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!*"3"#' !"*<!4< < %'#6(!=.' #<7!(<!4="2$(' +'()524 25

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=MGFQF; GT?IW@;Y QB FWPAC RMF>><GT@AK;Y, IN><FTPXAK;Y, QBT KA RM:W=J GKI=?T\KJ> HTFT<K>U =M N><FTP>GK>U <;<=AR; NA?AB>KMKJ, =>D=>=MB;Y <>DT «PT=AC RMF;Y, [> GT?Q=J G QBT<J BMSB;». +<J @>RI M=AU<=;@:KM N?>NMEMKPM KMCDTFJ\ MB=;GK> KMN?MGFQFM <G>W B?;=;BI KA KM ?A:FTETW QB =MBI, M KM GT?IW@;Y, N?MEKI@; UY G<TFQB> P;<B?AP;=IGM=;.1?; HJ>RI ?AMFJKT ?AN?A<TU, IG‘QSKAKKQ T =.N. N><=IN>G> <=MF; GTPTE?M:GM=; G <;<=ART PA?XMGK>E> M=AUSRI P?IE>?QPKI ?>FJ, I NT<FQG>cKK;CNA?T>P G>K; GXA G;B>?;<=>GIGMF;<Q E>F>GK;R @;K>R <=><>GK>KMCDTFJ\ MB=;GK;Y ?AFTETCK;Y FTPA?TG PFQ SMFQBIGMKKQ TK\;Y @FAKTGHA?BG; 2?;<=>G>U. & IR>GMY P>G>FT N><FTP>GK>U P;<B?AP;=MHTU <MR>E>>D?MSI GT?IW@>E>, QB>W DIF; KMN>GKAKT G<T SM<>D; RM<>G>U TKO>?RMHTUT M=R><OA?M <I<NTFJK>:N>FT=;@K;Y GTPK><;K, cGMKEAFJ<JB;R Y?;<=;Q:KMR:DMN=;<=MR P>G>P;F><Q X;=; PA<Q=BMR; ?>BTG, TK>PT G<A X;==Q. 5A<N?;QF> KMN?MHWGMKKW G K;Y NAGK;Y SMY;<K;Y RAYMKTSRTG, QBT DIF;SM<G>cKT I G;RT?T N>G<QBPAKKQ T <=MF; @M<=B>W UYKJ>U B>FAB=;GK>U N<;:Y>F>ETU.

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#><TC<JBTC TRNA?TU GTPDIGMF;<J SM IR>G HA?B>GK>:PA?XMGK>U >N>S;HTU =MPA?XMGK>:N?MG>G;Y I=;<BTG. !MK;C @;KK;B >DIR>G;G <A?C>SKI IGMEI,[> N?;PTFQW=J DMN=;<=; N;=MKKQR HA?B>GK>:PA?XMGK;Y GTPK><;K =M<G>D>P; ?AFTETU. 0G>D>PM ?>SEFQPMc=J<Q K;R; QB >PKM S G;[;Y OIKPM:RAK=MFJK;Y HTKK><=AC FWP<JB>E> DI==Q. 9MN=;<=; ?>SIRTW=J <G>D>PI?AFTETU QB N>KQ==Q, [> RMc EF;D>BT B>?TKKQ G 1;<MKKT.

1>?TGKQKKQ ?TSK;Y G;BFMPTG ><K>GK;Y DMN=;<=<JB;Y N?;KH;NTGN>BMSIc, [> G>K; (KASMFAXK> GTP UY @;<AFJK><=T T O>?R; G;BFMPI) P>:G>FT cP;KT =M <NAH;OT@KT G >N;<MKKT N?MB=;@K;Y ><>DF;G><=AC DMN=;S:RI, M =MB>X =A, [> N?;KH;N <G>D>P; <>GT<=T @; ?AFTETCK>U <G>D>P;, =MB<MR> QB N>G’QSMK;C S K;R N?;KH;N GTP>B?ARFAKKQ HA?BG; GTP PA?XM:G;, c SMEMFJK;R PFQ ?TSK;Y E?IN DMN=;<=<JB;Y HA?B>G.

&TFJQR "<=AN, GTP>R;C HA?B>GK;C T<=>?;B %RA?;B;, SMIGMXIc:“9I=; DMN=;<=>R – HA SKM@;=J GT?;=; G ?AFTETCKI <G>D>PI”. !MFT GTKN?>P>GXIc: “9MN=;<=; DIF; NA?\;R;, Y=> N>@MG SMY;[M=; N>GKI ?A:FTETCKI <G>D>PI G %KEFTU. & 1612 ?. .>RM< 2AFGT<, BA?TGK;B NA?\>U DMN:=;<=<JB>U HA?BG; G %KEFTU, KMP?IBIGMG NA?\I ?>D>=I MKEFTC<JB>W R>:G>W, G QBTC Q<K> G;BFMG N?;KH;N; ?AFTETCK>U <G>D>P; … T N><FMG UU B>:?>FW 7B>GI S ?IB>N;<K>W N?;N;W, G QBTC GTK SMIGMX;G, [> B>?>FJ=MB>X c SG;@MCK>W FWP;K>W T KA RMc N?MGM G<=MK>GFWGM=; PIY>GKTSMB>K;. #AFTETCKM <G>D>PM >PKMB>G> KMFAX;=J G<TR. 5Q <RTF;GT<=JB>\=IGMFM C>RI X;==Q. &TK N>RA? I G’QSK;HT G 1616 ?.”[1].

8MEMFJK>GTP>R>, [> cGMKEAFJ<JBT Y?;<=;QK;:DMN=;<=; SMGXP; T SMG<TY IR>G GTP<=>WGMF; <G>D>PI <>GT<=T PFQ G<TY FWPAC, KASMFAXK> GTPKMHT>KMFJK><=T, ?M<; =M GT?><N>GTPMKKQ. 9MN=;SR – >PKM S KADMEM=J:>Y, M R>XF;G> C cP;KM G <GT=T ?AFTETCKM =A@TQ, B>=?M, KMGT=J RMW@; PA?:XMGKI GFMPI (GTP>R>, [> DMEM=> N?AS;PAK=TG 0a% DIF; DMN=;<=MR;),KTB>F; KA SMD?IPK;FM <G>UY ?IB B?>G’W ?AFTETCK;Y NA?A<FTPIGMKJ. &>PKTC S D?>\I?, [> ?>SN>GTPMc N?> cGMKEAFJ<JB;Y Y?;<=;QK:DMN=;<=TG,E>G>?;=J<Q: “*>XKM FWP;KM GTPN>GTPMFJKM SM <G>U NA?AB>KMKKQ =TFJB;NA?AP 9>E>R. “9>E c <G>D>PM T PMc <G>D>PI, – N;<MG ,.9A?PQcG, – &TKKA <N>KIBMc 0ADA G;SKMGM=;.” +<J @>RI DMN=;<=; KTB>E> KTB>F; KA NA:?A<FTPIGMF; SM NA?AB>KMKKQ =M GTPPMGMF; NA?AGMEI =>RI, [>D DI=; KM:B>GMFJKAW SMRT<=J R>F>=M”[2].

O:PJ +6K6>GPA8<

+%)(0)+ !*"3"#) !"*<!4<* <!4"%<? *<45)1(6("," 3'+4)1->

#AFTETCK;C B>RNFAB< /B?MUK; QGFQc <>D>W<BFMPKI <;<=ARI GSMcR>PTU =M GSMcR>GNF;GTGHA?B>GK;Y TK<=;=IHTC. 5Q <;<=ARM G;<=INMc KA:GTP’cRK>W <BFMP>G>W <I<NTFJK>E> X;==Q, @I=F;G>?AMEIc KM I=GA?PXAKKQ G E?>RMP<JBTC <GTP>R><=TPAR>B?M=;@K;Y HTKK><=AC, <GT=>EFQPK;Y T KMHT>:KMFJK;Y TPAC, R>?MFJK>:A=;@K;Y N?;KH;NTG.

1>KQ==Q <G>D>P; <>GT<=T SMB?TNFAK> DMEM=J:RM RTXKM?>PK;R; N?MG>G;R; MB=MR;, G;SKMK;:R; /B?MUK>W, S>B?ARM 8MEMFJK>W PABFM?MHTcWN?MG FWP;K;, *>K<=;=IHTcW /B?MUK; =M 8MB>:K>R /B?MUK; «1?> <G>D>PI <>GT<=T =M ?AFTETCKT>?EMKTSMHTU». & SMEMFJK>RI ?>SIRTKKT PMKA N>:KQ==Q GBFW@Mc G <ADA <G>D>PI RM=; @; N?;CRM:=; ?AFTETW MD> NA?AB>KMKKQ SM <G>UR G;D>?>R,<N>GTPIGM=; DIPJ:QBI ?AFTETW MD> KA <N>GTPIGM:=; KTQB>U, <G>D>PI SRTKWGM=; <G>W ?AFTETW, DAS:NA?A\B>PK> GTPN?MGFQ=; >PK>><>D>G> @; B>FAB:=;GK> ?AFETCKT >D?QP;, GA<=; ?AFTETCKIPTQFJKT<=J, GTPB?;=> G;?MXM=; T GTFJK> N>\;?W:GM=; <G>U ?AFTETCKT NA?AB>KMKKQ. &MXF;G>W<BFMP>G>W <G>D>P; <>GT<=T c N?MG> DM=JBTG KMG;Y>GMKKQ <G>UY PT=AC GTPN>GTPK> P> GFM<K;Y<GT=>EFQPK;Y NA?AB>KMKJ.

7B GTP>R>, N?>HA<; <=MK>GFAKKQ =M AG>FWHTUDMN=;SRI QB I <GT=>G>RI RM<\=MDT, =MB C I

© _?TC #A\A=KTB>G,=AB<=, 2009.


,-.-/$01%" 2:0>3"D-$%")*, 1#$=.U0F%G. $#81.,6. <)V".

[1] Religion Freedom. Fondations of Baptist Heritage. Nashville, TN, 1989. – P. 1.[2] "GMKEAFJ<B;A Y?;<=;MKA:DMN=;<=L. 0>Y?MK;G\;A GA?K><=J AGMKEAF;W. ,., 1992. –0. 5.

+%)(0)+ !*"3"#) !"*<!4< * <!4"%<? *<45)1(6("," 3'+4)1->;%)7 %$@$4()."*28 29

>P;K S G;SKMK;Y FTPA?TG -.4.#QD>\MNBM. 8 HTcW RA=>W GTK I 1872:1873??. KMGT=J USP;G S /B?MUK; P> 1A=A?DI?EI. 1?MG><FMGKT MG=>?; GTPSKM:@MF;, [> GTK «SMGXP; D?MG KM <ADA ?>FJ SM<=INK;BM NA?AP I?QP>R S RA:=>W P>D;=;<Q G;SKMKKQ \=IKP;SRI <AB=>W P>SG>FAK>W G #><TU».

/ 1886 ?>HT PFQ DTFJ\ MB=;GK>E> SMY;<=I <G>UY ?AFTETCK;Y N?MG KMS’USPT IB?MUK<JB>:?><TC<JB;Y DMN=;<=TG DIF> N?;CKQ=> ?T\AKKQ N?>SMFI@AKKQ MPG>BM=TG PFQ SMY;<=I KA<N?MGAPF;G> SG;KIGM@AK;Y GT?IW:@;Y, M S <>WSK>U BM<; DIF> G;PTFAK> >B?ARI <=M==W PFQ N>G’QSMK;Y TSH;R G;=?M=[5]. / 1895 ?>HT KM TR’Q TRNA?M=>?M DIF> N>PMK> N?>YMKKQGTP E?IN; ?>P;K DMN=;<=TG *MGBMSI, HAK=?MFJK;Y EIDA?KTC #><TU =MNTGPKQ /B?MUK;, G QB>RI R>GM C\FM N?> GTPRTKI ?AN?A<;GK>E> [>P>DMN=;<=TG 8MB>KI 1894 ?>BI =M N?> G;SKMKKQ UY G@AKKQ KA\BTPF;G;R.

9>?>=JDM cGMKEAFJ<JB;Y GT?IW@;Y SM <G>D>PI <>GT<=T SKMY>P;FM<G>c GTP>D?MXAKKQ C KM <=>?TKBMY UY N?A<;. &AF;BI ?>FJ G HJ>RIGTPTE?MGMG @M<>N;< “9c<cPM”, [> G;PMGMG<Q SM TKTHTM=;G>W -.0.1?>YM:K>GM. 'M C>E> <=>?TKBMY ?>SRT[IGMFM<J TKO>?RMHTQ N?> <=MK>G;[AcGMKEAFJ<JB;Y GT?IW@;Y, M =MB>X TKO>?RMHTQ N?> PTU SMB>?P>KK;YGT?IW@;Y, <N?QR>GMKT KM SMY;<= <G>UY IB?MUK<JB>:?><TC<JB;Y >P:K>GT?HTG.

8T <=>?TK>B HJ>E> G;PMKKQ RM=A?TMF; [>P> NA?A<FTPIGMKKQ cGMK:EAFJ<JB;Y GT?IW@;Y G #><TU N>=?MNFQF; T KM <=>?TKB; SMB>?P>KK>U N?A:<;, G;BF;BMW@; >DI?AKKQ I SMB>?P>KK>U E?>RMP<JB><=T, S>B?ARM SMB>?:P>KK;Y >PK>GT?HTG, PTQR; ?><TC<JB>U GFMP;. 1?MB=;@K;R ?ASIFJ=M=>RHJ>E> DIF; @;<FAKKT BF>N>=MKKQ S:SM B>?P>KI KM MP?A<TC<JB>UGFMP; [>P> N>B?M[AKKQ <=MK>G;[M cGMKEAFJ<JB;Y GT?IW@;Y.

'MGT=J I GMXBT @M<; ?MPQK<JB>E> =>=MFT=M?;SRI, KA<N?;Q=F;GT KAF;\A PFQ <G>D>P; <>GT<=T, MFA C KMGT=J PFQ D>?>=JD; SM KAU, I 60:Y – 70:Y ?>BMY R;KIF>E> <=>FT==Q N?;Y;FJK;B; +?EB>RT=A=I =M #MP; 5A?B>Ge29 N?>G>P;F; MB=;GKI =M ?T\I@I PTQFJKT<=J [>P> GTP<=>WGMKKQN?MG GT?IW@;Y =M ?AMFJK>E> P>=?;RMKKQ N?MGM <G>D>P; <>GT<=T, N?>:E>F>\AK>E> ?MPQK<JB>W B>K<=;=IHTcW. fYKQ MB=;GKT<=J RMFM N>S;=;G:K;C GNF;G KM G<W ?AFTETCKI =M E?>RMP<JBI <;=IMHTW I =T ?>B;. 1?MB:=;@K> G>K; <=MF; NA?\;R; >?EMKTS>GMK;R; P;<;PAK=MR; G #MPQK<J:B>RI 0>WST, T UYKQ PTQFJKT<=J KMP;YKIFM DMEM=J>Y N?AP<=MGK;BTGTK=AFTEAKHTU KM D>?>=JDI SM <G>U N?MGM.

.MBA GMXF;GA SKM@AKKQ PFQ DMN=;<=TG N?;KH;NI ?AFTETCK>U <G>D>:P; N>G’QSMK> S GFM<=;G>W N?>=A<=MK=;SRI MBHAK=MHTcW IGME; KM N?MGTB>XK>E> KM <MR><=TCKA ?>SIRTKKQ C =FIRM@AKKQ 9TDFTU, QBM G;SKMc=J:<Q G;[;R MG=>?;=A=>R I N;=MKKQY GT?; =M X;==Q, =M, QB KM<FTP>B, TKP;:GTPIMFJKA <MR>G;SKM@AKKQ. 9TDFTCK;C =AB<= ?>SEFQPMc=J<Q G DMN=;SRTG QB><=T E>F>GK>U SM<MP; PFQ N>DIP>G; QB ><>D;<=>E>, =MB C <I<NTFJK>:E> X;==Q, [> >DIR>GFWc KA>DYTPKT<=J <MR><=TCK>E> P><FTPXAKKQ 0GQ:=>E> 1;<JRM B>XK;R NA?A<T@K;R GT?IW@;R.

8GTP<; G;G>P;=J<Q C TPAQ N?> ?TGKT<=J I<TY GT?IW@;Y, QBM SKMY>P;=J<G>c N?MB=;@KA GTP>D?MXAKKQ S>B?ARM G >?EMKTSMHTU DMN=;<=<JB;Y E?>RMP.

8 N?;KH;N>R <G>D>P; =T<K> N>G’QSMK;C N?;KH;N ?>SPTFAKKQ HA?:BG; T PA?XMG;. 5A?BGM =M PA?XMGM “KMFAXM=J P> ?TSK;Y <GT=TG: HA?B:GM – P> KADA<K>E>, GT@K>E>; PA?XMGM P> SARK>E>, =;R@M<>G>E>. e F;\A>P;K SM<TD UY DFME>N>FI@K>E> T<KIGMKKQ: GTP>B?ARFAKKQ HA?BG; GTPPA?XMG;”[3].

eGMKEAFJ<JBT Y?;<=;QK;:DMN=;<=; =?MP;HTCK> D?MF; MB=;GKII@M<=J I D>?>=JDT SM G<=MK>GFAKKQ =M P>=?;RMKKQ ?AFTETCK>U <G>D>P;=M <G>D>P; <>GT<=T I #><TC<JBTC TRNA?TU, M NTSKT\A I #MPQK<JB>RI 0>WST.1?>QG>R HTcU D>?>=JD; c @;<FAKKT N?>YMKKQ =M BF>N>=MKKQ, [> N>PM:W=J<Q DMN=;<=MR; P> ?TSK;Y I?QP>G;Y TK<=MKHTC, GTP<=>WW@; N?MG> KMGTFJKI ?AMFTSMHTW <G>UY ?AFTETCK;Y NA?AB>KMKJ.

gA I 1873 ?>HT I N?>YMKKT +.*MNI<=QKM =M ,.#M=I\K>E> KM TR’Q2A?<>K<JB>E> EIDA?KM=>?M GT=@;SKQKT DMN=;<=; N>?I\IGMF; GMXF;GAN;=MKKQ: “'AGXA I KM\TC DM=JBTG[;KT KA R>XKM GT?IGM=; I eGMKEAFTW=M R>F;=;<Q 9>EI? 'AGXA R; H;R S?>D;F;<J \BTPF;G;R; H;GTFJK>RIKM@MFJ<=GI MD> S?>D;F;<J \BTPF;G;R; FWPJR; PFQ KM\>E> &<AR;F><:=;G>E> 4><IPM?Q?”[4]. ,>GM C\FM N?> R>XF;GT<=J N>BF>KQ=;<Q 9>EI =MB,QB GGMXMFM N?MG;FJK;R PMKM, M =MB>X DIPJ:QBM TK\M, ?AFTETCKM E?INM.1?> HA X CPA=J<Q T G TK\;Y N?>YMKKQY =M BF>N>=MKKQY, QBT cGMKEAFJ<JBTY?;<=;QK;:DMN=;<=; N>PMGMF; P> ?TSK;Y I?QP>G;Y TK<=MKHTC, GTP<=>W:W@; <G>c N?MG> KM GTFJKI ?AMFTSMHTW <G>UY ?AFTETCK;Y NA?AB>KMKJ.

& N>@M=B>G;C NA?T>P T<=>?TU GT=@;SKQK>E> cGMKEAFJ<JB>:DMN=;<=<J:B>E> D?M=<=GM \;?>BI PTQFJKT<=J [>P> FAEMFTSMHTU C>E> <=MK>G;[M GTG

[3] .MR <MR>.[4] "N.%FAB<;C. ,M=A?;MFL PFQ ;<=>?;; ?AF;E;>SK>E> PG;XAK;Q KM WEA #><<;; G>G=>?>C N>F>G;KA XIX G.: 9/R, D/P. – h 167. – 0.193. [5] (<=>?;Q AGMKEAFJ<B;Y Y?;<=;MK:DMN=;<=>G G 000#. – ,., 1989. – 0.119.

+%)(0)+ !*"3"#) !"*<!4< * <!4"%<? *<45)1(6("," 3'+4)1->;%)7 %$@$4()."*30 31

GT?K;Y, MFA KMN?MHJ>GIW=J, M GT?KT\A GTP?>PXIW=J, P><GTP MB=;GK>UN?;<I=K><=T G ><GT=KTC <OA?T, G <OA?T PI\NM<=;?<JB>E> <FIXTKKQ G8D?>CK;Y 0;FMY T N?MG>>Y>?>KK;Y <=?IB=I?MY, I<=MK>GMY NAKT=AKHT:M?K>U <;<=AR;, <N?;QW=J <>HTMFJKTC ?AMDTFT=MHTU KM?B>: =M MFB>E>FJ:K>SMFAXK;Y ><TD, KMPMW=J SKM@K;C >D<QE ?TSK>DT@K>U DFME>PTCK>U P>:N>R>E; RMF>SMDASNA@AK;R GA?<=GMR KM<AFAKKQ, <N?;QW=J >SP>?>GFAK:KW PT=AC T R>F>PT =>[>.

&MXF;G> SMSKM@;=;, [> =MBM <I<NTFJKM GMXF;GM PTQFJKT<=J 5A?B:G; SKMY>P;=J ?>SIRTKKQ S D>BI K;KT\KJ>E> /?QPI, QB;C GDM@Mc >PK;RTS <G>UY N?T>?;=A=K;Y SMGPMKJ SMDASNA@AKKQ <G>D>P; <>GT<=T PFQ I<TYE?>RMPQK =M <=G>?AKKQ KMFAXK;Y IR>G PFQ PTQFJK><=T ?AFTETCK;Y>?EMKTSMHTC. 8>B?ARM, N;=MKKQ SMB>K>PMG@>E> SMDASNA@AKKQ <G>D>P;<>GT<=T DIF; G<ADT@K> ?>SEFQKI=T NTP @M< SI<=?T@AC 1?AR’c?:RTKT<=?M/B?MUK; _.&..;R>\AKB> (BGT=AKJ 2008 ?. =M F;NAKJ 2009 ?.) TS @FAKM:R; &<AIB?MUK<JB>U ?MP; HA?B>G T ?AFTETCK;Y >?EMKTSMHTC.

/?QP>R KM <J>E>PKT >N?MHJ>GIc=J<Q NM?=KA?<JBM R>PAFJ GTPK><;KRTX !A?XMG>W T 5A?BG>W. 8M ><=MKKT PGM ?>B;, /?QP>R NTP BA?TGK;H:=G>R _..;R>\AKB> S?>DFAK> DMEM=> PFQ G;?T\AKKQ GMXF;G;Y PFQHA?B>GK>U <NTFJK>=; N;=MKJ. .MB, HA?BGMR T ?AFTETCK;R >?EMKTSMHTQRKMPMK> N?MG> DASB>\=>GK>E> T N><=TCK>E> SARFAB>?;<=IGMKKQ SARAFJ:K;R; PTFQKBMR; PA?XMGK>U =M B>RIKMFJK>U GFM<K><=T, KMPMK> R>X:F;GT<=J KMDI==Q G >?AKPI SARAFJK;Y PTFQK>B T >D’cB=TG PA?XMGK>U =MB>RIKMFJK>U GFM<K><=T DAS SM<=><IGMKKQ B>KBI?<K;Y N?>HAPI?, G<=M:K>GFAK> ?>SRT? NFM=; SM EMS KM ?TGKT =M?;OTG, NA?APDM@AK;Y PFQ KM<A:FAKKQ, SGTFJKAK> GTP <NFM=; SM SKA<AKKQ SAFAK;Y KM<MPXAKJ N?; G;PT:FAKKT UR SARAFJK;Y PTFQK>B PFQ DIPTGK;H=GM BIFJ=>G;Y =M TK\;Y KA>D:YTPK;Y <N>?IP.

/?QP>R T N?AP<=MGK;BMR; I?QP>G>U B>MFTHTU I &A?Y>GKTC #MPT /B:?MUK; KM ?>SEFQP 1M?FMRAK=I GKA<AK> SMB>K>N?>AB=; [>P> KMPMKKQ?AFTETCK;R >?EMKTSMHTQR N?MGM KM SM<KIGMKKQ SMEMFJK>><GT=KTY KM:G@MFJK;Y SMBFMPTG, [> RMc <=G>?;=; KA>DYTPKT IR>G; PFQ ?AMFTSMHTUE?>RMPQKMR; <G>E> B>K<=;=IHTCK>E> N?MGM KM G;Y>GMKKQ <G>UY PT=ACSETPK> TS <G>UR; PIY>GK;R; =M R>?MFJK;R; NA?AB>KMKKQR;, [>P> G<=M:K>GFAKKQ R>?M=>?TW KM GTP@IXAKKQ PA?XMGK;R; >?EMKMR; =M >?EMKM:R; RT<HAG>E> <MR>G?QPIGMKKQ >D’cB=TG B>F;\KJ>U HA?B>GK>U GFM<K><=T,[>P> SGTFJKAKKQ GTP <NFM=; N>PM=BI KM P>PMKI GM?=T<=J >NA?MHTC TSGGASAKKQ P> /B?MUK; 9TDFTC.

.?MP;HTW SMY;<=I P>=?;RMKKQ <G>D>P; <>GT<=T cGMKEAFJ<JBT Y?;<:=;QK;:DMN=;<=; N?>P>GXIW=J T G IR>GMY KASMFAXK>U /B?MUK;, QBM N?>:E>F><;FM ?AFTETCKI <G>D>PI >PKTcW TS <G>UY KMCGMXF;GT\;Y HTKK><=AC..MB, I 2002:2003 ?>BMY cGMKEAFJ<JBT Y?;<=;QK;:DMN=;<=; GSQF; MB=;G:KI I@M<=J I D>?>=JDT ?AFTETCK;Y >?EMKTSMHTC [>P> KAP>NI[AKKQ IYGM:FAKKQ N?;CKQ==Q SMB>K>N?>AB=I, [> <I==cG> N>?I\IGMG N?MGM =M R>X:F;G><=T ?AFTETCK>U PTQFJK><=T >B?AR;Y GT?IW@;Y =M ?AFTETCK;Y E?>RMP=M <=MG;G UY I X>?<=BI SMFAXKT<=J GTP >?EMKTG PA?XMGK>U GFMP;. 'MPIRBI cGMKEAFJ<JB;Y Y?;<=;QK:DMN=;<=TG, DIPJ:QBA >DRAXAKKQ N?MGM<G>D>P; <>GT<=T, B?TR G;NMPBTG ><>DF;G> >E>G>?AK;Y RTXKM?>PK>:N?M:G>G;R; MB=MR;, c KAN?;NI<=;R;R.

0>HTMFJK>:N>FT=;@KM <=MDTFJKT<=J B?MUK; DMEM=> G @>RI SIR>G:FWc=J<Q SRT<=>R =M <N?QR>GMKT<=W PA?XMGK>:B>KOA<TCK;Y T RTXB>K:OA<TCK;Y GTPK><;K, <I<NTFJK>W MB=;GKT<=W ?AFTETCK;Y TK<=;=IHTC.0I@M<KM <=?M=AETQ <NTG?>DT=K;H=GM PA?XMG; T HA?BG;, QB HTFA<N?QR>:GMK;C T <;<=ARK;C N?>HA<, I=GA?PXIc PIY>GKI BIFJ=I?I, O>?RIc N>FA=>FA?MK=K><=T =M GSMcR>N>GME;, <N?QR>GMKM KM N>\IB GSMcR>N?;CKQ=:K;Y O>?R T RA=>PTG ?>SG’QSMKKQ <>HTMFJK;Y T ?AFTETCK;Y N?>DFAR. !><QE:KAKKQ HTcU RA=; R>XF;GA SM IR>G; RTXB>KOA<TCK>E> N>?>SIRTKKQ T SFM:E>P;, N>EF;DFAKKQ N?>HAPMFJ\>U TK=AE?MHTU HA?BG; G <I<NTFJ<=G>.

1?>E>F>\AKKQ KASMFAXK><=T /B?MUK; P>SG>F;F> HA?BGMR T ?AFTE:TCK;R >?EMKTSMHTQR, S>B?ARM cGMKEAFJ<JB;R Y?;<=;QKMR:DMN=;<=MR,?>SE>?KI=; <G>W PTQFJKT<=J, <N?QR>GMKI KM PIY>GKA GTP?>PXAKKQ IB:?MUK<JB>E> <I<NTFJ<=GM, GN?>GMPXAKKQ I N>G<QBPAKKA X;==Q G;<>B;YY?;<=;QK<JB;Y PIY>GK;Y HTKK><=AC.

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1. Robert G. Torbet. A History of the Baptists.2. Albert W. Wardin. Baptists Around the World Ian Randall Baptist beginnings.3. (GMK>G %. +D ;<=>?;; G>SK;BK>GAK;Q DMN=;SRM http://www.dw:world.de/

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1T<FQ >D’cPKMKKQ KM SM<MPMY «0A?NKAG>U IE>P;» GTPK>\AKKQ DMN:=;<=TG P> N’Q=;PA<Q=K;BTG SRTKWc=J<Q. /<T >D[;K; Y?;<=;QK GT?; cGMK:EAFJ<JB>U, QBT RMF; DA<TPI TS <=M?\;R N?A<GT=A?>R T P><QEF; «cPK><=T»,M =MB>X PMF; >DTHQKBI G;B>KIGM=; «0A?NKAGI IE>PI», KA N>?I\IW@;<G>UR; ><>DF;G><=QR; GT?>G@AKKQ T KA GNF;GM=; KM <GT=>EFQP cGMK:EAFJ<JB;Y Y?;<=;QK DMN=;<=TG, «I<TY GT=Mc» &<A<>WSKM #MPM e29, =>D:=> N?;CRMc P> <G>E> 0>WSI. /E>PI NTPN;<MF; N?AP<=MGK;B; GTP 2&e– -.*. 1MKJB>, 0.-. &M\BAG;@, !.-. 1>K>RM?@IB, +.-. 9TPM\. .AB<= UU N>:GKT<=W >OTHTCK> >NIDFTB>GMK;C =TFJB; @A?AS PGMKMPHQ=J ?>BTG I«9?M=<JB>RI GT<K;BI» 1957 ?>BI, h4, <.36.

9MEM=> N’Q=;PA<Q=K;HJB;Y E?>RMP, ><>DF;G> I SMYTPK;Y >DFM<=QY,IGTC\F; P> >D’cPKMKKQ. 8M >OTHTCK;R; PMK;R;, P> &0e29 N?;cPKM:F><Q 25 =;<Q@ N’Q=;PA<Q=K;BTG, >D’cPKMK;Y I DTFJ\ KTX 400 >D[;K, G><K>GK>RI HA DIF; N’Q=;PA<Q=K;B; /B?MUK;, 1?;DMF=;B;, 9TF>?I<T [8,

«+’64)#$!64()0=.)7» +$%<"# > 3'+4)1-<: 1945A1970ABC %".) 99 !4."2=,' 4)-"D>.48 49

?AB>KMG<Q, [> N>PTF H;Y =?J>Y <>WSTG (Z"#$D-FOGO1)Q Q:)G/)P$, Z"#$RD-FOGO1)Q Q:)G/)P$RK#M/)G/0", Q:)G/)P$ "0:) Z"#$D-FOGO1%V. – +.5.) DIGPM?ARK;R, ><BTFJB; I<T <>WS; N?>N>GTPIW=J >PKA 0F>G> 9>XA, >PK>E>9>EM, >PKI GT?I =M >PKA Y?A[AKKQ... gA ?MKT\A Q PIRMG E>G>?;=; S D?M:=MR; N?> cPKT<=J =?J>Y <>WSTG. %FA G =>C @M< D?M=; @>RI<J KA SKMC\:F; SM N>=?TDKA NTPKQ=; HA N;=MKKQ» [20, <.74]. g;?> ?MPTW@; P><QEKAK:KW cPK><=T, !.-.1>K>RM?@IB SMSKM@Mc, [> «=ANA? <>WSI Y?;<=;QK cGMK:EAFJ<JB>U GT?; KARMc, GTK GF;G<Q P> <>WSI e29. .;Y, [>KAN?;cPKMF><Q, SMF;\;F><Q KADMEM=>, QBT KA DMXMW=J G;SKM=; NA?:\><GQ[AKK;HJBI R>F;=GI -<I<M 2?;<=M N?> cPKT<=J PT=AC 9>X;Y...ePKT<=J PMFM KMR N?MG> DI=; ?TGK>N?MGK;R; @FAKMR; KM\>E> <>WSI,I QB>E> KARMc <;KBTG @; NM<A?DK;BTG, M I<T <;K; 9>XT N> GT?T G 2?;<=M-<I<M, 4><N>PM KM\>E>» [.MR <MR>, <. 75].

-.*.1MKJB> \;?\A P;G;=J<Q KM N?>DFARI <NTGT<KIGMKKQ N’Q=;PA:<Q=K;BTG I DMN=;<=<JB>RI <>WST. 8MIGMX;G\;, [> KM <=>?TKBMY«9?M=<JB>E> GT<K;BI» DIF> ?>SRT[AK> @;RMF> <=M=AC KM =ARI cPK><=T,-.1MKJB> NTPB?A<FWc, [> «G>K; ><GT=;F; KA I<T SMN;=; KM\>E> (M’P/)R=-GP/$)?O1%D%. – +.5.) PIYI»[18, <.50]. &TP<=>WW@; N?MG> <GTPBIGM=;=A, [> c <GQ=;R PFQ NAGK>U @M<=;K; @FAKTG HA?BG;, -.1MKJB> NTPB?A<:FWc, [> KA>DYTPK> G?MY>GIGM=; PIRBI =M NA?AX;GMKKQ TK\;Y, GTPK>:<;=;<Q P> I<TY @FAKTG >PKMB>G>, KA N?;K;XIW@; N>@I==TG TK\;Y GT?I:W@;Y, KA R>XKM GGMXM=; <ADA T >D[;KI, P> QB>U KMFAX;\, G;[A TK\>U.

«9MXMW@; N?;GA<=; TK\;Y P> =TcU T<=;K;, QBI NTSKMF; <MRT, N?; HJ>RITKB>F; SMDIGMc=J<Q, [> TK\T PT=; 9>XT =MB>X EF;D>B> NA?AB>KMKT I<G>cRI NTSKMKKT. 2=> R>XA PM=; EM?MK=TW, [> GTK NTSKMG I<W T<=;KI?]; R; GGMXMcR>, [> RMcR> N?MG> B?;=;BIGM=; TK\;Y I =>RI, [> KMR IK;Y SPMc=J<Q KAN?MG;FJK;R?»

0N;?MW@;<J KM NT<FMKKQ P> ?;RFQK 14:4, -.1MKJBAG;@ N;\A:

«!MC R>XF;GT<=J TK\>RI X;=; PFQ 4><N>PM T <FIX;=; )>RI =MB, QBC>RI Q<K>, T KA G;<=INMC, QB <IPPQ. 'A GGMXMC =;Y c?A=;BMR;, QBT KART?BIW=J =MB, QB =;. g> <=><Ic=J<Q c?A<T, => \IBMC UU I NA?\I @A?EI I<>DT... /<T PT=; 9>XT ?TGKT...5TFJ KM\>E> X;==Q: HA N><=TCKM <GQ=T<=J,DAS QB>U KTY=> KA N>DM@;=J 4><N>PM (eG?. 12:14)» [.MR <MR>].

!> <A?AP;K; 1946 ?. <=MF; KMPY>P;=; N>GTP>RFAKKQ P> &#e29 N?>KADMXMKT KM<FTPB;: I K;SHT N>RT<K;Y HA?B>G, G QBT GF;F;<Q N’Q=;PA<Q=:K;B;, GTPDIGMW=J<Q E?IDT N>?I\AKKQ IR>G «0A?NKAG>U IE>P;» (EF><>:

K><=T =M @;KK><=T D>E><FIXAKKQ (1*>?.14:40) – >D;PGT <=>?>K;N>E>P;F;<Q GA<=; G;Y>GKI ?>D>=I N?>=; =MB>E> ?>PI QG;[, NM:R’Q=MW@;, [> ?9>E KA c 9>E>R DASFMPI, MFA R;?I? (1*>?.14:33);

10) 8 >EFQPI KM =A, [> I e29 KARMc SG;@MW R;==Q KTE, HTcW /E>P>W?AB>RAKPIc=J<Q 2&e, I HTFQY cPK><=T =M >PK>?TPK><=T D>E><FIX:D>G>E> N>?QPBI, GA<=; G;Y>GKI ?>D>=I I <AK<T P><QEKAKKQ cP;:K>E> ?>SIRTKKQ I HJ>RI N;=MKKT S e29 ;

11) +D;PGT <=>?>K; N?;CRMW=J G<T RT?; PFQ =>E>, [>D RTX e29, S>PK>U <=>?>K;, T 2&e, S TK\>U, G<=MK>G;F;<J KMC[;?T\T D?M=<JBTGSMcR>GTPK><;K; PFQ <NTFJK>U ?MP><=T =M DFME><F>GAKK>U N?MHT;

12) +D;PGT <=>?>K;, NT<FQ NTPN;<MKKQ /E>P;, >N>GT[MW=J <G>U >D:[;K; N?> >D’cPKMKKQ T SMBF;BMW=J P> N>PQ@K>U R>F;=G; SM GA:F;BI <N?MGI cPK><=T G<TY <N>?TPKAK;Y SM GT?>W Y?;<=;QK KM\>UB?MUK; [15, <.182:183].

+B?TR >OTHTCK>U «0A?NKAG>U IE>P;», KMN?;BTKHT <A?NKQ 1945 ?. DIG?>ST<FMK;C 5;?BIFQ?K;C F;<= I<TR IN>GK>GMXAK;R #MP;, PA 9:?9?!;E<37?;C ;7P5ER@P 5PS: NTP=?;RBM N?A<GT=A?TG &#e2T9 I UY «>D:’cPKMG@TC» ?>D>=T; G;G@AKKQ KM<=?>UG <A?AP N’Q=;PA<Q=K;BTG; KAP>NI:[AKKQ «O>?RMFJK>E> SF;==Q» N’Q=;PA<Q=K;BTG S e29 =M SPTC<KAKKQ«DISIGT?<JB;Y» R>FTKJ G >D’cPKMK;Y E?>RMPMY; KA P>SG>FQ=; «SMB?;:=;Y» N’Q=;PA<Q=K;HJB;Y R>FTKJ G >D’cPKMK;Y E?>RMPMY; KA P>NI<BM=;N>EF;KAKKQ N’Q=;PA<Q=K;HJB;R; >D[;KMR; =;Y DMN=;<=<JB;Y >D[;K,S QB;R; G>K; >D’cPKIW=J<Q; KA P>NI<BM=; N?>GAPAKKQ STD?MKJ N’Q=;PA:<Q=K;BTG PFQ >DE>G>?AKKQ ?T\AKKQ ?>S\;?AK>U KM?MP; &#e2T9. / GA:?A<KT 1945 ?. N>RT<K;R HA?BGMR DIG KMN?MGFAK;C >OTHTCK;C F;<= TSGBMSMKKQR BFW@>G;Y NIKB=TG IE>P;, [> <=><IGMF;<Q EF><>FMFTU =M>R;==Q KTE. +@AG;PK>, [> SM N?MG> N?;cPKM=;<Q P> <>WSI e29 N’Q=;:PA<Q=K;BMR KA>DYTPK> DIF> GTPR>G;=;<Q GTP I<TY <G>UY N?;KH;N>G;YP>ERM=;@K;Y =GA?PXAKJ.

1>S;HTQ !.-.1>K>RM?@IB, -.*. 1MKJBM, 0.-.&M\BAG;@M, 0.-.9TPM\M,[> NTPN;<MF; «0A?NKAGI IE>PI», KA DIFM >PK>SKM@K>W. +.-. 9TPM\,NTPN;<MG\; «0A?NKAGI IE>PI», G;C\>G TS 0>WSI T I 1948 ?>HT SM<KIGMGKASMFAXKI N’Q=;PA<Q=K;HJBI E>RMPI. !.-.1>K>RM?@IB, QB;C S 1925 ?.N?;cPKMG<Q P> 2&e, «KTB>F; KA NA?A<=MGMG PIRM=; N?> cPKT<=J PT=AC9>X;Y. !><FTP;G\; 1;<MKKQ T >SKMC>R;G\;<J TS =?J>RM <>WSMR;, NA:

«+’64)#$!64()0=.)7» +$%<"# > 3'+4)1-<: 1945A1970ABC %".) 99 !4."2=,' 4)-"D>.50 51

KQ», M BM=AE>?;@K> G;RMEM=; GTP BA?TGK;BTG =MB;Y >D[;K =M E?IN KAEMC:K> N?;N;K;=; I<QBI PTQFJKT<=J, >PK>@M<K> <N>GT<=;G\; N?> HA RT<HAGT?MPQK<JBT =M OTKMK<>G> – N>PM=B>GT >?EMK;. $>PK;Y SMQG GTP «N’Q=;PA:<Q=K;BTG» TS BF>N>=MKKQR N?> GTPB?;==Q R>F;=>GK;Y DIP;KBTG N?;C:RM=; KA <FTP» [19, 3.80].

/ X>G=KT 1948 ?. &#e29 KMN?MGFQc N>RT<K;R HA?BGMR N?;CKQ=;CKM ?>S\;?AK>RI SM<TPMKKT P>BIRAK=, QB;C NA?APDM@Mc G;BFW@;=; SHA?B>GK>E> D>E><FIXTKKQ «\IR>GT AOAB=;», GBFW@MW@; Y>?>G;C <NTG.

1>@;KMW@; TS 1948 ?. I «9?M=<JB>RI GT<K;BI» G<A @M<=T\A <=MF;S’QGFQ=;<Q N>GTP>RFAKKQ N?> =A, [> N’Q=;PA<Q=K;B; GTPB?;=> G;<=INM:W=J N?>=; «0A?NKAG>U IE>P;», M HA >SKM@MF>, [> DTFJ\T<=J N’Q=;PA<Q=:K;HJB;Y E?>RMP KA N>E>PXIc=J<Q TS «0A?NKAG>W IE>P>W». / 1948 ?.GTPDIG<Q KAFAEMFJK;C S’USP I !KTN?>PSA?X;K<JBI SM I@M<=W PAFAEM=TGI<TY N’Q=;PA<Q=K;HJB;Y >D’cPKMKJ. 'M S’USPT DIF> <BFMPAK> F;<=M –SGA?KAKKQ P> BA?TGK;H=GM &<A<>WSK>E> >D’cPKMKKQ e29 =M ?MPQK<J:B>E> I?QPI N?> KA>DYTPKT<=J N’Q=;PA<Q=K;BMR RM=; GFM<K;C <>WSSETPK> S GT?>G@AKKQR 2&e. &TP?MSI NT<FQ SMBTK@AKKQ S’USPI, GK>@T, G<TC>E> 16 I@M<K;BTG DIF; SMM?A\=>GMKT T GTPN?MGFAKT P> !KTN?>NA=?>G<J:B>U G’QSK;HT, M SE>P>R – P> *;UG<JB>U. 8M E?M=MR; >N;K;F;<Q %.-. 9TPM\(SGTFJKAK;C 1956 ?>BI, 1958 ?>BI SK>GI SMM?A\=>GMK;C =M KMN?MGFA:K;C P> &>?BI=;, NTSKT\A P> R>?P>G<JB;Y =MD>?TG; G<J>E> SMEMFJKMBTFJBT<=J ?>BTG, GTP<;PXAK;Y I G’QSK;HT – 20), &.-.9cF;Y (>=?;RMG 8?>BTG IG’QSKAKKQ, N>BM?MKKQ GTPDIGMG I =MD>?T R.-K=M (*>RT B?MC); P?I:EA IG’QSKAKKQ – 1958 ?., NT<FQ <IPI I =?MGKT 1959 ?. GTPN?MGFAK;C KM SM<:FMKKQ I &>?BI=I, NTSKT\A – I R>?P>G<JBT =MD>?;, SGTFJKAK;C I 1976 ?.;SMEMF>R N?>GTG I SM<FMKKT 25 ?>BTG [10, <.43]), -.%. 3AG@IB =M TK\TN?>GTPKT ><>D; [3, <.4]. !><;=J HTBMG;R N>Q<KAKKQR HTcU =?MEAPTU c N>:S;HTQ &.%. 0F>D>PQK;BM, @FAKM HA?BG; e29: «.MBM SM=TQ IE>PK>W 4><:N>PI KA DIFM T =>RI I<NTY>R KA IGTK@MFM<Q» [24, <. 108:109].

1T<FQ G;Y>PI KM <G>D>PI FTPA?; 2&e, B>?;<=IW@;<J NA?T>P>R«GTPF;E;», STD?MF; [A >P;K KAFAEMFJK;C S’USP 15:20 <A?NKQ 1956 ?. G2M?B>GT =M SGA?KIF;<Q P> ?MPQK<JB>E> BA?TGK;H=GM S MKMF>ET@K;R N?>:YMKKQR. 5J>E> ?MSI G>K; >=?;RMF; N>S;=;GKI GTPN>GTPJ T N>PMF; KM?Ac<=?MHTW P> #MP; I <N?MGMY ?AFTETC KA>DYTPKT P>BIRAK=; S PMK;R;N?> RT<HAGT E?>RMP;. & ?ASIFJ=M=T SM H;R; <N;<BMR; ?>SN>@MF;<QM?A\=; T <IP>GT N?>HA<; KMP MB=;GK;R; @FAKMR; T BA?TGK;H=G>R HA?:BG;. 5A NTPT?GMF> ><=MKKW P>GT?I P> GFMP;, M =>RI P> ?>SNMPI 0#0#

FMFTQ DAS G;=FIRM@AKKQ, >R;===Q KTE, N><;FAKKQ =AKPAKHTU N><;FAK>UN?>NMEMKP; <A?AP @FAKTG N>RT<K;Y HA?B>G P> >=?;RMKKQ «QS;BTG» =MN?;RI >R;==Q KTE). &#e29 I SG’QSBI TS H;R N?;CKQFM ?T\AKKQ,QBA DIF> SMOTB<>GMKA I F;<=T GTP 17.04.1946 ?. T ?>ST<FMKA <=M?\;RN?A<GT=A?MR:

«!> 1 F;NKQ 1946 ?. SMGA?\;=; >D’cPKMKKQ 2&e TS e29 KM ><K>GT N>:GK>E> P>=?;RMKKQ «0A?NKAG>U IE>P;». 0MR;R <A?C>SK;R @;K>R N?;:<=IN;=; P> SPTC<KAKKQ =M KAIY;FJK>E> N?>GAPAKKQ G X;==Q I<TY NIKB=TG«0A?NKAG>U IE>P;» T ><>DF;G> IE>P; N?> «QS;B;» =M >R;==Q KTE. / G<TYG;NMPBMY N>?I\AKJ <=?>E> NA?AB>KIGM=; N>?I\K;BTG, QB =;Y, Y=> =G>:?;=J ?>SPTFAKKQ G ?QPMY PT=AC 9>X;Y, T I G;NMPBI KAG;N?MGFAKKQ =MN?>P>GXAKKQ N>?I\AKJ IE>P; – G;BFW@M=; N>?I\K;BTG TS KM\;Y >D:[;K... 0=><>GK> «N?>?>BTG» – =MBT N>G;KKT G;BFW@M=;<Q S ?QPTG D?M=:<=GM» [23, <.188].

5AC F;<= N>BFMG N>@M=>B NA?T>PI KMN?IXAK;Y GTPK><;K N>RTXe29 =M 2&e, QB;C SMGA?\;G<Q I 1989 ?., – @M<T, B>F; 2&e <=G>:?;=J <GTC GFM<K;C <>WS. 11 F;NKQ 1946 ?. F;<=>R P> 2&e SGA?KIF;:<Q !.-. 1>K>RM?@IB =M -.*.1MKJB>, NA?AB>KIW@; GT?IW@;Y @T=B>P>=?;RIGM=;<Q N>F>XAKKQ «0A?NKAG>U IE>P;» <=><>GK> EF><>FMFTU,>R;==Q KTE, N?>?>H=G, [> <N>GT[MW=J N?> RMCDI=Kc. 0=><>GK> N?>:?>BTG, D?M=; NTP=GA?P;F;, [> «=MBT N>G;KKT G;BFW@M=;<Q S ?QPTG D?M=:<=GM» [12, <.237].

+B?TR KA?>SIRTKKQ N’Q=;PA<Q=K;HJB>U P>ERM=;B;, N?QRA G=?I@MK:KQ PA?XMG; I <N?MG; HA?BG; (GKA<AKKQ N>N?MG>B I =AB<=; ?AFTETCK;YN?;GT=MKJ, G =AB<=; PIY>GK;Y NT<AKJ =M N<MFRTG, G ?ANA?=IM?; G;B>KI:GMK;Y I STD?MKKQY NT<KA<NTGMY, G PIY>GKT <=M==T, >NIDFTB>GMKT I«9?M=<JB>RI GT<K;BI») KA R>EF> KA PM=; <G>UY ?Q<K;Y <Y>PTG I <N?MGT?>SP>?I N>RTX KM<;FJK> GF;=;R; cGMKEAFJ<JB;R; E?>RMPMR;.&#e29, BA?TGK;C >?EMK D?M=<=GM e29, DIPI@; NTP R>EI=KTR =;R#MP; I <N?MGMY ?AFTETCK;Y BIFJ=TG, SM@M<=I G;QGFQG<Q KA<N?>R>XK;RY>@ QB><J P>N>R>E=; KMGT=J SM?Ac<=?>GMK;R >D[;KMR, SMY;<=;=; GT?I:W@;Y NA?AP GFMP>W GTP I=;<BTG KM ?>D>=T @; KMG@MKKT, KA GAPI@; R>G;N?> KASM?Ac<=?>GMKT E?>RMP;. 17 GA?A<KQ 1947 ?. I F;<=T GTP E>F>G;#MP; G <N?MGMY ?AFTETCK;Y BIFJ=TG -.&. 1>FQK<JB>E> GBMSIc=J<Q:

«g> <=><Ic=J<Q PTQFJK><=T «N’Q=;PA<Q=K;BTG», => N> GTPK>\AKKW P>K;Y KA>DYTPK> N?;CKQ=; DTFJ\ ?T\I@T =M KMN>FAEF;GT RT?;. 'A>DYTPK>SMGA?\;=; I<TFQBT ?>SR>G; T =;R DTFJ\A «GR>GFQKKQ» =M «KM<=MGFQK:

«+’64)#$!64()0=.)7» +$%<"# > 3'+4)1-<: 1945A1970ABC %".) 99 !4."2=,' 4)-"D>.52 53

RL N>KQF;, @=> >K ; KAB>=>?LC < K;R FXAHL ; >DRMK[;B;. … 1><FA<>D?MK;Q DLFM N?>GAPAKM @FAK<BMQ DA<APM G>:NA?GLY >D IBMSMKK>R >NQ=;PA<Q=K;BMY. … +D Z=>R <>D?MK;; D?M=JQ >D`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… 0>?>@;K<B;C <> <G>;R; N?;GA?XAKHMR; PAFMW=KAFAEMFJKLA <>D?MK;Q N> P>RMY Z=;Y NQ=;PA<Q=K;B>G ; ME;=;?IW= N>RAXPI @FAKMR; ; IXA IGFABF; PI\ NQ=J ;S 5A?BG;, B>K@AK> KAP>G>FJ:KLY SM KMN>R;KMK;A ;R >D ;Y KAY>?>\AR N>GAPAK;;, BMB Y?;<=;MK.Z=; NQ=;PA<Q=K;B; Z=> IDAX;[A PFQ <>E?A\MW[;Y. 'M?I\AK;C G 5A?:BG; KA=» [.MR <MR>, F.8].

'A GGMXMW@; SM P>?A@KA G;<=INM=; =I= S >HTKB>W N>S;HTC =MG@;KBTG DMN=;<=<JB>U =M N’Q=;PA<Q=K;HJB>U HA?B>G, >DRAX;R><Q B>K:<=M=MHTcW OMB=I N?>=;?T@@Q RTX K;R;. 9ASIR>GK>, B>XKM S H;Y HA?:B>G =I?DIGMFM<Q N?> N>\;?AKKQ <G>E> GNF;GI I <I<NTFJ<=GT, SDTFJ\AK:KQ @;<AFJK><=T @FAKTG HA?BG;, MFA KA N?> N>\;?AKKQ GNF;GI Y?;<=;:QK<=GM G HTF>RI. 1?; HJ>RI B>XKM <=>?>KM >D’cB=;GK> G;<=INMFM >PKMPFQ >PK>U N?;KMCRT, QB B>KBI?AK=. % I<A HA ?MS>R GSQ=A C <N>KIBMF> I<G>UY GSMcR><=><IKBMY ?>D;=; KME>F>< KM N?>=;?T@@QY, M KA KM =>RI,[> R>EF> >D’cPKM=;.

1>:P?IEA, KA KM\M <N?MGM G;?T\IGM=;, @>RI DIF> P>NI[AK> >D:’cPKMKKQ PG>Y =A@TC, – N?> [> N;<MG >P;K TS N’Q=;PA<Q=K;HJB;Y MG:=>?TG: «T G<A X G>PM S >FTcW KA SD;GMFM<Q». 3>ET@KT\A G;KA<=; S HJ>E>QB[> KA G;<K>G>B, => D>PMC I?>B: SMGXP; KA>DYTPK> G?MY>GIGM=; N?;K:H;N G?MYIGMKKQ «TKMB\><=T» I N>ST?K> ?AFTETCKTC TPAK=;@K><=T. / FW:D>RI G;NMPBI, N?; I<TY DFME>=G>?K;Y KMRT?MY, DMN=;<=; «N?;PI\;F;»?>SG;=>B N’Q=;PA<Q=K;HJB>E> ?IYI, ?;<=MG\;<J N?MG>R «<=M?\>:E> D?M=M». 7<B?MG;R N?;BFMP>R R>XA <FIEIGM=; Y?>K>F>ET@KM =MDF;:

N’Q=;PA<Q=K;B; DTFJ\A KA C=;RI=J KM PTMF>E TS ?MPQK<JB;R MNM?M=>RGFMP;.

1?>CPA DTFJ\A PA<Q=; ?>BTG NT<FQ IBFMPMKKQ 0A?NKAG>U IE>P;, MFAN?;<=?M<=T KMGB>F> ><>DF;G><=AC N’Q=;PA<Q=K;HJB>E> GT?>G@AKKQ KA<=;YM=;RI=J. & ?>SR>GT MB=IMFJK;R <=MKA N>KQ==Q «cPKT<=J», DTFJ\SG;@KA PFQ GIYM cGMKEAFJ<JB;Y Y?;<=;QK P?IE>U N>F>G;K; 22 <=>FT==QQB «AP;K<=G>». %B=IMFJKT<=J HTcU N?>DFAR; GFI@K> G;<F>G;G 0.&. gM:GAFTK:

«7B[> ?MKT\A NA?AP KM\;R D?M=<=G>R E><=?> <=>QF> N;=MKKQ N?> <=G>:?AKKQ cPK><=T, => =ANA? S KARAK\>W E><=?>=>W <=>U=J N;=MKKQ N?> SDA:?AXAKKQ cPK><=T» [27, <.18]

0=>?TKB; «9MN=;<=<JB>E> GT<K;BM» ?Q<KT=;RI=J <=M==QR; KM PMKI=ARI [!;G. !>PM=>B]. +OTHTCK>W NMKIGM=;RA =MBM =>@BM S>?I:

«1T<FQ >D’cPKMKKQ G >P;K <>WS cGMKEAFJ<JB;Y Y?;<=;QK =M DMN=;<=TG=M N?;cPKMKKQ Y?;<=;QK GT?; cGMKEAFJ<JB>U T GT?IW@;Y TK\;Y =A@TC<=M?\T N?A<GT=A?; N?>P>GXIGMF; N?>G>P;=; \;?>BI ?>S’Q<KWGMFJKI?>D>=I N> N;=MKKW cPK><=T I N>RT<K;Y HA?BGMY» [12, <.236].

/ RT<Q@K>RI SGT=T <=M?\>E> N?A<GT=A?M &#e29 N> #TGKAK<JBTC >D:FM<=T ,MBM?TQ %KP?TC>G;@M ';@;N>?IBM N?> N?>GAPAKKQ PIY>GK>UPTQFJK><=T =M GTPGTPIGMKKQ >D[;K SM <T@AKJ 1958 ?. R; RMcR> R>X:F;GT<=J N>SKMC>R;=;<Q TS <;=IMHTcW N> >DFM<=T R>G>W P>BIRAK=TG.0AF> 8P>GD;HQ, 8P>FDIKTG<JB;C ?MC>K.

«1><FA <>D?MK;Q ;RAF; @FAK<BIW DA<API > 1>F>XAK;; 0>WSM ; ><>EFM\AK;; MGEI<=>GR 1945 E>PM ; BMB ?MP><=K>, @=> PAC<=G;=AFJ:K> RL PA=; 9>XJ; R>XAR N?ADLGM=J G AP;K<=GA PIYM ; <>WSA R;?M»[16, F.7].

5A?BGM <. +XAKTK>, +<=?>SJB>E> ?MC>KI,

«;S "29. … NQ=;PA<Q=K;B; KA N?;<>AP;K;G\;A<Q B 5A?BG; PMKK>E><AFM, G<AEPM =GA?P;F;, @=> RL G>CPAR G<A A<F; <RAKAK DIPA= 1?A<G;:=A? ; @FAKL 0>GA=M, Z=> PF;F><J D>FAA PGIY FA= ; =>EPM 1?A<G;=A? 72FA= >= ?>PI ?A\;F Z=> <PAFM=J F;\J DL DLF> AP;K<=G> ; I<=IN;F Z=>RA<=>, M ;SD?MK DLF D?M= aMFMDMK 0A?EAC %FAB<MKP?>G;@ ; @FAKL0>GA=M =>XA P?IE;A. '> G;P;R, @=> Z=> G<A >BMSMF><J F>XJW >K; KAN?;<>AP;K;F;<J ; G NA?GIW >@A?APJ Z=> PAFMA= ;Y ?IB>G>P;=AFJ 0>:?>@;K<B;C 1A=? ,;?>K>G;@, B>=>?LC G<A G?ARQ N?>=;G;F<Q ; N?>=;:G;=<Q AP;K<=GI, Z=> @AF>GAB IN>?KLC ; E>?PLC ; KAIX;G@;GLC. .ANA?J

«+’64)#$!64()0=.)7» +$%<"# > 3'+4)1-<: 1945A1970ABC %".) 99 !4."2=,' 4)-"D>.54 55

- G<A X DMN=;<=<JB;C NA?T>P I N’Q=;PA<Q=K;H=GT N?;KT< TS <>D>W KA=TFJB; N?>HA<; ?ICKIGMKKQ @; EMFJRIGMKKQ. 8MGPQB; «0A?NKAGTCIE>PT» N’Q=;PA<Q=K;B;, GGTC\>G\; P> &0e29, SIRTF; SDA?AE=; <G>UE?>RMP;. / #TGKAK<JBTC >DFM<=T NTP G;GTW «5A?BGM e29» NA?T>PI50:70:Y ?>BTG, I NA?AGMXKTC DTFJ\><=T <TFJ<JBT >D[;K;, SD;?MF;<Q <MRAN’Q=;PA<Q=K;B;. 7 F;NKQ 1970 ?. IN>GK>GMXAK;C I <N?MGMY ?AFTETCK;YBIFJ=TG SRI\AK;C DIPA B>K<=M=IGM=; OMB=, [> «I #>GAK<JBTC >DFM<=TTS SM?Ac<=?>GMK;Y E?IN e29 DTFJ\T<=J – G;YTPHT TS N’Q=;PA<Q=K;BTG»[25, F.22]. 5TBMG> DIF> D, QB P><FTPK;BI, N>SKMC>R;=;<Q TS N?MHQR;, QBT?>SB?;GMF; D N?>DFARI DMN=;<=<JB>E> NA?T>PI G X;==T N’Q=;PA<Q=:K;BTG.

&TP 1945 N> 2009 ?>B; N?>C\F> KARMF> @M<I, GTPTC\F; I GT@KT<=JDTFJ\T<=J TS <GTPBTG N?;RI<>G>E> <NTFJK>E> X;==Q DMN=;<=TG =M N’Q=;:PA<Q=K;BTG, N;=MKKQ «cPK><=T» PMGK> G=?M=;F; =>C <AK<, SM QB;C D>?>:F;<Q, KMRMEMW@;<J <B?TN;=; <>WS, [> PMGK> N>@;KMG PMGM=; =?T[;K;.'A SRTK;F><Q F;\A >PKA, [> KA R>XA KA B;PM=;<Q I GT@T KADMCPIX>RI<N><=A?TEM@I. 1?> HA [A I 2001 ?>HT N;<MG &M<;FJ 9>c@B>:

«0J>E>PKT Y?;<=;QK<JB;C <GT= SMKI?;G<Q I RTXB>KOA<TCKI G>?>XKA:@I, GTPB?;=I B>KO?>K=MHTW, GTPB?;=I KAKMG;<=J T KMGT=J DMXMKKQ SK;:[;=; TK\T GT?; ?MP; <G>cU» [6, <.22].

]; G@;=J T<=>?TQ ?>D;=; G;<K>GB; S NA?AX;=>E>? ]; <N?MHJ>GIcAFARAK=M?KM FWP<JBM E>?PT<=J? ]; NA?ARMEMc <F>G’QK<JBA FTK;G<=G>=M DMCPIXT<=J? «.M 0;K 3WP<JB;C, B>F; N?;CPA, @; SKMCPA GT?I KMSARFT?» (3IB; 18:8).

.9?;8A <?A8:?;>3G8S 7P>6:3>E:?

1. %=MKM<. (KLA QSLB; // & BK.: 1>S;H;Q: 0D. <=M=AC / 1>P >D[. ?AP. %.4.9?;K:SL. – (?NAKJ, 2001. – 0.104:112

2. %=MKM<. *?;GLA NI=; // & BK.: 1>S;H;Q: 0D. <=M=AC / 1>P >D[. ?AP. %.4.9:?;KSL. – (?NAKJ, 2001. – 0.125:136.

3. 9MDTC 4. 0=>?TKB; S T<=>?TU +D’cPKMK>U 5A?BG; 2?;<=;QK &T?; eGMKEAFJ<JB>U/B?MUK; // 0F>G> 2?;<=;QK;KM: &<AIB?. XI?KMF +5 2&e. – 1996. – h2. –0.3:7, <. 4.

4. 9AF>I<>G 0.&. .?Q<IK<=G> // & BK.: 1>S;H;Q: 0D. <=M=AC / 1>P >D[. ?AP.%.4.9?;KSL. – (?NAKJ, 2001. – 0.140:154.

5. 9AFLY &. (<=>?;Q 2&": (1:Q &<AR;?KMQ B>KOA?AKH;Q 2&" <FMGQK<B;Y KM:?>P>G. ^?MERAK=L P>BFMPM) // 0F>G> 2?;<=;QK;KM. – 1996. – h9:10. – 0.3:4, 0. 3.

HQ, G;GAPAKM G «(<=>?;; AGMKEAFJ<B;Y Y?;<=;MK:DMN=;<=>G G 000#»[12, <.408], PA N>@;KMW@; GTP 1919 ?>BI N> 1939 ?. (N>@M=>B !?IE>U<GT=>G>U GTCK;) OTB<IW=J<Q PM=; S’USPTG N’Q=;PA<Q=K;HJB;Y E?>RMP, SM<:KIGMKKQ N’Q=;PA<Q=K;HJB;Y NA?T>P;@K;Y G;PMKJ, GTPB?;==Q 9TDFTCK;YBI?<TG. - KMN?;BTKHT – =?; <B?>RKT PM=; T <IYT PMKT: 1945 ?. – >D’cPKMK:KQ TS 0>WS>R e29; 1970 – 1980 ??. – MG=>K>RKM ?Ac<=?MHTQ HA?B>G2&e; 1989 ?. – G;YTP HA?B>G 2&e TS 0>WSI e29. / H;Y <>?>BM @>=;:?J>Y ?>BMY – KAS?AMFTS>GMKT N>=AKHTMF; N’Q=;PA<Q=K;BTG.

9ASIR>GK>, PMKM N?MHQ KA N?A=AKPIc KM PA=MFJKA, G<ADT@KA T G;@A?N:KA P><FTPXAKKQ. 3;\A >P;K HAC R>RAK= – IBFMPMKKQ «0A?NKAG>U IE>:P;» =M UU KM<FTPB; N?;GTPB?;GMc NA?AP >@;RM P><FTPK;BM N?>DFARIG=?I@MKKQ GFMP; I <N?MG; HA?BG;. &TB=>? 9cF;Y, RIP?M FWP;KM, QBMD>QFM<Q ?>SDI?YM=; [A DTFJ\;C G>E>KJ, N>PMc RM=A?TMF PFQ ?>SPIRTG:

«1943 ?. N?; G>cKK>RI <>WST TS SMYTPK;R; Y?;<=;QKMR; DIF; SGTFJKAKTTS =MD>?TG BA?TGK;H=G> cGMKEAFJ<JB;Y Y?;<=;QK, DMN=;<=TG =M N?MG>:<FMGK;Y. &>?>KMcG, *>F=>G;@ =M TK\T <FIX;=AFT 2e& TS IG’QSKAKKQ KAN>GA?KIF;<Q...1958 ?. – ?AN?A<IGMF; BA?TGK;H=G> <>WSI 2&e (I [email protected]\M, 9cF;Y, 3AG@IBM). aT<=PA<Q= <FIX;=AFTG 2&e DIF; SMN?>=>:?AKT P> R>?P>G<JB;Y =MD>?TG» [5, <.3,4].

/ PMK>RI G;NMPBI R>GM KA CPA N?> IBFMPMKKQ RM?=;?>F>EI, @;SGAPAKKQ ?MYIKBI, Y=> DTFJ\A N><=?MXPMG. ,>GM CPA \G;P\A N?> PM:FAB>EFQPKT<=J GFMP; T G;B>?;<=MKKQ HA?BG; QB DASGTFJK>U N?IX;K;KAGTP>R>E> RAYMKTSRI. 0NTGN?MHQ HA?BG; TS PA?XMG>W GTPEIBKA=J<Q?>SB>FMR;, RM<>G;R G;Y>P>R @FAKTG TS ?Ac<=?>GMK;Y E?>RMP, [> SM <>:D>W N>=QEKA FMG;KI M?A\=TG, SM<IPXAKJ =M SM<FMKJ, <RA?=AC, ><;?>=:TF;Y PT=AC. !A=MFJKT\A SMKI?WW@;<J G T<=>?TW =G>?AKKQ «0A?NKAG>UIE>P;», NA?AB>KIc\<Q I PIRHT, [> T E?>RMP; e29 T E?>RMP; 2&e DM:KMFJK> G;B>?;<=MF;, MFA QB[> &#e29 I<TRM <;FMR; <=M?MFM<Q SMP>:GTFJK;=; T PA?XMGI, T HA?BGI, => 2&e I<TRM <;FMR; KMRMEMF;<Q G;?:GM=;<Q S:NTP GFMP; «<=M?\>E> D?M=M», NTP<GTP>R> ?>SIRTW@;, [> G;?;:GMW=J<Q S FMDA=TG *!9, [> KM<N?MGPT – KAR>XF;G>. .MB N><=MKAOAK>RAK RM<>G>U ARTE?MHTU: I 1963 ?. E?INT GT?IW@;Y N’Q=;PA<Q=K;BTGGPMF><Q N>=?MN;=; P> MRA?;BMK<JB>E> N><>FJ<=GM I ,><BGT T N>N?>:<;=; P>N>R>E; I <N?MGT ARTE?MHTU S 0#0#. - Y>@M NA?\M <N?>DM DIFMKAGPMF>W, I 1973 ?. ?>SE>?KIFM<Q K>GM B>RNMKTQ SM ARTE?MHTW. !> <A:?AP;K; 1978 ?., SM >HTK>@K;R; PMK;R;, ARTE?MHTCK;R; KM<=?>QR; DIF>>Y>NFAK> P> 20 =;<Q@ GT?IW@;Y [13, <.391].

«+’64)#$!64()0=.)7» +$%<"# > 3'+4)1-<: 1945A1970ABC %".) 99 !4."2=,' 4)-"D>.56 57

22. #.*. (S ;<=>?;; N?;<>AP;KAK;Q ?>P<=GAKKLY =A@AK;C G >P;K <>WS // 9?M=:<B;C GA<=K;B. – 1984. – h2. – 0.42:45, 0.44.

23. 0MG;K<B;C 0.'. ;<=>?;Q AGMKEAFJ<B;Y Y?;<=;MK:DMN=;<=>G /B?M;KL, #><:<;;, 9AF>?I<<;;. ].II (1917 – 1967). – 0.1D.: 9;DF;Q PFQ G<AY, 2001. – 422 <.– 0.186.

24. 0F>D>PQK;B &.%. +@A?B; N> ;<=>?;; NQ=;PA<Q=K;@A<=GM (RRAK=M?;Q:R;)/(?NAK<BMQ 0AR;KM?;Q &0+ "29. – 9.R., 2000. – 320 <. – 0.108:109.

25. 0N?MGB;, ;KO>?RMH;; > ?MD>=A ?AF;E;>SKLY >D[;K, > <><=>QK;; M=A;<=;:@AC N?>NMEMKPL, > OMB=MY KM?I\AK;Q SMB>K>PM=AFJ<=GM > ?AF;E;>SKLYBIFJ=MY, > ?MD>=A < XMF>DMR; ; SMQGFAK;QR;. KM@M=> QKGM?J 1970E. +B>K@A:K> <AK=QD?J 1970 E. – #>GAK<B;C E><M?Y;G. ^>KP # 204. +N;<J h 12. "P. Y?.h 179. –'M 50 F;<=MY. 3.22..

26. .I?B>G '. #AF;E;>SKLC ZB<=MS // & BK.: 1>S;H;Q: 0D. <=M=AC / 1>P >D[. ?AP.%.4.9?;KSL. – (?NAKJ, 2001. – 0.155:157.

27. gMGAF;K 0.&. 9A?AE; AP;K<=G> 5A?BG; 9>X;AC // 9?M=<B;C GA<=K;B. –1956. – h2. – 0. 18:20.

1853>8A: <?=:3G3 =P=7P8B:3NPC ;>8;8<G8 9?>3GM T5G8;>P(SM Y?>K>F>ET@K;R N?;KH;N>R)

*M?AG %.&. "[A >P;K \ME G PAFA AP;K<=GM//9?M=<B;C GA<=K;B. – 1945. – h3. –0.7:8;

$;PB>G 7.(. /EFIDFAK;A AP;K<=GM G KM\;Y ?QPMY//9?M=<B;C GA<=K;B. – 1946.– h4. – 0.15:17;

*M?N>G %.'. 0ARJ SGAKJAG KM\AE> AP;K<=GM//9?M=<B;C GA<=K;B. – 1949. – h1.– 0.41:43;

!.". !M DIPI= G<A AP;K>//9?M=<B;C GA<=K;B. – 1953. – h2:3. – 0.58:60;

3AG;KPMK=> '.%. 10:FA=;A >D`AP;KAK;Q AGMKEAFJE> D?M=<=GM//9?M=<B;C GA:<=K;B. – 1955. – h1. – 0.14:16;

gMGAF;K &.0. 9A?AE; AP;K<=G> 5A?BG; 9>X;AC!//9?M=<B;C GA<=K;B. – 1956. –h2. – 0.18:20;

,;HBAG;@ %.(. "P;K<=G> PA=AC 9>X;;Y //9?M=<B;C GA<=K;B. – 1958. – h5:6.– 0.33:39;

,>F>BMK>G ^. + AP;K<=GA (1?MSPK>GMK;A PKQ "P;K<=GM)//9?M=<B;C GA<=K;B.– 1961. – h5:6. – 0.78:80;

*M?AG %.&. 1A?G><GQ[AKK;@A<BMQ R>F;=GM 2?;<=M//9?M=<B;C GA<=K;B. – 1962.:h3. – 0.58:70;

*M?AG %.&. "P;K<=G> HA?BG;//9?M=<B;C GA<=K;B. – 1964. – h1. – 0.26:35;

*M?EAFJ ".(. + AP;K<=GA GA?IW[;Y//9?M=<B;C GA<=K;B. – 1965. – h5. – 0.23:25;

6. 9>c@B> &. !MC=A <G>D>PI !IY>GT 0GQ=>RI // 9FME>GT<K;B. – 2001. – h1. –0.21:23, 0. 22.

7. 9?MIK\=ACK ,. 'A G<QB>RI PIYI GA?J=A // & BK.: 1>S;H;Q: 0D. <=M=AC / 1>P>D[. ?AP. %.4.9?;KSL. – (?NAKJ, 2001. – 0.96:103.

8. 9?M=<B;C GA<=K;B. – 1946. – h2. – 0.12.9. 9?M=<B;C GA<=K;B. – 1947. – h1. – 0.13; 1947. – h5. – 0.12; 1948. – h1. –

0.7.10. &TB=>? -GMK>G;@ 9cF;Y: 06.04.1925 – 25.02.2001: ['AB?>F>E] / 0AB?A=M?TM=

+5 2&e B?MUK 0'4 =M 9MF=TU // 9FME>GT<K;B. – 2001. – h1. – 0.43.11. 8MGM=<B; &. "GMKEAF;@AA PG;XAK;A G 000# N><FA &=>?>C R;?>G>C G>C:

KL / 5AK=?. B>R. RAK>K;=>G G #><<;;; #AP. NA?. KM ?I<. '.%.*>?K;F>G. – ,.,1995. – 559 <. – 0.105.

12. (<=>?;Q AGMKEAFJ<B;Y Y?;<=;MK:DMN=;<=>G G 000#/ &0"29; ]FAKL ;<:=>?. B>R;<<;;: 0.'.0MG;K<B;C, 1.!.0MG@AKB>, (.1.!;B. – ,., 1989. – 623 <.

13. -<=>?TQ ?AFTETU G /B?MUKT / '%' /B?MUK;. -K:= OTF><>OTU TR. 4.0.0B>G>?>P;,&TP:KQ ?AFTETcSKMG<=GM; 8M ?AP. %.,.*>F>PK>E>, 1.3.7?>HJB>E>. – *.: 8KMK:KQ, 1999. – 735 <. – 0.391.

14. *M?EAFJ (.&. +D I@AK;; NQ=;PA<Q=K;B>G: ((S FABH;C, N?>@;=MKKLY <=IPAK:=MR 8M>@KLY 9;DFAC<B;Y BI?<>G G 3AK;KE?MPA. 1IDF;BIW=<Q G <>B?M[A:K;;) // & BK.: 1>S;H;Q: 0D. <=M=AC / 1>P >D[. ?AP. %.4.9?;KSL. – (?NAKJ,2001. . – 0.50:95.

15. *M?AG %.&. #I<A AGMKEAFJ:DMN=;<=A PG;XAK;A // %FJRMKMY N> ;<:=>?;; DMN=;SRM / 0><=. ,.0.BM?A=K;B>GM. – 0.1D.: 9;DF;Q PFQ G<AY, 1997. –312 <. – 0.182:183.

16. ,A<Q@KLC >=@A= 0=M?\AE> 1?A<G;=A?M &0"29 N> #>GAKC >DFM<=; ';:@;N>?IBM ,MBM?;Q %KP?AAG;@M > N?>GAPAKK>C PIY>GK>C PAQ=AFJK><=; ; N>:<A[AK;; >D[;K SM QKGM?J 1958 E>PM. – #>GAK<B;C E><M?Y;G. ^>KP h #:204.+N;<J h12. "P. Y?. h 60. – 3.7.

17. 1MGFAKB> 8. 'ASKMB>RLA QSLB; // & BK.: 1>S;H;Q: 0D. <=M=AC / 1>P >D[.?AP. %.4.9?;KSL. – (?NAKJ, 2001. – 0. 155:157.

18. 1MKJB> (. + AP;K<=GA // 9?M=<B;C GA<=K;B. – 1961. – h1. – 0. 50.19. 1A?AN;<BM < 0>GA=>R, /N>FK>R>@AKKLR 0>GA=M N> PAFMR ?AF;E;>SKLY BIFJ:

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20. 1>K>RM?@IB !.(. + "P;K<=GA PA=AC 9>X;;Y // 9?M=<B;C GA<=K;B. – 1960. –h5:6. – 0.74:75., <. 74.

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*IF;B>G &.4. + AP;K<=GA 5A?BG; 2?;<=M//9?M=<B;C GA<=K;B. – 1969. – h1. –0.13:15;

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9L@B>G %.,., 0MG@AKB> 1.!. 30:FA=;A AP;K<=GM KM\AE> D?M=<=GM//9?M=<B;CGA<=K;B. – 1974. – h6. – 0.52:60;

(GMK>G (.4. * 30:FA=;W >DÀP;KAK;Q KM\AE> D?M=<=GM (0>>D[AK;A 1?AS;P;I:RM)//9?M=<B;C GA<=K;B. – 1975. – h5. – 0.72:73;

,;HBAG;@ %.(. + <><=>QK;; PAFM AP;K<=GM G AGMKEAFJ:DMN=;<=R D?M=:<=GA: (!>BFMP KM 1FAKIRA &0"29, >B=QD?J 1975 E.)//9?M=<B;C GA<=K;B. – 1976.– h2. – 0.67:71;

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9?M=A <>>D[AK;A > <>GA[MK;; G 1?AS;P;IRA &0"29 < N?AP<=MG;=AFQR;Y?;<=;MK GA?L AGMKEAFJC, GY>PQ[;R; G> &0"29 ; MG=>K>RK> SM?AE;<=?;:?>GMKKLR;//9?M=<B;C GA<=K;B. – 1983. – h3. – 0.43;

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1><FMK;A 43:E> &<A<>WSK>E> <ÀSPM B> G<AR GA?IW[;R AGMKEAFJE> ;<N>GA:PMK;Q G 000#//9?M=<B;C GA<=K;B. – 1985. – h3. – 0.71;

+D?M[AK;A B> G<AR D?M=JQR ; <A<=?MR "29, 2&" ; D?M=<B;R RAK>K;=MR//9?M=:<B;C GA<=K;B. – 1986. – h1. – 0.55;

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[2] http://www.ebf.org/articles/display:article.php?article=214&cat=home&lang=rus[3] http://www.baptist.org.ru/articles/dialog/385 [4] http://portal:credo.ru/site/?act=news&id=72713&cf=

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Тезисы статьи.

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1. !XAB<>K 1>F #. !>B=?;KL ; I<=?>C<=G> DMN=;<=<B;Y HA?BGAC. – 2?;<=;MK:A N?><GA[AK;A, 1993.

2. #A\A=KTB>G _, 0MKKTB>G 0. +EFQP T<=>?TU eGMKEAFJ<JB>:DMN=;<=<JB>E> D?M=:<=GM G /B?MUKT. – +PA<M: +90 e29, 9>E>R;<FTc, 2000.

3. 8DT?K;B: «-<=>?TQ 9MN=;SRI». &LN.1, /BFMPM@ 0MKKTB>G 0.&. – +PA<<M: +90e29, «9>E>R;<FTc», 1996.

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[1] Walter, B. Shurden, The Baptist Identity: Four FragileFreedoms (Macon, Georgia: Smyth & Helwys Publishing, Inc.,1997).

[2] aM?PAK, 59.

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[4] aM?PAK, 26:27.[5] '. 9A?PQAG, ,;?><>SA?HMK;A !><=>AGE> (,><BGM: 8MYM?>G, 2001), 53:54.

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4. 1?;KH;N ?AF;E;>SK>C <G>D>PL ; >=PAFAK;Q HA?BG; >= E><IPM?:<=GM. [2] Gary F. Zeolla. Five Baptist Principles By Gary F. Zeolla http://www.dtl.org/article/

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4?INNM KA?AE;<=?;?>GMKKLY DMN=;<=>G (05 "29) ; ;Y N?;ARK;:B;, >N;<LGMW= DMN=;<=<B;A N?;KH;NL <<LFMQ<J KM Z=I D?>\W?I7.7. &;K<M. & <>>=GA=<=G;; < ;SF>XAK;AR, >NIDF;B>GMKKLR G XI?KM:FA «&A<=K;B <NM<AK;Q» h3, 1970 E. ; N>G=>?AKKLR G 0D>?K;BA NID:F;BMH;C «+<K>GKLA N?;KH;NL GA?L AGMKEAFJ<B;Y Y?;<=;MK:DMN=;:<=>G» (1992 E. Russian Gospel Ministries <. 102:129) Z=; N?;KH;NL GLE:FQPQ= =MB[3]:

1. 0GQ[AKK>A 1;<MK;A – AP;K<=GAKK>A N?MG;F> ; ?IB>G>P<=G> G>G<AY G>N?><MY GA?L ; X;SK;.

2. 1?>N>GAPJ "GMKEAF;Q ; <G;PA=AFJ<=G> > 2?;<=A – EFMGKMQ SM:PM@M ; ><K>GK>A N?;SGMK;A 5A?BG;.

3. 5A?B>GJ 9>X;C P>FXKM <><=>Q=J ;<BFW@;=AFJK> ;S G>S?>X:PAKKLY FWPAC.

4. *?A[AK;A ; &A@A?Q 4><N>PKQ N?;KMPFAXM= ;<BFW@;=AFJK> G>S:?>XPAKKLR FWPQR.

5. 0MR><=>Q=AFJK><=J ; KASMG;<;R><=J BMXP>C >=PAFJK>C N>RA<:=K>C HA?BG;.

6. #MGK>N?MG;A G<AY @FAK>G N>RA<=KLY HA?BGAC ;F; G<A>D[AA <GQ:[AK<=G>.

7. +=PAFAK;A HA?BG; >= E><IPM?<=GM.

0?MGK;GMQ Z=; 7 N?;KH;N>G < =AB<=>R D?>\W?L 7.7. &;K<M, KM B>:=>?IW <<LFMW=<Q <><=MG;=AF; «0D>?K;BM NIDF;BMH;C» G 1992 E>PI,FAEB> SMRA=;=J, @=> <>Y?MK;G @;<F> 7, >K; ;SRAK;F; N?>@=AK;A >PK>:E> ;S N?;KH;N>G. % ;RAKK>, G ;Y NA?A@KA G=>?>C N?;KH;N «%D<>FW=:KMQ <G>D>PM <>GA<=; PFQ G<AY» SMRAKAK N?;KH;N>R «1?>N>GAPJ "GMK:EAF;Q ; <G;PA=AFJ<=G> > 2?;<=A – EFMGKMQ SMPM@M ; ><K>GK>A N?;SGM:K;A 5A?BG;», M N?;KH;N <G>D>PL <>GA<=; GLKA<AK ;S <AR; N?;KH;N>GG =AB<= <=M=J;, BMB ?MS`Q<KAK;A, K> KA BMB GAPI[;C N?;KH;N. 2>=QN?>N>GAPJ "GMKEAF;Q G<AEPM DLFM P>R;KMK=>C DMN=;<=C X;SK;, GI<F>G;QY N?>=;G><=>QK;Q 60:Y E>P>G RAXPI &0"29 ; 05 "29 @FAKL0>GA=M HA?BGAC >@AG;PK> Y>=AF; N>P@A?BKI=J <G>W ?MP;BMFJK><=J ;KAN?;R;?;R><=J < <>GA=<B;R SMB>K>PM=AFJ<=G>R, >E?MK;@;GMW[;R<G>D>PI N?>N>GAP; "GMKEAF;Q.[3] 7.7. &;K<. +<K>GKLA N?;KH;NL GA?L AGMKEAFJ<B;Y Y?;<=;MK:DMN=;<=>G. – Chicago:Russian Gospel Ministries, 1992. : C. 102:129

[4] CR. <=AK>E?MRRI ?A@; 4.1.&;K<M KM <>GA[MK;; 05 "29 17.12.91. KM <MC=A http://bncecb.info/istoria/1993:02.htm

)!4"%)6 ) '('2)1 3'+4)!4!.)9 +%)(0)+"*!$%,$7 !'(()."*84 85

N?;KH;NL «0G>D>PL <>GA<=;», «8MN>GAP; *?A[AK;Q ; &A@A?; 4><N>P:KAC» ; «+=PAFAK;Q HA?BG; >= E><IPM?<=GM». 1?;KH;N MG=>K>R;; N>:RA<=K>C HA?BG; >=@M<=; N?;<I=<=GIA=, Y>=J ; G KAQGK>R G;PA G O>?:RIF;?>GBA «N>RA<=KMQ HA?B>GJ ;RAA= N?MG> <MRM ;SD;?M=J <G>;Y <FI:X;=AFAC»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–+. .Q?B, (. .M=M?@AKB>, %. *M?AG ; P?IE;A. +@AG;PK>, MG=>?L N><FM:K;Q Y>=AF; N>P@A?BKI=J GFM<=J <FIX;=AFAC, M KM ><=MFJK>A N?><=> KA>D?M=;F; P>FXK>E> GK;RMK;Q.

2M?MB=A?K>, @=> BMB &0"29, =MB ; 05 "29 G Z=; E>PL «SMDLGM:W=» > N?;KH;NA <G>D>PL <>GA<=;, B>=>?LC PFQ G<AR;?K>E> DMN=;SRMQGFQA=<Q, >@AG;PK>, EFMGKLR N?;KH;N>R.

* 1970 E>PI &0"29 <=MF> NIDF;B>GM=J N?;KH;NL DMN=;SRM, G=>@K><=; N>G=>?QW[;A N?;KH;NL 7.7. &;K<M. & >O;H;MFJK>C P>ERM:=;BA, B>=>?IW ;<N>FJS>GMF; BMB ><K>GK>C I@ADK;B 8M>@KLY D;DFAC:<B;Y BI?<>G Z=; N?;KH;NL O>?RIF;?>GMF;<J =MB:

1. 0GQ[AKK>A 1;<MK;A : BK;E; &A=Y>E> ; '>G>E> 8MGA=>G (BMK>:K;@A<B;A) QGFQW=<Q ><K>G>C GA?>I@AK;Q AGMKEAFJ<B;Y Y?;<:=;MK:DMN=;<=>G.

2. 5A?B>GJ P>FXKM <><=>Q=J ;<BFW@;=AFJK> ;S G>S?>XPbKKLYFWPAC.

3. 8MN>GAPJ B?A[AK;Q ; &A@A?Q 4><N>PKQ N?;KMPFAXM= ;<BFW@;:=AFJK> G>S?>XPbKKLR FWPQR.

4. 'ASMG;<;R><=J BMXP>C >=PAFJK>C N>RA<=K>C HA?BG;.

5. #MGK>N?MG;A G<AY @FAK>G BMXP>C N>RA<=K>C HA?BG;.

6. !FQ ?IB>G>P<=GM ; <>GA?\AK;Q D>E><FIXAK;C 5A?B>GJ <MRM ;S:D;?MA= <FIX;=AFAC ;S <G>AC <?APL — >PM?AKKLY ; <N><>DKLY,R>EI[;Y NM<=; <=MP> 9>XJA: N?A<G;=A?>G, P;MB>K>G ; P?IE;Y<FIX;=AFAC 5A?BG;.

7. 0FIX;=AF; 5A?BG; SMK;RMW= G 5A?BG; 9>XJAC ?IB>G>PQ[AA,K> K;BMB KA E><N>P<=GIW[AA N>F>XAK;A (1 1A=?M 5, 3; ,M=O. 20,25 — 27)»[5].

7<K>, @=> <N;<>B 7 N?;KH;N>G, N?;GAPAKKLC SPA<J >=F;@MA=<Q >=?M<Y>XAE> <N;<BM, <I[A<=G>GMG\AE> G I<=K>C =?MP;H;; KM ><K>GA D?>:\W?L 7.7. &;K<M. 1?>=;GK;B; &0"29 – +?EB>R;=A= N> <>SLGI@?ASGL@MCK>E> <`ASPM HA?BGAC "29, >=?AME;?>GMF KM =MBIW O>?RI:F;?>GBI DMN=;<=<B;Y N?;KH;N>G, >DF;@MQ ?IB>G>P;=AFAC &0"29 G>=<=INFAK;; >= ;<=;KL. 23.04.65 G «9?M=R F;<=BA» 4.*. *?W@B>GN;<MF:

«&L N>\F; N> N>PPAFBI <AR; AGMKEAFJ:DMN=;<=<B;Y N?;KH;:N>G, N?;KQ=LY KM\;R D?M=<=G>R G> G<AR R;?A. &L ;<BMS;F; ;Y P> KA:ISKMGMAR><=;: ; @;<F> <ARJ <>Y?MK;F; ; =?; N?;KH;NM IPMF;F; <>:G<AR, N?;@AR BMB ?MS =A, B>=>?LA N?ANQ=<=GIW= GMR E?A\;=J, Z=>:

1. 'ASMG;<;R><=J (MG=>K>R;Q) N>RA<=K>C HA?BG;.

2. 1?>N>GAPJ "GMKEAF;Q ;F; <G;PA=AFJ<=G> > 2?;<=A QGFQA=<QEFMGK>C SMPM@AC ; ><K>GKLR N?;SGMK;AR HA?BG;.

3. +=PAFAK;A HA?BG; >= E><IPM?<=GM.

&L PMXA KA N>D>QF;<J >NIDF;B>GM=J ;<BMXAKKLA GMR; N?;KH;NLG <G>AR «9?M=R N><FMK;;» >= 16 >B=QD?Q 1963 E. +=GA?XAK;AR AGMK:EAFJ:DMN=;<=<B;Y N?;KH;N>G ; N?;KQ=;AR KM <ADQ K>GLY, GL P>BI:RAK=MFJK> SMB?AN;F; GM\ ?MS?LG, BMB < GA?>I@AK;AR, =MB ; < HA?B>:GJW AGMKEAFJ<B;Y Y?;<=;MK:DMN=;<=>G. .MB >DKM?IX;GMA=<Q NI=J GM:\AE> N>FK>E> ; N?;=>R <>SKM=AFJK>E> >=<=INFAK;Q >= ;<=;KL ;I=?M=L <NM<AK;Q»[6].

4.*. *?W@B>G N;\A= >D ;<BMXAK;; ?IB>G>P<=G>R &0"29 =?AYN?;KH;N>G. .AB<= 1><FMK;Q &0"29 PAC<=G;=AFJK> PMA= P?IE>A N?>:@=AK;A DMN=;<=<B;Y N?;KH;NMR, K> KA <>G<AR =AY, KM B>=>?LA IBMSL:GMA= MG=>? +DF;@AK;Q. 1><FMK;A &0"29 1963 E>PM KA IN>R;KMA=[5] 5;=. N> «9?M=<B;C &A<=K;B» h6, 1963 E.[6] “9?M=<B;C F;<=>B” h2:3, 1965 E.

[7] 5;=. N> “!>ERM=;BM” ,., 89* &0"29, 1970

)!4"%)6 ) '('2)1 3'+4)!4!.)9 +%)(0)+"*!$%,$7 !'(()."*86 87

6. 1?>N>GAPJ "GMKEAF;Q >D (;<I<A 2?;<=A – Z=> EFMGK>A N?;:SGMK;A 5A?BG; KM SARFA.

7. %G=>K>R;Q ; KASMG;<;R><=J BMXP>C N>RA<=K>C HA?BG; G PIY>G:KLY ; N?MB=;@A<B;Y G>N?><MY.

8. #AF;E;>SKMQ <G>D>PM PFQ G<AY, F;@K>A ; <G>D>PK>A ;SD?MK;A<G>AC GA?L.

9. +=PAFAK;A HA?BG; >= E><IPM?<=GM – KAGRA\M=AFJ<=G> E><IPM?:<=GM G PAFM HA?BG; ; KAI@M<=;A HA?BG; G E><IPM?<=GAKK>R IN:?MGFAK;;[9].

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aM?PAKM «9MN=;<=<BMQ;PAK=;@K><=J: ]A=L?A Y?INB;A <G>D>PL» Walter, B. Shurden, TheBaptist Identity: Four Fragile Freedoms (Macon, Georgia: Smyth & HelwysPublishing, Inc., 1997). 'MN?;RA?, 0>P?IXA<=G> *>>NA?M=;GKLY DMN:=;<=>G _XK>C *M?>F;KL N?QR> KMSLGMA= <G>;R; N?;KH;NMR; 4 <G>:D>PL, <O>?RIF;?>GMKKLA aM?PAK>R[10]:

0G>D>PM 9;DF;;0G>D>PM F;@K><=; (PI\;)0G>D>PM 5A?BG;0G>D>PM ?AF;E;;aM?PAK >N?APAFQA= DMN=;<=<BIW ;PAK=;@K><=J <FAPIW[;R >D?MS>R:

«9MN=;<=<BMQ ;PAK=;@K><=J : Z=> <G>D>PM, M KA B>K=?>FJ; N?;KH;N P>D:?>G>FJK><=;, M KA N?;KIXPAK;A; ;KP;G;PIMF;SR, M KA <=MPK><=J; F;@:KMQ ?AF;E;Q, M KA KM?>PKMQ; ?MSK>>D?MS;A, M KA >PK>>D?MS;A».

6. 0G>D>PM <>GA<=; PFQ G<AY.

7. +=PAFAK;A HA?BG; >= E><IPM?<=GM[7].

0?MGKAK;A Z=;Y N?;KH;N>G < ?MKK;R; N?;KH;NMR; 7.7. &;K<MQ<K> N>BMSLGMA= ;Y MD<>FW=KIW ;PAK=;@K><=J, ; =>FJB> N?;KH;N <G>:D>PL <>GA<=; NA?ARA[AK <> G=>?>E> KM \A<=>A RA<=>, @=> =MBXA GA?>:Q=K> <GQSMK> < N>F;=;@A<B;R; N?;@;KMR;.

0 90:Y E>P>G #><<;C<B;C 0>WS "29 G> RK>E;Y NIDF;BMH;QY >=:PAFM 9>E><F>G;Q ; BM=AY;SMH;; N><=>QKK> N>P@A?B;GMA= GA?K><=J7 N?;KH;NMR G ;SF>XAK;; !>ERM=;B; &0"29[8], >NI<BMQ N?;KH;N«1?>N>GAPJ "GMKEAF;Q». &>SR>XK> ;<N>FJS>GMK;A N?;KH;N>G ;S !>E:RM=;B; "&0"2 D>FJ\A N>P@A?B;GMA= ?>FJ N?AAR<=GAKK><=; < N?>:\FLR, @AR <A?JASKLC D>E><F>G<B;C MKMF;S DMN=;<=E> KM<FAP;Q.

/B?M;K<B;C DMN=;SR N><FA ?M<NMPM &0"29, E>G>?Q > DMN=;<=<B;YN?;KH;NMY, K;B>EPM KA MBHAK=;?>GMF GK;RMK;A KM ;Y B>F;@A<=GA. .MB,>DS>?KLC P>BFMP «'M@MF> DMN=;SRM. 9>E><F>G<B;A >=F;@;Q ; ><K>G:KLA N?;KH;NL DMN=;<=E> PG;XAK;Q», N?AP<=MGFAKKLC KM B>KOA:?AKH;;, N><GQ[AKK>C N?MSPK>GMK;W 400:FA=;Q DMN=;SRM G *;AGA 27MGEI<=M 2009 E>PM PAR>K<=?;?>GMF 9 DMN=;<=<B;Y N?;KH;N>G:

1. 9;DF;Q (BMK>K;@A<B;A BK;E; 0GQ[AKK>E> 1;<MK;Q) – AP;K:<=GAKKLC ; KAN>E?A\;RLC MG=>?;=A= G PAFMY GA?L ; N?MB=;:@AC X;SK;.

2. 0NM<AK;A – Z=> 9>X;C PM?, B>=>?LC P><=INAK BMXP>RI ; >D?A:=MA=<Q KASM<FIXAKK> @A?AS F;@K>A N>BMQK;A ; GA?I G (;<I<M2?;<=M.

3. 5A?B>GJ – Z=> <>D?MK;A ;<BFW@;=AFJK> ;S PIY>GK> G>S?>XPAK:KLY FWPAC.

4. &<A>D[AA <GQ[AK<=G> ; ?MGK>N?MG;A G<AY @FAK>G BMXP>C N>RA:<=K>C HA?BG;, >=<I=<=G;A PAFAK;Q @FAK>G HA?BG; KM PIY>GAK<=G>; R;?QK.

5. &>PK>A B?A[AK;A ; &A@A?Q 4><N>PKQ – PGA SMN>GAP; 4><N>PK;,N?AN>PMGMARLA =>FJB> PFQ G>S?>XPAKKLY <GL\A FWPAC.

[8] 0R. &A?>I@AK;A "29 G ;SF>XAK;; ,.&.(GMK>GM http://www.baptist.org.ru/articles/theology/57

[9] 0R. http://www.baptisthistory.in.ua/history/2:ussr/19:code.html[10] 0R. Baptist principles study guide. Cooperative Baptist Fellowship of South Carolina atwww.cbfofsc.org

)!4"%)6 ) '('2)1 3'+4)!4!.)9 +%)(0)+"*!$%,$7 !'(()."*88 89

G ?MSF;@KLA HA?B>GKLA <>WSL ;F; GLY>P;=J ;S K;Y. &MXKMQ @M<=J<G>D>PL HA?BG; – Z=> <G>D>PM O>?R ; <N><>D>G N?>GAPAK;Q D>E><FI:XAK;Q.

.<8=853 :67?B??, N> RKAK;W &. aM?PAKM >P;K ;S <MRLY Q?B;YN?;KH;N>G DMN=;SRM, SM B>=>?LC >=PMGMF; <G>; X;SK; RK>E;A GAPI:[;A AE> PAQ=AF;. V=>= N?;KH;N >SKM@MA=:

«;<8=853 :67?B??, ;<8=853 57C :67?B?? ? ;<8=853 8> :67?B??, >=<=M;:GMK;A N>S;H;; =>E>, @=> BA<M?J KA 2?;<=><, ; 2?;<=>< KA BA<M?J».

.> A<=J, DMN=;<=L G<AEPM E>=>GL DLF; PM=J <G>D>PI KA =>FJB> N?M:G;FJKLR < ;Y =>@B; S?AK;Q ?AF;E;>SKLR GSEFQPMR, K> ; KAN?MG;FJ:KLR ; PMXA A?A=;@A<B;R. +P;K ;S NA?GLY DMN=;<=>G .>RM< 2AFG;<,IRA?\;C G =W?JRA SM N?>G>SEFM\AK;A N?;KH;NM <G>D>PL ?AF;E;; G1616 E>PI, N;<MF G <G>AC BK;EA «*?M=BMQ PABFM?MH;Q > .MCKA DASSMB>:K;Q», >D?M[MQ<J B B>?>FW (MB>GI:

«#AF;E;Q FWPAC – Z=> =>, @=> N?>;<Y>P;= RAXPI 9>E>R ; <MR;R;FWPJR; ; B>?>FJ KA P>FXAK >=GA@M=J SM Z=>, >K KA R>XA= DL=J <IPJACRAXPI 9>E>R ; @AF>GAB>R. 1I<=J >K; A?A=;B;, =I?B;, AG?A;, ;F; B=>IE>PK>, Z=> >=K><;=J<Q KA B SARK>C GFM<=; =MB, @=>DL B>?>FJ R>E KMBM:SLGM=J ;Y Y>=Q DL G <MR>R RMFAC\AR».

0AE>PKQ RK>E;R DMN=;<=MR, N?>\AP\;R =>=MF;=M?K>A G><N;=M:K;A, =?IPK> N?;R;?;=J<Q < <I[A<=G>GMK;AR F>XKLY ; A?A=;@A<B;YPG;XAK;C, K> ;RAKK> Z=M <G>D>PM ; <><=MGFQA= QP?> G<AR;?K>E> DMN:=;<=E> KM<FAP;Q.

4>G>?Q > <G>D>PA ?AF;E;;, &. aM?PAK >@AKJ GA?K> N>PRA@MA= ?MS:K;HI, B>=>?IW G<AEPM N?>G>P;F; DMN=;<=L RAXPI <G>D>P>C <>GA<=; ;=>FA?MK=K><=JW, => A<=J =A?N;R><=JW B @IX;R GSEFQPMR. &>SR>XK>,RK>E;A <>G?ARAKKLA DMN=;<=L KA G;PQ= ?MSK;HL RAXPI Z=;R; N>KQ:=;QR;, >PKMB> ;<=>?;@A<B;C DMN=;SR <R>=?AF KM Z=; N>KQ=;Q ;KM@A.

«#AF;E;>SKMQ =>FA?MK=K><=J (;F; =A?N;R><=J) Z=> I<=INBM ; RA?M ;F;G>N?>< HAFA<>>D?MSK><=;, ?AF;E;>SKMQ <G>D>PM Z=> N?MG> ; G>N?><N?;KH;NM», – N;\A= &. aM?PAK.

(<=>?;@A<B; DMN=;<=L KA N>PPA?X;GMF; N>KQ=;A =>FA?MK=K><=;,=MB BMB <@;=MF;, @=> Z=> =>FJB> I<=INBM ;K>RI N>K;RMK;W, <K;<Y>X:PAK;A B KARI, SMB?L=;A EFMS KM AE> KAN?MG>=I. & ;Y N>K;RMK;; <G>D>:PM <>GA<=; ;F; ?AF;E;; >SKM@MFM D>FJ\AA – Z=> N?MG> P?IE>E> KM ;K>CGSEFQP, AE> G>SR>XK><=J GA?;=J ; N><=INM=J ;KM@A. .>FA?MK=K><=J,

+D`Q<KQQ ;<8=85E &?=7?? &.aM?PAK ;RAA= G G;PI ?>FJ 9;DF;;PFQ DMN=;SRM ; EA?RAKAG=;@A<BIW <G>D>PI AA ;K=A?N?A=MH;;.

«9;DF;Q, N>P E><N>P<=G>R 2?;<=M, P>FXKM KMY>P;=J<Q G HAK=?A X;S:K; @AF>GABM, HA?BG; ; G<AY Y?;<=;MK, B>=>?LA, DIPI@; <G>D>PKLR;,P>D?>G>FJK> N>G;KIW=<Q 1;<MK;W, ;SI@MQ ; ;<<FAPIQ AE> < N>R>[JWKM;D>FAA GA?KLY ; ZOOAB=;GKLY KMI@KLY RA=>P>G».

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1. Baptist principles study guide. Cooperative Baptist Fellowship of South Carolina.[VFAB=?>KKLC ?A<I?<]. – #AX;R P><=INM: www.cbfofsc.org, <G>D>PKLC. –8ME>F. < ZB?MKM.

2. May, Lynn E. The Baptist Story. Nashvill, TN, 1979.3. Religion Freedom. Fondations of Baptist Heritage. Nashville, TN, 1989.4. Torbet, Robert. A History of the Baptists. Chicago – Los:Angelos, 1952.5. Zeolla, Gary F. Five Baptist Principles By Gary F. Zeolla. [VFAB=?>KKLC ?A:

<I?<]. – #AX;R P><=INM: http://www.dtl.org/article/baptist.htm, <G>D>PKLC.– 8ME>F. < ZB?MKM.

6. 9MN=;SR. [VFAB=?>KKLC ?A<I?<]. – #AX;R P><=INM: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/9MN=;SR, <G>D>PKLC. – 8ME>F. < ZB?MKM.

7. 9?M=<B;C &A<=K;B. h6, 1963.8. 9?M=<B;C F;<=>B h2:3, 1965.9. &;K< 7.7. +<K>GKLA N?;KH;NL GA?L AGMKEAFJ<B;Y Y?;<=;MK:DMN=;<=>G. –

Chicago: Russian Gospel Ministries. – 1992.10. !>ERM=;BM. – ,., 89* &0"29. – 1970.11. !>BFMP «'M@MF> DMN=;SRM. 9>E><F>G<B;A >=F;@;Q ; ><K>GKLA N?;KH;NL

DMN=;<=E> PG;XAK;Q» #AX;R P><=INM: http://www.baptisthistory.in.ua/history/2:ussr/19:code.html, <G>D>PKLC. – 8ME>F. < ZB?MKM.

12. "GMKEAFJ<B;A Y?;<=;MKA:DMN=;<=L. 0>Y?MK;G\;A GA?K><=J "GMKEAF;W. –,., 1992.

13. (GMK>G ,.&. &A?>I@AK;A "29. [VFAB=?>KKLC ?A<I?<]. – #AX;R P><=INM:http://www.baptist.org.ru/articles/theology/57, <G>D>PKLC. – 8ME>F. < ZB?MKM.

14. 0=AK>E?MRRM ?A@; 4.1. &;K<M KM <>GA[MK;; 05 "29 17.12.91. [VFAB=?>K:KLC ?A<I?<]. – #AX;R P><=INM: http://bncecb.info/istoria/1993:02.htm, <G>:D>PKLC. – 8ME>F. < ZB?MKM.

[11] 5;=. N> “Religion Freedom. Fondations of Baptist Heritage” Nashville, TN, 1989, p.1[12] 0R. "GMKEAFJ<B;A Y?;<=;MKA:DMN=;<=L. 0>Y?MK;G\;A GA?K><=J "GMKEAF;W. – ,.,1992. – 0.5

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[1] (<=>?;Q DMN=;SRM: 0D>?K;B. &LN. 1. / +PA<<BMQ 9>E><F>G<BMQ 0AR;KM?;Q; <><=. ;N?AP;<F. 0.&. 0MKK;B>G. – +PA<<M: +90, «9>E>RL<F;A», 1996. – 0. 29:30.[2] !MK;AFJ 9. *FAKPAK;K, #AF;E;>SKLC NFW?MF;SR. 1?>DFARL Y?;<=;MKC O;F><>:O;;: ,M=A?;MFL 1A?G>C B>KOA?AKH;; +D[A<=GM Y?;<=;MK<B;Y O;F><>O>G: 1A?. <MKE. – ,.: 1994. – 0. 24.[3] Donald A. Carson, The Gagging of God: Christianity confronts pluralism (Grand Rapids:Zondervan, 1996), 278.

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[4] Anonymes Christentum und Missionauftrag der Kirche G: Rahner K. Schriften zur Theologie.B. IX, 1970, 498:515.[5] Knitter P. Prejace, The Myth of Christian Uniqueness (Maryknoll, N. Y.: Orbis Books,1987), 8.[6] 0R. =MBXA (<M;Q 40:18:20, (A?AR;Q 10:1:16.

[7] !X>K !X. 4ACPXA?, 1?>SAFi=;SR =M ZB<BFWS;GiSR y ?MKKJ>RI Y?;<=;QK<=Gi. 0Di?K;B:#AFiEiCKM <G>D>PM i N?MGM FWP;K;: ,i<<iQ i N?>SAFi=;SR. – .. 3. – 3JGiG: 0Gi@MP>, 2004.– 0. 235:247.[8] !MK;AFJ 9. *FAKPAK;K, #AF;E;>SKLC NFW?MF;SR. 0. 24.[9] (SF>XAK;A DMN=;<=<B;Y N?;KH;N>G H;=;?IA=<Q N> <D>?K;BI «(<=>?;Q DMN=;SRM.&LN. 1. +PA<<M: +90, «9>E>RL<F;A», 1996. – 0. 13:30. , B>=>?LC <><=MGFAK KM ><K>GM:K;; BFM<<;@AE> I@ADK;BM N> ;<=>?;; DMN=;SRM Robert G. Torbet. A History of theBaptists (Chicago – Los Angeles: The Judson Press, 1952), 540.

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[10] '. C. 4#"-FO-". «0G>D>PM <>GA<=;: ;<=>?;Q ; =A>?;Q»//(SPM=AFJ<=G>: &L<\. \B.,1991. 0. 25:40.[11] .MR XA. 0. 54.[12] .MR XA. 0. 62.

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[14] Netland H. Dissonant Voices: Religious Pluralism and the Question of Truth (Grand Rapids:Eerdmans, 1992), 180.

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[11] (<=>?;Q DMN=;SRM. – +PA<<M: 9>E>RL<F;A, 1996. – 0. 184.

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[12] Statement of Identity. [VFAB=?>KKLC ?A<I?<]. – #AX;R P><=INM: http://ebf.org/about:ebf/statement/, <G>D>PKLC. – 8ME>F. < ZB?MKM.[13] "GMKEAF;SMH;Q "G?>NL – <MRLC D>FJ\>C GLS>G. [VFAB=?>KKLC ?A<I?<]. – #AX;RP><=INM:http://www.ebf.org/articles/display:article.php?article=214&cat=home&lang=rus,<G>D>PKLC. – 8ME>F. < ZB?MKM.

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[1] Reinhold Niebuhr. The Nature and Destiny of Man: A Christian Interpretation, vol. I:Human Nature. – New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1964. – ?.181.

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[2] Reinhold Niebuhr. The Nature and Destiny of Man: A Christian Interpretation, vol. I:Human Nature. – New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1964. – ?.54:55.

[3] Reinhold Niebuhr. The Nature and Destiny of Man: A Christian Interpretation, vol. I:Human Nature. – New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1964. – ?.150.[4] .MR <MR>, ?.17.[5] Reinhold Niebuhr. The Nature and Destiny of Man: A Christian Interpretation, vol. I:Human Nature. – New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1964. – ?.120.

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[6] Love and Justice. Selections from the Shorter Writings of Reinhold Niebuhr. – Cleveland andNew York: The World Publishing Company, 1967. – p. 54, 52.

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(=MB: N>?=?A= <>G?ARAKK>E> DMN=;<=M G> RK>E>R >=F;@MA=<Q >= N?A:XKAE>. +K <=MF R>F>XA, >D?MS>GMKKAA, =>FA?MK=KAA, <>H;MFJK> MB=;GKAA,N>F;=;@A<B; E?MR>=KAA. V=> N>FK>HAKKLC E?MXPMK;K <G>AC <=?MKL.

"?>6:3>E:3:

1. 1?>=.%.(.&GAPAK<B;C. 5A?B>GJ NM=?;M?YM .;Y>KM. – ,.:1923, – 0.6[1] #unctum dolorosum (FM=.) – «9>FAGMQ =>@BM».

%UNCTUM DOLOROSUM 9%)!4)'(!."," !""3D$!4*'),"%= -'2)(124 125

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9AEFLC GSEFQP KM GL<BMSLGMK;Q N?AP<=MG;=AFAC #I<C 1?MG>:<FMGK>C 5A?BG; G >=K>\AK;; KMH;>KMFJK>E> SMB>K>PM=AFJ<=GM SMN><FAPK;A 15 FA= GLQGFQA=, BMB ;SD;?M=AFJKLC N?MG>G>C K;E;F;SR G>=K>\AK;; K>?R ,AXPIKM?>PK>E> N?MGM ; *>K<=;=IH;; #^ N><=A:NAKK> =?MK<O>?R;?IA=<Q G XA<=B>A <FAP>GMK;A N?>F>DD;?>GMKKLRB>KOA<<;>KMFJKLR N>F>XAK;QR ÂPA?MFJK>E> SMB>K>PM=AFJ<=GM, ?A:EIF;?IW[AE> >DFM<=J GA?>;<N>GAPK>C N>F;=;B;. #A@J ;PA=, > <=?AR:FAK;; N?AP<=MG;=AFAC B?INKAC\;Y KMH;>KMFJKLY PAK>R;KMH;C <>N>?>C KM B>>NA?MH;>KKIW R>PAFJ E><IPM?<=GAKK>:HA?B>GKLY >=K>:\AK;C SMB>K>PM=AFJK> SMB?AN;=J ?MSK><=M=I<K><=J ?AF;E;>SKLY>DÀP;KAK;C G #><<;;. 8MRA=;R, @=> #><<;C<BMQ ÂPA?MH;Q de jureN>BM A[A <GA=A E><IPM?<=G>.

«0AE>PKQ KM >D[AKMH;>KMFJK>R OAPA?MFJK>R I?>GKA ?MSK><=M=I<K><=JSMB?ANFQA=<Q G NA?GIW >@A?APJ I<;F;QR; +=PAFM GKA\K;Y HA?B>GKLY<GQSAC ,>GE> 1M=?;M?YM=M… KAFJSQ KA >=RA=;=J =>= OMB=, @=>KM O>KA SMR>?>XAKK>C PAQ=AFJK><=; 0>GA=M N> GSM;R>PAC<=G;W E>:<IPM?<=GM ; ?AF;E;>SKLY >?EMK;SMH;C N?; 1?AS;PAK=A #^, EPA N?AP:<=MGFAKK><=J B>KOA<<;C G> RK>E>R KM?I\MFM =?MP;H;W?MSK><=M=I<K><=;, ?MSGA?KIFM<J KM<=INM=AFJKMQ ;K<=;=IH;>KMFJKMQ?MD>=M, BI?;?IARMQ +&50. &<A DFME><F>GFAKKLA >?EMK;SMH;>KKLAO>?RL – ,AX?AF;E;>SKLC 0>GA=, ,AXO?MBH;>KK>A PANI=M=A>DÀP;KAK;A G N>PPA?XBI =?MP;H;>KKLY PIY>GK>:K?MG<=GAKKLY HAK:K><=AC, &<AR;?KLC ?I<<B;C KM?>PKLC <>D>? – XA<=B> O;B<;?IW= N>:KQ=;Q «=?MP;H;>KKLA ?AF;E;;» ; N> <><=MGI I@M<=K;B>G, ; N>><K>G>N>FMEMW[ARI P;<BI?<I… '> R>XA= DL=J ?MSK><=M=I<K><=J GKM\A G?ARQ — PAB>?M=;GKM, <;RG>F;@KM ; N?MB=;@AE> SKM@AK;Q KA;RAA=? "<=J KAFJB> B?;=A?;AG, IBMSLGMW[;Y KM =I ;F; ;KIW ?AE;:>KMFJKIW <YARI «=MDAFQ». 1A?GLC – Z=> N?;EFM\AK;A KM SKM@;RLA G

>SKLY I<FIE. ( Z=> KA<R>=?Q KM FM=AK=K>A, M G N><FAPK;A E>PL G<A@M[A QGK>A, E><IPM?<=GAKK>A <ID<;P;?>GMK;A ;Y RK>E>@;<FAKKLYN?>AB=>G.

& => XA G?ARQ AGMKEAFJA <>>D[A<=G> =GA?P> <=>;= KM RL<F;:«A<F; DL KA E>PL M=A;SRM, SMB>K 1997 E>PM, KA>D`Q<K;RMQ FWD>GJ E><:<FIXM[;Y B 1?MG><FMG;W, M =MBXA R>Q =A[M – DLF DL Q <@M<=F;GLR@AF>GAB>R».

% A<F; <A?JASK>, => KM KM\ GSEFQP G #><<;; A<=J >PKM ?unctumdolorosum, B>=>?MQ >= NA?;>P;@A<B;Y KMPMGF;GMK;C PMA= D>FAGLA >[I:[AK;Q, ?M<N?><=?MKQW[;A<Q G>FK>>D?MSK> KM G<A .AF> 5A?BG;…

1>FJ<B;C ;<=>?;B ; SKM=>B ?I<C O;F><>O;; %KPXAC &MF;H:B;C (Andrzej Walicki) G KM@MFA 90:Y E>P>G GL<BMSMF GA?K>A SMRA@MK;A,B>=>?>A KM N?>=QXAK;; N><FAPK;Y FA= @M<=> H;=;?IA=<Q ;<<FAP>GM=A:FQR; OAK>RAKM N?MG>G>E> K;E;F;SRM ?><<;CE> >D[A<=GM. 0 AE> =>@:B; S?AK;Q, G #><<;; G ?MSKLA ;<=>?;@A<B;A NA?;>PL N?MG> >=GA?EM:F><J «N> <MRLR ?MSKLR N?;@;KMR: G> ;RQ <MR>PA?XMG;Q ;F; MKM?Y;;,G> ;RQ 2?;<=M ;F; ,M?B<M, G> ;RQ GL<\;Y PIY>GKLY HAKK><=AC ;F;RM=A?;MFJK>E> ?MGAK<=GM»[2]. 1?>P>FX;=J KM@M=IW RL<FJ R>XK> <F>:GMR; IXA >=A@A<=GAKK>E> I@AK>E>: «'AP>GA?;A B N?MGI, GL?MXAKK>RIG SMB>KMY, ; B N?MGI BMB =MB>G>RI G #><<;; DLF> G<AEPM», ; PMFAA >KM<N?MGAPF;G> IBMSLGMA=, @=> «<F>GA<KMQ ?A@J – Z=> >=B?>GAK;A, PM?9>X;C, M N>=>RI N><F>G;HL ; N>E>G>?B;, DF;SB;A B B>?KQR PI\; ?I<:C, KM;D>FAA N>FK> ?M<B?LGMW= R;?>G>SS?AK;A KM?>PM»[3].

1?;GAPI F;\J KAB>=>?LA ;S N><F>G;H ; N>E>G>?>B ?I<E> KM?>:PM > RA<=A SMB>KM ; N?MGM G X;SK; =ANA?J IXA ?><<;CE> >D[A<=GM:«]=> RKA SMB>KL, B>F; <IPJ; SKMB>RL»; «8ARFQ FWD;= KMG>S, F>\MPJ>GA<, M <IPJQ N?;K><»; «0IP;=J<Q – KA 9>EI R>F;=J<Q; N>BF>K>R KA >=:PAFMA\J<Q»; «1>\AF G <IP G BMO=MKA, M GL\AF KME;\>R»; «& <IP N>C:PA\J – N?MGPL KA KMCPA\J»; «0IPJQR => ; N>FASK>, @=> G BM?RMK N>:FASF>»; «& <IP K>E>C – G BM?RMK ?IB>C»; «8MB>KL <GQ=L, PM <IPJ; <I:N><=M=L»[4]. & <G>AC <=M=JA KMR N?AP<=MGFQA=<Q KA>DY>P;RLR

[2] &MF;HB;C %. '?MG<=GAKK><=J ; N?MG> G =A>?;QY ?I<<B;Y F;DA?MF>G B>KHM XIX –KM@MFM XX GABM // &>N?><L O;F><>O;;. – 1991. – h 8. – 0. 25.[3] 0R.: 4IF;KM +.#. (<=>B; N?MG>G>E> K;E;F;SRM. // &A<=K;B 9M\B;?E> IK;GA?<;:=A=M.– 2000. – h 2:3. – 0. 70:72.[4] !MFJ &.(. 1><F>G;HL ?I<E> KM?>PM. – ,.: «+3,%:1#"00», 1999. – 0. 101:102,98, 153.

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`AP;KAK;AR ;<<FAP>GM=AFAC ?AF;E;;(RASR), 0FMGQK<B;R N?MG>GLR HAK=?>R (SCLJ). +PKMB>, SMQGFQQ ><G>AC N?;GA?XAKK><=; K>?RMR RAXPIKM?>PK>E> N?MGM ; *>K<=;=IH;;#^, >K; N?>QGFQW= B?MCKWW KAN><FAP>GM=AFJK><=J G >=K>\AK;;;KLY N?MG>GLY K>?R KMH;>KMFJK>E> SMB>K>PM=AFJ<=GM.

* N>P>DKLR KM?I\AK;QR R>XK> >=KA<=; <>SKM=AFJK>A ;EK>?;?>:GMK;A =?AD>GMK;C PAC<=GIW[AE> SMB>K>PM=AFJ<=GM, GFABI[AA SM <>D>C<>H;MFJKIW KASM[;[AKK><=J E?MXPMK;KM, ?MD>=MW[AE> G ?AF;E;>S:K>C >?EMK;SMH;;: GAPAK;A =?IP>G>C PAQ=AFJK><=; DAS >O;H;MFJK>E>>O>?RFAK;Q; GLNFM=M «@A?K>C» ;F; «<A?>C» SM?NFM=L <>=?IPK;BMR[8];><I[A<=GFAK;A NA?A@;<FAK;C ;S O>KPM SM?MD>=K>C NFM=L G 1AK<;>K:KLC ^>KP, >?EMKL <>H;MFJK>E> <=?MY>GMK;Q ; >DA<NA@AK;Q =>FJB>?IB>G>P;=AFQR ; <>=?IPK;BMR ;<N>FK;=AFJKLY MNNM?M=>G >?EMK;SM:H;C. &MXK> IN>RQKI=J ; <>B?L=;A KMF>E>G W?;P;@AE> F;HM, ; >O;B=;GKLY P>E>G>?MY M?AKPL ; =.N., @=> KA?APB> N?;G>P;= B <A?JAS:KLR O;KMK<>GLR N>=A?QR <MR>C ?AF;E;>SK>C >?EMK;SMH;;. .;N;@:KLC N?;RA? – INFM=M =?MK<N>?=K>E> KMF>EM W?;P;@AE> F;HM. 0>:EFM<K> PAC<=GIW[ARI SMB>K>PM=AFJ<=GI, KMSGMKKLC KMF>E INFM@;GM:W= W?;P;@A<B;A F;HM, KM B>=>?LY SM?AE;<=?;?>GMKL =?MK<N>?=KLA<?AP<=GM, >PKMB>, G HAFQY ZB>K>R;; <?AP<=G, <FIXADKLC MG=>=?MK<:N>?=, N?;>D?A=MQ<J KM <?AP<=GM ?AF;E;>SK>C >?EMK;SMH;;, KA?APB>

[7] & >=F;@;A >= 8MNMPK>E> R;?M, KM N><=<>GA=R N?><=?MK<=GA MPGAK=;<=L <APJR>E>PKQ G<A @M[A KMSLGMW= <ADQ @M<=JW AGMKEAFJE> <>>D[A<=GM #><<;;. +K; I@M<=GIW=G> RK>E;Y <>GRA<=KLY N?>E?MRRMY < DMN=;<=MR; ; NQ=;PA<Q=K;BMR;. #IB>G>P;=AF;MPGAK=;<=>G, GRA<=A < AGMKEAFJ<B;R; HA?BGMR; >D?MSIW= <>GA[M=AFJKLC >?EMK – *>K:<IFJ=M=;GKLC 0>GA= 4FMG 1?>=A<=MK=<B;Y 5A?BGAC #><<;;. +PKMB>, <@;=MQ AGMKEAFJ:A <>>D[A<=G> «@M<=JW DIPI[AC R;?>G>C <;<=ARL MK=;Y?;<=M» (N?AXPA G<AE> N>GA?>I@AK;W), MPGAK=;<=L PA?XM=<Q ><>DKQB>R, ;E?MQ N> <>D<=GAKKLR N?MG;FMR.[8] «]A?KMQ SM?NFM=M» – HAF;B>R, DAS >=@;<FAK;Q KMF>E>G GLPMA=<Q <>=?IPK;BI; «<A?MQSMNFM=M» – < >=@;<FAK;AR KMF>E>G F;\J < >O;H;MFJK> PABFM?;?IAR>C @M<=; SM?NFM=L,B>=>?MQ GRA<=A < ><=MFJK>C @M<=JW (DAS IPA?XMK;Q KMF>EM) GLPMA=<Q <>=?IPK;BI.

?AE;>KA RA?>N?;Q=;Q, N?>G>P;RLA GFM<=JW, P><=IN KM B>=>?LA QGFQ:A=<Q <;RG>F>R GY>XPAK;Q G RA<=KIW ZF;=I (Z=> EIDA?KM=>?<B;A ;KM:IEI?MH;;, PK; ?>XPAK;Q NA?GLY F;H, >=RA@MARLA KA SM P>RM\K;R<=>F>R, M «G =>?XA<=GAKK>C, >O;H;MFJK>C >D<=MK>GBA»). &=>?>C B?;:=A?;C – Z=> B>RI N>SG>FQW= (;F; D>FAA RQEB;C GM?;MK= – B>E> N?>:NI<BMW= GKA >@A?AP;) GA<=; <>H;MFJKIW ?MD>=I G >D[A<=GAKKLY RA<=MY; E><IPM?<=GAKKLY I@?AXPAK;QY: \B>FMY, D>FJK;HMY, =W?JRMY, P>RMYN?A<=M?AFLY ; =.P.; @JW ?MD>=I, B N?;RA?I < KM?B>SMG;<;RLR;, N?;:GA=<=GIW=, N>>[?QW=, «N;M?Q=», M @JW SMRMF@;GMW=, M => ; G<Q@A<B;<PA?X;GMW=. .?A=;C :Z=> B>E> N?AP<=MGFQW= B E><IPM?<=GAKKLR KM:E?MPMR. ]A=GA?=LC – B>RI, N?; BMB;Y >D<=>Q=AFJ<=GMY ; N?; BMB;YI<F>G;QY PMW= P><=IN B E><IPM?<=GAKKLR <?AP<=GMR RM<<>G>C ;KO>?:RMH;;»[5].

13 PABMD?Q 2007 E>PM G <G>AR ;K=A?GJW =AFABMKMFI «&A<=;» 0GQ:=AC\;C 1M=?;M?Y ,>G<B;C ; G<AQ #I<; %FAB<;C II N?>;SK><;=<G>; SKMRAK;=LA <F>GM, B>=>?LA N?>@K> G>\F; G FAB<;B>K NA?GLY F;H#><<;;: «5A?B>GJ >=PAFAKM >= E><IPM?<=GM, K> KA R>XA= DL=J >=PAFA:KM >= >D[A<=GM». V=; <F>GM, N> <I=;, <=MF; N?>E?MRRKLR; ; PFQ HA:F>E> ?QPM P;<<A?=MH;>KKLY ;<<FAP>GMK;C N> N?MGI. &>= F;\J >P;K;S RK>E>@;<FAKKLY N?;RA?>G. !;<<A?=MK= N;\A=:

«#><<;C<BMQ ̂ APA?MH;Q – <GA=A E><IPM?<=G>, G B>=>?>R, <>EFM<K>*>K<=;=IH;;, «K;BMBMQ ?AF;E;Q KA R>XA= I<=MKMGF;GM=J<Q G BM@A<=GAE><IPM?<=GAKK>C ;F; >DQSM=AFJK>C». #I<<BMQ 1?MG><FMGKMQ 5A?B>GJ(#15) >=PAFAKM >= E><IPM?<=GM, >PKMB>, >KM KA >=PAFAKM >= >D[A<=GM ;G><=?AD>GMKM AE> SKM@;=AFJK>C @M<=JW… .MB, KMN?;RA?, G I<F>G;QYPAR>B?M=;SMH;; ?><<;CE> >D[A<=GM, I=?M=L ;R HAKK><=K>C <;<=A:RL <>GA=E> NA?;>PM, G>SK;BFM >NM<K><=J >= ZB<NMK<;; KM =A??;=>:?;W #><<;; ?MSF;@K>E> ?>PM <AB=». ( G>= N> Z=>C N?;@;KA ;RAKK> >=«W?;<=>G G SKM@;=AFJK>C <=ANAK; SMG;<;= PIY>GKMQ DAS>NM<K><=J E?MX:PMKE> >D[A<=GM, <>SPMK;A <>GA?\AKK>C SMB>K>PM=AFJK>C DMSL, <N>:<>DK>C SM[;=;=J E?MXPMK <=?MKL >= ZB<NMK<;; <AB=MK=>G, M =MBXA >=?AF;E;>SK>E> ZB<=?AR;SRM»[6].

[5] 0R.: 4?MP;?>G<B;C 0., ,MFMY>GM ". 1?>=;G>?A@;Q <=M=I<K><=; ?AF;E;>SKLY >?EM:K;SMH;C ; >D`AP;KAK;C. // 1?A>P>FAGMQ E><IPM?<=GAKK>:B>KOA<<;>KMFJKLA >=K>\A:K;Q: 0D>?K;B <=M=AC / 1>P >D[. ?AP. 0.'. 4?MP;?>GE>. – '. '>GE>?>P: &&%40,2003. – 0. 99:102.[6] 0ARM\B> %.'. #I<<BMQ N?MG><FMGKMQ HA?B>GJ G E><IPM?<=GAKK>R RAYMK;SRA #><:<;CC ;RNA?;; 2I2 GABM: ;<=>?;B>:N?MG>G>KC M<NAB=: %G=>?AO. P;<. BMK. W?;P. KMIB:12.00.01. – ,., 2007. – 0.3:5.

* <>XMFAK;W, KM <AE>PKQ\K;C PAKJ G #><<;; ?AF;E;>SKLA >?EMK;:SMH;; MB=;GK> PAR>K<=?;?IW= ;SD;?M=AFJKLC N?MG>G>C K;E;F;SR.1?MG>GLA K>?RL, QGFQW[;A<Q IP>DKLR;, N?;GA=<=GIW=<Q, ><=MFJKLA– ;EK>?;?IW=<Q.

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& #><<;; @M<=KLA DMN=;<=L >DÀP;K;F;<J G 0>WS ?I<<B;Y DMN=;:<=>G G 1884 E., >D[;A DMN=;<=L – G 0>WS AGMKEAFJ<B;Y Y?;<=;MK G 1909E. & >B=QD?A 1944 E. DMN=;<=L ; AGMKEAFJ<B;A Y?;<=;MKA 000# >DÀ:P;K;F;<J G 0>WS AGMKEAFJ<B;Y Y?;<=;MK – DMN=;<=>G (0>WS "29). &PMFJKAC\AR G<A >D[;KL, GY>P;G\;A G 0>WS "29, N?;\F; B AP;K>RIRKAK;W, @=> (;<I< 2?;<=>< <>GA?\;F >D[AA ;<BINFAK;A.

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+HAK;GMQ RA<=> N?>=A<=MK=;SRM G ;<=>?;;, ,MB< &ADA? (1864 –1920), MG=>? <>H;>F>E;@A<B;Y ;<<FAP>GMK;C «1?>=A<=MK=<BMQ Z=;BM ;PIY BMN;=MF;SRM» (1905 E.) ; «2>SQC<=GAKKMQ Z=;BM R;?>GLY ?AF;:E;C» (1919 E.) >D><K>GLGMA= RL<FJ > =>R, @=> ;RAKK> N?>=A<=MK=;SRKM;D>FAA <>>=GA=<=G>GMF PIYI BMN;=MF;SRM ; N>Z=>RI <=MF ZB>K>R;:@A<B;R OIKPMRAK=>R K>G>C H;G;F;SMH;;. V=> N?>;S>\F>, N> AE> RKA:K;W, DFME>PM?Q N>F>XAK;QR N?>=A<=MK=C Z=;B;, B>=>?MQ I=GA?X:PMFM G >D[A<=GAKK>C N?MB=;BA =MB;A K>?RL BMB @A<=K><=J, =?IP>FW:D;A, «R;?>GIW M<BASI», IGMX;=AFJK>A >=K>\AK;A B <>D<=GAKK><=; [4:96 ].

+=?MXAK;AR ;PAC N?>=A<=MK=;SRM G BIFJ=I?A R>XK> <@;=M=J ?MS:G;=;A BK;E>NA@M=MK;Q, ?M<N?><=?MKAK;A >D?MS>GMK;Q, <ABIFQ?;SMH;WG ?MSF;@KLY <OA?MY X;SK; ; PA<MB?MF;SMH;W ;<BI<<=GM. (RAKK> DFM:E>PM?Q N?>=A<=MK=;SRI SMNMPK>A ;<BI<<=G>, < >PK>C <=>?>KL, ;SDMG;:F><J >= ?AF;E;>SK>C HAKSI?L, M < P?IE>C – KM@MF;<J N>;<B; K>GLY YI:P>XA<=GAKKLY <?AP<=G N>BMSM NI=; @AF>GABM B 9>EI. 1?>=A<=MK=<B;A>D[;KL <AE>PKQ ;<N>FJSIW= G> G?ARQ D>E><FIXAK;Q ; RA<<L ).0.9MYM, ; K>G><>SPMKKLA E;RKL G N>NIFQ?KLY ; N>KQ=KLY \;?>B>CMIP;=>?;; ?;=RMY. 4>G>?Q > GF;QK;; N?>=A<=MK=;SRM KM BIFJ=I?I,KAFJSQ KA G<N>RK;=J ;SGA<=KLY N;<M=AFAC – !X>KM 9AKJQKM ; !X>:KM ,;FJ=>KM, =A>F>E>G 22 GABM *M?FM 9M?=M (1886 – 1968), 1MIFQ.;FF;YM (1886 – 1965) ; P?IE;Y >?;E;KMFJKLY D>E><F>G>G.

+<>D>A RA<=> G <>G?ARAKK>C BIFJ=I?A ; ;<=>?;; N?;KMPFAX;=%FJDA?=I aGACHA?I (1875–1965) – O;F><>OI, BIFJ=I?>F>EI, RISL:BMK=I ; G?M@I, FMI?AM=I '>DAFAGC N?AR;; R;?M, M =MBXA D>?HI SMN?MGM ?M<>GLY RAKJ\;K<=G G 0a% DMN=;<=RI =A>F>EI ,M?=;KI:3W=A?I *;KEI (1929 – 1968).

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

& >B=QD?A 1918 E. G *;AGA <><=>QF<Q NA?GLC &<AIB?M;K<B;C <ÀSPDMN=;<=>G, KM B>=>?>R DLF <>SPMK &<AIB?M;K<B;C <>WS DMN=;<=>G.1><FA 1929 E. G 000# KM@MF;<J N?A<FAP>GMK;Q DMN=;<=>G, RK>E;A ;SB>=>?LY G 30:A E>PL DLF; ?AN?A<<;?>GMKL. & 1944 E. DMN=;<=L G 000#>DÀP;K;F;<J < AGMKEAFJ<B;R; Y?;<=;MKMR; ; <>SPMF; AP;KIW HA?:B>GJ – 0>WS "29.

& KM<=>Q[AA G?ARQ G /B?M;KA PAC<=GIA= &<AIB?M;K<B;C <>WS >DÀ:P;KAK;C "29 ; P?IE;Y >?EMK;SMH;C, KM<@;=LGMW[;Y D>FAA 1600 >D:[;K [5; 30]. 0FAPIA= >=RA=;=J, @=> HA?BG; N?>=A<=MK=E> KMN?MGFA:K;Q P>G>FJK> \;?>B> N?AP<=MGFAKL G <>G?ARAKK>C /B?M;KA. +K;>DÀP;KQW= >B>F> 4 =L<Q@ ?AF;E;>SKLY >D[;K. & N?>=A<=MK=<B;YHA?BGQY A<=J KA>DY>P;RLA IN?MGFAK@A<B;A <=?IB=I?L, PAC<=GIW[;AKM ><K>GMK;; I<=MG>G, SM?AE;<=?;?>GMKKLY G I<=MK>GFAKK>R SMB>K>RN>?QPBA. ,AXPI >D[;KMR; >=<I=<=GIW= ><=?LA N?>=;G>?A@;Q, MB=;G:K> GAPA=<Q N?><GA=;=AFJ<BMQ, K?MG<=GAKK>:G><N;=M=AFJKMQ, R;<<;>:KA?<BMQ ; DFME>=G>?;=AFJKMQ ?MD>=M.

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' G/#//0 %1:-GF-$%=-P10 1%$?-M/8#FO$0#GM-1/) :%L860$$P/:#$G?-$=-$/$%G/081:#V$GO1%V Q:)G/)RP$GO1%R1%$G-:"#/)"R$%V :-F0D0>$%RU0F%RG%UGO1%V /:#=)?0V,=%GF0=A-$% VQ M:%P")8 :0L$)Q -M%Q#Q$#?0%$#FO$%D% K8//P,8 6)GF-$$0 M:%"0=$)Q=0P*0" "0/*)L$P$%V18FO/8:). (:)"-:R/#Z/OGP 8"#D# =%"L#Z6%M%"’PL#$%G/0M%$P/O «Q:)G/)P$GOR1%R1%$G-:"#/)"$#/:#=)?0P» /#«=8Q%"$# G"%K%=#».

.9?;8A 7?>6:3>E:F

1. 2>PJB>GM 3.1. #AFTETcSKMG<=G>: 1TP?I@K;B. &;P. 2, P>N. – 3JGTG, %OT\M,2001. – 0. 284.

2. #AF;E;>GAPAK;A: /@ADK>A N><>D;A. /1>P ?AP. 1?>O. 3>DMS>GM 1.* – +PA<<M:&,&, 2007. – 0. 411.

3. #AFTETcSKMG@;C <F>GK;B. / 8M ?APMBHTcW N?>OA<>?TG %.*>F>PK>E> T 9. 3>D>:G;BM. – *.: ]A=GA?=M YG;FQ, 1996. – 0.70.

4. #AFTETcSKMG<=G>: 'MG@MFJK>:RA=>P;@K;C N><TDK;B. /&.2. %?I=WK>G =M TK. –*.: *'"/. – 2001. – 0.96.

5. #AFTETcSKMG@;C <F>GK;B./ 8M ?APMBHTcW N?>OA<>?TG %.*>F>PK>E> T 9. 3>D>:G;BM. – *.: ]A=GA?=M YG;FQ, 1996. – 0.30.

>.%'?(!=.' 9%)!4)6(!."A."(!$%*'4)*(' 4%'#)0<6+'*2" 6-5>.158 159

=M=; R;<F;=AFTG ?TSK;Y @M<TG =M AN>Y, <MRA =>RI, @M<=> KMGT=J ?MKT\ASM O>?=AHT PFQ >D>?>K; DI==cG>U, I N><AFAKKQY KM K>G;Y SARFQY IB?MU:KHQR; DIPIGMF;<Q Y?MR; QB SKMB; GT?K><=T 9>E>GT =M PIY>GK>U >D>?>:K; FWP;K; C E?>RMP;, <=G>?WGMF;<Q =McRKT =M FAEMFJKT Y?;<=;QK<JBTE?>RMP; C D?M=<=GM. &<T HT SMY>P;, TKTHTC>GMKT, QB N?MG;F>, KA GFMP>W,M <MR;R <I<NTFJ<=G>R RMF; KM RA=T =MB>X >D>?>KI ?AFTETCK>U <G>D>P;– >D>?>KI N?MGM R>F;=;<Q 9>E>GT SETPK> S =?MP;HTCK;R NA?APMKKQRGTP N?APBTG, >D>?>KI N?MGM DI=; L#"A=) GTFJK;R GTP P;B=M=I?; R;KI:[><=T. 1?> <N?MGAPF;GT<=J IBMSMK>E> OTF><>O<JB>E> N><=IFM=I<GTP@M=J <N><=A?AXAKKQ, ISQ=T S ?TSK;Y, GTPRTKK;Y QB SM T<=>?;@K;R;AN>YMR;, =MB T EA>E?MOT@K> @M<TG DI==Q IB?MUK<=GM KM <G>UC SARFT =M IHTF>RI <GT=T.

& T<=>?TU IB?MUK<JB>U Y?;<=;QK<JB>U TPAU <=G>?AKKQ D?M=<JB;Y \BTF– O>?R; <=;YTCK>E> PIY>GK>:TK=AFAB=IMFJK>E> +N>?I N>FT=;HT PA?:XMGK>E> SK;[AKKQ IB?MUK<JB>E> N?MG><FMG’Q I 2V-:2V-- –<=. C N>P:G;XK;H=G> RI@AK;BTG KA?MPQKTS>GMK;Y /%15 =M /4*5, N?MG><FMG:KM PIY>GKT<=J =M N>?>PXAKM KAW BIFJ=I?KM TPAK=;@KT<=J IB?MUKHTG0T?>E> =M 8AFAK>E> *F;KI KM !MFAB>RI 0Y>PT =M BIDMK<JB;Y IB?MUKHTG1?;@>?K>R>?’Q, E?AB>:BM=>F;HJBM GT?M IB?MUKHTG 1TGKT@K>U =M 1TGPAK:K>U %RA?;B; <GT=>EFQPK> – QG;[M >PK>E> N>?QPBI. &<T G>K; >D>?>KQ:F; =M >D>?>KQW=J KMHT>KMFJKA ?>SIRTKKQ Y?;<=;QK<JB>U TPAU QB <=?;X:KQ, QB Y?ADHQ, DAS QB>E> =TF> KMHTU G=?M=;=J X;==cSPM=KT<=J. &TP=MB –KAR;KI@A G=?M=;=J T R>XF;GT<=J GTFJK>E> ?>SG;=BI.

7B GTP>R>, G 2V-–2V-- <=. >D>?>KM GFM<K>U ?AFTETCK>:KMHT>KMFJ:K>U <G>D>P; =M TPAK=;@K><=T >DRAXIGMFM<J, SPADTFJ\>E>, FT=A?M=I?K>WN>FARTB>W, KM GTPRTKI GTP M=AU<=;@K>E> «EIRMKT<=;@K>E>» 22 GTBI,B>F; B>KH=MDT? G 0;DT?I DIG @; KA KMCB?M[;R GM?TMK=>R PFQ K>GT=KTYRI@AK;BTG, MFA TRMKAK=K> HA N?MEKAKKQ N>Y>P;F> S >PK>E> B>?AKQ. &TP?>SIRTKKQ, [> DAS SDA?AXAKKQ GFM<K>U Y?;<=;QK<JB>U ><K>G;, DAS GT?;G 9>EM QB EM?MK=TU PIY>GK>U <G>D>P; IB?MUK<JB;C KM?>P N?;?A@AK;C KMSK;BKAKKQ. - =I= KA G?Q=IGMFM D KT >D>?>KM R>G;, BIFJ=I?;, =AM=?TG=>[>, MPXA <MRA DAS IB?MUK<JB>E> G;RT?I Y?;<=;QK<=GM G<T HT @;KK;B;KAR;KI@A SK;BF; D I DASGT<=T <=>FT=J.

!IXA P>D?A <BMSMG, G;<GT=FWW@; HW N?>DFARI, >. -E>? 5M?:

«g>D TK\;Y G;SG>F;=;, =?ADM <MR>RI <=M=; GTFJK;R GTP E?TYM, T =>PT4><N>PJ N>DFME><F>G;=J =GTC KMRT?. 2=> DIPIc OIKPMRAK= KM NT<BI TS

<=;QK<JBI =?MP;HTW SM?MP; N>GA?KAKKQ P> KASMRIFAK;Y PXA?AF =>E>X =MB; ?MKKJ>E> Y?;<=;QK<=GM (X;==cPMCK;C =M X;==c<=GA?PK;CP><GTP E?AB>:BM=>F;H;SRI, QB IB?MUKHQR; G;?>DFAK>U <GT=>G>U Y?;<=;:QK<JB>U P>RTKMK=; c @; KA KMCGTP>RT\;R, N?>=A S>G<TR KA cP;K;R HJ>:RI NTP=GA?PXAKKQR), MFA KA SKMC\F><Q RT<HQ KM?>PXAK>RI G IB?MUK<J:B>RI <A?AP>G;[T, M KA N?;GKA<AK>RI SS>GKT, G>C>GK;@>RI M=AUSRI SM<:GTP@Ic, N?;KMCRKT N?MG> G;<F>GFAK>U TPAU KM T<KIGMKKQ. 7B[>RT?BIGM=; DTFJ\ NMK>?MRK> – => MKMFTSIW@; IB?MUK<JB;C \FQY GN?>:P>GX =;<Q@>FT=KJ>E> Y?;<=;QK<=GM, Y>@AR> GB>=?A KME>F><;=; KM MD:<>FW=KTC T<=;KT: DAS GT?; G 9>EM, DAS N?MEKAKKQ <FTPIGM=; )>E> 8MN>:GTPQR T 0GQ=>RI 1;<JRI IB?MUKHT D KA RMF; X>PK>E> \MK=M FWPAC, M C N?><=> – QB EAK>=;N. 'M?>P,QB;C =?;GMF;C @M< DIG DAS PA?XMGK><=T QBD; [A C KA RMG GA<J HAC @M<KMHT>KMFJK>U Y?;<=;QK<JB>U TPAU KA SRTE D; G;=?;RM=; \MFAK;C =;<BTK>BIFJ=I?K;Y =M TK>PA?XMGK;Y <;F, KA SRTE D; KA ?>S@;K;=;<J ITK\;Y H;GTFTSMHTCK;Y G;RT?MY =M O>?RIGMKKQY. 9>E ?Q=IGMG /B?MUKII KMC<BFMPKT\T @M<; G;N?>DIGMKJ, B>F; SPMGMF><Q D KARMc MKT KMCRAK:\>U R>XF;G><=T SDA?AE=;<Q, MFA NMR’Q=McR>, DMEM=> ?MSTG NTP=GA?PXA:KI KMHT>KMFJK;R T<=>?;@K;R P><GTP>R T<=;KI N?> =A, [> KAR>XF;GAFWP;KT SMGXP; R>XF;G> PFQ 9>EM.

gA G @M<; IB?MUK<JB>E> <A?APKJ>GT@K>:DM?>B>G>E> ?>SBGT=I DIF;G;?>DFAKT ><K>GKT SM<MP; Y?;<=;QK<JB>:B>K<A?GM=;GK>E> <GT=>EFQPI,QBT d?IK=IGMF;<Q KM KM?TXK>RI N?;KH;N>GT FWD>GT P> DF;XKJ>E>,FWD>GT PTcG>U, QBM, S>B?ARM NA?APDM@MFM C N>GMEI P> TK\>E>, [;?A >N:TBIGMKKQ C>E> PIY>GK;R X;==QR. 0MRA =MBA cPKMKKQ KA F;\A GTPN>GT:PMF> <MRTC <I=K><=T Y?;<=;QK<=GM QB G@AKKQ =>FA?MK=K>E> P> FWP;K;,MFA, <MRA SM?MP; HTcU FWP;K;, KA[MPK>E> P> UU E?TYM, M C G;SKM@MF><I=KT<=J IB?MUK<JB>E> Y?;<=;QK<JB>:B>K<A?GM=;GK>E> ?>SIRTKKQ <G>:D>P; QB KMCG;[>U HTKK><=T DI==Q. 0G>D>P;, ?AMFTSIGM=; QBI DAS GT?; G9>EM TKP;GTPIMFJK><=T KA c R>XF;G;R @A?AS =A, [> DAS =MB>U GT?; G>KMKA>PRTKK> <=Mc ?MD>R E?TYM, ?MD>R «SGMD T <N>BI<», PXA?AF>R QB;Y c«P;QG>F:<GT=>PA?XAHJ».

0MRA =>RI, RMcR> N?MG> E>G>?;=; N?> =A, [> KMHT>KMFJK;C <GT=>E:FQP G I<T @M<; ?>SEFQPMG [;?I GT?I G 9>EM QB ><>DF;G;C =M KMCDTFJ\PTcG;C =;N N>?Q=IKBI FWP;K;, SMY;<=I UU GTP PIY>GK>E> =M DI==cG>E>SK;[AKKQ. 0MRA HTC =ARM=;HT N?;<GQ@IGMF;<Q PIY>GKT C <GT=<JBT =?MB:

>.%'?(!=.' 9%)!4)6(!."A."(!$%*'4)*(' 4%'#)0<6+'*2" 6-5>.160 161

I?>@;<=> G<=MK>GFAKM I K>G>RI GTC<JB>G>RI E?MPT *M=A?;K>PM?T, M 29<A?NKQ 1800 ?>BI KM UU RT<HT DIG SMBFMPAK;C…&><B?A<AK<JB;C <>D>?.&TK DIPIGMG<Q QB =>@KM B>NTQ ….0MRM?<JB>E> <>D>?I – E>F>GK>U…<GQ:=;KT &TC<JBM 8MN>?>SJB>E>…& 1799 ?. (HA G<J>E> F;\A SM <TR ?>BTG!1.7) G ]>?K>R>?TU GXA N>DIP>GMK> 16 HA?B>G, 9 DIPIGMF><J, M 2 DIF>N?;SKM@AK> N>DIPIGM=;…]A?AS NTG<=>?T@@Q G ]>?K>R>?TU GXA DIF> N>:DIP>GMK> 70 HA?B>G…M KM N>@M=BI 22 <=. G *IDMK<JBTC >DFM<=T GXADIF> 363 Y?MR;…=M N’Q=J R>KM<=;?TG…0G>W KMSGI NA?\;C G ]>?K>:R>?TU R>KM<=;? PT<=MG KM @A<=J 0NM<>:1?A>D?MXAK<JB>E> *;cG>:,A:X;ET?<JB>E> R>KM<=;?Q <G. ,;B>FMQ, M <MRA DIPTGK;H=G> >@>FWGMG><=MKKTC KM<=>Q=AFJ 8MN>?>SJB>E> 0MRM?<JB>E> ,;B>FMUG<JB>E> R>:KM<=;?Q» (4, <. 205)

e GMXF;G>W KA F;\A HQ N?>R>G;<=M <=M=;<=;BM, [> B?M[A GTP KMC:N?;<=?M<KT\A G;E>F>\AK;Y TPA>F>EAR <GTP@;=J N?> E>F>GKA, M C =A, [>PFQ IB?MUKHTG, DTFJ\A, KTX UXM (4>F>P>R>?; <=?M\K>W HTK>W P>GAPI=JHA), DTFJ\A KTX N>GT=?Q, GMXF;G;R c Y?MR>DIPTGK;H=G>, NA?AGMEM !IYIG N>G<QBPAKK>RI DI==T.

2?MR; QB PIY>GK>:DI==cGA ><A?PQ, P>GB>FM QB>E> EI?=IGMFM<Q IB:?MUK<JBM E?>RMPM GTP?TSKQF; #I<J:/B?MUKI [A S <A?APKJ>GT@K>:DM?>:B>G;Y @M<TG. &>K;, =>@KT\A <MRM UY DIP>GM, G>PK>@M< DIF; N?QR>W GBM:STGB>W KM <NMPB>cRKT<=J <GQ=>B;UG<JB>U =M B>K<=MK=;K>N>FJ<JB>UN?MG><FMGK>U =?MP;HTU. &TP>R;C RMKP?TGK;B 2V-- <=>FT==Q 1MGF>2MFAD<JB;C SMSKM@Mc:

«*;UG<JBI HA?BGI 0GQ=>U 0>OTU SDIP>GMK> SM NFMK>R <FMGA=K>U *>K:<=MK=;K>N>FJ<JB>U 0>OTU…#>SIRI FWP<JB>RI KA<;FM ><QEKI=; HW GA:F;@…» (5, <. 163).

.MB <MR> SMY>NFAK> >N>GTPMc RMKP?TGK;B T N?> TK\T Y?MR;, [> P>:GAF><Q DM@;=; C>RI N> G<TY GTPGTPMK;Y RT<=MY =M <AFMY /B?MUK;. %FAY?MR>DIPTGK;H=G> – F;\A >P;K, Y>@M C GMXF;G;C M<NAB= S?;R>E> >N:?;<I=KAKKQ Y?;<=;QK<JB>:B>K<A?GM=;GK>U =?MP;HTU <G>D>P; GTP «SGMDT <N>BI<» <GT=I HJ>E>. 'A RAK\ GMXF;G;R c C =A, [> D>E><F>G; KMS;:GMW=J DIPTGK;H=G>R Y?MRI I GFM<KTC PI\T. 5Q P>RTKMK=M =MB>X c Q<K>G;QGFAK>W G I<J>RI IB?MUK<JB>RI Y?;<=;QK<JB>RI IKTGA?<IRT. 2?MRIGTFJK>E> P>=?;RMKKQ <FIXTKKQ !IYI, M KA R;KI[;R N>FT=;@K;R ?AMFTQR.

7B P>BMS HJ>RI KMGAPAR> YM?MB=A?;<=;BI, [> UU N>PMF> ,49/00# KM >PK>E> TS RTFJC>KTG IB?MUK<JB;Y <AFQK – YFTD>?>DM S ]A?KT:ETG[;K; T QBM, G>@AG;PJ, KTB>F; KA SDA?AEFM<Q D P>K;KT, QBD; HAC <AFQ:

E?TYTG, =>E> DIPTGFQ SMGMF;=J<Q, M Y=> DIPIc S 9>E>R KM =GA?P>RI d?IK=T,=>E> DIPTGFQ – PA?XMGM /B?MUKM – G;<=>U=J.» (1, 0.65)

'A G ><=MKKW @A?EI HT N?T>?;=A=; IB?MUK<JB>U Y?;<=;QK<JB>U KMHTUKA SK;BF; C =>RI, [> <MRT IB?MUKHT GTP EAKTMFJK;Y N>A=TG =M N;<JRAK:K;BTG, OTF><>OTG =M BTK>R;=HTG P> RT[MK C <AFQK (@; –KMGNMB;) KAS?TBMF;<J GT?; N?MPTPTG, DA?AEF; UU. eGMKEAFJ<JBA «NTSKMC=A -<=;KI TG>KM S?>D;=J GM< GTFJK;R;» N>\;?WGMF><Q T KM M<NAB=; <G>D>P; =G>?:@><=T T KM N>G<QBPAKKI DI==cGI SG;@McGT<=J, MPXA <N?MGPT GTFJK>W=G>?@T<=J R>XA DI=; <MRA I GT?T. !FQ IKM>@KAKKQ T<=;KK><=T PMK>E>,RMET<=?MFJK>E> PFQ ?>SIRTKKQ /B?MUK; QB Y?;<=;QK<JB>E> H;GTFTSMH:TCK>E> OAK>RAKI =GA?PXAKKQ N>\FAR><J KM KMPSG;@MCK> HTBMG;CP><GTP <=MK>GFAKKQ IB?MUK<=GM QB <NTFJK>=; KM NI<=;KK;Y KM =>C @M<, BI:DMK<JB;Y, N?;@>?K>R>?<JB;Y SARFQY, BIP; G;<AF;FM SMN>?>SJBA B>SMH=:G> I 1792 ?>HT eBM=c?TKM --. !><FTPK;B HTcU N?>DFARM=;B; ^. gA?D;KM=MB G;SKM@Mc E>F>GKT P>RTKMK=; HJ>E> T<=>?;B>:BIFJ=I?K>E> N?>HA<I:

«]>?K>R>?<JBT B>SMB;, SMCKQG\; B?MC, N?;KA<F; S <>D>W Y?;<=;QK<J:BI ?AFTETW T SG;@MU =M RMF; SMK>G> DIPIGM=; Y?MR;, >D;=AFT, >DSMG>P;:=;<J PIY>GAK<=G>R» (2, <. 579).

0I@M<K;C P><FTPK;B BIDMK<JB>E> IB?MUK<=GM -.1>NBM GBMSIc KM =A,[> G 2-2 <=.:

«$A?=>GKM GTPPMKT<=J KM?>PI P> HA?BG; KA RMc RAX. 'A DIGMc <NMPBI,KMGT=J KMCRAK\>E>, S QB>E> D; @M<=;KM KA DIFM NA?APMKM KM HA?BGI. &HJ>RI GTPK>\AKKT @>?K>R>?HT SMF;\MW=J<Q GTPPMK;R; <GQ=>RI SG;:@MW <G>UY N?APBTG: GTP I<TY SP>DI=BTG…N?;K><;=; KMCB?M[I @M<=;KIY?MRI 9>X>RI» (3, <.35)

^. gA?D;KM =MB>X SMIGMXIc KM E>F>GKTC <GT=>EFQPKTC N?;@;KT=MB>U N?>GTPK>U ?;<; IB?MUKHTG, QBM GBMSIc KM KM\I PIY>GK>:BIFJ=I?:KI TPAK=;@KT<=J, PA D R; KA SKMY>P;F;<J T PA D KA N?>X;GMF;:

«,>GM, >PQE…G<A HA DIF> RMF>?I<JB;R… 1%L#1), P1 6#F%:%G), K8F) :-"R$)6) M%GF0=%"$)1#6) M:#"%GF#"’P». (BI?<;G KM\ 1. 7) (2, 0.72).

0MRA N?MG><FMGKM GT?M, Y?;<=;QK<JBA <GT=>GTP@IGMKKQ, GTP=MB, SI:R>GFWc I PMK>RI ?MST IB?MUK<JBI KMHT>KMFJKI TPAK=;@KT<=J. 1?> =A,[> HA <MRA =MB <GTP@;=J T KMGAPAKM !.9TF;R HTBMGM OMB=>F>ETQ:

«'APM?ARK>, <A?AP NA?AGASAK;Y KM *IDMKJ NA?\;R; NM?=TQR; NA?A<A:FAKHTG G<TY GTC<JB>G;Y ?AEMFTC DIFM NA?AGASAKM 1793 ?>BI GTC<JB>GMN>YTPKM HA?BGM S KMRMFJ>GMK;R KM N>F>=KT TB>K><=M<>R. 5Q HA?BGM DIFM

>.%'?(!=.' 9%)!4)6(!."A."(!$%*'4)*(' 4%'#)0<6+'*2" 6-5>.162 163

1A?\>W, SETPK> S Y?>K>F>ET@K;R; N?;KH;N>R, <FTP N>PM=; >PKIPIRBI TS «g>PAKK;BM» >PK>E> S OIKPM=>?TG &/%', P>GE>FT=KJ>E> UUGTHA:N?AS;PAK=M, FWP;K;, SMEMF>R KA PIXA DF;SJB>U P> HA?B>GK;Y N?>:HA<TG 1920:Y ?>BTG(=;R DTFJ\ >D’cB=;GK;R c C>E> N>EFQP KM OAK>RAKIB?MUK<JB>E> Y?;<=;QK<JB>E> KMHT>KMFJK>E> R;<FAKKQ), KAN?;R;?AK:K>E> N?>=;GK;BM TPA>F>ETU =M N>?>PXAK>U KAW N?MB=;B; >FXT, =A?>?I=M =>=MFJK>E> KM<;FJ<=GM, [> <MRA SMX;GMFM <>DT N?>GTPKT N?MGM IP>DI NT<FQ N>?MSB; KMHT>KMFJK>:G;SG>FJK;Y SRMEMKJ P>D; /'# KM=A?AKMY /00# =M 000# G HTF>RI. &TK DIG >DD?AYMK;R MPAN=MR; HTcUGFMP; QB E>F>GK;C >DG;KIGM@IGMK;C KM G<IHTFJ <OMFJ<;OTB>GMK>RIN?>HA<T 0&/ T SME;KIG C SM P><T ><=M=>@K> KAQ<K;Y >D<=MG;K KM:N?;BTKHT 1930:Y. 'AGMXB> SP>EMPM=;<J, [> CPA=J<Q N?> MBMP. 0. eO?A:R>GM. & SMN;<>GT GTP 2 =?MGKQ 1926 ?>BI G@AK;C SMK>=>GIc:

«7 R>XI <BMSM=; N?> <ADA <FTP>R SM >=;R PQPJB>R «*>F; =TFJB; N?;C:PI P> HA?BG; – G<A NM<B; <GQ=Q=J». 9IG <J>E>PKT GK>@T, B>F; «NM<B;<GQ=Q=J» I HA?BGT, <FIYMG P;GK;Y <NTGTG – T NA?AP >@;RM <=>QFM G RAKA1MFJ@;BTG<JBM ID>EM HA?B>GHQ, FIKMG DM=JBTG E>F>< TS GTG=M?Q T B?IE>RDIF; NTGSMDI=T FWDT >DF;@@Q…T <MR Q, RMF;C YF>N@;KM, E>?P;C =;R, [>«G;<=>QG…G HA?BGT», Y>@M >@T NTP BTKAHJ <FIXD; SF;NMF;<Q GTP <>F>P:B>U P?TR>=;. J1 =#"$% ?- K8F%! X P1… 6#F% L60$)F%GP " $#G/:%PQ /)QFI=->, 7% G/%PF) K0FP 6-$- M%:8* GO%D%=$0 " ?-:1"0! +G%KF)"%, 1%F) "LPR/) $# 8"#D8, 7% 6) M-:-A)F) «G%?0#FO$8 :-"%FI?0I» > Q:)G/)P$G/"%/-M-: %M)$)F%GP " G/#$%")70 D$#$%V :-F0D0V…\)"8*# :-F0D0>$# %G$%"# "=8.0 FI=GO10>…» (BI?<;G KM\ 1.7.)(7, <. 371).

9AS X>PK;Y B>RAK=M?TG N>?TGKQCR> KMGAPAKI [>CK> PIRBI TS H;:=M=>W S O?>K=>G>E> «g>PAKK;BM» IB?MUK<JB>E> N;<JRAKK;BM, SE>P>R4>F>G; 01/, DMEM=>?MS>G>E> FMI?AM=M 3AKTK<JB>U =M !A?XMGK>UN?ARTC 000#, S?A\=>W @FAKM 5* *100, 5* *1/, =>D=> IB?MUK<JB>:E> R;=HQ – GN>GKT G;SKMK>E> ?MPQK<JB>W GFMP>W. 28.07.1944 ?>BI GTKSMN;<Ic:

«7 ?AF;E;>SAK. 7 GA?W G 9>EM» (8, <. 53). - PMFT, G ?>SNMF B?;GMG>UGTCK;: «13.08.1944… 9>XA, BMB>A =L <@M<=JA PMF @AF>GABI ; BMB >K KAIRAA= IN>=?AD;=J AE>! 8M@AR ; Q A[A N?;SLGMF B ID;C<=GI? 1?><=;,4><N>P;, RAKQ…» (8, <. 54)

5T <F>GM KMFAXM=J +FA<AGT 4>K@M?I T GN?>P>GX G<TY 3:Y =>RTG C>E>KA NIDFT@K;Y, M <>B?>GAKK;Y SMN;<TG GT?M G 9>EM N?>Y>P;=;RA P>RTKMK:=>W, <=?;XKAR C>E> RT?BIGMKJ N?> FWP<=G>, /B?MUKI, <ADA <MR>E>.

K;K KA DIG DM=JB>R EAKTMFJK>E> BTK>?AX;<A?M – OIKPM=>?M IB?MUK<J:B>E> C <GT=>G>E> BTK>R;<=AH=GM:

«+=AH – 1A=? 0ARAK>G;@ !>GXAKB>…N> <>HN>F>XAK;W BIFMB… YM:?MB=A?;SIW= !>GXAKB> 1A=?M BMB IB?M;KE> KMH;>KMF;<=M…1.0.!>GXAKB> N?;RBKIF B MG=>BAOMFJK>RI PG;XAK;W, EPA N?;K;RMF MB:=;GK>A I@M<=;A …N?>G>PQ <?AP; >PK><AFJ@MK ME;=MH;>KKIW ?MD>=I N><=QE;GMK;W ;Y G MG=>BAOMFJK>A PG;XAK;A» (6, <.195:196).

- [A >PKM H;=M=M. 5J>E> ?MSI – ST «g>PAKK;BM» <MR>E> +. !>GXAK:BM, SMN;<MKM K;R I =?MET@K>RI, NT<FQ <=MFTK<JB>E> ?>SE?>RI «/B?MU:K; G >EKT», 1946 ?>HT:

«&XA KA D>?W<Q Q, Q GXA R>FW<Q 9>EI: «4><N>P;, GFMP;B> X;G>=MR>E>. !IY N?MSPK><=T, IK;KTQ, FWD>KM@MFTQ, N?MSPK><F>GTQ KA PMXPJR;. !IY XA HTF>RIP?TQ, <R;?AKK>RIP?TQ, =A?NTKKQ C FWD>GT PM?IC RAKT?MDI .G>cRI. -, 4><N>P;, HM?W, PM?IC RT S?T=; R>U N?AE?T\AKTQ T KA><IXPM=; D?M=M R>E>, DFME><F>GAK c<; G>GTB;. %RTKJ». 7 @;=MW HT <F>:GM GAF;B>E> N>A=M eO?ARM 0T?TKM, GK;BMW, =QEKI<Q I<TR KART@K;R <G>URKA[M<K;R c<=G>R P> K;Y» (6, <. 42).

5TFB>R >@AG;PK>, [> =MBT PIRB; C @I==Q I DASD>XK;HJBTC M=R><:OA?T M=AU<=;@K>U TRNA?TU R>EFM SP>DI=; TS EF;D;K <G>E> S?MKAK>E> c<=GM=TFJB; EF;D>B> GT?IW@M FWP;KM, [> KA G;NI<BMFM S PI\T TPAC +=HTG1?MG><FMG’Q. % [A – <;K IB?MUK<JB>E> <AFQK;KM – >PK>E> S DIPTGK;@;YKMHT>KMFJK>U KASMFAXK>U N?MG><FMGK>U 5A?BG;. .>@KT\A – >PK>E> S=;Y, Y=> GTP?>PXIGMG UU, =MB <MR>, QB B>F;<J GTP?>PXIGMF; B;cG>?I<J:BI PIY>GKT<=J ,>E;FM, *><TG, ,MSANM, <GQ=;C !R;=?> .IN=MF>…

!TQFJKT<=J ,>E;F; – RAHAKM=M C DIPTGK;@>E> K>GM=>?<JB>U C K;KTN?MG><FMGK>U ><GT=;, RAHAKM=<=G> DIPTGK;@>E> Y?MRTG =M P?IBM?AKJ CPIY>GK>E> KM[MPBM R;=?>N>F;=M ,MSAN;, EAKTMFJKT N>ASTU .M?M<MaAG@AKBM, PIY>GKM N?>SM 4>E>FQ, SEMPMKT K>G>RI@AK;B; 22 <=. S/%15 M /4*5, QBT <=?MXPMF; C DIF; SK;[AK;R; <MRA SM <G>c DMXMK:KQ DI=; KA N?><=> Y?;<=;QKMR; MD> KA N?><=> IB?MUKHQR;, M <MRA Q:)RG/)P$#6)R81:#V$?P6) G<A HA QG;[M >PK>E> GA?\;KK>E> N>?QPBI, MFA=MB;C N>?QP>B DIG D; HTFB>R KAR>XF;G;R, QBD; RTHK> KA d?IK=IGMG:<Q KM DMEM=><>=FT=KJ>RI NTPRI?TGB>GT SMEMFJK>KMHT>KMFJK>U Y?;<=;:QK<JB>U TPAU =M G;SKM@AK>U KAW DI==cG>U =?MP;HTU. g>D P>PM=; I HTRT?BIGMKKQ NAGK>U B>K=?>GA?<TCK><=T T, G>PK>@M<, NTP=GA?P;=; G;<F>G:FAKT TPAU KMGAPAR> [A PABTFJBM H;=M= S RT?BIGMKJ ?TSK;Y R;<F;=AFTG?TSK;Y NA?T>PTG 22 <=.

>.%'?(!=.' 9%)!4)6(!."A."(!$%*'4)*(' 4%'#)0<6+'*2" 6-5>.164 165

9>E>GT SM <G>c DI==Q, M GTP=MB : \FQY KTGAFWGMKKQ <MR>U <I=K><=T FW:P;K; QB =G>?TKKQ 9>X>E>. .;<Q@T N?>N>GTPK;BTG R>XI=J KMEMPIGM=;FWP;KT – B>KB?A=K>RI TKP;GTPIIR>GT – N?> HA, MFA QB[> KA DIPA N?Q:R>E> SG’QSBI S ><GQ@AK>W GTBMR; KMHT>KMFJK>W Y?;<=;QK<JB>W =?MP;:HTcW, => E>PT C <N>PTGM=;<J KM AOAB= GTP =MB;Y KMEMPIGMKJ, MPXA ><>:D;<=T<=J DIPA N?><=> G;?GMK>W S B>K=AB<=I >PGT@K>U <NMPB>cRK><=T SGT?>W N?APBTG.

0MRA =MBM <NMPB>cRKT<=J R>XA <=M=; PFQ N><=EF>DMFTS>GMK>U =MN><=M=AUS>GMK>U <GT=>G>U <NTFJK>=; GST?HAR N>DIP>G; E?>RMP<JB;Y SM:<MP KA KM N?;KH;N>GT =>=MFJK>E> N?MERM=;SRI, M KM N?;KH;N>GT Y?;:<=;QK<JB>E> <NMPB>cRK>E> KM<FTPIGMKKQ KMHT>KMFJKTC =?MP;HTU, PA KAR;KI[;C <I@M<K;C TK=A?A< DIPA P>RTKMK=>W <I<NTFJK;Y GTPK><;K, MG;[M GTP I<TY <GT=>G;Y *>K<=;=IHTC =M SMB>KTG 9>XM 8MN>GTPJ SETPK>S QB>W KA <FTP @;K;=; KTB>RI =>E>, @>E> D KA Y>=TG, [>D G@;K;F; =>DT.5Q IKTGA?<MFTQ, QBM DIFM C c P>RTKIW@>W G IB?MUK<JB;Y OTF><>O<JB;Y?AMFTQY GTP ,>E;F;K;Y, ,MSAN;K;Y PTQKJ N>G;KKM <=M=; KM?TXK>W G<=?IB=I?T <GT=I 22- C TK\;Y GTBTG K>G>E> =;<Q@>FT==Q.

0MRA N><=TCKA KMEMPIGMKKQ N?> =A, [> 9>E c FWD>G T PM?Ic KMR <J>:E>PKT <N?MGXKc , M KA N>BMS>GA D?M=>FWDTc, N?> QBA =MB RT?QG I <G>UCY?;<=;QK<JBTC FT?;HT .M?M< aAG@AKB>. &TP=MB =MBA KMEMPIGMKKQPM?Ic <G>D>PI GTP E?TYM B?;GP; 0$.%D%, <G>D>PI KA F;\A GTP RM<:BIFJ:=TG<JB>E> ?>SIRTKKQ N?T>?;=A=TG H;GTFTSMHTCK>E> N><=INI, M C GTPFTK>[TG I ?>DFAKKT P>D?M TK\;R FWPQR KA SGMXMW@; KM =A P> «<G>UY»@; «@IX;Y» SM R;KI[;R; <YARMR; UY GTPK><;R>. &>K> =MB>X PM?Ic <G>:D>PI GTP IQ?RFAKKQ GISJBT<=W ?>SIRTKKQ DMEM=>RMKT=K><=T Y?;<=;QK:<=GM, B>F; F;\A R>c ?>SIRTKKQ, R>Q B>KOA<TQ c N?MG;FJK>W, M G<T TK\T«KABMK>KT@KT», «KAT<=;KKT» =>[>. 3WP;KT KA PMK> NTSKM=; 9>XA<=GAK:KI =MCKI, MFA UC PMK> N?MG> T >D>G’QS>B FWD;=; <G>E> DF;XKJ>E>. 3W:D;=;, M KA =MG?IGM=; C>E>. «1>B; RMcR> @M<, ?>DTR> P>D?>» : KMG@McMN><=>F 1MGF>. & <I@M<K>RI <GT=T <N?MGPT GTFJK>W R>XA DI=; F;\A =MFWP;KM, QBM KA G>?>EM DM@;=J I TK\TC FWP;KT, G FWP;KT, QBM S UU KAP>:KMF>U =>@B; S>?I KAN?MG;FJK> R>F;=J<Q, @; [A [><J ?>D;=J KAN?M:G;FJK> (<BMSMK> X – «KA <IPT=J T KA <IP;R;R; DIPA=A»), M HTKIc <G>E>D?M=M I 2?;<=T G =>RI @;<FT C SM C>E> TK\T<=J, SM C>E> KAN>PTDKT<=J P><ADA <MR>E>.

& K>G>RI =;<Q@>FT==T FWP;KT C <GT=>GT R>XA SKMP>D;=;<J [A C =MBMP>RTKMK=M S IB?MUK<JB>E> =;<Q@>FT=KJ>E> Y?;<=;QK<JB>E> P><GTPI.

'MGAPAKT TPAU N?>GTPK;Y GT=@;SKQK;Y EIRMKT=M?TUG, =MB <MR> QB T PIR:B; RTFJC>KTG IB?MUK<JB;Y <AFQK =M RT[MK ?TSK;Y <=>FT=J, M ><>DF;G>– 22, R>XF;G>, KA@M<=> G;K><;F;<J I GTPB?;=I MIP;=>?TW, MFA KA:SRTKK> <=MK>G;F; HAK=? R;<FAKKQ IB?MUK<JB>U FWP;K;, <GT=>EFQPKIB>K<=MK=I UU DI==Q. 1T<FQ 1?><GT=K;H=GM, B>F; <=MF> R>PK;R «N?>:<GT[M=; «<>G?ARAKK;R; >EKQR;» «GP>GI:<;?>=;KI» HQ B>K<=MK=M SDA:?AEFM<J G IB?MUK<JBTC KMHT>KMFJKTC <GTP>R><=T. 8DA?AEFM<J, QB G;NF;:GMc TS PIY>GK>U N?>S; 4>E>FQ =M H;=>GMK;Y SMN;<TG 4>K@M?M, KMGT=JKASMFAXK> GTP R>G;, MPXA <MRA G>KM C G;SKM@;FM <GT=>EFQPKI C R>GKITPAK=;@KT<=J IB?MUKHTG:Y?;<=;QK.

&XA H;=>GMK;C KMR; G;[A, IB?MUK<JB;C E?AB>:BM=>F;HJB;C <GQ:[AK;B >. -E>? 5M?, RT?BIW@; KMP <G>UR; SMGPMKKQR; NT<FQ SP>DI==Q/B?MUK>W 'ASMFAXK><=T G EMFIST GTP?>PXAKKQ KMHT>KMFJK>U PIY>G:K><=T <O>?RIFWGMG UY =MB;R @;K>R:

«7 RMG NA?AP <>D>W @T=BI HTFJ: 1M=?TM?YM= /B?MUK<JB>U 5A?BG;, >P;K>D?QP, >PKM R>GM – T =>PT DIPA <;FJKM !A?XMGM. % Y=> ?>D;=J QBT<JB?>B; GDTB, =>C N?MHWc KM SMB>?P>KKT <NAH<FIXD;, [>D KA P>NI<=;=;cPK><=T G KM\TC 5A?BGT C !A?XMGT. +PKT N?>N>KIW=J R>F;=;<Q =TFJB;?><TC<JB>W R>G>W, TK\T – N>FJ<JB>W... 7B <=?M\K> P;G;=;<Q, B>F;@A?AS ?AFTETW, G;K;[IW=J IB?MUK<JBI KMHTW. 5T NTP<=INKT FWP;, QBTGGMXMW=J <ADA GT?IW@;R;, MFA KAKMG;PQ=J KM\ KM?>P T /B?MUK<JBI 5A?:BGI. <%F) Q/% 1#A-: P FIKFI T%D#, # $-$#")=)/O K:#/# G"%D%, /%> $-M:#"=%6%"-?O. T% Q/% $- FIK)/O K:#/# G"%D%, P1%D% K#*)/O, /%> $-6%A- FIK)/) T%D# G"%D%, P1%D% "0$ $- K#*)/O» (BI?<;G >. -.5M?Q) (1 X" 4:20)» (1, <.48)

&TP=MB, RT?BIW@; N?> ?>FJ T RT<HA IB?MUK<JB>U PIY>GK>:KMHT>KMFJ:K>U >P;K;HT I <GT=>G>RI H;GTFTSMHTCK>RI G;RT?>GT =M NA?<NAB=;GT KMK>GA =;<Q@>FT==Q KA <FTP SKAGMXM=; G;<F>GFAKT G;[A SMIGME;, MPXA<MRA GKM<FTP>B =MB;Y T DMEM=J>Y TK\;Y, SM<GTP@AK;Y =;<Q@>FT=KJ>W T<=>:?TcW, PIY>GK>:TK=AFAB=IMFJK;Y B>K<=MK=, T RMcR> N?MG> RT?BIGM=;N?> IKTBMFJKT<=J IB?MUK<JB>E> KMHT>KMFJK>E> IKTGA?<IRI, N?> C>E>N>=AKHTMF I G;?>DFAKKT K>G>U <GT=>EFQPK>:DI==cG>U R>PAFT <GT=I. &EF>DMFTS>GMK>RI C N>SDMGFAK>RI, GKM<FTP>B B?MYI DASD>XK;HJB;Y TPA:>F>ETC, TFWSTC <GT=T B>KHAN=IMFJK>W c N?>DFARM N?T>?;=A=TG I G;SKM:@AKKT N>PMFJ\>E> N?>E?A<=T\;R T KMCN?;GMDF;GT\;RSPMc=J<Q \FQY MD<>FW=;SMHTU RM=A?TMFJK>E> N?>E?A<I, G;GAPAKKQ C>E>I ?MKE PIY>GK>U MB<T>R;. %FA HA \FQY P> SMDI==Q FWP;K>W GPQ@K><=T

>.%'?(!=.' 9%)!4)6(!."A."(!$%*'4)*(' 4%'#)0<6+'*2" 6-5>.166 167

<MRA P><GTP NA?A<FTPIGMK>E> IB?MUK<JB>E> Y?;<=;QK<=GM, Y?;<=;QK:<=GM, [> I G<TY B>KOA<TQY DA?AEF> N?;KH;N B>K<A?GM=;GK>E> P>=?;RMK:KQ <MB?MFJK;R TPAMFMR, KA>PRTKK> <=MKA G N?;E>PT.

& HJ>RI B>K=AB<=T KASMCGA KMEMPM=; B>KHAN=IMFJKI P;<N>S;HTW,QBI G;<F>G;G, RT?BIW@; N?> ?>FJ 5A?BG; I >D>?>KT PIY>GK>E> N?><=>:?I FWP;K; C E?>RMP;, ><R;<FWW@; ?>FJ 5A?BG; N?; SMY;<=T T<=;KK>U<G>D>P; FWP<JB>U TKP;GTPIMFJK><=T >P;K TS N?>GTPK;Y IB?MUK<JB;Y PI:Y>GK;Y R;<F;=AFTG <A?APKJ>GT@K>:DM?>B>G>U N>?; 4A?M<;R 0R>=?;HJ:B;C. / <G>UC GTP>RTC P?IETC «1A?APR>GT» P> +<=?>SJB>U 9TDFTU 1581?>BI, NA?APR>GT, QBM, DAS <IRKTGI, RMc YM?MB=A? ?AFTETCK>:OTF><>O<J:B>E> =?MB=M=I =M RT<=;=J G;?MSKT N>FART@KT SGA?=MKKQ =M R>?MFJK>:A=;@KT KM<=MK>G;, G@AK;C KME>F>\Ic:

«1>KAXA G?M@AR P><=>;= < N?;FAXMKTcR N?;FMEM=; NFM<=L? =MR>, ;PA:XA c<=J =AFA<KMQ QSGM; G>;K>R XA G>SPG;SM=; >?IXTc ; >N>FM@M=;<QB?6NB> =MR>, ;PAXA c<=J <IN><=M=KMQ D?MKJ; <=?>;=AFAR XA B>?MDFJ:KLR ;<BI<<=G> Y;=?><=; <G>cQ N>BMS>GM=; G> G?ARQ S;RL ; DI?KME>N?>=;GFAKTM – =MB> ; KMR P><=>;=, G<Q @IG<=G;Q KM\M >@;<=;G\A ;>DFAB\A<Q G> G<Q >?IXTQ D>XTQ, S?6=; ; >D?M[;=; =MR>, >=BIPM PTM:G>F, ?LBMQ, QB> FAG, N?;Y>P;=, ;<BTC 5A?B>GJ 9>XTW ?M<=A?SM=;, >N>F:@M=;<Q ; D?MK;=; RIXA<=GAKK>, N>G;KIW[A<Q N>P B?6NBIW ?IBI9>XTW, ; K;@=> XA KM< G?AP;=; KA R>XA=»(10, <.208).

/ KMGAPAKTC B>KHAN=IMFJKTC NM?MP;ERT, KM KM\ N>EFQP, I <=;<F>:RI G;EFQPT KHAK=?>GMK> KA F;\A <MRI <I=KT<=J ?>SIRTKKQ 4.0R>=:?;HJB;R HA?B>GK>E> <FIXTKKQ, MFA C, KA RAK\>W RT?>W, G;SKM@AK>B>K<A?GM=;GKA N>BF;BMKKQ <FIE; 9>EM – DI=; SMGXP; =MR T =>PT, PA cKADASNABM PFQ Y?;<=;QK<JB>U GT?;, M GTP=MB – KADASNABM PFQ FWP;K;QB =MB>U. 9I=; <A?AP «RMF;Y <;Y», QB DIG T c <A?AP K;Y 0MR 4><N>PJ.8M 4. 0R>=?;HJB;R <MRA =MBA NA?ADIGMKKQ <A?AP SME?>XAK;Y DMEM=> G@>RI N>Q<KWc <AK< Y?;<=;QK<=GM – ?AFTETU, I QBTC <=?MY NA?AP R;KI[;:R; KADASNABMR; KTGAFWc=J<Q I<GTP>RFAKKQR C <N>PTGMKKQR KM 9>XIG>FW. &TP=MB, <MRA =MBA <N>PTGMKKQ ?>D;=J FWP;KI KAI\B>PXIGMK>WR;?<JB;R SF>R. 1>?TGKQKKQ S FTBM?AR, G>UK>R =M B>?MDFADIPTGK;B>RRMW=J I PMK>RI B>K=AB<=T KA F;\A cGMKEAFJ<JBI =M KMHT>KMFJKI RTO>:F>ET@KI ><K>GI, M C IBMSIW=J KM PMFAB><QXKT<=J G;DIP>GMK>U 4.0R>=:?;HJB;R <GT=>EFQPK>U NM?MP;ER;. +<>DF;G> X B>F; NMR’Q=M=; <F>GMe. ,MFMKWBM N?> IB?MUKHTG QB KM?>P TPAMF>R QB>E>, I =>RI @;<FT TPA:MF>R DI==cG;R, GST?HAR c +D?MS 9>X;C. .MB;C KM?>P GTP KAG>FT SPM=KT

)PA=J<Q N?> =A, [> N>N?; G<T RM=A?TMFJKT SME?>S; (GTP G=?M=; R>G; CPA?XMGK><=T P> XA?=G; <MR;R X;==QR) R>XKM KM DIPJ:QBTC T<=>?;@KTCYG;FT SDA?AE=; GT?KT<=J 5A?BGT, GT?KT<=J 8MN>GTPQR. & <I@M<KTC<GT=>GTC <NTFJK>=T, PA ?>SR;GMW=J<Q B>?P>K; RTX E?T\K;R, QBA GPMF>PFQ DMEM=J>Y GPMc S <ADA <MB?MFJKA, C <N?MGXKTR <MB?MFJK;R, QBA DM:EM=JRM N>@;KMc GKM<FTP>B TKO>?RMHTCK>E> =;<BI, <N?;CRM=;<J QB[><J SM<=M?TFA, KAN>=?TDKA, KAR>PKA I=G>?Wc=J<Q <GT=>EFQPKM N?T?GM,QBI R>XA SP>FM=; F;\A FWP;KM, SGTFJKAKM T<=;KK>W GT?>W G 9>EM GTPSMFAXK><=T GTP R;KI[;Y DI==cG;Y ?AMFTC.

&N?>P>GX <=>FT=J Y?;<=;QK;:IB?MUKHT QGFQF; <MR>W <G>cW IKT:BMFJK>W N>GAPTKB>W R>XF;GT<=J C IRTKKQ TEK>?IGM=; DASD>XK;HJB;C=;<B, SPM=KT<=J PIY>GK> C TK=AFAB=IMFJK> X;=; I <GT=T, GTFJK>RI GTPNTPRTK; <MB?MFJK>E> KM@MFM N?>OMKK;R. 8?A\=>W HA T DIFM N?>GTPKM?;<M, QBM GBMSIc KM TRMKAK=KI R>XF;GT<=J IB?MUK<JB>E> <GT=>EFQPI =ME?>RMP;, [> C>E> ?AN?ASAK=Ic SMGPQB; P>=?;RMKKW Y?;<=;QK<JB>:B>K<A?GM=;GK>U =?MP;HTU SMF;\M=;<Q GKI=?T\KJ> GTFJK;R;, =>FA?MK:=K;R; P> TK\;Y, KA PABFM?M=;GK>, M <MR;R <G>UR DI==QR <=GA?PXIW:@; N?;KH;N; ?AFTETCK>U <G>D>P;. ,>XF;G> <MRA @A?AS =MBA ?>SIRTKKQIB?MUKHQR; Y?;<=;QK<JB>:B>K<A?GM=;GK>U =?MP;HTU /B?MUKM, [> SM<G>W T<=>?TW SMSKMGMFM DASFT@T KMNMPTG =M N><=?MXPMFM GTP KAS@;<F;:R;Y SD?>CK;Y B>KOFTB=TG KTB>F;, P> <F>GM, KM GTPRTKI GTP TK\;Y B?MUKeG?>N;, KA SKMFM ?AFTETCK;Y G>cK RTX IB?MUKHQR; >PKTcU B>KOA<TU =MIB?MUKHQR; B>KOA<TU TK\>U. &<T <INA?A@K><=T G;?T\IGMF;<Q G;KQ=B>G>SM<>DMR; FT=A?M=I?K>U N>FARTB;. 'AYMC T E><=?>U, MFA X – N>FARTB;, MKA GTCK;.

&TP>R;C N>A= T OTF><>O eGEAK ,MFMKWB, RT?BIW@; KMP OAK>RAK>RIB?MUK<JB>E> DI==Q G <GT=T QB><J SMSKM@;G:

«!R;=?> !>KH>G G@;G, [> KM SARFT c PXIKEFQ KM?>PTG:Y;XMBTG, D>:?>=JDM SM T<KIGMKKQ. % G HW PXIKEFW GY>P;=J KM?TP, TPAMF>R QB>E> c«N><=MGFW YM=I T BTRKM=I», MD> C KMGT=J «T DIPA <;K, T DIPA RM=;, T DI:PI=J FWPA(= >D?MS 9>X;C!) KM SARFT» (9, <.202)

5AC P><GTP Y?;<=;QK<JB>U IKTBMFJK><=T, KANTPFAEF><=T =;<BI DAS:D>XK;HJB;Y TPA>F>ETC, M >=XA =%G"0= $#K8/%V G/%F0//P6) :-F0D0>$%VG"%K%=) KA R>XA KA SKMP>D;=;<J FWP;KT 22- <=., QBI I<TFQB> SMN>?>:\IGM=;RI=J QB>R>EM \G;P\A <=M=; >PKTcW TS RTFJQ?PK;Y >P;K;HJRM<:BIFJ=>G>E> SKAHTKAKKQ, PA[;HAW I G<A<GT=KTC <=?IB=I?T EF>DMFJ:K>E> G;?>DK;H=GM C <N>X;GMKKQ. - =I= KA <>HTMFT<=;@K;C <;RIFQB?, M

>.%'?(!=.' 9%)!4)6(!."A."(!$%*'4)*(' 4%'#)0<6+'*2" 6-5>.168 169

SMY;<=;=; F;\A «>@;[AKKQ @I==TG» =M «>DFA@AKTc G> G<Q >?IXTQ D>:XTQ», MPXA, HAC KM?>P DMEM=> G @>RI «KA GTP <GT=I <J>E>», QB[> N>E>P;:=;<Q TS !. !>KH>G;R =M >B?A<F;=; <GT= E><=?;R G;SKM@AKKQR «PXIKEFT».8MY;<= IB?MUK<JB>U 5A?BG; I =MB>RI NM?MP;ERMFJK>RI S?TST T >SKM@M:=;RA G I<T @M<; SMY;<= GFM<K>U KA<Y>X><=T KM <GT=, GFM<K>U TK\><=T, GFM<:K>U PIY>GK>:KMHT>KMFJK>U TPAK=;@K><=T.

7B SMSKM@;G cN;N *MFFT<= (/A?):

«/ 22 <=>FT==T DTFJ\><=T FWPAC 8MY>PI 1?MG><FMGKM HA?BGM SPMc=J<QN?;GMDF;G>W G ><K>GK>RI SMGPQB; <G>cRI PIYI…B>K<A?GM=;SRI; R>XAG;PM=;<J, [> G N><FMKKT N?MG><FMGK;Y P> UYKTY SMYTPK;Y D?M=TG c <F>GM:«R; – GM\A R;KIFA». 1?>=A, PFQ <MR;Y N?MG><FMGK;Y GT?KT<=J =?MP;HTU>SKM@Mc KA NA?\>@A?E>GA N?;CKQ==Q BMK>KTG T SG;@MUG R;KIF;Y N>:B>FTKJ, M GT@K> K>G;C, ><>D;<=;C T DASN><A?APKTC P><GTP 0GQ=>E> !IYM=I= T GXA»(11, <. 8).

/ =>RI, [> IB?MUK<JBM N?MG><FMGKM 5A?BGM, =MB <MR> G=TR QB T TK\TGT=@;SKQKT Y?;<=;QK<JBT 5A?BG;, N?>C\>G\; <=?M\KT G;N?>DIGMKKQSMF;\;F;<Q <MRA B>K<A?GM=;GK;R; I ?>SIRTKKT, N>PMK>RI MKEFTC<J:B;R GFMP;B>W *MFFT<=>R <IRKTGM=;<Q, QB G;NF;GMc ST <BMSMK>E> G;[A,KA G;NMPMc. .MB <MR> QB KA G;NMPMc, KM KM\ N>EFQP, <IRKTGM=;<Q T G=>RI, [> <MRA =MB;C B>K<A?GM=;GK;C PIY GT@K>E> X;==Q C GT@K>E>>K>GFAKKQ N?; P>=?;RMKKT <MB?MFJK>U <N?MGXK><=T, <MB?MFJK>U cGMK:EAFJ<JB>U -<=;K; G I<T @M<; SMDASNA@Ic FWP;KT T <I<NTFJ<=GI <N?MGXKW<G>D>PI, <N?MGXKTC PIY>GK;C =M DI==cG;C N><=IN.

"i>6:3>E:3:

1. >. -E>? (5M?) +<=MKKT DIPI=J NA?\;R; . – 3JGTG, 2005 – 211<.

2. gA?D;KM ^. ^AF;HLK ". *IDMKA BMSM@A<=G> ; AE> M=MRMKL.: ,., «&A@A».:207 . – 320 <.

3. 1>NBM (. ]A?K>R>?<B;A BMSMB; G ;Y E?MXPMKR ; G>AKK>R DL=I. – *?M<:K>PM?, «0>GA=<BMQ *IDMKJ». 1998. – 347 <.

4. 9TF;C !. #>FJ ?AFTETU G <=MK>GFAKKT <=MK>G>U =M KMHT>KMFJK>U TPAK=;@K><=T@>?K>R>?<JB>E> B>SMH=GM (1792–1860)//'MIBM. #AFTETQ. 0I<NTFJ<=G>. – h3,2008. h 2:3. – !>KAHJB. – 0.203:208. h 2:3.

5. 2MFAD<JB;C 1. /B?MUKM – SARFQ B>SMBTG. – *., «7?><FMGTG GMF». – 2008. – 293 <.

6. +FAB<MKP? !>GXAKB>. &@>?M T <J>E>PKT. +D?MS P;<;PAK=M. &;P. 2:EA NA?A:?>DFAKA C P>N>GKAKA. /N>?QPK;B e.+.0GA?<=WB. – 3IHJB, &,% «.A?AK». – 240 <.

7. eO?AR>G 0. g>PAKK;B; . – *., 1997. – 834 <.

8. 4>K@M? +. g>PAKK;B; / 3:Y =>RMY. – *., 2002–2004.

9. ,MFMKWB e. '>=M=K;B; 1936–1968. – *., 2008. – 336 <.

10. 0R>=?;HJB;C 4. 1?AP<F>GTc B DFME>G6?K>RI ; N?MG><FMGK>RI G<QB>E> @;KM,G>S?M<=M XA ; <MKM @;=M=AFAG; // /B?MUK<JBM FT=A?M=I?M 2-V:2V- <=. – *.,1988. – 0. 204–212.

11. eN;N *MFFT<= (/A?). 1?MG><FMGK;C \FQY. – *., 2003 – 176 <.

8. & G>N?><MY N>K;RMK;Q <G>D>PL <>GA<=; ; AA ?AMF;SMH;; RL –"G?>NM ;F; KA=?/B?M;K<B;A DMN=;<=L KM NA?AB?A<=BA H;G;F;SMH;C: @=> N?APN>@:=;=AFJKAA : PAR>B?M=;@A<B;A <G>D>PL ;F; =?MP;H;>KMF;<=<B;CG;SMK=;SR?

9. 9MN=;<=L DLG\AE> 000# NA?AP K>GLR; GLS>GMR; AG?>NACE><ABIFQ?;SRM ; AG?MS;CE> KA>=>=MF;=M?;SRM: >BMXA=<Q F;G><=?AD>GMKKLR >NL= GLX;GMK;Q G <>GA=A G?ARQ?

10. *MB R>XK> N>P@A?B;GM=J Y?;<=;MK<BIW ;PAK=;@K><=J "G?>NL KAG I[A?D N?MGMR P?IE;Y ?AF;E;C – ;<FMRM, ;IPAAG?

11. 1?MG>RA?KL F; <<LFB; KM Y?;<=;MK<B;A B>?K; G N><=Y?;<=;MK<:B>C "G?>NA?

12. +=BIPM G HA?BG; KAIGMXAK;A B @AF>GA@AC F;@K><=; – >="<>GBM" ;F; >= NA?AB><>G G D>E><F>G;;?1>NIFQ?KL F; G HA?BG; <F>GM > N?MGMY ; <G>D>PMY @AF>GABM, >P><=>;K<=GA F;@K><=;?8KMW= F; I KM< >D ><K>GKLY HAKK><=QY Y?;<=;MKC MK=?>N>F>:E;; – IK;BMFJK><=; F;@K><=;, AA HAK=?MFJK>E> SKM@AK;Q G>D[A<=GAKK>C ; HA?B>GK>C X;SK;?

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2. 'MFJB> <FMGQK<B;A HA?BG; <GQSMKL < AG?>NAC<B;R DMN=;S:R>R?"<=J F; @=>:=> >D[AA B?>RA KMSGMK;Q?0 BMB>C =?MP;H;AC RL <ADQ <GQSLGMAR?"<=J F; PIY>GK>A ?>P<=G> ;F; XA RL >P;K>B; G <G>AR "><>DAK:K>R" <FMGQKR NI=;?

3. #AF;E;>SKMQ <G>D>PM ; N?>DFARM <>Y?MKAK;Q RA<=KLY ?AF;E;>S:KLY ; BIFJ=I?KLY =?MP;H;C: KA ?MS?I\MW= F; SMNMPKLA R;<<;>:KA?L KMH;>KMFJKIW PIY>GKIW ;PAK=;@K><=J?

4. *>KOA<<;>KMFJKLC NFW?MF;SR – ?MF 5A?BG; ; <FMD><=JE><IPM?<=GM ;F; N?APN><LFB; ?AF;E;>SK>C <G>D>PL ; E?MXPMK<:B>E> <>EFM<;Q?

5. 0I[A<=GIA= F; B>??AFQH;Q RAXPI I?>GKAR <G>D>PL ; KMF;@;ARE><IPM?<=GAKK>C ?AF;E;;?

6. "<=J F; N?QRMQ <GQSJ RAXPI N?>=A<=MK=;SR>R ; PAR>B?M=;AC?'MFJB> Z=M <GQSJ SKM@;RM PFQ AG?MS;CE> B>K=AB<=M?

7. «+D[A@AF>GA@A<B;A HAKK><=;»; 8MNMPM ; N?MG><FMGKLC GSEFQPKM N?MGM @AF>GABM: B>KOF;B= H;G;F;SMH;C ;F; ;K=A?N?A=MH;C?

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400!76>?6 =39>?4D3 ? 9:?GH?9 ;<8=85F ;8<6;>?:?;>8:?@6;A?J, =8B8;78<;A?J ? ;8H?8AE7M>E:GFJ A8G>6A;>.

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Свобода совести в истории и практике баптизма 400 лет...

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