ТЕРМИНЫ ГРАММАТИКИ В РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ XVIII ВЕКА...

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ISSN 0202-2400

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C. C. Bomcoo, H. B. Kapeaa

TEPMWHbl fPAMMATWKW B PYCCKOM .H3bIKE XVIII B.

(HaHMeHOBaHIDI <t>opM npomewuero BpeMeHH B rpaMMaTHKax 1730-1750-x rOAOB)

A11Homa1.juJr. B CTaTbe npose11etto 11ccne11osatt11e npo1..1ecca <t>opMHposamu1 CHCTCMbI TepMHHOB rpaMMaTHKH B PocCHlf B nepBOH OOIIOBHHe XVlll B. )lll11 peIIIeHH:ll 3TOH 3a-11a'flf aBTOpaMH npHMeHl!eTCll pa3pa6oTaHHblH B l1HCTHTyTe lllfHfBHCTH'feCKlfX HCC1Ie110-BaHHH PAH MeTOll pempocneKmueHozo onucaHUJl: 1111.sr onHcaHHll cne1..1H4>HKH 31leMeHTa onpe11e11eHHOH TepMHHOCHCTeMbl (KOHKpeTHO - CHCTeMbl rpaMMaTlf'fCCKlfX TepMHHOB M. B. JloMOHocosa) paccMaTp11oa10Tc11 pea11H3aL1HH npoTOTepMHHa s rrpe11IIIeCTByIOll..llfX MaTepHanax 3TOH npe11MeTHoiil 0611acrn (B. A11011ypos, M. llisaHBHLI, M. CMOTPHLIKHK).

Kmoiteewe CllOBa: TepMHH011orn11, HCTOPH'feCKall 11eKCHKorpa4>1ifll, pyccKHJ:I 113b!K XVIII s., M. B. JloMottocos, B. E. A11011ypos, M. CMOTPHLIKHH.

S. S. Volkov, N. V. Kareva

GRAMMAR TERMS IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE OF THE 18TH CENTURY:

(Past verbal forms in grammar treaties of 1730-1750)

Summary. This research presents the grammatical terminological system formation in Russia of the first half of the XVlll century. For that special purpose a new method of reversal description was created: This method follows a unit of the terminological system from grammar works of M. Lomonosov back to the previous texts of V. Adodurov, M. Schwanwitz and M. Smotritsky.

Keywords: terminology, historical lexicography, Russian language, 18th century, M. Lomonosov, V. Adodurov, M. Schwanwitz.

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1 BcneA 3a HTanMIHCKHM <frnnoco<f>oM ToMMa3o KaMrraHenna (1568-1639) asrnpb1 rrpornsorrocTaBTUllOT ABa BHAa rpaMMarnK - grammatica civilis H grammatica philosophica. 3aAaqa grammatica civilis - o6yqHTb 'l<OHKpeTHOMY H3b1Ky, 3a.11aqa grammatica philosophica - qepe3 cpasHeHHe .11aHHbIX pa3nHqHbIX R3bIKOB BbIRBHTb rrpHpO,llHble 3aKOHOMepHocrn, rrpHCYll.IHe BCeM H3bIKaM (Swiggers 1997: 181).

2 MapmuH IIJeaHeu~ (Martin Schwanwitz, t l 740) - rrperro.11aBaTenb H II03,l1Hee peKTop CaHKT-I1eTep6yprcKOH AKa,lleMHqecKott rnMHa3HH.

256


«IlpeTepHTYM'b noKa3yeTb npoIIIeAIIIee BpeMR, H eCTb TpORKOe: IlpeTepHTYM'b lMnep<f>eKTYM'b [HeCOBepIIIeHHO npOIIIeAIIIee] Ilep<f>eKTYM'b [coBepIIIeHHO npoIIIeAlllee] H IlnycKBaM'b nep<f>eKTYM'b [npollleAlllee npecoaepllleHHoe]» (llIBaHBHQ 1730: 216-217).

PeAaKTopbI nocneAyx>I.IJ;HX H3AaHHH «HeMeQKOH rpaMMaTHKH» ( 1734; 17 45), .H. llITenHH3 H B. E. AAOAYPOB4, oTKa3anHcb oT HHOH3bl'IHbIX 3aHMCTBOBaHHbIX HaHMeHOBaHHH H 3aMeHHJIH npeAJIO)l(eHHbie M. llIBaHBHQeM HaHMeHOBaHHR-KallbKH Ha TepMHHbl QepKOBHOCJiaBHHCKOH rpaMMaTHqeCKOH TpaAHQHH. B qacTHOCTH, IInycKBAAt'b nep<fieKmyM11 (npoiueoiuee npecoBepiueHHoe) (sic!) OHH 3aMeHHJIH HaMUMOiueoiuee, HCilOllb30BaHHOe paHee B rpaMMaTHKaX QepKOBHocnaBRHCKoro R3bIKa M. CMoTpHQKoro (1619; 1648; 1721) H <l>.MaKCHMOBa5 (1723), He BOCilOllb30BaBlllHCb, HanpHMep, 6JIH3KHM no ceMaHTHKe H CTpyKType npHnaraTellbHbIM MUMomeKy1t4uu (Cn. PR XVIII B.: Bbm. 12, c. 190):

«Praeteritum zeiget die vergangene Zeit an, und ist dreyerley: Praeteritum Imperfectum, Perfectum und Plusquamperfectum» ¢?

«IlpollleAlllee noKa3yeTb OHOe BpeMR, KOTOpoe npOllllIO, H eCTb TpoHKOe: npeXOAJII.IJ;ee, npollleAlllee H MHMOllleAlllee» (llIBaHBHQ 1745: 201-202).

To )Ke tta11:MeH0BaH11:e MUMoiueoiuee ynoTpe6neHo B «HOBOH <f>paHQY3-CKOH rpaMMaTHKe» ( 1752) B. E. TennoBa6 B KaqecTBe aHanora <f>paHQY3CKOro TepMHHa plusque parfait:

«CKOllbKO eCTb BpeMeH'b? IlRTb HaCTOHrn;ee, npexoAHrn;ee, npollleAlllee, MHMOllleAlllee H 6yAyrn;ee (le present, l'imparfait, le preterit, le plusque parfait, le futur)» (TennoB 1752: 81).

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• BacUJ1uu EeooKUMOBU'I Aoooypoe (A,11a,11ypon, 0,11a,11ypon, 1709-1780) - qmnonor, nepeso,1111HK, MaTeMaTHK, neps&IH pyccKHH a,111>IOHKT AKa,11eMHH HayK.

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6 Bacw1uu Ezopoeu'I Ten11oe - s&mycKHHK CnasRHO-rpeKo-naTHHCKOH aKa,11eMHH, nepeBO,ll'IHK AKa,lleMHH HafK.

257


aKaAeM1111, KaK11M11 6brn11 B. E. AAOAypoB 11 B. E. Tem10B. flp11 3TOM npmraraTenhHoe MUMomeoumu, 11MeR TepM11Honor11qecKoe 3HaqeH11e, npOAOmKano B 1730-e fO,!\bI ynoTpe6mITbCH B HeCIIeQ11an11311poBaHHOM 3HaqeH1111. B «BetfcMaHOBOM neKCl1KOHe» (BJI) (TeutschLateinisch-und Russisches Lexicon ... 1731) B KaqecTBe Bap11aHTOB nepeBOAa np11naraTenbHOro MuMomeomiu 3aq>11Kc11poBaHbI npemeomiu, npo

tullbtu, MUHyamiu, MUH06allblU, B KaqecTBe naTl1HCKJ1X aHanoroB AaHbI praeteritus, elapsus, anteactus, a B KaqecTBe HeMeQKoro cooTBeTcTB1111 vergangen (BJI 1731: 669). Cyll.\eCTBYIOT 11 Apyrne ynoTpe6neHHR noro cnoBa B pyccKoM H3bIKe XVIII BeKa, HO Bee 113 HHX npeACTaBnRIOT co6otf TOnbKO cnoBapHbie MaTep11anbI. 3TO CBl1,!\eTenhcTByeT 0 TOM, qTO cnOBO MUMOtueomuu y)l(e Tep11no «06IL\eH3bIKOBOM» CTaTyc, cpyHKQl10H11py11 TOnbKO B KaqecTBe CIIeQ11anbHOro Hal1MeHOBaHl111. flOATBep)l(,!\eH11eM 3TOMY cny)l(aT MaTep11anhI «CnoBapR AKaAeM1111 Pocc11tfcKOM», B KOTOpoM cnoBO MUMOtueomuu 11nnIOCTp11pyeTCH TOnbKO L\11TaTOH 113 KH11rl1 Ji1oBa ( 11, 16), a cnoBocoqernH11e MUMomeomee BpeMH paccMaTp11BaeTrn KaK «peqeH11e rpaMMarnqecKoe» (CAP 1792: q, III, c. 210).

C11HoH11M11qHoe np11naraTenbH0My MUMomeomuu np11naraTenhHoe oaB1-tonpomeomuu (rnK)l(e pa3AenbHO oaBHo npomeomuu} B nepBotf nonoB11He XVIII B. cpyttKL\l10H11poBano TOnbKO B HecneQ11an11311poBaHHOM 3HaqeH1111. CM., Hanp11Mep, B «On11caH11H KacnHMCKoro MOpH» ct>. H. CotfMOHOBa (1730-e fO,!\bI):

«He 6yAeT H3n11urnee, ornRHYTbCH Ha3aA B AaBHO nporne,!\IIIHR BpeMeHa, 11 pa3cMoTpt.Tb, KOrAa H KaK Haqan11cb CHH TOprn» ( Cn. PSI XVIII B.: BbIII. 6, c. 26).

ITepBoe ynoTpe6neH11e 3Toro np11naraTenhHoro B TepMHHonornqecKoM 3HaqeH1111 OTHOCl1TCH K 17 46 r. B. H. Jie6eAeB7 B «COKpall.\eHHH rpaMMaTHKl1 naT11HCKOH» Hcnonb30Ban Ha11MeH0BaH11e lf.aBHo IIpomeomee AnR nepeAaq11 naTHHCKOro plusquamperfectum: «JJ:aBHO ITporneArnee 3HaqHT'b TaKoe BpeMR, KOTopoe y)l(e AaBHO npornno, Hanp. Legeram, JC <tUmb18all1»>

(Jie6eAeB 1746: 103). TaKHM o6pa30M, B pyccKHX rpaMMaT11Kax 1730-1750-x roAOB 11cnonh-

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B «PocrnwcKOH rpaMMaT11Ke» M. B. JloMoHocoB (1952: T. 7), 11cnonb-

7 Bacunuu MeaHOBU'I fle6eoee ( 1716-1771) - rrepeBOA'IHK, rrperroAaBaTenb AKa

AeMH'leCKHX rHMHa3HH H y1msepCHTeTa.

258


J1CTO'IHllK TepMHH Ilpo11CXOlKAfH11e Ha11MeHOBaHIUI

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illBaHBffl.I 1730 IlpollleAmee npecoeepllleHHoe C110Boo~3oeaTe11bHaJ1 Ka/lbKa

illBaHBffl.I 17 45; MHMOlllfAlllee MelKCHCTeMHoe 3aHMCTBOBam1e Ternroe 1752 (aKTyaJIH3aQIUI): CMompu1.4-

KUU-+ maaHBUI.!, Tenl!OB

J1e6eAeB 17 46 ,QaeHo npollleAlllee 3aHMCTBOBaHHe 113 cct>epbl Hecne-1.111aJibHOK /lfKCHKff (ycnOlKHfHHe

ceMaHrn'!ecKoll CTPYKTYPbl cnoBa 06Il(e1111re_e_a~Horo ll3b1Ka)

3YR TepM11H B. Y1.Jie6ep;eBa, B •mcne rrpo'IHX Bhrp;emrn cnep;yIOI.l\11e rnaronhHbie BpeMeHa: oaaHonpoweoiuee nepaoe (Harrp., mp.Hxuaan'b); Oa6HOnpoiueoiuee amopoe (Harrp., 6bt6aJIO mpJCC'b) 11 Oa6HOnpotueOtuee mpemue (Harrp., 6bt6aJIO mpJCCbt6all'b). BbI6op Ha11MeH0BaHl1R oaaHonpoiueoiuee no3Bon11n M. B. JloMoHocoBy c rroMOI.l\hIO 11MeIOI.l\l1XCR R3hIKOBhIX pecypcoB C03p;aTb MOTl1B11pOBaHHOe Ha11MeHOBaH11e, caMa BHYTpeHHIDI cl>opMa KOToporo yKa3bIBana Ha crreQ11cl>11Ky o6o3Ha'laeMoH KaTerop1111, a TaK)l(e nop;qepKHYTb cxop;CTBO Cl1CTeMbl BpeMeH naTl1HCKOro 11 pyccKoro rnaronoB. Tiocnep;Hee 6bmo o6ycnoBneHo rraTp110T113MOM R3hIKOBOH rron11 -Tl1Kl1 M. B. JloMoHocosa, KOTOphrH CTpeM11nrn co3p;aTb TaKoe orn1caH11e rpaMMaT11'1ecKOH c11cTeMbI pyccKoro R3hIKa, KOTopoe p;enano 6br ee 1130-Mopcl>HoH rpaMMaT11'1eCKHM c11cTeMaM nanrncKoro 11 3arrap;Hoesporrel1:cKHX R3bIKOB, 11, cnep;oBaTenbHO, BBOp;11no 6hI pyccKl1H R3bIK B Kpyr 3TJ1X R3bIKOB KaK paBHOrrpaBHbIH.

Te )l(e BhIBOp;hr MO)l(HO cp;enaTb o p;pyrnx Ha.11MeH0BaH11Rx rrpornep;rn.11x BpeMeH (cM. Hanp11Mep, npoweowee HeonpeoeneHHoe, npoiueoiuee coaepiueHHoe 11 p;p.) B rpaMMaT11Kax, co3p;aHHhIX B Pocc1111 B 1730-1750-e rop;br. Ha6nrop;aeMaR B HHX Bap11aT.HBHOCTh Ha11MeH0BaH11J1: rpaMMaT11-qecK11x KaTerop.11J1: cs11p;eTenhcTByeT o TOM, 'ITO RCU (LSP) pyccKoro R3hIK03HaHl1R K 3TOMY BpeMeHH ell\e He cno)l(11ncR. CrreQ11anhHaR neKCHKa pyccKHX rpaMMaTH'leCKl1X CO'IHHeH11J1: rrepBoJ1: rronoBHHhI XVIII BeKa npep;cTaBnRna co6ol1: HeynopRp;O'leHHYIO COBOKYIIHOCTb TepMHHOHp;OB, T. e. ecTb, cornacHo KOHQerrQ1111 B.M.JleH'IHKa (2007· 116), mepMuHonozu10. Bhrxop; B CBeT B 1757 r. «Pocc11J1:cKoJ1: rpaMMaT11K11» M. B. Jlo

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259


HIDI HaHMeHoBaHHH pecypcbI pyccKoro R3bIKa XVIII B., a TaJOKe HaHMeHOBaHHR, BOIIIeAIIIHe B y3yc qmnonoroB B 1730-1750-e rOAhI, M. B. Jlo

MOHOCOB C03AaJI nepBH'lH)'IO mepMUHOCUcmeMy ( TaM )f(e: 98- 106) pyc

CKOH rpaMMaTHKH, 3JieMeHTbI KOTopofl xapaKTepH30BaJIHCb Ae<}>nttnpoBaHHOCTbJO H MOHOCeMHeH.

Jle6eoeB B. 11. CoKpaiqeHie rpaMMaTKKH naTHHcKoti:, B'b nonh3Y Y'laiqaroc11 naTHHCKOMY H3b1KY pocciti:cKaro IOHOllleCTBa nepese.r1eHo qpe3'b BacHnb.11 Jle6e.r1esa, nepeBO,ll'IHKa npH AKa,lleMiH HayK. CI16., 1746.

JleuttuK B. M. TepMHHOBe,lleHHe: npe.r1MeT, MeTO,llbl, CTPYKTypa. M., 2007 lloMoHocoB M . B. ITonH. co6p. co'l.: B 10 T. T. 7: Tpy.llbl no qmnonornH 1739-

1758 rr. M.; JI., 1952. MaKCUMOB Cl>. rpaMMaTiKa cnaseHCKa B KpaTI~1l co6paHHU B rpeKocnaseH

CKOH ll1Kon1l Jl)l(e B'b senHKOM'b Hos1l rpa.r11l npH ,!IOM1l apxiepeti:cKOM'b. CI16., 1723.

CMompuu,KUU M. rpaMMaTiKH CnaBeHCKH.l npaBHnHoe CvHTarMa. M., 1721. Cnosapb AKa,lleMHH Poccnti:cKoti:: 'I. 1-6. t{. 3. CI16., 1792 (a TeKcTe: CAP). Cnosapb pyccKoro Jl3b1Ka XVIII seKa: sbm. 1-17 Bbm. 12. Cl16., 1991. TennoB B. E. Hosa.11 cl>paHl..IY3CKa.ll rpaMMaTHKa, CO'IHHeHHa.ll sonpocaMH

H oTBeTaMH. Co6paHa H3 CO'IHHeHHti: rocno,llHHa PecTo H .r1pyrnx rpaMMaTHK, a Ha poccHti:CKHH J!:3bIK nepese.r1eHa AKa,lleMHH HayK nepeBO,ll'IHKOM BacHnHeM TennoBbIM. CI16., 1752.

llIBaHauu, M. HeMe11KaJ1 rpaMMarnKa, H3 pa3HbIX asTOpos co6paHa H poccHti:cKoti: IOHOCTH B nonb3Y H3,llaHa OT Y'fHTenJI HeMeQKOfO Jl3bIKa npH CaHKTneTep6yprcKOH rnMHa3HH. CII6., 1730.

IIIaaHauu, M. HeMe11Ka.11 rpaMMaTKKa, co6paHHa.ll npe)l(,lle H3 pa3HblX asTOpos, a HbIHe ,llnJI ynoTpe6neHH.ll CaHKrneTep6yprCKoti: rHMHa3HH BHOBb nepeCMOTpeHHall H BO MHOfHX MeCTax HcnpasneHHa.ll. CII6., 17 45.

Swiggers P. Histoire de la pensee linguistique. Analyse du langage et reflexion linguistique clans la culture occidentale de l'Antiquite au XIXe siecle. Paris, 1997

Teutsch-Lateinisch- und Russisches Lexicon, samt denen Anfangs-Gri.inden der Russischen Sprache. Zu allgemeinem Nutzen bey der ~yserl. Academie der Wissenschaften zum Druck befordert: St. Petersburg, 1731.


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ТЕРМИНЫ ГРАММАТИКИ В РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ XVIII ВЕКА...

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