leader reward omission and punishment omission and work engagement. (2) leader-member exchange plays a mediating role between leader reward omission and punishment omission and work engagement. (3) job crafting and leader-member exchange play a chain mediating role between leader reward omission and punishment omission and work engagement.

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The role of relationship factors that evoke feedback-seeking behavior: A comparison of leader-member exchange (LMX) and psychological safety on the effects of learning goal orientation

Chikako Miyamoto, Kyushu UniversityHiroshi Ikeda, Kyushu University

This study compared leader-member exchange (LMX) and psychological safety, which are relationship factors that evoke feedback-seeking behavior, and their influence on the effects of learning goal orientation. We conducted a web-based questionnaire survey and collected responses from 331 employees at two companies who responded as subordinates. The survey included items on feedback-seeking behavior, learning goal orientation, LMX, and psychological safety. The comparison between LMX, a relational factor, and psychological safety revealed that despite LMX affecting feedback-seeking behavior, no effect on psychological safety was observed. In addition, an interaction effect between learning goal orientation and LMX for feedback-seeking behavior was identified. Specifically, when learning goal orientation is low, a higher LMX could push feedback-seeking behavior upward. These results suggest that developing the bilateral relationship is more important than developing the entire organization when promoting feedback-seeking behavior.

46

The More Loving One: Detrimental Effect of Affectionate Communication Discrepancy on Marital Satisfaction for Preventive People

Hyewon Yang, Yonsei UniversityYoung-Hoon Kim, Yonsei University



Despite widely acknowledged beneficial actor and partner effect of affectionate communication within marital relationship, the possible unique effect of affectionate communication gap in-between partners per se has never been explored. Considering the relationship-specific nature in which two entities often engender inequality, the present research proposes and examines above and beyond effect of a novel construct “Affectionate Communication Discrepancy (ACD)” (i.e. arithmetic subtraction of perceived partner’s affectionate communication from that of one’s own). Moreover, in exploring the construct, the current study aims to take regulatory focus framework into account and postulates that prevention-focused (vs. promotion-focused) individuals could be especially susceptible to this relationship-specific indicator, ACD (i.e. one expressing more than the partner). Using survey responses from marital dyads in South Korea (N=323), the result revealed that the report of oneself communicating affection more than the spouse plays a detrimental effect on marital quality only for prevention-focused individuals, via decreased sense of mattering to the spouse. The effect of ACD stayed the same after controlling for the effects of either one’s own or perceived partner’s affectionate communication. Other covariates (e.g. gender, own and perceived partner’s extraversion & agreeableness, relationship length, age) could not nullify the significance as well. Overall, these findings provide novel insights on considering relativity about affectionate communication within marital relationships.

47

The Impact of Regulatory Focus, Intercultural Sensitivity, and Global Awareness on Intercultural Communication Apprehension: Taking Japan and the US as example

Lina Wang, Nagoya UniversityPeter S. Lee, California State University, FullertonJiro Takai, Nagoya University

Japanese people are generally believed to have greater communication anxiety than Americans while interacting with people from other countries or cultures. Much of this anxiety is ascribed to foreign language abilities. However, any cross-cultural communication anxiety can be inextricably linked to a particular situation. One’s self-motivation, sensitivity with other cultures, and international posture or global awareness can also impact the anxiety. This study is designed to examine the relationship among regulatory focus, intercultural sensitivity, global awareness, and their influence on intercultural communication apprehension of university students in Japan and the US. Samples of 354 university students from Japan (n=176) and the US (n=178) responded to four scales: Regulation Focus Questionnaire (RFQ, promotion and prevention), Intercultural Sensitivity Scale (ISS), Global Awareness Scale (GAS), and Personal Report of Intercultural Communication Apprehension (PRICA). Results indicated that Japanese students’ intercultural communication apprehension and prevention focus scored higher than American. American students are higher in promotion focus, intercultural sensitivity, and global awareness

than Japanese students. Students with higher promotion focus, intercultural sensitivity, and global awareness decreased the likelihood of intercultural communication apprehension. Students with higher prevention focus revealed higher anxiety in intercultural communication. The effect of intercultural sensitivity and global awareness on intercultural communication apprehension was mediated by regulatory focus. Directing by the fear of negative evaluation theory and face negotiation theory, these findings have important implications for alleviating the anxiety during intercultural interaction of Japanese university students.

48

Using Cross-Cultural Comparativist Methodology in Exploring Embedded Sociocultural Messages in South Korean and British Murder Mysteries.

Jane Greenip, Salve Regina UniversityOyenike Balogun-Mwangi, Salve Regina University

Various forms of media, including film, are an integral part of our modern world. These media forms have become so ingrained in our society that we are often oblivious to the underlying messages and embedded meanings in them. Moreover, media messages tend to differ across cultural contexts. Using the cross-cultural comparativist methodology and conventional content analysis, we examined two murder mystery shows from two countries in order to compare embedded themes. We utilized two sources of data: The show Busted! a South Korean murder mystery variety show that runs for about 90 minutes, and Killer Camp a murder mystery game show from the United Kingdom which runs for 60 minutes. After reviewing these two shows we found themes of collectivism-individualism, differences in gender role representations, absence of sexually explicit content, and contrasts in messages around death. For example, we noted the use of humor during investigation scenes in the South Korean film meanwhile the British film, was more fear-inducing, but included fewer shots of the dead bodies compared to the South Korean film but did have more macabre scenes of death as the characters were killed. We conclude that a cross-cultural examination of media forms can offer important information about social norms that may go unexplored otherwise.Implicationsn for research and practice are discussed.

49

Interpersonal Power and Prosocial Behaviour in Organizational and Friendship Contexts

Hirotaka Imada, University of KentTim Hopthrow, University of KentDominic Abrams, University of Kent

Interpersonal power asymmetry is ubiquitous. The powerful,



by definition, have control over viable resources and hold the ability to influence others via punishment and reward. In other words, the powerless are dependent on power holders to secure resources. Previous studies have demonstrated that it often negatively affects interpersonal relationships. Power holders, for instance, tended to exploit others and deviate from norms. Drawing upon the empirical literature on cooperation and reputation, we hypothesized that interpersonal power asymmetry would shape cooperation via reputation concern; namely, we predicted the less individuals had power over another person in a dyadic interpersonal relationship, the more they experienced reputational concern and, thus, displayed prosocial behaviour towards the person. We conducted two correlational studies (total N=600) in which participants were asked to recall a person at work (Study 1) or one of their friends (Study 2). Our main variables included power asymmetry between them, reputational concern that participants experienced while interacting with the recalled person, and prosocial behaviour they displayed towards the person. These studies yielded converging evidence for the hypothesis, revealing that interpersonal power influenced prosocial behaviour via reputational concern contexts. Strikingly, our studies suggested that it was the recalled person’s power, rather than participants’ own power, which affected reputational concern, implying that others’ power act as a social cue which elicits reputational concern and subsequently increases prosocial behaviour. Power might not simply liberate people from reputational concern.

50

Country-Level Long-Term Orientation Predicts the Connectivity of Personality Structure

Chenhao Zhou, Tilburg UniversityShuai Yuan, Tilburg UniversityXinkai Du, University of Amsterdam

The current contribution provides novel insights into the current debates on differences in personality structure between countries. Drawn upon the literature of complex systems, the personality structure can be mapped as a network, with personality items (nuances) as nodes, using Gaussian Graphic Models (GGM). In the personality network, the edges - the partial correlations between connected nodes - indicate underlying causal mechanisms. Furthermore, the overall connectivity of a network, operationalized as the sum of the edges’ strength, reflects the network’s stability and predictability. The current study took the initiative to examine personality structure and the cultural differences thereof. Specifically, based on Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, we hypothesized that both individualism (versus collectivism) and long-term orientation (versus short-term orientation) are associated with higher connectivity of personality networks at the country level. To test the hypotheses, we extracted open-resource data from the International Personality Item Pool that include 1,015,342 participants from over 100

countries. The findings provide robust evidence for the expected effects of long-term orientation but not individualism. Models applying different modeling approaches (e.g., regularized GGM and high-dimensional GGM) and including wide-range covariates (e.g., geographic variables, socioeconomic factors) guarded the robustness of the current findings. This study highlights the importance of accounting for cultural factors in personality research and offers new lenses in cross-cultural comparisons from a methodological point of view.

51

Affective responses of Japanese adults to help-seeking recommendations

Takeshi Hashimoto, Shizuoka University

To facilitate the use of counseling, help-seeking recommendations from acquaintances may be effective. However, such recommendations may be negatively interpreted as misplaced kindness. Hashimoto (2020) examined the affective responses of Japanese undergraduates to help-seeking recommendations from acquaintances. The results show that recommendations to seek help from a counselor did not evoke positive affect, but recommendations to seek help from the acquaintance themselves evoked positive affect. The purpose of this study was to replicate the above findings in Japanese adults. A total of 476 Japanese adults completed an online questionnaire that included four types of recommendation scenarios with a combination of two types of acquaintances (either coworker or friend) as recommender and assumed helpers (either an acquaintance or a counselor). For each scenario, the participants rated their affects as a response to the recommendation. The affect scale included three items pertaining to positive affect and five items pertaining to negative affect. The averages were adapted as the positive and negative affect scores, respectively. Results of a three-way (gender, assumed helpers, and affect types) mixed ANOVA indicated a significant interaction effect between assumed helpers and affect type. Positive affect was higher and negative affect was lower when the assumed helper was an acquaintance rather than a counselor. This result is consistent with the findings of a previous study. In sum, the recommendation to seek help from a counselor evoked neither positive nor negative affect; however, the recommendation to seek help from an acquaintance themselves evoked higher positive affect and lower negative affect.

52

Acculturative Well-Being and Disgust towards Culture Mixing: Mainland Chinese sojourners in Hong Kong

Frank T.-F. Ye, The Education University of Hong KongEmma E. Buchtel, The Education University of Hong Kong



Research on disgust towards cultural mixing has suggested that culturally mixed images often prompt a contamination response. How would individual differences in the strength of this disgust response affect acculturation to a new culture? In 3 studies, we examined the effects of disgust towards heritage-host cultural symbol mixing among mainland Chinese adapting to Hong Kong. We created a measurement of disgust towards Mainland China-Hong Kong culture mixing based on previous research (Cheon et al., 2016), examined its validity and cross-sectional associations with acculturation attitudes among Mainland Chinese students (N1=110), and conducted two, two-time-point studies (N2=38, N3=48) to further investigate its longitudinal impact on their life satisfaction. Replicating previous research, Mainland Chinese sojourners perceived mixed cultural symbols as more disgusting compared to standalone ones. Moreover, through cross-lagged analyses, we observed that the disgust towards culture mixing negatively predicted life satisfaction after 3-months (β=-.29) and 6-months (β=-.40) of stay. Findings suggest that initial disgust reactions towards culture mixing can causally influence later life satisfaction during the process of acculturation, and offered insights into the roles culture mixing plays in the acculturation process.

53

Does parental time management support increase children’s perceived control of time ?

Tomoya Imura, Saga UniversityRyota Tsukawaki, Hijiyama University

Have you ever told your child to “hurry up” or “be quick”?　In research on children’s time management, the process of changing from heteronomous to autonomous time management has been discussed (e.g., Wingard, 2007). In this study, we developed a parental time management support scale (PTMSS) and examined the effects of time management support on children’s perceived control of time (Macan, 1994). 527 Japanese (291 males, 236 females) aged 9 to 18, and their 527 parents (251 males, 276 females) aged 35-55 years participated in the web survey. As a result of factor analysis, PTMSS was identified to be classified into four factors: support for goal setting (e.g., Have them write their schedule on a calendar), support for autonomy (e.g., Listen carefully to children’s opinions and ideas), support for motivation (e.g., Make home rules, such as no play unless you do what you have to do), and support for environmental aspects (e.g., Creates an environment that is quiet and easy to concentrate on learning.). The validity of the PTMSS was established by its correlation with the perception of parental autonomy support (Soenens et al., 2007). Next, the PTMSS was used to analyze the relationship with children’s perceived control of time. The results of the analysis showed that there was a significant positive association for children’s perceived control of time only from the support for autonomy. These results have implications for parental involvement in promoting autonomous time management and excessive parental control (Grolnick, 2003).

54

A re-examination of national stereotypes in Japan

Isao Sakuma, Bunkyo University

I (Sakuma, 2016; Sakuma, 2021) have examined national stereotypes in Japan based on stereotype content model proposed by Fiske et al (2002). This study re-examined national stereotypes in Japan based on SCM for another sample. Participants were 218 Japanese adults (109 males and 109 females: average age=39.38 SD=14.18), who completed a web-based survey. They rated 10 nationals (Japanese, American, Russian, Chinese, Korean, German, Jamaican, Brazilian, Kenyan, and Australian) on scales of competence and warmth dimensions. Then, they rated how competitive the economic relationship between Japan and these countries were and how economically rich these nations were compared to Japan. It was found that the contents of some national stereotypes were ambivalent such as “competent but cold” or “incompetent but warm”. Perception of economic competition between Japan and these countries was negatively correlated with perception of warmth (r (9)=-.56, p<.05) and perception of the economic status of these countries was positively correlated with perception of competence (r (9)=.50, p=.06). These results were consistent with the predictions by SCM and suggested that national stereotypes in Japan could be predicted by SCM.

55

Does an individual’s social class affect their type of humor?

Ryota Tsukawaki, Hijiyama UniversityTomoya Imura, Saga University

A recent study (Navarro-Carrilloa et al., 2020) indicated that an individual’s social class (SC) was associated with the use of certain types of humor. However, the study was limited as it only considered two types of humor (affiliative and aggressive humor) using the Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ; Martin et al., 2003). Therefore, we extend this study by addressing a total of six types of humor using the HSQ and the Dual Self-Directed Humor Scale (DSDHS; Tsukawaki & Imura, 2020). Two hundred Japanese (120 males and 80 females) people between the ages 21 and 74 years participated in a web survey (M=48.95, SD=10.50). Participants self-reported their household income as a measure of SC and responded to items related to four types of humor (affiliative, self-defeating, self-enhancing, and aggressive humor) assessed by the HSQ and two types of humor (benign and deleterious self-directed humor) assessed by the DSDHS. A partial correlation analysis controlling for gender and age was performed to determine the association between household income and the six types of humor. The results showed that household income was positively correlated with “affiliative humor” and “self-enhancing humor” as assessed by the HSQ, and with “benign self-directed



humor,” as measured by the DSDHS. All three types of humor are adaptive humor. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that those with higher SC engage in more adaptive humor.

56

A Review of Research on Gender Differences in Social Dominance Orientation and the Invariance Hypothesis

Emir Üzümçeker, Dokuz Eylul University

A widely documented gender difference in political psychology is that men have higher social dominance orientation than women. Social Dominance Theory claims that this phenomenon reflects the different adaptational challenges men and women faced in the evolutionary history of the human species. Thus, according to the invariance hypothesis, all things being equal, men should have a higher level of social dominance orientation than women. The biological emphasis of SDT was criticized by Social Identity and System Justification theorists, who argued that gender differences stem from social and contextual factors. In this paper, I reviewed the studies that test the invariance hypothesis or alternative explanations of gender differences in social dominance orientation. To this, I searched two online databases for relevant studies published after the invariance hypothesis is proposed and identified 21 studies in 16 articles. The literature indicates that there is considerable evidence that contradicts the invariance hypothesis. Age, academic major, gender identification, gender roles and stereotypes, and intergroup status emerged as alternative explanatory variables. I discussed the implications of these findings for Social Dominance Theory and its alternatives.

57

Cultural Models of Sacrifice: The Role of Family Responsibilities

Jenny Yang, Stanford University, University of MichiganSuyi Leong, University of California, Santa BarbaraLaura Brady, University of Michigan

Individuals in interdependent cultural contexts (e.g., racial minority families) tend to prioritize close relationships more than those in independent cultural contexts (e.g., white families; Markus & Kitayama, 1991). We theorized that, given these differential emphases on relationships, making sacrifices (i.e., giving up something for the wellbeing of others) is more normative in interdependent compared to independent cultural contexts. Our studies explored whether Asian-American (i.e., interdependent) and White-American (i.e., independent) college students differed in family expectations about sacrifice. Study 1 found that Asian Americans were more likely than White Americans to report that their families expected them to make sacrifices for one another. Study 2 replicated and extended Study 1 by examining how cultural norms regarding family responsibilities shape family

expectations about sacrifice. Compared to White Americans, Asian Americans were more likely to endorse family responsibilities as cultural norms, which in turn predicted greater expectations for sacrifice within their families. Future research will explore racial differences in the motivational role of sacrifice.

58

Belongingness in a Culturally Diverse Group: The Role of Inclusive Leadership and Cultural Intelligence

Jiayi Tan, Kyushu UniversityHiroshi Ikeda, Kyushu University

The current study examines the conditions that foster innovation behaviors in culturally diverse groups. We propose that culturally diverse employees experience exclusion from formal processes (e.g., decision-making channels) and informal processes (e.g., lunch meetings) in the workplace, which impairs their sense of belonging to the teams, resulting in a lack of communication between employees, and finally, in team innovation. We further theorize that inclusive leadership (IL), a leadership style that plays a key role in creating an inclusive environment, can maximize the abilities and uniqueness of group members. Leaders who present openness, accessibility, and availability to members, focus on facilitating psychological safety, encourage belongingness among team members, and maintain their uniqueness, can reduce the problem of exclusion within a group. Additionally, we propose that cultural intelligence, also known as cultural quotient (CQ), refers to the ability to adapt to a new cultural setting and has a positive impact on inclusive leader behavior in cross-cultural conditions. We investigated 1000 employees who experienced working with foreigners and at Japanese companies. The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis indicated that IL was positively and directly related to the sense of belonging of members to the group. Additionally, IL was positively related to psychological safety, which, in turn, improved the sense of belonging of members to the group. Furthermore, belongingness was positively related to innovative behavior. Finally, CQ was positively related to inclusive leader behavior. These findings present new directions for cross-cultural group research.

59

Skin tone based stereotypes with Asian targets: Possible causes and consequences

Chang Hyun Ha, Department of Psychology Chungbuk National UniversitySang Hee Park, Department of Psychology Chungbuk National University

Research on skin tone bias (i.e., a bias towards members of the same ethnic group based on darkness or lightness of skin tone)



has been conducted mostly with Black targets and rarely with Asian faces. In the current research, we tested skin tone bias with Asian (Korean) faces and investigated its possible causes as well as its downstream effects. In Study 1, comparison of target impressions between three target skin tones (darker-skinned, original, and lighter-skinned) showed that darker-skinned (lighter-skinned) Koreans were perceived in ways consistent with stereotypes of Blacks (Whites). The next two studies aimed to understand the underlying mechanism. Study 2 revealed that lighter-skinned Koreans were perceived to be more similar to Whites, but a parallel similarity between darker-skinned Koreans and Black was not observed. Study 3 focused on associations of skin tone with targets’ living region and with occupation. Although participants did show biases in their associations between skin tone and region and occupation (i.e., stronger associations between darker skin and rural or blue-collar, and between lighter skin and urban or white-collar), these associations did not explain the skin tone effects on target impression. In Study 4, we examined downstream consequences of skin tone bias. Participants evaluated darker-skinned (vs. lighter-skinned) people to be better suited for blue-collar jobs. This research demonstrated that skin tone bias is generalizable to Asian targets, and indicates it may have real-life implications in such social issues as employment discrimination.

60

Can forgiveness backfire? When pragmatic-motivated forgiveness backfires for people espousing Right-wing authoritarianism

Jane Quek, Ministry of Home AffairsMasi Noor, Keele University

Intergroup forgiveness studies have focused on the antecedents of forgiveness with no study directly investigating the consequences of forgiveness. Our study fills this gap by manipulating the forgiveness expression and its impact on social distance towards outgroups. We also examined the role of right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) in moderating the consequences of forgiveness. We conducted a pilot study (N=299) amongst Chinese Singaporeans, who read an article about a fictional assault done by a Chinese member to ethnic minority group members, i.e., the Malays. Participants were informed whether the Malay leaders expressed forgiveness, or not, towards the Chinese perpetrator and we measured their social distance from Malays. For the main study (N=499), the context was situated against the El Paso massacre. White American participants were randomly assigned to three conditions where the Hispanic leader expressed forgiveness in different motivations: pragmatic motivated forgiveness versus moral motivation forgiveness versus control condition (no forgiveness expressed). A marginal significance (p=0.65) on social distance was observed for American participants exposed to the pragmatic motivated forgiveness. Participants desired increased social distance towards the Hispanics when exposed to pragmatic

motivated forgiveness, and this significantly worsen when participants espouse RWA. These novel findings indicate negative consequences of forgiveness.

61

People prefer equality in asymmetric volunteer’s dilemmas

Yukari Jessica Tham, The University of TokyoTakaaki Hashimoto, The University of TokyoKaori Karasawa, The University of Tokyo

In everyday life, we often face “volunteer’s dilemmas” (VoD), or group situations in which one member has to volunteer and incur a cost to provide a public good. A prior study on VoD showed that when the volunteering cost was the same for every member (i.e., “symmetric VoD”), each member volunteered with the same frequency. This result is consistent with psychological research demonstrating people’s preference for equality. On the other hand, according to the prior study, when group members differed in the volunteering cost (i.e., “asymmetric VoD”), those who could volunteer at the lowest cost in the group (i.e., “strong” members) volunteered more than others; they volunteered even to the extent to which their total cost became larger than others’. Based on this result, there are three possibilities about people’s preferences regarding each member’s volunteering rate in asymmetric VoD: First, people may prefer equality (i.e., a situation in which each member’s total cost is the same); second, they may prefer efficiency (i.e., a situation in which only strong members volunteer to provide a public good at the lowest cost); third, they may prefer both equality and efficiency, or somewhere between the two principles. We examined these possibilities through an online survey and found that people preferred equality; they believed that the best result would be that each member’s total cost was the same. Thus, people’s preferences were different from their actual behavior. The underlying mechanisms of this gap will be discussed.

62

The Effect of Perceived Economic Inequality on Executive Functions

Jia Ming Lau, National University of SingaporeJacinth Tan, Singapore Management UniversityChin Hong Tan, Nanyang Technological University

In the face of rising economic inequality, unequal societies contend with poorer health outcomes, lower trust, and reduced well-being. However, limited research has investigated if economic inequality might directly affect cognitive function, which may have downstream effects on educational outcomes and decision-making. Using an experimental design, the present study sought to investigate the causal link between perceptions of



economic inequality and specific aspects of executive function – namely, inhibitory control and shifting. The key hypothesis tested was that the perception of greater economic inequality in one’s immediate social environment would impair one’s executive functions compared to the perception of lower economic inequality. A secondary hypothesis was that this effect would be mediated by an increase in negative affect under high perceived inequality than low perceived inequality. Overall, our results did not reveal any direct effects of perceived inequality on inhibitory control, shifting, and negative affect. Post-hoc moderation analyses revealed that some effects of perceived inequality varied as a function of one’s socioeconomic background. Specifically, high perceived inequality increased anxiety-related emotions compared to low perceived inequality among those from lower income households, but not among those from higher income households. As well, high perceived inequality reduced inhibitory control relative to low perceived inequality among those with lower parental education, but not among those with higher parental education. These findings suggest that inequality perceptions do not have broad effects on affect and cognition, but instead, impact those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds more.

63

The effect of vertical and shared leadership on team activities

Go Ichimiya, Tokyo Keizai UniversityAsami Oue, Fukuoka University

Vertical leadership stems from an appointed leader of a team, whereas shared leadership is distributed among, and stems from, team members (Pearce, 1997; Pearce and Sims, 2002). This study compares the effects of vertical and shared leadership on team activities of university students through a laboratory experiment. The participants included 47 students taking an organizational behavior class at the university and the experiment engaged in doing simple and creative tasks. Ten teams consisting of a leader and 3 or 4 followers were set up. A simple task would be like finding as many mistakes as possible by comparing false sentences with correct ones. As for creative tasks, every team considered and proposed restructuring plans of a troubled amusement park. In the first 5 teams, the leaders acted in vertical leadership: they directed followers on tasks without team discussion and followers blindly obeyed the orders. In the next 5 teams, the leaders acted in shared leadership: they discussed the tasks and some followers even acted as chairpersons. Along the way, these capable followers were suggested to take leadership on their behalf. Each team then made a presentation that was evaluated by nine other teams qualitatively and quantitatively. Finally, all participants answered a questionnaire about vertical and shared leadership, leader-member exchange, trust, and team effectiveness. Findings and implications will be discussed at the poster presentation.

64

Health as the network of performance activities related to mental illnesses

Hiroshi Sugimoto, Niigata University of Health and Welfare

The concept health is ambiguous. Although the World Health Organization defines health as “well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity,” most believe health is the absence of disease. The purpose of this study was to expand the concept of health by conducting fieldwork of performances carried out by performers with mental illness. Various performance groups and individuals with mental illnesses such as alcoholism, eating disorders, and depression performed. Their performances included reading poetry and singing. These performances were done in collaboration with others such as volunteer staff, guest speakers, facilitators, and audiences. During their performances, they did not deny their illnesses but endeavored to deepen their experience of suffering through speaking and their performances. This nurtured empathy. Through these processes, new types of health that vary from the conventional concept thereof were discovered. In the performance activities, health was created. Furthermore, it may be deduced that a performance is the process of forming the concept of health in a network. The importance of environment for health was emphasized. Consequently, health was created in the network. However, as actor-network theory reveals, humans and non-humans cannot be distinguished. This study emphasized the perspective of health as a network.

65

Cultural Differences in Perception of Heroes

Yuning Sun, University of LimerickElaine Kinsella, University of LimerickEric Igou, University of Limerick

Heroes play an important role in everyday life and during societal crises. So far, research has identified the prototypical features of heroes and ways that heroes influence individuals psychologically. Using data from predominantly European and America participants, Kinsella and colleagues (2015) identified 26 features of heroes, including central features (e.g., bravery, moral integrity) and peripheral features (e.g., humble, strong). However, it is unclear whether these findings apply to Eastern cultures. The current research seeks to address the gap. We used rigorous prototype methodology across two studies to examine lay conceptions of heroes in China (a first step in exploring Eastern perceptions of heroism). Study one (N=210) used open-ended feature generation to identify important features of heroes. Independent coders (N=4, two Chinese, two Irish) categorised the original data and 26 common features of heroes were reliably identified. The 26 features include 18 features from the



original Western sample (e.g., bravery, sacrifice), and also, eight distinctive features (e.g., patriotism, righteousness) identified by Chinese participants. Study two (N=298) recruited an independent sample of Chinese participants to rate the 26 characteristics (from Study one) in order of importance. The findings show that patriotism is the most prototypical feature of heroism rated by Chinese participants. A detailed overview of these findings will be discussed. These studies offer new insights into the cross-cultural study of heroism and will generate debate about how cultural background may affect perceptions of heroes. Keywords: hero, heroism, prototype, person perception, cultural differences

66

The establishment of the scale of left-behind children’s school adjustment and its reliability and validity verification

Yumeng Cai, Guangxi Normal UniversityWen Mo, Guangxi Normal University

Object: Compile a scale suitable for measuring school adjustment of left-behind children. Methods: Based on the literature review, this research compiled 103 items and conducted preliminary tests among 1,200 students. Through item analysis and exploratory factor analysis, 22 items were determined to form a formal scale, afterwards, a retest was conducted among 730 students, confirmatory factor analysis and reliability and validity test were carried out. Results: This school adjustment of left-behind children contains 6 factors: academic adjustment, self-adjustment, behavioral adjustment, school emotion, peer relationship and teacher-student relationship, explaining 68.105 % of the total variance; confirmatory factor analysis supports the construct validity of the scale ( x²/df＝3.384，RMSEA＝0.065，TLI＝0.908，CFI＝0.923，NFI＝0.894，GFI＝0.909 ). Taking student’s academic achievement and life satisfaction scale as criterion, pearson correlation are 0.183 and 0.587 (p<0.01),which supports the external validity of this scale. The Cronbach α of all items and factors of the Left-behind Children’s School Adjustment Scale are greater than 0.6. Conclusion: The school adjustment scale of left-behind children has good reliability and validity.

67

Collectivistic Independence Promotes Information Sharing between Teams: An Agent-Based Modeling

Minjae Kang, Sungkyunkwan UniversitySeul-Ki Song, Sungkyunkwan UniversityHoon-Seok Choi, Sungkyunkwan University

The extent to which new ideas and practices are shared between teams is critical as it contributes to organizational creativity and innovation. Research indicates that information sharing is more likely in collectivistic organizations because of the norms

that endorse sharing and cooperation. When it comes to inter-team situations, however, the relationship is complicated due to the social pressure that inhibits ‘giving out’ the team’s internal knowledge to outsiders (Hansen, 2009; van Wijk et al., 2008). We propose that the combination of collectivistic value orientation and independence in self-concept, i.e., collectivistic independence (Choi et al., 2018, 2019; Choi & Kim, 2020; promotes knowledge sharing between teams, because individuals with a collectivistic value orientation direct their efforts to benefit the organization, while an independent self-concept helps individuals overcome normative pressure toward parochialistic behavior. We conducted a simulation study using the Agent Based Modeling (ABM, Bonaebeau, 2002) to simulate how interaction among members over an extended period of simulated time leads to various outcomes. We found as expected that interaction among the agents with collectivistic independence resulted in communication nodes that are high in density (i.e., strong connections among the agents) and low in centrality (i.e., diverse connections among the agents). We discuss implications of our findings in research on information sharing and directions for future research.

68

A Cross-Cultural Comparison of “indebtedness” among Japanese and Chinese University Students

Pingping Lin, Kobe University

The purpose of this study is to compare the indebtedness (the conscious state of being obligated to reciprocate a favor) of Japanese and Chinese. 400 Japanese (290 males) and 278 Chinese (132 males) university students were asked to evaluate the emotions generated when receiving favors from others. They also asked to answer how to return favors. The joint effect of relationship closeness (between-subjects design: friends vs. close friends vs. romantic relationship), intentions (between-subjects design: altruistic vs. exchange-oriented), cost (within-subjects design: low vs. high) by presenting participants to imaginary situations in which these three factors were manipulated in a 3 x 2 x 2 mixed factorial design. The results of the analysis revealed the followings: (1) In Japan and China, these three factors have the different effects on indebtedness and related emotions; (2) There is no cultural difference in indebtedness (feel indebted to others); (3) When receiving a favor, Japanese feel “gratitude”, “obligation to reciprocate” more strongly than Chinese, and tend to return the favor more quickly than Chinese; (4) Chinese feel negative emotions (uncomfortable, losing status) more strongly than Japanese; (5) Whether it is valuable gift or a cheap one, no matter what the intention of the gift is, Japanese tend to return the gift of the same value than Chinese, and Chinese are more likely to return gifts that are more valuable than the ones they received. Cultural differences in reciprocal behavior are evident in the “close friends” condition.



69

An incremental mindset attenuates the negative influence of social comparison on positive affect

Eunjeong Park, Chonnam National UniversityJieun Shin, Chonnam National University

People constantly compare themselves to superior others. Although past studies primarily focused on the negative impact of upward social comparison on happiness, such comparison need not always be detrimental. Given that the comparison process typically involves perceived self-standard discrepancy, the negative consequence of comparison may depend on the degree to which individuals perceive themselves as similar to the standard and improvable. Indeed, previous studies showed that assimilative (vs. contrastive) social comparison can contribute to positive self-views. As a possible predictor of assimilative comparison, we focused on individuals’ implicit beliefs about the malleability of human attributes, and examined their moderating role on the negative impact of social comparison. We hypothesized that social comparison would be less detrimental to happiness of those who endorse incremental (vs. fixed) beliefs. As expected, the negative association between social comparison and positive affect was weakened among those with stronger incremental beliefs (Study 1). This pattern was replicated when individuals were temporarily induced to hold incremental (vs. fixed) beliefs (Studies 2-3). Furthermore, we found that participants’ implicit beliefs moderated the comparison-happiness association via perceived attainability of the standard. Together, believing that personal attributes can change seems to buffer the negative impact of upward social comparison. This research contributes to the social comparison literature by shedding light on a new individual difference factor. Key words: Social Comparison, Happiness, Implicit Theory, Incremental Theory, Entity Theory

70

Group attitude matters? The Effects of group and attitude direction on ambivalent attitude.

Hui-Tzu Lin, National Chengchi UniversityChien-Ru Sun, National Chengchi University

Ambivalent attitude refers to a psychological state in which a person holds both strong positive and negative evaluations toward the same object. This study aimed to explore whether the directions of ingroup or outgroup attitude would affect individuals with ambivalent attitude. 162 participants (58 males, 104females) were first induced to have ambivalent attitude toward a new brand cell phone and then randomly assigned to a 2 (group: ingroup vs. outgroup) x 3 (attitude direction: positive vs. negative vs. ambivalence) complete between-subject design. The main dependent measures were participant’s attitude toward the cell phone and intention to buy. The results showed an interaction

effect. When the ingroup attitude was positive, the individual’s preference for the cell phone and intention to buy became significantly greater than the positive outgroup attitude condition. Similarly, when the ingroup attitude was negative, participants liked cell phone significantly less than those who in the negative outgroup attitude condition. In addition, when the group attitude was ambivalent, there was no difference between ingroup and outgroup conditions. However, the results also indicated that outgroup attitude had no effect on individual’s ambivalent attitude, and there was no significant difference among three group attitude direction conditions. To conclude, individual’s attitude is inconsistent with ingroup attitude would take ingroup attitude into consideration and affect their attitude accordingly. However, no matter outgroup attitude was positive, negative or ambivalent, there was no help to individuals with ambivalent attitude. Other implications were also discussed.

71

Unconscious goal priming can effectively alleviate children’s ego-depletion

Wen Mo, Guangxi Normal UniversityFengyun Luo, Guangxi Normal University

Ego-depletion is always accompanied by many negative outcomes to individuals and society. Previous studies have alleviated the aftereffect of ego-depletion from other perspectives. Recent studies have shown that unconscious goal priming is regarded as a new method with simple implementation and sustainable effect. Unconscious Goal Priming (UGP) refers to activating individuals’ way. Due to its ease of implementation and similar effects as the conscious goal priming, UGP has been used for reducing impulse buying. However, there is no evidence about whether it can effectively alleviate ego-depletion. In this current study, we aimed to examine the effect of unconscious goal priming to alleviate ego-depletion for children to increase their cooperative behavior. Therefore, we investigated the influence of unconscious goal priming and cooperative tendency on children’s cooperative behavior after ego-depletion. The main results of the present research were as follow: there was a significant interaction between unconscious goal priming and cooperative tendency. The results show that starting children’s “cooperation” goal can effectively alleviate the influence of ego-depletion aftereffect and enhance children’s cooperative behavior, but the priming effect was regulated by individual’s cooperative tendency. Specifically, for children with high cooperative tendency, unconscious goal priming can increase children’s cooperative behavior, while for children with low cooperative tendency, unconscious goal priming hasn’t obvious influence on children’s cooperative behavior. Our findings suggested that unconscious goal priming had the prospect to become a simple and convenient intervention for alleviating ego-depletion, especially for those with high cooperative tendency. Key words: ego-depletion; unconscious goal priming; cooperative tendency; cooperative behavior



72

Can helping others really be “happy”? Mediating effect of meaning in life

Baorui Chang, Guangxi Normal UniversityJiandong Fang, Guangxi Normal University

Prosocial behavior mainly refers to the altruistic behavior that conforms to social expectations and has no obvious benefits to oneself, which is an important basis for social bonding (Silk & House,2011;Kou & Zhang, 2017). Prosocial behavior is not only beneficial to the other person who had received help, but also to the individual helper himself.The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between prosocial behavior and life satisfaction and the mediating role of meaning in life on adult. A sample of 750 adult people participated in study 1. They were asked to complete a questionnaire containing prosocial situational materials, life satisfaction scale and meaning of life scale. According to Bandura’s social learning theory, study 2 manipulated prosocial behaviors (VS. Non-prosocial behavior) by hypothetical scenarios, and 240 participants were randomly assigned to either of the two groups. The two sub-studies obtained consistent results: Firstly, prosocial behavior significantly positively predicted meaning in life and life satisfaction, and meaning in life was significantly positively correlated with life satisfaction; Both the Bootstrap program and the Sobel test showed that meaning in life played a partial mediating role in the relationship between prosocial behavior and life satisfaction. This study has important theoretical significance and practical value for improving the life satisfaction of the adult group. Finally, the paper points out the shortcomings of this paper and the future research direction. In a word, the study also shows that the old adage that “giving a rose leaves a lingering fragrance in your hand”

73

Creating a positive perception toward inclusive education with future-oriented thinking

Kaede Maeda, Osaka City University, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Yasuda Women’s UniversityHirofumi Hashimoto, Osaka City UniversityKosuke Sato, Kurume University

In Japan, the special needs education system for students with disabilities has shifted from its segregated model to a more inclusive form promoted and practiced worldwide. While the support for inclusive practices has grown rapidly, the implementation of such programs requires more attention. The aim of this study is to examine how to encourage people to develop positive perceptions toward inclusive education. We experimentally manipulated future-oriented thinking, and examined whether negative perceptions about inclusive

education would lessen if people acknowledged and realized that a symbiotic society may improve the long-term welfare of people without disabilities as well. The results confirmed that future-oriented thinking encourages positive perceptions toward inclusive education. These positive perceptions increased only where participants thought about the future employment of persons with disabilities from a long-term perspective. No significant effects were found for the short-term perspective condition or control condition. The theoretical implications of these findings are also discussed.

74

Neural basis of structural balance: evidence from real-world social network and fMRI data

Kiho Sung, Yonsei University

Structural balance theory postulates that certain types of social relationship between three people, triad, could or could not be balanced. Balance theory suggests cognitive dissonance as its underlying mechanism to explain people’s behaviors of seeking balance and avoiding imbalance. However, there exist unbalanced triads in real-world social networks, which cannot be easily resolved. This study aims to identify existing triads of both balanced and unbalanced states in real-world social network, and to examine neural substrates of people maintaining unbalanced triads. For empirical analysis, the Korean Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (KSHAP) data is analyzed. Among the KSHAP participants, 53 older adults who come to the two senior centers were surveyed. The survey questionnaire collected information of three types of social networks: free-time, discussion, and dislike networks. Each participant saw face photos of others one by one, then was asked to answer each question. The final data set consists of three 53×53 social network matrices among senior center members. Among the participants, face-viewing and resting-state fMRI data of 29 participants were acquired. In the MRI scanner, each participant saw face photos of other senior center members, as well as face photo of self and ghost image created by overlapping and blurring face images of others. This session takes 5 minutes and repeated 4 times. Brain imaging data analysis shows that if an individual experiences more unbalanced states in the network, activation of right amygdala, left parahippocampal gyrus increases, which may implicated in inhibition of negative attitude.

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The Influence of National Identity on the Meaning of Life: The Mediating Role of National Confidence

Li Zhao, Nankai UniversityJian Guan, Nankai UniversityMingzhu Huang, Nankai University



National identity, which is individuals’ knowledge and acceptance of their national memberships, is a complex and important psychological structure system. The meaning of life, which reflects the long-term life goals and behavioral orientations, is a vital experience of an individual’s life. It is important to understand the acquisition mechanism and influencing factors of the meaning of life. Therefore, this study explores the influence of national identity on the meaning of life of college students and the mediation effect of national confidence in it with the Measure of National Identity Scale created by Leszczensky and Santiago (2015), the Meaning of Life Questionnaire (MLQ) created by Steger, Frazier, Oishi, and Kaler (2006), and the General Confidence Scale created by Keller et al. (2011). A total of 2,318 valid data were collected. Results showed that: (1) The score of meaning of life in minority students was higher than Han students. There was no significant difference in the meaning of life between gender and ages; (2) There were significantly positive relationships between the national confidence, national identity, and sense of life; (3) After controlling for gender and age, the national identity had a positive effect on the meaning of life. Additionally, the national confidence plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between national identity and meaning of life. In summary, enhancing the national identity and national confidence could contribute to improve the meaning of life. The national confidence explains the influence mechanism of how the national identity impacts the meaning of life.

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The mediatory role of psychological capital in the structural relations of attitudes towards immigration and personality characteristics

Mostafa Zarean, University of TabrizTouraj Hashemi, University of TabrizRahim Molavi, University of Tabriz

This study aimed at investigating the structural relations of attitudes towards immigration and personality characteristics with testing the mediatory role of psychological capital. The study design was descriptive based on structural equation modeling. The study population was the individuals between 18-60 years old living in Iran, who were able to complete online questionnaire. A total of 150 participants through convenient sampling method completed the research questionnaires online. The big five personality (NEO-FFI-R) (McCrae and Costa, 1985), psychological capital (Luthans et al., 2007), and attitudes towards immigration (Khani Oushani et al., 2014) were used to collect data. Correlation coefficients, structural equation modeling, and goodness of fit indices in AMOS-24 software were used to analyze the data. Results from SEM indicated that extraversion, openness to experience, and contentiousness from personality characteristics have direct effect on attitudes towards immigration. Also, extraversion and contentiousness were able to predict the variance of attitudes towards immigration indirectly

with the mediation of psychological capital. On the other hand, the goodness of fit indices indicated the appropriateness of the hypothesized model proposed in the study. Based on the results extracted from the data, it would be assumed that the psychological as well as personality components are crucial in the process of immigration other than economic and political issues, and thereby should be included in the long term plans for social health by policymakers.

77

Effects of explicit and implicit shyness on task satisfaction and implicit coordination in collaborative work

Tsutomu Inagaki, Kyoto University of Foreign StudiesTakafumi Sawaumi, Ryutsu Keizai UniversityAyaka Sumigawa, Izumidai Elementary School

Self-report measures such as Likert-type scales have long been used to gauge psychological disposition such as attitude, belief, and personality. In recent years, implicit measures such as the Implicit Association Test (Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998; IAT) have also come into use for gauging such psychological constructs. Compared with self-report measures, implicit measures have the following advantages: circumventing social desirability bias and measuring psychological disposition that is not to one’s consciousness. The previous studies (e.g., Asendorpf, Banse, & Mücke, 2002; Fujii & Aikawa, 2013) have reported that implicit shyness predicts uncontrolled behavior. However, the predictive power of implicit shyness has not been investigated in a collaborative context. Hence, the present study was conducted to examine the effects of explicit and implicit shyness on subjective and objective performance in a collaborative task. Subjective and objective performance were operationalized as satisfaction with the task consequences and implicit coordination, respectively. One hundred and twenty university students participated in this study. Participants were asked to perform a collaborative task that required implicit coordination, and their performance was recorded. During the task, participants were not allowed to use any verbal communication. We will show how explicit and implicit shyness affected task satisfaction and the performance of implicit coordination.

78

Why are lonely people not fun to be with? : Interpersonal-competence mediates between loneliness and humor style

Siyun Kim, Chonnam National UniversityHyeonsub Han, Chonnam National UniversitySamuel Suk-Hyun Hwang, Chonnam National University

People with insufficient social skills to form positive relationships with others are prone to feel lonely and humor is often used



to facilitate positive interactions with others. This study examined the link between loneliness and the humor style by examining the mediating psychological variables. A total of 265 college students participated in the self-report survey including the UCLA Loneliness Scale-Revised and Humor Style Questionnaire which differentiated between the adaptative (affiliative, self-enhancing) and mal-adaptive (aggressive, self-defeating) types of humor. For psychological variables, Korean Interpersonal-Competence Questionnaire consisting of initiation, negative assertion, disclosure, emotional support, and conflict management subscales, Revised Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale, and Korean BAS/BIS scale composed of BIS and BAS reward-responsiveness, drive, and fun-seeking subscales were included. As the result, loneliness was found to be positively correlated with all psychological variables and with all but aggressive humor. As the result of the mediation analyses, the initiation, emotional support, and negative assertion of the Interpersonal-Competence scale were found to partially mediate between loneliness and affiliative humor, self-enhancing humor, and self-defeating humor, respectively. In other words, lonely people are less likely to use affiliative humor and this is exacerbated with the lack of skills in approaching and initiating relationships with others. They are also less likely to use humor to makes themselves feel good, and this is worsened by their lack of skills to draw emotional support from others. Lastly, they are more prone to use self-defeating humor and this is strengthened by their lack of assertive skills.

79

Differences in accuracy of person perception between blind and sighted students

Yei-Ji Seo, Chung-Ang UniversityTaeyun Jung, Chung-Ang university

Who is better at making accurate perception of target persons, the blind or the sighted? This study made comparisons between blind and sighted students in accuracy of personality judgment of targets based on their vocal cues and in correct matching rates between targets’ voices and their facial masks. A total of 40 congenially blind and sighted students, each equal in number, participated in the experiments. It was examined how similar judgments of targets by each of blind and sighted persons are to those of targets’ self-reports on Big Five personality dimensions. We also calculated the accurate matching rates between target samples’ voice and their facial mask for each of blind and sighted group and compared them between the groups. There were three important findings in this study: 1) Blind participants than sighted ones made more accurate judgment of the target persons in extraversion, emotional stability, and Intellect. 2) Blind participants did better than sighted counterparts at the voice and mask matching task. This study revealed that the blind are more competent than the sighted in accurately perceiving others based on their voices. These findings were discussed in terms of

embodied cognition and cross modal plasticity with reference to literature on cognitive neuroscience.

80

The relationship between causal complexity and beliefs in tempting fate

Hazel Teo, Nanyang Technological University (Singapore)Richelle-Joy Chia, Nanyang Technological University (Singapore)Iylia Hutta, Nanyang Technological University (Singapore)Celine Ong, Nanyang Technological University (Singapore)Yue Ting Woo, Nanyang Technological University (Singapore)Albert Lee, Nanyang Technological University (Singapore)

Are you more likely than usual to get into a car accident after bragging about not getting into one? Believers of tempting fate would agree. Central to beliefs in tempting fate (BTF) is the assumption that a higher power, God or not, punishes deliberate acts of arrogance and needless risks with irony. We propose that believers of tempting fate would perceive the universe as interrelated and explain events with direct (e.g., speeding) and indirect causes (e.g., acting presumptuously), more so than non-believers. In short, we predicted a positive association between causal complexity and BTF. Causal complexity assumes causality is complicated, with numerous factors causing an outcome through a web of interactions. Since tempting fate is assumed to increase the potential number of factors leading to an unwanted outcome, people with high causal complexity should believe more strongly in tempting fate, compared to people with low causal complexity. Applying this to context, we predicted a positive correlation between causal complexity ratings and ratings of BTF. As predicted, correlational analyses with an American community sample revealed a positive correlation between high causal complexity and strong BTF. That is, the tendency to attribute causality to the interaction of multiple factors was positively associated with BTF. These results, unexplained by an external locus of control, negativity bias, risk aversion, and intrinsic religious motivation, support the prediction that causal complexity plays a role in BTF.

81

Effects of LMX on job crafting: The mediating effect of motivations for job crafting

Sumin Lee, SungKyunKwan UniversityYongwon Suh, SungKyunKwan University

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of leader-member exchange (LMX) on job crafting and the psychological mechanism working in the process. The study examined how the motivations for job crafting affects job crafting and mediates the relationship between LMX and job crafting. To explore this,



we collected data by surveying full-time workers aging 19 or older online and used 333 participants for the final analysis. The results were as follows: First, LMX positively predicted job crafting. Second, motivations for job crafting positively predicted job crafting. Third, the relationship between LMX and job crafting was mediated by motivations for job crafting. The implications and limitations of this study and directions for future research are addressed in the final part.

82

What is “gender equality” in Japan? College students’ belief of achievement of a gender-equal society

Yasuko Morinaga, Hiroshima UniversityMakoto Hirakawa, Hiroshima University

In Japan, efforts to achieve gender equality have been made over many years. However, they have not been successful. Specifically, what do Japanese people consider to be “gender equality” in the workplace? Based on previous research, we have classified gender equality into the following five aspects; equal opportunities to apply for a job, equality of outcome in hiring/promotion decisions, applying the same criteria when making hiring decisions, divisions of role/work based on discussions between men and women, and assignments of personnel and divisions of work based on gender-specific strength and characteristics. We conducted a study of college students in Japan (N=601) and found that participants of both genders considered applying the same criteria as most equal and equality of outcome as least equal. We also investigated how these five aspects can predict the belief that Japan has already achieved a gender-equal society, which men support more strongly than women. Equality of outcome predicted men’s belief negatively but women’s belief positively. Equal opportunities predicted men’s belief positively but not women’s belief. The relationship between “gender equality” and Japan’s policy of increasing the number of women in management positions is discussed.

83

COVID-19-associated stigma in China: A descriptive study

Zhen Wang, Zhou Enlai School of Government, Nankai University, TianjinLi Zhao, Zhou Enlai School of Government, Nankai University, TianjinJian Guan, Zhou Enlai School of Government, Nankai University, Tianjin

COVID-19 has a significant impact on human’s physical and mental health all over the world. Although considerable studies have explored COVID-19, most of them were mainly focused on the pathological mechanisms and treatment methods

from medical perspectives. In addition, various media reports have indicated that there was COVID-19-associated stigma and discrimination, but little statistical information has been integrated to describe the situation. Therefore, using online survey data from 1920 Chinese participants, individuals’ stigma towards COVID-19 was investigated. The results showed that 306 (15.94%), 285 (14.84%), and 265 (13.80%) participants endorsed stigma (score > 3) towards people in the high COVID-19 case areas, COVID-19 rehabilitation patients, and COVID-19 rehabilitation patients’ families, respectively. Additionally, 120 (6.25%) and 100 (5.21%) participants have stigmatizing perceptions towards people who are not related to COVID-19 and frontline healthcare providers, respectively. The knowledge about COVID-19 might be associated with the stigma towards COVID-19. Future work is needed to investigate COVID-19-associated with stigma in China using implicit measures.

84

Do you think human beings would like me? : Uncanny valley, anthropomorphism and moral care for human-like robots

Hong Im Shin, Sunchon national university

Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human traits, emotions and intentions to non-human entities such as robots. Two studies were conducted to investigate whether there is a relationship between uncanny feelings toward human-like robots, anthropomorphism and moral care. In Study 1 (N=63), participants were presented with pictures of robots which varied in human similarity in appearance. Participants tended to attribute more humanlike capacities to nonhuman agents with increasing levels of mind attribution regarding agency and experience. In Study 2 (N=98), an android robot was described in either a neutral or anthropomorphic priming story and it was then examined whether there are significant differences in mind attribution and moral care. According to the results, the participants tended to perceive robots to be more humanlike in the mind attribution in the condition of anthropomorphism than in the control condition. In addition, a higher level of moral care could be observed in the condition of anthropomorphism than in the control condition. This implies that an active fostering of anthropomorphism may reduce uncanny feelings toward human-like robots and can facilitate social interactions between humans and robots.

85

Differences in parents’ values regarding children’s after-school activities in the US, Germany, China, and Japan-Effects of educating parents using picture books on parenting-

Etsuko Togo, ProfessorYumiko Iume, ProfessorMegumi, M. Ohashi, Professor



Many children today participate in after-school activities from a young age. Parents sometimes have excessive expectations of such activities and, therefore, might over-interfere in these activities. We first investigated parents’ values regarding children’s after-school activities and the degree of “control” in parenting attitudes. We also compared the effects of picture books on parenting designed to reduce parents’ results-oriented, dominant parenting approach and change parents’ consciousness and values regarding children’s after-school activities among the US, Germany, China, and Japan. The evaluation of the picture book was assessed among the four countries. Participants were mothers having children in upper grades of elementary school that participated in after-school activities in the US, Germany, China (N =100), and Japan (N =200). We requested them to read the picture book silently. The value they placed on after-school activities and the level of control in parenting attitudes was assessed before and after reading the picture book. The results indicated that the results-oriented and continuity-based approach and the strength of control decreased after reading the book, demonstrated its educational effects. The scores for interest, usefulness, and new findings in the picture book in all four countries were higher than the median score of 3 points, suggesting its significance. The picture book’s comprehension and significance scores were the highest in Chinese mothers, who tended to perceive the main characters in the stories as selfish and responded that a stricter attitude was required. Finally, Japanese mothers had a low consciousness about recommending picture books to others.

86

Empathy and the need for closure predict moral intuitions that influence conservatism: Testing moral intuitions as motivated social cognition in Japan

Goun Park, Nagoya universityKeiko Ishii, Nagoya university

Previous research has suggested that individuals emphasize different moral intuitions related to their political attitudes, and those with higher psychological needs to uncertainty and threat are more likely to support the existing socio-economical system and adhere to a conservative ideology. Additionally, a recent study suggested that empathy and epistemic motives (e.g., need for closure) undergird moral intuitions that influence system justification and political attitudes. Because evidence related to moral intuitions has mainly been accumulated in Western cultures, which do not reflect the cross-cultural validity of the underlying mechanism, we explored relationships among empathy, epistemic and existential motives, moral intuition, system justification, and political attitudes by testing Japanese participants. Consistent with the previous findings, the need for closure was positively associated with “binding” foundations (in-group loyalty, respect for authority, and purity), whereas empathy was positively associated with “individual” foundations (avoidance of harm

and fairness). Additionally, system justification and conservatism increased as a function of binding foundations but decreased as a function of individual foundations. Furthermore, the associations of binding and individual foundations with conservatism were mediated by system justification. Inconsistent with the previous findings, the need for closure was positively associated with individual foundations, whereas empathy was positively associated with binding foundations. These results suggest that, in Japan, individual differences in empathy and the desire for a predictable world promote an emphasis on moral foundations in general. Implications for cultural differences regarding the function of social cognitive motivation that underlies moral intuition will be discussed.

87

We do not talk anymore: Competitive context leads to negative attitudes toward other group members through diminished intellectual humility

Seunghye Jeong, Korea UniversityTaekyun Hur, Korea University

Social conflict is ubiquitous and very difficult to resolve. This is, in part, because conflict often results in lowered willingness to consider opinion from an out-group. Given that conflict arises from disagreements over issues among different groups, such reluctant attitudes may, at best, not help resolve ongoing social conflict and, at worst, contribute to creating persistent and worsening division. We suggest that situational context cause lack of intellectual humility (IH, the recognition of one’s intellectual fallibility) which is one possible mechanism explaining individuals’ unwillingness to consider different opinions under conflict. IH is received growing attention as a variable that predicts tolerance of different perspectives (Porter & Schumann, 2018). Although IH usually is considered as a personal trait, it is also affected by external factors (e.g., partners’ responsiveness) (Reis et al., 2018). Examining how IH is changed in competitive context will have a realistic implication given that group conflicts are associated with competition for limited resources (Esses et al,.1998). We aim to test this idea in the gender conflict context, which is a major social issue in South Korea. 180 participants (based on one-tailed, 95% power, effect size d=0.5) will be randomly assigned into either a conflict (being reminded of competition over limited job opportunities) or control condition. After manipulation, their IH score and attitude toward counter group will be measured. We expect that participants in the conflict condition show lower IH, compared to the control condition, subsequently leading to diminished willingness to consider different opinions.

88

Men who strongly endorse benevolent sexism refuse to change their surname: Marriage and surname choice in Japan



Koudai Fukudome, Fukuyama UniversityYasuko Morinaga, Hiroshima University

In Japan, a married couple has to use the same surname to align with the civil code and the wife takes her husband’s surname in more than 95% of married couples. Since this name choice practice has been accepted as a matter of course in Japan, people are not aware of the fact that women are not obligated to change their surnames and can request their partners to change their surnames instead. We anticipated that ambivalent sexism, both hostile sexism (HS) and benevolent sexism (BS), plays a role in supporting the traditional practice of surname choice. We administrated an online survey in which single participants (N=390) were asked how they would respond if their partners requested them to change their surnames. Regression analysis showed significant main effects of both HS and Gender on name choice preference (β=.190, p<.05; β=.363, p<.01) and a significant interaction of BS×Gender (β=.113, p<.05), but not of HS×Gender (β=.032, n.s.). Simple slope analysis indicated that men who strongly endorse benevolent sexism disagree with their partner’s request. Based on these results, the relationships between BS and surname choice in Japan were discussed.

89

The Effect of Leaders’ Workplace Spirituality and Care Perspective on Subordinates’ Leader Trust and Followership

Juyoung Choi, Sungkyunkwan UniversityYoungwon Suh, Sungkyunkwan University

The purposes of this study were to establishing comprehensive fundamental concept and to develop a scale of leaders’ care perspective and justice perspective about personal relationship and social relationship. It also identified how leaders’ workplace spirituality has positively influences on the subordinates’ followership in organizations. To this end, this study identified the indirect effects through leaders’ workplace spirituality and subordinates’ followership and as well as the serial mediation by leaders’ personal care perspective and subordinates’ leader trust. After two separate surveys to leaders and subordinates in various industries to collect the data for analysis, which was performed using PROCESS macro program. The results of the present study can be summarized into three things. First, the direct effect between leaders’ workplace spirituality and care perspective about personal relationship was confirmed. Second, leaders’ workplace spirituality was also found to increase the followership of subordinates indirectly by selecting leaders’ care perspective about personal relationship and strengthening subordinates’ leader trust. Leaders’ personal care perspective and subordinates’ leader trust were sequentially mediated the relationship between leader’s spirituality and subordinates’ followership. Third, the subordinates has low growth needs strength were the main beneficiary of the leader’s workplace spirituality. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings, the limitations of the

present research, and future research topics are discussed. By empirically verifying the mechanism between leaders’ workplace spirituality and subordinates’ followership, this study contributes to furthering the scope and depth of leadership research.

90

Gender Differences in Obtaining Decent Work: A Multi-Group Analysis of Psychology of Working Theory

Seul Ah Lee, Korea UniversityAekyung Jang, Korea UniversitySohwi Pyo, Korea UniversityEunjoo Yang, Korea University

Decent work is a central concept in the Psychology of Working Theory (Duffy, Blustein, Diemer, & Autin, 2016), which proposes that contextual constraints predict the attainment of decent work via work volition and career adaptability. Previous studies supported the validity of the proposed model for the various groups in the U.S. and the Koreans. As an effort to further extend the existing understanding on the Psychology of Working Theory, this study examined gender differences in the paths to the attainment of decent work with Korean emerging adults. Specifically, we hypothesized a partial mediation model in which economic constraints predicted work volition and career adaptability, which, in turn, led to decent work. A total of 309 South Korean employees (mean age=25.87, meN=93, womeN=216) completed online questionnaires. The results supported the partial metric invariance between men and women. Further analyses showed a gender difference in the path from career adaptability to decent work. Career adaptability was positively associated with decent work only for men, not for women. This finding indicates the gender differences in how one is affected by contextual influences when trying to secure a decent work, possibly implying that different types of career resources other than career adaptability would be more critical for women. It suggests that career resources for obtaining a decent work may be distinctive by different groups, and further studies are needed to identify them.

91

Distinct Types of Calling among Korean Employees: A Latent Profile Analysis of Calling Sources

Jakyung Seo, Yonsei University

In the last few decades, many research on calling found how it affects well-being in both positive and negative ways but very few explore on how different sources of calling might cause different outcomes to well-being. Duffy et al. (2014) classified calling sources into three distinct groups (External summons, Destiny, Perfect fit) and examined how these groups differ in



terms of living a calling, job satisfaction, and life satisfaction. However, the recent results of the taxometric analysis did not reveal discrete types or categories within the calling construct, but rather suggested that the diverse definitions of calling differ as a matter of degree, along continuous dimensions (Dik & Shimizu, 2019; Lysova et al., 2019). This study aims to identify subgroups of Korean employees with calling in terms of calling sources (Destiny, Duty, Personal Fulfillment, Prosocial Motivation) and examine whether the level of life satisfaction and job satisfaction differs among the subgroups. This study has newly added Duty as a calling source since it was found that calling also contains a sense of duty towards family, society, and nation in Asian culture (Zhang et al., 2015). To address the purpose, 305 employed full-time workers who answered “yes” to Having a Calling screening question item participated in the online survey. Each Calling Source was assessed with a 7-point Likert-type scale asking how much each participant agrees with a paragraph explicating what each calling source means in detail. Latent Profile Analysis will be conducted to classify the participants into homogeneous latent groups.

92

Can decision-makers resist nudge interventions?

Ayumi Yamada, The University of Shiga Prefecture

Presenting one option as the default has powerful and pervasive effects on choice decisions. Some scholars, however, have criticized that the use of defaults are morally problematic because people are typically unaware that they are nudged toward a decision. Recently, to address this criticism, researchers demonstrate that defaults can still be effective even if people are provided with information on the potential influence. The finding seemingly shows that transparent defaults can affect individual decisions without impairing respect for people’s autonomy. This study, however, investigates the possibility that the effective intervention of transparent defaults might result from lack of people’s awareness of its influence rather than their autonomous decision. In Experiment 1, participants were not aware that they opted for the default option, donor or non-donor. In Experiment 2, despite the disclosure of default interventions they opted for the default, but were not fully aware that they were nudged towards the decision. These findings suggest that promoting people’s decisional autonomy under a behavioral intervention might require more than informing them on its influence.

93

Wearing a mask for you and for me: How compassionate goals predict more adaptive behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic

Yu Niiya, Hosei University

People who want to support others’ well-being (i.e., have compassionate goals) create more satisfying relationships through their increased responsiveness to others’ needs (e.g., Canevello & Crocker, 2010) and through their beliefs that relationships work in nonzero-sum ways (Crocker, Canevello, & Lewis, 2017). My research expands on these findings and tested whether people with compassionate goals are more likely to engage in adaptive behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic with a nonzero-sum mindset, i.e., to help others as well as themselves. I also hypothesized that higher compassionate goals would predict a stronger association between pro-self and pro-other motivation. In an online survey, Japanese adults (N=193, 34% female, mean age 41.7) completed the Compassionate and Self-Image Goals Scale (Niiya & Crocker, 2019) and rated how often they engaged in various behaviors (e.g., staying home, staying healthy, wearing masks, trying not to be upset, and trying to smile) and how much each of the behaviors was for themselves and others. Compassionate goals had a direct effect on behavior (b=.098, 95% CI[.012, .184]) as well as indirect effects through pro-other (b=.053, 95% CI[.017, .101]) and pro-self motives (b=.127, 95% CI[.070, .190]). None of the self-image goals showed these indirect effects. Compassionate goals moderated the association between pro-self and pro-other motives (b=.292, 95% CI[.128, .456]), with a stronger association for those with higher compassionate goals. These findings show that people with compassionate goals engage in adaptive behaviors for others and themselves in nonzero-sum ways.

94

Effects of personal attributes, risk perception and risk literacy on COVID-19 vaccination

Daisuke Kudo, Tokaigakuin UniversityYang Li, Nagoya University

During the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccinations could be an effective way to curb the pandemic. However, negative attitudes toward the vaccination are as prevalent as they have been for other vaccines (e.g., influenza, HPV, etc.). In this study, we examined the factors that discourage COVID-19 vaccination in terms of personal attributes and risk perception. 425 Japanese adults participated in an internet survey. The dependent variable was their intention to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, and the independent variables were risk perception of COVID-19 itself, risk perception of the COVID-19 vaccine, optimism about COVID-19, the tendency of risk aversion, risk literacy, and demographic variables. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that in terms of personal attributes, the intention to receive the vaccine tended to be higher among married individuals. In terms of the factors related to COVID-19, the impact of the risk perception of COVID-19 itself was not significant and the risk perception of the vaccine had a negative impact on their vaccination intention. Optimism about COVID-19 also had a negative effect on their vaccination intention. On the other hand, in terms of risk literacy, the more a person has a basic



knowledge about the risks and the more a person is familiar with the risk-benefit tradeoff, the higher the intention to vaccinate. In short, the optimism about COVID-19 and the perceived risk of the vaccine were suggested to inhibit vaccination.

95

Influence of Money on Social Distress

Robin Park, Chungnam National UniversityWoo Young Chun, Chungnam National University

In modern social world where humans rely on each other’s abilities to obtain what they want, money often becomes the medium of the very interaction. Thus, money can be regarded as the substitute of social acceptance, granting the opportunity to achieve one’s goal from social system. What had been suggested by previous researches were that money can replace social popularity, meaning this occurs regardless of one’s likability (Lea & Webley, 2006). More recent researches have discovered that simple priming of money concept induces considerable influences on our cognition and interpersonal interaction (Vohs, Mead, and Goode, 2006; Caruso, Vohs, Baxter & Waytz, 2013; Jiang, Chen, & Wyer, 2014). The participants were to first complete the two relationship orientation scales that assesses one’s rule of interpersonal relationship. That is, whether one regards their relationship in communal/exchange manner. Next, depending on the condition, participants were provided with either money or neutral pictures as a measure of priming. Next, the participants were to be involved in an on-line Cyberball ball tossing game designed to induce social exclusion on all participants. Social distress from the Cyberball game was the dependent variable. The results showed that the effect of money priming on social distress differed depending on one’s relationship orientation. To be specific, the communal group showed no difference in social distress level when primed with money, while the exchangers reported lower social distress. Therefore, the results suggest that influence of direct money priming effect may show diversities when considering one’s view of interpersonal relationship.

96

The Role Of Hope As A Mediator Between Social Support And School Engagement Among Filipino Public School Students

Michelle De Guzman, Ateneo de Manila UniversityMa. Elizabeth Macapagal, Ateneo de Manila University

Most students in the Philippines are enrolled in public schools, and yet conditions inside the classroom make it difficult for a student to stay engaged. Although there are many factors that contribute to school engagement, the current study looks at social support – particularly teacher support, parent support and peer help, as predictors of school engagement. The study also

looks at hope as a mediating factor between this relationship, given that students are faced with adverse situations both in the school setting and in their communities. The study was conducted among Grade 6 students at a public elementary school in Quezon City. Regression analysis was conducted to look at the mediation between these variables. Based on the results of the study, hope serves as a partial mediator of the relationship between social support and school engagement. Results of the study have implications on factors on school outcomes, as well as school interventions on public schools in the Philippines.

97

Implicit Association Test measuring non-conscious aspects of psychologists’ credibility and its reliability and validity

Yoshikazu Fukui, Konan universityTakashi Hori, Konan university

The national certification of psychologists in Japan was introduced in 2018. However, the public has not often consulted psychologists. The psychologists’ familiarity is higher than other occupations (Ihara & Miho, 2014), whereas the intention to seek help from psychologists is considerably lower than from family members and friends (Fukui & Hori, 2021), which suggests differences between conscious images and non-conscious attitudes about psychologists. We developed two Implicit Association Tests (IATs) for measuring non-conscious aspects of psychologists’ credibility. We used “psychologist-doctor” and “psychologist-teacher” as target categories and “reliable-doubtful” as attribute categories. The two IATs and a questionnaire survey were conducted with university students (N=304). Internal consistencies of the two IATs were relatively high (α=.773, and α=.910, respectively). The non-conscious aspect of psychologists’ credibility compared to teachers’ credibility was significantly lower than psychologists’ credibility compared to doctors’ credibility, whereas neither differed significantly from 0.0, suggesting neutral attitudes. Furthermore, correlation analysis indicated that non-conscious aspects of psychologists’ credibility had a significant weak positive correlation with the accuracy of knowledge about psychological professions, tendencies to recommend friends to seek help from psychologists for more serious problems, and the conscious aspect of psychologists’ credibility measured by a self-rating scale. On the other hand, non-conscious aspects of psychologists’ credibility were not significantly correlated with seeking help from psychologists for problems faced by the self. These findings indicate that IATs developed in this study have acceptable reliability and validity.

98

Observing a “desirable” elderly person develops positive attitudes toward elderly adults: Focusing on prescriptive stereotypes



Yuho Shimizu, The University of TokyoTakaaki Hashimoto, The University of TokyoKaori Karasawa, The University of Tokyo

Individuals generally have negative attitudes toward elderly adults that adversely impact their mental health. In particular, citizens think that elderly adults should avoid clinging on their property and status and encourage succession of resources (i.e., prescriptive stereotypes). Therefore, if individuals see an elderly person who observes the prescriptive stereotype, they may have more positive attitudes toward a social group of elderly. We conducted an experiment with Japanese participants (N=31). Here, participants read one of the two vignettes: a “desirable” elderly person who observes the prescriptive stereotype (observance condition) and an “undesirable” one who violates the stereotype (violation condition). Before and after reading the vignette, attitudes toward elderly adults were measured using the Japanese short version of the Fraboni Scale of Ageism. A two-way ANOVA was conducted with vignette condition (observance/violation; between design) and time (pre/post; within design) on negative attitudes. Results showed a significant interaction effect between vignette condition and time on antilocution (F (1, 29)=6.89, p=.01). Post hoc tests revealed that after reading the vignette, participants in the observance condition had more positive attitudes than those in the violation condition (F (1, 29)=5.60, p=.02), and attitudes of participants in the observance condition positively changed (F (1, 14)=8.89, p=.01). Results suggest that observing a “desirable” elderly person promotes positive attitudes toward elderly adults. Finally, practical applications to decrease negative attitudes toward elderly adults are discussed.

99

The impact of international mentoring on the adjustment of foreign employees: a preliminary survey

Asami Oue, Fukuoka universityMakoto Mitsuyama, Medical Corporation Keieikai

Over the past three decades, researchers have studied the adjustment of foreign employees, focusing on the predictors of such adjustment. These studies highlight the importance of international mentoring and find that foreign employees benefit from having two concurrent mentors: a home country mentor and a host country mentor. However, very little is known about the mutual relationship between home and host country mentors. While existing research explains the effect of the role of both mentors in ensuring the adjustment of foreign employees (e.g., Zhuang, Wub, & Wen, 2013) , this effect may vacillate between the mentors over time. To gain a deeper understanding of the role of concurrent mentoring on the adjustment of foreign employees, this study undertakes a survey, based on a questionnaire that is administered to foreign students who have secured a job offer in a host country . The survey focuses on the two types of mentoring,

employee adjustment, level of happiness, proficiency in the host country’s language, duration of stay, and social network in the home and host countries. The findings show no major variation between the effects of mentoring by home and host country mentors. The implications of these findings for future surveys are also discussed.

100

Perceived Social Impact, Perceived Social Worth, and Customer orientation behaviors Among Care Workers in Facilities Covered by Public Aid Providing Long-Term Care to the Elderly

Yasuhiko Haraguchi, Tokyo Keizai UniversityGo Ichimiya, Tokyo Keizai UniversityMakoto Mitsuyama, CEO

Perceived social impact is the degree to which employees feel that their actions benefit others. Perceived social worth is the degree to which employees feel that their contributions are valued by others. Perceived social impact and perceived social worth have been shown to have a positive effect on job performance (Grant, 2008). Both concepts are part of task significance. Work performance is also affected by customer orientation behavior. Therefore, we predicted that these two concepts would have a positive effect on customer orientation behavior. This study tested the relationship between perceived social impacts, perceived social worth, and customer orientation behavior in the care workers employed in facilities covered by public aid providing long-term care to the elderly. Using a questionnaire survey form, data were collected from 2092 care workers employed in 160 Japanese facilities. In addition to perceived social impact and perceived social worth and job satisfaction, we used organizational citizenship behavior, customer-oriented behavior, and role behavior to measure customer orientation behavior. Perceived social impact was found to have a positive effect on customer orientation behavior. Perceived social worth also had a positive effect on customer orientation behavior either directly or through job satisfaction. We concluded that increasing perceived social impact and perceived social worth may activate customer orientation behavior, which could increase job performance. This research also demonstrated that the task significance of work activates customer orientation behavior. We will discuss the details of how perceived social impact and perceived social worth contribute to customer orientation behavior.

July 29-31 I Virtual (Seoul, Korea)230 AASP 2021 CONFERENCE

APPENDIX

A Whova Attendee Mobile User Guide

Download the Whova App

1. The Whova app is free to download.

2. �Open the Apple Store or Android Store on your mobile device and search for “Whova.” Or, visit https://whova.com/download/ in your mobile device’s web browser.

3. When you have found Whova, click to download and install the Whova app.

Sign in to Whova

1. �Make sure to use the email address you used when registering for the event. You will be able to login after July 20, 2021 and will not be asked to pay anything to sign in.

2. Create a password and type in your name.

3. �Edit your profile. Other attendees will use this to network with you if you choose to be included in the attendee list.

4. The app will take you to the conference home page automatically.


View the Agenda and Plan Your Schedule

1. Find the Agenda tab at the bottom of the screen. You should see a list of sessions for that day.

2. �You can move through different days by selecting the date you want to view on the calendar at the top of the agenda.

3. Browse or search for sessions on the top bar.

4. Once you find the session you want to access, tap on it.

5. �If the session is live, it will begin playing immediately upon entering. Otherwise, a message will indicate the scheduled start time.

6. �If the session hasn’t occurred yet, you can click “Add to My Agenda” to put the session on your own personal agenda and set a reminder.

If the event doesn’t show up automatically, click “Find My Event / Conference” button and type “The 14th Biennial Conference of the Asian Association of Social Psychology.” Then, click the join button on the bottom of the event description page, and enter the event invitation code we sent you via email. Or, request a new code and wait until we approve your request.


Access Live Streams and Session Videos

1. From the agenda list, click the session you want to watch.

2. If the streaming screen directly shows up, click “Proceed” to start watching the stream.

Use session Q&A

1. �On the session detail page, click the “Q&A” button; on the next page, view the existing questions, vote on the questions you are interested in, or click “Ask a Question” to ask a new one.

2. �On the conference main page, you can also click the “Session Q&A” button; find the session you want to ask questions in and click on it.

3. �Speakers in live sessions will respond to questions after their session. Speakers in pre-recorded sessions (including posters) will respond to questions before and after sessions. The session Chat and Q&A will remain after the conference has ended (until December 31, 2021) to see answers to your questions.


See Who is Attending the Event

1. �When you sign in for the first time, you will be asked: “Would you like to network with other attendees by listing yourself in the attendee list?”

� a. If you answer yes – you will be able to view the Attendees tab and will be included in the attendees list.

� b. If you answer no – you will not be able to view the Attendees tab and will not be included in the attendees list.

2. To view other attendees: Click the Attendees tab on the bottom of the screen to browse the attendee list.

3. �At the top of the page, you can search attendees by keywords such as company name or title. In their professional profiles, you can take notes or request contact information.

4. �To find people with common backgrounds and interests, click the Recommended tab on the top of the Attendees list to find Whova’s recommendations about people you may be interested in networking with. Click into each item to see attendees who come from the same city or have the same affiliations, educational background, or interests as you.

5. �Say “Hi” with one click or start a private chat by clicking the “Message” button. You can convert it to a private group chat by inviting more people.

Join Discussion on the Community Board

1. �Click the Community tab on the side menu to the left of the screen.

2. �Create a new conversation topic, or tap the topic to join existing topics like “Meet-ups.”

3. �Click Follow directly next to the topics on the Community Board that you want to stay up to date with. To find the topics you’re following, choose between three tabs near the top of the page: All Topics, Followed, and New Topics.

4. �Check the Community board for conference updates and to ask questions.


Start or Join a Virtual Meetup

1. Go to the Community Board and find the board for Meetups and Virtual Meets.

2. Find the meet-up you are interested in, join directly, or click into it to see more details, and then click “Join”.

3. �You can also suggest a new meetup by clicking “Suggest a Meet” and inputting the details. If you know someone will be interested, don’t forget to invite them as well. If you have a meeting link, you can copy-paste there. Otherwise, you can use Whova’s virtual meet room, which allows up to 30 participants.


B Whova Attendee Desktop User Guide

Sign in to Whova

1. �You will receive an email from Whova on July 20, 2021 with instructions for logging into the site. The link looks like https://whova.com/portal/webapp/xxxx/. Click “Sign up here” if you don’t have an account yet and fill in your email and password. Make sure to use the email address you used when registering for the event. You will not be asked to pay anything to sign in. When logging in, you will automatically be taken to the conference main page.

2. �Edit your profile. Other attendees will use this to network with you if you choose to be included in the attendee list.

3. �To participate live streaming for sessions, we suggest that you use Chrome browser for the web app. Some streaming software may have compatibility issues with other browsers.


View the agenda and plan your schedule

1. Find the Agenda tab on the side of the screen. You should see a list of sessions for that day.

2. �You can move through different days by selecting the date you want to view on the calendar at the top of the agenda.

3. Browse or search for sessions on the top bar.

4. Once you find the session you want to access, tap on it.

5. �If the session is live, it will begin playing immediately upon entering. Otherwise, a message will indicate the scheduled start time.

6. �If the session hasn’t occurred yet, you can click “Add to My Agenda” to put the session on your own personal agenda.


Access live streams and session videos

1. �We suggest you use the Chrome browser to join the session streaming. Some streaming software may have compatibility issues with other browsers.

2. �From the agenda list, click the session you want to watch the stream or video. There is a green camera icon for the sessions with streaming or video.

3. �If the streaming screen directly shows up, click “Proceed” to start watching the stream. Otherwise click “View livestream” button to open a separate streaming page to watch.

Use session Q&A

1. �You can access three tabs on the right side of the virtual session: Session Q&A, Chat, and Community. You can submit questions for the speakers through Session Q&A, participate in ongoing discussions with the other attendees viewing the session through Chat, and browse the Community Board where members can engage in general asynchronous chat topics and live meet-ups.

2. �You can also access the Session Q&A tab on the left-hand sidebar underneath Resources. Here you can browse the ongoing Q&A for individual sessions.

3. �Speakers in live sessions will respond to questions after their session. Speakers in pre-recorded sessions (including posters) will respond to questions before and after sessions. The session Chat and Q&A will remain after the conference has ended (until December 31, 2021) to see answers to your questions.


See who is attending the event

1. �When you sign in for the first time, you will be asked: “Would you like to network with other attendees by listing yourself in the attendee list?”

� a. If you answer yes – you will be able to view the Attendees tab and will be included in the attendees list.

� b. If you answer no – you will not be able to view the Attendees tab and will not be included in the attendees list.

2. To view other attendees: Click the Attendees tab on the left side of the screen under “Main Navigation”.

3. At the top of the page, you can search attendees by keywords such as company, name, or title.

4. To start a conversation, click “Send Message” to begin a chat.


Join discussion on the community board

1. Click the Community tab on the side menu to the left of the screen.

2. Create a new conversation topic, or use existing topics like “Meet-ups.”

3. �Click “Follow” directly next to the topics on the Community Board that you want to stay up to date with. To find the topics you are following, choose between three tabs near the top of the topics list section: All Topics, Followed, and New Topics.

4. Check the Community board for conference updates and to ask questions.


Start or join a virtual meetup

1. Go to the Community Board and find the board for Meetups and Virtual Meets.

2. Find the meetup you are interested in, join directly, or click into it to see more details, and then click “RSVP”

3. When the meetup starts, click “Join meeting room” to start chatting.

4. �You can also suggest a new meetup by clicking “Suggest a Meet” and inputting the details. If you know someone will be interested, don’t forget to invite them as well. If you have a meeting link, you can copy-paste there. Otherwise, you can use Whova’s virtual meet room, which allows up to 30 participants.


The 14th Biennial Conference of the Asian Association of Social Psychology2021.07.29-07.31Virtual (Seoul, Korea)

Social Psychology of Intergroup Conflict:Towards Peace and Reconciliation in Asia

This work was supported by the NRF(National Research Foundation of Korea) Grant funded by the MOE(Ministry of Education).

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