TEXTILE WASTE WATER

AND ITS TREATMENT

Zeeshan Majeed Butt 4915614

Table of Content

Introduction

Textile Process

Dyeing and Printing

Waste

Textile dyeing waste water risk

Textile waste water treatments

Conclusion and Recommendations

Introduction

food, clothing and shelter are the three basic needs of life.

We eat food to survive and protect yourself from diseases, we need a house

to live in. Why do you wear clothes? We wear clothes for protection

against climate, for modesty and beauty, and also to show status. The

material that is use for making cloths is called fabric.(Shaolan Ding et al

2010)

Water is the essential part of life on earth, the purest sign of life .The

purest water which is free from harmful chemicals and pathogenic

bacteria's is important for human health . Water and environment is

contaminated by organic materials which are released by textile industries

.Textile waste water contains large number of dye stuffs which is challenge

for environment and also for the wellness of industry

(Kavitha, S., Umadevi, M., Janani, S., Balakrishnan, T. and Ramanibai, R. 2014)

Textile Process

Four stages from which the cloths can be made

Yarn Manufacturing,

Weaving ,

Wet Processing

Garments

(Potter 1959)

Dyeing and Printing(Wet

Processing)

The process in which the dye(colour) is mixed with water and transfer to the fabric

For making of dyeing paste we need near about 8 to 12 litre water and all this can be done In big tank which have the capacity of near about 15 litre

Different dyes Reactive, disperse, pigment, acidic, alkaline etc

(fiber2fashion.com)

Waste s Process Compounds

Desizing Sizes, enzymes, starch, waxes,

ammonia.

scouring NaOH, surfactants,

soaps, fats, waxes, pectin, oils,

sizes, anti-static agents, spent

solvents, enzymes

Bleaching H2O2, AOX, sodium silicate or

organic stabiliser, high pH.

Mercerizing High pH, NaOH

Dyeing Colour, metals, salts, surfactants,

organic processing assistants,

sulphide, acidity/alkalinity,

formaldehyde

Printing Urea, solvents, colour, metals

Finshing Resins, waxes, chlorinated

compounds, acetate, stearate, spent

solvents, softeners.

(wang,hang,lie 2011)

Textile Wastes

Indiantextilejounernals.com

Textile dyeing wastewater risk

Discharge of waste water without treatment cause

it will has a serious impact on natural water bodies and land in the surrounding area.

High values of COD and BOD, presence of particulate matter and sediments, and oil and grease in the effluent causes depletion of dissolved oxygen, which has an adverse effect on the aquatic ecological system

More acidic or Alkalin PH water put dangerous effects on crops and fertility of lands

Effluent from textile mills also contains chromium, which has a cumulative effect, and higher possibilities for entering into the food chain. Due to usage of dyes and chemicals, effluents are dark in color, which increases the turbidity of water body. This in turn hampers the photosynthesis process, causing alteration in the habitat (Joseph Egli,2007)

Chemical Use in process Important

Properties

Injury Produced

Acetic acid, organic

acids

Dyeing,

Printing,Finshing

Water soluble Skin problems

Ammonia Dyeing ,Printing Alkaline gas, very

high water solubility

Breathing problems

Chlorine Bleaching, Intermediate water

solubility

skin Problems

,Breathing

problems, cancer

Hydrochloric acid Scouring Highly water

soluble

Bad smell cause

skin problems and

will cause seriously

burn the skin if a

single drop of HCL

poured on your skin

Textile dyeing wastewater treatment

processes

Equalization and homogenization

Floatation

Chemical oxidation

Adsorption

Ultra filtration

Microfiltration

(wang,hang,lie 2011)

Conclusion and recommendations

Before releasing the waste water it must be filtered

Increase on the focus of Eco-fashion cloths

Use of recycling garments need less process to

manufacture the garments

References

Shaolan Ding; Zhengkun Li; Wangrui (2010). Overview of dyeing wastewater treatment technology. Water resources protection 26(2010) p73-78 -94

Potter, M. D. and Corbman, B. P. 1959. Fiber to fabric. New York: Gregg Pub. Division., McGraw-Hill

Fibre2fashion.com. 2014. Fibre2fashion - B2B Marketplace For World Textile, Apparel & Fashion Industry, Best B2B Textile Portal, B2B Trade & Business Portal. [online] Available at: http://www.fibre2fashion.com [Accessed: 22 Feb 2014]

Li-yan Fu; Xiang-hua Wen ; Qiu-li Lu; Yi Qian (2001). Treatment of dyeing wastewater in two SBR systems. Process Biochemistry 1111–1118

Joseph Egli Italia srl (2007). Wastewater treatment in the textile industry. Dyeing Printing Finishing 10(2007)60-66

Wang, Z., Xue, M., Huang, K. and Liu, Z. 2011. Textile dyeing wastewater treatment. Advances in Treating Textile Effluent, ed by Hauser P. InTech Publishers, pp. 5--116.

Ilo.org. 2014. Diseases Caused by Respiratory Irritants and Toxic Chemicals.

[online] Available at: http://www.ilo.org/oshenc/part-i/respiratory-system/item/411-

diseases-caused-by-respiratory-irritants-and-toxic-chemicals [Accessed: 4 Mar

2014].

Indiantextilejournal.com. 2014. Environmental impacts of textile industries |

General | Features | The ITJ. [online] Available at:

http://www.indiantextilejournal.com/articles/FAdetails.asp?id=2420 [Accessed: 1

Mar 2014].

Kavitha, S., Umadevi, M., Janani, S., Balakrishnan, T. and Ramanibai, R. 2014.

Fluorescence quenching and photocatalytic degradation of textile dyeing waste

water by silver nanoparticles. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and

Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 127 pp. 115--121.

ACID RAIN

Table of Content

What is acid rain

Process picture

Effected areas and Measurements

Effects

Effects on natural resources

Effect on Human

How to reduce the acid rain

Use alternate source of energy

Conclusion and Recommendations

What is Acid Rain

Acid rain" is a mixture of wet and dry deposition (deposited material)

from the atmosphere containing higher than normal amounts of nitric and

sulfuric acids. The chemical forerunners, of acid rain formation result from

both natural sources, such as volcanoes and decaying vegetation, and man-

made sources, primarily emissions of SO2 and NO2 resulting from fossil

fuel combustion

The gases responsible for acid deposition are normally a by product of

electric power generation and the burning of coal. As such, it began

entering the atmosphere in large amounts during the Industrial Revolution

and was first discovered by a Scottish chemist, Robert Angus Smith, in

1852. In that year, he discovered the relationship between acid rain and

atmospheric pollution in Manchester, England

(Epa.gov.com)

Process picture

how stuff works.com

Effected areas and Measurements

In America ,Minnesort, Wisconsin, Upper Michigan and several south eastern states

In Europe Netherland ,Belgium ,Denmark ,Switzerland Italy , West Germany and Ireland

It is estimated that half of the 700,000 lakes in the six eastern provinces of Canada and south of 52N have alkalinity values below 50 Mue –eq Liter these are the extreme value of the acid sensitivity

(Fredick,Hans 2004)

Acid rain can be measured with PH scale in this scale there is 0 to 14 numbers in which up till 7 or blew 7 it is acidic where as above then 7 till 14 it is alkaline normal water having PH 7

Normal rain and snow measure about pH 5.60. In environmental science, the definition of acid precipitation refers to a pH less than 5.65

( Elsworth, 1984)

Acid extent areas Measurement

Effect

Fish and aquatic organisms

Acid rain causes a cascade of effects that harm or kill individual fish, reduce fish population numbers, completely eliminate fish species from a water body, and decrease biodiversity

Ecosystem

as lakes and streams become more acidic, the numbers and types of fish and other aquatic plants and animals that live in these waters decrease

Forests

Acids can cause leaching of nutrients (calcium, magnesium, and potassium) from leaves and

needles and from soils, thus removing elements essential for tree growth

Materials

Acid rain and the dry deposition of acidic particles contribute to the corrosion of metals (such as bronze) and the deterioration of paint and stone (such as marble and limestone). These effects significantly reduce the societal value of buildings, bridges, cultural objects (such as statues, monuments, and tombstones), and cars

(chestnut, David 2005)

Effect on Natural resources

In USA three major natural resources are effected fresh water lakes and stream

water,coastal estuaries and forests

(Fredick,Hans 2004)

Effect on human

The 1990 assessment of potential human health benefits focused on acid aerosols, acid deposition, and gaseous SO2. Acid aerosols were suspected of being one of the toxic components of air pollutants that had been linked to elevated mortality rates, but the evidence was considered inconclusive. The assessment also examined the risk posed by the potential for acid deposition to mobilize harmful substances in the soil, causing them to enter the human food chain. Exposures via this pathway were then and still are very uncertain, difficult to quantify, and likely to affect limited populations who eat large quantities of freshwater fish. Most locations were already meeting the NAAQS for SO2, and direct health benefits of further reductions in gaseous SO2 were expected only for sensitive individuals residing near the power plants. Potential effects of changes in ozone concentrations (as a result of changes in NOx emissions, which are an ozone precursor) on human health were acknowledged in the 1990 assessment, but not quantified (chestnut, David 2005)

How to reduce the acid rain

There are several options for reducing SO2 emissions, including using coal containing less sulfur, washing the coal, and using devices called “scrubbers” to chemically remove the SO2 from the gases leaving the smokestack. Power plants can also switch fuels—for example, burning natural gas creates much less SO2 than burning coal. Certain approaches will also have the additional benefit of reducing other pollutants such as mercury and carbon dioxide (CO2). Understanding these “co-benefits” has become important in seeking cost-effective air pollution reduction strategies. Finally, power plants can use technologies that do not burn fossil fuels. Each of these options, however, has its own costs and benefits; there is no single universal solution

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) play a major role in the formation of photochemical smog and in acid rain production. Some progress has been made in reducing NOx emissions through the use of combustion and exhaust control schemes, including three-way catalyst, staged combustion, and ammonia injection.

(Williamson,1973;Kyte,1981;LaBastille,1981 el al.)

How to reduce the acid rain

Use of Lime gives us good results causing to reduce the acidity of soil

Switching of the fuel use alternative sources like natural Gas,Oil

Use the lime in coal burning causes to reduce the harmful elements

Flue gas desulpurization (FGD) technique must be used in the industries

(Williamson,1973;Kyte,1981;LaBastille,1981 el al.)

Recommendation

There are other sources of electricity besides fossil fuels. They include

nuclear power, hydropower, wind energy, geothermal energy, and solar

energy. Nuclear and hydropower are used most widely in the United

States, while wind, solar, and geothermal energy have not yet been

harnessed on a large enough scale to make them economically-feasible

alternatives.

There are also alternative energies, such as natural gas, batteries, and fuel

cells, available to power automobiles

Conclution

Use of alternative source of energy will reduce the emission of NO2 gas

Nuclear fuel is another source of energy industry must work on it

Natural gas will also help to reduce the NO2 emission

Secure the river , Dames , Forests , eco system

These things put good effect on life

References

Acid Rain Information Book-Final Report DE81 024267 (US Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service, Washington, 1981)

Anonymous. 2014. [online] Available at: http://science.howstuffworks.com/nature/climate-weather/atmospheric/acid-rain.htm [Accessed: 13 Apr 2014]

Chestnut, L. G. and Mills, D. M. 2005. A fresh look at the benefits and costs of the US acid rain program.Journal of Environmental Management, 77 (3), pp. 252--266

Epa.gov. 2014. What is Acid Rain? | Acid Rain | US EPA. [online] Available at: http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/what/ [Accessed: 12 Apr 2014]

Elsworth, S., 1984. Acid Rain. 1st ed. London: Pluto Press Limited, p.5

.

Finlayson-Pitts, B. J. & Pitts, J. N. Jr, Atmospheric Chemistry − Fundamentals and Experimental Techniques (Wiley, New York, 1986).

Hanson, R. K. & Salimian, S. Combustion Chemistry (ed. Gardiner, W. C. Jr, 361 (Springer, New York, 1984)

Menz, F. C. and Seip, H. M. 2004. Acid rain in Europe and the United States: an update. Environmental Science \& Policy, 7 (4), pp. 253--265.

Perry, R. and Siebers, D. 1986. Rapid reduction of nitrogen oxides in exhaust gas streams. Nature Publishing Group.

Schindler, D. W. 1988. Effects of acid rain on freshwater ecosystems. Science(Washington), 239 (4836), pp. 149--157.

Williamson,S.j. 1973 Fundamentals of air pollution, Reading,Mass:Addison-Wesley ;Bach,W. 1972 Atmospheric Pollution,New York;Kyte,W.S.(1981) 'Some chemical and chemical engineering aspects of flue gas desulphurization',Transactions of the institution of chemical Engineering 59: 219-29;LaBastille,A. 1981'Acid rain-how great a menace?',National Geographic 160:625-81;Howard,R and Perley,M. 1991 Poisoned skies, Toronto:Stoddart;Ellis,E.C., Erbes,R.E and Grott, J.K. 1990'Abatement of atmospheric emissions in North America: progress to date and promise for the future' in S.E . Linberg,A.L. Page and S.A.Norton.(eds) Acidic Precipitation,Volume 3, Sources, Deposition and Canopy interactions,New york: Springer-Verlag Cited in in Kemp, D., 1990. Global environmental issues. 1st ed. London: Routledge. p.93