Targeting arsenic-safe aquifers for drinking water supplies

RE

VIS

ED

PRO

OF

RE

VIS

ED

PRO

OF

ORIGINAL PAPER1

2 Targeting arsenic-safe aquifers for drinking water supplies

3 Jochen Bundschuh • Marta I. Litter •

4 Prosun Bhattacharya

5 Received: 15 July 2009 / Accepted: 10 January 20106 � Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010

7 Abstract At present, 70 countries worldwide are

8 affected by groundwater contamination by arsenic (As)

9 released from predominantly geogenic sources. Con-

10 sequently, the As problem is becoming a global issue.

11 The option to target As-safe aquifers, which uses

12 geological, geochemical, hydrogeological, morpho-

13 logical and climatic similarities to delimit As-safe

14 aquifers, appears as a sustainable mitigation option.

15 Two pilot areas, Meghna Flood Plain in Matlab

16 Upazila, representative of Bengal Delta in Bangladesh,

17 and Rıo Dulce Alluvial Cone, representing a typical

18 aquifer setting in the Chaco-Pampean Plain in Argen-

19 tina groundwater As occurrence, were compared. In

20rural Bangladesh, As removal techniques have been

21provided to the population, but with low social

22acceptance. In contrast, ‘‘targeting As-safe aquifers’’

23was socially accepted in Bangladesh, where sediment

24color could be used to identify As-safe aquifer zones

25and to install safe wells. The investigation in Argentina

26is more complex because of very different conditions

27and sources of As. Targeting As-safe aquifers could be

28a sustainable option for many rural areas and isolated

29peri-urban areas.

30Keywords Safe aquifers � Arsenic � Mitigation

31option � Drinking water � Groundwater

32

33

34Introduction

35During the last 10 years, arsenic (As) has been

36discovered in groundwater in about 70 countries.

37Among these countries, nearly half were identified

38very recently, and it is likely that many other areas with

39elevated As in groundwater will be found in the future

40(Ravenscroft 2007). These recent findings changed the

41previous opinion of very limited occurrence of the As

42problem (e.g. in India, Bangladesh, Argentina, Mexico,

43Chile and Taiwan) and groundwater As was finally

44recognized to be a global problem. In Latin America,

45for example, As was discovered during the period

461996–2006 in groundwaters of Nicaragua, Bolivia, El

47Salvador, Ecuador, Honduras and Mexico, and recently

48in Uruguay, Colombia, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Cuba,

A1 J. Bundschuh

A2 Institute for Applied Research, Karlsruhe University

A3 of Applied Sciences, Moltkestraße 30, 76133 Karlsruhe,

Germany

A4 J. Bundschuh

A5 Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering,

A6 Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden

A7 M. I. Litter

A8 Gerencia Quımica, Comision Nacional de Energıa

A9 Atomica, and Escuela de Posgrado, Universidad de Gral.

A10 San Martın, San Martın, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina

A11 P. Bhattacharya (&)

A12 KTH-International Groundwater Arsenic Research Group,

A13 Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering,

A14 Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 10044 Stockholm,

A15 Sweden

A16 e-mail: [email protected]

123

Environ Geochem Health

DOI 10.1007/s10653-010-9308-8

Journal : Medium 10653 Dispatch : 19-4-2010 Pages : 9

Article No. : 9308 h LE h TYPESET

MS Code : h CP h DISK4 4

RE

VIS

ED

PRO

OF

RE

VIS

ED

PRO

OF

49 and Venezuela (Bundschuh et al. 2009a, b, 2010). In

50 Asia, from 2000–2002, high As concentrations have

51 been detected in groundwater of Cambodia and Laos

52 (e.g., Feldman and Rosenboom 2001), Pakistan (e.g.,

53 Nickson et al. 2005), Myanmar (e.g., WRUD 2001),

54 Vietnam (e.g., Berg et al. 2001) and Nepal (Bhattach-

55 arya et al. 2003; Tandukar et al. 2006). In addition, new

56 As-affected areas have recently been discovered in

57 India in the Indogangetic plains in the states of Bihar

58 (Chakraborti et al. 2003), Uttar Pradesh (Chakraborti

59 et al. 2004; Ahamed et al. 2006), Jharkhand (Bhatta-

60 charjee et al. 2005), and in the Brahmaputra valley in

61 Assam and other northern states of India (summarized

62 in detail in Mukherjee et al. 2006) .

63 This exponential growth in the identification of the

64 As-affected regions, together with new and sophisti-

65 cated analytical instrumentation, growing health con-

66 sequences, and toxicological studies, led the World

67 Health Organization (WHO) to establish 10 lg l-1 as

68 a provisional guideline value for As (WHO 1993,

69 2001) in drinking water based on the fact that

70 inorganic As compounds are classified by IARC in

71 Group 1 on the basis of sufficient evidence for

72 carcinogenicity in humans. Based on the observations

73 in a population ingesting As-contaminated drinking

74 water, the concentration associated with an excess

75 life-time skin cancer risk of 10-5 was calculated to be

76 0.17 lg l-1. In a number of countries, the WHO

77 provisional guidelines of 10 lg l-1 has been adapted

78 as the national drinking water standards including the

79 states within the European Union. However, many

80 countries in the developing world have retained the 50

81 lg l-1 as their national standard or as an interim target

82 (WHO 2010). Consequently, this has increased the

83 number of people exposed to As at toxic levels many-

84 fold. The new limit was enforced in Jordan, Japan,

85 Namibia, Syria, Nicaragua, Honduras, Costa Rica, El

86 Salvador, European Union, Mongolia, Colombia,

87 Guatemala, Panama, Peru, Laos, Taiwan, USA,

88 Argentina, Chile and Vietnam. Most of the other

89 countries still follow the 50 lg l-1 limit, while some

90 others have regulatory limits inbetween, e.g., Canada

91 and Mexico (25 lg l-1), while only Australia has a

92 lower limit (7 lg l-1).

93 There are two principal ways for mitigation: (1)

94 using alternative water sources or (2) installing ade-

95 quate water treatment systems. Though several treat-

96 ment technologies exist, their further development is

97 required in order to adapt them to provide optimal

98sustainable and socially acceptable solutions for indi-

99vidual cases. Among the several south Asian countries,

100especially in the worst affected regions of the Bengal

101Delta (India and Bangladesh) and the Red River Delta

102(Vietnam), several mitigation options have been devel-

103oped and tested for safe drinking water supplies in the

104rural areas (Hoque et al. 2004; Berg et al. 2001; Sarkar

105et al. 2005; Jakariya et al. 2007). Due to inadequate

106consideration of the socioeconomic constraints of the

107target population during the implementation of the

108mitigation options, many of them were dysfunctional or

109abandoned after a short time of operation (Jakariya et al.

1102007). Similar problems have been observed in Latin

111America where, in spite of the emerging removal

112techniques such as solar oxidation methods (SORAS)

113(Garcıa et al. 2004) and those using TiO2 as photocat-

114alyst (Morgada de Boggio et al. 2006) developed in the

115laboratory and applied in pilot field studies, practically

116no action has been implemented to ensure As-safe

117drinking water supplies in rural or peri-urban areas.

118Globally, there is a wide gap between the number

119of the exposed population and the overall pace of

120mitigation programs in rural and peri-urban areas of

121developing countries where the infrastructure required

122for safe water production is relatively meagre. The

123main challenge is thus to develop a sustainable

124mitigation option that rural and disadvantaged people

125can adopt and implement to overcome possible public

126heath hazards. The present paper highlights the possi-

127bility of a sustainable mitigation option based on

128identifying the As-safe aquifers, on the basis of

129geomorphological, hydrogeological and hydrochemi-

130cal characteristics, that has emerged as a promising

131option for safe drinking water supplies in rural and

132peri-urban areas, using two specific case studies: (1)

133Meghna Flood Plain in Matlab Upazila, representating

134the Bengal Delta in Bangladesh, and (2) Rıo Dulce

135Alluvial Cone, representing a typical aquifer setting in

136the Chaco-Pampean Plain in Argentina.

137The approach of targeting As-safe aquifers

138Motivation based on As mitigation experiences

139in rural areas

140Deep hand tubewells, which exploit As-safe pre-

141Holocene aquifers ([150 m; BGS and DPHE 2001),

142are socially accepted, but not affordable by the rural


123




RE

VIS

ED

PRO

OF

RE

VIS

ED

PRO

OF

143 population of Bengal Delta (Hoque et al. 2004;

144 Jakariya et al. 2007). Groundwater from the As-safe

145 aquifers (Bhattacharya et al. 2002; van Geen et al.

146 2003; von Bromssen et al. 2007; Jakariya et al. 2007;

147 Bundschuh et al. 2009b) has become a viable alterna-

148 tive due to the current well installation practice of the

149 local drillers which has allowed the rural population to

150 get access to safe drinking water. This method has

151 been studied on a pilot scale in Bangladesh (van Geen

152 et al. 2003; von Bromssen et al. 2007; Bundschuh et al.

153 2009b), and it is at an initial phase in the Rıo Dulce

154 Alluvial Cone in the Chaco-Pampean Plain Argentina.

155 Geological background of the approach:

156 As sources, release and mobility

157 The genesis of arseniferous aquifers is predominantly

158 due to As release by weathering of rocks and minerals.

159 The As mobility in the different environments is

160 controlled by specific geological, geochemical, bio-

161 geochemical, hydrological, hydrogeological, geomor-

162 phological and climatic conditions, allowing the

163 classification and grouping of arseniferous aquifers.

164 In one group, primary As sources are related to young

165 volcanic rocks and their weathering products, volcanic

166 exhalations and geothermal activities (Tertiary to

167 recent) (Circum-Pacific Volcanic Belt, Mediterranean

168 area and East African Rift Systems). These aquifers

169 often have oxidizing conditions, and As mobilization

170 is controlled by the desorption at high pH values (C8).

171 Another important group are the high As aquifers

172 corresponding to the flood and delta plains of Hima-

173 layan rivers, such as the Ganges–Brahmaputra-Meg-

174 hna Plain/Delta (India and Bangladesh; Bhattacharya

175 et al. 2002, 2007), Indus Plain (Pakistan; Nickson et al.

176 2005), Irrawady Delta (Myanmar; WRUD 2001), Red

177 River Delta (Vietnam; Berg et al. 2001) and Mekong

178 River Delta (Cambodia and Laos; Feldman and

179 Rosenboom 2001). The principal As release is here

180 due to reductive-dissolution of As-containing metal

181 (oxi)hydroxides at circumneutral pH and reducing

182 aquifer conditions (e.g., Ahmed et al. 2004; von

183 Bromssen et al. 2007, 2008). Arseniferous aquifers

184 related to mineralized areas, where mobilization is

185 predominantly due to oxidation of sulfide minerals at

186 acidic pH ranges, and those related to geothermal mani-

187 festations, form other important groups. As mobiliza-

188 tion is further controlled by climate, land use pattern

189 and groundwater exploitation (e.g., Bhattacharya et al.

1901997; Hasan et al. 2007; Mukherjee et al. 2007). Arid

191and semiarid climate can be a principal or an additional

192control and, due to evaporative concentration increase,

193contribute to the genesis of As-enriched groundwater.

194Principle of targeting As-safe aquifers

195Mechanisms of arsenic mobilization

196As mobilization is governed by (1) the As source

197(e.g., leaching from As-bearing rocks, dissolution

198of secondary As minerals, influx/mixing of As-rich

199geothermal water), and (2) site- or area-specific

200hydrogeochemical conditions, this results in extre-

201mely heterogeneous lateral and vertical distribution

202of As in groundwater, as is typical for the Bengal

203Delta aquifers (e.g., BGS and DPHE 2001; Bhat-

204tacharya et al. 2002; Hasan et al. 2007) and different

205parts of Latin America (e.g., Smedley et al. 2005;

206Bundschuh et al. 2004; 2009a, b Bhattacharya et al.

2072006; Altamirano et al. 2009).

208Since the occurrences of the principal types of

209As-contaminated aquifers can be attributed to partic-

210ular geological settings and climate conditions, it is

211possible to take advantage from this relationship and

212use a likelihood approach for searching for As-safe

213and As-rich aquifer zones. Geological, geochemical,

214geomorphological, climatic similarities can be used

215to delimit zones with a high probability to encounter

216either high As levels in groundwater or As-safe

217zones. As an example, the alluvial arseniferous

218aquifer of the Bengal Delta, with sediments derived

219from the Himalayas, presents similar conditions of

220flood and delta plains of other Himalayan rivers such

221as the Indus Plain, Irrawady Delta, Red River Delta,

222and Mekong River Delta. This might have suggested

223the occurrence of As in these regions many years ago;

224instead, the discoveries in these areas were not made

225until the first decade of the twenty-first century,

226exposing many people to As during the past several

227decades.

228In the following section, we highlight two case

229studies from two high risk areas. The first case study is

230from Matlab Upazila where As occurrence in ground-

231water is related to strongly reducing aquifers (e.g.,

232BGS & DPHE 2001; Bhattacharya et al. 2002; Hasan

233et al. 2007), while the other case study is from the Rio

234Dulce alluvial aquifer of the Chaco Pampean Plains,


123




https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6684966_Targeting_low-arsenic_aquifers_in_Matlab_Upazila_Southeastern_Bangladesh?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-549a2dd5245b11dfda1b9fa048f68265-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzQzMzAwMjExO0FTOjk4NjIxMDA5Njk0NzQzQDE0MDA1MjQ0OTAwNTY=

RE

VIS

ED

PRO

OF

RE

VIS

ED

PRO

OF

235 Argentina (Bundschuh et al. 2004; 2009a, b; Smedley

236 et al. 2005; Bhattacharya et al. 2006), where the

237 release of As is related to alkaline, predominantly

238 oxidizing aquifers. This Argentine case is similar to

239 several other As occurrences in many parts of the

240 Chaco-Pampean Plain and in other countries of Latin

241 America. In both cases, the distribution of As is

242 extremely heterogeneous, both laterally and verti-

243 cally, which can be explained in terms of local

244 variations in sedimentary characteristics, hydrogeo-

245 logical and hydrogeochemical conditions.

246 Hydrogeochemical characteristics in the study

247 areas

248 Meghna flood plain, Matlab Upazila, Bangladesh

249 Studies carried out at the Meghna Flood Plain at Matlab

250 Upazila (Fig. 1a) suggest that the groundwater com-

251 position and redox conditions are strongly correlated

252 to the sediment color (von Bromssen et al. 2007).

253Groundwater from the black sediments is most

254reduced, followed by white, off-white and red, which

255are less reduced (Fig. 1b). Hence, neither Fe nor As

256were found at elevated levels in the groundwater from

257the white, off-white and red sediments, which are less

258reduced, and so the reduction of Fe(III)-oxy(hydr)-

259oxides is redox-buffered by Mn. Based on the hydrog-

260eochemical characteristics and their close association

261with the sediment color and local hydrogeology, we

262can target safe aquifers (Fig. 2). Our ongoing studies

263on groundwater monitoring (Rahman et al. 2009)

264reveal no major change in the hydrogeochemical

265characteristics in the wells installed in the different

266sediments over a period of 5 years. While major ion

267concentration in reduced wells varied by \10% over

268time, the redox sensitive elements (Fe, Mn and S) and

269As did not vary significantly. In the oxidized wells,

270major ions and redox sensitive elements (Fe, Mn and S)

271varied by\5%, while the As concentrations were low

272and stable (\5.2 lg l-1) during the 5 years. Time

273series trends of the hydrochemical characteristics over

274a period of 5 years (2004–2009) thus suggest that the

Fig. 1 a Location of the

study area in Matlab

Upazila, southeastern

Bangladesh, and the

sediment core

characteristics of the

shallow aquifers (the depths

of the aquifers are indicated

on the top of the cores);

b the relative risks of As

mobility in the aquifers with

respect to sediment color

and the redox status


123




RE

VIS

ED

PRO

OF

RE

VIS

ED

PRO

OF

275 changes in groundwater chemistry is insignificant over

276 the period (Fig. 3). The consistency of low As

277 concentrations in the oxidised wells over a 5-year

278 period thus validates the mitigation strategy and

279 strongly relates to the conceptual understanding of

280 the groundwater system in the Matlab region of

281 southeastern Bangladesh, and to the evaluation of the

282 risks for cross-contamination between reducing black

283 sediments within the same aquifer system containing

284high levels of dissolved As and oxidised off-white

285to brownish-/reddish colored sediments with low As

286that is targeted by local drillers (von Bromssen et al.

2872010). In Bangladesh, As-safe aquifers could thus

288be distinguished by the color characteristics of the

289aquifer sediments, although the sustainability of these

290As-safe sources needs to be evaluated in detail based on

291site-specific hydrogeological studies and patterns of

292groundwater use.

400

SO

(m

g/l)

0

1

2

3

4

As

(µg/

l)

0

80

160

240

320

400

Eh

(mV

)

100

160

220

280

340

Fe

(mg/

l)

0

4

8

12

16

20

NH

(m

g/l)

0.0

1.4

2.8

4.2

5.6

7.0 5

4

4

black white off-white red





LegendMax.

75 percentile

Median

25 percentile

Min.

Fig. 2 Relationship

between redox-sensitive

species in groundwater and

sediment color in Matlab

Upazila

LegendMax.

75 percentile

Median

25 percentile

Min.

40

32

24

16

8

0

20

16

12

8

4

0

4.0

3.2

2.4

1.6

0.8

0.0

As

(µ

g/l)

Fe

(m

g/l)

Mn

(mg

/l)

2004 2005 2006 2008 2004 2005 2006 2008 2004 2005 2006 2008

a b c

Monitoring periods

Fig. 3 Time series trends of the hydrochemical characteristics in aquifers in the Chaco-Pampean region, Argentina, over a period of

5 years (2004–2008)


123




RE

VIS

ED

PRO

OF

RE

VIS

ED

PRO

OF

293 Rio Dulce Alluvial Cone, Santiago del Estero,

294 northwestern Argentina

295 Rıo Dulce alluvial cone represents a part of the

296 Chaco-Pampean Plain in northwestern Argentina (Fig.

297 4), where As is mobilized primarily from volcanic

298 ash/glass found in the loess-type alluvial sediments

299 (Bundschuh et al. 2004; Smedley et al. 2005; Bhat-

300 tacharya et al. 2006). The uniform matrix of the

301 shallow aquifers shows that hydrogeochemical pro-

302 cesses are the principal control to obtaining zones

303 with low and high As concentrations in groundwater

304 (Bundschuh et al. 2004, 2009a, b; Bhattacharya et al.

305 2006) (Fig. 4). Common features of As-enriched

306 hotspots in the Chaco-Pampean region are typically

307 characterised by Na-HCO3 type groundwater with

308 high pH, high electrical conductivity and oxidizing

309 conditions. Arsenic mobilization results from desorp-

310 tion from oxy(hydr)oxides of Al, Mn, and to lesser

311 extent of Fe, and is mostly triggered by the desorption

312 processes controlled by elevated pH (Bhattacharya

313 et al. 2006). Low As concentrations are found in zones

314 with Ca-HCO3 type of groundwater with circum-

315 neutral pH (Bundschuh et al. 2004, 2009a, b; Bhat-

316 tacharya et al. 2006).

317 Preliminary studies indicate that groundwater

318 flow, recharge characteristics and residence time are

319 the principal triggers determining As concentration in

320 groundwater in the Rio Dulce alluvial cone. Thus,

321areas that are morphologically elevated by few

322meters (groundwater mounts) show often low As

323concentrations. However, this control parameter must

324be correlated with other hydrogeochemical parame-

325ters to predict the prevalent site-specific redox

326conditions to make it to a usable tool to delimit the

327potential sustainability of the As-safe groundwater in

328the shallow aquifers of the Rio Dulce alluvial cone.

329Such a tool will be transferable to most of the Chaco-

330Pampean Plain and other Latin american regions

331where As occurrence is related to similar oxidizing

332aquifers (Fig. 4).

333Conclusions

334Comparative studies in Matlab Upazila (Bangladesh)

335with prevailing reducing and the Rıo Dulce area with

336predominantly oxidizing aquifers have explored the

337possibilities for targeting As-safe zones of aquifers

338for sustainable drinking water suplies.

339In both areas, the mobilization of As could be

340identified on the basis of site- and depth-specific

341hydrogeochemical characteristics, whose local varia-

342tions resulted in extremely variable concentrations of

343dissolved As in the shallow aquifers. In both areas,

344these specific geochemical patterns can be used to

345identify aquifer zones with low As concentrations.

346This attempt was successful in the Matlab Upazila

Fig. 4 The location of the

hotspots of groundwater in

Argentina with elevated As

and the location of the

Santiago del Estero

Province, together with the

As distribution in the

shallow aquifer, which

constitutes the only

drinking water resource for

most of the rural

population. The digital

elevation model PIA3388

(http://photojournal.

jpl.nasa.gov) is courtesy of

NASA/JPL-Caltech)


123




http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov

http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov

RE

VIS

ED

PRO

OF

RE

VIS

ED

PRO

OF

347 case study, where zones with different redox condi-

348 tions could be correlated with corresponding specific

349 As concentrations and sediment colors. These aquifer

350 characteristics have facilitated easy installation of safe

351 tubewells and is currently being practised by the local

352 drillers. It can be expected that this method can be

353 applied to the Ganges–Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta as

354 well as to other major SE Asian fluvio-deltaic regions,

355 such as the Irrawady River, Red River, and Mekong

356 River Delta. It may also be useful in other areas of

357 south and south-east Asia, as well as the tropical

358 regions of south and central America where the

359 problem of elevated As in groundwater might exist.

360 The results of the investigation in Rio Dulce

361 alluvial aquifers in Argentina reveals As mobilization

362 at high pH that exerts a predominant control for the

363 mobility of As. The genesis of these zones with high

364 pH seems to be primarily controlled by the climatic

365 pattern of the region. Additionally, factors such as

366 climate, geomorphology, groundwater flow, potential

367 evapotranspiration and land use pattern also contrib-

368 ute to the surface water–groundwater interactions, and

369 influence the pattern of local scale and regional scale

370 variations of various geochemical parameters and

371 their relationship to dissolved As that would allow

372 local drillers to identify safe aquifers in the area and in

373 many other areas in Latin America and worldwide.

374 Acknowledgments This study was initated through the375 research project funded by the Swedish International Devel-376 opment Cooperation Agency (Sida-SAREC) and Swedish377 Research Council (VR-Sida) through grants SWE-2001-201,378 and 348-2003-4963, respectively. We are also grateful to the379 Strategic Environmental Research Foundation (MISTRA) for380 financial support to the KTH-International Groundwater Arsenic381 Research Group for targeting safe aquifers in the regions with382 high As groundwater (2005-035-137). We are grateful to Peter383 Ravenscroft and an anonymous reviewer for their meticulous384 reviews which has helped us improve the earlier drafts of this385 manuscript.

386 References

387 Ahamed, S., Sengupta, M. K., Mukherjee, A., Hossain, M. A.,388 Das, B., Nayak, B., et al. (2006). Arsenic groundwater389 contamination and its health effects in the state of Uttar390 Pradesh (UP) in upper and middle Ganga plain, India: A391 severe danger. Science of the Total Environment, 370,392 310–322.393 Ahmed, K. M., Bhattacharya, P., Hasan, M. A., Akhter, S. H.,394 Alam, S. M. M., Bhuyian, M. A. H., et al. (2004). Arsenic395 enrichment in groundwater of alluvial aquifers in

396Bangladesh: An overview. Applied Geochemistry, 19(2),397181–200.398Altamirano Espinoza, M., & Bundschuh, J. (2009). Natural399arsenic groundwater contamination of the sedimentary400aquifers of southwestern Sebaco valley, Nicaragua. In401J. Bundschuh, M. A. Armienta, P. Birkle, P. Bhattacharya,402J. Matschullat, & A. B. Mukherjee: Geogenic arsenic403in groundwater of Latin America. In J. Bundschuh &404P. Bhattacharya (series Eds): Arsenic in the Environment,405Vol. 1. (pp. 109–122). CRC Press/Balkema Publisher,406Leiden, The Netherlands.407Berg, M., Tran, H. C., Nguyen, T. C., Phan, H. V., Scherten-408leib, R., & Giger, W. (2001). Arsenic contamination of409groundwater and drinking water in Vietnam: A human410health threat. Environmental Science and Technology, 35,4112621–2626.412BGS, & DPHE. (2001). Arsenic contamination of groundwater413in Bangladesh, Vol. 2. Final Report, BGS Technical414Report WC/00/19. UK: London.415Bhattacharjee, S., Chakravarty, S., Maity, S., Dureja, V., &416Gupta, K. K. (2005). Metal contents in the groundwater of417Sahebgunj district, Jharkhand, India, with special refer-418ence to arsenic. Chemosphere, 58, 1203–1217.419Bhattacharya, P., Chatterjee, D., & Jacks, G. (1997). Occur-420rence of arsenic contaminated groundwater in alluvial421aquifers from Delta Plains, Eastern India: Options for safe422drinking water supply. International Journal of Water423Research and Management, 13(1), 79–92.424Bhattacharya, P., Classon, M., Bundschuh, J., Sracek, O.,425Fagerberg, J., Jacks, G., et al. (2006). Distribution and426mobility of arsenic in the Rıo Dulce alluvial aquifers in427Santiago del Estero Province, Argentina. Science of the428Total Environment, 358, 97–120.429Bhattacharya, P., Jacks, G., Ahmed, K. M., Khan, A. A., &430Routh, J. (2002). Arsenic in groundwater of the Bengal431Delta Plain aquifers in Bangladesh. Bulletin of Environ-432mental Contamination and Toxicology, 69, 538–545.433Bhattacharya, P., Tandukar, N., Neku, A., Valero, A. A.,434Mukherjee, A. B., & Jacks, G. (2003). Geogenic arsenic in435groundwaters from Terai alluvial plain of Nepal. Journal436de Physique IV France, 107, 173–176.437Bhattacharya, P., Welch, A. H., Stollenwerk, K. G.,438McLaughlin, M., Bundschuh, J., & Panaullah, G. (2007).439Arsenic in the environment: Biology and chemistry. Sci-440ence of the Total Environment, 379(2–3), 109–120.441Bundschuh, J., Farias, B., Martin, R., Storniolo, A., Bhattach-442arya, P., Cortes, J., et al. (2004). Groundwater arsenic in443the Chaco-Pampean Plain, Argentina: Case study from444Robles County, Santiago del Estero Province. Applied445Geochemistry, 19(2), 231–243.446Bundschuh, J., Garcıa M. E., Birkle, P., Cumbal, L. H.,447Bhattacharya, P., & Matschullat, J. (2009a). Occurrence,448health effects and remediation of arsenic in groundwaters449of Latin America. In J. Bundschuh, M. A. Armienta, P.450Birkle, P. Bhattacharya, J. Matschullat, & A. B. Muk-451herjee (Eds.) Geogenic arsenic in groundwater of Latin452America. In: J. Bundschuh, & P. Bhattacharya (series453Eds.) Arsenic in the environment, Vol. 1 (pp. 3–15).454CRC Press/Balkema Publisher, Leiden, The Netherlands.455Bundschuh, J., Bhattacharya, P., von Bromssen, M., Jakariya,456M., Jacks, G., Thunvik, R., & Litter, M. I. (2009b).


123




RE

VIS

ED

PRO

OF

RE

VIS

ED

PRO

OF

457 Arsenic-safe aquifers as a socially acceptable source of458 safe drinking water—What can rural Latin America learn459 from Bangladesh experiences? In J. Bundschuh, M. A.460 Armienta, P. Birkle, P. Bhattacharya, J. Matschullat, &461 A. B. Mukherjee (Eds.) Geogenic Arsenic in groundwater of462 Latin America. In J. Bundschuh, & P. Bhattacharya (series463 Eds.): Arsenic in the Environment, Vol. 1 (pp. 687–697).464 CRC Press/Balkema Publisher, Leiden, The Netherlands.465 Bundschuh, J., Litter, M. I., Nicolli, H. B., Hoinkis, J., &466 Bhattacharya, P. (2010). Identifying occurrences of467 groundwater arsenic in Latin America: A continent-wide468 problem and challenge. In J.-S. Jean, J. Bundschuh, &469 P. Bhattacharya (Eds.) Arsenic in geosphere and human470 diseases, as 2010. In J. Bundschuh, & P. Bhattacharya471 (series Eds.) Interdisciplinary book series: Arsenic in the472 environment—proceedings (pp. 512–516). CRC Press/473 Taylor and Francis, Leiden, The Netherlands.474 Chakraborti, D., Mukherjee, S. C., Pati, S., Sengupta, M. K.,475 Rahman, M. M., Chowdhury, U. K., et al. (2003). Arsenic476 groundwater contamination in middle Ganga Plain, Bihar,477 India: A future danger. Environmental Health Perspec-478 tives, 111(9), 1194–1201.479 Chakraborti, D., Sengupta, M. K., Rahman, M. M., Ahamed,480 S., Chowdhury, U. K., Hossain, M. A., et al. (2004).481 Groundwater arsenic contamination and its health effects482 in the Ganga–Meghna–Brahmaputra Plain. Journal of483 Environmental Monitoring, 6, 75N–83N.484 Feldman, P. R., & Rosenboom, J. W. (2001). Cambodia drinking485 water quality assessment, WHO in cooperation with Cam-486 bodian Ministry of Rural Development and the Ministry of487 Industry, Mines, and Energy. Cambodia: Phnom Penh.488 Garcıa, M. G., Lin, H. J., Custo, G., d’Hiriart, J., Hidalgo, M. V.,489 Litter, M. I., & Blesa, M. A. (2004). Advances in solar490 oxidation removal of arsenic inwaters of Tucuman,491 Argentina. In M. I. Litter, & A. Jimenez Gonzalez (Eds.),492 Advances in low-cost technologies for disinfection, decon-493 tamination and arsenic removal in waters from rural494 communities of Latin America (HP and SORAS methods)495 pp. 43–63. AOS Project AE/141, Digital Grafic, La Plata,496 Argentina.497 Hasan, M. A., Ahmed, K. M., Sracek, O., Bhattacharya, P., von498 Bromssen, M., Broms, S., et al. (2007). Arsenic in shallow499 groundwater of Bangladesh: Investigations from three500 different physiographic settings. Hydrogeology Journal,501 15(8), 1507–1522.502 Hoque, B. A., Hoque, M. M., Ahmed, T., Islam, S., Azad, A. K.,503 Ali, N., et al. (2004). Demand-based water options for504 arsenic mitigation: An experience from rural Bangladesh.505 Public Health, 118, 70–77.506 Jakariya, M., von Bromssen, M., Jacks, G., Chowdhury, A. M.507 R., Ahmed, K. M., & Bhattacharya, P. (2007). Searching508 for sustainable arsenic mitigation strategy in Bangladesh:509 Experience from two upazilas. International Journal of510 Environmental Pollution, 31(3–4), 415–430.511 Morgada de Boggio, M. E., Levy, I. K., Mateu, M., & Litter,512 M. I. (2006). Low-cost technologies based on heteroge-513 neous photocatalysis and zerovalent iron for arsenic ren-514 oval in the Chacopampean Plain. In M. I. Litter (Ed.),515 Final results of the OAS/AE/141 Project: Research,516 development, validation and application of solar tech-517 nologies for water potabilization in isolated rural zones of

518Latin America and the Caribbean, OAS Project AE141,519OEA, Buenos Aires, Argentina. URL: http://520www.cnea.gov.ar/xxi/ambiental/agua-pura/default.htm.521Mukherjee, A. B., Bhattacharya, P., Jacks, G., Banerjee, D. M.,522Ramanathan, A. L., Mahanta, C., et al. (2006). Ground-523water arsenic contamination in India: Extent and severity.524In R. Naidu, E. Smith, G. Owens, P. Bhattacharya, &525P. Nadebaum (Eds.), Managing arsenic in the environ-526ment: From soil to human health (pp. 533–594). Mel-527bourne, Australia: CSIRO Publishing.528Mukherjee, A., Fryar, A. E., & Howell, P. (2007). Regional529hydrostratigraphy and groundwater flow modeling of the530arsenic contaminated aquifers of the western Bengal531basin, West Bengal, India. Hydrogeology Journal, 15,5321397–1418.533Nickson, R. T., McArthur, J. M., Shrestha, B., Kyaw-Myint, T.534O., & Lowry, D. (2005). Arsenic and other drinking water535quality issues, Muzaffargarh District, Pakistan. Applied536Geochemistry, 20, 55–68.537Rahman, M., von Bromssen, M., Bhattacharya, P., Ahmed, K. M.,538Hasan, M. A., Hossain, M., Islam, M. M., Sultana, S., &539Jacks, G. (2009). Changes in groundwater chemical char-540acteristics in regions with high-arsenic groundwater at541Matlab, South-Eastern Bangladesh. Geological Soceity of542America, Abstracts with Program 41(7), 343.543Ravenscroft, P. (2007). Predicting the global extent of arsenic544pollution of groundwater and its potential impact on545human health. New York, USA: Report prepared for546UNICEF.547Sarkar, D., Makrisa, D. C., Parra-Noonana, M. T., Datta, R.548(2005). Effect of soil properties on arsenic fractionation549and bioaccessibility in cattle and sheep dipping vat sites.550Environment International, 33, 164–169.551Smedley, P. L., Kinniburgh, D. G., Macdonald, D. M. J.,552Nicolli, H. B., Barros, A. J., Tullio, J. O., et al. (2005).553Arsenic associations in sediments from the loess aquifer554of La Pampa, Argentina. Applied Geochemistry, 20, 989–5551016.556Tandukar, N., Bhattacharya, P., Neku, A., & Mukherjee, A. B.557(2006). Extent and severity of arsenic poisoning in Nepal.558In Groundwater arsenic contamination in India: Extent559and severity. In R. Naidu, E. Smith, G. Owens, P. Bhat-560tacharya, & P. Nadebaum (Eds.), Managing arsenic in the561environment: From soil to human health (pp. 595–604).562CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Australia.563van Geen, A., Ahmed, K. M., Seddique, A. A., & Sham-564sudduha, M. (2003). Community wells to mitigate the565current arsenic crisis in Bangladesh. Bulletin of the World566Health Organisation, 82, 632–638.567von Bromssen, M., Jakariya, M., Bhattacharya, P., Ahmed, K. M.,568Hasan, M. A., Sracek, O., et al. (2007). Targeting low-arsenic569aquifers in Matlab Upazila, Southeastern Bangladesh. Sci-570ence of the Total Environment, 379(2–3), 121–132.571von Bromssen, M., Larsson, S. H., Bhattacharya, P., Hasan,572M. A., Ahmed, K. M., Jakariya, M., et al. (2008). Geo-573chemical characterisation of shallow aquifer sediments of574Matlab Upazila, Southeastern Bangladesh–implications575for targeting low-As aquifers. Journal of Contaminant576Hydrology, 99(1–4), 137–149.577von Bromssen, M., Markussen, L., Bhattacharya, P., Jacks, G.,578Thunvik, R., Hasan, M. A., Ahmed, K. M., Rahman, M.,


123




http://www.cnea.gov.ar/xxi/ambiental/agua-pura/default.htm

http://www.cnea.gov.ar/xxi/ambiental/agua-pura/default.htm

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249920119_Searching_for_a_sustainable_arsenic_mitigation_strategy_in_Bangladesh_Experience_from_two_upazilas?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-549a2dd5245b11dfda1b9fa048f68265-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzQzMzAwMjExO0FTOjk4NjIxMDA5Njk0NzQzQDE0MDA1MjQ0OTAwNTY=









RE

VIS

ED

PRO

OF

RE

VIS

ED

PRO

OF

579 Hossain, M., & Islam, M. (2010). Groundwater modeling580 for assessment of the sustainability of low-As aquifers in581 regions with high As-groundwater in SE-Bangladesh. In582 J.-S. Jean, J. Bundschuh, & P. Bhattacharya (Eds.) Arsenic583 in geosphere and human diseases, as 2010. In J. Bund-584 schuh, & P. Bhattacharya (series Eds.) Interdisciplinary585 book series: Arsenic in the environment—proceedings586 (pp. 149–151). CRC Press/Taylor and Francis, Leiden, The587 Netherlands.588 WHO. (1993). Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 2nd edn.589 Recommendations, Vol. 1. Geneva, Switzerland: World590 Health Organization.591 WHO. (2001). Guidelines for drinking-water quality: Arsenic592 in drinking water. Fact Sheet No. 210.

593WHO. (2010). United Nations Synthesis Report on Arsenic in594Drinking Water developed on behalf of the United595Nations Administrative Committee on Cooperation Sub-596Committee on Water Resources, with active participation597of UNICEF, UNIDO, IAEA and the World Bank.598(Chapter 5) Drinking Water Guidelines and Standards.599http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/arsenic3/600en/print.html. Accessed 12 April 2010.601WRUD. (2001). Preliminary study on arsenic contamination in602selected areas of Myanmar. Water Resources Utilization603Department (WRUD) in the Ministry of Agriculture and604Irrigation of Myanmar, Rangoon, Myanmar.

605


123




http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/arsenic3/en/print.html

http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/arsenic3/en/print.html

Targeting arsenic-safe aquifers for drinking water supplies

Documents

Transcript of Targeting arsenic-safe aquifers for drinking water supplies