Support Material

(xiii) Class XII - Sociology

SUPPORT MATERIAL 2021-22

CLASS-XIISUBJECT : SOCIOLOGY

Reviewed and Updated by

Name of the Team Leader Dr. Renu Bhatia Principal S.K.V. Moti Bagh-1, New Delhi

Name of the Subject Experts Sh. Devender Singh Lecturer Sociology

Govt. Boys Senior Secondary School No.1 Keshav Puram Delhi-15

Ms. Vilakshna Lecturer Sociology Sarvodaya Vidyalaya, Sharda Niketan Delhi

Sh. Rajesh Kumar Lecturer Sociology Govt. Co.Ed Senior Secondary School Punjabi Basti, Nangloi New Delhi

Mrs. Pragati Verma Lecturer Sociology Sarvodya Kanya Vidyalaya Rana Pratap Bagh, Delhi

Class XII - Sociology (xiv)

SOCIOLOGY (Code No. 039) 2021-22

Rationale

Sociology is introduced as an elective subject at the senior secondary stage. The syllabus is designed to help learners to reflect on what they hear and see in the course of everyday life and develop a constructive attitude towards society in change; to equip a learner with concepts and theoretical skills for the purpose. The curriculum of Sociology at this stage should enable the learner to understand dynamics of human behaviour in all its complexities and manifestations. The learners of today need answers and explanations to satisfy the questions that arise in their minds while trying to understand social world. Therefore, there is a need to develop an analytical approach towards the social structure so that they can meaningfully participate in the process of social change. There is scope in the syllabus not only for interactive learning, based on exercises and project work but also for teachers and students to jointly innovate new ways of learning.

• Sociology studies society. The child’s familiarity with the society in which she /he lives in makes the study of Sociology a double edged experience. At one level Sociology studies institutions such as family and kinship, class, caste and tribe religion and region- contexts with which children are familiar of, even if differentially. For India is a society which is varied both horizontally and vertically. The effort in the books will be to grapple overtly with this both as a source of strength and as a site for interrogation.

• Significantly the intellectual legacy of Sociology equips the discipline with a plural perspective that overtly engages with the need for defamiliarization, to unlearn and question the given. This interrogative and critical character of Sociology also makes it possible to understand both other cultures as well as relearn about one’s own culture.

• This plural perspective makes for an inbuilt richness and openness that not too many other disciplines in practice share. From its very inception Sociology has had mutually enriching and contesting traditions of an interpretative method that openly takes into account ‘subjectivity’ and causal explanations that pay

(xv) Class XII - Sociology

due importance to establishing causal correspondences with considerable sophistication. Not surprisingly its field work tradition also entails large scale survey methods as well as a rich ethnographic tradition. Indeed Indian sociology, in particular has bridged this distinction between what has often been seen as distinct approaches of Sociology and social anthropology. The syllabus provides ample opportunity to make the child familiar with the excitement of field work as well as its theoretical significance for the very discipline of Sociology.

• The plural legacy of Sociology also enables a bird’s eye view and a worm’s eye view of the society the child lives in. This is particularly true today when the local is inextricably defined and shaped by macro global processes.

• The syllabus proceeds with the assumption that gender as an organizing principle of society cannot be treated as an add on topic but is fundamental to the manner that all chapters shall be dealt with.

• The chapters shall seek for a child centric approach that makes it possible to connect the lived reality of children with social structures and social processes that Sociology studies.

• A conscious effort will be made to build into the chapters a scope for exploration of society that makes learning a process of discovery. A way towards this is to deal with sociological concepts not as givens but a product of societal actions humanly constructed and therefore open to questioning.

Objectives

• To enable learners to relate classroom teaching to their outside environment.

• To introduce them to the basic concepts of Sociology that would enable them to observe and interpret social life.

• To be aware of the complexity of social processes.

• To appreciate diversity in Indian society and the world at large.

• To build the capacity of students to understand and analyze the changes in contemporary Indian

Class XII - Sociology (xvi)

SOCIOLOGY (Code No. 039) CLASS-XII (2021-22)

One Paper Theory Marks 80 Unitwise Weightage 3 hours

Units Periods Marks

A. Indian Society

1. Introducing Indian Society 6 Non-evaluative

2. The Demographic Structure of Indian Society 10 6

3. Social Institutions-Continuity and Change 12 6

4. Market as a Social Institution 10 6

5. Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion 20 6

6. Challenges of Cultural Diversity 20 8

7. Suggestions for Project Work 16 Non-evaluative

Total 32

B. Change and Development in Indian Society

8. Structural Change 10 6

9. Cultural Change 12 6

10. The Story of Indian Democracy 16 6

11. Change and Development in Rural Society 10 6

12. Change and Development in Industrial Society 14 6

13. Globalization and Social Change 10 6

14. Mass Media and Communications 14 6

15. Social Movements 20 6

Total 48

200 80

(xvii) Class XII - Sociology

Practical Examination Class - XII

40 Periods

Max. Marks: 20 Time allotted : 3 Hrs

Unitwise Weightage

A. Project (undertaken during the academic year at school level) 15 marks

i. Statement of the purpose

ii. Methodology / Technique

iii. Conclusion

B. Viva - based on the project work 05 marks

Total 20 Marks

A. INDIAN SOCIETY 32 Marks

Unit 1: Introducing Indian Society 06 Periods

• Colonialism, Nationalism, Class and Community

Unit 2: The Demographic Structure of the Indian Society 10 Periods

• Theories and concepts in demography

• Rural-Urban Linkages and Divisions

Unit 3: Social Institutions: Continuity and Change 12 Periods

• The Caste System

• Tribal community

• Family and Kinship

Unit 4: Market as a Social Institution 10 Periods

• Sociological perspectives on markets and the economy

• Globalization - Interlinking of Local, Regional, National and

International Markets

Class XII - Sociology (xviii)

Unit 5: Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion 20 Periods

• Caste Prejudice, Scheduled Castes and Other Backward Classes

• Marginalization of Tribal Communities

• The Struggle for Women’s Equality

• The struggles of the Differently Abled

Unit 6: The Challenges of Cultural Diversity 20 Periods

• Cultural communities and the nation state

• Problems of Communalism, Regionalism and Casteism

• The Nation state, religion related issues and identities

• Communalism, secularism and the nation state

• State and Civil Society

Unit 7: Suggestions for Project Work

B. CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA 48 Marks

Unit 8: Structural Change 10 Periods

• Colonialism, Industrialization, Urbanization

Unit 9: Cultural Change 12 Periods

• Modernization, Westernization, Sanskritisation, Secularization

• Social Reform Movements and Laws

Unit 10: The Story of Indian Democracy 16 Periods

• The Constitution as an instrument of Social Change

• Panchayati Raj and the Challenges of Social Transformation

• Parties, Pressure Groups and Democratic Politics

Unit 11: Change and Development in Rural Society 10 Periods

• Land Reforms, Green Revolution and Emerging Agrarian society

• Agrarian Structure : Caste & class in Rural India

• Land Reforms

• Green revolution and its social consequences

(xix) Class XII - Sociology

• Transformation in Rural Society

• Globalization, Liberalization and Rural Society

Unit 12: Change and Development in Industrial Society 14 Periods

• From Planned Industrialization to Liberalization

• Getting a Job

• Work Processes

Unit 13: Globalisation and Social Change 10 Periods

• Dimensions of Globalization

Unit 14: Mass Media and Communication 14 Periods

• Types of Mass Media: Radio, Television and Print Media

• Changing Nature of Mass Media

Unit 15: Social Movements 20 Periods

• Theories and Classification of Social Movements

• Class-Based Movements: Workers, Peasants

• Caste-Based Movements: Dalit Movement, Backward

Castes, Trends in Upper Caste Responses

• Women’s Movements in Independent India

• Tribal Movements

• Environmental Movements

Class XII - Sociology (xx)

SOCIOLOGY (CODE NO. 039) QUESTION PAPER DESIGN

CLASS XII (2021-22)Time 3 Hours Max. Maria: 80

S. Typology of Questions Learning Very Short Long Total %

No. Checks Short Answer Answer Marks Weightage

(LC) Answer (SA) (LA)

(1 Mark) (VSA) (1 Mark) (6 Mark)

1. Remembering: Exhibit 6 2 1 1 20 25% memory of previously learned material by recalling facts, terms, basic concepts, and answers. 2. Understanding: Demonstrate understanding of facts and ideas by 6 4 1 1 24 30% organizing comparing, translating, interpreting, giving descriptions, and statinq main ideas 3. Applying: Solve problems to new situations by applying acquired knowledge facts, 6 1 2 – 16 20% techniques and rules in a different way 4. Analysing and Evaluating: Examine and break information into parts by identifying motives or causes Make inferences 2 2 1 1 16 20% andfindevidencetosupport generalizations Present and defend opinions by making judgments about information, validity of ideas or quality of work based on a set of criteria 5. Creating: Compile information together in a different way by combining elements in a new – – 1 – 4 5% pattern or proposing alternative solutions. Total 1×20=20 2×9=18 4×6=24 6×3=18 80(38) 100%

QUESTION WISE BREAK UP Type of Question Marks per Total No. of Total Marks Question Questions

Learning Checks 1 16 16 Very Short Answer (VSA) 2 9 18 Short Answer (SA) 4 7 24 Long Answer (LA) 6 3 18 Total 35 80

(xxi) Class XII - Sociology

iqLrd 1

Ø-la- ikB vad

1- vè;k; 1 % Hkkjrh; lekt N.E.

2- vè;k; 2 % Hkkjrh; lekt dh tulkaf[;dh; lajpuk 6

3- vè;k; 3 % lkekftd laLFkk,¡ % fujarjrk ,oa ifjorZu 6

4- vè;k; 4 % cktkj % lkekftd laLFkk ds :i esa 6

5- vè;k; 5 % lkekftd vlekurk (fo"kerk) ,oa cfg"dkj ds Lo:i 6

6- vè;k; 6 % lkaLÑfrd fofo/rk dh pqukSfr;k¡ 8

7- vè;k; 7 % ifj;kstuk dk;Z ds lq>ko N.E.

dqy 32

lekt'kkL= (dksM+ ua- 39)

uksV % vè;k; 1 vkSj vè;k; 7 ewY;kadu jfgr gSaA

1 Class XII - Sociology

Book - 1

ikB & 1 Hkkjrh; lekt


ikB & 2

Hkkjrh; lekt dh tulkaf[;dh; lajpuk

eq[; fcUnq

1- tulkaf[;dh % tu la[;k dk lqO;ofLFkr vè;;u tukafddh dgykrk gSA bldk vaxszth i;kZ; MseksxzkiQh ;wukuh Hkk"kk ds nks 'kCnksa Mseksl&yksx rFkk xzkiQhu ;kfu o.kZu vFkkZr~ yksxksa dk o.kZuA

blls tUe] e`R;q] izolu] fyax vuqikr vkfn dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA

2- tukafddh ds izdkj %

tukafddh eq[; :i ls nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA

(1) vkdkfjd tulkaf[;dh % blesa tula[;k ds vkdkj dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA

(2) lkekftd tulkaf[;dh % blesa tula[;k ds lkekftd] vkfFkZd o jktuhfrd i{kksa ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gSaA

3- 18oha 'krkCnh ds mRrjkZ¼ esa] ;wjksi esa yxHkx ,d gh le; esa nks fofHkUu izfØ;k;sa gqbZaA

(i) jktuhfrd laxBu ds izeq[k :i eas jk"Vª & jkT;ksa dh LFkkiukA

(ii) vkadM+ksa ls lEcaf/r vk/qfud foKku lkaf[;dh dh 'kq#vkrA

4- Lora=krk ds igys ls Hkkjr esa nl o"khZ; tux.kuk dh tkrh jgh gSA

1951 ds ckn vc lkr nl o"khZ; tux.kuk,a gks pqdh gSaA gky gh esa 2011 esa tux.kuk gqbZ gSA

5- tulkaf[;dh; vkadM+s jkT; dh uhfr;k¡ tSls vkfFkZd fodkl] tudY;k.k laca/h uhfr;k¡ cukus o dk;kZfUor djus ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSaA

Class XII - Sociology 3

6- tulkaf[;dh; fl¼kUr

(A) Fkkel jksoVZ ekYFkl dk tula[;k o`f¼ dk fl¼kUr % (1766&1834)

tula[;k T;kferh; vuqikr ls c<+rh gSA tSls & 2] 4] 8] 16] 32 vkfn

d`f"k mRiknu esa o`f¼ xf.krh; (lekarj) :i ls gksrh gSA tSls& 2] 4] 6] 8] 10 vkfnA

blls tula[;k o [kk| lkexzh esa vlarqyu iSnk gksrk gSA

le`f¼ c<+kus ds fy, tula[;k o`f¼ dks fu;fU=kr fd;k tk,A ekYFkl us tula[;k fu;a=k.k ds nks izdkjksa ds izfrca/ dk mYys[k fd;k gS&

1- izkÑfrd fujks/@vojks/ % tSls vdky] HkwdEi] ck<+] ;q¼ chekjh vkfnA

2- Ñf=ke fujks/@vojks/ % tSls cM+h mez esa fookg] ;kSu la;e] czãpk;Z dk ikyu vkfnA

ekYFkl ds fl¼kUr fojks/ %

vkfFkZd o`f¼ tula[;k o`f¼ ls vf/d gks ldrh gSA tSlk fd ;wjksi ds ns'kksa esa gqvk gSA xjhch o Hkq[kejh tula[;k o`f¼ ds ctk, vkfFkZd lalk/uksa ds vleku forj.k ds dkj.k iSQyrh gSA (mnkjoknh o ekDlZoknh)

(B) tulkaf[;dh laØe.k dk fl¼kar %

tula[;k o`f¼ vkfFkZd fodkl ds lexz Lrjksa ls tqM+h gksrh gSA

tula[;k o`f¼ ds rhu cqfu;knh pj.k gksrs gSaA

1- igyk pj.k gS lekt esa tula[;k o`f¼ dk de gksuk D;ksafd lekt rduhdh n`f"V ls fiNM+k gksrk gSA (e`R;qnj vkSj tUenj nksuksa gh cgqr Å¡ph gksrh gSA)

2- tula[;k foLiQksV laØe.k vof/ esa gksrk gS] D;ksafd lekt fiNM+h voLFkk ls mUur voLFkk esa tkrk gS] bl nkSjku tula[;k o`f¼ dh njsa cgqr Å¡ph gks tkrh gSA

3- rhljs pj.k esa Hkh fodflr lekt esa tula[;k of¼ nj uhph jgrh gS D;ksafd ,sls lekt esa eR;q nj vkSj tUe nj nksuksa gh dkiQh de gks tkrh gSA


7- lkekU; dYiuk,¡ o ladsrd %

tUe nj % ,d o"kZ esa izfr gtkj O;fDr;ksa ij thfor tUesa cPpksa dh la[;k tUe nj dgykrh gSA

e`R;q nj % {ks=k fo'ks"k esa izfr gtkj O;fDr;ksa esa e`r O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k e`R;q nj dgykrh gSA

izkd`frd o`f¼ nj ;k tul[a;k o`f¼ nj % tUe nj o e`R;q nj ds chp dk vUrjA tc ;g varj 'kwU; ;k de gksrk gS rc ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd tula[;k fLFkj gks xbZ gS ;k izfrLFkkiu Lrj ij igq¡p xbZ gSA

izfrLFkkiu Lrj % ;g ,d ,slh voLFkk gksrh gS tc ftrus cw<+s yksx ejrs gSa mudk [kkyh LFkku Hkjus ds fy, mrus gh u, cPps iSnk gks tkrs gSA Hkkjr esa dsjy dh dqy iztuu njsa okLro esa izfrLFkkiu Lrj ls uhps gSA fgekpy izns'k] if'pe caxky] dukZVd] egkjk"Vª dh iztuu njs izfrLFkkiu Lrj ds cjkcj gSA fcgkj] mÙkj izns'k] jktLFkku] eè; izns'k ,sls jkT; gS tks izfrLFkkiu Lrj ls Åij gSA bl jkT;okj fofHkUurk ds ihNs f'k{kk rFkk tkx:drk ds Lrjksa esa o`f¼ gksuk vFkok uk gksuk gSA

iztuu nj % cPps iSnk dj ldus dh vk;q (15&49 o"kZ) dh fL=k;ksa dh bdkbZ ds ihNs thfor tUesa cPpksa dh la[;kA

f'k'kq e`R;` nj % thfor iSnk gq, 1000 cPpksa esa ls ,d o"kZ dh vk;q ls igys e`r cPpksa dh la[;kA

ekr` e`R;q nj % ,d gtkj f'k'kq tUeksa ij tUe nsdj ejus okyh efgykvksa dh la[;kA

fyax vuqikr % izfr gtkj iq#"kksa ij fuf'pr vof/ ds nkSjku fL=k;ksa dh la[;k (fdlh fo'ks"k {ks=k esa)

tula[;k dh vk;q lajpuk % dqy tula[;k ds fofHkUu vk;q oxks± esa O;fDr;ksa dk vuqikrA

ijkfJrrk vuqikr % tula[;k dk og vuqikr tks thou ;kiu ds fy, dk;Z'khy tula[;k ij vkfJr gSA blesa dk;Z'khy oxZ 15&64 o"kZ dh vk;q okys gksrs gSaA cPps o cqtqxZ ijkfJr gksrs gSaA


c<+rk gqvk ijkfJrrk vuqikr % ;g mu ns'kksa esa fpark dk dkj.k cu ldrk gS tgk¡ turk cq<+kis dh leL;k ls tw> jgh gksrh gS D;ksafd ogk¡ vkfJrksa dh la[;k c<+ tkus ls dk;Z'khy vk;q okys yksxksa ij cks> c<+ tkrk gSA

fxjrk gqvk ijkfJrrk vuqikr % ;g vkfFkZd lao`f¼ vkSj le`f¼ dk lzksr cu ldrk gS D;ksafd ogk¡ dk;Z'khy yksxksa dk vuqikr dke u djus okyksa dh la[;k esa vf/d cM+k gksrk gSA bls tulkaf[;dh; ykaHkk'k dgrs gSaA

vk;q laHkkfork % ;g bl ckr dh lwpd gS fd ,d vkSlr O;fDr vuqekur% fdrus o"kksZa rd thfor jgsxkA

lksuksxzke@vYVªklkmaM] izkS|ksfxdh ij vk/kfjr ,Dljs tSlk uSnkfud mik;] dbZ ckj bldk mi;ksx xyr rjhds ls Hkh ek¡ ds xHkZ esa Hkwz.k dk fyax irk yxkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

8- vdky % dbZ dkj.kksa ls iM+rs Fks ftuesa ls ,d ;g Fkk fd ftu bykdksa esa [ksrh o"kkZ ij fuHkZj jgrh Fkh ogk¡ o"kkZ dh deh ds dkj.k [ksrh dh mit de gksrh FkhA ftlls yksx ?kksj xjhch vkSj dqiks"k.k dh gkyr esa thou fcrkus dks etcwj gks tkrs FksA blds vykok ifjogu vkSj lapkj ds lk/uksa dh leqfpr O;oLFkk u gksus ds dj.k vkSj jkT; dh vksj ls bl fn'kk esa i;kZIr iz;Ru u fd, tkus ds dkj.k Hkh vdky iM+rs FksA

9- Hkkjrh; tula[;k dh vk;q lajpuk % vf/dka'k Hkkjrh; ;qokoLFkk esa gSA dsjy us fodflr ns'kksa dh vk;q lajpuk dh fLFkfr izkIr dj yh gSA mÙkj izns'k esa ;qok oxZ dk vuqikr vf/d gS rFkk o`¼ksa dk vuqikr de gSA

tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k % tc dk;Z'khy yksxksa dh la[;k ijkfJr yksxksa dh la[;k ls vf/d gksrh gS rks ogka vf/d lao`f¼ gksrh gS vFkkZr ijkfJrk vuqikr fxjrk gSA bls gh tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k dgrs gSaA

Hkkjr eas ^tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k* % tulkaf[;dh; lajpuk esa tula[;k laØe.k dh ml voLFkk dks ftlesa dekus okys ;kfu 15&49 vk;q oxZ dh tula[;k u dekus okys (ijkfJr oxZ) ;kfu 60$ vk;q oxZ dh tula[;k dh rqyuk esa vf/d gks rks mls tulakf[;dh; ykHkka'k dgrs gS ;g rHkh izkIr gks ldrk gS tc dk;Z'khy yksxks ds vuqikr esaa o`f¼ gksrh jgsA


2- bl nj dk vFkZ gS cPps iSnk dj ldus dh vk;q (tks vkerkSj ij 15 ls 49 o"kZ dh ekuh tkrh gS) okyh 1000 fL=k;ksa dh bdkbZ ds ihNs thfor tUes cPpksa dh la[;kA bl nj dks--------------------------dgk tkrk gSA

mRrj iztuu nj

3- jk"Vªh; vkikrdky dh vof/ esa ifjokj fu;kstu ds dk;ZØe dks xgjk /Ddk yxkA

jk"Vªh; vkikrdky dh vof/------------------- FkhA

mRrj 1975 & 76

lgh fodYi pqfu, 4- tula[;k o`f¼ dk fl¼kar fdlds }kjk x<+k x;k Fkk\ a) ekYFkl b) dkyZ ekDlZ c) eSDl oscj d) ,e ,u Jhfuokl

mRrj a) ekYFkl

5- Hkkjr esa tux.kuk---------------------o"kZ esa 'kq: gqbZ FkhA

a) 2011 b) 1975 c) 1875 d) 1881

mRrj d) 1881

crk,a fd fn;k x;k dFku lgh gS ;k xyr6- ,d o"kZ esa izfr gtkj O;fDr;ksa ij thfor tUesa cPpksa dh la[;k tUe nj dgykrh

gSAmRrj lgh

7- ijkfJrrk vuqikr dk;Z'khy oxZ ds lkFk vkfJr oxZ dk vuqikr gSA

mRrj xyr

8- jk"Vªh; ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØe dk uke cnydj jk"Vªh; ifjokj lgk;rk dk;ZØe dj fn;k x;kA

mRrj jk"Vªh; ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØe dk uke cnydj jk"Vªh; ifjokj dY;k.k dk;ZØe dj fn;k x;kA

9- Vhdkdj.k vkSj csgrj LoPNrk ds dkj.k egkekfj;ksa dks fu;af=kr fd;k x;kA

mRrj Vhdkdj.k vkSj csgrj LoPNrk ds dkj.k egkekfj;kas dks fu;af=kr fd;k x;k gSA


5- fn, x, x|ka'k dks i<+sa vkSj iz'uksa ds mRrj nsa

f'kf{kr gksus ds fy, lk{kj gksuk t:jh gS vkSj lk{kjrk 'kfDr lEiUu gksus dk egRoiw.kZ lk/u gSaA tula[;k ftruh vf/d lk{kj gksxh vkthfodk ds fodYiksa ds ckjs esa mlesa mruh gh vf/d tkx#drk mRiUu gksxh vkSj yksx Kku vkèkkfjr vFkZO;oLFkk esa mruk gh vf/d Hkkx ys ldsaxsA blds vykok lk{kjrk ls LokLF; ds izfr Hkh tkx#drk vkrh gS vkSj leqnk; ds lnL;ksa dh lkaLd`frd vkSj vkfFkZd dY;k.k & dk;ksZa eas lgHkkfxrk c<+rh gSA Lora=krk izkfIr ds ckn lk{kjrk ds Lrjksa esa dkiQh lq/kj vk;k gS ,oa gekjh tula[;k dk nks frgkbZ fgLlk vc lk{kj gSA

lk{kjrk-------------------------------------gSA

(a) ,d dyk

(b) i<+us vkSj fy[kus dh {kerk

(c) ,d laLd`fr

(d) leqnk;

-----------------------f'k{kk ds fy, t:jh gS vkSj 'kfDr lEiUu gksus dk egRoiw.kZ lk/u gSA

(a) lk{kjrk

(b) Ldwy

(c) vFkZO;oLFkk

(d) leqnk;

6- vdky Hkh c<+rh gqbZ e`R;q nj ds ,d çeq[k ,oa iqujkorZd L=ksr FksA ,d tekuk Fkk tc vdky O;kid :i ls ckj & ckj iM+rs FksA mu fnuksa vdky iM+us ds dbZ dkj.k gksrs Fks ftuesa ls ,d ;g Fkk fd ftu bykdksa esa [ksrh o"kkZ ij fuHkZj jgrh Fkh ogk¡ o"kkZ dh deh ds dkj.k [ksrh dh mit de gksrh Fkh ftlls yksx ?kksj xjhch vkSj dqiks"k.k dh gkyr esa thou fcrkus dks etcwj gks tkrs FksA blds vykok ifjogu vkSj lapkj ds lkèkuksa dh leqfpr O;oLFkk u gksus ds dkj.k vkSj jkT; dh vksj ls bl fn'kk esa i;kZIr ç;Ru u fd, tkus ds dkj.k Hkh vdky iM+rs FksA fdUrq] tSlkfd veR;Z lsu ,oa vusd fonokuksa us n'kkZ;k gS fd vdky vukt ds mRiknu esa fxjkoV vkus ds dkj.k gh ugha iM+s cfYd ^gdnkjh dh iwfrZ dk vHkko* (failure of entitlements)] vFkok Hkkstu [kjhnus ;k vkSj fdlh rjg ls çkIr djus dh yksxksa dh v{kerk ds dkj.k Hkh vdky iM+rs jgs gSaA

(a) fonokuksa tSls ------------------------- vkSj vU; yksxksa us fn[kk;k gS fd vdky vukt ds mRiknu esa fxjkoV vkus ds dkj.k gh ugha iM+sA


(b) -----------------------Hkh c<+rh gqbZ e`R;q nj ds ,d çeq[k ,oa iqujkorZd L=ksr FksA

(c) -----------------] vFkok Hkkstu [kjhnus ;k vkSj fdlh rjg ls çkIr djus dh yksxksa dh v{kerk ds dkj.k Hkh vdky iM+rs jgs gSaA

(d) -----------------------------vkSj lapkj ds lkèkuksa dh leqfpr O;oLFkk u gksus ds dkj.k vkSj jkT; dh vksj ls bl fn'kk esa i;kZIr ç;Ru u fd, tkus ds dkj.k Hkh vdky iM+rs FksA

mRrj (a) veR;Z lsu

(b) vdky

(c) gdnkjh dh iwfrZ dk vHkko

(d) ifjogu

6 vad ds iz'u

1- tulkaf[;dh laØe.k ds fl¼kar dk o.kZu djsaA

2- xzkeh.kksa ds fy, uxj D;ksa vkd"kZ.k ds dsUæ cu jgs gSaA

3- Hkkjrh; tulkaf[;dh miyfC/;k¡ crk,¡A

4- ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØe dh dke;kch o Hkfo"; ds ckjs esa fy[ksaA

5- jk"Vªh; lekt tulkaf[;dh ds mís';&2010 ds ckjs esa crk,a (6 okD;)

6- Hkkjr ds dkSu ls jkT; izfrLFkkiu nj ij igq¡p pqds gSa ;k mlds utnhd gSa\ dkSu lk jkT; iztuu nj esa lcls Å¡pk gS\ vkids fopkj ls bl fofHkUurk ds D;k dkj.k gSa\

7- tulkaf[;dh lajpuk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ ;g vkfFkZd mUufr o lao`f¼ ds fy, fdl izdkj lgk;d gSa\

8- fyax vuqikr D;k gS\ ?kVrs gq, fyax vuqikr ds D;k izHkko gksrs gSa] D;k vki le>rs gSa fd ekrk&firk iq=kh dh vis{kk iq=k dks ilUn djrs gSa\ blds fy, fdu dkj.kksa dks ftEesnkj ekurs gSa\

9- ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØe ds vkikr dky ds le; (1975&76) ukdke gksus ds D;k dkj.k Fks\ o.kZu dhft,A

10- Hkkjr dh tula[;k dh vk;q lajpuk ij ppkZ djsa


11- fn, x, x|ka'k dks i<+sa vkSj ç'uksa ds mÙkj nsa

dHkh & dHkh yksx 'kgjh thou dks dqN lkekftd dkj.kksa ls Hkh ilan djrs gSa tSls fd 'kgjksa esa xqeukeh dh ftanxh th tk ldrh gSA blds vykok ] ;g rF; fd uxjh; thou esa vifjfprksa ls laidZ gksrk jgrk gS dqN fHkUu dkj.kksa ls ykHkdkjh lkfcr gks ldrk gSA vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa tSls lkekftd :i ls ihfM+r lewgksa dks 'kgjh jgu & lgu dqN gn rd jkst+ejkZ dh ml viekutud fLFkfr ls cpkrk gS tks xk¡oksa esa Hkqxruh iM+rh gS tgk¡ gj dksbZ mudh tkfr ls mUgsa igpkurk gSA 'kgjh thou dh xqeukeh ds dkj.k lkekftd n`f"V ls çHkqRo'kkyh xzkeh.k lewgksa ds vis{kkd`r xjhc yksx 'kgj esa tkdj dksbZ Hkh uhpk le>k tkus okys dke djus ls ugha fgpfdpkrs ftls os xk¡o esa jgrs gq, cnukeh ds Mj ls ugha dj ldrs FksA bu lHkh dkj.kksa ls 'kgj xzkeh.kksa ds fy, vkd"kZd xarO; cu x, gSaA fnu & ij & fnu c<+rs tk jgs 'kgj tula[;k ds bl çokg ds çek.k gSaA Lokra=;ksZrj dky esa uxjhdj.k dh rst+ jÝrkj ls Hkh bl rF; dh iqf"V gksrh gSA

1- xqeukeh ls vki D;k le>rs gks\

2- yksx 'kgjh thou dks D;ksa ilan djrs gSa\


ikB & 3

lkekftd laLFkk,¡ % fujarjrk ,oa ifjorZu

eq[; fcUnq

1- tula[;k fliQZ vyx&vyx vlacaf/r O;fDr;ksa dk te?kV ugha gSA ijUrq ;g fofHkUu izdkj ds vkil esa lacaf/r oxks± o leqnk; ls cuk lekt gSA

2- Hkkjrh; lekt dh rhu izeq[k laLFkk,¡ & tkfr] tutkfr] ifjokjA

3- tkfr Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa ikbZ tkus okyh ,d lkekftd laLFkk gS tks Hkkjr esa gtkjksa lkyksa ls izpfyr gSA gkykafd tkfr fganw lekt dh ,d laLFkkRed fo'ks"krk gS ijarq ;g Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa ik, tkus okys /kfeZd leqnk;ksa eas Hkh ikbZ tkrh gS] [kkldj eqlyekuksa] bZlkb;ksa vkSj fl[kksa esaA

o.kZ dk vFkZ ^jax* gksrk gSA Hkkjrh; lekt esa pkj o.kZ ekus x, gSa & czkã.k] {kf=k;] oS';] 'kwæ tkfr dks {ksf=k; ;k LFkkuh; mioxhZdj.k ds :i esa le>k tk ldrk gSA tkfr ,d O;kid 'kCn gS tks fdlh oa'k fdLe dks lacksfèkr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA blesa isM+&ikS/s] tho&tUrq rFkk euq"; Hkh 'kkfey gSaA

o.kZ vkSj tkfr esa vUrj

1- 'kkfCnd vFkksZ eas vUrj

2- o.kZ deZ iz/ku gS vkSj tkfr tUe iz/ku gSA

3- o.kZ O;oLFkk yphyh gS vkSj tkfr O;oLFkk dBksj gSA

4- o.kksZ dh la[;k 4 gS tcfd tkfr;ksa dh la[;k gtkjksa essa gSA (yxHkx 3000 tkfr;ka)

oSfnd dky esa tkfr O;oLFkk cgqr foLr`r rFkk dBksj ugha FkhA

ysfdu oSfnd dky ds ckn ;g O;oLFkk cgqr dBksj gks xbZA tkfr tUe fuèkkZfjr gksus yxhA fookg] [kku&iku vkfn ds dBksj fu;e cu x,A O;olk; dks tkfr ls tksM+ fn;k tks oa'kkuqxr Fks] bls ,d lh<+huqek O;oLFkk cuk fn;k] tks Åij ls uhps tkrh gSA


tkfr dh lkekU; fo'ks"krk,a%&

1- tUe ls fu/kZj.k

2- fookg lEca/h dBksj fu;e % tkfr vius lnL;ksa ij fookg lEca/h dBksj fu;e ykxw djrh gSA tkfr lewg ltkrh; gksrs gSa vFkkZr og viuh tkfr lewg esa gh gks ldrs gSaA

3- tkfr vius lnL;ksa ij [kku&iku lEca/h fu;e ykxw djrh gSA fdl izdkj dk [kkuk [kk ldrs gSa vkSj fdl izdkj dk ughaq fdlds lkFk [kkuk ckaVdj [kk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj fdlds lkFk ugha] ;g lc tkfr laLFkk }kjk fu/kZfjr gksrk gSA

4- tkfr ,d [kaMkRed laxBu gS vFkkZr tkfr;ksa easa Hkh mitkfr;ka ikbZ tkrh gSaA

5- tkfr vf/Øe ij vk/kfjr O;oLFkk gSA tkfr O;oLFkk esa izR;sd tkfr dks ,d fu/kkZfjr LFkku izkIr gksrk gSA

6- tkfr O;oLFkk esa O;olk; oa'kkuqxr gksrs gSa vFkkZr blesa O;olk; p;u ij jksd gSA

tkfr O;oLFkk dks fl¼karksa ds nks leqPp;ksa ds feJ.k ds :i esa le>k tk ldrk gSA

1- fHkUurk o vyxkookn 2- lEiw.kZrk o vf/Øe

(i) izR;sd tkfr vU; tkfr ls fHkUu gSA ----bu fu;eksa esa 'kknh] [kku&iku ,oa lkekftd vUr%fØ;k ls ysdj O;olk; rd ds fu;e 'kkfey gSaA

(ii) i`Fkd tkfr;ksa dk dksbZ O;fDrxr vfLrRo ugha gS vkSj lHkh tkfr;ka feydj gh lekt dk laiw.kZrk iznku djrh gSaA

Js.kh vf/Øe esa tkfr;ksa dk vk/kj& 'kq¼rk* vkSj v'kq¼rk* gksrk gSA os tkfr;k¡ 'kq¼ ;k ifo=k ekuh tkrh gS tks deZdk.Mksa vkSj /kfeZd ÑR;kas esa layXu jgrh gaSA blds foijhr vlaLdkfjr tkfr;k¡ v'kq¼ ;k vifo=k ekuh tkrh gSaA

4- mifuos'kokn rFkk tkfr O;oLFkk % orZeku dky esa tkfr ij vkSifuosf'kd dky vkSj Lora=krk ds ckn Hkh cgqr ifjorZu fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSa ftUgksaus tkfr O;oLFkk ds :i esa ,d etcwr vk/kj iznku fd;kA vaaxzstksa us ns'k ij dq'kyrkiwoZd 'kklu djus ds fy, tkfr dh tfVyrkvksa dks le>us ds fy, dbZ egRoiw.kZ


dne mBk, ftlesa ls lcls egRoiw.kZ dne tux.kuk ds :i esa mBk;k x;kA tux.kuk dks 1860 ds n'kd esa izkajHk fd;k x;k ijarq 1881 esa igyh fu;fer tux.kuk dh xbZ vkSj blds ckn fu;fer :i ls izR;sd 10 o"kZ i'pkr tux.kuk djkbZ tkus yxhA 1901 esa gjcVZ fjtys ds funsZ'ku esa djkbZ xbZ tux.kuk esa tkfr;ksa vkSj mlds lkekftd vf/Øe ds ckjs esa tkudkjh ,df=kr dh xbZA

HkwjktLo O;oLFkk o mPp tkfr;ksa dks oS/ ekU;rk nh xbZA

iz'kklu us innfyr tkfr;ksa] ftUgsa mu fnuksa nfyr oxZ dgk tkrk Fkk] ds dY;k.k esa Hkh :fp yhA

Hkkjr ljdkj dk vf/fu;r & 1935] esa vuqlwfpr tkfr o tutkfr dks dkuwuh ekU;rk nh xbZA blesa mu tkfr;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k tks vkSifuosf'kd dky esa lcls fuEu FkhA buds dY;k.k dh ;kstuk,¡ cuhaA

5- tkfr dk ledkyhu :i % vktkn Hkkjr esa jk"Vªoknh vkUnksyu gq,] ftuesa nfyrksa dks laxfBr fd;k x;kA T;ksfrck iwQys] isfj;kj] ckck vEcsMdj bu vkUnksyuksa ds vxz.kh FksA

jkT; ds dkuwu tkfr izFkk ds mUewyu ds fy, izfrc¼ FksA blds fy, dqN Bksl dne mBk, x, tSls vuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk tutkfr dks vkj{k.k] vkèkqfud m|ksxksa esa tkfr izFkk ugha gS] 'kgjhdj.k }kjk tkfr izFkk detksj gqbZ gSA

lkaLÑfrd o ?kjsyw {ks=kksa esa tkfr lqn`<+ fl¼ gqbZA varfoZokg] vk/qfudhdj.k o ifjorZu ls Hkh vizHkkfor jgh ij dqN yphyh gks xbZA

6- laLÑfrdj.k % ,slh izfØ;k ftlds }kjk (vkerkSj ij eè;e fuEu) fuEu tkfr ds lnL; mPp tkfr dh /kfeZd fØ;k,¡] ?kjsyw ;k lkekftd ifjikfV;ksa dks viukrs gSa] laLÑfrdj.k dgykrh gSA ,e-,u- Jh fuokl us laLÑfrdj.k o izcy tkfr dh ladYiuk cukbZA

izcy tkfr % og tkfr ftldh la[;k cM+h gksrh gS] Hkwfe ds vf/dkj gksrs gSa rFkk jktuSfrd] lkekftd o vkfFkZd :i ls izcy gksrs gSa] izcy tkfr dgykrh gSA fcgkj esa ;kno] dukZVd esa cksDdfyax] egkjk"Vª esa ejkBh vkfnA

7- ledkyhu nkSj esa tkfr O;oLFkk mPp tkfr;ksa] uxjh; eè;e o mPp oxks± ds fy, vn`'; gksrh tk jgh gSA

vkt fo'ks"kdj 'kgjksa esa fofHkUu tkfr;ksa ds yksx vPNh o rduhdh f'k{kk&;ksX;rk ikdj ,d fo'ks"k oxZ eas ifjofrZr gks x, gSA os vfHktkr oxZ dgykrs gSA jktuhfr


vkdkj ds vk/kj ij tula[;k

'kkjhfjd iztkrh; vk/kj ij1) uhfxzVks2) vkLVªsykWbM3) exksykWbM4) nzfoM+5) vk;Z

{ks=k 1) 85% eè; Hkkjr

esa fuokl djr gSa

2) 15% mRrj&iwohZ jkT;ksa esa fuokl djrh gSaA

vkthfodk ds lk/u1) eNqvk 2) [kk| laxzkgd3) vk[ksVd (f'kdkjh)3) >we [ksrh djus okyss4) d`"kd5) vkS|ksfxd dkexkj

tutkfr;kasa dk oxhZdj.k

LFkk;h fo'ks"kd vftZr fo'ks"kd

Hkk"kk1) Hkkjrh; vk;Z ifjokj2) nzfoM+ ifjokj3) vkfLVªd 4) frCcrh cehZ

1) xksaM2) Hkhy3) laFkky4) vksjkao5) eh.kk

cM+h tula[;k okyh tutkfr;kWa

lcls NksVh tula[;k okyh tutkfr

1) v.Mekuh tutkfr tkjok

fgUnw lekt esa lekos'k


eq[;/kjk ds leqnk;ksa dk tutkfr;ksa ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k

tutkfr;ksa lektksa dks jktuhfrd rFkk vkfFkZd ekspsZ ij lkgwdkjksa rFkk egktuksa ds neudkjh dqpØksa dks lguk iM+kA 1940 ds n'kd ds nkSjku i`FkDdj.k cuke ,dhdj.k fo"k; ij cgl pyh rks ;g rLohjsa lkeus vkbZa

i`FkDdj.k % dqN fo}kuksa dks ekuuk Fkk fd tutkfr;ksa dh xSj tutkrh; leqnk; ls j{kk dh tkuh pkfg,A D;ksafd ;s lHkh yksx tutkfr;ksa dk vyx vfLrRo feVkdj mUgsa Hkwfeghu Jfed cukuk pkgrs gSaA

,dhdj.k % dqN fo}kuksa dk er Fkk fd tutkfr;ksa ds fodkl ij è;ku nsuk pkfg,A

jk"Vªh; fodkl cuke tutkrh; fodkl

cM+h&cM+h ifj;kstukvksa ds ifj.kke Lo:i tktkrh; leqnk;ksa dks cqjh rjg izHkkfor fd;k gSA cM+s&cM+s cka/ cuk, x,] dkj[kkus LFkkfir fd, x, vkSj [kkuksa dh [kqnkbZ 'kq# dh xbZA bl izdkj ds fodkl ls tutkfr;ksa dh gkfu dh dher ij eq[;/kjk ds yksx ykHkkfUor gq,A vf/dka'k tutkrh; leqnk; ouksa ij vkfJr Fks] blfy, ou fNu tkus ls mUgsa Hkkjh /Ddk yxkA tutkrh; laLÑfr foyqIr gks jgh gSA fodkl dh vkM+ esa cM+s iSekus ij mUgsa mtkM+k x;k gSA

nks izdkj ds eqíksa us tutkrh; vkUnksyu dks rwy nsus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gS& vkfFkZd lalk/uksa ij fu;a=k.k rFkk u`tkrh; lkaLÑfrd igpku ;s nksuksa lkFk&lkFk py ldrs gSa] ijUrq tutkrh; lekt esa fofHkUurk,¡ gksus ls ;s vyx Hkh gks ldrs gSaA

,d yacs la?k"kZ ds ckn >kj[kaM vkSj NÙkhlx<+ dks vyx&vyx jkT; dk ntkZ fey x;k gSA ljdkj }kjk mk, x, dBksj dne vkSj fiQj muls HkM+ds foæksgksa us iwoksZÙkj jkT;ksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk] laLÑfr vkSj lekt dks Hkkjh gkfu igq¡pkbZ gSA ,d vU; egRoiw.kZ fodkl tutkrh; leqnk;ksa esa 'kuS%&'kuS% ,d f'kf{kr eè; oxZ dk mn~Hko gSA

9- ifjokj % lnL;ksa dk og lewg tks jDr] fookg ;k xkS=k laca/ksa ij ukrsnkjksa ls tqM+k gksrk gSA

(d) ewy ;k ,dkdh ifjokj (ekrk firk vkSj muds cPpsA)


([k) foLr`r ;k la;qDr ifjokj (nks ;k vf/d ihf<+;ksa ds yksx ,d lkFk jgrs gSaA)

fuokl LFkku ds vk/kj ij

(v) fir`LFkkuh; ifjokj % uofookfgr tksM+k oj ds ekrk&firk ds lkFk jgrk gSA

(c) ekr`LFkkuh; ifjokj % uofookfgr tksM+k o/q ds ekrk&firk ds lkFk jgrk gSA

oa'k ds vk/kj ij

(v) firòa'kh; ifjokj % tk;nkn@oa'k firk ls iq=k dks feyrk gSA

(c) ekròa'kh; ifjokj % tk;nkn@oa'k ek¡ ls csVh dks feyrh gSA

lÙkk ds vk/kj ij

(v) fir`lÙkkRed ifjokj % iq#"kksa dh lÙkk o izHkqRo gksrk gSA

(c) ekr`lÙkkRed ifjokj % fL=k;k¡ leku izHkqRodkjh Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA

lkekftd lajpuk esa cnykoksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i ifjokfjd <kaps eas cnyko gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij] igkM+h {ks=kksa ds xzkeh.k vapyks ls jkstxkj dh ryk'k eas iq#"kksa dks 'kgjh {ks=kksa dh vksj iyk;u ftlls efgyk iz/ku ifjokjksa dh la[;k dkiQh c<+ xbZ gSA

m|ksxksa eas fu;qDr ;qok vfHkHkkodksa dk dk;ZHkkj vR;kf/d c<+ tkus ls mUgs vius cPpksa dh ns[kHkky ds fy, vius cw<+s ekrk&firk dks vius ikl cqykuk iM+rk gSA ftlls 'kgjksa eas cw<+s ekrk&firk dh la[;k esa Hkkjh o`f¼ gqbZ gSA yksx O;fDroknh gks x, gSA ;qok oxZ vius vfHkHkkodksa dh ilan dh ctk; viuh ilan ls fookg@thou lkFkh dk pquko djrs gSA

[kklh tutkfr vkSj ekròa'kh; laxBu [kklh tutkfr ekròa'kkuqØe laxBu dk izrhd gSA ekròa'kh; ijEijk ds vuqlkj [kklh ifjokj eas fookg ds ckn ifr viuh iRuh ds ?kj jgrk gSA

oa'k ijEijk ds vuqlkj mÙkjkf/dkj Hkh iq=k dks izkIr u gksdj iq=kh dks gh izkIr gksrk gSA [kklh yksxksa esa ekrk dk HkkbZ (;kuh ekek) ekrk dks iq'rSuh lEifÙk dh ns[k js[k djrk gSA vFkkZr lEifÙk ij fu;U=k.k dk vf/dkj ekrk ds HkkbZ


dks fn;k x;k gSA bl fLFkfr esa og L=kh mÙkjkf/dkj ds :i esa feyh lEifÙk dk vius <ax ls mi;ksx ugha dj ikrh gSA bl izdkj [kklh tutkfr esa ekek dh vizR;{k lÙkk la?k"kZ dks tUe nsrh gSA [kklh iq#"kksa dks nksgjh Hkwfedk fuHkkuh iM+rh gSA ,d vksj rks [kklh iq#"k viuh cgu dh iq=kh dh lEifÙk dh j{kk djrk gS vkSj nwljh vksj ml ij viuh iRuh rFkk cPpksa ds ykyu ikyu dk Hkh mÙkjnkf;Ro gksrk gSA nksuksa i{kksa dh fL=k;k¡ cqjh rjg izHkkfor gksrh gSA ekr`oa'kh; O;oLFkk ds ckotwn [kklh lekt eass 'kfDr o lÙkk iq#"kksa ds gh vklikl ?kwerh gSA

10- ukrsnkjh % ukrsnkjh O;oLFkk esa lekt }kjk ekU;rk izkIr os laca/ vkrs gSa tks vuqekfur vkSj jDr laca/ksa ij vk/kfjr gksa & tSls pkpk] ekek vkfnA

ukrsnkjh ds izdkj %

(v) fookg ewyd ukrsnkjh % tSls& lkyk&lkyh] lkl&llqj] nsoj] HkkHkh vkfnA

(c) jDrewyd ukrsnkjh % tSls& ekrk&firk] HkkbZ&cgu vkfnA

iz'ukoyh

1 vad ds iz'u

1- dFku lgh djsa%

(i) o.kZ vkSj tkfr esa dksbZ varj ugha gSA

(ii) fir`lRrkRed ifjokj esa efgykvksa dh lRrk o izHkqRo gksrk gSA

(iii) [kklh tutkfr esa efgykvksa dks xgu Hkwfedk }a} dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA

(iv) ,d yacs la?k"kZ osQ ckn >kj[kaM o NRrhlx<+ dks vyx jkT;ksa dk ntkZ ugha fey ik;kA

2. laLd`frdj.k vkSj izcy tkfr dh vo/kj.kk fdlds }kjk dh xbZ \

(i) T;ksfrck iQqys (ii) isfj;kj (iii) ,e ,u Jhfuokl (iv) v;~;dYyh

3- tkfr ds dBksj fu;e gSa

(i) fookg (ii) [kku&iku (iii) O;olk; (iv) mijksDr rhuksa

4- tkfr-----------ls fu/kZfjr gksrh gSA


4 vad ds iz'u

1- tkfr dh fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb;sA

2- tkfr o tutkfr esa D;k vUrj gS\

3- tutkrh; igpku dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjdksa dks fyf[k,A

4- laLÑfrdj.k fdls dgrs gSa\

5- tkfr O;oLFkk eas i`FkDdj.k o vf/Øe dh D;k Hkwfedk gS\

6- os dkSu ls fu;e gS ftldk ikyu djus ds fy, tkfr O;oLFkk ckè; djrh gS\

7- Hkkjr esa tutkfr;ksa dk oxhZdj.k fdl izdkj fd;k x;k gS\

8- lkekftd lajpuk esa gksus okys ifjorZu ikfjokfjd lajpuk esa fdl izdkj ifjorZu yk ldrs gSa\ mnkgj.k nsdj o.kZu djsa\

9- ifjokj ds fofHkUu izdkj crkb;sA

10- uhps fn;s x;s vuqPNsn dks è;ku ls i<+sa vkSj fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mRrj nsaA

nks izdkj ds eqíksa us tutkrh; vkanksyu dks rwy nssus esa lcls egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA ,d izdkj ds eqís os gSa tks Hkwfe rFkk fo'ks"k :i ls ouksa tSls vR;ar egRoiw.kZ vkfFkZd lalk/uksa ij fu;a=k.k ls lacaf/r gSa vkSj nwljs izdkj ds eqíksa dk laca/ u`tkrh; lkaLd`frd igpku ekeyksa ls gSA ;g nks eqís vDlj lkFk&lkFk py ldrs gSa] ijarq tutkrh; lekt esa fofHkUurk,a gksus ls ;s vyx&vyx Hkh gks ldrs gSaA tutkrh; lektksa esa eè;oxhZ; yksxksa }kjk viuh tutkrh; igpku dk nkok fd, tkus ds dkj.k mu dkj.kksa ls fHkUu gks ldrs gSa ftuds fy, xjhc vkSj vf'kf{kr tutkrh; yksx tutkrh; vkanksyuksa eas fgLlk ysrs gSaA tSlkfd fdlh Hkh vU; leqnk; ds lkFk gksrk gSA bl izdkj dh vkarfjd xfr'khyrkvksa vkSj cká 'kfDr;ksa ds chp laca/ gh buds Hkfo"; dks :i iznku djsaxsA

(i) tutkrh; leqnk; D;k gS\

(ii) tutkrh; lekt ls lacaf/r eqís-----------------vkSj---------------gSaA

(iii) tutkrh; lektksa esa---------------yksxksa }kjk tutkrh; vkanksyu esa Hkkx ysus ds eqís vU; xjhc yksxksa ls vyx gSaA

(iv) u`tkrh; lkaLd`frd igpku D;k gS\


11- uhps fn;s x;s vuqPNsn dks è;ku ls i<+s vkSj fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mRrj nsaA

[kklh ekròa'k iq#"kksa ds fy, xgu Hkwfedk }a} dh fLFkfr mRiUu djrk gSA oks viuh iRuh vkSj cPpksa ,oa tUe ds ?kj dh ftEesnkfj;ksa ds chp caV tkrs gSaA ,d rjg ls Hkwfedk }a} }kjk mRiUu bl ruko dk vlj [kklh fL=k;ksa ij cgqr T;knk iM+rk gSA ,d L=kh dHkh lqfuf'pr ugha dj ldrh fd mlds ifr dks mldh cgu dk ?kj T;knk vPNk yxrk gS ;k viuk Lo;a dkA mlh rjg cgu lkspsxh fd 'kknh'kqnk HkkbZ viuh cgu ds izfr ftEesnkfj;ksa dks Hkwy tk,xkA

[kklh ekròa'kh; O;oLFkk esa mRiUu Hkwfedk }a} ls iq#"kksa dh ctk; varr% fL=k;ka T;knk xgu :i ls izHkkfor gksrh gSa] fliQZ blfy, ugha fd D;ksafd iq#"k vf/dkjksa ds Lokeh gSa vkSj fL=k;ka blls oafpr gSa ij blfy, Hkh D;ksafd lekt iq#"kksa dks fu;e rksM+us ij mUgsa de ltk nsrk gS ;k utj vankt dj nsrk gSA [kklh lekt esa fL=k;ksa ds ikl fliQZ uke dk vf/dkj gksrk gS&vlyh vf/dkj iq#"kksa ds gkFk esa gksrk gSA gkWa bruk t:j gS fd ;g O;oLFkk iq#"k ds ekr` ukrsnkj dh rjiQ >qdh gqbZ gS u fd fir` ukrsnkj dh rjiQA

(i) ekròa'kh; O;oLFkk D;k gS\

(ii) ------------vkSj------------nks izdkj dh ukrsnkjh gksrh gSA

(iii) Hkkjr esa----------- leqnk; esa ekròa'kh; O;oLFkk ikbZ tkrh gSA

(iv) [kklh leqnk; essa iq#"kksa dks fdl izdkj dh Hkwfedk }a} dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS\

6 vad ds iz'u

1- tkfr O;oLFkk ds fl¼kUrksa dk iw.kZ fooj.k nsaA

2- mifuos'kokn us Hkkjr esa tkfr O;oLFkk dks fdl izdkj etcwr fd;k\

3- jk"Vªh; fodkl cuke tutkrh; fodkl dh foospuk djsaA

4- mu fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu djsa tks tutkrh; lekt dks oxhZÑr djrs gSaA


5- uhps fn;s x;s vuqPNsn dks è;ku ls i<+sa vkSj fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mRrj nsaA

ledkyhu nkSj esa tkfr O;oLFkk esa gq, vR;ar egRoiw.kZ fiQj Hkh fojks/kHkklh ifjorZuksa esa ;s ,d ifjorZu ;g gS fd vc tkfr O;oLFkk mPp tkfr;ksa] uxjh; eè;e vkSj mPp oxksZa ds fy;s vn`'; gksrh tk jgh gSA bu lewgksa ds fy;s tks Lora=krk ds i'pkr fodkl dh uhfr;ksa ls lokZf/d ykHkkfUor gq, gSa] tkrh;rk dk egRo de gks x;k izrhr gksrk gS D;ksafd vc bldk dk;Z Hkyh&Hkkafr laiUu gks pqdk gSA bu lewg dh tkrh; izfLFkfr ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy;s fu.kkZ;d jgh gS fd bu lewgksa dks rhoz fodkl }kjk iznRr voljksa dk iwjk&iwjk ykHk mBkus ds fy;s vko';d vkfFkZd rFkk 'kS{kf.kd lalk/u miyC/ gksaA bu lewgksa ds fy;s lkoZtfud thou esa tkfr dh dksbZ Hkwfedk ugha jgh gS] og /kfeZd jhfr fjokt] fookg vFkok ukrsnkjh ds O;fDrxr {ks=k esa gh lhfer gSA

(i) tkfr lekt ds fdu fdu oxksZa esa vn`'; gksrh tk jgh gS\

(ii) tkfr O;oLFkk esa Lora=krk ds i'pkr D;k&D;k ifjorZu vk, gSa] foospuk dhft,A


2- cktkj ,d lkekftd laLFkk ds :i esa % lekt'kkL=kh cktkj dks ,d laLFkk ekurs gSa tks fo'ks"k lkaLÑfrd rjhds }kjk fufeZr gS] cktkjksa dk fu;U=k.k ;k laxBu vDlj fo'ks"k lkekftd lewgksa ;k oxks± }kjk gksrk gSA tSls &lkIrkfgd] vkfnoklh gkV] ikjaifjd O;kikfjd leqnk;A

3- tutkrh; lkIrkfgd cktkj % vklikl ds xk¡o ds yksxksa dks ,df=kr djrk gS tks viuh [ksrh dh mit ;k mRikn dks cspus vkrs gSa os vU; lkeku [kjhnus vkrs gSa tks xk¡o esa ugha feyrsA bu cktjksa esa lkgwdkj] el[kjs] T;ksfr"k xi&'ki djus okys yksx vkrs gSaA igkM+h vkSj taxykrh bykdksa esa tgk¡ vf/okl nwj&njkt rd gksrk gS] lM+dsa vkSj lapkj Hkh th.kZ&'kh.kZ gksrk gS ,oa vFkZO;oLFkk Hkh vis{kkÑr vfodflr gksrh gSA ,sls esa lkIrkfgd cktkj mRiknksa ds vknku&iznku ds lkFk&lkFk lkekftd esy&feyki dh ,d izeq[k laLFkk cu tkrk gSA LFkkuh; yksx vkil esa oLrqvksa dk ysu&nsu djrs gSaA gkV tkus dk izeq[k dkj.k lkekftd gS tgk¡ og vius fj'rsnkjksa ls HksaV dj ldrk gS] ?kj ds toku yM+ds&yM+fd;ksa dk fookg r; dj ldrs gSa] xIis ekj ldrs gSaA

,YizsQM xsy us fo'ks"k :i ls vkfnoklh lekt dk vè;;u fd;k gSA mUgksaus NÙkhlx<+ ds cLrj ftys ds /ksjkbZ xk¡o dk vè;;u fd;kA lkIrkfgd cktkj dk n`'; lkekftd lEca/ksa dks n'kkZrk gSA cktkj esa cSBus ;kfu nqdku yxkusA LFkkuksa dk Øe bl izdkj gksrk gS ftlls muds lkekftd laLrj.k] izfLFkr rFkk cktkj O;oLFkk dk Li"V irk pyrk gSA muds vuqlkj cktkj dk egRo fliZQ bldh vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa rd lhfer ugha gSA ;g ml {ks=k ds vfèkØfer varj lewgksa ds lkekftd lEcU/ksa dk izrhdkRed fp=k.k djrk gSaA

Wealthy Rajputjeweller

Middle rankingtraders

Tribal vegetable sellers

Local waresellers


4- iwoZ mifuosf'kd vkSj mifuosf'kd Hkkjr esa tkfr vk/kfjr ckt+kj ,oa O;kikfjd ra=k

mifuos'kokn ds nkSjku Hkkjr esa izeq[k vkfFkZd ifjorZu gq,A ,sfrgkfld 'kks/ ;g fn[kkrs gSa fd Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk ekSæhdj.k mifuosf'kdrk ds Bhd igys ls gh fo|eku FkkA cgqr ls xkaoksa esa fofHkUu izdkj dh xSj&cktkjh fofue; O;oLFkk tSls ttekuh O;oLFkk ekStwn FkhA iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk us viuh tM+sa tekuh 'kq# dj nh FkhA

iwoZ mifuosf'kd o mifuosf'kd cktkj O;oLFkk % Hkkjr gFkdj?kk diM+ksa dk eq[; fuekZrk o fu;kZrd FkkA ikjEifjd O;kikfjd leqnk;ksa o tkfr;ksa dh viuh dtZ o cSad O;oLFkk FkhA bldk eq[; lk/u gqM+h ;k fofue; fcy gksrk gSA mnkgj.k & rfeyukMq ds ukdjV~VkjA

Hkkjr dk ikjEifjd O;kikfjd leqnk; % oS';] ikjlh] flU/h] cksgjk] tSu vkfnA O;kikj vf/drj tkfr ,oa fj'rsnkjksa ds chp gksrk gSA

5- mifuos'kokn vkSj u, cktkjksa dks vkfoHkkZo %

tc ,d ns'k fdlh nwljs detksj ns'k ij viuk 'kklu LFkkfir djrk gS rks og detksj ns'k mldk mifuos'k dgykrk gSA

Hkkjr eas mifuos'kokn ds izos'k ls vFkZO;oLFkk esas Hkkjh mFky&iwFky gqbZ tks mRiknu] O;kikj vkSj Ñf"k dks frrj&fcrj djus dk dkj.k cuhA

gLrdj?kk m|ksx dk iwjh rjg ls [kRe gks tkuk baXyS.M ls e'khukas }kjk fufeZr lLrs diM+ks dk Hkkjrh; ckT+kkjks esa Hkkjh ek=kk esa vkxeu gLrkdj?kk m|ksx dks u"V dj x;kA Hkkjr dh fo'o iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkk ls tqM+us dh 'kq:vkr gqbZ FkhA Hkkjr dPps eky vkSj Ñf"k mRiknksa dks eqgS;k djokus dk ,d cM+k miHkksDrk cu x;kA

cktkj vFkZO;oLFkk ds foLrkj ds dkj.k u, O;kikjh lewg dk mn; gqvk ftUgksaus O;kikj ds voljksa dks ugha xok;kA tSls & ekjokM+h leqnk;A

ekjokfM+;ksa dk izfrfuf/Ro fcM+yk ifjokj tSls ukeh vkS|ksfxd ?kjkuksa ls gSA mifuos'kdky ds nkSjku gh ekjokM+h ,d liQy O;kikfjd leqnk; cusA mUgksaus lHkh lqvoljksa dk ykHk mBk;kA vkt Hkh Hkkjr esa fdlh vU; leqnk; dh rqyuk esa ekjokfM+;ksa dh m|ksx esa lcls cM+h fgLlsnkjh gSA


6- iwathokn % ,d lkekftd O;oLFkk ds :i esa og O;oLFkk ftlesa etnwj ds Je ls oLrqvksa dk mRiknu cktkj ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA

dkyekDlZ ds vuqlkj& vFkZO;oLFkk phtksa ls ugha cfYd yksxksa ds chp fj'rksa ls curh gSA etnwj viuh Je 'kfDr dks cktkj esa cspdj etnwjh dekrs gSaA

ekDlZ us iwathokn dk i.; (commodety) mRiknu ;k cktkj ds fy, oLrq mRiknu djus dh O;oLFkk ds :i esa le>k tks Jfed dh etnwjh ij vkèkkfjr gSA

(v) mRiknu fof/ → lEcU/ksa dk cuuk → oxZ dk cuukA

(c) iw¡thokn → iw¡thoknh O;fDr + etnwj → vfrfjDr dher

(ekfyd) (fngkM+h etnwj)

'kks"k.k

vfrfjDr dher

i.;hdj.k (oLrqdj.k) % igys dksbZ oLrq cktkjksa esa csph ;k [kjhnh ugha tkrh Fkh] ysfdu vc og [kjhnh o csph tk ldrh gSA blds i.;hdj.k dgrs gSaSA tSls Je o dkS'ky] fdMuh rFkk vU; ekuo vax] eSfjt C;wjks }kjk fookg r; djuk] vaxzsth cksyuk fl[kkus ds laLFkku O;fDrRo laokjus ds laLFkkuA

miHkksx % miHkksDrk viuh lkekftd] vkfFkZd ;k lkaLÑfr ds vuqlkj dqN fo'ks"k oLrqvksa dks [kjhn ;k iznf'kZr dj ldrk gS o foKkiuksa dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

izfr"Bk dk izrhd % miHkksDrk vius [kkus] ihus] iguus] jgus vkfn ds fy, fdl dksfV dh oLrq,a [kjhnrk gS] blds mudh ekyh gkyr dk irk pyrk gS] ;gh izfr"Bk dk izrhd dgykrk gSA tSls &lsyiQksu] u;s ekWMy dh dkj vkfnA

iq"dj i'kq esyk % varjkZ"Vªh; i;ZVu ds fy;s fdl rjg ls ,d cktkj vius vkidks fodflr djds cktkj esa ,d fcdus okyh oLrq cu x, gSaA

mnkgj.k % jktLFkku ds iq"dj dk ikjaifjd okf"kZd i'kq cktkj vkSj iq"dj esyk vU; cktkj esa fcdus okyh oLrq cu x, vkj ;s vU; cktkj ;gka i;ZVu cktkj gSaA ;gka /kkfeZd i;ZVd vkSj O;kikjh nwj&nwj ls vkrs gSa tks ;gka viuh oLrq,a csprs vkSj [kjhnrs gSaA iq"dj dk esyk LFkkuh; yksxksa ds fy, ,d izeq[k lkekftd

(ekfyd)

vfrfjDr dher


vkSj vkfFkZd ifj?kVu cu x;k gSA blds lkFk gh varjkZ"Vªh; i;ZVu LFky cu x;k gSA ;g esyk ,d vkd"kZ.k dk dsUnz cu x;k ftlesa gtkjkas HkDr gSa ,d fgUnw /kfeZd mRlo esa vkrs gSa vkSj ;gka ifo=k ljksoj esaa Mqcdh yxkrs gSaA

7- HkweaMyh;dj.k % ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dk fo'o dh vFkZO;oLFkk ls tqM+uk HkweMyhdj.k dgykrk gSA blds dkj.k gSa& vkfFkZd] lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd] izkS|ksfxdh] lapkj] ftlds dkj.k nwfj;k¡ de gks xbZ ,oa ,dhdj.k gqvk gSA

lEiw.kZ fo'o ,d oSf'od xk¡o esa rCnhy gks x;k gSA vktdy oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh [kjhn&iQjks[r ds fy, vkHkklh cktkj dk izpyu c<+ x;k gSA

vkHkklh cktkj ls rkRi;Z baVjusV] osc lkbV~l ds ekè;e ls oLrqkvsa vkSj lsaokvka dh [kjhnkjh djuk bl rjg ds cktkj esa Øsrk o foØrk izR;{k :i ls gkftj ugha gksrs gSA 'ks;j cktkj bldk mnkgj.k gSA

vkt Hkkjr lkWÝVos;j lsok m|ksx rFkk fctusl izkslsl vkmV lksflZx m/ksx tSls dkWy lsUVj ds ekè;e ls oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk ls tqM+k gqvk gSA

dkWy lsUVj ,d ,slk dsfUVª;Ñr LFkku gksrk gS tgk¡ miHkksDrkvks dks fofHkUu lsokvksa rFkk mRiknks dh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA

8- mnkjhdj.k % og izfØ;k ftlesa ljdkjh foHkkxksa dk futhdj.k] iwath] O;kikj o Je esa ljdkjh n[ky dk de gksuk] fons'kh oLrqvksa ds vk;kr 'kqYd esa deh djuk vkSj fons'kh dEifu;ksa dks Hkkjr esa m|ksx LFkkfir djus dh btktr nsuk vkfn lEcfU/r izfØ;k,¡ mnkjhdj.k dgykrk gSA

ykHk %

1- fons'kh oLrq,¡ miyC/ gksukA

2- fons'kh fuos'k dk c<+ukA

3- vkfFkZd fodkl

4- jkstxkj c<+uk

gkfu;k¡ %

1- Hkkjrh; m|ksx fons'kh dEifu;ksa ds lkFk izfrLi/kZ ugha dj ikrs tSls dkj] bysDVªksfud lkeku vkfnA


2- csjkstxkjh Hkh c<+ ldrh gSA

3- mnkjhdj.k dh izfØ;k esa ljdkj leFkZu ewY; vkSj lfClMh dks de ;k [kRe dj nsrh gSA

leFkZu ewY; % fdlkuksa dh mit dk ljdkj mfpr ewY; (U;wure) lqfuf'pr djrh gS] ftls leFkZu ewY; dgrs gSaA

lfClMh % ljdkj }kjk nh xbZ lgk;rk lfClMh dgykrh gSA fdlkuksa dks bls moZjdksa] Mhty rFkk chp dk ewY; de djds fn;k tkuk] ,y-ih-th- fctyh vkfn

iz'ukoyh

1 vad ds iz'u

fjDr LFkku Hkjks

1- fLeFk us ^[kqys O;kikj dk leFkZu fd;k ,d ,slk ckt+kj tks fdlh Hkh çdkj dh jk"Vªh; ;k vU; jksdFkke ls eqDr gksA bl vkfFZkd nk'kZfudrk dks izQkalhlh Hkk"kk esa ^ysl&,&iQs;j* Hkh dgk x;k] ftldk vFkZ gS] ckt+kj dks ^vdsyk NksM+ fn;k tk,* ;k ^gLr{ksi u fd;k tk,A

bl vkfFZkd nk'kZfudrk dks izQkalhlh Hkk"kk esa----------------Hkh dgk x;k] ftldk vFkZ gS cktkj dks ^vdsyk NksM+ fn;k tk,* ;k ^gLr{ksi u fd;k tk,A

(i) [kqys O;kikj (ii) okf.kT; (ii) vFkZ'kkL=k (iv) ysl&,&iQs;j

2- ekuofoKkuh ftUgksaus èkksjkbZ dk vè;;u fd;k Fkk ds vuqlkj cktkj dk egRo fliQZ bldh vkfFZkd fØ;kvksa rd lhfer ugha gSA ;gk¡ of.Zkr ekuofoKkuh dk uke--------

(i) ,YizQsM xsy (ii) ,YizQsM csy (iii) ,YizQsM ckWl (iv) ,YizQsM Vsyj

3- rfeyukMq ds ukVwdksVkb psV~Vh;kjksa (;k ukdjV~Vj) bldk ,d thoar mnkgj.k çLrqr djrs gSa fd ;g ns'kt O;kikfjd ra=k fdl rjg laxfBr Fks vkSj dSls dk;Z djrs FksA ^ns'kt O;kikfjd ra=k* ls D;k rkRi;Z gSA

(i) O;kikj esa cktkjksa dh Hkwfedk


(ii) O;kikj esa ,tsaVksa dh Hkwfedk

(iii) O;kikj esa lacaèkksa dh Hkwfedk

(iv) O;kikj esa iSls dh Hkwfedk

4- buesa ls çfr"Bk dk çrhd dk mnkgj.k ugha gS &

(i) lsyiQksu (ii) u, ekWMy dh dkj (iii) egaxh ?kM+h (iv) lekt esa mPp fLFkfr

5- tkfr vkèkkfjr O;kikfjd ra=k dk mnkgj.k gS

(i) ukdjV~Vj (ii) oksfDyax (iii) ;kno (iv) jsM~Mh

6- ^fn osYFk vkWiQ us'ku* iqLrd fdlus fy[kh

(i) nq[khZe (ii) ekDlZ (iii) fLeFk (iv) eSDl oscj

dFku lgh djsa

7- ^^yksx tks lkeku [kjhnrs gSa vkSj mi;ksx djrs gSa og lekt esa mudh çfLFkfr ls tqM+k gksrk gSA** ;g dFku dkyZ ekDlZ dk gSA

8- uklnd bysDVªkWfud fofue; dsaæ eqacbZ esa fLFkr gSA

D;k ;g dFku lR; gS ;k vlR;\

9- futh dj.k ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dh NVuh dk dkj.k cukA

10- dkyZ ekDlZ vkèkqfud iwathokn ds iw.kZ leFkZd FksA

2 vad iz'u

1- iw¡thokn fdls dgrs gSa\

2- cktkjhdj.k D;k gksrk gS\

3- mifuos'kokn fdls dgrs gSa\

4- mu rF;ksa (dkj.kksa) dks crkb;s ftlls fo'o dh nwfj;k¡ de gqbZ gSaA

5- lfClMh o leFkZu ewY; esa vUrj Li"V dhft,A


6- vn`'; gkFk dk D;k rkRi;Z gS\

7- vfrfjDr ewY; fdls dgrs gSa\

8- gq.Mh D;k gS\

9- ysl&,&isQ;j dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A

10- vkHkklh cktkj ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\

4 vad iz'u

1- i.;hdj.k dh mnkgj.k lfgr O;k[;k dhft,A

2- ttekuh O;oLFkk dk o.kZu dhft,A

3- O;kikj dh liQyrk esa tkfr ,oa ukrsnkjh laidZ dSls ;ksxnku dj ldrh gS\

4- mifuos'kokn ds vkus ds i'pkr~ Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk fdu vFkks± esa cnyh\

5- izfr"Bk ds izrhd dk le>k,aA

6- cktkj ij lekt 'kkL=kh n`f"Vdks.k] vkfFkZd n`f"Vdks.k ls fdl izdkj fHkUu gSa\

7- HkweaMyhdj.k ds rgr dkSu&dkSu lh izfØ;k lfEefyr gSa\

8- lekt 'kkL=kh cktkj dks ,d lkekftd laLFkk D;ksa dgrs gSa\

9- uhps fn;s x;s vuqPNsn dks è;ku ls i<+sa vkSj fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa dk mrj nsaA

uklnkd ,d çeq[k bysDVªkfud fofue; dsaæ dk uke gS tks U;w;kdZ esa fLFkr gSA bldk lapkyu fo'ks"k :i ls daI;wVj vkèkkfjr bysDVªkWfud lapkj ekè;eksa ls gksrk gSA ;g nqfu;k Hkj ds czksdjksa vkSj fuos'kdksa dks mu daifu;ksa ds 'ks;j ds [kjhn&iQjks[r esa enn djrk gS tks mlls iathd`r gSA ;g lkSns ^okLrfod le;* esa gksrs gSa vFkkZr~ pan lSdsaM~l esa ekeys r; dj fn, tkrs gSa vkSj oks Hkh fcuk dkxth dk;Zokgh ;k dkxth eqæk dsA

(i) uklnkd ,d çeq[k bysDVªkWfud fofue; dsaæ dk uke gS bldk lapkyu fo'ks"k :i ls daI;wVj vkèkkfjr bysDVªkWfud lapkj ekè;eksa ls gksrk gS ;g ,d cktkj dk mnkgj.k gSA

(ii) uklnkd LVkWd cktkj esa O;kikj vU; cktkjksa ls dSls fHkUu gksrk gS\


6 vad iz'u

1- d`"kd lekt esa lkIrkfgd cktkj ,d lkekftd o vkfFkZd laxBu dk dsUæ fcUnq gSA o.kZu dhft,A

2- mnkjhdj.k ds ykHk o dfe;ksa (gkfu;ksa) dks crkb;sA D;k vkidh jk; esa mnkjhdj.k ds nwjxkeh ykHk mldh ykxr dh rqyuk ls vf/d gks tk,axs\ O;k[;k dhft,A

3- uhps fn, x, vuqPNsn dk è;ku ls i<+sa vkSj fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa dk mRrj nsaA

iq"dj ÅaV esyk

^^dkfrZd dk eghuk vkrs gh---- ÅaVksa ds xkM+hoku vius jsfxLrkuh tgktksa dks ltkrs gSa vkSj dkfrZd iwf.kZek ds oDr igq¡pus ds fy, le; ls iq"dj dh yach ;k=kk ds fy, fudy iM+rs gSa--- ;gk¡ gj lky yxHkx 2]00]000 yksx vkSj 50]000 ÅaV vkSj vU; i'kqvksa dk tekoM+k yxkrk gS oks mUekn ns[krs gh curk gS tc jax 'kksj vkSj pgy & igy ls yksx f?kjs gksrs gS] laxhroknd] jgL;oknh] i;ZVd O;kikjh] i'kq vkSj HkDr lc ,d txg bDV~Bk gksrs gSaA ,d rjg ls dgsa rks ;g Å¡Vksa dks laokjus dk fuokZ.k gS& ftlesa edbZ ds cky dh rjg cky l¡okjs gq, Å¡Vksa] ik;yksa dh >udkj] d<+kbZ fd, oL=kksa vkSj Ve&Ve ij lokj yksxksa ls vkidh vn~Hkqr HksaV gks ldrh gSA**

^^Å¡Vksa ds esys ds lkFk gh /kfeZd izfr"Bku Hkh ,d taxyh tknqbZ pje ij gksrk gS& vxcfr;ksa dk ?kuk /qvk¡] ea=kksa dk 'kksj vkSj esys dh jkr esa] gtkjksa HkDr unh esa Mqcdh yxkdj vius iki /kssrs gSa vkSj ifo=k ikuh esa fVefVekrs fn, NksM+rs gSaA**

(i) iq"dj ds varjjk"Vªh; i;ZVu ds nk;js esa vk tkus ls bl txg ij dkSu lh u;h oLrqvksa] lsokvksa] iwath vkSj yksxksa ds nk;js dk fodkl gqvk gSA

(ii) bl txg dk /kfeZd mUekn fdl rjg ls bldh cktkjh dher dks c<+krk gS\ D;k ge dg ldrs gSa fd Hkkjr esa vè;kRe dk ,d cktkj gSA


ikB 5

lkekftd vlekurk (fo"kerk) ,oa cfg"dkj ds Lo:i

eq[; fcUnq

1- lkekftd vlekurk %

lkekftd fo"kerk o cfg"dkj gekjs nSfud thou dh okLrfodrk gS ,oa ;s izkd`frd o O;ogkfjd gSA

izR;sd lekt esa gj O;fDr dh lkekftd izfLFkfr ,d leku ugha gksrh gSA lekt esa dqN yksxksa ds ikl rks /u] lEifÙk] f'k{kk] LokLF;] lÙkk vkSj 'kfDr tSls lk/uksa dh vf/drk gksrh gS rks nwljh vksj dqN yksxksa ds ikl budk furkUr vHkko jgrk gS rks dqN yksxksa dh fLFkfr chp dh gksrh gSA

lkekftd fo"kerk o cfg"dkj lkekftd blfy, gS&

;s O;fDr ls ugha lewg ls lEcfU/r gSA

;s O;ofLFkr o lajpukRed gSaA

;s vkfFkZd ugha gSaA

lkekftd lalk/uksa dks rhu :iksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS&

(v) vkfFkZd iwath % HkkSfrd laifÙk ,oa vk; ds :i esaA

(c) lkaLÑfrd iwath % izfr"Bk o 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk ds :i esaA

(l) lkekftd iwath % lkekftd laxfr;ksa o laidks± ds tky ds :i esaA

lkekftd fo"kerk % lkekftd lalk/uksa rd vleku igq¡p dh i¼fr lkekftd fo"kerk dgykrh gSA

2- lkekftd Lrjhdj.k %

,d lekt ds varxZr ik, tkus okys lewgksa dk Å¡p&uhp ;k NksVs&cM+s ds vkèkkj ij fofHkUu Lrjksa ij c¡V tkuk gh lkekftd Lrjhdj.k dgykrk gSA


lkekftd Lrjhdj.k dh rhu eq[; lS¼kfUrd fo'ks"krk,¡ %&

(d) lkekftd Lrjhdj.k O;fDr;ksa ds chp dh fofHkUurk dk izdk;Z ugha cfYd lekt dh fof'k"Vrk gSA

([k) lkekftd Lrjhdj.k ih<+h nj ih<+h cuk jgrk gSA

(x) lkekftd Lrjhd.k dks fo'okl ;k fopkj/kjk }kjk leFkZu feyrk gSA

iwokZxzg

& ,d lewg ds lnL;ksa }kjk nwljs lewg ds ckjs esa iwoZdfYir fopkj ;k fo'okl dks iwokZxzg dgrs gSaA tSls & ;gwnh vksj ekjokM+h datwl gksrs gSaA

& iwokZxzg vifjoZruh;] dBksj o :f<+o¼ /kj.kkvksa ij vk/kfjr gksrs gSaA

:<+/kj.kk,¡%&

& ,sls yksd fo'okl] dksbZ Hkh vpy fopkj ;k ,slh Hkkouk tks lkekU;r% 'kkfCnd rFkk laosx;qDr gks vkSj lewg Lohd`r gks] :<+/kj.kk dgykrh gSA

& ;g T;knkrj efgykvksa] utkrh;] iztkrh; lewgksa ds ckjs esa iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA

HksnHkko%& fdlh lewg ds lnL;ksa dks muds fyax] tkfr ;k /eZ ds vk/kj ij voljksa rFkk lqfo/kvksa ls oafpr j[kk tkuk HksnHkko dgykrk gSA

3- lkekftd cfg"dkj%&

og rkSj rjhds ftuds tfj, fdlh O;fDr ;k lewg dks lekt esa iwjh rjg ?kqyus feyus ls jksdk tkrk gS ;k vyx j[kk tkrk gSA

lkekftd cfg"dkj vkdfLed ugha gksrk] ;g O;ofLFkr rFkk vuSfPNd gksrk gSA

yEcs le; rd fo"kerk o cfg"dkj ds dkj.k fu"dkflr lekt esa izfr'kks/ o ?k`.kk dh Hkkouk iSnk gks tkrh gS] ftl dkj.k fu"dkflr lekt vius&vki dks eq[; /kjk ls tksM+us dh dksf'k'k ugha djrsA tSls&nfyr] tutkrh; leqnk;] efgyk,¡ rFkk vU;Fkk l{ke yksxA

4- tkfr O;oLFkk

tkfr tUe ls gh fu/kZfjr gksrh gS u fd ml euq"; dh fLFkfr lsA


tkfr O;oLFkk O;fDr;ksa dk O;olk; fu/kZfjr djrh gSA

lkekftd o vkfFkZd izfLFkfr tkfr ds vuq:i gksrh gSA

;g ,d HksnHkkoiw.kZ O;oLFkk gSA

tkfr lkekftd fLFkfr dks fu/kZfjr djrh gSA

tkfr ds vk/kj ij Lrjhdj.k Hkkjrh; lekt dk fgLlk gSA

;g 'kq¼rk rFkk v'kq¼rk ds vk/kj ij foHkkftr O;oLFkk gSA

5- vLi';rk& vke cksypky esa bls NqvkNwr dgk tkrk gSA /kfeZd ,oa deZdkaMh; nf"V ls 'kq¼rk o v'kq¼rk ds iSekus ij lcls uhph ekus tkus okyh tkfr;ksa ds fo:¼ vR;Ur dBksj lkekftd naMksa dk fo/ku fd;k tkrk gSA bls vLi';rk dgrs gSA

vLi`';rk 'kCn dk iz;ksx ,sls yksxksa ds fy, fd;k x;k gS ftUgs vifo=k] xUnk vkSj v'kq¼ ekuk tkrk FkkA ,sls yksxksa dk dqvksa] efUnjksa vkSj lkoZtfud LFkkuksa ij izos'k fu"ks/ FkkA

xk¡/h th us bu yksxksa ds fy, ¶gfjtu¸ 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k Fkk fdUrq vktdy nfyr 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

nfyr dk 'kfCnd vFkZ gS& ^iSjksa ls dqpyk gqvkA*

Hkkjrh; lafo/ku (1956) ds vuqlkj tkfr vLi`';rk fu"ks/ gSA

egkRek xk¡/h] MkW vEcsMdj vkSj T;ksfrck iQwys us vLi`';rk fuokj.k dh fn'kk esa mYys[kuh; dk;Z fd;kA

vLi`';rk ds vk;ke&

(v) viotZu ;k cfg"dkj % is;ty ds lkekU; L=kksrksa ls ikuh ugha ysus fn;k tkrkA lkekftd mRlo] lekjksgksa esa Hkkx ugha ys ldrsA /kfeZd mRlo ij <ksy&uxkMs+ ctkuk Hkh fuf"k¼ gksrk gSA

(c) vuknj vkSj v/hurklwpd % Vksih ;k ixM+h mrkjuk] twrks dks mrkjdj gkFk esa idM+dj ys tkuk] flj >qdkdj [kMs+ jguk] lkiQ ;k pepekrs gq, diMs+ ugha iguukA

(l) 'kks"k.k o vkfJrrk % mUgsa ^csxkj* djuh iM+rh gS ftlds fy, mUgsa dksbZ iSlk ugha fn;k tkrk ;k cgqr de et+nwjh nh tkrh gSA


nfyr % og yksx tks tkfr O;oLFkk esa fupys ik;nku ij gSa rFkk 'kksf"kr gSa] nfyr dgykrs gSaA

6- tkfr;ksa o tu tkfr;ksa ds izfr HksnHkko feVkus ds fy, jkT; }kjk mBk, x, dne%&

(1) vuqlwfpr tkfr o tutkfr;ksa ds fy, jkT; o dsUnzh; fo/ku&eaMyksa esa vkj{k.kA

(2) ljdkjh ukSdjh esa vkj{k.k

(3) vLi`';rk (vijk/) 1955

(4) 1850 dk tkfr; fu;kZX;rk fuokj.k vf/fu;e

(5) vuqlwfpr tkfr o vuqlwfpr tutkfr vLi`';rk mUewyu dkuwu&1989

(6) mPp 'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa ds 93osa la'kks/u ds varxZr vU; fiNM+s oxZ dks vkj{k.k nsukA

(7) vuqPNsn 17 lafo/ku % vLi`';rk dk var o naM dk izko/ku

xSj ljdkjh iz;kl

(1) Lok/hurk iwoZ& T;ksfrckiQwys] isfj;kj] lj lS;n vgen [kku] MkW- vEcsMdj] egkRek xka/h] jktkjke eksgu jk; vkfn dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA

(2) mÙkj izns'k esa cgqtu lekt ikVhZ] dukZVd esa nfyr la?k"kZ lfefr

(3) fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa ds lkfgR; ls ;ksxnku

lkekftd vkUnksyu

(1) lR;'kks/d lekt % T;kfrck iQqys }kjk

(2) Jh ukjk;.k /eZ izfrikyu ;ksxe vkanksyu % ukjk;.k xq: }kjk

(3) vkRelEeku vkanksyu % bZ oh jkekLokeh }kjk

7- vU; fiNM+k oxZ& lkekftd] 'kSf{kd :i ls fiNM+h tkfr;ksa ds oxZ] dks vU; fiNM+k oxZ dgk tkrk gS blesa lsok djus okyh f'kYih tkfr;ksa ds yksx 'kkfey gSA

bu oxksZa dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk laLd`fr] f'k{kk] vkSj lkekftd n`f"V ls budk fiNM+kiu gSA ;s oxZ u rks mPp tkfr esa vkrs gSa u gh fuEu tkfr esa vkrs gaSA


dkdk lkgsc dkysydj dh vè;{krk ls lcls igys ^^ fiNM+s oxZ vk;ksx** dk xBu fd;k FkkA vk;ksx us viuh fjiksVZ 1953 esa ljdkj dks lkSai nh FkhA

1979 esa nwljk fiNM+k oxZ vk;ksx (eaMy vk;ksx) xfBr fd;k x;kA

vkt vU; fiNM+s oxksZa ds chp Hkkjh fo"kerk ns[kus dks feyrh gSA ,d vksj rks OBC dk og oxZ gS tks /uh fdlku gS rks nwljh vksj xjhch js[kk ls uhps thou ;kiu dj jgk nwljk oxZ gS ftUgsa vktdy Øheh ys;j (eykbZnkj rcdk) o uksu Øheh ys;j ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA

8- Hkkjr esa tutkrh; thou%&

Hkkjrh; lafo/ku ds vuqlkj fu/Zurk] 'kfDr ghurk o lkekftd ykaNu ls ihfM+r lkekftd lewg gSA bUgsa tutkfr Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

tutkfr;ksa dks izk;& ^ouoklh* ;k ^vkfnoklh* ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA

vkUrfjd mifuos'kokn& vkfnoklh lekt us izxfr ds uke ij vkUrfjd mifuos'kokn dk lkeuk fd;kA Hkkjr ljdkj us ouksa dk nksgu] [knku djk[kkusa] cka/ cukus ds uke ij mudh tehu dk vf/xzg.k fd;k rFkk mudk iyk;u gqvkA

vkfnokfl;ksa dh leL;kvksa ls tqMs+ izeq[k eqn~ns%&

(1) jk"Vªh; ou uhfr cuke vkfnoklh foLFkkiu

(2) vkfnoklh {ks=kksa esa l/u vkS|ksxhdj.k dh uhfr

(3) vkfnokfl;ksa esa ltkrh; jktuhfrd tkx:drk ds n'kZuA

9- fL=k;ksa ds vf/dkjksa o mudh fLFkfr ds fy, mUuhloha lnh esa lq/kj vkUnksyu gqvk%&

L=kh&iq#"k esa vlekurk lkekftd gS] u fd izkÑfrd ;fn L=kh&iq#"k izkÑfrd vk/kj ij vleku gS rks D;ksa dqN efgyk,¡ lekt esa 'kh"kZ LFkku ij igq¡p tkrh gSA nqfu;k ;k ns'k eas ,sls Hkh lekt gS tgk¡ ifjokjksa eas efgykvksa dh lÙkk O;kIr gS tSls dsjy ds ^uk;j* ifjokjksa eas vkSj es?kky; dh ^[kklh* tutkfrA ;fn efgyk tSfod ;k 'kkjhfjd vk/kj ij v;ksX; le>h tkrh gks rks dSls og liQyrkiwoZd Ñf"k vkSj O;kikj dks pyk ikrhA la{ksi eass] ;g dguk U;k; laxr gksxk fd L=kh&iq#"k ds chp vlekurk ds fu/kZj.k esa tSfod@izkÑfrd ;k 'kkjhfjd rRoksa dh dksbZ Hkwfedk ugha gSA


jktk jke eksgu jk; us lrh izFkk rFkk cky fookg dk fojks/ fd;k rFkk fo/ok fookg dk leFkZu fd;kA

T;ksfrck iQwys us tkfr; o ySafxd vR;kpkjksa ds fojks/ esa vkUnksyu fd;kA

lj lS;n vgen [kku us bLyke esa lkekftd lq/kjksa ds fy, yM+fd;ks ds Ldwy rFkk dkWyst [kksysA

n;kuan ljLorh us ukfj;ksa dh f'k{kk esa ;ksxnku fn;kA

jkukMs us fo/ok fookg iqufoZokg ij tksj fn;kA

rkjkckbZ f'kans us ^^L=kh&iq:"k rqyuk** fy[kh ftlesa xyr rjhds ls iq:"kksa dks mQ¡pk ntkZ nsus dh ckr dgh xbZA

csxe jksds;k gqlSu us ^lqYrkukt Mªhe uked fdrkc fy[kh ftlesa gj fyax dks cjkcj vf/dkj nsus ij ppkZ dh xbZ gSA

1931 esa djkph esa Hkkjrh; dkaxzsl }kjk ,d vè;kns'k tkjh djds fL=k;ksa dks cjkcjh dk gd nsus ij cy fn;k x;kA lkoZtfud jkstxkj] 'kfDr ;k lEeku ds laca/ esa fu;ksZX; ugha Bgjk;k tk,xkA

1970 esa dkiQh vge eqn~nksa ij tksj fn;k x;k tSls& iqfyl fgjklr esa cykRdkj] ngst gR;k vkfnA fL=k;ksa dks er Mkyus] lkoZtfud inèkkj.k djus dk vf/dkj gksxkA

10- v{kerk (fodykaxrk)%& 'kkjhfjd] ekufld :i ls ckf/r O;fDr] blfy, v{ke dgykrs gSa D;ksafd os lekt dh jhfr;ksa o lksp ds vuqlkj t:jr dks iwjk ugha djrsA

fu;ksZX;rk@v{kerk dks ,d tSfod detksjh ekuk tkrk gSA

tc dHkh fdlh v{ke O;fDr ds le{k dbZ leL;k,¡ [kM+h gksrh gS rks ;g eku fy;k tkrk gS fd ;s leL;k,¡ mldh ck/k ;k detksjh ds dkj.k gh mRiUu gqbZ gSA

v{ke O;fDr dks ges'kk f'kdkj ;kuh ihfM+r O;fDr ds vius izR;{k Kku ls tqM+h gSA


;g ekuk tkrk gS fd fu;ksZX;rk ml fu;ksZX; O;fDr ds vius izR;{k Kku ls tqM+h gSA

fu;ksZX;rk rFkk xjhch ds chp dkiQh fudV laca/ ns[kk x;k gS D;ksfd xjhch ds dkj.k gh ekrk,¡ dqiks"k.k dk f'kdkj gksrh gS vkSj nqcZy o vfodflr cPpksa dks tUe nsrh gSA tks cMs gksdj foDykax yksxksa dh la[;k dks c<+krs gSA

ljdkj buds fy, fofHkUu dk;ZØe iznku djrh gS& tSls& f'k{kk] jkstxkj] O;kolkf;d

iz'ukoyh

1 vad ds iz'u

1. dFku lgh djsaµ

(a) jkukMs us lrh izFkk osQ fo#¼ vkanksyu pyk;kA

(b) vke cksypky esa vLi`';rk dks NqvkNwr ugha dgk tkrkA

(c) lkekftd fo"kerk o cfg"dkj lkekftd blfy, gS D;ksafd ;s O;fDr ls lacaf/r gSA

(d) tkfr ,d HksnHkko iw.kZ O;oLFkk ugha gSA

2. nfyr dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ ---------------- gSA

3. ,d lewg osQ lnL;ksa }kjk nwljs lewg osQ ckjs esa iwoZdfYir fopkj ;k fo'okl dks ---------------- dgrs gSA

4. og O;oLFkk tks ,d lekt osQ varxZr ik, tkus okys lewgksa dk Å¡p&uhp ;k NksVs&cM+s osQ vk/kj ij fofHkUu Lrjksa ij c¡V tkuk gh ---------------- dgykrk gSA

5. xk¡èkh th us vLi`'; yksxksa osQ fy, ---------------- 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;kA

6. 1882 esa ---------------- us L=kh&iq#"k rqyuk uked iqLrd fy[khA

7. lkekftd o 'kSf{kd :i ls fiNM+h tkfr;ksa dks dgk tkrk gSA


(a) vU; fiNM+k oxZ (b) vuqlwfpr tkfr

(c) vuqlwfpr tutkfr (d) nfyr

8. vLi`';rk osQ vk;ke gSaµ

(a) viotZu o cfg"dkj (b) vuknj

(c) 'kks"k.k (d) mijksDr rhuksa

9. fdlosQ }kjk tkrh; o ySafxd vR;kpkjksa osQ fojks/ esa vkanksyu fd;kA

(a) T;ksfrck iqQys (b) jktk jke eksgu jk;

(c) n;kuan ljLorh (d) jkukMs

10. budh vè;{krk esa lcls igys fiNM+s oxZ vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;kA

(a) dkdk lkgsc dkysydj (b) ch-ih- e.My

(c) lj lS;n vgen [kku (d) egkRek xk¡èkh

11. tkfr;ksa o tutkfr;ksa osQ izfr HksnHkko feVkus osQ fy, jkT; }kjk mBk, x, dne gSµ

(a) vkj{kj.k o dkuwu }kjk

(b) lekt lq/kjdksa }kjk

(c) jktuhfrd ikVhZ }kjk

(d) fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa osQ lkfgR; ls ;ksxnku }kjk

2 vad iz'u

1- lkekftd fo"kerk o ckfg"dkj esa D;k lkekfyd gS\

2- fofHkUu lkekftd lalk/u D;k gS\

3- fuEu dk vFkZ crkb,A

(v) iwokZxzg (c) HksnHkko (l) :f<+c¼ /kj.kk,¡


4- lkekftd cfg"dkj fdls dgrs gS\

5- vLi`';rk D;k gS\ (Outside Delhi 2018)

6- tkfr o vkfFkZd vlekurk ds chp D;k lEcU/ gS\

7- nfyr fdls dgrs gSa\

8- jkT; }kjk vuqlwfpr tkfr o tutkfr dks fdl rjg dk vkj{k.k fn;k x;k gS\

9- tkrh; fo"kerk dks nwj djus ds fy, xSj jktdh; laxBuksa dh D;k Hkwfedk jgh gS\

10- vU; fiNM+k oxZ (OBC) dkSu gS\ ;k O.B.C dks ifjHkkf"kr djus ds ekunaM D;k gS\ (Outside Delhi-2018)

11- vkfnoklh* ls vki D;k le>rs gS\

12- v{kerk o xjhch esa D;k lEcU/ gS\

13- xk¡/h th us vLi`'; yksxksa dks D;k dgdj iqdkjk\

4 vad iz'u

1- lkekftd Lrjhdj.k dh dqN fo'ks"krk, crkbZ,A2- ukjh ls lEcfU/r dkSu&dkSu ls eqn~ns gSa\3- tkfr O;oLFkk ,d HksnHkkoiw.kZ O;oLFkk gSA o.kZu djsa\4- tkrh; o tutkrh; fo"kerk dks nwj djus esa jkT; }kjk mBk;s x, dne fdrus dkjxj

fl¼ gq,\ 5- L=kh o iq:"k esa vlekurk lkekftd gS] u fd izkd`frd] mnkgj.k lfgr O;k[;k

djsaA6- v{kerk ds izfr vke O;fDr ds D;k fopkj gS\ foLrkj ls fyf[k,A7- fL=k;ksa dks lekurk dk vf/dkj nsus ds fy, 1931 esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl ds

djkph vf/os'ku }kjk fd, x, iz;klksa dh foopuk dhft,A 8- ^L=kh&iq#"k rqyuk* uked iqLrd fdlds }kjk fy[kh xbZ\ ;g iqLrd D;k n'kkZrh gS\9- ^lqyrkuk MªhEl* uked iqLrd fdlds }kjk fy[kh xbZ\ bl iqqLrd dks fy[kus ds

ihNs ys[kd dh ea'kk D;k gS\

10- vuqPNsn i<+dj mRrj nhft, %& bls vke cksypky dh Hkk"kk esa ^NqvkNwr* dgk tkrk gS] tkfr O;oLFkk dk ;s vR;ar


?k`f.kr ,ao nwf"kr igy gS] tks deZdkaMh; n`f"V ls 'kq¼rk ,oa v'kq¼rk ds iSekus ij lcls uhph ekus tkus okyh tkfr;ksa ds lnL;ksa ds fo#¼ vR;ar dBksj lkekftd vuq'kkfL=k;ksa (naMksa) dk fo/ku djrk gSA bUgsa bruk vf/d v'kq¼ ,oa viof=k ekuk tkrk gS fd muds tjk Nw tkus Hkj ls gh vU; lHkh tkfr;ksa ds lnL; vR;ar v'kq¼ gks tkrs gSa vkSj vNwrksa dks dBksj naM ds lkFk&lkFk mPp tkfr ds O;fDr dks Hkh 'kq¼hdj.k izfØ;k ls xqtjuk iM+rk gSA

(d) ;gka ^NqvkNwr* fdls dgk tk jgk gS\

([k) lkekftd Lrjhdj.k eas tkfr O;oLFkk dh D;k Hkwfedk gS\

(x) blds var ds fy;s Hkkjr; lafo/ku esa D;k izko/ku gSa\

(?k) fdlh ,d vkanksyu dk uke crkb;s ftlds }kjk bls [kRe djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;kA

11- Hkkjr eas fu;ksZX;] ckf/r] v{ke] viax] va/k vkSj cgjk tSls fo'ks"k.kkas dk iz;ksx yxHkx ,d gh Hkko dk n'kkZus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA vDlj fdlh O;fDr dk vieku djus ds fy, ml ij bu 'kCnksa dh ckSNkj dj nh tkrh gSA ,d ,slh laLd`fr esa tgka 'kkjhfjd ^iw.kZrk* dk vknj fd;k tkrk gks] ^iw.kZ 'kjhj* u gksus dk vFkZ gS fd mlesa dksbZ vlekU;rk] nks"k ;k [kjkch gSA ^cspkjk* tSls fo'ks"k.kksa ls lacksf/r djus ij rks mldh ihfM+r ifjfLFkfr vkSj Hkh fodV gks tkrh gSA

(d) ;gka dkSu ls O;fDr;ksa dh ckr dh xbZ gS\

([k) ^fodykax&fojks/h* U;k;ky; D;k gS\

(x) v{kerk lkekftd dSls gS\

(?k) fodykaxrk fdl&fdl rjgh dh gks ldrh gS\

6 vad iz'u

1- mifuos'k dky ds nkSjku ukjh lEcfU/r eqís lekt lq/kj vkanksyuksa us fdl izdkj mBk,\

2- vLi`';rk dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,\ blds vk;ke Hkh fy[ksA

3- vkfnokfl;ksa dh leL;kvksa ls tqMs+ izeq[k eqn~ns dkSu ls gS\


4- ukjh vkanksyu us vius bfrgkl ds nkSjku dkSu&dkSu ls eqn~ns mBk, gSa\

5- lkekftd Lrjhdj.k dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks le>k,¡\

6- lkj.kh dks le>dj mRrj nhft,A xjhch js[kk ls uhps dh tula[;k dk izfr'kr] 2011&2012

tkfr ,oa xzkeh.k Hkkjr uxjh; Hkkjr

leqnk; lewg 327 #- ;k de izfr 454 #- ;k de izfr

O;fDr izfr ekg O;; O;fDr izfr ekg O;;

vuqlwfpr tutkfr;kWa 45-3% 24-1%

vuqlwfpr tkfr;kWa 31-5% 21-4%

vU; fiNM+k oxZ 22-7% 15-4%

mPp tkfr eqlyeku 26-9% 22-1%

mPp tkfr fgUnw 25-6% 12-1%

mPp tkfr bZlkbZ 22-2% 05-5%

mPp tkfr flD[k 06-2% 05-0%

lHkh lewg 27-0% 13-7%

(d) fdl tkfr@leqnk; lewg ds T;knkrj yksx xzkeh.k rFkk uxjh; Hkkjr esa vR;kf/d xjhch esa ftanxh xqtkj jgs gS\ fdl leqnk; ds lcls de izfr'kr yksx xjhch esa thrs gSa\

([k) vU; fiNMs+ oxZ ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ bl lkj.kh dks ns[kdj vkidks vU; fiNM+s oxZ ds ckjs esa D;k tkudkjh feyrh gS o budh lkekftd leL;k,W dkSu&lh gSa\


ikB 6

lkaLd`frd fofo/rk dh pqukSfr;k¡

eq[; fcUnq

1- ^fofo/rk* 'kCn vlekurkvksa ds ctk; varjksa ij cy nsrk gSA tc ge ;g dgrs gSa fd Hkkjr ,d egku lkaLd`frd fofo/rk okyk jk"Vª gS rks gekjk rkRi;Z ;g gksrk gS fd ;gk¡ vusd izdkj ds lkekftd lewg ,oa leqnk; fuokl djrs gSA

Hkkjr esa lkaLd`frd fofo/rk dh >yd%& Hkkjr esa fofHkUu izns'kksa esa Hkk"kk] jgu&lgu] [kkuiku] os'k&Hkw"kk] izFkk] ijEijk] yksdxhr] yksdxkFkk] fookg iz.kkyh] thou laLdkj] dyk] laxhr rFkk u`R; esa Hkh gesa vusd jkspd o vkd"kZd Hksn ns[kus dks feyrs gSA

Hkkjrh; jk"Vª jkT; lkekftd rFkk lkaLd`frd n`f"V ls fo'o ds lokZf/d fofoèkrkiw.kZ ns'kksa esa ls ,d gSA

tula[;k dh n`f"V ls fo'oHkj esa bldk LFkku nwljk gSA

;gk¡ ds ,d vjc ls T;knk yksx dqy feykdj yxHkx 1632 fHkUu&fHkUu Hkk"kk,¡ vkSj cksfy;k¡ cksyrs gSaA 18 Hkk"kkvksa dks lafo/ku dh vkBoha vuqlwph esa LFkku fn;k x;k gSA

80» ls vf/d vkcknh fgUnqvksa dh gSA yxHkx 13-4» vkcknh eqlyekuksa dh gSA 2-3» bZlkbZ] 1-9» fl[k] 0-8» ckS¼] 0-4» tSu gSA

lafo/ku esa ;g ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ gS Hkkjr ,d /eZ&fujis{k jkT; gksxkA

lkaLd`frd fofo/rk ls lEiznk;okn] tkfrokn] {ks=kokn] Hkk"kkokn vkfn iuirs gSaA ,d leqnk; nwljs leqnk; dks uhpk fn[kkrk gSA

tSls&ufn;ksa ds ty] ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa] vuqnkuksa ds caVokjs dks ysdj [khaprku 'kq: gks tkrh gSA


jaxHksn&jax ds vk/kj ij HksnHkko tSls&xksjk ;k dkykA

2- lkeqnkf;d igpku dk egÙo%&

gekjk leqnk; gesa Hkk"kk (ekr`Hkk"kk) vkSj lkaLd`frd ewY; iznku djrk gS ftuds ekè;e ls ge fo'o dks le>rs gSaA ;g gekjh Lo;a dh igpku dks Hkh lgkjk nsrk gSA

lkeqnkf;d igpku] tUe rFkk viusiu ij vk/kfjr gS] u fd fdlh miyfC/ ds vk/kj ijA ;g ^ge D;k* gSa bl Hkko dh |ksrd gS u fd ge D;k cu x, gSaA

laHkor% bl vkdfLed] 'krZ lfgr vFkok yxHkx vfuokj.kh; rjhds ls lacaf/r gksus ds dkj.k gh ge vDlj viuh lkeqnkf;d igpku ls HkkoukRed :i ls bruk xgjs tqM+s gksrs gSaA lkeqnkf;d laca/ksa (ifjokj] ukrsnkjh] tkfr] u`tkrh;rk] Hkk"kk] {ks=k ;k /eZ) ds c<+rs gq, vkSj ijLij O;kid nk;js gh gekjh nqfu;k dks lkFkZdrk iznku djrs gSa vkSj gesa igpku iznku djrs gSa fd ge dkSu gSaA

3- jk"Vª dh O;k[;k djuk ljy gS ij ifjHkkf"kr djuk dfBu D;ksa\

jkT; % jkT; ,d ,slk {ks=kh; leqnk; gS tks izHkqrk laiUu ljdkj }kjk fu;fer gks vkSj ckgjh fu;a=k.k ls eqDrk gksA

jk"Vª % jk"Vª ,d cM+s Lrj dk leqnk; gksrk gS tks ,d gh jktuSfrd O;oLFkk ds varxZr LosPNk ls jgus dk iz;Ru djrk gS vkSj uSfrd Hkkoukvksa ds 'kfDr'kkyh lw=kksa esa ca/k gksrk gSA

jk"Vª & jkT; % ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dk jkT; ftlesa vk/qfud txr dh fo'ks"krk gksrh gS vkSj ,d ljdkj dh ,d fuf'pr {ks=k ij laizHkq 'kfDr gksrh gS vkSj ogka jgus okys yksx mlds ukxfjd dgykrs gSA

jk"Vª ,d vuwBs fdLe dk leqnk; gksrk gSA ftldk o.kZu rks vklku gS ij bls ifjHkkf"kr djuk dfBu gSA ge ,sls vusd fof'k"V jk"Vªksa dk o.kZu dj ldrs gSaA ftudh LFkkiuk lk>s&/eZ] Hkk"kk] bfrgkl vFkok {ks=kh; laLd`fr tSlh lk>h lkaLdfrd] ,sfrgkfld vksj jktuhfrd laLFkkuksa ds vk/kj ij dh xbZ gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,sls cgqr ls jk"Vª gS ftudh viuh ,d lk>k ;k lkekU; Hkk"kk] /eZ] u`tkrh;rk vkfn ugha gSA nwljh vksj ,slh vusd Hkk"kk,a] /eZ ;k u`tkfr;k gaS tks dbZ jk"Vªksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSA ysfdu blls ;g fu"d"kZ ugha fudyrk fd ;g lHkh feydj ,d ,dhd`r jk"Vª dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa] mnkgj.k ds fy, lHkh vaxzsth Hkk"kh yksx ;k lHkh ckS¼ /ekZoyachA


vkReklkRdj.koknh vkSj ,dhdj.koknh j.kuhfr;k¡%& ,dy jk"Vªh; igpku LFkkfir djus dh dksf'k'k djrh gSa tSls%&

laaiw.kZ 'kfDr dks ,sls eapksa esa dsfUnzr djuk tgk¡ izHkko'kkyh lewg cgqla[;d gks vkSj LFkkuh; ;k vYila[;d lewgksa dh Lok;Rrk dks feVkukA

izHkko'kkyh lewg dh ijaijkvksa ij vk/kfjr ,d ,dhd`r dkuwu ,oa U;k; O;oLFkk dks Fkksiuk vkSj vU; lewgksa }kjk iz;qDr oSdfYid O;oLFkkvksa dks [kRe dj nsukA

izHkko'kkyh lewg dh Hkk"kk dks gh ,dek=k jktdh; jk"VªHkk"kk* ds :i esa viukuk vkSj mlds iz;ksx dks lHkh lkoZtfud laLFkkvksa esa vfuok;Z cuk nsukA

izHkko'kkyh lewg dh Hkk"kk vkSj laLd`fr dks jk"Vªh; laLFkkvksa ds tfj,] ftuesa jkT; fu;af=kr] tulaidZ ds ekè;e vkSj 'kSf{kd laLFkk,¡ 'kkfey gSa] c<+kok nsukA

izHkko'kkyh lewg ds bfrgkl] 'kwjohjksa vkSj laLd`fr dks lEeku iznku djus okys jkT; izrhdksa dks viukuk] jk"Vªh; ioZ] NqV~Vh ;k lM+dksa vkfn ds uke fu/kZfjr djrs le; Hkh bUgha ckrksa dk è;ku j[kukA

vYila[;d lewgksa vkSj ns'kt yksxksa ls tehusa] taxy ,oa eRL; {ks=k Nhudj] mUgsa ^jk"Vªh; lalk/u* ?kksf"kr dj nsukA

4- Hkkjrh; lUnHkZ esa {ks=kokn%&

Hkkjr esa {ks=kokn Hkkjr dh Hkk"kkvksa] laLd`fr;ksa] tutkfr;ksa vkSj /eksZa dh fofo/rk ds dkj.k ik;k tkrk gS bls fo'ks"k igpku fpUgdksa ds HkkSxksfyd ladsnz.k ds dkj.k Hkh izksRlkgu feyrk gS vksj {ks=kh; oapu dk Hkko vfXu esa ?kh dk dke djrk gSA Hkkjrh; la?kokn bu {ks=kh; Hkkoqdrkvksa dks lek;ksftr djus okyk ,d lk/u gSA

{ks=kokn Hkk"kk ij vk/kfjr gS&tSls iqjkuk cacbZ jkT; ejkBh] xqtjkrh] dUuM+ ,oa dksad.kh cksyus okys yksxksa dk cgqHkk"kh jkT; FkkA enzkl jkT; rfey] rsyqxq] dUuM+] ey;kye cksyus okys yksxksa ls cuk FkkA

{ks=kokn /eZ ij vk/kfjr gSA

{ks=kokn tutkrh; igpku ij Hkh vk/kfjr Fkk tSls lu~ 2000 esa NÙkhlx<+] >kj[kaM] mÙkjkapy tutkrh; igpku ij vk/kfjr FksA

bu lc rRoksa ds vk/kj ij fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa ruko jgrk gS mnkjhdj.k ds ;qx esa vkfFkZd fodkl esa futh iw¡th fuos'k dks vf/d cM+h Hkwfedk lkSaih xbZ gSA ,slk blfy, gksrk gS D;ksafd futh fuos'kdÙkkZ vkerkSj ij igys ls fodflr ,sls jkT; esa iw¡th yxkuk pkgrs gS tgk¡ lqfo/k,¡ csgrj gkasA

5- vYila[;d dk lekt'kkL=kh; vFkZ%& og lewg tks /eZ] tkfr dh n`f"V ls la[;k esa de gksA tSls& flD[k] eqfLye] tSu] ikjlh] ckS¼A


vYila[;d lewgksa dh /kj.kk dk lekt'kkL=k esa O;kid :i ls iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ,oa fliQZ ,d la[;kRed fof'k"Vrk ds vykok vkSj vf/d egÙo gS& blesa vkerkSj ij vlqfo/k ;k gkfu dk dqN Hkkofufgr gSA vr% fo'ks"kkf/dkj izkIr vYila[;d tSls vR;ar /uoku yksxksa dks vkerkSj ij vYila[;d ugha dgk tk ldrkA

vYila[;dksa dks D;ksa laoS/kfud laj{k.k fn;k tkuk pkfg,\

cgqla[;d oxZ ds tulkaf[;dh; izHkqRo ds dkj.k /kfeZd vFkok lkaLd`frd vYila[;dksa dks fo'ks"k laj{k.k dh vko';Drk gksrh gSA

/kfeZd rFkk lkaLd`frd vYila[;d oxZ jktuhfrd n`f"V ls detksj gksrs gSa Hkys gh mudh vkfFkZd ;k lkekftd fLFkfr dSlh Hkh gks] vr% bUgsa laj{k.k dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

cgqla[;d leqnk; jktuhfrd 'kfDr dks gfFk;k ysxk vkSj mudh /kfeZd ;k lkaLd`frd laLFkkvksa dks nckus ds fy, jktra=k dk nq#i;ksx djsxk vkSj mUgs viuh igpku NksM+ nsus ds fy, etcwj dj nsxkA

vYila[;dksa dh leL;k,a

(i) lkekftd fLFkfr

(ii) vykHkdkjh fLFkfr

(iii) lekt ls dVs gq,

(iv) iwokZxzg vkSj :<+ /kj.kk,a

(v) lkaLd`frd n`f"V ls vykHkdkjh fLFkfr

(vi) jktuhfrd n`f"V ls detksj

vYila[;dks ,oa lkaLd`frd fofo/rk ij Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk%&

vuqPNsn 29

(1) Hkkjr ds jkT;{ks=k ;k mlds fdlh Hkk"kk ds fuoklh ukxfjdksa ds fdlh vuqHkkx dks] ftldh viuh fo'ks"k Hkk"kk] fyfi ;k laLd`fr gS] mls cuk, j[kus dk vf/dkj gksxkA

(2) jkT; }kjk iksf"kr ;k jkT;&fuf/ ls lgk;rk ikus okyh fdlh f'k{kk laLFkk esa izos'k ls fdlh Hkh ukxfjd dks dsoy /eZ] ewyoa'k] tkfr] Hkk"kk ;k buesa ls fdlh ds vk/kj ij oafpr ugha fd;k tk,xkA


vuqPNsn 30

(1) /eZ ;k Hkk"kk ij vk/kfjr lHkh vYila[;d&oxksZa dks viuh :fp dh f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk vkSj iz'kklu dk vf/dkj gksxkA

(2) f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dks lgk;rk nsus esa jkT; fdlh f'k{kk laLFkk ds fo:¼ bl vkèkkj ij foHksn ugha djsxk fd og /eZ ;k Hkk"kk ij vk/kfjr fdlh vYila[;d oxZ ds izca/ esa gSA

6- lkaiznkf;drk%&

jkstejkZ dh Hkk"kk esa ^lkaiznkf;drk* dk vFkZ gS /kfeZd igpku ij vk/kfjr vkØked mxzokn] vius vkiesa ,d ,slh vfHko`fÙk gS tks vius lewg dks gh oS/ ;k Js"B lewg ekurh gS vksj vU; lewg dks fuEu] voS/ vFkok fojksèkh le>rh gSA

lkaiznkf;drk ,d vkØked jktuhfrd fopkj/kjk gS tks /eZ ls tqM+h gksrh gSA

lkaiznkf;drk jktuhfr ls ljksdkj j[krh gS /eZ ls ughaA ;|fi laiznkf;drk /eZ ds lkFk xgu :i ls tqM+k gksrk gSA

Hkkjr esa ckj&ckj lkaiznkf;d ruko iQSyrs gSa tks fd fpark dk fo"k; cuk gqvk gSA blesa ywVk tkrk gS] cykRdkj gksrk gS vksj yksxksa dh tku yh tkrh gS] tSlk fd 1984 esa flD[kksa ds lkFk ,oa 2002 esa xqtjkr ds eqlyekuksa ds lkFk gqvk] blds vykok Hkh gtkjksa ,sls iQlkn gq, gSaA ftlesa lnSo vYila[;dksa dk cM+k uqdlku gqvk gSA

7- /eZfujis{krkokn%&

if'peh utfj;s ds vuqlkj bldk vFkZ gS ppZ ;k /eksZ dks jkT; ls vyx j[kukA /eZ dk lÙkk ls vyx j[kuk if'peh ns'kksa ds fy, ,d lkekftd bfrgkl dh gSfl;r j[krk gSA

Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa /eZfujis{k jkT; og gksrk gSA tks fdlh fo'ks"k /eZ dk vU; èkeksZa dh rqyuk esa i{k ugha ysrkA Hkkjrh; Hkko ds jkT; ds lHkh /eksZa dks leku vknj nsus ds dkj.k nksuksa ds chp ruko ls ,d rjg dh dfBu fLFkfr iSnk gks tkrh gS gj iQSlyk /eZ dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, fy;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, gj /eZ ds R;ksgkj ij ljdkjh NqV~Vh gksrh gSA


8- lÙkkoknh jkT;%&

,d lÙkkoknh jkT; yksdra=kkRed jkT; dk foijhr gksrk gSA

blesa yksxksa dh vkokt ugha lquh tkrh gSA vkSj ftuds ikl 'kfDr gksrh gS os fdlh ds izfr mÙkjnk;h ugha gksrsA

lÙkkoknh jkT; vDlj Hkk"kk dh Loraa=krk] iszl dh LorU=krk] lÙkk ds nq:i;ksx ls laj{k.k dk vf/dkj fof/ (dkuwu) dh visf{kr izfØ;kvksa dk vf/dkj tSlh vusd izdkj dh ukxfjd Lora=krkvksa dks vDlj lhfer ;k lekIr dj nsrs gSaA

Hkkjrh; yksxksa dks lÙkkoknh 'kklu dk FkksM+k vuqHko vkikrdky ds nkSjku gqvk tks 1975 ls 1977 rd ykxw jgh FkhA

laln dks fuyafcr dj fn;k x;k FkkA ukxfjd Lora=krk,¡ Nhu yh xbZ vkSj jktuhfrd :i ls lfØ; yksx cM+h la[;k esa fxjÝrkj gq,A fcuk eqdnek pyk, tsyksa esa Mky fn, x,A

tulapkj ds ekè;eksa ij lsalj O;oLFkk ykxw dj nh xbZ FkhA

lcls dq[;kr dk;ZØe ulcanh vfHk;ku FkkA yksxksa dh 'kY;fØ;k ds dkj.k mRiUu gqbZ leL;kvksa ls ekSr gqbZA

1977 ds izkjaHk esa pquko djk, x, rks yksxksa us c<+&p<+dj lÙkk/kjh dkaxzsl ny ds fojks/ esa oksV MkysA

lRrkoknh 'kklu dk ifj.kke%

& ekSfyd vf/dkjksa dk guu

& Hkkxhnkjh dh ygj dk mRiUu gksuk

& lkekftd vkanksyu dh 'kq#vkr

& efgyk vkanksyu] i;kZoj.k lqj{kk vkanksyu] ekuo vf/dkj ,oa nfyr vkankyuA

9- ukxfjd lekt%&

ukxfjd lekt ml O;kid dk;Z{ks=k dks dgrs gSa tks ifjokj ds futh {ks=k ls ijs gksrk gS] ysfdu jkT; vkSj cktkj nksuksa {ks=k ls ckgj gksrk gSA

ukxfjd lekt esa LoSfPNd laxBu gksrs gSA


;g lfØ; ukxfjdrk dk {ks=k gS ;gk¡ O;fDr feydj lkekftd eqn~nksa ij ppkZ djrs gSaA tSls&xSj ljdkjh laLFkk,¡] jktuhfrd ny] ehfM;k] Jfed la?k vkfnA

ukxfjd lekt ds }kjk mBk, x, eqn~ns

µ tutkfr dh Hkwfe dh yM+kbZ

µ i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk mnkgj.k

µ ekud vf/dkj vkSj nfyrksa ds gd dh yM+kbZ (eqn~ns)A

µ uxjh; 'kklu dk gLrkarj.kA

µ fL=k;ksa ds izfr fgalk vkSj cykRdkj ds fo:¼ vfHk;kuA

µ ck¡/ksa ds fuekZ.k vFkok fodkl dh vU; ifj;kstukvksa ds dkj.k foLFkkfir gq, yksxksa dk iquokZlA

µ xanh cfLr;k¡ gVkus ds fo:¼ vkSj vkoklh; vf/dkjksa ds fy, vfHk;kuA

µ izkFkfed f'k{kk laca/h lq/kjA

µ nfyrksa dks Hkwfe dk forj.kA

µ jkT; dks dke dkt ij utj j[kus vkSj mlls dkuwu dk ikyu djokukA

lwpukf/dkj vf/fu;e 2005 (yksxksa ds mÙkj nsus ds fy, jkT; dks ckè; djuk)

lwpukf/dkj vf/fu;e 2005 Hkkjrh; laln }kjk vf/fu;fer ,d ,slk dkuwu gS ftlds rgr Hkkjrh;ksa dks (tEew vkSj d'ehj) ljdkjh vfHkys[kksa rd igq¡pus dk vf/dkj fn;k x;k gSA

dksbZ Hkh O;fDr fdlh ^^lkoZtfud izkf/dj.k** ls lwpuk ds fy, vuqjks/ dj ldrk gS vksj ml izkf/dj.k ls ;g vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd og 'kh?kzrk ls ;kuh 30 fnu ds Hkhrj mls mÙkj nsxkA

lwpukf/dkj vf/fu;e 2005 ds ykHk

bl vf/fu;e ds vuqlkj dksbZ Hkh O;fDr ljdkj lss /u ds vkoaVu] dj dh ekax dj ldrk gS vkSj fuf/ nLrkost dh izfrfyfi cuk ldrk gSA

fofHkUu ifj;kstukvksa ds fy, /u vkoafVr fd, tkus ds ckjs esa yksxksa dks tkudkjh izkIr djus dk vf/dkj gSA


nLrkost izkIr djus dk vf/dkj

nLrkostksa] dk;ksZa vkSj vfHkys[kksa dk fujh{k.k

dk;Z dh lkefxz;ksa ds izekf.kr uewus ysus dk vf/dkj

ukxfjd lwpuk fizaVvkmV] fMLDl] ÝykWih] Vsi] ohfM;ks dSlsV o vU; bysDVªkWfud ekè;e ls ysukA

iz'ukoyh

1 vad ds iz'u

1. dFku lgh djsaµ

(a) jk"Vª dh O;k[;k djuk dfBu gS ij ifjHkkf"kr djuk ljy gSA

(b) vYila[;d og lewg gS tks /eZ] tkfr dh n`f"V ls la[;k esa vf/d gksrs gSA

(c) lkaiznkf;drk dk vFkZ ¶/kfeZd igpku ij vk/kfjr vkØked mxzokn¸ ugha gksrk gSA

(d) lkeqnkf;d igpku tkfr rFkk oxZ ij vk/kfjr gS] u fd fdlh miyfC/ osQ vk/kj ijA

(e) tula[;k dh n`f"V ls fo'o Hkj esa phu dk LFkku nwljk gSA

2. lkaLÑfrd fofo/rk dk mnkgj.k gSµ

(a) Hkkjr (b) ikfdLrku

(c) usiky (d) phu

mÙkj & Hkkjr


3. vYila[;dksa ls lacaf/r vuqPNsn gSµ

(a) 29 ,oa 30 (b) 31 ,oa 32

(c) 33 ,oa 34 (d) 27 ,oa 28

mÙkj & (a)

4. lÙkkoknh 'kklu osQ nkSjku fuEufyf[kr esa ls D;k lgh ugha gSA

(a) ukxfjd Lora=krk,¡ fNuuk (b) lsalj O;oLFkk ykxw djuk

(c) laln dks fuyafcr djuk (d) Hkk"kk dh Lora=krk gksukA

mÙkj & (d)

5. ---------------- vf/fu;e 2005 ,d ,slk dkuwu gS ftlosQ rgr Hkkjrh;ksa dks ljdkjh vfHkys[kksa rd igq¡pus dk vfèkdkj fn;k x;k gSA

mÙkj & lwpukf/dkj

6. ,d ---------------- jkT; yksdra=kkRed jkT; dk foijhr gksrk gSA

mÙkj & lÙkkoknh

7. if'peh utfj;s osQ varxZr ----------------a ppZ ;k /eks± dks jkT; ls vyx j[kukA

mÙkj & bldk vFkZ gS

8. jax Hksn ls rkRi;Z gS ---------------- tSls xksjk ;k dkykA

mÙkj & HksnHkko

9. ---------------- vkSj ---------------- j.kuhfr;k¡ ,dy jk"Vªh; igpku LFkkfir djus dh dksf'k'k djrh gSA

mÙkj & ljyhdj.k] ,dhdj.k

10. {ks=kokn ---------------- rFkk ---------------- ij vk/kfjr gSA

mÙkj & Hkk"kk] /eZ


2 vad iz'u

1- lkaLd`frd fofo/rk ls vki D;k le>rs gS\

2- /eZfujis{krk dks ik'pkR; o Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa le>kb,A

3- vftZr igpku D;k gksrk gSA

4- jk"Vª&jkT; dh ifjHkk"kk fy[ksaA

5- vYila[;d dkSu gksrs gSa\

6- lektoknh jkT; dh dqN fo'ks"krk,a fy[ksaA

7- {ks=kokn D;k gksrk gS\

8- fo'ks"k vf/dkj izkIr@lqfo/k izkIr vYila[;d dkSu gksrs gSa\

9- jktuhfrd :i ls vYila[;d egÙoiw.kZ D;ksa gSa\

10- vYila[;dksa dh lqj{kk jkT; ds fy, ,d pqukSrh gS] D;ksa\

11- jkT; vDlj lkaLd`frd fofo/rk ds ckjsa esa 'kadkyq D;ksa gksrs gSa\

12- Hkkjr esa ikbZ tkus okyh /kfeZd fofo/rk ij ys[k fy[ksaA

13- vYila[;dksa ds vf/dkjksa ds fo"k; esa lafo/ku esa D;k&D;k fy[kk gS\

14- lkaiznkf;drk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

15- jaxHksn ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\

4 vad iz'u

1- Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa lkaiznkf;drk dk o.kZu djsaA

2- Hkkjr us viuh lkaLd`frd fofo/rk dks fdl izdkj cuk, j[kk gS\

3- lkaiznkf;drk dh dqN fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb;sA


4- ik'pkR; o Hkkjrh; /eZ fujis{krk esa vUrj Li"V djsaA

5- iztkra=kh; jkT; o lÙkkoknh jkT; esa vUrj crkb;sA

6- ,d fof'k"V {ks=k esa {ks=kokn [krjukd gS] tcfd lkaiznkf;drk iwjs jk"Vª ds fy, [krjukd gSA mnkgj.k lfgr o.kZu dhft,A

7- lkEiznkf;drk ds vFkZ vkt cqjs gks x, gSaA blls vkt pkjksa vksj HksnHkko] uiQjr vkSj dVqrk dk tgj iQSyrk tk jgk gSA lkEiznkf;drk ls izHkkfor O;fDr] lekt vkSj jk"Vª ,d&nwljs ds izfr vln~Hkkoksa dks igqapkrk gSA /eZ vkSj /eZ uhfr tc enkU/rk dks pqu ysrh gS] rc ogka lkEiznkf;drk mRiUu gks tkrh gSA ml le; /eZ] /eZ ugha jg tkrk gS og rks dky dk :i /kj.k djds ekuork dks gh lekIr djus ij rqy tkrk gSA fiQj uSfrdrk] f'k"Vrk] mnkjrk] ljyrk] lân;rk vkfn lkfRpd vkSj nSoh; xq.kksa vkSj izHkkoksa dks dgha 'kj.k ugha feyrh gSA

iz'u 1% laiznk;okn ls pkjksa vksj HksnHkko] uiQjr vkSj--------------dk tgj iQSyrk tk jgk gSA

iz'u 2% dFku lgh djks

lEiznk;okn ls vPNs ifj.kke vk jgss gSaA

mÙkj % lEiznk;okn ls cqjs ifj.kke vk jgs gSaA

iz'u 3% lkEiznkf;drk fdldh nq'eu gS\

1- vlekurk 2- v/eZ 3- ekuork 4- jkgxhjh

mÙkj % ekuork

iz'u 4% lkEiznkf;drk ds xq.k ugha gSa

1- uSfrdrk 2- ljyrk 3- f'k"Vrk 4- /ekZU/rk

i) 1] 2 o 4 ii) 2]3 o 4

iii) 1] 2 o 3 iv) 1] 2] 3 o 4

mÙkj & iii

8- Hkkjr la?k jkT; dbZ la?kh; bdkbZ;ksa tSls mRrj izns'k] fcgkj] eè;izns'k vkfn ls feydj cuk gSA budks ge jkT; cksyrs gSaA lafo/ku esa Hkh dqN txgksa ij buds


ifj;kstuk dk;Z ds fy;s lq>ko

lekt'kkL=k

d{kk&12oha

ikB~;Øe esa la'kk/u ds iQyLo:i jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :i js[kk 2005 ds vuqlkj lekt'kkL=k esa ifj;kstuk 2008&09 esa 'kq: fd;k x;kA ;g fdrkch Kku dh ml fojklr ds foijhr gS ftlds izHkkoo'k gekjh O;oLFkk vkt rd fo|ky; vkSj ?kj ds chp varjky cuk;s gq, gSA bl iz;kl esa tkudkjh dks jVk nsus dh izo`fRr dk fojks/ 'kkfey gSA d{kk 11oha rFkk 12oha dh ikB~;iqLrdksa esa fofHkUu ifj;kstukAlaHkkfor leL;kvksa dks è;ku esa j[kus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS tks fofHkUu lanHkksZa] ifjfLFkfr;ksa ;k fofHkUu izdkj ds fo|ky;ksa esa ,sls 'kks/ dk;ksZa ds nkSjku mifLFkr gks ldrs gSaA ikB~;iqLrd esa fliQZ lq>ko ek=k gSaA Nk=k vius vè;kidksa ds lkFk fopkj foe'kZ dj vU; 'kks/ ifj;kstuk,Wa rS;kj dj mu ij dk;Z djus ds fy, Lora=k gSaA

cká ijh{kd }kjk ewY;kadu fd;k tk,xk] tks O;ogkfjd ifj;kstuk dk;Z ds fy, fu/kZfjr 20 vad dk foHkktu gSA


vadu ;kstuk ( MAKING SCHEME)

S.NO ITEM MARKS TOTAL

1 ifjp; (Introduction) 2 vad

2 iz;kstu dk dFku (Statement of Purpose) 2 vad

3 'kks/ iz'u (Research Question) 2 vad

4 dk;Ziz.kkyh (Methodology) ('kks/ i¼fr) 3 vad

5 MsVk fo'ys"k.k (DataAnalysis) 4 vad

6 fu"d"kZ (Conclusion) 2 vad

ifj;kstuk VIVA 5 vad dqy vad=20


ifj;kstuk dk;Z & foLr`r fooj.k

vuqla/kku ds ckjs esa i<+us vkSj mls okLor esa djus esa cgqr varj gksrk gSA fdlh iz'u dk mRrj nsus ds fy, O;kogkfjd iz;kl djuk vkSj lqO;ofLFkr :i ls lk{; bdV~Bk djuk ,d vR;ar mi;ksxh vuqHko gSA

,d okLrfod vuqla/ku ifj;kstk fuf'pr :i ls vf/d foLr`r gksxh vkSj mls laiUu djus ds fy, Nk=kksa dks fo|ky; esa miyC/ le; ls dgha vf/d le; nsus ,oa iz;Ru djus dh vko';drk gksxhA izR;sd vuqla/ku i'u ;kfu 'kks/ fo"k; ij dk;Z djus ds fy, mi;qDr vuqla/ku i¼fr dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ,d iz'u dk mRrj vDlj ,d ls vf/d i¼fr;ksa ls fn;k tk ldrk gS ysfdu ;g vko';d ugha gS fd ,d vuqla/ku i¼fr lHkh iz'uksa ds fy, mi;qDr gksA ;g p;u O;kogkfjdrk dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, fd;k tkuk pkfg,A blls vusd ckrsa 'kkfey gks ldrh gSa tSls&vuqla/ku ds fy, miyC/ le; dh ek=kk] yksxksa ,oa lkexzh nksuksa ds :i esa miyC/ lalk/u] ifjfLFkr;kWa bR;kfnA

,d fu/kZfjr iz'u pqu ysus ds ckn vxyk dne gksrk gS mi;qDr i¼fr dk p;u djukA i¼fr ds vk/kj ij ,d iz'ukoyh rS;kj djuh gksxhA rRi'pkr iz'ukofy;ksa dks bdV~Bk djds muls ifj.kkeksa dk fo'ys"k.k djsaxsA

çLrkouk

blds varxZr ge fo"k; dk iwoZ Kku crk,axs fd vc rd ml fo"k; ds ckjs esa gesa D;k irk gSA fy, x, VkWfid dk ,d lkekU; ifjp; nsaA viuh 'kksèk leL;k vkSj mís'; crk,aA vius fo"k; ij çklafxd lkfgR; dks la{ksi esa fy[ksaA fo"k; dh orZeku fLFkfr dk o.kZu djsaA fo"k; esa fdlh Hkh varjky ij è;ku nsa tks vkidk vè;;u lacksfèkr djsxk

ç;kstu dk dFku

vius vki dks] viuh #fp;ksa vkSj çsj.kkvksa dk ifjp; nsaA vius fiNys dfj;j dks la{ksi esa crk,aA viuh gky dh vkSj orZeku xfrfofèk;ksa dh çklafxdrk ij ppkZ djsaA fo"k; dks pquus dk vkSfpR; D;k gS bldks la{ksi esa crk,aA fo"k; fd pqukSfr;k¡ D;k gSa vkSj vki D;k le>uk pkgrs gSa la{ksi esa crk,a


'kks/ iz'u

lkekU; rkSj ij ,d vPNk 'kks/ iz'u Li"V vkSj dsfUnzr gksuk pkfg,A nwljs 'kCnksa esa iz'u Li"V :i ls crkuk pkfg, fd vuqla/kudrkZ dks D;k djus dh vko';drk gSA iz'u u T;knk O;kid gks vkSj u gh T;knk ladh.kZ gksA

'kks/ i¼fr & fo"k; dh ekax] le;] /u [kpZ djs dh lhek vkfn ckrksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj i¼fr dk pquko fd;k tkrk gSA

eq[; fofHkUu 'kks/ i¼fr;kWa

1- losZ{k.k iz.kkyh& bl iz.kkyh ds varxZr lkekU;r% fu/kZfjr iz'uksa dks cM+h la[;k eas yksxkssa ls iwNk tkrk gSA bl iz.kkyh ls yksxksa ds fopkjksa dks tkuk tk ldrk gSA

2- lk{kkRdkj& lk{kkRdkj ges'kk O;fDrxr :i ls fd;k tkrk gS vkSj blesa dkiQh de yksxksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA lk{kkRdkj eas yphykiu gksrk gSA blesa fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ij foLrkj ls ppkZ dh tk ldrh gSA

3- izs{k.k& izs{k.k i¼fr ds varxZr 'kks/drkZ dks vius 'kks/ djus ds fy, fuèkkZfjr ifjfLFkrh ;k lanHkZ esa D;k&D;k gks jgk gS bl ij ckjhdh ls utj j[kuh gksrh gS vkSj mldk vfHkys[k rS;kj djuk gksrk gSA

MsVk fo'ys"k.k

MsVk fo'ys"k.k MsVk dk o.kZu vkSj fp=k.k] la{ksi.k vkSj iqujko`fRr djus vkSj MsVk dk ewY;kadjus ds fy, lkaf[;dh; @ ;k rkfdZd rduhdksa dks O;ofLFkr :i ls ykxw djus dh izfØ;k gSA njvly] 'kks/drkZ vkerkSj ij laiw.kZ MsVk laxzg djds mudk fo'ys"k.k djrs gSaA lwpuknkrkvksa ls izkIr lwpukvksa dks lkj.khc¼ djds mudk vè;;u djuk fo'ys"k.k dgykrk gSA

fu"d"kZ

bl izdkj var eas ge lwpukvksa ds vk/kj ij ifj.kke fudky ldrs gSaA

ifj;kstuk VIVA

ijh{kk okys fnu cká ijh{kd izkstsDV ds vk/kj ij iz'u iwN dj VIVA ds vadksa dk fu/kZj.k djrk gSA


lSaiy izkstsDV fo"k; % dksjksuk dky esa fnYyh f'k{kk foHkkx }kjk f'k{k.k dk;Z

ifjp;

tSlk fd lHkh dks irk gS fd fo'o bl oDr dksjksuk egkekjh dk f'kdkj gS vkSj iwjk fo'o tSls Fke lk x;k gSA ekpZ 2020 esa iwjk fo'o ykWd Mkmu dh fLFkfr dk lkeuk dj jgk gS vkSj cPpksa dh i<+kbZ ckf/r gks xbZ gSA fo|ky; vkSj fo'ofo|ky; can dj fn, x, gSa rFkk ?kjksa ls fudyuk Hkh dsoy fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;kssa esa gh gks ikrk gSA yksx okfil vius xkao dh vksj ykSV x, gSaA cPps ?kjksa esa dSn gks x, gSaA ,sls le; esa fnYyh ljdkj ds f'k{kk foHkkx us f'k{k.k dk;Z dks tkjh j[kus dh laHkkouk,a ryk'kuk 'kq: fd;k vkSj vk/qfud rduhdksa dk lgkjk ysrs gq, vkWuykbu f'k{kk dh 'kq#vkr dhA

iz;kstu dk dFku

bl fo"k; dks pquus dk esjk mís'; ;g gS fd vc lkekU; rjhds ls i<+kbZ u gks ik jgh gS rc fdu fof/;kas dk iz;ksx djds i<+kbZ tkjh j[kh tk ldrh gSA vk/qfud rduhd dk tekuk gS vkSj ubZ ih<+h vk/qfud rduhdksa dks vPNh rjg le>rh gSA eksckby] baVjusV ;k vk/qfud vU; midj.k vke vkneh dh igqap esa gSa rks D;ksa u bl fof/ dk lgkjk fy;k tk;sA bu rduhdksa ds mi;ksx ls i<+kbZ fdruh liQy jgh vkSj D;k Hkfo"; esa t:jr iM+us ij bls tkjh j[kk tk ldrk gS\ gj eqlhcr ,d u;k jkLrk fn[kk dj tkrh gSA dksjksuk ds dkj.k ge Hkh ubZ rduhdksa dk iz;ksx djds i<+kbZ dks ubZ rduhdksa ds lkFk tksM+ dj u, vk;ke Nw ldsA

'kks/ iz'u

i<+kbZ dks tkjh j[kus esa vk/qfud rduhdsa fdl lhek rd lgk;d gks ldrh gSa\

vFkok

dgha vk/qfud rduhdsa gesa mu ij vkfJr gksuk rks ugha fl[kk jgha\

vFkok

fnYyh ljdkj ds f'k{kk foHkkx dh vkWuykbu Dykl dk iz;ksx fdruk liQy jgk\


'kks/ i¼fr

mijfyf[kr eqís dks tkuus ds fy, iz'ukoyh ij vk/kfjr losZ{k.k i¼fr dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA fofHkUu iz'uksa dks lkeus j[kdj ge buds mRrj tku ldrs gSaA D;ksafd ,sls le; esa ?kj ls ckgj T;knk fudyuk mfpr ugha gksxkA vr% ,sls esa vkWuykbu rduhd dk gh lgkjk ysdj yksxksa ls vkWuykbu laidZ fd;k tk;s vkSj vkadM+s bdV~Bs fd, tk,Wa ;k fiQj dsoy dksjksuk cpko ds rjhdksa dk iwjh rjg ls ikyu djrs gq, gh yksxksa ls feyk tk,A blds fy, 15 ls 20 iz'uksa dh ,d iz'ukoy cuk;h tk;s vkSj xwxy iQkWeZ cukdj vkWuykbu ,sIi tSls OgkV~lIIk] iQslcqd] fV~oVj vkfn dk iz;ksx fd;k tk, rkfd bZesy ls izfrfØ;k,a fey ldsaA iz'uksa ds fy, lk/kj.k Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k tk, vkSj iz'u bl izdkj cuk, tk,a rkfd lwpuknkrk vklkuh ls lwpuk,a ns ldsA iz'u cgqfodYih; gkssus pkfg, rkfd lwpuknkrk mudk mRrj nsus eas vklkuh eglwl djsaA i'u dqN bl rjg ds gks ldrs gSa %&

1- vkids ikl dkSu ls vk/qfud midj.k gSa\

2- D;k eksckby esa baVjusV dk iz;ksx djuk vkrk gS\

3- D;k eksckby vkids ikl jgrk gS ;k ?kjokykas ds ikl\

4- fdl le; midj.k dk iz;ksx djus eas vkidks lqfo/k gksrh gS\

5- D;k vki bu ekè;eksa ls f'k{kk izkIr dj jgs gSa\

6- vki bl ekè;e ls f'k{kk izkIr djds D;k u;k lh[k lds\

7- D;k Hkfo"; esa Hkh vki bldks tkjh j[kus ds i{k esa gSa\

MsVk fo'ys"k.k

mi;qZDr lwpuk,a feyus ds ckn bu lwpukvksa dks lkj.khc¼ djds budh rkfydk cuk;h tk, vkSj MsVk dks vyx dj fy;k tk, tSls fdrus yksxksa ds ikl eksckby Fkk] fdrus izfr'kr yksx budk ykHk mBk ldsA fdrus yksxkas rd f'k{kk dk ;g u;k izk:i viuh igqap cuk ldkA ikbZ pkVZ ;k xzkiQ ;k ckj Mk;xzke ds ekè;e ls bu lwpukvksa dks fn[kk;k tk ldrk gSA

fu"d"kZ

fp=k ;k ikbZ pkVZ ;k ckj Mk;xzke vkfn ds ekè;e ls dksbZ Hkh bu lwpukvksa ds vkèkkj ij fu"d"kZ fudky ldrk gS fd i<+kbZ dk ;g rjhdk fdruk liQy jgk vkSj le; iM+us ij bl i¼fr dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS ;k ughaA


laHkkfor 'kks/ Topic @ fo"k;

1- ekl ehfM;k vkSj mudh lkekftd thou esa cnyrh HkwfedkA

2- lkoZtfud ifjogu% yksxksa ds thou esa bldh D;k Hkwfedk gS\

3- lkekftd thou esa lapkj ekè;eksa dh D;k Hkwfedk gS\

4- fofHkUu vk;q esa (tSls d{kk 5] 8] 11) fo|ky;h cPpksa dh cnyrh gqbZ vkdka{kk,aA

5- >ksiM+iV~Vh ds fuokfl;ksa dh leL;k,WaA

6- cPpksAds izfr vijk/A

7- o`¼koLFkk esa ?kjksa esa jgus okys yksxksa dh HkkoukRed fLFkfrA

8- ljdkjh Ldwyksa esa i<+kbZ vkSj yM+fd;ksa dh dfj;j vkdka{kk,WaA

9- fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; esa mPp dVvkWiQ ds ckjs esa vk'kadk,WaA

10- ;qokvksa dk jktuhfr dh rjiQ #>kuA

11- dksjksuk ds ckn thouA

12- dksjksuk le; esa f'k{kkA

13- egkekjh ds le; thouA

14- ykWdMkmu dk vuqHkoA

15- odZ Úke gkseA

16- izoklh etnwjksa dh leL;k,WaA

17- vlaxfBr {ks=k eas Jfedksa dh leL;k,WaA


iqLrd 2

Ø-la- ikB vad

1- vè;k; 1 % Hkkjr esa lkekftd ifjoZru ,oa fodkl 6

2- vè;k; 2 % lkaLd`frd ifjorZu 6

3- vè;k; 3 % Hkkjrh; yksdra=k dh dgkfu;k¡ 6

4- vè;k; 4 % xzkeh.k lekt esa fodkl ,oa ifjorZu 6

5- vè;k; 5 % vkS|ksfxd lekt esa ifjorZu rFkk fodkl 6

6- vè;k; 6 % HkweaMyhdj.k vkSj lkekftd ifjorZu 6

7- vè;k; 7 % tu lEidZ lk/u vkSj lapkj 6

8- vè;k; 8 % lkekftd vkanksyu 6

dqy 48

lekt'kkL= (dksM+ ua- 39)


ikB 1

Hkkjr esa lkekftd ifjorZu ,oa fodkl

eq[; fcUnq

1- lajpukRed ifjorZu

lekt esa vkus okys ifjorZu] tks lekt dh lajpuk eas ifjorZu ykrs gSa] lajpukRed ifjorZu dgykrs gSaA

2- mifuos'kokn

,d Lrj ij ,d ns'k }kjk nwljs ns'k ij 'kklu dks mifuos'kokn ekuk tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa ;g 'kklu fdlh vU; 'kklu ls vf/d izHkko'kkyh jgkA mifuos'kokn us lkekftd lajpuk ,oa laLd`fr esa ifjorZuksa dks fn'kk nh ,oa mu ij vusd izHkko MkysA

mifuos'kokn us jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd ljapuk esa uohu ifjorZu fd, ijUrq eq[; lajpkRed ifjorZu&vkS|ksfxdj.k o uxjhdj.k gSA

3- mifuos'kokn dk Hkkjrh; lekt ij izHkko %&

i) Hkkjr esa vk/qfud fopkj ,oa laLFkk, vkSifuosf'kd dky dh nsu gS] gekjs ns'k dh lalnh; fof/ ,oa f'k{kk O;oLFkk fczfV'k izk:i o izfrekuksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA

ii) lM+dksa ij cka, pyuk] cszM&vkeysV vkSj dVysV tSlh [kkus dh pht bLrseky djuk] usd&VkbZ iks'kkd iguuk] vaxszth Hkk"kk dk vf/d iz;ksx djuk vkfnA

(iii) mifuos'kokn dk Hkkjrh; lekt ij izHkko fczrkuh mifuos'kokn iw¡thokn O;oLFkk ij vk/kfjr FkkA blus vkfFkZd O;oLFkk esa cM+s iSekus ij gLr{ksi fd;k] ftlds dkj.k bls etcwrh feyhA oLrqvksa dh mRiknu iz.kkyh o forj.k ds rjhds Hkh cny x,A

(iv) taxy dkV dj pk; dh [ksrh dh 'kq:vkr dh rFkk taxyksa dks fu;af=kr ,oa iz'kkflr djus ds fy, vusd dkuwu cuk,A


(v) mifuos'kokn ds nkSjku yksxks dk vkoxeu c<+k % MkDVj o odhy eq[;r% caxky o enzkl ls pqudj ns'k fons'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa lsok ds fy, Hksts x,A O;olkf;;ksa dk vkokxeu Hkh c<+kA ;g Hkkjr rd lhfer u jg dj lqnwj ,f'k;k] vizQhdk rFkk vesfjdk mifuos'k rd c<+ x;kA

(vi) vkt ds >kj[kaM izns'k ls mu fnuksa cgqr ls yksx pk; ckxkuksa esa etnwjh djus ds mís'; ls vle vk,A Hkkjrh; etnwjksa ,oa n{k lsokdfeZ;ksa dks tgktksa ds ekè;e ls lqnqj ,f'k;k] vÚhdk vkSj vesfjdk Hkstk x;kA

(vii) mifuos'k&okn }kjk oS/kfud] lkaLd`frd o okLrqdyk esa Hkh ifjorZu vk;kA dqN ifjorZu lqfu;ksftr rjhdksa ls ykxw fd, x, FksA

(viii) tSls if'peh f'k{kk i¼fr dks Hkkjr esa bl mís'; ls yk;k x;k fd mlls Hkkjrh;ksa dk ,d ,slk oxZ rS;kj gks tks fczfV'k mifuos'kokn dks cuk, j[kus esa lg;ksxh gksA ;gh if'peh f'k{kk i¼fr jk"Vªoknh psruk ,oa mifuos'k fojks/h psruk dk ekè;e cuhA

(ix) fczfV'k mifuos'kokn vc Hkh gekjs thou dk ,d tfVy fgLlk gSA ge vaxzsth Hkk"kk dk mnkgj.k ys ldrs gSaA

(x) cgqr ls Hkkjrh;ksa us vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa mRd`"V lkfgfR;d jpuk,¡ dh gSA vaxszth ds Kku ds dkj.k fo'ks"k LFkku izkIr gSA ftls vaxzsth dk Kku ugha gksrk gS mls jkstxkj ds {ks=k esa ijs'kkfu;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA vaxszth Kku ls vc nfyrksa ds fy, Hkh voljksa ds }kj [kqy x, gSA

4- iw¡thokn&,d ,slh vFkZO;oLFkk ftleas mRiknu ds lk/uksa dk LokfeRo dqN fo'ks"k yksxksa ds gkFk esa gksrk gSA blesa T;knk ls T;knk equkiQk dekus ij tksj fn;k tkrk gSA bls xfr'khyrk] o`f¼] izlkj] uohuhdj.k] rduhd rFkk Je ds csgrj mi;ksx ds fy, tkuk x;kA blls cktkj dks ,d foLr`r HkweaMyhdj.k ds :i esa ns[kk tkus yxkA Hkkjr esa Hkh iw¡thokn ds fodkl ds dkj.k mifuos'kokn izcy gqvk vkSj bl izfØ;k dk izHkko Hkkjr dh lkekftd] lkaLd`frd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd lajpuk ij iM+kA

vxj iwathoknh O;oLFkk 'kfDr'kkyh vkfFkZd O;oLFkk cu ldrh gS rks jk"Vª jkT; Hkh l'kDr ,oa izcy jktuhfrd :i ys ldrk gSA vkS|ksxhdj.k ds dkj.k u, lkekftd lewg ,oa u, lkekftd fj'rksa dk fodkl gqvkA


5- uxjhdj.k vkSj vkS|ksxhdj.k%&

mifuos'kokn ds nkSjku nks lajpukRed ifjorZu gq,%&

ge uxjhdj.k dks vkS|ksxhdj.k ls tksM+dj ns[krs gSA

vkS|ksxhdj.k dk lEcU/ ;kfU=kd mRiknu ds mn; ls gS tks mQtkZ ds xSjekuoh; lalk/uksa ij fuHkZj gksrk gS blesa T;knkrj yksx dkj[kkuksa] nÝrjksa rFkk nqdkuksa esa dke djrs gSA rFkk blds dkj.k d`f"k O;olk; esa yksxksa dh la[;k de gksrh tk jgh gSA vkSifuosf'kd dky ds uxjhdj.k esa iqjkus 'kgjksa dk vfLrRo detksj gksrk x;k vkSj mudh txg ij u, vkSifuos'kd 'kgjksa dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl gqvkA

uxjhdj.k dks vkS|ksxhdj.k ls tksM+ dj ns[kk tk ldrk gSA nksuksa ,d lkFk gksus okyh izfd;k,¡ gS dbZ ckj vkS|ksfxd {kj.k Hkh ns[kk x;k gSA Hkkjr esa dqN iqjkus] iajijkRed uxjh; dsUnzksa dk iru gqvkA ftl rjg fczVsu esa mRiknu o fuekZ.k esa c<+kok vk;k mlds foijhr Hkkjr esa fxjkoV vkbZA izkphu uxj tSls&lwjr vksj elqyhiV~Vue dk vfLrRo detksj gqvkA

vk/qfud uxj tSls cacbZ] dydÙkk] enzkl tks mifuos'koknh 'kklu esa izpfyr gq, vkSj etcwr gksrs pys x,A

cacbZ ls dikl] dydÙkk ls twV] enzkl ls dgok] phuh] uhy rFkk dikl fczVsu dks fu;kZr fd;k tkrk FkkA

izkjEHk esa Hkkjr ds yksx vkS|ksxhdj.k ds dkj.k fczfV'kksa ds foijhr d`f"k {ks=k dh vksj vk,A bl izdkj u, lkekftd lewg rFkk u, lkekftd lEcU/ksa dk mn; gqvkA

Lora=krk ds ckn Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks vkS|ksxhdj.k ds }kjk gh lq/kjk tk ldkA lekt'kkL=kh ,e-,l-,- jko us fy[kk gS fd Hkkjr ds vusd xk¡o Hkh rsth ls c<+ jgs uxjh; izHkko esa vk jgs gSA

fczfV'k lkezkT; dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa uxjksa dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ FkhA leqnz rVh; uxj tSls cacbZ] dydÙkk vkSn enzkl mi;qDr ekus x, FksA D;ksafd bu txgksa ls miHkksx dh vko';d oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr vklkuh ls fd;k tk ldrk FkkA ;gh ls mRikfnr oLrqvksa dks lLrh ykxr ls vk;kr fd;k tk ldrk FkkA


6- pk; dh ckxokuh

vf/dkfjd fjiksVZ ls irk pyrk gS fd vkSifuosf'd ljdkj xyr rjhdksa ls etnwjksa dh HkrhZ djrh FkhA

etnwjksa dks cyiwoZd ckxkuksa esa lLrs esa dke djk;k tkrk FkkA blls ckxku okyks dks iQk;nk feyrk Fkk vkSj etnwjks dk 'kks"k.k gksrk FkkA

ckxkuksa ds ekfyd vaxzst vkSj mudh ese fo'kky caxyksa esa jgrs FksA lkjk t:jr dk lkeku muds ikl ekStqn FkkA mudh ftanxh pdk&pkSa/ lssa Hkjh FkhA

7- Lora=k Hkkjr esa vkS|ksxhdj.k

vkS|ksxhdj.k dks Lora=k Hkkjr us lfØ; rkSj ij c<+kok fn;kA

Lons'kh vkanksyu us Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds izfr fu"Bk dks etcwr fd;kA

rhoz vkSj o`gn~ vkS|ksxhdj.k ds }kjk vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa lq/kj vk;k vkSj lkekftd U;k; gks ik;kA

Hkkjh e'khuhd`r m|ksxksa dk fodkl gqvkA bUgsa cukus okys m|ksxksa]] ifCyd lsDVj ds foLrkj vkSj cM+s dks&vkWijsfVo lsDVj dks egRoiw.kZ ekuk x;kA

8- Lora=k Hkkjr esa uxjhdj.k

Hkwe.Myhdj.k }kjk 'kgjksa dk vR;f/d izlkj gqvkA

,e-,l-,- jko ds vuqlkj Hkkjrh; xk¡o ij uxjksa ds izHkko&

(d) dqN xk¡o ,sls gS t¡gk ls vPNh [kklh la[;k esa yksx nwjnjkt ds 'kgjksa esa jkst+xkj <w¡<+usa ds fy, tkrs gSA cgqr lkjs izoklh dsoy Hkkjrh; uxjksa esa gh ugha cfYd fons'kksa esa Hkh jgrs gSaA

([k) 'kgjh izHkko mu xk¡oksa esa ns[kk tkrk gS tks vkS|ksfxd 'kgjksa ds fudV fLFkr gS tSls fHkykbZA

(x) egkuxjksa dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl rhljs izdkj dk 'kgjh izHkko gS ftlls fudVorhZ xk¡o izHkkfor gksrs gSA dqN lhekorhZ xk¡o iwjh rjg ls uxj ds izlkj esa foyhu gks tkrs gSA tcfd os {ks=k tgk¡ yksx ugha jgrs uxjh; fodkl ds fy, iz;ksx esa ys fy, tkrs gSaA


iz'ukoyh

1 vad ds iz'u

1. ,d Lrj ij ,d ns'k }kjk nwljs ns'k ij 'kklu dks ---------------- dgrs gSaA

2. mifuos'kokn osQ nkSjku eq[; lajpukRed ifjorZu ---------------- o ---------------- gSA

3. ---------------- ,d ,slh vFkZO;oLFkk gS ftlosQ mRiknu osQ lk/uksa dk LokfeRo oqQN fo'ks"k yksxksa osQ gkFk esa gksrk gSA

4. ---------------- o ---------------- nksuksa tqM+h gqbZ izfØ;k,¡ gSaA

5. ckxkuksa ds ekfyd ---------------- FksA

6. dFku lgh fy[ksaµ

(a) vkSifuosf'kd ljdkj vaxwj dh ckxokuh osQ fy, xyr rjhdksa ls etnwjksa dh HkrhZ djrh FkhA

(b) ckxkuksa osQ ekfyd vaxzst vkSj mudh ese n;uh; fLFkfr esa jgrs gSaA

(c) Hkkjr esa lM+dksa ij ck,¡ pyuk] czsM&vkeysV [kkuk] usd&VkbZ iguuk mifuos'kokn dk fgLlk ugha gSA

(d) vk/qfud uxj tSls cacbZ] dydÙkk] enzkl tks mifuos'koknh 'kklu esa izpkfyr gq, detksj gksrs x,A

7- fczfV'k lkezkT; dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa fuEufyf[kr rVh; uxj dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ FkhA

(a) cacbZ (b) dydÙkk

(c) enzkl (d) mi;qDr rhuks

8. fdlosQ }kjk Hkkjrh; xk¡o ij uxjksa osQ izHkko dks fy[kk x;kA

(a) ,e-,l- , jko (b) Jhfuokl

(c) ,- vkj- nslkbZ (d) lj lS;n vgen [kku


2 vad iz'u

1- vaxszth Hkk"kk us gekjs lekt ij D;k izHkko Mkyk\

2- mifuos'kokn D;k gS\

3- ik'pkR; f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk Hkkjr esa D;k izHkko iM+k\

4- iwathokn fdls dgk tkrk gS\

5- vkS|ksxhdj.k rFkk 'kgjhdj.k dh ifjHkk"kk fy[ks\

6- fczVs'k vkS|ksxhdj.k dk Hkkjrh; m|ksxksa ij D;k izHkko iM+k\

7- vktknh ds ckn Hkkjr esa vkS|ksxhdj.k fdl izdkj gqvkA

8- vkS|ksfxd {kj.k D;k gS\

4 vad iz'u

1- mifuos'kokn us gekjs thou dks fdl izdkj izHkkfor fd;k\

(Outside Delhi 2018)

2- mifuos'kokn Hkkjr esa igys 'kkluksa ls fdl izdkj fHkUu gS\

3- mifuos'kokn ds dkj.k yksxksa dk vkokxeu c<+ x;kA dSls\

4- mifuos'kokn ds nkSjku jk"Vª jkT; dh fdl izdkj mRifÙk gqbZA

5- Hkkjr esa fdu 'kgjksa dks vaxzstksa us clk;k rFkk D;ksaA

6- vuqPNsn i<+dj mRrj nhft, %&

mifuos'kokn ds vk;keksa o rhozrk dks le>us ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd iwathokn dh lajpuk dsk le>k tk,A if'pe esa iwathokn dk izkajHk ,d tfVy izfØ;k ds iQyLo:i gqvkA bl izfØ;k eas eq[; :i lss ;wjksi }kjk 'ks"k nqfu;k dh [kkst] xSj ;wjksih; ns'kksa dh laifRr vkSj lalk/uksa dk nksgu] foKku vkSj rduhd dk vf}rh; fodkl vkSj blds mi;ksx ls m|ksx ,oa d`f"k esa :ikarj.k vkfn lfEefyr gSaA

(d) iawthokn fdls dgrs gSa\


([k) bldh fo'ks"krk,aW crkb;sA

(x) mifuos'kokn o iwathokn esa D;k lEca/ gS\

(?k) iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk ,d-------------------vFkZO;oLFkk gSA

7- vuqPNsn i<+dj mRrj nhft, %&

fczfV'k lkezkT; dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa uxjksa dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ FkhA leqnz rVh; uxj tSls cacbZ] dydRrk vkSj enzkl mi;qDr ekus x, Fks D;ksafd bu txgksa ls miHkksx dh vko';d oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr vklkuh ls fd;k tk ldrk FkkA

(d) lajpukRed ifjorZu fdls dgrs gSa\

([k) uxjhdj.k vkSj vkS|ksxhdj.k fdl rjg ,d nwlj ds iwjd gSa] le>kb;sA

(x) fczfV'k dky esa dkSu&dkSu lh oLrqvksa dk Hkkjr ls fu;kZr fd;k tkrk Fkk\

(?k) leqnz rVh; uxjksa dk foLrkj 'kh?kzrk ls D;ksa gqvk\

6 vad iz'u

1- uxjhdj.k vkSj vkS|ksxhdj.k dk ijLIj laca/ gSA ppkZ djsaA

2- Lora=k Hkkjr esa ,e-,l-,- jko ds vuqlkj Hkkjrh; xk¡o ij uxjksa ds izHkkoksa dh ppkZ dhft,A

3- pkVZ dks le>dj iz'uksa ds mRrj nhft,4035302520151050

1951 1951 1951 1951 1951 1951 1951

uxjh; tula[;k & n'kdh; o`f¼ nj

(d) uxjhdj.k ls vki D;k le>rs gSaA

([k) uxjhdj.k esa 1951 ls 2011 rd fdl izdkj ls ifjorZu vk;k vkSj mlds D;k dkj.k Fks] mnkgj.k lfgr foLrkj ls le>kb;sA


ikB 2

lkaLd`frd ifjorZu

eq[; fcUnq

1- lkaLd`frd ifjorZu dks pkj izfØ;kvksa ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

laLd`frdj.k] vk/qfudhdj.k] yksfddhdj.k ;k /eZfujis{khdj.k] if'pehdj.k

laLd`frdj.k dh izfØ;k mifuos'kokn ls igys Hkh Fkh ysfdu ckdh dh rhu izfØ;k,a mifuos'kokn ds ckn dh nsu gSA

2- 19 oha vkSj 20 oha 'krkCnh ds izkjaHk esa gq, lekt lq/kj vkanksyu%&

lekt lq/kj vkUnkstu mu pqukSfr;ksa ds tokc Fks] ftUgsa Hkkjr ds yksx vuqHko dj jgs gks tSls& lrhizFkk] ckyfookg] fo/ok iqufoZokg rFkk tkfr izFkkA jktk jke eksgu jk; us lrhizFkk dk fojks¼ fd;kA

lekt 'kkL=kh lrh'k lcj cky us vkSifuosf'd Hkkjr esa vk/qfud ifjorZuksa ds fy, fuEu igyqvksa dks crk;kA

(v) lapkj ekè;e % iSzl] ekbZØksiQksu] tgkt] jsyos vkfnA oLrqvksa ds vkokxeu esa uohu fopkjksa dks rhoz xfr iznku djus esa lgk;rk iznku dhA

(c) laxBuksa ds Lo:i % caxky esa czã lekt vkSj iatkc esa vk;Z lekt dh LFkkiuk gqbZA eqfLye efgykvksa dh jk"Vª Lrjh; laLFkk vatqeu&,&[okrhu&,&bLyke dh LFkkiuk gqbZA

(l) fopkj dh izd`fr& Lora=krk rFkk mnkjokn ds u, fopkj] ifjokj lajpuk] fookg lEcU/h fu;e] laLd`fr esa Lopsru ds fopkj] f'k{kk ds ewY;A

vk/qfud rFkk ikjEifjd fopkj/kjkvksa esa okn&fookn gq,A T;ksfrckiQwys us vk;ksZ ls igys dks vPNk dky ekukA cky xaxk/j fryd us vk;Z;qx dh iz'kalk dh] tgkavkjk 'kkg uokt+ us vf[ky Hkkjrh; eqfLye efgyk lEesyu esa cgq&fookg dh dqizFkk ds fo:¼ Hkk"k.k fd;k rFkk bls dqjku dh ewy Hkkoukvksa ds fo:¼ crk;kA


lekt lq/kjksa ds fojksf/;ksa us Hkh viuh :f<+oknh ckrksa dks mBk;kA tSls& lrhizFkk ds leFkZu esa caxky esa /eZ lHkk dk xBu gqvkA

Hkkjr esa lajpukRed rFkk lkaLd`frd fofo/rk gSA

vk/qfud Kku o f'k{kk ds dkj.k f'kf{kr Hkkjrh;ksa dks mifuos'kokn esa vU;k; vkSj vieku dk vglkl gqvkA

3- laLd`frdj.k%&

laLd`frdj.k ,e-,u- Jh fuokl ds vuqlkj og izfØ;k ftlesa fuEu tkfr ;k tutkfr] mPp tkfr (f}t tkfr;k¡) dh thou i¼fr] vuq"Bku ewY;] vkn'kZ rFkk fopkjksa dk vuqdj.k djrs gSaA blds izHkko Hkk"kk] lkfgR;] fopkj&/kjk] laxhr] u`R;] ukVd] vuq"Bku rFkk thou i¼fr esa ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA ;g izfØ;k vyx&vyx {ks=kksa esa vyx&vyx <ax ls gksrh gSA

ftu {ks=kksa esa xSj lkaLd`frd tkfr;k¡ izHkqRo'kkyh Fkh] ogka dh laLd`fr dks bu fuEu tkfr;ksa us izHkkfor fd;kA Jh fuokl us bls folaLd`frd.k dk uke fn;kA

laLd`frdj.k dh vkykspuk%&

lkekftd xfr'khyrk fuEu tkfr ds Lrjhdj.k esa mèoZxkeh ifjorZu djrh gSA

mPp tkfr dh thou 'kSyh mPp rFkk fuEu Js.kh dh thou 'kSyh fuEu gksus dh Hkkouk ikbZ tkrh gSA

mPp tkfr dh thou 'kSyh dk vuqdj.k okaNuh; rFkk izkd`frd gSA

;g vo/kj.kk vlekurk rFkk viotZu vk/kfjr gSA

fuEu tkfr ds izfr HksnHkko ,d fo'ks"kkf/dkj gSA

blesa nfyr lekt ds ewyHkwr i{kksa dks fiNM+k ekuk tkrk gSA

yM+fd;ksa dks Hkh vlekurk dh Js.kh esa uhps /dsy fn;k tkrk gSA

tkrh; lnL;rk gh izfrHkk dh lwpd cu xbZ gSA ;gh Hkkouk nfyrksa esa Hkh vkbZ gSA ysfdu fiQj Hkh os HksnHkko o vioZtu ds f'kdkj gSA

4- if'pehdj.k& fczfV'k 'kklu ds 150 o"kksZa esa vk, izkS|ksfxdh] laLFkk] fopkjèkkjk] ewY; ifjorZuksa dks if'pehdj.k dk uke fn;k x;kA thou'kSyh ,oa fpUru ds


vykok Hkkjrh; dyk rFkk lkfgR; ij Hkh if'peh laLd`fr dk vlj iM+k gSA ,sls yksx de gh Fks tks if'peh thou 'kSyh dks viuk pqds FksA blds vykok vU; if'peh lkaLd`frd rRoksa tSls u, midj.kksa dk iz;ksx] iks'kkd] [kk|&inkFkZ rFkk vke yksxksa dh vknrksa vkSj rkSj&rjhdksa esa ifjorZu vkfn FksA eè; oxZ ds ,d cM+s fgLls ds ifjokjksa esa Vsyhfotu] fizQt] lkSiQk&lsV] [kkus dh est ekStwn gksuk ,d vke ckr gSA

Jh fuoklu ds vuqlkj fuEu tkfr ds yksx laLd`frdj.k tcfd mPp tkfr ds yksx if'pehdj.k dh izfØ;k dks viukrs gSA

5- vk/qfudhdj.k%& izkjEHk esa vk/qfudhdj.k dk vk'k; izkS|ksfxdh vksj mRiknu izfØ;kvksa esa gksus okys lq/kj ls FkkA ijUrq vk/qfud fopkjksa ds vuqlkj&lhfer] ladh.kZ LFkkuh; n`f"Vdks.k detksj iM+ tkrs gSA vkSj lkoZHkkSfed n`f"Vdks.k ;kfu iwjk fo'o ,d dqVqEc gS dks egÙo fn;k tkrk gSA

6- vk/qfudhdj.k vkSj /eZfujis{khdj.k%&

;s /ukRed rFkk vPNs ewY;ksa dh vksj >qdko gSA

vk/qfudhdj.k dk vk'k; izkS|ksxhdj.k vkSj mRiknu izfØ;kvksa esa gksus okys lqèkkj ls gSA bldk eryc fodkl dk oks rjhdk ftlls if'peh ;wjksi ;k mÙkj vesjhdk us viuk;kA

vk/qfudhdj.k dk eryc ;s le> esa vkrk gS fd blds le{k lhfer&ladhZ.k&LFkkuh; n`f"Vdks.k detksj iM+ tkrs gS vkSj lkoZHkkSfed izfrca¼rk vkSj fo'othr n`f"Vdks.k T;knk izHkko'kkyh gksrk gSA

blesa mi;ksfxrk] x.kuk vkSj foKku dh lR;rk dks Hkkoqdrk] /kfeZd ifo=krk vksj voSKkfud rRoksa ds LFkku ij egRo fn;k tkrk gSA

blds ewY;ksa ds eqrkfcd lewg@laxBu dk p;u tUe ds vk/kj ij ugha cfYd bPNk ds vk/kj ij gksrk gSA

/eZfujis{khdj.k dk eryc ,slh izfØ;k ls gS ftlesa /eZ ds izHkko esa de vkrh gSA

vk/qfud lekt T;knk gh /eZfujis{k gksrk gSA


iz'ukoyh

1 vad ds iz'u

1. dFku lgh djsaµ

(a) /eZfujis{khdj.k dk eryc ,slh izfozQ;k ls gS ftlesa /eZ osQ izHkko esa vf/drk vkrh gSA

(b) ,e- ,l- jko osQ vuqlkj fuEu tkfr osQ yksx laLÑfrdj.k tcfd mPp tkfr osQ yksx if'pehdj.k dh izfozQ;k dks ugha viukrs gSaA

(c) laLÑfrdj.k dh vkykspuk osQ varxZr mPp tkfr dh thou 'kSyh dk vuqdj.k okaNuh; rFkk izkÑfrd ugha gSA

(d) lekt lq/kjdksa us lrh izFkk] cky fookg] fo/ok iqufoZokg rFkk tkfr izFkk osQ fo#¼ vkanksyu ugha pyk,A

2. lkekftd xfr'khyrk ---------------- tkfr osQ Lrjhdj.k esa mèoZxkeh ifjorZu djrh gSA

3. lrh izFkk osQ leFkZu esa caxky esa ---------------- lHkk dk xBu gqvkA

4. vk/qfudhdj.k dk vk'k; ---------------- vkSj ---------------- izfozQ;kvksa esa gksus okys lq/kj ls FkkA

5. ---------------- us vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr esa vk/qfud ifjorZuksa ds fy, rhu igyqvksa dks crk;kA

6. laLÑfrdj.k og izfozQ;k gS ftlesa fuEu tkfr fdldh thou i¼fr] fopkjksa dk vuqdj.k djrs gSaµ

(a) mPp tkfr (b) nfyr

(c) vuqlwfpr tkfr (d) vuqlwfpr tutkfr

7. mifuos'kokn osQ nkSjku yksxksa }kjk viuk;k ugha x;kA

(a) if'peh iks'kkd (b) if'peh [kk|&inkFkZ

(c) if'peh laLÑfr (d) if'peh ns'kksa esa jguk

8. vk/qfudhdj.k dk vk'k; gSµ

(a) x.kuk vkSj foKku dh lR;rk dh Hkkoqdrk


(b) /kfeZd ifo=krk

(c) voSKkfud rRoksa dks egRo nsuk

(d) lhfer&ladh.kZ LFkkuh; n`f"Vdks.k gksuk

2 vad iz'u

1- 19oha lnh esa lektlq/kjdksa us cgqr ls lkekftd fo"k;ksa dks mBk;k\ ;s D;k Fks\

2- 20oha lnh ds dqN vk/qfd lkekftd laxBuksa ds uke crkb;sA

3- fuEu dk vFkZ crkb;sA

(v) laLd`frdj.k

(c) folaLd`frdj.k

4- vk/qfudrk ds fo"k; esa vk/kjHkwr fcUnq D;k gS\

5- ik'pkRdj.k (if'pehdj.k) rFkk /eZ fujis{krk esa D;k lEcU/ gS\

4 vad iz'u

1- tkfr dk /eZ fujis{kh dj.k ij uksV fy[ksA

2- lekt lq/kj vkUnksyu ds eq[; mn~ns'; ,d tSls Fks] fiQj Hkh os vyx FksA le>kb,A

3- laLd`frdj.k HksnHkko o vlekurk dks c<+kok nsrk gSA bldk o.kZu djksA

4- czkãe.k fojks/h vkUnksyu rFkk fiNMs+ oxksZa ds vkUnksyu dk laLd`frdj.k ij D;k izHkko iM+kA

5- vuqPNsn i<+dj mRrj nhft,A

laLd`frdj.k dh vo/kj.kk ,d ,sls izk:i dks lgh Bgjkrh gS tks njvly vlekurk vkSj viorZu ij vk/kkfjr gSA blls ladsr feyrk gS fd ifo=krk vkSj vifo=krk ds tkfrxr i{kksa dks mi;qDr ekuk tk, vkSj blfy, ;s yxrk gS fd mPp tkfr }kjk fuEu tkfr ds izfr HksnHkko ,d izdkj dk fo'ks"kkf/dkj gSA


(d) laLd`frdj.k dh vo/kj.kk--------------------}kjk nh xbZ FkhA

([k) ;gka laLd`frdj.k ds fdl igyw dh ppkZ dh xbZ gS\

(x) ifo=krk vkSj vifo=krk dh ckr ;gka fdl lanHkZ esa dh xbZ gS\

(?k) D;k laLd`frdj.k ls fdlh Hkh lewg dh lekt ls fLFkfr cny ldrh gS\ dSls \


vk/qfudrk* dk eryc gS fd lhfer&ladh.kZ&LFkkuh; n`f"Vdks.k dk detksj iM+ tkuk vkSj lkoZHkkSfed izfrc¼rk vkSj fo'othr n`f"Vdks.k dk T;knk izHkko'kkyh cu tkukA blesa mi;ksfxrk] x.kuk vkSj foKku dh lR;rk dks Hkkoqdrk] /kfeZd ifo=krk vkSj voSKkfud rRoksa ds LFkku ij egRo fn;k tkrk gSA

(d) vk/qfudrk ls /eZ ds izHkko esa fdl izdkj ls deh vkrh gS\]

([k) iaFkfujis{khdj.k ls vki D;k le>rs gSaA

(x) D;k if'pehdj.k dk eryc vk/qfudhdj.k gS\

6 vad iz'u

1- laLd`frdj.k dh fofHkUu Lrjksa ij vkykspuk gqbZ gS\ blds fo"k; esa foLrkj ls crk,A

2- vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr esa vk/qfud cnyko ds fo"k; esa dqN rF;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A


mifuos'kokn us gekjs thou ij nwjxkeh izHkko MkysA mUuholha lnh esa gq, lekt lq/kj vkanksyu mu pqukSfr;ksa ds tokc Fks ftUgsa vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr eglwl dj jgk FkkA vki laHkor% mu lHkh lkekftd igyqvksa ls voxr gksa ftUgsa Hkkjrh; lekt esa lkekftd dqjhfr ekuk tkrk FkkA mu lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ls Hkkjrh; lekt cqjh rjg ls xzLr FkkA

(d) mifuos'kokn }kjk gekjs thou ij Mkys x, izHkko dh ppkZ dhft,A

([k) Hkkjrh; lekt fdu lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ls xzLr Fkk vkSj dkSu&dkSu ls iz;kl mudks feVkus ds fy, lekt lq/kjdksa }kjk fd, x,A foLrkj ls crkb;sA


ikB 3

Hkkjrh; yksdra=k dh dgkfu;k¡

eq[; fcUnq

1- yksdra=k& turk dh] turk ds }kjk turk ds fy, ,d ljdkj gS blds nks izdkj gSA

izR;{k yksdra=k%& blesa lHkh ukxfjd] fcuk fdlh p;fur ;k euksuhr inkfèkdkjh dh eè;LFkrk ds lkoZtfud fu.kZ;ksa esa Lo;a Hkkx ysrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ& ,d lkeqnkf;d laxBu ;k vkfnoklh ifj"kn~] fdlh Jfed la?k dh LFkkuh; bdkbZA izR;sd yksdra=k NksVs lewg esa O;olkf;d gS tgk¡ iwjh turk fu.kZ; esa lfEefyr gksrh gS rFkk chp esa dksbZ izfrfu/h u gksA tSls& vkfnoklh ifj"kn Jfed la?k vkfnA

vizR;{k@ijks{k@izfrfuf/d yksdra=k%& izfrfuf/ yksdra=k fo'kky o tfVy leqnk; esa viuk;k tkrk gSA lkoZtfud fgr dh n`f"V ls jktuhfrd fu.kZ; ysuk] dkuwu cukuk o ykxw djuk vkfn ds fy, ukxfjd Lo;a vius izfrfuf/ pqurs gSA gekjs ns'k esa izfrfuf/d yksdra=k gSA

lgHkkxh yksdra=k& ;g ,slk yksdra=k gS ftlesa fdlh lewg o leqnk; ds lHkh yksx ,d lkFk feydj dksbZ cM+k fu.kZ; ysrs gSaA

fodsanzhd`r yksdra=k& tehuh yksdra=k ds ,d mnkgj.k ds :i esa iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk tks ,d fodsanzhdj.k dh rjiQ ,d egÙoiw.kZ dne gSA

2- Hkkjrh; lafo/ku ds dasnzh; ewY;%&

laiw.kZ&izHkqRo&laiUu] lektoknh] iaFkfujis{k] yksdra=kkRed x.kjkT;] U;k;] Lora=krk] lerk] ca/qrk vkfnA

yksdrkaf=kd ewY; dsoy if'pe dh nsu ugha gaS cfYd egkdkO;] d`fr;k¡ o fofo/ yksd dFkk,¡ laoknksa ifjppkZvksa vksj varfoZjks/h fLFkfr;ksa ls Hkjh iM+h gS tSls&egkHkkjr egkdkO;A


djkph dkaxzsl ladYi 1931 mu ewY;ksa dk mYys[k djrk gS tks jktuhfrd U;k;] lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd U;k; dks Hkh lqfuf'pr djus dk iz;kl djrh gSA

Hkkjrh; lafo/ku ds mn~ns';

1- fu/Zu vkSj gkf'k;s ds yksxksas dks l{ke cukuk

2- xjhch mUewyu

3- tkfrokn lekIr djus vkSj lHkh oxksZa esa lekurk ykuk

3- fgr izfrLi/hZ lafo/ku vkSj lkekftd ifjorZu %

fgrksa dh izfrLi/kZ ges'kk fdlh Li"V oxZ&foHkktu dks gh izfrfcafcr ugha djrhA lkekftd U;k; dh lqfuf'prrk dh xkjaVh Hkh nsrh gSA

& jkT;ksa ds lalk/uksa ds fu;a=k.k ds fy, Hkkjrh; lkekftd ifjn`'; vkSj vkd"kZ.k ij dke djrs gSA

& xjhch vkSj gkf'k, ij jgus okys] xjhch mUewyu] tkfr;ksa dks lekIr djukA

& ,d dkj[kkus dks can djus dk eqík D;ksfd ;g tgjhys dpjs dk mRltZu djrk gS vkSj LokLF; dks izHkkfor djrk gSA ;g thou dk ekeyk gS] ftls lfoa/ku cpkrk gSA

& iQSDVªh can djus ls yksxksa dks jkstxkjghu cuk nsxk] ;g thou dk fo"k; gS ftls lafo/ku cpkrk gSA

dkuwu&dkuwu dk lkj bldh 'kfDr gS dkuwu blfy, dkuwu gS D;ksafd blls cy iz;ksx vFkok vuqikyu ds lapj.k] ds ekè;eksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

U;k;& U;k; dk lkj fUk"i{krk gS] dkuwu esa dksbZ Hkh iz.kkyh vf/dkjksa ds laLrj.k ds ekè;e ls gh dk;Zjr gksrh gSA

lafo/ku& lafo/ku Hkkjr dk ewy ekunaM gSA ;g ,slk nLrkost gS ftlls fdlh jk"Vª ds fl¼kUrksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA ,sl izeq[k ekunaM ftuls fu;e vkSj vf/dkj lapkfyr gksrs gSa] lafo/ku dgykrk gSA vU; lHkh dkuwu] lafo/ku }kjk fu;r dk;Z iz.kkyh ds varxZr curs gaSA ;s dkuwu lafo/ku }kjk vf/dkfj;ksa }kjk cuk, o ykxw fd, tkrs gSA dksbZ okn&fookn gksus ij lafoèkku }kjk vf/dkj izkIr U;k;ky;ksa ds laLrj.k }kjk dkuwu dh O;k[;k gksrh gSA ^mPpre U;k;ky;* loksZPp gS vkSj ogha lafo/ku dk lcls vafre O;k[;kdrkZ Hkh gSA


4- iapk;rh jkt%&

iapk;rh jkt dk 'kkfCnd vuqokn gksrk gS ^ik¡p O;fDr;ksa }kjk 'kklu*A bldk vFkZ xk¡o ,oa vU; tehuh Lrj ij yphys yksdra=k fØ;k'khyrk gSA

(d) Mk- vEcsMdj us rdZ fn;k fd LFkkuh; dqyhu vksj mPp tkrh; yksx lqjf{kr ifjf/ ls bl izdkj f?kjs gq, gaS fd LFkkuh; Lo'kklu dk eryc gksxk Hkkjrh; lekt ds in~nfyr yksxksa dk fujarj 'kks"k.kA fulansg mPp tkfr;k¡ tula[;k ds bl Hkkx dks pqi djk nsxhA

([k) egkRek xk¡/h % LFkkuh; ljdkj dh vo/kj.kk xk¡/h th dks Hkh fiz; FkhA os izR;sd xzke dks Lo;a esa vkRefuHkZj vkSj i;kZIr bdkbZ ekurs Fks tks Lo;a vius dks funsZf'kr djsA xzke LojkT; dks os vkn'kZ ekurs FksA vkSj pkgrs Fks fd Lora=krk ds ckn Hkh xk¡oksa esa ;gh 'kklu pyrk jgsA

73oka vkSj 74oka lafo/ku la'kks/u 1992%&

iapk;rh jkt dks laoS/kfud ntkZ

xzkeh.k vkSj uxjikfydk {ks=k esa LFkkuh; Lo'kklu fudk; dk pquko izR;sd 5 o"kZ ds ckn fd;k tkuk gSA

fuokZfpr LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dks LFkkuh; lalk/uksa dk fu;a=k.k

xzkeh.k o uxjh; nksuksa gh {ks=kksa ds LFkkbZ fudk;ksa ds lHkh p;fur inksa esa efgykvksa dks ,d frgkbZ vkj{k.k fn;kA

buesa ls 17 izfr'kr lhVsa vuqlwfpr tkfr o vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh efgykvksa ds fy, vkjf{kr gSaA

;g la'kks/u blfy, egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd blds varxZr igyh ckj fuokZfpr fudk;ksa esa efgykvksa dks 'kkfey fd;kA ftlls mUgsa fu.kZ; ysus dh 'kfDr feyhA

73osa la'kks/u ds rqajr ckn 1993&1994 ds pquko esa 800]000 efgyk,a ,d lkFk jktuhfrd izfØ;kvksa ls tqM+hA okLro esa efgykvksa dks ekuokf/dkj nsus okyk ;g ,d cM+k dne FkkA LFkkuh; Lo'kklu ds fy, f=kLrjh; iapk;rh jkt iz.kkyh dk izko/ku djus okyk laoSèkkfud la'kks/u iwjs ns'k esa 1992&93 ls ykxw gSA


iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk dh f=kLrjh; O;oLFkk

ftyk Lrj ij ftyk ifj"kn~ → [k.M Lrj ij iapk;r lfefr → xzke Lrj ij xkze iapk;r

iapk;rksa dh 'kfDr;k¡ vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro%

iapk;rksa dkss fuEufyf[kr 'kfDr;k¡ o mÙkjnkf;Ro izkIr gSa%&

vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, ;kstuk,¡ ,oa dk;ZØe cukuk

lkekftd U;k; dks izksRlkfgr djuk

'kqYd] ;k=kh dj] tqekZuk] vU; dj vkfn yxkuk o ,d=k djukA

ljdkjh mÙkjnkf;Roksa ds gLrkarj.k esa lg;ksx djukA

tUe vkSj e`R;q ds vkadMs j[kukA

'e'kkuksa ,oa dfczLrkuksa dk j[kj[kkoA

i'kqvksa ds rkykc ij fu;a=k.kA

ifjokj fu;kstu dk izpkj djukA

,dhd`r xzkeh.k fodkl dk;ZØe] ,dhd`r cky fodkl ;kstuk vkfn dks lapkfyr djukA

iapk;r dh vk; ds eq[; L=kksr%

laifÙk] O;olk;] i'kq] okgu vkfn ij yxk, x, dj] pqaxh] Hkw&jktLo vkfn iapk;rksa dh vk; ds eq[; lzksr gSA ftyk iapk;r }kjk izkIr vuqnku iapk;r ds lalk/uksa esa o`f¼ djrs gSa iapk;rksa ds fy, ;g vfuok;Z gS fd os vius dk;kZy; ds ckgj cksMZ yxk,aA ftlesa izkIr foÙkh; lgk;rk ds mi;ksx ls lacaf/r vk¡dM+s fy[ks gksaA

U;k; iapk;r%

dqN jkT;ksa esa U;k; iapk;r dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA dqN NksVs&eksVs nhokuh vkSj vkijkf/d ekeyksa dh lquokbZ dk vf/dkj buds ikl gksrk gSA ;s tqekZuk yxk rks ldrs gSaA ysfdu dksbZ ltk ugha ns ldrsA ;s xzkeh.k U;k;ky; izk;% dqN i{kksa ds vkilh fooknksa esa le>kSrk djkus esa liQy gksrs gSaA fo'ks"k :i ls ;s rc izHkko'kkyh gksrs gS] tc fdlh iq:"k }kjk ngst ds fy, L=kh dks izrkfM+r fd;k tk, ;k mlds fo:¼ fgalkRed dk;Zokgh dh tk,A


tutkfr {ks=kksa esa iapk;rh jkt%

vkfnoklh {ks=kksa dh izkjafHkd Lrj ds yksdrkaf=kd dk;ksZ dh viuh le`¼ ijaijk jgh gSA

tSls&es?kky; dh vkfnoklh tkfr;ksa dh lSdM+ks lky iqjkuh jktuhfrd laLFkk,¡ jgh gSA

;s jktuhfrd laLFkk,¡ bruh lqfodflr Fkh fd xzke] oa'k vkSj jkT; ds Lrj ij dq'kyrk ls dk;Z djrh FkhA tSls [kkfl;ksa dh ikajifjd viuh ifj"kn gksrh Fkh ftls njckj dqj dgk tkrk FkkA

,d cM+k [k.M lafo/ku ds 73osa la'kks/u ds izko/ku ls ckgj gSa D;ksafd ml le; uhfr;ka cukus okys ikjaifjd jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa esa gLr{ksi ugha djuk pkgrh FksA

ou iapk;r%

vf/dka'k dk;Z efgyk,¡ djrh gSA ou iapk;r dh vkSjras ikS/'kkyk,¡ cukdj NksVs ikS/ksa dk ikyu&iks"k.k djrh gSA

ou iapk;r dh lnL; vklikl ds taxyksa dh voS/ dVkbZ ls lqj{kk Hkh djrh gSaA

mRrjk[kaM dh efgykvksa us fpidks vkanksyu pyk;kA

5- jktuhfrd ny%

jktuhfrd ny ,d ,slk laxBu gksrk gSA tks lÙkk gfFk;kus vkSj lÙkk dk mi;ksx dqN fof'k"V dk;ksZa dks lEiUu djus ds mn~ns'; ls LFkkfir djrk gSA yksdrkaf=kd iz.kkyh esa fofHkUu lewgksa ds fgr jktuhfrd nyksa }kjk gh izfrfuf/Ro izkIr djrs gSaA tks muds eqn~nksa dks mBkrs gSaA

6- fgr lewg

;g ,sls lewg gSa tks ljdkj ls viuh ckr euokus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSA fgr lewg jktuhfrd {ks=k esa dqN fuf'pr fgrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, cuk, tkrs gSaA ;s izkFkfed :i ls oS/kfud vaxksa ds lnL;ksa dk leFkZu izkIr djus ds fy, cuk, tkrs gSA

7- ncko lewg%& tc fdlh lewg dks yxrk gS fd mlds fgr dh ckr ugha dh tk jgh gS rks os vyx ny cuk ysrs gS ftls ncko lewg dgrs gSaA


iz'ukoyh

1 vad ds iz'u

1. ---------------- ,d ,slk nLrkost gS ftlls fdlh jk"Vª osQ fl¼karksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA

2. turk dk] turk osQ }kjk] turk osQ fy, 'kklu ---------------- dgykrk gSA

3. ---------------- dh vkfnoklh tkfr;ksa dh lSdM+ksa lky iqjkuh jktuhfrd laLFkk,¡ jgh gSA

4. iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk osQ ftyk Lrj ij ---------------- dke djrh gSA

5. U;k; iapk;r ---------------- yxk rks ldrs gS ysfdu dksbZ ltk ugha ns ldrsA


(a) iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk osQ [k.M Lrj ij xzke iapk;r dke djrh gSA

(b) 73oka vkSj 74oka lafo/ku la'kks/u izR;{k yksdra=k ls lacaf/r gSA

(c) ftyk iapk;r }kjk izkIr vuqnku iapk;r osQ lalk/uksa esa of¼ ugha djrs gSaA

(d) yksdra=k osQ izdkj rhu gSaA

7. buesa ls dkSu lk ijks{k yksdra=k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

(a) izR;{k yksdra=k (b) vizR;{k yksdra=k

(c) lgHkkxh yksdra=k (d) foosaQnzhÑr yksdra=k

8. LFkkuh; ljdkj dh vo/kj.kk fdls yksdfiz; FkhA

(a) xk¡èkh th (b) MkW- vEcsMdj

(c) isfj;kj (d) T;ksfrck iqQys

9. iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk fdrus Lrjksa ij dke djrh gSA

(a) nks (b) rhu

(c) pkj (d) ikap


10. iapk;rksa dh vk; osQ eq[; L=kksr gSµ

(a) laifÙk] i'kq] okgu ij dj (b) pqaxh

(c) Hkw&jktLo (d) mijksDr rhuksa

11. [kkfl;ksa dh ikjaifjd viuh ifj"kn gksrh Fkh ftls dgrs Fksµ

(a) ftyk ifj"kn (b) iapk;r lfefr

(c) xzke iapk;r (d) njckj oqQj

12- dkj[kkuksa dks can djuk D;ksafd os fo"kSyk dpjk mRlftZr djrs gSa] xSj& izfrLi/kZ fgrksa dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA (lgh @ xyr)

13- iapk;rh jkt fodsUnzhd`r 'kfDr;ksa vkSj yksdr=k dh fn'kk e ,d igy gSA (lgh @ xyr)

14- os lewg tks jktuhfrd {ks=k eas fof'k"V fgrksa dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy, laxfBr gksrs gSa] mUgsa fgr lewg ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA (lgh @ xyr)

2 vad iz'u

1- izfrfuf/d (ijks{k) yksdra=k D;k gksrk gS\

2- izR;{k o ijks{k yksdra=k esa varj crkbZ;sA [Outside Delhi-2018]

3- fczfV'k mifuos'k okn rFkk if'pe ds yksdra=k esa D;k vUrj gS\

4- iapk;rh jkt D;k gksrk gS\

5- lafo/ku ds 73osa lafo/ku la'kks/u dh D;k mi;ksfxrk Fkh\

6- iapk;r ds vk; ds L=kksr fyf[k,A

7- U;k; iapk;rsa D;k gksrh gS\

8- fupys Lrj ds yksxksa dks U;k; fnyokus esa U;k; iapk;rksa dh D;k Hkwfedk gSA

9- yksdra=k esa jktuhfrd nyksa dk D;k egRo gS\

10- ncko lewg fdls dgk tkrk gS\


4 vad iz'u

1- dkuwu o U;k; esa vUrj Li"V dhft,A

2- MkW- vEcsMdj rFkk egkRek xka/h }kjk lafo/ku esa iapk;rh jkt 'kkfey djus ds fo"k; dk o.kZu djsaA

3- 73osa o 74osa lafo/ku la'kks/u us fdl izdkj xzkeh.k yksxksa dh vkokt dks mBkus dk dk;Z fd;k gS\

4- iapk;rksa dh 'kfDr;ksa rFkk mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk foLrkj ls o.kZu djsa\

5- ou iapk;rksa dh D;k egÙkk gS crkb,A

6- tutkrh; {ks=kksa esa ikjEifjd jktuhfrd iz.kkyh fdl izdkj dk;Z djrh jgh gS] le>kb;sA

7- mRrjk[kaM esa efgykvksa us fpidks vkanksyu ds varxZr isM+ksa dks dkVus ls cpk;k vkSj igkM+ksa dh gfj;kyh dks cuk;s j[kus esa lg;ksx fn;kA D;k vki bl dFku ls lger gSa fd efgyk,a i;kZoj.k dh izfr T;knk tkx#d jgha\ vius mRrj ds leFkZu eas rdZ nsrs gq, ou iapk;rksa dh egRrk dk o.kZu dhft;sA

8- xkao lsgnw easa dekZ vkSj larks"k ifr iRuh ds chp ngst dks ysdj vDlj dgk lquh gksrh jgrh Fkh vkSj >xM+k c<+dj iapk;r rd pyk x;kA vki ds fopkj ls bl lanHkZ eas iapk;r dh D;k Hkwfedk gks ldrh gS\

9- fuEufyf[kr x|ka'k dks i<+dj fn, x, iz'uksa ds mRrj nhft,A

73osa lafo/ku la'kks/u vf/fu;e] 1992 ds rgr 'kklu ds r`rh; Lrj dh LFkkiuk dh x;h vkSj iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa (PRI) dks laoS/kfud ntkZ iznku dj LFkkuh; Lo'kklu dks lqfuf'pr fd;k x;kA bldk y{; xka/hth ds xzke Lojkt ds n`f"Vdks.k dks lkdkj djuk gSA ;g izfrfuf/ yksdra=k dk vk/kjHkwr izfrHkkxh yksdra=k eas ifjofrZr djus dh fn'kk eas ,d egRoiw.kZ dne gS tks iz'kklu vkSj fu.kZ; fuekZ.k esa leqnk; vk/kfjr ;ksxnku gSA lexz :i ls] 73osa lafo/ku la'kks/u vf/fu;e us LFkkuh; Lrj ij lgHkkxh yksdra=k dks laLFkkxr cukus eas lgk;rk dh gSA izfrfuf/ yksdra=k dk ,d lgHkkxh yksdra=k eas okLrfod :ikarj.k lqfuf'pr djus gsrq tu&tkx:drk vkSj iz.kkyh dks lqn`<+ cukus dh vko';drk gSA


iz'u 1% 73osa lafo/ku la'kks/u vf/fu;e] 1992 ds rgr fuEu dks laoS/kfud ntkZ fn;k x;kA

1- tutkx#drk dks 2- iapk;rhjkt laLFkkvksa dks

3- iz'kklu dks 4- fo|ky;ksa dks

iz'u 2% 73oka lafo/ku la'kks/u vf/fu;e-------------------esa ikfjr gqvkA

iz'u 3% xzke Lojkt dk liuk usg: th us ns[kkA (dFku dks lgh ;k xyr crkvks)

iz'u 4% 73oka lfo/ku la'kks/u vf/fu;e izfrfuf/ jktra=k dks vk/kjHkwr izfrHkkxh yksdra=k esa ifjofrZr djus dh fn'kk esa ,d egRoiw.kZ dne gSA (lgh djks)

10- fuEufyf[kr x|ka'k dks i<+dj uhps fn, x, iz'uksa ds mRrj nhft,A

Hkkjr /eZfujis{k gS] vFkkZr ;gka /eZ ds vk/kj ij dksbZ HksnHkko ugha gks ldrkA ns'k esa yksdrkaf=kd O;oLFkk gSA lRrk turk ds ikl gS ftldk iz;ksx mlds fuokZfpr izfrfuf/;ksa ds gkFkksa esa gSA 'kklu lhfer o mRrjnk;h gSA laln vius lk/kj.k cgqer ls fcy ikl djds lafo/ku la'kks/u vf/fu;e cukrh gSA blfy, lkèkkj.k fof/ rFkk laoS/kkfud fof/ esa vUrj ugha gksrk tSlk ge fczfV'k lafoèkku ds ckjs esa ns[k ldrs gSaA blds foijhr dBksj lafo/ku og gksrk gS] ftldh la'kks/u izfØ;k cgqr dfBu gksrh gSA

la'kks/u dk fcy laln ls fo'ks"k cgqer vFkkZr nks frgkbZ cgqer ls ikl gksrk gS rFkk gks ldrk gS fd ckn esa ml ij yksd fu.kZ; djk;k tk;s ;k la?kh; O;oLFkk esa mldk izkUrksa }kjk leFkZu Hkh gksA ,sls ns'kksa esa lk/kj.k fof/ rFkk laoS/kfud fof/ ds chp Li"V vUrj gksrk gS] D;ksafd mijksDr fof/ dks ns'k dh mPp fof/ ekuk tkrk gSA Hkkjr dh fLFkfr fofp=k gSA lafo/ku ds cgqr ls izko/ku laln }kjk fufeZr lk/kj.k fof/ ls cnys tk ldrs gSa tSls& fdlh jkT; esa] fo/ku ifj"kn cukuk ;k rksM+uk] la?k&'kkflr {ks=k dks jkT; dk ntkZ nsuk] fdlh jkT; dk {ks=kiQy ;k uke cnyuk vkfnA ysfdu dqN izko/ku ,sls gSa (tSls&ekSfyd vf/dkj o jkT;&uhfr ds funs'kd fl¼kar) ftuesa la'kks/u ds fy, fcy laln ds nksuksa lnuksa eas nks frgkbZ cgqer ls ikl gksuk pkfg,A


iz'u 1% lafo/ku dk la'kks/u fcy cgqer ls ikfjr gksrk gS

1- ,d frgkbZ 2- nks frgkbZ 3- rhu pkSFkkbZ 4- lk/kj.k cgqer

iz'u 2% lafo/ku ds cgqr ls izko/ku--------------}kjk fufeZr lk/kj.k fof/ ls cnys tk ldrss gSaA (fjDr LFkku Hkjks)

iz'u 3% Hkkjr /kfeZd jkT; gS] vFkkZr ;gka /eZ ds vk/kj ij HksnHkko gks ldrk gSA (dFku lgh djks)

iz'u 4% ekSfyd vf/dkj o jkT;&uhfr ds funs'kd fl¼kUr esa la'kks/u ds fy, ,d frgkbZ cgqer gksuk pkfg,A (lgh@xyr)

6 vad iz'u

1- Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa fofHkUu dsUnzh; ewY; viuk, x, gS\ mudk o.kZu djsaA

2- Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk 'kkfey djus dk D;k egÙo gS\ budh 'kfDr;ksa o mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk o.kZu djsaA

3- nh xbZ rkfydk ds vk/kj ij efgykvksa ds fy, iapk;rh jkt la'kks/u vfèkfu;e (73osa lafo/ku la'kks/u) dh foospuk djrs gq, crkb;s fd bl vf/fu;e ls efgyk&l'kfDrdj.k dSls gqvk\


ikB 4

xzkeh.k lekt esa fodkl ,oa ifjorZu

eq[; fcUnq

1- Hkkjrh; lekt izkFkfed :i ls xzkeh.k lekt gSA 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj yxHkx 60 izfr'kr yksx xk¡o esa jgrs gSaA mudk thou d`f"k rFkk muds lacaf/r O;olk; ij pyrk gS rFkk Hkwfe mRikn ,d egRoiw.k lkèku gSA Hkkjr ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ds R;kSgkj iksaxy (rfeyukMq)] cSlk[kh (iatkc)] vks.ke (dsjy)] gfj;kyh rht (gfj;k.kk)] chgw (vklke) rFkk mxkM+h (dukZVd) eq[; :i ls iQly dkVus ds le; euk, tkrs gSaA

d`f"k rFkk laLd`fr dk ?kfu"B laca/ gSA xzkeh.k Hkkjr dh lkekftdrk Hkh d`f"k vk/kfjr gSA O;olk;ksa dks fHkUurk ;gk¡ dh tkfr O;oLFkk iznf'kZr djrh gSA tSls /ksch] yksgkj] dqEgkj] lqukj] ukbZ vkfnA cgqr ls vU; fo'ks"kK ,oa nLrdkj tSls dgkuh lqukus okys] T;ksfr"kh] iqqtkjh bR;kfn Hkh xzkeh.k thou esa yksxksa dks lgkjk nsrs gSaA xzkeh.k lekt esa d`f"k ;ksX; Hkwfe gh thfodk dk ,d ek=k lk/u vkSj lEifRr dk ,d izdkj gSA

cM+s vkSj eè;e tehankj % cM+h ek=kk esa tehu] ftls igys tehankj ds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA \

NksVs vkSj lhekUr HkwLokeh % ;s NksVs fdlku gksrs gaSa ftud ikl de tehu gksrh gSA ;s dsoy vius ifjokj ds miHkksx ds fy, vukt dk mRiknu dj ikrs gSaA buds ikl cktkj esa cspus ds fy;s vfrfjDr mRikfnr oLrq,a ugha gksrhA

dk'rdkj@iV~Vsnkj % ;s oks d`"kd gksrs gSa] tks HkwLokeh ls tehu iV~Vs ij ysrs gSaA

Hkwfeghu [ksfrgj etnwj % ftuds ikl viuh tehu ugha gS] nwljksa ds fy;s dke djrs gSaA


efgykvksa dh fLFkfr % dkuwu efgykvksa dks tehu esa cjkcj dk fgLlk nsrk gSA ijarq efgyk dk uke dsoy fn[kkos ds fy;s gksrk gSA ml ij vf/dkj rks iq#"k gh j[krs gSaA

2- d`f"kd lajpuk& Hkkjr ds dqN Hkkxksa esa dqN u dqN tehu dk VqdM+k dkiQh yksxksa ds ikl gksrk gS tcfd nwljsa Hkkxksa esa 40 ls 50 izfr'kr ifjokj ds ikl Hkwfe ugha gksrh gSA mÙkjkf/dkj ds fu;eksa vkSj fir`oa'kh; ukrsnkjh ds dkj.k efgyk,¡ tehu dh ekfyd ugha gksrhA Hkwfe j[kuk gh xzkeh.k oxZ lajpuk dks vkdkj nsrk gSA d`f"k etnwjksa dh vkenuh de gksrh gS rFkk mudk jkstxkj vlqjf{kr jgrk gSA o"kZ esa os dkiQh fnu csjkstxkj jgrs gSaA

xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa oxZ vkSj tkfr lajpuk

xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa oxZ vkSj tkfr lajpuk ijLij lacaf/r gSA

mPp tkfr dks mPp oxZ ekuk tkrk FkkA

mPp tkfr] vehj yksx] cM+s vkSj eè;e Hkwfe ekfydksa esa xkaoksa esa lalk/uksa vkSj Je cy dks fu;af=kr fd;kA

ca/qvk etnwj% vui<+ Fks vkSj dksbZ dq'ky dke djuk ugha tkurs FksA

izR;sd {ks=k esa ,d ;k nks tkfr ds yksx gh Hkwfe j[krs gSa rFkk budh la[;k Hkh xkao esa egRoiw.kZ gSA lekt 'kkL=kh ,e-,u- Jh fuokl us ,sls gh yksxksa dks izcy tkfr dk uke fn;k gSA izcy tkfr jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd :i ls 'kfDr'kkyh gksrh gSA ;s izcy tkfr yksxksa ij izHkqRo cuk, j[krh gSA tSls iatkc ds tkV flD[k] gfj;k.kk rFkk if'pe mÙkjizns'k ds tkV] vkU/z izns'k ds dEekl o jsM~Mh] dukZVd ds oksDdkfyxkl rFkk fyaxk;r] fcgkj ds ;kno vkfnA vf/drj lhekUr fdlku rFkk Hkwfeghu yksx fuEu tkrh; lewg ls gksrs gSaA os vf/drj izcy tkfr ds yksxksa ds ;gk¡ d`f"k etnwjh djrs FksA mÙkjh Hkkjr ds dbZ Hkkxksa esa vHkh Hkh csxkj ;k eqÝr etnwjh tSlh i¼fr izpyu esa gSA

'kfDr rFkk fo'ks"kkf/dkj mPp rFkk eè;tkfr;ksa ds ikl gh FksA lalk/uksa dh deh vkSj Hkw&Lokfe;ksa ds vkfFkZd lkekftd rFkk jktuhfrd izHkko ds dkj.k cgqr ls xjhc dkexkj ihf<+;ksa ls muds ;gka ca/qvk etnwj dh rjg dke djrs gSaA xqtjkr esa bl O;oLFkk dks gyifr rFkk dukZVd esa thrk dgrs gSaA


3- Hkwfe lq/kj ds ifj.kke

vkSifuosf'd dky esa Hkwfe lq/kj&

izkFkfed mís';

1- igys ls d`f"kd lajpuk esa iSnk gqbZ ck/kvkas dks nwj djukA

2- 'kks"k.k vkSj lkekftd vlekurk dks nwj djukA

3- lekt ds lHkh oxksZa esa fLFkfr vkSj voljksa dh lekurk lqfuf'pr djukA

(i) tehankjh O;oLFkk& bl iz.kkyh esa tehankj Hkwfe dk Lokeh ekuk tkrk FkkA ljdkj ls Ñ"kd dk lh/k lEca/ ugh gksrk FkkA vfirq tehankj ds ekè;e ls Hkwfe dk dj (Ñ"kdksa }kjk) lh/k ljdkj dks fn;k tkrk FkkA

(ii) jS;rokMh O;oLFkk& (jS;r dk vFkZ gS Ñ"kd) bl O;oLFkk esa Hkwfe dk dj Ñ"kd }kjk lh/k ljdkj dks tkrk FkkA bl O;oLFkk esa tehankj dks chp esa ls gVk;k tkrk FkkA

Lora=k Hkkjr esa Hkwfe lq/kj& Lora=k Hkkjr esa usg: vkSj muds uhfr lykgdkjksa us 1950 ls 1970 rd Hkwfe lq/kj dkuwuksa dh ,d J`a[kyk 'kq: dhA jk"Vªh; rFkk jkT; Lrj ij fo'ks"k ifjorZu fd,] lcls egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu FksA

tehankjh O;oLFkk dks lekIr djuk ijUrq ;g dsoy dqN {ks=kksa esa gh gks ik;kA

iV~Vsnkjh dks [kRe djuk ijUrq ;g dsoy caxky rFkk dsjy rd gh lhfer jgkA tks fdjk, ij Hkwfe ysdj [ksrh djrk gS mUgsa dk'rdkj] iV~Vsnkj ;k tksrnkj dgrs gSaA

Hkwfe dh gncanh vf/fu;e tks jkT;ksa dk dk;Z Fkk blesa Hkh cpko ds jkLrs vksj fof/;ka fudky yh xbZ ftlls ;g Hkh vk/k&v/wjk gh jg x;kA

csukeh cny& Hkw&Lokfe;ksa us viuh Hkwfe fj'rsnkjksa ;k vU; yksxksa ds chp foHkkftr dh ijUrq okLro esa Hkwfe ij vf/dkj HkwLokeh dk gh FkkA bl izFkk dks csukeh cny dgk x;kA

gncanh vf/fu;e ds izko/kuksa ls cpus ds fy;s dqN vehj fdlkuksa us okLro esa viuh ifRu;ksa (ysfdu muds lkFk jguk tkjh j[kk) rykd ns fn;kA ftlus vfookfgr efgykvksa ds fy;s ,d vyx fgLlk fn;kA ysfdu ifRu;ksa ds fy;s ughaA


blls foHksnhdj.k dks c<+ko feykA vehj vkSj vehj gks x;k vkSj xjhc vkSj xjhc gks x;kA

blls {ks=kh; vlekurkvksa esa o`f¼ gqbZA ftu {ks=kkas esa rduhdh ifjorZu gqvk os vf/d fodflr gq, rFkk vU; {ks=k igys dh rjg jg x,A

gfjr Økafr dk nwljk pj.k

lw[ks rFkk vkaf'kd flafpr {ks=kksa esa ykxw fd;k tk jgk gSA fdlku cktkj ij fuHkZj gks x, gaSA cktkjksaUeq[kh d`f"k esa fo'ks"kr% ,d gh iQly mxkbZ tkrh gSA ftu {ks=kksa esa rduhdh ifjorZu gqvk os vf/d fodflr gq, rFkk vU; {ks=k iwoZor~ jgs tSls fcgkj] iwohZ mÙkj izns'k] rsayxkuk vkfnA Hkkjrh; d`"kdksa dh cgqr l?ku foLr`r rFkk ikjEifjd tkudkjh yqIr gksrh tk jgh gS ftUgsa fdlkuksa us lfn;ksa esa mUur fd;k FkkA bldk dkj.k ladj rFkk lq/kj okys chtksa dks izksRlkfgr fd;kA iqu% d`f"k ds ikjEifjd rjhds rFkk vf/d lko;oh chtksa ds iz;ksx dh vksj ykSVus dh lykg ns jgs gSaA

thfodk d`f"k

tc d`"kd eqqq[; :i ls vius fy, mRiknu djrs gSa vkSj cktkj ds fy, mRiknu djus e vleFkZ gksrs gSaA bls fuokZg d`f"k ds :i easa tkuk tkrk gSA

5- Lora=krk ds ckn xzkeh.k lekt esa ifjorZu% Lora=krk ds ckn xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa lkekftd laca/ksa dh izd`fr esa vusd izHkko'kkyh :ikUrj.k gq,A bldk dkj.k gfjr Økafr jgkA

xgu d`f"k ds dkj.k d`f"k etnwjksa dh c<+ksrjh

uxn Hkqxrku

Hkw&Lokfe;ksa ,oa fdlku ds eè; iq'rSuh laca/ksa esa deh gksukA

fngkM+h etnwjksa dk mn;

Hkw&Lokfe;ksa ls d`f"k etnwjksa ds eè; laca/ksa dh izd`fr esa o.kZu lekt 'kkL=kh tkWu cszeu us lja{k.k ls 'kks"k.k dh vksj cnyko esa fd;k FkkA (cszeu 1974) tgk¡ d`f"k dk O;kikjhdj.k vf/d gqvk] ftls dqN fo}kuksa us iw¡thoknh d`f"k dk :i dgk] D;ksafd fodflr {ks=kksa ds xzkeh.k foLr`r vFkZO;oLFkk ls tqM+rs tk jgs FksA eqnzk dk cgko xkao dh vksj c<+k rFkk O;kikj o jkstxkj Hkh c<+k ;g


izfØ;k vkSifuos'k dky ls egkjk"Vª esa dikl dh [ksrh ckM+h ls 'kq: gks x;h FkhA jkT;ksa esas Lora=krk ds ckn flapkbZ] lM+dksa rFkk ljdkjh ljapukvksa }kjk Í.k dh lqfo/k us bldh xfr dkiQh c<+kbZA bldk lh/k izHkko d`f"k ljapuk rFkk xkaoks ij iM+kA lEiUu fdlkuksa us vU; izdkj ds O;kikjksa esa fuos'k djuk 'kq: dj fn;k rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=kksa ls dLcksa esa jgus yxsA u, vfHktkr oxZ cus tks vkfFkZd rFkk jktuhfrd :i ls izcy gks x,A blds lkFk gh mPp f'k{kk dk foLrkj] futh O;kolkf;d egkfo|ky;ksa us eè;e oxZ dks c<+kok fn;kA fofHkUu oxksZa }kjk vius cPpksa dks buesa f'k{kk nsdj uxjh; eè;e oxZ dks c<+kok fn;kA fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij budk izHkko fofHkUu ns[kk x;k tSls& dsjy ds dkiQh yksx [kkM+h izns'kksa esa tkus yxsA

6- etnwjksa dk lapkj& izoklh etnwjksa dh c<+ksÙkjh d`f"k ds O;kikjhdj.k ls tqM+h gSA etnwjksa rFkk Hkw&Lokfe;ksa ds chp laj{k.k dk ikjEifjd ca/u VwVuk rFkk iatkc tSls gfjr Økafr }kjk lEiUu {ks=kksa esa d`f"k etnwjksa dh ekax c<+us ls ekSleh iyk;u dk ,d u;k :i mHkjkA 1990 ds n'kd ls vkbZ xzkeh.k vlekurkvksa us cgqLrjh; O;olk;ksa dh vksj ckè; fd;k rFkk etnwjksa dk iyk;u gqvkA tkWu cszaeu us bUgsa ?kqeDdM+ etnwj (iQqVywt yscj) dgkA bu etnwjksa dk 'kks"k.k vklkuh ls fd;k tkrk gSA etnwjksa ds cM+s iSekus ij lapkj ls xzkeh.k lekt] nksuks gh Hkstus okys rFkk izkIr djus okys {ks=kksa ij vusd egÙoiw.kZ izHkko iM+s gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, fu/Zu {ks=kksa esa tgk¡ ifjokj ds iq:"k lnL; o"kZ dk vf/drj fgLlk xk¡oksa ls ckgj dke djus esa fcrkrs gS] d`f"k ewy:i ls ,d efgykvksa dk dk;Z cu x;k gSA efgyk,¡ Hkh d`f"k etnwjksa ds eq[; L=kksr ds :i esa mHkj jgh gSaA ftlls d`f"k etnwjksa dk efgykdj.k gks jgk gSA

7- Hkwe.Myhdj.k] mnkjhdj.k rFkk xzkeh.k lekt& Hkwe.Myh; rFkk mnkjhdj.k ds dkj.k cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;k¡ fuf'pr iQly mxkus dks dgrh gSaA rFkk ;s fdlkuksa dks tkudkjh o lqfo/k,¡ Hkh nsrh gSaA bls lafonk d`f"k dgk tkrk gSA

Hkkjrh; d`f"k esa mnkjhdj.k ds izHkko

d`f"k cktkj dk foLrkj gksuk

mRikndksa dks vkd"kZd ewY; feyuk

miHkksDrkvksa dks lLrh d`f"k oLrqvksa dh izkfIr gksuk

d`f"k {ks=k esa mRiknu dk c<+uk


lafonk d`f"k lqj{kk ds lkFk&lkFk vlqj{kk Hkh nsrh gSA fdlku bu daifu;ksa ij fuHkZj gks tkrs gSa [kkn o dhV uk'kdksa ds vf/d iz;ksx ls i;kZoj.k vlqjf{kr gks tkrk gSA

ns'kh; Kku dks fujFkZd cukuk

d`f"k fj;k;rksa esa deh ls mRiknu ykxr c<+h gSA cktkj fLFkj ugha gS chekjh lw[kk ck<+ rFkk gkfudkjd tUrq] m/kj iSlk ysuk vkfn ls ifjokj esa ladV vk tkrk gSA d`f"k cgqr ls yksxksa ds fy, vj{k.kh; gksrh tk jgh gSA d`f"k ds eqn~ns vc lkoZtfud eqn~nsa ugha jgs gS] xfr'khyrk dh deh ds dkj.k d`"kd 'kfDr'kkyh ncko lewg cukus esa vleFkZ gSa tks uhfr;kssa dks vius i{k esa djok ldsaA

lafonk [ksrh esa dEiuh vkSj tehu ekfyd r; djrs Fks fd D;k mitkuk gS blds fy, fdlkuksa dks cht vkfn iznku djrs FksA dEiuh Hkjkslk nsrh FkhA fd os vukt vkfn dks [kjhn ysxsaA ftldk ewY; igys gh r; gks tkr FkkA blesa dEiuh iw¡th Hkh nsrh gSA

lafonk [ksrh cgqr gh vke gS] [kkl djds iQwy dh [ksrh] iQy] vaxwj] vukj] dikl ds {ks=k esaa tgk¡ [ksrh] fdlkuksa dks foÙkh; lqj{kk iznku djrh gS ogha ;g fdlkuksa ds fy, vf/d vlqjf{kr Hkh cu tkrh gSA

8- lafonk [ksrh%

blesa fdlku vius thou O;kikj ds fy, bu daifu;ksaaaa ij fuHkZj gks tkrs gSA

fu;kZrksUeq[kh mRikn tSls iQwy] vkSj [khjs gsrw ^lafonk [ksrh* dk vFkZ ;g Hkh gS fd d`f"k Hkwfe dk iz;ksx mRiknu ls gV dj fd;k tkrk gSA

^lafonk [ksrh* ewy:i ls vfHktkr enksa dk mRiknu djrh gS rFkk pw¡fd ;g vDlj [kkn rFkk dhVuk'kd dk mPp ek=kk esa iz;ksx djrs gSa blfy, ;g cgq/k i;kZoj.kh; n`f"V ls lqjf{kr ugha gksrhA

9- fdlkuksa dh vkRegR;k ds dkj.k

lekt'kkfL=k;ksa us d`f"k rFkk d`"kd lekt esa gksus okys ljapukRed rFkk lkekftd ifjorZuksa ds ifjisz{; esa djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA

vkRegR;k djus okys cgqr ls fdlku ^lhekar fdlku* Fks tks ewy :i ls gfjr Økafr ds rjhdksa dk iz;ksx djds viuh mRikndrk c<+kus dk iz;kl dj jgs FksA


d`f"k fj;k;krksa esa deh ds dkj.k mRiknu ykxr esa rsth ls c<+ksÙkjh gqbZ gS ckt+kj fLFkj ugha gS rFkk cgqr ls fdlku viuk mRiknu c<+kus ds fy, egaxs enksa esa fuos'k djus gsrw vR;f/d m/kj ysrs gSaA fdlku Í.kh gks jgs gSaA

[ksrh dk u gksuk rFkk dqN ekeyksa esa mfpr vk/kj vFkok ckt+kj ewY; ds vHkko ds dkj.k fdlku dtZ dk cks> mBkus vFkok vius ifjokjksa dks pykus esa vleFkZ gksrs gSA vkRegR;kvksa dh ?kVuk,¡ c<+ jgh gSA ;s vkRegR;k,¡ eSfVªDl ?kVuk,¡ cu xbZ gSA

xzke mn; ls Hkkjr mn; vfHk;ku

xzke mn; ls Hkkjr mn; vfHk;ku ,d jk"VªO;kih vfHk;ku gS ftldh enn ls ge iapk;rh jkt dks vf/d etcwr vkSj blds ekè;e ls xkaoksa esa lkekftd ln~Hkko dks c<+kok nsus] xzkeh.k fodkl rFkk fdlkuksa ds fodkl ds fy, djsaxsA bldh 'kq#vkr 14 vizSy 2016 ls dh xbZ FkhA

jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k & uxjh; fe'ku

dk;ZØe LokLF; ea=kky; }kjk pyk;k tk jgk gSA xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa LokLF; lqj{kk esa dsUnz ljdkj dh ;g ;kstuk 12 vizSy 2005 dks 'kq: dh x;hA vkjaHk esa ;g fe'ku dsoy lkr lky (2005&2012) ds fy, j[kk x;k] ;g ,d izeq[k ;kstuk gSA ;g dk;ZØe Hkkjr ljdkj ds }kjk lapkfyr gksrk gS ftlds ekè;e ls iwjs ns'k esa fdlkuksa ds fy, ,dhd`r lgk;rk ds ekxZ [kksys x;s gSaA blds vfrfjDr bu dk;ZØeksa ds }kjk xzkeh.k yksxksa ds thou&;kiu esa xq.kkRed lqèkkj gqvk gSA


iz'ukoyh

1 vad ds iz'u

1. dFku lgh djsaµ

(a) Ñf"k rFkk laLÑfr dk ?kfu"B laca/ ugha gSA

(b) tkWu czseu us ,d gh txg dke djus okys etnwjksa dks ?kqeDdM+ etnwj dgk gSA

(c) tehankjh O;oLFkk osQ varxZr o`Q"kd dk lh/k laca/ ljdkj ls FkkA

(d) eSfVªDl ?kVuk,¡ vehj fdlkuksa ls lacaf/r gSA

2. Ñf"kd lajpuk

eè;e rFkk cM+s tehukas ds ekfyd → d`f"k etnwj

3. Jh fuokl osQ vuqlkj izcy tkfr ---------------- vkSj ---------------- :i ls 'kfDr'kkyh gksrh gSA

4. ca/qvk etnwj dks xqtjkr esa ---------------- rFkk dukZVd esa ---------------- dgrs gSaA

5. csxkj dks ---------------- etnwjh Hkh dgrs gSaA

6. gfjr ozQkafr esa eq[; :i ls ---------------- vkSj ---------------- tSlh iQlyksa dk mRiknu fd;k x;kA

7. lafonk [ksrh ls D;k lacaf/r ugha gSA

(a) fdlku O;kikj osQ fy, cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa ij fuHkZj gksrs gSA

(b) [kkn rFkk dhVuk'kd dk mPp ek=kk esa iz;ksx

(c) cktkjksUeq[kh iQlyksa dks mxk;k tkrk gSA

(d) i;kZoj.kh; n`f"V ls lqjf{kr gksrs gSaA


8. fdlkuksa }kjk vkRegR;k,¡ djus osQ dkj.k gSaµ

(a) cSad dk dtkZ (b) iQly dk mfpr ewY; u feyuk

(c) [ksrh dk uk gksuk (d) mi;qDr rhuks

9. gfjr ozQkafr ls fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl jkT; esa vf/d o`f¼ gqbZµ

(a) iatkc (b) fcgkj

(c) iwohZ mRrj izns'k (d) rsyaxkuk

10. csukeh cny osQ varxZr Hkw&Lokfe;ksa us viuh Hkwfe fdls ugha nh FkhA

(a) fj'rsnkjksa dks (b) iRuh dks

(c) ukSdjksa dks (d) ljdkj dks

11. tks iQly dk oqQN fgLlk vius fy, j[kdj rFkk cktkj ls Hkh tqM+s gks dgykrs gSaµ

(a) fdlku (b) o`Q"kd

(c) thou fuokZgh o`Q"kd (d) iV~Vsnkj

12- tkV vkSj jktiwr mRrj izns'k esa] dukZVd esa fyaxk;r izcy tkfr;ksa ds mnkgj.k gSaA (lR; @ vlR;)

13- Jfed Hkh d`f"k Je ds eq[; lzksr ds :i esa mHkj jgs gSa] tks d`f"k Je cy ds ekfydkuk tkfr lewgksa ds fy, vxz.kh gSaaA (lR; @ vlR;)

14- xzke mn; ls Hkkjr mn; vfHk;ku ,d jk"VªO;kih vfHk;ku gS ftldh enn ls ge iapk;rh jkt dks etcwr djsaxsA (lR; @ vlR;)

2 vad iz'u

1- xzkeh.k lekt esa dkSu&dkSu ls is'ks viuk, x, gS\

2- d`"kd lekt ljapuk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

3- ^csxkj* ls D;k eryc gS\

4- jSÕ;rckM+h izFkk D;k gksrh gS\

5- vktknh ds ckn Hkkjr dh d`f"k fLFkfr D;k Fkh\

6- ^csukeh cny* ls vki D;k le>rs gSA


7- d`f"k etnwjksa ds lapkj (ljdqys'ku) ls vki D;k le>rs gS\

8- thou fuokZgh d`f"k D;k gS\

9- thou fuokZgh d`"kd vkSj fdlkuksa esa D;k vUrj gS\

10- d`f"k etnwjksa dk efgykdj.k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ 11- gekjh cgqr lh lkaLÑfrd izFkk,¡ ,oa izfreku fdl izdkj gekjh Ñf"kd i`"BHkwfe lsa lacˆ gksrs gS\

4 vad iz'u

1- Hkkjr esa fdlkuksa esa vkRegR;k dh izd`fr c<+ jgh gSA blds dkj.kksa ij izdk'k Mkfy,A

2- xzkeh.k lekt esa d`f"k ljapuk dk o.kZu djksA

3- xzkeh.k lekt esa tkfr o oxZ esa D;k laca/ gS\

4- Hkwfe lq/kj dkuwu dks ykxw djus esa dqN cpko ds jkLrs o ;qfDr;k¡ FkhA buds fo"k; esa crk,aA

5- vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr esa vaxsztksa us nks Hkwfe dj iz.kkfy;ka viukbZA ;s dkSu&dkSu lh Fkh\

6- ^gfjr&Økafr* ds ckjs esa fy[ksaA

7- gfjr Økafr ds dkj.k {ks=kh; vlekurkvksa esa fdl izdkj o`f¼ gqbZ\

8- tku czseu dk ?kqeDdM+ etnwj (iQqVywt yscj) ls D;k eryc gS\

9- lafonk d`f"k ds ckjsa esa crkbZ,A

10- dsjy dh fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk ds ihNs dkSu ls dkjd ik, tkrs gS\

11- d`f"k foKku dk bfrgkl dqN fo}kuksa ds fy, d`f"k laca/h fl¼kUrksa dk lwpd gSA O;k[;k dhft;sA

12- xzkeh.k lekt esa u, {ks=kh; vfHktkr oxZ ds mn~Hko ij ppkZ djsaaA

13- uhps fn, vuqPNsn dks i<+dj iz'uksa ds mRrj nhft;sA

ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa 1997&98 ls fdlkuksa }kjk dh tk jgh vkRegR;k dk lEca/ d`f"k esa lajpukRed ifjorZu o vkfFkZd ,oa d`f"k uhfr;ksa esa ifjorZu ls gksus okyh d`f"kd leL;k ls gSA buesa 'kkfey gSa % HkwLokfeRo ds izfrekuksa esa


3- vf/drj Hkwfeghu etnwj--------------vkSj-------------------ds gksrs gSaA

4- d`f"k mRiknu vkSj d`"kd lajpuk ds chp ,d lh/k lEcU/ gksrk gSA (lR;@ vlR;)

6 vad iz'u

1- gfjr Økafr ds lekt ij D;k izHkko gq,\ foLrkj ls o.kZu dhft,A

2- vktknh ds ckn Hkkjr esa fofHkuu Hkwfe lq/kj ykxw fd, x,] buds fo"k; esa fyf[k,A

3- xzkeh.k {ks=k esa d`"kd lekt dh ljapuk dj o.kZu djksA

4- gfjr ØkfUr ds izFke pj.k esa xsgwa vkSj pkoy dh iQly dks mxkus ij tksj fn;k x;kA Åij fn, x, vkadM+ksa dh enn ls gfjr ØkfUr ds iQyLo:i {ks=kh; vlekurk ij ppkZ dhft;s vkSj bl vlekurk ds dkj.k crkb;sA

4540 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 - 5 - 0 -Pr

oduc

tion

(in th

ousa

nd to

nnes

)

Wheat Rice Maze

UP MP Bihar Odisha Haryana Punjab


5- fdlkuksa }kjk vkRegR;k,a dh tk jgh gSa tks eSfVªDl ?kVuk,a cu x;ha gSaA lkj.kh eas fn, vkadM+ksa ds vk/kj ij fdlkuksa }kjk dh tk jgh vkRegR;kvksa dh dkj.k lfgr {ks=kh; foospuk dhft;sA

SUICIDES IN FARM SECTOR SUICIDES BY 2016

6,2705,109

5,9554,700

5,7634,586

5,9574,324

-5%-15%

2017 2018 2019

SUICIDES IN STATES IN 2019

Farmers Labourers

% CHANGE OVER 2016

Total suicides 11,379

FARMERSL ABOURERST OTAL

10,665 10,349 10,281- 10%

MaharashtraKarnatakaAndhra PradeshMadhya PradeshTelanganaPunjab

Detailed state-wise data for 2017 and 2018 has not been m ade available by NCRB

3,9271,9921,029541499302

1,247661401399

863

2,5801,331628142491239


ikB 5

vkS|ksfxd lekt esa ifjorZu rFkk fodkl

eq[; fcUnq

1- vkS|ksxhdj.k dh dYiuk

,d ,slh /kj.kk gS ftlesa e'khuksa dk lcls egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA cM+s&cM+s m|ksxksaa eas vk/qfud e'khukas rFkk Je ds foHkktu dh lgk;rk ls dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA gj ,d Jfed ,d NksVk lk iwtkZ cukrk gS rFkk og eq[; mRikn dks ns[k rd ugha ikrk gSSSA

ekDlZ] eSDl oscj vkSj ,fey nq[khZe us 'kgjhdj.k tSls m|ksx ds lkFk lkekftd lqfo/kvksa dh la[;k dks tksM+kA

vkeus&lkeus ds laca/ksa dk uqdlkuA

vkS|ksxhdj.k esa Je dk ,d foLr`r foHkktu 'kkfey gSA

ekDlZ us bl fLFkfr dks vyxko dh laKk nh] tc yksx dke dk vkuan ugha ysrs gSa] vkSj bls dqN ,slk ns[krs gSa fd mUgsa dsoy thfor jgus ds fy, dqN djuk iM+rk gS] vkSj ;gka rd fd thfor jguk bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd rduhd esa fdlh Hkh ekuo Je ds fy, txg gS ;k ughaA

vkS|ksxhdj.k dqN {ks=kksa esa vf/d lekurk dh vksj ys tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] Vªsuksa] clksa ;k lkbcj dSiQs esa tkfrxr varj dksbZ ek;us ugha j[krsA

2- Hkkjr esa vkS|ksxhdj.k

(i) vkS|ksxhdj.k lekt dh Nfo %& orZeku lekt vkS|ksfxd lekt gS rFkk vkS|ksxhdj.k ds bl ;qx esa lkekftd ifjorZu dh xfr Hkh dkiQh rhoz gks xbZ gS D;ksafd fodkl dh xfr rsth ls y{; dh vksj c<+ jgh gSA vkt m|ksxksa dk vkèkqfudhdj.k fd;k tk jgk gSA


(ii) vkS|ksxhdj.k ,oa uxjhdj.k ijLij varj lacaf/r vo/kj.kk,a gSaA vkS|ksxhdj.k dh izfØ;k tgka ftruh rhoz gksrh gS] ogka uxjhdj.k dh izfØ;k Hkh mlh jÝrkj ls vkxs c<+rh gSA

(iii) Hkkjr esa vkS|ksxhdj.k dk vuqHko dbZ ek;uksa esa fodflr ns'kksa ls fHkUu gSA

fodflr ns'kksa esa] vf/dka'k yksx lsok {ks=k esa gSa] blds ckn m|ksx vkSj 10» ls de d`f"k (ILO ds vkadM+s gSaA)

Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa] izkFkfed {ks=k esa yxHkx (d`f"k vkSj [kuu) 60»] f}rh;d {ks=k esa 17» (fofuekZ.k] fuekZ.k vkSj mi;ksfxrkvksa (vkSj 23» r`rh;d {ks=k O;kikj)] VªkaliksVZ foRrh; lsokvkas vkfn esa dk;Zjr FksA

(iv) fodflr vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds chp ik;k tkus okyk ,d nwljk cM+k varj fu;fer osruHkksxh jkstxkjksa esa fu;qDr deZpkfj;ksa dh la[;k dk gSA fodflr ns'kksa esa vf/dka'k tula[;k dk Hkkx fu;fer fdLe ds vkSipkfjd jkstxkjksa esa yxk gksrk gSA tcfd blds foijhr Hkkjr ds xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa 50» ls Hkh vf/d yksx Lojkstxkj pykrs gSa ;k muesa dke djrs gSaA dsoy 7-3» yksx fu;fer jkstxkjksa esa rFkk yxHkx 38-6» yksx vfu;fer jkstxkj esa yxs gksrs gSaA

(v) laxfBr ;k vkSipkfjd {ks=k

laxfBr ;k vkSipkfjd {ks=k dh bdkb;ksa esa 10 ;k 10 ls vf/d yksx iwjs o"kZ jkstxkj izkIr djrs gSa ;k dk;Zjr jgrs gSaA

ljdkj ds ikl iathd`r gSaA

ykHk ds lkFk ukSdfj;ka lqjf{kr gSaA

HkrhZ vf/d ikjn'khZ gSA

f'kdk;rksa vkSj fuokj.k ds fy, ra=k gSaA

(vi) vlaxfBr ;k vukSipkfjd {ks=k

bdkb;ksa dks ljdkj ds lkFk iathd`r gkssus dh vko';drk ugha gSA

deZpkfj;ksa dks mfpr osru] isa'ku vkSj vU; ykHk ugha fey ikrs gSaA


ukSdfj;ka lqjf{kr ugha gSaaA

3- Hkkjr ds izkjfEHkd o"kksZ esa vkS|ksxhdj.k%&

1948 esa vkS|ksfxd uhfr izLrko ds lkFk gh Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd uhfr ds fodkl Øe dh 'kq#vkr gqbZA fofHkUu uhfrxr izLrkoksa esa Hkh lkoZtfud {ks=k ds izfr bu cqfu;knh >qdko dks nksgjk;k x;k gSA vFkZO;oLFkk esa lkoZtfud {ks=k dsk 1956 ds vkS|ksfxd uhfr izLrko eas ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkfedk lkSaih xbZA

#bZ] twV] jsyos rFkk dks;yk [kkusa Hkkjr ds izFke m|ksx FksA Lora=krk ds ckn Hkkjr ds ifjogu lapkj] ÅtkZ] [kku vkfn dks egRo fn;k x;kA

Hkkjr dh fefJr vkfFkZd uhfr esa (futh ,oa lkoZtfud) m|ksx 'kkfey FksA

blls igys m|ksx eq[; :i ls enzkl] eqqqacbZ] dksydkrk tSls canjxkgksa okys 'kgjksa eas fLFkr gSaA ijarq vktknh ds ckn m|ksxksa dk foLrkj cM+kSnk] dks;EcVwj] csaxyq#] iq.ks] iQjhnkckn rFkk jktdksV tSls dbZ 'kgjksa rd gqvk vkSj ;s egRoiw.kZ vkS|ksfxd dsUnzksa esa fxus tkrs gSaA

4- mnkjhdj.k ,oa Hkkjrh; m|ksx esa ifjorZu

1990 ls ljdkj us mnkjhdj.kk uhfr dks viuk;k gS rFkk nwj lapkj] ukxfjd mM~M;u mQtkZ vkfn {ks=kksa esa futh daifu;k¡ fo'ks"kdj fons'kh iQeksZ dks izksRlkfgr fd;k tk jgk gSA cgqr&lh Hkkjrh; diafu;kas dks fonsf'k;ksa us [kjhn fy;k gSA rFkk dqN Hkkjrh; diafu;k¡ cgqjk"Vªh; diafu;k¡ cu xbZ gSA blds dkj.k vkenuh dh vlekurk,¡ c<+ jgh gSA cM+s m|ksx esa lqjf{kr jkstxkj de gks jgs gSaA fdlku rFkk vkfnoklh yksx foLFkkfir gks jgs gSA

fofuos'k

ljdkj lkoZtfud daifu;ksa ds vius 'ks;lZ dks futh {ks=k dh daifu;ksa dks cspus dk iz;kl dj jgh gS ftls fofuos'k dgk tkrk gSA blls deZpkfj;ksa dks ukSdjh tkus dk [krjk jgrk gSA

5- yksx fdl rjg dke ikrs gSa&

jkstxkjksa ds foKkiu }kjk cgqr de yksx jkstxkj ikrs gSa] tcfd futh lEidksZa }kjk Lofu;ksftr yksx dke ds vk/kj ij O;olk; djrs gSA


oSKkfud izca/u ds uke ls bl O;oLFkk dk vkfo"dkj fd;kA bl O;oLFkk esa LVkiokp dh lgk;rk ls NksVs&NksVs iqtksZ dks rksM+j dkexkjksa esa ckaVuk] dk;Z dks le; ds lkFk iwjk djuk dk;Z dks rst djus ds fy, ,lsacyh ykbu dk iz;ksx djuk dk;Z] djus dh xfr dks dUos;j csYV ds lkFk xfr j[kuk vkfnA dkj[kkus esa lHkh dk;Z czkã L=kksrksa ls djokrs gSA bl izdkj dk dk;Z dEiuh dks lLrk iM+rk gSA

vf/d e'khuksa okys m|ksxksa esa] de yksxksa dks dke fn;k tkrk gS] ysfdu tks gksrs gS mUgsa Hkh e'khuh xfr ls dke djuk gksrk gS tSls ek:fr xfr ls dke djuk gksrk gS tSls ek:fr m|ksx fyfeVsMA blesa izR;sd feuV esa nks dkjsa rS;kj gksdj vk tkrh gSA izR;sd dkexkj 40 o"kZ dk gksus rd iwjh rjg Fkd tkrk gS vksj LoSfPNd vodk'k ys ysrk gSA ;g dkexkjksa esa vf/d ruko dh ogt ls gksrk gSA

lkÝVos;j] vkbZ-Vh- {ks=kksa esa dke djus okys f'kf{kr gksrs gSA mudk dk;Z Hkh Vk;yfjTe yscj izfØ;k ds vuq:i gh gksrk gSA vkbZ-Vh- {ks=k esa ^le; dh pkdjh* &vkSlru 10&12 ?kaVs dk dk;Zfnol vkSj jkrHkj dk;Z djus okys deZpkjh Hkh vlkekU; ckr ugha gS] ftls ukbV vkmV dgrs gSA tc mudh ifj;kstuk dh vafre lhek vk tkrh gSA yacs dk;Z ?kaVksa dk gksuk ,d m|ksx dh dsafnz; ^dk;Z laLd`fr* gksrh gsA ,d vkB ?kaVs dke djus okys bathfu;j ds Je ds vk/kj ij dke dks vafre lhek rd igq¡pkus ds fy, mls vfrfjDr ?kaVksa vkSj fnuksa rd dke djuk iM+rk gSA vkWfiQl esa nsj rd :d tkrs gS tks fd ;k rks lkfFk;ksa ds ncko ds dkj.k gksrk gs vFkok os vius vf/dkfj;ksa dks fn[kkuk pkgrs gsa fd os dM+h esgur dj jgs gksA

la;qDr ifjokj tks fd yqIr gks x, Fks vkS|ksxhdj.k ds dkj.k fiQj ls cuus yx x, gSaA

7- dks;yk [kfudksa dh dk;kZoLFkk,¡

m|ksxkas esa dk;Z djus dh voLFkk,a 'kks"k.k ls Hkjiwj gksrh gSA

[knku ,DV 1952 us etnwjksa ds fofHkUu dk;ksZ dks Li"V fd;k gSA dks;ys dh [kkuksa esa dke djus ds Li"V fu;e cuk, x, gSaA ijarq Bsdsnkj budk ikyu ugha djrsA nq?kZVuk ds gksus ij ;k fdlh deZpkjh dh e`R;q gks tkus ij dksbZ ykHk vkfn nssus dh ftEesnkjh ls os lkiQ cp tkrs gSaA blds vfrfjDr os viuh


ftEesnkfj;kas dks Hkh ugha fuHkkrs tSls [kuu dk dke iwjk gks tkus ij os [kkuksa ds xM~<ksa dsk lery ugha djkrs gSaA

dks;yk [kfudksa dks [krjkA

Hkwfexr [knkuksa esa Jfedksa dks ck<+] vkx] Nrksa vkSj i{kksa ds iru] xSlksa vkSj osafVys'ku foiQyrkvksa ds dkj.k cgqr [krjukd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA

dbZ Jfedksa dsk 'okal lEca/h leL;k,a vkSj risfnd vkSj flfydksfll tSlh chekfj;ka gksrh gSaA

tehuh [knkuksa esa dke djus okys yksx rst /wi vkSj ckfj'k nksuksa esa dke djrs gSa vkSj [knku esa foLiQksV] fxjus okyh oLrqvksa vkfn ds dkj.k pksV dk lkeuk djrs gSaA

bl izdkj] vU; ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa Hkkjr esa [kuu nq?kZVukvksa dh nj cgqr vf/d gSA

8- ?kjksa esa gksus okyk dk;Z

vFkZO;oLFkk dk egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gSA

blesa ysl] tjh ;k czksdsM] dkyhu] chM+h cukuk] vxjcÙkh vkSj ,sls dbZ mRikn 'kkfey gSaA

dke eq[; :i ls efgykvkas vkSj cPpksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

,d ,tsUV bUgsa dPpk eky iznku djrk gS vkSj rS;kj mRikn Hkh izkIr djrk gSA

Jfedksa dks izfr ux ds vk/kj ij Hkqxrku fd;k tkrk gS] tks muds }kjk rS;kj fd;s tkus okys uxksa dh la[;k ij fuHkZj djrk gS tSls chM+h m|ksxA

9- izoklh Jfedksa dh leL;k,a

rV js[kk ds lkFk eNyh izlaLdj.k la;a=k rfeyukMq] dukZVd vkSj dsjy dh T;knkrj ,dy ;qok efgykvkaasa dks jkstxkj nsrs gSaA mueas ls nl&ckjg dks NksVs dejksa esa j[kk tkrk gS vkSj dHkh&dHkh fdlh vU; ds fy, Hkh txg cukuh iM+rh gSA


;qok efgykvksa dks fouez dk;ZdrkZ ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA

dbZ iq#"k vius ifjokjksa dks xkaoksa eas NksM+dj vdsys pys tkrs gSa

izokfl;ksa ds ikl lkeftddj.k ds fy, cgqr de le; gksrk gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i vdsykiu vkSj vfLFkjrk gksrh gSA

10- gM+rkyas ,oa etnwj la?k& iQSDVªh rFkk vU; m|ksxksa esa dkexkjksa ds la?k gSA ftuesa tkfrokn rFkk {ks=kh;okn ik;k tkrk gSA

etnwj la?k& fdlh Hkh fey] dkj[kkus esa etnwjksa ds fgrksa dh j{kk djus ds fy, etnwj la?k dk xBu fd;k tkrk gSA lHkh etnwj blds lnL; gksrs gSA

gM+rky& viuh ekaxksa dks euokus ds fy, deZpkjh gM+rky djrs gSA dHkh&dHkh dke dh cqjh n'kkvksa ds dkj.k dkexkj gM+rky ij tkrs gSaA

rkykcanh& fey ekfydksa }kjk fey ds eq[; }kjk ij rkyk yxkukA

rkykcanh easa izca/u@ekfyd xsV cn dj nsrk gS vkSj Jfedksa dks vkus ls jksdrk gSA

Jfed fdlh vU; txg dke djus ds fy, etcwj gks tkrs gSaA

11- 1982 dh cEcbZ VSDlVkby fey dh gM+rky

cacbZ fey gM+rky esa etnwjksa dh nks eka¡xsa

1982 ds ckWEcs VsDlVkby LVªkbd dk usr`Ro O;kikj la?k ds usrk MkW- nRrk lkear us fd;k FkkA ;g gM+rky djhc nks lky rd pyhA etnwjksa dh ekaxsa Fkha %&

csgrj etnwjhA

viuk la?k cukus dk vf/dkjA


iz'ukoyh

1 vad ds iz'u

1. yksx fdl rjg dke ikrs gSaµ

(a) foKkiu }kjk (b) tkudkjh }kjk

(c) jkstxkj dk;kZy; (d) mijksDr rhuksa

2. tks etnwj NqV~Vh ij x, gq, osQ LFkku ij dke djrs gSa mUgsa dgrs gSaµ

(a) BsosQnkj (b) cnyh dkexkj

(c) fxjfefV;k etnwj (d) rhuksa esa ls dksbZ ugha

3. laxfBr@vkSipkfjd {ks=k osQ varxZrµ

(a) iwjs o"kZ LFkk;h jkstxkj jgrk gSA (b) isa'ku dh lqfo/k gksrh gSA

(c) chek gksrk gS (d) mijksDr rhuksa


(a) fofuos'k osQ rgr deZpkfj;ksa dh ukSdjh tkus dk [krjk ugha jgrk gSA

(b) rkykcanh esa etnwjksa }kjk fey osQ eq[; }kj ij rkyk yxk fn;k tkrk gSA

(c) Hkwfexr [knkuksa esa vkx yxus dk [krjk ugha gksrk gSA

(d) izfl¼ cacbZ diM+k fey gM+rky dh pkj ek¡xsa FkhaA

(e) iSQDVªh rFkk vU; m|ksxksa esa tkfr osQ vk/kj ij dke ugha feyrk gSA

5. dkexkjksa ls vf/d dk;Z djokus osQ nks rjhosQ gksrs gSa ------------------- rFkk ------------------

6. ljdkj lkoZtfud daifu;ksa osQ vius 'ks;lZ dks futh {ks=k dh daifu;ksa dks cspus dk iz;kl dj jgh gS ftls ---------------- dgk tkrk gSA

7. ---------------- us oSKkfud izca/u ;k VsyfjTe uked O;oLFkk dk vkfo"dkj fd;kA

8. ek#fr m|ksx esa ---------------- feuV esa nks dkjsa rS;kj gksdj vk tkrh gSaA izR;sd dkexkj ---------------- o"kZ dk gksus rd iwjh rjg Fkd tkrk gSA

9. vkSlru 10&12 ?kaVs dk dk;Zfnol vkSj jkr Hkj dk;Z djus dks -------- dgrs gSaA


10. ---------------- {ks=k esa le; dh pkdjh dh tkrh gSA

11. viuh ek¡xksa dks euokus ds fy, etnwj ---------------- djrs gSaA

12- fn, x, dFkuksa dks lgh djsa %&

(i) dkyZ ekDlZ ds vuqlkj vyxko ,d ,slh fLFkfr gS ftlesa yksx vius dke dk vkuan ysrs gSaA

(ii) Hkkjr easa cgqr de yksxksa ds ikl vlqjf{kr ukSdfj;ka gSaA

(iii) eNyh m|ksx eas T;knkrj ;qok dke djrs gSaA

2 vad iz'u

1- dkexkj gM+rky ij D;ksa tkrs gSa\

2- rkykcUnh esa ekfyd D;k djrk gS\

3- laxfBr vkSj vlaxfBr {ks=k esa vUrj fyf[k,A

4- vkS|ksfxd bUthfu;fjax (VsfyfjTe) D;k gksrk gS\

5- le; dh pkdjh ls vki D;k le>rs gS\

6- vkS|ksfxdh esa yksx vius mRiknu dk vfUre :i D;ksa ugha ns[k ikrs\

7- fofuos'k fdls dgrs gS\ [Outside Delhi-2018]

8- gM+rky vkSj rkykcanh esa D;k varj gS\

9- cacbZ diM+k fey gM+rky dh nks ek¡xs dkSu&lh Fkh\

10- cnyh dkexkj dkSu gksrs gS\

4 vad iz'u

1- m|ksxksa ds izkFkfed {ks=k dkSu ls gS\ vlaxfBr {ks=k ds m|ksx D;k gksrs gaS\

2- 40 Ok"kZ rd vf/dk'ka O;fDr m|ksxksa esa Fkd tkrs gSaA blesa izcU/dksa dh Hkwfedk D;k gS\


ikB 6

HkweaMyhdj.k vkSj lkekftd ifjorZu

eq[; fcUnq

1- HkweaMyhdj.k& lkekftd ifjorZu dk dsUnzh; fcUnq gSA ;g vke yksxksa ds thou dks izHkkfor dj jgk gS eè;e oxZ ds fy, jkstxkj] [kqnjk O;kikj cgq jk"Vªh; diafu;ksa }kjk 'kq: djuk] cM+s fcØh HkaMkj] ;qokvksa ds fy, le; fcrkus dh fof/;ka rFkk vU; {ks=k iznku dj jgk gSA blls gekjk lkekftd o lkaLd`frd thou cny jgk gSA phu rFkk dksfj;k ls js'ke /kxksa dk vk;kr djus ls fcgkj ds dkexkjksa ij izHkko] cM+s tgktksa }kjk eNyh idM+us ds dkj.k Hkkjrh; eNqvkjksa ij dqizHkko] lwMku ls xksan vkus ij xqtjkr dh vkSjrksa ds jkstxkj esa deh vk jgh gSA

2- D;k HkweaMyhdj.k var lEcU/ Hkkjr rFkk fo'o ds fy, u, gS&

izkjafHkd o"kZµHkkjr vkt ls nks gtkj o"kZ igys Hkh fo'o ls vyx&Fkyx ugha FkkA izfl¼ js'ke ekxZ (flYd:V)] ;g ekxZ lfn;ksa igys Hkkjr dks mu egku lH;rkvksa ls tksM+rk Fkk tks phu] izQkal] felz vkSj jkse esa fLFkr FkkA fo'o ds fHkUu&fHkUu Hkkxksa ls yksx ;gk¡ vk, Fks] dHkh O;kikfj;ksa ds :i esa] dHkh fotsrkvksa ds :i esa] dHkh izoklh ds :i esaA

mifuos'kokn vkSj HkweaMyh; la;kstuµmifuos'kokn ml O;oLFkk dk ,d Hkkx Fkk ftls iw¡th] dPph lkexzh] ÅtkZ] ckt+kj ds u, lzksrksa vkSj ,d ,sls latky dh vko';drk Fkh tks mls l¡Hkkys gq, FkkA yksxksa dk lcls cM+k izolu ;wjksih; yksxksa dk ns'kkarj.k Fkk tc os viuk ns'k NksM+dj vesfjdk] vkLVsªfy;k esa tk cls FksA Hkkjr ls fxjfefV;k etnwjksa dks fdl izdkj tgktksa esa Hkjdj ,f'k;k] vizQhdk vkSj mÙkjh&nf{k.kh vesfjdk ds nwjorhZ Hkkxksa esa dke djus ds fy, ys tk;k tkrk FkkA nkl O;kikj ds varxZr gt+kjksa vizQhfd;ksa dks nwjLFk rVksa rd xkfM+;ksa esa Hkjdj ys tk;k x;k FkkA


Lora=k Hkkjr vkSj fo'oµLora=k Hkkjr us HkweaMyh; n`f"Vdks.k dks viuk, j[kkA cgqr ls Hkkjrokfl;ksa us f'k{kk ,oa dk;Z ds fy, leqnz ikj dh ;k=kk,¡ dhA ,d fujarj pyus okyh izfØ;k Fkh dPpk eky] lkexzh vkSj izkS|ksfxdh dk vk;kr vkSj fu;kZr Lora=krk izkfIr ds le; ls gh ns'k ds fodkl dk vax cuk jgkA fons'kh daifu;k¡ Hkkjr esa lfØ; FkhA

fxjfefV;k etnwjµikfjr jgus vkSj Hkkstu ds Hkqxrku ds cnys ,d fons'kh ns'k esa ,d fufJr vof/ ds fy, jkstxkj ds ,d iqu% vuqcaèk ds rgr Jfed dk;ZA

nklrk ds mUewyu ds ckn 1939 ls dSfj,fo;u esa phuh ckxku ij jkstxkj ds fy, Hkkjr ls Jfedksa ds Jfedksa dk O;kid :i ls bLrseky fd;k x;kA

3- HkweaMyhdj.k ds fofHkUu vk;ke& Lora=k Hkkjr us HkweaMyh; n`f"Vdks.k dks viuk, j[kkA

(i) vkfFkZd vk;ke

mnkjhdj.k dh vkfFkZd uhfr

mnkjhdj.k 'kCn dk rkRi;Z ,sl vusd uhfrxr fu.kZ;ksa ls gS tks Hkkjr jkT; }kjk 1991 esa Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks fo'o cktkj ds fy, [kksy nsus ds mn~ns'; ls fy, x, FksA

vFkZO;oLFkk ds mnkjhdj.k dk vFkZ Fkk Hkkjrh; O;kikj dks fu;fer djus okys fu;eksa vkSj foÙkh; fu;euksa dks gVk nsukA

mnkjhdj.k dh izfØ;k ds fy, varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzkdks"k (vkbZ-,e-,iQ-) tSlh varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkkvksa ls Í.k ysuk Hkh t:jh gks x;kA

ikj jk"Vªh; fuxe& ;s dEifu;k ,d ls vf/d ns'kksa esa vius eky dk mRikn djrh gSA ;k cktkj esa lsok,a iznku djrh gS buds dkj[kkus ml ns'k ls ckgj Hkh gksrs gS ftlls ;s ewy :i ls tqM+h gksrh gSA tSls dksdk dksyk] iSIlh] tujy eksVj] dksMd] dksyxsV] ckVk vkfnA

bYdVªksfud vFkZO;oLFkk& dEI;wVj }kjk ;k baVjusV }kjk cSfdax] fuxe] fuos'kdrkZ] viuh fuf/ dks varZjk"Vªh; Lrj ij b/j&m/j Hkst ldrs gSaA

Hkkj jfgr ;k KkukRed vFkZO;oLFkk& blesa mRikn lwpuk ij vk/kfjr gksrs


gS] u fd d`f"k rFkk m|ksx ijA TkSls bUVjusV lsok,a] euksjatu ds mRikn] ehfM;k] lkÝVos;j] vkfn okLrfod dk;Zcy HkkSfrd mRiknu rFkk forj.k esa ugha gksrk gSA ;g buds fMtkbZu] fodkl] izkS|ksfxdh] foi.ku] fcØh rFkk lfoZl vkfn esa gksrk gSA

foÙk dk HkweaMyhdj.k

lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dh Økafr ds dkj.k foÙk dk HkweaMyhdj.k gqvk gSA HkweaMyh; vk/kj ij ,dhd`r foÙkh; ckt+kj bysDVªkfud ifjiFkksa] dqN {k.kksa esa vjcksa&[kjcksa Mkyj ds ysu&nsu gksrs gSA

iw¡th vkSj izfrHkwfr cktkjksa esa pkSchlksa ?kaVs cktkj pyrk jgrk gSA

U;w;kdZ] Vksfd;ksa vkSj yanu tSls uxj foÙkh; O;kikj ds izeq[k dsUnz gSA

HkweaMyh; lapkj& blds dkj.k ckgjh nqfu;k ds lkFk laca/ cus gSA VsyhiQksu] iSQDl e'khu] fMthVy rFkk dscy Vsyhfotu] baVjusV vkfn blesa lgk;d cusA fMftVy foHkktu& nqfu;k ds lEcU/ cuk, j[kus ds cgqr ls lk/u ekStwn gS] ysfdu dqN txg ,slh Hkh gSa tgk¡ ;s lk/u fcYdqy Hkh ugha gSA bls fMftVy foHkktu dgk tkrk gSA

HkweaMyh; rFkk Je& HkweaMyhdj.k ds dkj.k varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij ,d u;k Je foHkktu iSnk gqvk gSA blesa rhljh nqfu;k ds 'kgjksa esa fu;fU=kr fuekZ.k] mRiknu o jkstxkj fn;k tkrk gS ^ukbds* dEiuh 1960 ds n'kd esa twrksa dk vk;kr djus okyh dEiuh ds :i esa fodflr gqbZA bldk ekfyd fiQy ukbZd tkiku ls twrs vk;kr djrs rFkk [ksy vk;kstuksa ij csprs FksA vc ;g dEiuh cu xbZ ukbZd us nf{k.k dksfj;k esa mRiknu 'kq: fd;kA blh izdkj 1980 esa FkkbZySaM o baMksusf'k;k rFkk 1990 Hkkjr esa mRikn 'kq: dj fn;kA

iQksMZokn& ,d dsUnzh; LFkku ij fo'kky iSekus ij mRiknu iQksMZokn dgykrh gSA

iQksMZoknksÙkj& dsUnzh; LFkku dh ctk; vyx&vyx LFkkuksa ij mRiknu yphyh iz.kkyh ds vUrxZr iksL iQksMZokn (iQksMZoknksÙkj) dgykrk gSA

(ii) jktuhfrd vk;ke

HkweaMyhdj.k o jktuhfrd ifjorZu& lektoknh fo'o dk fo?kVu ,d cM+k jktuhfrd ifjorZu Fkk blds dkj.k HkweaMyhdj.k dh izfØ;k dh xfr dkiQh


c<+ xbZ gSA blls ,d fo'ks"k vkfFkZd o jktuhfrd n`f"Vdks.k cuk gSA bu ifjorZuksa dks ^uo mnkjoknh* mik; dgrs gSA HkweaMyhdj.k ds lkFk gh ,d vU; jktuhfrd ?kVukØe Hkh gks jgk gSA og gS jktuhfrd lg;ksx ds fy, vUrjkZ"Vªh; rFkk {ks=kh; jpuk rU=kA tSls ;wjksih; la?k (bZ-;w-) nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ jk"Vª la?k (,f'k;ku)] nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ O;kikj la?k (cksMZl) vUrjkZ"Vªh; ljdkjh rFkk xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa ds fof'k"V ikjjk"Vªh; dk;Z{ks=k dk izca/ djrk gSA vr% ljdkjh laxBu lgHkkxh ljdkjksa ds fof'k"V ikjjk"Vªh; dk;Z{ks=k dk izca/ djrk gSA tSls fo'o O;kikj la?k O;kikj fu;eksa ij fuxjkuh j[krk gSA vU; mnkgj.k gS& xzhuihl] jsMØkl] ,EuLVh baVjus'kuy] izaQfV;fjl MkDVlZ fonkmV cksMZlA

(iii) lkaLd`frd vk;ke

HkweaMyhdj.k rFkk laLd`fr& fiNys n'kdksa esa dkiQh lkaLd`frd ifjorZu gq, gS] ftlds dkj.k ;g Mj iSnk gks x;k fd dgha gekjh laLd`fr ihNs u jg tk,] ijUr vkt Hkh gekjk ns'k esa jktuhfrd o vkfFkZd eqn~nksa ds vykok diM+ks] 'kSfy;ksa] laxhr] fiQYe] gkoHkko] Hkk"kk vkfn ij [kwc cgl gksrh gSA

ltkrh; cuke laLd`fr dk Hkw&LFkkuh;dj.k (Xyksdykbts'ku)& ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd dqN le; ckn lc laLd`fr;k¡ ,d leku gks tk,xh] dqN ekurs gS dh laLd`fr dk HkwLFkkuh;dj.k dh izo`fÙk c<+ jgh gSA vFkkZr~ HkweaMy ds lkFk LFkkuh; feJ.k] eSdMksukYM Hkh Hkkjrh;ksa dh ijEijk ds vuqlkj mRikn csprk gSA laxhr ds {ks=k esa Hkh HkkaxM+k iksi] bafM;kÝ;wtu E;wftd vkfn yksdfiz;rk c<+ jgh gSA bl izdkj HkweaMyhdj.k ds dkj.k LFkkuh; ijeijkvksa ds lkFk&lkFk HkweaMyhdj.k ijEijk,a Hkh iSnk gks jgh gSA

fyax rFkk laLd`fr& ijEijkxr laLd`fr dk leFkZu djus okys dqN O;ffDr efgykvksa ds izfr HkweaMyhdj.k dk izHkko udkjkRed ekurs gSa iQS'ku o [kqykiu dk lkaLd`frd igpku ds uke ij fojks/ djrs gSa rFkk 'kadkyq cukrs gS lkSHkkX; ls Hkkjr viuh yksdrkaf=kd ijEijk dk;e j[krs gq, lekos'kkRed uhfr fodflr djus esa liQy jgk gSA

miHkksx dh laLd`fr& lkaLd`frd miHkksx (dyk] iQS'ku] [kk|] laxhr) uxjksa dh o`rf¼ dks vkdkj nsrk gSA Hkkjr ds cM+s 'kgjksa esa cM+s&cM+s 'kkfiax eky] eYVhIysDl flusek?kj] euksjat] m|ku] ty ØhM+kLFky vkfn blds mnkgj.k gSA


fuxe laLd`fr (dkWjiksjsV)& izac/ fl¼kUr ftlesa iQeZ ds lHkh lnL;ksa dks lkFk ysdj ,d fo'ks"k laxBu dh laLd`fr dk fuekZ.k djds mRikndrk vkSj izfr;ksfxrk dk c<+kok nsrs gSa blls dEiuh ds dk;ZØe jhfr;ka rFkk ijEijk,a 'kkfey gSa ;s deZpkfj;ksa esa oiQknkjh o ,drk dks c<+krh gsA og ;g Hkh crkrh gS fd dke djus dk rjhdk D;k gS vksj mRiknksa dks dSls c<+kok fn;k tk,A

Lons'kh f'kYi] lkfgfR;d ijEijkvksa ,oa Kku O;oLFkkvksa dks [krjk& HkweaMyhdj.k ds dkj.k gekjh lkfgfR;d ijEijkvksaa ,oa Kku O;oLFkkvksa ij Hkh dqizHkko vk, gSA tSls& diM+k feys (cEcbZ) cUn gksus ds dkj.k fFk;sVj lewg lekIr ;k fuf"Ø; gks x, gSA ysfdu d`f"k] LokLF; laca/h ijEijkxr Kku lqjf{kr j[ks tkrs gSA rqylh] gYnh] cklerh pkoy] :nzk{k vkfn dks fons'kh dEifu;k¡ isVsUV djkus dh dksf'k'k djrh jgrh gSA dqN o"kZigys vkaèkz izns'k ds ikjaifjd cudjksa }kjk vkRegR;k fd, tkus dh [kcjs feyh FkhA blh rjg ls Mkseckjh leqnk; dh gkyr Hkh dkiQh [kjkc gks pqdh gSA buds djrc vkt dy ilUn ugha fd, tkrs D;ksafd vU; euksjatu ds lkèku miyC/ gSaA

iz'ukoyh

1 vad ds iz'u

1. dFku lgh djsaµ

(a) HkweaMyhdj.k osQ var laca/ Hkkjr rFkk fo'o ds fy, u, gSA

(b) dksdk dksyk vkSj iSIlh ikj&jk"Vªh; fuxe osQ mnkgj.k ugha gSA

(c) vyx&vyx LFkkuksa ij mRiknu iQksMZokn dgykrk gSA

(d) cacbZ diM+k fey osQ can gksus osQ dkj.k fFk;sVj lewg lfozQ; gks x, gSaA

(e) lwMku ls xksan vkus ij xqtjkr dh vkSjrksa osQ jkstxkj esa o`f¼ gks xbZ gSA

2. dEI;wVj }kjk ;k baVjusV }kjk cSfdax] viuh fuf/ dks varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij b/j&m/j djuk ---------------- vFkZO;oLFkk dgykrh gSA

3. ---------------- 'kCn dk rkRi;Z ,sls vusd uhfrxr fu.kZ;ksa ls gS tks Hkkjr jkT; }kjk lu~ ---------------- esa Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks fo'o cktkj osQ fy, [kksy nsus ds mn~ns'; ls fy, x, FksA


4. Hkkjr ls ---------------- etnwjksa dks tgktksa esa Hkjdj ,f'k;k] vizQhdk vkSj mRrjh&nf{k.kh vesfjdk osQ nwjorhZ Hkkxks esa dke djus osQ fy, ys tk;k tkrk gSA

5. ,d LFkkuh; laLÑfr dk fo'o dh laLÑfr ls feJ.k ---------------- dgykrk gSA

6. ,slh txg tgk¡ lapkj osQ lk/u ekStwn ugha gS mls ---------------- dgrs gSaA

7. ,d dsanzh; LFkku ij fo'kky iSekus ij mRiknu ---------------- dgykrk gSA

8. mnkjhdj.k dh izfozQ;k osQ fy, fdl varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkk ls ½.k fy;k tkrk gSA

(a) I.M.F (b) W.H.O

(c) E.V (d)ASEAN

9. dkSu lk xSj ljdkjh laxBu dk mnkgj.k ugha gSµ

(a) xzhuihl (b) jsMozQkWl

(c) ,EuLVh baVjus'uy (d) nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ jk"Vª la?k

10. HkweaMyhdj.k ls fdls [krjk gSµ

(a) Lons'kh f'kYi (b) lkfgR;d ijEijk,¡

(c) Kku O;oLFkk,¡ (d) mijksDr rhuksa

11- fn, x, dFkuksa dks lgh djsa%&

(i) dksdk dksyk Vªkalus'kuy dkWiksZjs'ku dk mnkgj.k ugha gSA

(ii) ,d dsUnzh; LFkku eas cM+s iSekus ij mRiknu dks VsyksfjTe dgk tkrk gSA

(iii) laxfBr {ks=k esa os lHkh bdkb;ka 'kkfey gSa tks ljdkj ds ikl iathd`r ugha gSaA

2 vad iz'u

1- Hkwe.Myhdj.k D;k gS\

2- KkukRed ;k Hkkj jfgr vFkZO;oLFkk D;k gksrh gS\

3- HkwLFkkuhdj.k laLd`fr fdls dgrs gSa\


4- fuxe laLd`fr (dkjiksjsV) ls D;k le>rs gS\

5- miHkksx dh laLd`fr fdls dgk tkrk gS\

6- ikj jk"Vªh; fuxeksa ds ckjsa esa o.kZu djsaA

7- iQksMZokn ls vki dk D;k rkRi;Z gS\

8- izeq[k vUrjkZ"Vªh; o xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa ds uke fy[kksA

9- iQksMZokn vkSj iksLV iQksVZokn esa varj fy[ksA

10- fMftVy foHkktu D;k gS\

4 vad iz'u

1- lkekftd U;k; ij HkweaMyhdj.k dk D;k izHkko iM+k gS\

2- HkweaMyhdj.k ds dkj.k etnwj detksj o vlqjf{kr D;ksa eglwl djrs gSa\

3- D;k HkweaMyhdj.k var lEcU/ Hkkjr vkSj fo'o ds fy, u, gS\

4- HkweaMyhdj.k gekjs fdlkuksa ij D;k izHkko iM+k gS\

5- HkweaMyhdj.k vkfFkZd ifjorZu dk dsUnz fcUnq gSaA o.kZu dhft,A

6- uhps fn, x, vuqPNsn dks i<+sa vkSj fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mRrj nsaA

Hkkjr fo'o esa eksckbZy iQksuksa ds lcls rsth ls c<+rs cktkjksa esa ls ,d cu x;k gSA Hkkjr esa okf.kfT;d eksckbZy lsok,a 1995 esa ls izkjaHk dh xbZa FkhaA 'kq: ds 5&6 o"kZ esa blds izfr esa o`f¼ dk ekfld vkSlr 50]000 ls 1 yk[k ds chp Fkh vkSj fnlacj 2002 esa dqy eksckbZy xzkgdksa dh la[;k 05&0-1 djksM+ FkhA ;|fi eksckbZy VsyhiQksuksa ds ekeys esa ubZ nwjlapkj uhfr] 1994 dk vuqlj.k fd;k x;k] ysfdu izkjafHkd o"kksZa esa le`f¼ dh nj /heh jgh D;ksafd eksckbZy VsyhiQksuksa (gSaM lSVksa) dh dher vf/d Fkh vkSj eksckbZy 'kqYd njsa Hkh vf/d FkhaA ubZ nwj lapkj uhfr 1999 esa] m|ksx {ks=k us vusd u, dne mBk, tks miHkksDrk fgrS"kh FksA eksckbZy xzkgdksa dh la[;k esa o`f¼ gksus yxhA o"kZ 2003 eas ns'kHkj esa 1-60 djksM+ u, eksckZby vk x,A blds ckn 2004 esa 3-2 djksM+ vkSj 2005 esa 3-2 djksM+ u, eksckbZy iQksu vk x,A flracj 2006 esa Hkkjr ds ikl 12-344 djksM+ eksckbZy FksA Hkkjr ls vf/d eksckbZy iQksu rhu gh ns'kksa


;kuh phu&40-8 djksM+] la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk&17-0 djksM+ vkSj :l&1-3 djksM+A lsY;wyj VsyhiQksuksa esa Hkh vR;f/d o`fa¼ gqbZ gS vkSj vf/dka'k uxj esa jgus okys eè;eoxhZ; ;qokvksa ds fy, lsyiQksu muds vfLrRo dk fgLlk cu x, gSaA bl izdkj lsyiQksuksa ds bLrseky esa Hkkjh o`f¼ gqbZ gS vkSj buds bLrseky ds rjhdk esa Hkh dkiQh cnyko fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA

(i) Hkkjr esa eksckbZy lsok dc 'kq: dh xbZ\

(ii) Hkkjr esa flracj 2006 rd fdrus eksckbZy Fks\

(iii) eksckbZy iQksu dk bLrseky fdl oxZ ds yksx T;knk djrs gSa\

(iv) Hkkjr ls vf/d fdu fdu ns'kksa esa eksckbZy bLrseky fd, x, (flracj 2006 rd)\

7- uhps fn, x, vuqPNsn dks i<+sa vkSj fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mRrj nsaA

HkweaMyhdj.k esa lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd lEca/ksa dk fo'oHkj esa foLrkj lfEefyr gSA ;g foLrkj dqN vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa }kjk izksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gSA eksVs rkSj ij bl izfØ;k dks Hkkjr esa mnkjhdj.k dgk tkrk gSA ^mnkjhdj.k* 'kCn dk rkRi;Z ,sls vusd uhfrxr fu.kZ;ksa ls gS tks Hkkjr jkT; }kjk 1991 eas Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks fo'o&cktkj ds fy, [kksy nsus ds mís'; ls fy, x, FksA blds lkFk gh] vFkZO;oLFkk ij vf/d fu;a=k.k j[kus ds fy, ljdkj }kjk blls igys viukbZ tk jgh uhfr ij fojke yx x;kA ljdkj us Lora=krk izkfIr ds ckn vusd ,sls dkuwu cuk, Fks ftuls ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k x;k Fkk fd Hkkjrh; cktkj vkSj Hkkjrh; Lons'kh O;olk; O;kid fo'o dh izfr;ksfxrk ls lqjf{kr jgsaA bl uhfr ds ihNs ;g vo/kj.kk Fkh fd mifuos'kokn ls eqDr gqvk ns'k Lora=k cktkj dh fLFkfr esa uqdlku esa gh jgsxkA ljdkj dk ;g Hkh fo'okl Fkk fd vdsyk cktkj gh laiw.kZ tu&dY;k.k fo'ks"k :i ls lqfo/k oafpr oxksZa ds dY;k.k dk è;ku] ugha dj ldsxkA ;g eglwl fd;k x;k fd tulk/kj.k ds dY;k.k ds fy, ljdkj dkss Hkh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkuh pkfg,A

(i) HkweaMyhdj.k fdls dgrs gSa\

(ii) mnkjhdj.k ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; gS\

(iii) Hkkjr us mnkjhdj.k dh uhfr dc ykxw dh\

(iv) Hkkjr ds fy, mnkjhdj.k D;ksa vko';d gS\


6 vad iz'u

1- HkweaMyhdj.k vf/drj NksVs m|ksxksa ds fy, ,d [krjk gS] Li"V djsaA

2- HkweaMyhdj.k ds jk"Vªh; Lrj ij jktuhfr esa D;k ifjorZu fd, gSa\

3- HkweaMyhdj.k ds fofHkUu vk;keksa dh ppkZ dhft,\

4- HkweaMyhdj.k vkSj Je ds u, varjkZ"Vªh; foHkktu ds izHkko dh O;k[;k ,d mnkgj.k dh lgk;rk ls dhft,A

5- HkweaMyhdj.k us laLÑfr dks cgqr ls rjhdks }kjk izHkkfor fd;k gSA foLrkj ls le>k,A

6- uhps fn, x, vuqPNsn dks i<+sa vkSj fuEufyf[kr mRrj nsaA (6 vad)

tc Hkkjr us 1947 esa Lora=krk izkIr dh Fkh ml le; bl u, jk"Vª esa 15 djksM+ dh tula[;k ds fy, 84000 VsyhiQksu ykbusa FkhaA rhl lky ckn] 1980 rd Hkh Hkkjr dh VsyhiQksu lsok dh gkyr Bhd ugha Fkh % rc 70 djksM+ dh tula[;k ds fy, dsoy 25 yk[k VsyhiQksu rFkk 12]000 lkoZtfud iQksu Fks vkSj Hkkjr ds 6]00000 xkaoksa esa ls dsoy 3 izfr'kr xkaoksa eas gh VsyhiQksu yxs gq, FksA fdarq 1990 ds n'kd ds vkf[kjh o"kkZsa esa nwjlapkj ifjn`'; esa O;kid cnyko vk x;kA 1999 rd Hkkjr eas 2-5 djksM+ VsyhiQksu ykbusa yx pqqdh Fkh] tks ns'k ds 300 uxjksa] 4]896 dLcksa vkSj 310]897 xkaaoksa esa iQSy gqbZa Fkha ftudh cnkSyr Hkkjr dk nwjlapkj latky (usVodZ) fo'o] eas ukSokaa lcls cM+k latky (usVodZ) cu x;k FkkA---1988 ls 1998 ds chp fdlh u fdlh izdkj dh VsyhiQksu lqfo/k okys xkaoksa dh la[;k 27316 ls c<+dj 300]000 (;kuh Hkkjr esa xkaoksa dh dqy la[;k ls vk/h) gks xbZA 2000 rd dksbZ 6]50]000 ifCyd dkWy vkWfiQl (ih-lh-vks-) Hkkjr esa nwj&nwj rd xzkeh.k igkM+h vkSj tutkrh; bykdksa eas fo'oluh; VsyhiQksu lsok iznku djus yxs Fks] tgka VsyhiQksu djus ds bPNqd O;fDr vkjke ls (iSny py dj) tk,a] VsyhiQksu djsa vkSj ekssVj eas vk,a iSlk pqdk nasA

bl izdkj ih-lh-vks- dh lqfo/k miyC/ gks tkus ls ikfjokfjd lnL;ksa ds lkFk laidZ cuk, j[kus dh Hkkjrh; yksxksa dh ,d izcy lkekftd lkaLd`frd vko';drk iw.kZ gksrh gSA tSls fd Hkkjr esa 'kknh&fookg vkfn ds mRloksa esa 'kkfey gkssus ds fy,] lxs lacaf/;ksa ds ikl tkus ds fy, vkSj vaR;sf"V vkfn eas


lfEefyr gksus ds fy, jsyxkM+h ;k=kk djus dk lcls lqyHk lk/u cu xbZ gS] oSls gh VsyhiQksu Hkh ikfjokfjd ?kfu"B laca/ cuk, j[kus dk lcls vklku rjhdk ekuk tkrk gSA ;g dksbZ vk'p;Z dh ckr ugha fd nwjHkk"k lsokvksa ls lEcaf/r vf/drj foKkiuksa eas] ek¡ dks csVs&csfV;ksa ls] vkSj nknk&nkfn;ksa] ukuk&ukfu;ksa dks iksrk&iksfr;ksa@ukrh&ukfr;ksa ls ckr djrs gq, fn[kk;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr eas nwjHkk"k O;oLFkk dk foLrkj okf.kfT;d dk;Z&O;ogkj ds vykok vius iz;ksxdrkZ ds fy, ,d izcy lkekftd&lkaLd`frd O;ogkj dk dk;Z Hkh djrk gSA

(i) lapkj fdls dgrs gSaa\ (2)

(ii) nwjlapkj ds lk/uksa us O;fDrxr lEca/ksa dks fdl izdkj izHkkfor fd;k gS\ foospuk djsaA (4)


ikB 7

tu lEidZ lk/u vkSj lapkj

eq[; fcUnq

1- ekl ehfM;k

ekl ehfM;k ;kfu tu laidZ ds lk/u Vsyhfotu] lekpkj i=k] fiQYesa] jsfM;ksa foKkiu] lh-Mh vkfnA ;s cgqr cM+h tula[;k dks izHkkfor djrs gSa lekt ij blds izHkko nwjxkeh gSaA blesa fo'kky iwath] laxBu rFkk vkSipkfjd izcU/u dh vko';drk gSA ekl ehfM;k gekjs nSfud thou dk ,d vax gSA

2- vk/qfud ekl&ehfM;k dk izkjaHk

igyh vk/qfud ekl&ehfM;k dh laLFkk dk izkjaHk fizfVax iszl ds fodkl ds lkFk gqvkA

;g rduhd loZizFke tksgku xqVucxZ }kjk 1440 esa fodflr dh xbZA

vkS|ksfxd Økafr ds lkFk gh bldk fodkl gqvkA

lekpkj&i=k tu&tu rd igq¡pus yxsA

ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa jgus okys yksx ijLij tqM+k gqvk eglwl djus yxs vkSj muesa ^ge dh Hkkouk* fodflr gks xbZA

blls jk"Vªokn dk fodkl gqvk vkSj yksxksa ds chp eS=kh Hkko mRiUu gksus yxsA

bl izdkj ,aMjlu us jk"Vª dks ,d dkYifud leqnk; eku fy;k gSA

3- vkSifuosf'kd dky esa ekl&ehfM;k

Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn dk fodkl mifuos'kokn ds fo:¼ mlds la?k"kZ ds lkFk xgjkbZ ls tqM+k gSA

vkSifuosf'kd ljdkj ds mRihM+d mik;ksa dk [kqydj fojks/ djusokyh jk"Vªoknh


izsl us mifuos'k&fojks/h tuer tkx`r fd;k vkSj fiQj mls lgh fn'kk Hkh nhA

vkSifuosf'kd ljdkj us jk"Vªoknh izsl ij f'kdatk dluk 'kq: dj fn;k vkSj ml ij lsalj O;oLFkk ykxw dj nhA mnkgj.k bycVZ fcy 1883 ds fo#¼ vkanksyuA

jsfM;ks iw.kZ :i ls ljdkj ds LokfeRo esa FkkA ml ij jk"Vªh; fopkj vfHkO;Dr ugha fd, tk ldrs FksA

jk"Vªoknh vkanksyu dks leFkZu nsus ds fy, ^dsljh* (ejkBh)] ^ekr`Hkwfe* (ey;kye) ^ve`rcktkj if=kdk* (vaxzsth) Niuk izkjaHk gqbZA

4- Lora=kr Hkkjr esa ekl ehfM;k

gekjsa igys iz/kuea=kh tokgjyky usg: us ehfM;k dks ^^yksdra=k ds igjsnkj** dh Hkwfedk nhA ;s yksxksa esa jk"Vª fodkl rFkk vkRefuHkZjrk dh Hkkouk Hkjs] lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa dks nwj djus dks dgk] vkS|ksfxd lekt dks rdZ laxr rFkk vk/qfudrk dh vksj c<+us dh izsj.kk nhA

ehfM;k ds izdkj% ehfM;k ds nks izdkj gSA

(1) bysDVªkfud ehfM;k

(2) fizUV ehfM;k

jsfM;ks (bysDVªkfud ehfM;k)& 1920 esa dydÙkk rFkk psUubZ ls gSEczkMdkfLVax Dyc us Hkkjr esa 'kq: fd;kA 'kq: esa dsoy N% LVs'ku FksA lekpkj izlkj.k vkdk'kok.kh }kjk rFkk euksjatu dk;ZØe fofo/ Hkkjrh pSuy }kjk izlkfjr gksrs FksA 1960 ds n'kd esa gfjr Økafr ds dk;ZØe izlkfjr fd, x;sA blds ckn t:jr ds vuqlkj jk"Vªh;] {ks=kh; rFkk LFkkuh; Lrjksa ij lsok,a 'kq: dh xbZA

Vsyhfotu (bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k)& 1959 esa xzkeh.k fodkl dh Hkkouk ds lkFk bldh 'kq:vkr gqbZA 1975&76 esa mixzg dh lgk;rk ls xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa lkeqnkf;d f'k{kk dk dk;ZØe 'kq: fd;k x;kA fnYyh] eqEcbZ] Jhuxj rFkk ve`rlj esa dsUnz cuk, x,A blds ckn dksydrk] psUubZ rFkk tkyUèkj dsUnz 'kq: fd, x;sA fofHkuu izdkj ds dk;ZØeksa dks 'kq:vkr dh okf.kfT;d foKkiuksa us yksdfizz;rk dks c<+kok fn;kA ^^ge yksx** vkSj ^^cqfu;kn** tSls lksi vksisjk izlkfjr fd, x,A


lksi vksisjk& os /kjkokfgd tks Vh-oh- ij lky nj lky izlkfjr gksrs jgrs gS tc rd Vh-oh- pSuy mUgsa [kRe ugha djrsA

eqnz.k ekè;e (fizUV ehfM;k)& 'kq: esa lkekftd vkUnksyu] fiQj jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa HkkxhnkjhA 1975 esa lSaljf'ki O;oLFkk rFkk 1977 esa iqu% cgkyhA blds izHkko vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] lkekftd rFkk lakLd`frd i{kksa ij egRoiw.kZ gSA mnkgj.k&lekpkj i=k] if=kdk vkfnA

5- HkweaMyhdj.k rFkk ehfM;k& 1970 rd ljdkj ds fu;eksa dk ikyu fd;k x;kA blds ckn cktkj rFkk izkS|ksfxdh vkfn us :i cny fn;k gSA HkweaMyhdj.k ds dkj.k fizaV ehfM;k] jsfM;ks] bySDVªkWfud ehfM;k esa ifjorZu gq,A

(d) eqæ.k ekè;e (fizaV ehfM;k)

ubZ izkS|ksfxfd;ksa us lekpkj i=kksa ds mRiknu vksj izlkj dks c<+kok fn;kA cM+h la[;k esa pednkj if=kdk,¡ Hkh cktkj esa vk xbZ gSA

Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds lekpkj i=kksa esa vk'p;Ztud o`f¼ gqbZ gSA

dkj.k (1) lk{kj yksxksa esa o`f¼ (2) NksVs dLcksa vksj xk¡oksa esa ikBdks dh vko';drk,¡ 'kgjh ikBdksa ls fHkUu gksrh gS vkSj Hkkjrh; lekpkj i=k bls iwjk djrs gSA

([k) Vsyhfotu

1991 esa Hkkjr esa dsoy ,d gh jkT; fu;af=kr Vhoh pSuy nwjn'kZu FkkA

vc xSj ljdkjh pSuyksa dh la[;k dbZ xq.kk c<+ xbZ gSA

1980 ds n'kd esa ,d vksj tgk¡ nwjn'kZu rsth ls foLr`r gks jgk Fkk] ogh dsoy Vsyhfotu m|ksx Hkh Hkkjr ds cM+s&cM+s 'kgjksa esa rsth ls iuirk tk jgk FkkA

cgqr ls fons'kh pSuy tSls lksuh] LVkj Iyl] LVkj usVodZ vkfn iw.kZ :i ls fganh pSuy cu x,A

vf/dka'k pSuy gÝrs esa lkrks fnu] vkSj fnu esa pkSchlksa ?kaVs pyrs gSA

fj,fyVh 'kks okrkZ izn'kZu] g¡lh&etkd ds izn'kZu cM+h la[;k esa gks jgs gSaA


dkSu cusxk djksM+ifr] fcx ckWl] bafM;u vkbMy tSls okLrfod izn'kZu fnu&ij&fnu yksdfiz; gksrs tk jgs gSaA

jsfM;ks

2000 esa vkdk'kok.kh ds dk;ZØe Hkkjr ds lHkh nks frgkbZ ?kjksa esa lqus tk ldrs FksA

2002 esa xSj ljdkjh LokfeRo okys ,iQ-,e jsfM;ks LVs'kuksa dh LFkkiuk ls jsfM;ks ij euksjatu ds dk;ZØeksa esa c<+ksrjh gqbZA ;s Jksrkvksa dks vkdf"kZr dj mudk euksjatu djrs FksA

,iQ-,e- pSuyksa dks jktuhfrd lekpkj cqysfVu izlkfjr djus dh vuqefr ugha gSA

vius Jksrkvksa dks yqHkkus ds fy, fnu Hkj fgV xkuksa dks izlkfjr djrs gS tSls jsfM;ksa fephZA

nks fiQYeksa ^jax ns clarh** vkSj ^eqUuk HkkbZ** esa jsfM;ksa dks lapkj ds lfØ; ekè;e ds :i esa bLrseky fd;k x;k gSA

Hkkjr esa ,iQ-,e- pSuyksa dks lquus okys ?kjksa dh la[;k us LFkkuh; jsfM;ksa }kjk usVodksZ dk lhu ys ysus dh fo'o;kih izo`fÙk dks cy fn;kA

iz'ukoyh

1 vad ds iz'u

1. dFku lgh djsaµ

(a) ,aMjlu us ehfM;k dks ^yksdra=k* osQ igjsnkj dh Hkwfedk nhA

(b) vkSifuosf'kd ljdkj us jsfM;ks dks iw.kZ :i ls Lora=krk iznku djhA

(c) fizaV ehfM;k dk ,d mnkgj.k Vsfyfotu gSA

(d) lksi vksisjk ,sls /kjkokfgdksa dh Ük`a[kyk gS tks dHkh izlkfjr gksrs gSa vkSj dHkh xk;c gks tkrs gSaA


2. dkSu lh fiQYe esa jsfM;ks dk bLrseky ugha gqvk Fkkµ

(a) jax ns clarh (b) eqUuk HkkbZ

(c) eqxy&,&vkte (d) mijksDr rhuksa

3. buesa ls dkSu&ls pSuy fons'kh ugha gSaµ

(a) lksuh (b) LVkj Iyl

(c) LVkj usVooZQ (d) nwjn'kZu

4. lksi vksisjk dk mnkgj.k dkSu&lk gSµ

(a) ge yksx (b) VSxksj dh dgkfu;k¡

(c) 'kfDreku (d) mijksDr rhuksa

5. ehfM;k osQ izdkj gSaµ

(a) nks (b) rhu

(c) pkj (d) ik¡p

6. fizafVax izSl dc fodflr gqbZµ

(a) 1440 (b) 1975

(c) 1945 (d) 1800

7. ,aMjlu us jk"Vª dks ,d --------------- leqnk; eku fy;k FkkA

8. vkt ekl&ehfM;k gekjs --------------- dk ,d vax gSA

9. --------------- fizaV ehfM;k dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA

10. 2002 esa xSj ljdkjh LokfeRo okys --------------- jsfM;ks LVs'kuksa dh LFkkiuk ls jsfM;ks ij euksjatu osQ dk;ZozQeksa esa c<+ksrjh gqbZA

11. lk{kj yksxksa esa o`f¼ ls Hkh --------------- esa vk'p;Ztud o`f¼ gqbZ gSA

12. 1991 esa Hkkjr esa osQoy ,d gh jkT; fu;af=kr Vh-oh- pSuy --------------- FkkA

13- fjDr LFkku Hkjks%&

ekl ehfM;k ;kfu tulaidZ ds lk/u vusd izdkj ds gksrs gSa] tSls& Vsyhfotu] lekpkj i=k] fiQYesa] if=kdk,a] jsfM;ks] foKkiu] ohfM;ks [ksy vkSj lhMh vkfnA


mUgsa ekl ehfM;k ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS D;ksafd os tu n'kZdksa rd igqaprs gS & n'kZd ftleas cgqr cM+h laa[;k eas yksx 'kkfey FksA

(1) n'kZdksa dh cgqr cM+h la[;k 'kkfey gksrh gS rks mls-------------------- dgrs gSaA

(a) HkhM+ (b) xkao

(c) tu n'kZd (d) yksx

mRrj % (c) tu n'kZd

14- crk,a fd fn;k x;k dFku lgh gS ;k xyr

,aMjlu ds dFkukuqlkj ge jk"Vª dks ,d ^dkYifud leqnk;* dh rjg eku ldrs gSA

mRrj % lgh

2 vad iz'u

1- ekl&ehfM;k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

2- tulaidZ ds lk/uksa ds mnkgj.k fyf[k,A

3- ekl ehfM;k esa fdl izdkj c<+ksÙkjh gqbZ gS\

4- izkS|ksfxdh rFkk ifjogu us ekl ehfM;k ij D;k izHkko Mkys gSa\

5- Lora=k Hkkjr eas ns'k ds izFke iz/kuea=kh tokgjyky usg: us ehfM;k ls ^yksdra=k ds igjsnkj* dh Hkwfedk fuHkkus ds fy, dgk FkkA

vki yksdra=k ds ^yksdra=k ds igjsnkj* ls D;k le>rs gSa\

mRrj% (1) ehfM;k dks yksdra=k ds igjsnkj ds :i eas dk;Z djuk gSa

(2) ehfM;k dks ljdkj ds xyr dkeksa ij utj j[kuh pkfg,A

4 vad iz'u

1- mnkjhdj.k rFkk ekl ehfM;k fdl izdkj ,d nwljs dks izHkkfor dj jgs gS\

2- lekpkj i=kksa dk izk:i nSfud vko';drkvksa ds vuqlkj ifjofrZr gks jgk gS o.kZu djsaA


3- HkweaMyhdj.k ds dkj.k ekl ehfM;k lkekftd ifjorZu dk eq[; dkj.k gS] mnkgj.k nsdj Li"V djsaA

4- ehfM;k dks yksdra=k ds igjsnkj dh Hkwfedk D;ksa nh xbZ\

5- Vsyhfotu ds ekè;e esa tks ifjorZu gks jgs gS mudh ppkZ djsaA

6- fizaV ehfM;k ij HkweaMyhdj.k ds izHkkoksa dh foospuk dhft,A [Outside Delhi-2018]

7- fn, x, x|ka'k dks i<+sa vkSj iz'uksa ds mRrj nsaa

fizaV ehfM;k ;kuh eqnz.k ekè;e ds izkjaHk vkSj lkekftd lq/kj vkanksyu ds izlkj rFkk jk"Vªoknh vkanksyu] nksuksa esa mldh Hkwfedk ds ckjs eas tkuk tk pqdk gSA Lora=krk izkfIr ds ckn] fizaV ehfM;k us jk"Vª fuekZ.k ds dk;Z eas viuh Hkkxhnkjh fuHkkus dh Hkwfedk dks cjkcj tkjh j[kk vkSj blds fy;s o fodklkRed eqíksa dks mBkrk jgk vkSj cgqr cM+s Hkkx ds yksxksa dh vkokt dks cqyan djrk jgkA

1- fiazV ehfM;k dk eryc gS----------------------

(a) jsfM;ks ds :i eas tulapkj ds lk/u

(b) baVjusV ds :i esa tulapkj ds lk/u

(c) izlkj.k ds :i esa tulaapkj ds lk/u

(d) eqfnzr izdk'kuksa ds :i esa tulapkj ds lk/u

2- lkekftd lq/kj vkaanksyu dks lanfHkZr djrk gS-------------------

(a) lkekftd ewY;ksa esa ifjorZu]

(b) iz;kl tks fd ,d lekt esa fdlh Hkh vU;k; dks lgh djuk pkgrk gS

(c) O;ogkj eas ifjorZu (d) laLd`fr esa ifjorZu

crk,a fd fn, x, dFku lgh gSa ;k xyr

3- fizaV ehfM;k us jk"VªfuekZ.k ds dk;Z esa viuh Hkkxhnkjh fuHkkus dh Hkwfedk dks cjkcj tkjh j[kk vkSj blds fy, og fodklkRed eqíksa dks mBkrk jgk vkSj cgqr cM+s Hkkx ds yksxksa dh vkokt dks cqyan djrk jgkA


4- fizaV ehfM;k us jk"Vªoknh vkaanksyu esa dksbZ Hkwfedk ugha fuHkkbZA

mÙkj 1- d eqfnzr izdk'kuksa ds :i esa tu lapkj ds lk/u

2- b iz;kl tks fd ,d lekt esa fdlh Hkh vU;k; dks lgh djuk pkgrk gSA

3- lgh

4- xyr


lekpkji=kksa dk ;g iz;Ru jgk gS fd muds ikBd c<+sa vkSj os Lo;a fofHkUu lewgksa rd igqaapsaaA ,slk dgk tkrk gS fd lekpkji=k i<+us dh vknrsa cny xbZ gSaA tcfd o`¼tu iwjk&iwjk lekpkji=k i<+rs gSa] ;qok ikBd vDlj viuh&viuh fof'k"V #fp;k¡ j[krs gSa vkSj mUgha ds vuqlkj os [ksy] euksjatu ;k lkekftd xi'ki tSls fo"k;ksa ds fy, fu/kZfjr i`"Bksa ij lh/s igqap tkrs gSaA ikBdksa dh #fp;ksa esa fHkUurk gkssus dk fufgrkFkZ ;g gS fd lekpkji=k dks Hkh fofHkUu izdkj dh ^dgkfu;ka* j[kuh pkfg, tks fofHkUu #fp;ksa ds ikBdksa dks vkdf"kZr dj ldsaA blhfy, lekpkji=k vDlj ^lwpukjatu* (buiQksVsuesaV) ;kuh lwpuk rFkk euksjatu nksuksa ds feJ.k dk leFkZu djrs gSa rkfd lHkh izdkj ds ikBdksa dh #fp cuh jgsA lekpkji=kksa dk izdk'ku vc dfri; ijaijkc¼ izfrc¼rk ls lacaaf/r ugha jgk gSA lekpkji=k vc miHkksDrk oLrq cu x, gSa vkSj tc rd la[;k cM+h gS] lacdqN fcØh ds fy, izLrqr gSA

1- lekpkji=kksa dk ;g iz;Ru jgk gS fd-----------------vkSj os Lo;a fofHkUu lewgksa rd igqapsaA

a. foKkiu b. O;olk;hdj.k

c. muds ikBd c<+sa d. yksdfiz;

2- i<+us dh vknrsa cny xbZ gSa] n'kkZrk gS-------------------------

a. dksbZ Hkh i<+uk ugha pkgrk b. ;qok vkSj o`¼tu viuh ilan ds vuqlkj i<+rs gSa

c. yksx lquuk ilan djrs gSa d. yksx cgqr O;Lr gSa


3- lwpukjatu (buiQksVsuesaV) gS

a. ikBdksa ds fgr dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, lwpuk vkSj euksjatu dk ,d la;kstu

b. ikBdksa ds fgr dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, lwpuk vkSj foKkiu dk la;kstu

c. ikBdksa ds fgr dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, lwpuk vkSj viQokgksa dk ,d la;kstu

d. ikBdksa ds fgr dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, lwpuk vkSj xi'ki dk ,d la;kstu

4- ---------------------vc miHkksDrk oLrq cu x, gSa vkSj tc rd la[;k cM+h gS] lcdqN fcØh ds fy, izLrqr gSA

a. Vsyhfotu b. iqLrdsa

c. cktkj d. lekpkji=k

mÙkj 1- c. muds ikBd c<+sa

2- b. ;qok vkSj o`¼tu viuh ilan ds vuqlkj i<+rs gSa

3- A.ikBdksa ds fgr dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, lwpuk vkSj euksjatu dk ,d la;kstuA

4- d. lekpkji=k

6 vad iz'u

1- vkSifuosf'kd dky ls vk/qfud dky rd fizUV ehfM;k esa gksus okyh ifjorZuksa dk mYys[k djsa fczfV'k ljdkj bu ij D;ksa fuxjkuh pkgrh Fkh\

2- vke O;fDr ds v[kckj ls ysdj] bUVjusV rd dk iz;ksx fdl izdkj tu thou dks izHkkfor djrk gSA blh lanHkZ esa dky lSUVjksa dh LFkkiuk us fdl izdkj ;qokvksa dks izHkkfor fd;k gS rFkk jkf=k ds le; fdl izdkj ubZ xfrfof/;k¡ c<+h gSA


3- D;k ,d tulapkj ds ekè;e ds :i esa jsfM;ks [kRe gks jgk gS\ mnkjhdj.k ds ckn Hkh Hkkjr esa ,iQ-,e- LVs'kuksa ds lkeF;Z dh ppkZ djsaA

4- fizal dk cpko

fizal uke dk ,d ikap o"khZ; ckyd gfj;k.kk ds dq#{ks=k ftys ds vYMsg<+h xkao eas 55 iQqV xgjs os/u&dwi (cksjoSy) ds xM~<s eas fxj x;k Fkk vkSj mls 50 ?kaVs ds dfBu ifjJe ds ckn lsuk }kjk ckgj fudkyk tk ldkA blds fy, lsuk us ,d nwljs dq,a ds lekukarj lqjax [kksnhA ckyd ftl 'kSÝV esa uhps can Fkk mleas can lfdZV okyk Vsyhfotu dSejk (lh lh Vhoh) Hkkstu ds lkFk] mrkjk x;k FkkA lekpkj pSuyksa us vius vU; lHkh dk;ZØe NksM+dj yxkrkj nks fnuksa rd ml ckyd dh fp=kkoyh fn[kkuh tkjh j[kh] ftlesa ;g fn[kk;k x;k Fkk fd ckyd fdruh cgknqjh ls dhM+s&edkSM+ksa ls yM+ jgk gS] lks jgk gS ;k viuh eka dks fpYyk & fpYykdj iqdkj jgk gSA ;g lc Vhoh ds ijns ij fn[kk;k tk jgk FkkA mUgksaus eafnjksa ls ckgj dqN yksxksa ds lk{kkRdkj Hkh fy, vkSj ;g iwNk fd ¶vki fizal ds ckjs esa D;k eglwl dj jgs gSa\¸ mUgksaus yksxksa ls ;g Hkh dgk fd gesa fizal ds fy, ,l-,e-,l- }kjk lans'k HkstsaA gtkjksa yksx ml LFkku ij tek gks x, vkSj nks fnuksa rd eqÝr lkeqnkf;d Hkkstu (yaxj) pykA blls jk"VªHkj esa ,d mUekn vkSj fpark dk okrkoj.k mRiUu gks x;k vkSj yksxksa dks eafnjksa] efLtnksa] ppksZa vkSj xq:}kjksa eas fizal ds lqjf{kr thou ds fy, izkFkZuk,a djrs gq, fn[kyk;k x;kA ,sls vkSj Hkh dbZ mnkgj.k gSa tc Vhoh dks yksxksa ds O;fDrxr thou eas n[ky djrs gq, fn[kk;k x;k gSA

1- lh lh Vhoh ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \]

2- Vhoh dh Hkwfedk ij fVIi.kh djsaA D;k vkidks yxrk gS fd ehfM;k lekt esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gS \


ikB 8

lkekftd vkanksyu

eq[; fcUnq

1- lkekftd vkUnksyu& ;s lekt dks ,d vkdkj nsrs gSaA 19oha lnh esa vusd lq/kj vkUnksyu gq, tSls& tkfr O;oLFkk ds fo:¼] HksnHkko ds fo:¼ vkSj jk"Vªhl Lora=krk laxzke vkUnksyu vkfnA

2- lkekftd vkUnksyu ds y{k.k

yEcs le; rd fuajrj lkewfgd xfrfof/;ksa dh vko';drkA

laxBu gksuk vko';d gSA

lkekftd vkUnksyu izk;% fdl tufgr ds ekeys esa ifjorZu ds fy, gksrs gSA tSls vkfnokfl;ksa dk taxy ij vf/dkj] foLFkkfir yksxksa dk iquokZlA

laxBu esa usr`Ro rFkk lajpuk gksrh gSA

lkekftd ifjorZu ykus ds fy,A

Hkkx ysus okys yksxksa ds mís'; rFkk fopkj/kjkvksa esa lekurk gksrh gSA

lkekftd vkUnksyu ds fojks/ esa izfrjks/h vkUnksyu tUe ysrs gSA tSls lrh izFkk ds fo:¼ vkUnksyu ds f[kykiQ /eZ lHkk cuh] ftlus vaxzstksa ls lrh izFkk [kRe djus ds fo:¼ dkuwu cukus dh ekax dhA

lkekftd vkUnksyu fojks/ ds fofHkUu lk/u fodflr djrs gS&eksecÙkh ;k e'kky tqywl] uqDdM+ ukVd xhrA

lkekftd ifjorZu lkekftd vkUnksyu

(v) fujarjrk (v) fof'k"V mn~ns';

(c) laLd`frdj.k] if'pehdj.k vkfn (c) yksxksa dk fujUrj lkekftd iz;kl

lrh izFkk fojks/hvkanksyu vkfn


4- lkekftd vkUnksyu ds fl¼kUr&

lkisf{kd oapu dk fl¼kUr

(1) lkekftd la?k"kZ rc mRiUu gksrk gS tc lkekftd lewg viuh fLFkfr [kjkc le>rk gSA

(2) euksoSKkfud dkj.k tSls {kksHk o jks"k

lhek,¡% lkewfgd xfrfof/ ds fy, oapu dk vkHkkl vko';d gS ysfdu ;g ,d i;kZIr dkj.k ugha gSA

fn yksftd vkiQ dySfDVo ,D'ku& lkekftd vkanksyu esa Lo;a dk fgr pkgus okys foosdh O;fDrxr vfHkusrkvksa dk iw.kZ ;ksx gSA O;fDr dqN izkIr djus ds fy, buesa 'kkfey gksxk mls blesa tksf[ke Hkh de gks vkSj ykHk vf/dA

lhek,¡ % lkekftd vkUnksyu dh liQyrk lalk/uksa o ;ksX;rkvksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSA

lalk/u xfr'khyrk dk fl¼kUr& lkekftd vkUnksyu esa usr`Ro] laxBukRed {kerk rFkk lapkj lqfo/kvksa dks ,d=k djuk bldh liQyrk dk tfj;k gSA

lhek,¡ % izkIr lalk/uksa dh lhek esa oafpr ugha] u, izrhd o igpku dh jpuk Hkh dj ldrk gSA

5- lkekftd vkUnksyuksa ds izdkj

(v) izfrnkukRed vkUnksyu& O;fDr;ksa dh psruk rFkk xfrf/;ksa esa ifjorZu ykrs gSA tSls dsjy ds btàok leqnk; ds yksxksa us ukjk;.k xq: ds usr`Ro esa viuh lkekftd izFkkvksa dks cnykA

(c) lq/kjoknh vkUnksyu& lkekftd rFkk jktuhfrd foU;kl dks /hes o izxfr'khy pj.kksa }kjk cnyukA tSls& 1960 ds n'kd esa Hkk"kk ds vk/kj ij jkT;ksa dk iquxZBu o lwpuk dk vf/dkjA

(l) Økafrdkjh vkUnksyu& lkekftd laca/ksa esa vkewy ifjorZu djuk rFkk jktlÙkk ij vf/dkj djukA tSls& cksY'ksfod Økafr ftlesa :l esa tkj dks vinLFk fd;kA


6- lkekftd vkanksyu ds vU; izdkj

iqjkuk lkekftd vkanksyu (vktknh iwoZ)& ukjh vkanksyu] lrh izFkk ds fo:¼ vkanksyu] cky fookg] tkfr izFkk ds fo:¼ vkanksyuA ;g jktuhfrd nk;js esa gksrs FksA fdlh fuf'pr {ks=k vFkok ns'k esa gksrs gSaA

u;k lkekftd vkUnksyu& thou Lrj dks cnyus o 'kq¼ i;kZoj.k ds fy,A

fcuk jktuhfrd nk;js ds gksrs gS rFkk jkT; ij ncko Mkyrs gSA

vUrjkZ"Vªh; gSa

7- ifjfLFkfrdh; vkUnksyu

mnkgj.k& fpidks vkanksyu

fpidks vkUnksyu& maÙkjkpy esa ouksa dks dkVus ls jksdus rFkk i;kZoj.k dk cpko djus ds fy, fL=k;ka isM+ksa ls fpid xbZ vksj isM+ dkVus ugha fn;sA bl izdkj ;g vkUnksyu vkfFkZd] ifjfLFkfrdh; o jktuhfrd cu x;kA

8- oxZ vk/kfjr vkUnksyu

fdlku vkUnksyu& 1858&1914 ds chp LFkkuh;rk] foHkktu o fofHkUu f'kdk;rksa ls lhfer gksus dh vksj izo`Ùk gqvkA

1859&62 uhy dh [ksrh ds fojks/ esaA

1857& nf{k.k dk fonzksg tks lkgwdkjh ds fojks/k esaA

1928& yxku fojks/h vkanksyu

1920& fczfV'k ljdkj dh ou uhfr;ksa ds fo:¼ vkanksyu

1920&1940 vky bafM;k fdlku lHkk

Lora=krk ds le; nks eq[; fdlku vkanksyu gq,

(i) 1946&1947 frHkkxk vkUnksyu& ;g la?k"kZ iV~Vsnkjh ds fy, gqvkA

(ii) 1946&1951 rsyaxkuk vkUnksyu& ;g gSnjkckn dh lkaerh n'kkvksa ds fo:¼ FkkA


Lora=krk ds ckn nks cM+s lkekftd vkanksyu gq,

(i) 1967 uDlyh vkUnksyu& ;g vkanksyu Hkwfe dks ysdj gqvk FkkA

(ii) u;s fdlkuksa dk vkanksyu

u;k fdlku vkUnksyu

µ 1970 esa iatkc o rfeyukMq esa izkjaHk gqvkA

µ ny jfgr FksA

µ {ks=kh; vk/kj ij laxfBr FksA

µ d`"kd ds LFkku ij fdlku tqM+s Fks (fdlku mUgsa dgk tkrk gS tks fd oLrqvksa ds mRiknu vkSj [kjhn nksukssa esa cktkj ls tqM+s gksrs gSA)

µ jkT; fojks/h o uxj fojks/h FksA

µ ykHk izn dhersa] d`f"k fuos'k dh dhers] VSDl o m/kj dh okilh dh ek¡xs FkhA

µ lM+d o jsy ekxZ dks can fd;k x;k FkkA

µ efgyk eqn~nksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;kA

dkexkjksa dk vkUnksyu

µ 1860 esa dkj[kkuksa esa mRiknu dk dk;Z 'kq: gqvkA dPpk eky Hkkjr ls ys tkdj] baXySaM esa fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk FkkA

µ ckn esa ,sls dkj[kkuksa dks enzkl] cacbZ vkSj dydÙkk LFkkfir fd;k x;kA

µ dkexkjksa us viuh dk;Z n'kkvksa ds fy, fojks/ fd;kA

µ 1918 esa loZizFke etnwj la?k dh LFkkiuk gqbZA

µ 1920 esa ,Vd dh LFkkiuk gqbZ (vkWy bafM;k VªsM ;wfu;u dkaxzsl&,Vd)

µ dk;Z ds ?kaVksa dh vof/ dks ?kVkdj 10 ?kaVs dj fn;k x;kA

µ 1926 esa etnwj la?k vf/fu;e ikfjr gqvk ftlus etnwj la?kksa ds iathdj.k fd izko/ku fd;k] vkSj dqN fu;e cuk,A


9- tkfr vk/kfjr vkUnksyu

(v) nfyr vkUnksyu& nfyr 'kCn ejkBh] fgUnh] xqtjkrh o vU; Hkk"kkvksa ds :i esa igpku izkIr djus dk la?k"kZ gSA nfyr lekurk] vkRelEeku] vLi`';rk mUewyu ds fy, la?k"kZ dj jgs gSaA

eè; izns'k esa pekjksa dk lrukeh vkUnksyu

itkac esa vkfn/eZ vkUnksyu

egkjk"Vª esa egkj vkUnksyu

vkxjk esa tkVoksa dh xfr'khyrk

nf{k.k Hkkjr esa czãe.k fojks/h vkUnksyu

(c) fiNMs+ oxZ dk vkUnksyu

fiNM+s tkfr;ksa] oxksZa dk jktuhfrd bdkbZ ds :i esa mn;

vkSifuosf'kd dky esa jkT; viuh lajf{kr dk forj.k tkfr vk/kfjr djrs FksA

yksx lkekftd rFkk jktuhfrd igpku ds fy, tkfr esa jgrs gSaA

vk/qfud dky essa tkfr viuh deZdkaMksa fo"k; oLrq NksM+us yxh rFkk jktuhfr xfr'khyrk ds iaFk fujis{k gks xbZ gSA

(l) mPptkfr dk vkUnksyu& nfyr o fiNM+ks ds c<+rs izHkko ls mPp tkfr;ksa us misf{kr eglwl fd;kA

10- tu tkrh; vkUnksyu& tutkrh; vkanksyuksa esa ls dbZ eè; Hkkjr esa fLFkr gSA tSls& NksVk ukxiqj o laFkky ijxuk esa fLFkr laFkky] gks] eqaMk] vksjko] eh.kk vkfnA

>kj[kaM

fcgkj ls vyx gksdj 2000 esa >kj[k.M jkT; cukA

vkUnksyu dh 'kq:vkr fojlk eq.Mk us dh FkhA

bZlkbZ fe'kujh us lk{kjrk dk vfHk;ku pyk;kA

fnDdqvksa& (O;kikjh o egktu) ds izfr ?k`.kkA

vkfnokfl;ksa dks vyx&Fkyx fd;k tkukA


vkUnksyu ds eq[;fcUnq o eqn~ns

Hkwfe dk vf/xzg.k

Í.kksa dh olwyh

ouksa dk jk"Vªhdj.k

iquZokl u fd;k tkukA

iwoksZÙkj jkT;ksa ds vkanksyu& ou Hkwfe ls yksxksa dk foLFkkiu rFkk ikfjfLFkfrdh; eqn~nsA

11- efgykvksa dk vkUnksyu

1970 ds n'kd esa Hkkjr esa efgyk vkUnksyu dk uohuhdj.k gqvkA

efgyk vkUnksyu Lok;r Fks rFkk jktuhfrd nyksa ls Lora=k FksA

efgykvksa ds izfr fgalk ds ckjs esa vfHk;ku pyk,A

Ldwy ds izkFkZuk i=k esa ekrk&firk nksuksa dk uke 'kkfeyA

;kSu mRihM+u o ngst ds fojks/ esaA

dqN efgyk laxBuksa ds uke& foeal bafM;k ,lksfl,'ku (1971)] vky bafM;k foeal dkUizQsal (1926)

iz'ukoyh

1 vad ds iz'u

1. dFku lgh djsaµ

(a) rsyaxkuk vkanksyu iV~Vsnkjh osQ fy, gqvkA

(b) lkekftd vkanksyu osQ fy, fdlh fof'k"V mn~ns'; dh t:jr ugha gSA

(c) mÙkjkapy esa gq, fpidks vkanksyu esa iq#"k isM+ksa ls fpid x, FksA

(d) u, lkekftd vkanksyu esa tkfr izFkk ,oa cky fookg osQ fo#¼ vkanksyu fd,A

(e) 1921 esa ,Vd dh LFkkiuk gqbZA


2. u;k fdlku vkanksyu 1970 esa --------------- vkSj --------------- esa izkjaHk gqvkA

3. nfyr vkanksyu dk ,d mnkgj.k eè; izns'k esa --------------- dk --------------- vkanksyuA

4. fcgkj ls vyx gksdj 2000 esa --------------- jkT; cukA

5. u;k fdlku vkanksyu --------------- fojks/h o --------------- fojks/h FksA

6. 1967 dk uDlyh vkanksyu dk eqn~nk FkkA

(a) Hkwfe (b) iQly

(c) yxku (d) iV~Vsnkjh

7. etnwj la?k dh LFkkiuk gqbZA

(a) 1918 (b) 1919

(c) 1920 (d) 1921

8. lkekftd vkanksyu osQ izdkj gSA

(a) rhu (b) pkj

(c) ik¡p (d) nks

9. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk lkekftd vkanksyu fojks/ ds lk/u gSaµ

(a) e'kky tqywl (b) uqDdM+ ukVd

(c) dkys diM+s iguuk (d) mijksDr rhuksa

10. tutkrh; vkanksyu osQ e[; fcanq dkSu&ls gSaµ

(a) Hkwfe dk vf/xzg.k (b) ½.kksa dh olwyh

(c) ouksa dk jk"Vªhdj.k (d) mijksDr rhuksa

fjDr LFkku Hkjks

11 lkisf{kd oapu ds fl¼kUr ds vuqlkj] lkekftd la?k"kZ rc mRiUu gksrk gS tc ,d lkekftd lewg ;g eglwl djrk gS fd og vius vklikl ds vU; yksxksa ls [kjkc fLFkfr esa gSA ,slk la?k"kZ liQy lkewfgd fojks/ ds :i esa ifjf.kr gks ldrk gSA

--------------------------ds vuqlkj] lkekftd la?k"kZ rc mRiUu gksrk gS tc ,d


lkekftd lewg ;g eglwl djrk gS fd og vius vklikl ds vU; yksxksa ls [kjkc fLFkfr esa gSA

a. lkisf{kd iz'kalk ds fl¼kar b. lkisf{kd oapu ds fl¼kar

c. lkisf{kd rqyuk ds fl¼kar d. lkisf{kd le> ds fl¼kar

mÙkj% 11 b. lkisf{kd oapu ds fl¼kar

12. crk,a fd fn;k x;k dFku lgh gS ;k xyr

iqjkus lkekftd vkanksyuksa eas jktuhfrd nyksa dh Hkwfedk dsanzh; ugha FkhA

2 vad iz'u

1- lkekftd vkUnksyu D;k gksrs gS\

2- lkekftd ifjorZu o lkekftd vkUnksyu esa D;k vUrj gS\

3- fdlku vkUnksyuksa ds nks mnkgj.k fy[kksA

4- ,Vd dks le>k,A

5- tkfr vk/kfjr pkj vkUnksyuksa ds mnkgj.k fyf[k,A

6- pkj tu tkfr;ksa ds uke fy[ksaA

7- nks efgyk laxBuksa ds uke crkb,A

8- fpidks vkanksyu] ikfjfLFkfrdh; vkanksyu dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA fgeky; dh rygVh eas bl rjg ds vkil esa tqM+s fgrksa vkSj fopkj/kjkvksa dk vPNk mnkgj.k gSA

fpidks vkanksyu dk o.kZu djsaA

mÙkj% 8 1. ;g vkanksyu isM+ksa dks cpkus ds fy, FkkA

2- tc ljdkjh taxy ds Bsdsnkj isM+ksa dks dkVus dss fy, vk, rks xkaooklh] ftueas cM+h la[;k eas efgyk,a 'kkfey Fkha] vkxs c<+s vkSj dVkbZ jksdus ds fy, issM+ksa ls fpid x,A xkaookfl;ksa ds thou & fuoZgu dk iz'u nkao ij FkkA


4 vad iz'u

1- lq/kjoknh o Økafrdkjh vkUnksyuksa esa vUrj crkb,A

2- izfrnkUkkRed o lq/kjoknh vkUnksyu esa vUrj crkb,A

3- ikfjfLFkfrdh; vkUnksyu dk o.kZu dhft,A

4- u, fdlku vkUnksyu ij uksV fyf[k,A

5- ml eqn~ns ds fo"k; esa crkb, ftlds fy, >kj[kaM ds usrkvksa us vkUnksyu fd;kA

6- efgykvksa us vk/qfud ;qx esa fofHkUu eqn~nksa dks mBk;k gS\ budk o.kZu dhft,A

7- Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; vkanksyu ds nkSjku fons'kh lRrk rFkk iw¡th dk esy lkekftd fojks/ksa dk dsUnz fcUnq FkkA egkRek xka/h us Hkkjr essa dikl mxkus okykas rFkk cqudjksa dh thfodk] tks ljdkj dh fey esa rS;kj diM+ksa dh rjiQnkjh djus dh uhfr ls u"V gks xbZ Fkh] ds leFkZu esa gkFk ls dyk rFkk cquk oL=k [kknh igukA ued cukus ds fy, cgqpfpZr MkaMh ;k=kk vaxzstksa dh dj uhfr;ksa] ftlesa miHkksx dh ewyHkwr lkexzh ds miHkksDrkvksa ij lkezkT; dks ykHk igqapkus ds fy, cgqr vf/d Hkkj Mkyk x;k Fkk] dks pquk vkSj mUgsa izfrjks/ dk izrhd cuk fn;kA

lgh fodYi pqusa

1- esy dk eryc gS

a. ;ksx b. foHkktu

c. xq.kk d. tksM+

[kkyh LFkku Hkjsa

2- -------------------us Hkkjr esa dikl mxkus okyksa rFkk cqudjksa dh thfodk] tks ljdkj dh fey esa rS;kj diM+ksa dh rjiQnkjh djus dh uhfr ls u"V gks xbZ Fkh] ds leFkZu easa gkFk ls dyk rFkk cquk oL=k [kknh igukA

crk,a fd fn, x, dFku lgh gSa ;k xyr

3- xka/h th us izfrfnu ds tu miHkksx dh phtksa tSls diM+k vkSj ued dks pquk vkSj mUgsa izfrjks/ dk izrhd cuk fn;kA


4- Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; vkanksyu ds nkSjku fons'kh lRrk rFkk iw¡th dk esy lkekftd fojks/ksa dk dsUnz fcUnq FkkA

mÙkj 1- a. ;ksx

2- egkRek xka/h

3- lgh

4- lgh


lkekftd vkanksyu izk;% fdlh tufgr ds ekeys esa ifjorZu ykus ds mís'; ls mRiUu gksrs gSa] tSls fd tutkrh; yksxksa ds fy, taxy ds mi;ksx dk vf/dkj vFkok foLFkkfir yksxksa ds iquokZl rFkk {kfriwfrZ ds vf/dkjksa dks lqfuf'pr djus dss fy,A ,sls gh vU; eqíksa ds ckjs esa lksfp, ftUgsa lkekftd vkanksyuksa us iwoZ rFkk orZeku esa mBk;k gksA tcfd lkekftd ifjorZu ykuk pkgrs gSa] dHkh&dHkh ;FkkiwoZ fLFkfr cuk, j[kus ds fy, izfrjks/h vkanksyu tUe ysrs gSA ,sls izfrjks/h vkaanksyuksa ds dbZ mnkgj.k gSaA tc jktk jkeeksgu jk; us lrh izFkk dk fojks/ fd;k rFkk czã lekt dh LFkkiuk dh rks lrh izFkk ds izfrj{kdkas us /eZ lHkk LFkkfir dh rFkk vaxzstksa dks lrh izFkk ds fo#¼ dkuwu u cukus dh ;kfpdk nhA

1- lkekftd vkanksyu izk;% fdlh----------------ds ekeys esa ifjorZu ykus ds mís'; ls mRiUu gksrs gSaA

a. futh b. tufgr

c. O;fDrxr d. vU;

2- tcfd lkekftdAifjorZu ykuk pkgrs gSa] dHkh&dHkh ;FkkiwoZ fLFkfr cuk, j[kus ds fy,-------------------------tUe ysrs gSaaA dbZ ckj ;FkkfLFkfr dh j{kk esa mBrk gSA

a. izfrjks/h vkanksyu b. lgk;rk vkanksyu

c. lg;ksx vkanksyu d. vkanksyu


3- -------------------us lrh izFkk ds f[kykiQ vfHk;ku pyk;kA

a. n;kuan ljLorh b. foosdkuan

c. jktk jkeeksgu jk; d. iQqys

4- lrh izFkk ds izfrj{kdksa us---------------------lHkk LFkkfir dh rFkk vaxzstksa dks lrh izFkk ds fo#¼ dkuwu u cukus dh ;kfpdk nhA

a. leFkZu b. fojks/

c. /eZ d. v/eZ

mÙkj 1- b tufgr

2- a. izfrjks/h vkanksyu

3- c jktk jkeeksgu jk;

4- c /eZ

6 vad iz'u

1- u, lkekftd vkUnksyu o iqjkus lkekftd vkUnksyu esa vUrj Li"V dhft,A

2- lkekftd vkUnksyuksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

3- lkekftd vkUnksyuksa ds fl¼kUrksa ds fo"k; esa crkb;s

4- fdlku vkUnksyu o u, fdlku vkUnksyu esa vUrj fyf[k,A

5- eudj vksYlu dh iqLrd ^n ykWftd vkWiQ dySfDVo ,D'ku* esa rdZ fn;k x;k gS fd lkekftd vkanksyu esa Lofgr pkgus okys foosdh] O;fDrxr vfHkusrkvksa dk iw.kZ ;ksx gSA ,d O;fDr Hkh lkekftd vkanksyu eas 'kkfey gksxk tc og mlls dqN izkIr dj ldsA og rHkh Hkkx ysxk tc tksf[ke de gks vkSj YkkHk vf/dA vksYlu dk fl¼kar foosdh] vf/dre mi;ksfxrkdkjh O;fDr ds vfHkizk; ij vk/kfjr gSA D;k vki lksprs gSa fd yksx dksbZ dk;Z djus ls igys O;fDrxr ykxr rFkk ykHk dh x.kuk djrs gSa \

1- lkekftd vkanksyu ls vki D;k le>rs gSa \

2- vksYlu ds fl¼kUr dk o.kZu djsaA


iz'u i=k gy djus ds fy;s ;kn djus ;ksX; egÙoiw.kZ fcUnq

1- iz'u i=k dks vPNh rjg ls i<sa+A

2- iz'u i=k esa fn;s x;s iz'uksa dks ges'kk Øekuqlkj djsaA

3- iz'u i=k dks gy djrs le; iz'uksa dh la[;k ua0 dks mÙkj iqfLrdk esa lgh fy[ksA

4- ges'kk egÙoiw.kZ fcUnqvksa dks js[kkafdr djsaA

5- 1 vad okys iz'uksa dks le> dj fy[ksaA

6- 2 vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj nsus esa 'kCnksa dks lhfer j[ks (dksbZ nks egÙoiw.kZ fcanq fy[ksa)

7- 4 vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj nsus esa dksbZ 4 egÙoiw.kZ fcUnq foLrkj ls fy[ksA

8- 6 vad okys iz'uksa ds mÙkj nsus esa dksbZ 6 egRoiw.kZ fcUnq foLrkj ls fy[ksA

9- 6 vad okys vuqPNsn dks è;kuiwoZd i<s+A mÙkj nsus ds fy, vuqPNsn dh lgk;rk ysrs gq, viuh le> ls fy[ksA

10- izR;sd mÙkj ds chp esa vUrj j[ksaA

11- viuh fy[kkbZ ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsaA

lekt'kkL=k esa vPNs vad gkfly djus gsrq egRoiw.kZ fcUnq%&

1- N C E R T dh nksuks iqLrds rFkk lgk;d lkexzh dk gh bLrseky djsaA

2- N C E R T esa fn;s x;s jaxhu o xzs ckDl dks Hkh è;kuiwoZd i<sA

4 vad o 6 vad okyk vuqPNsn vDlj bu ckDl ls iwNk tkrk gSA

lekt'kkL=k fo"k; esa viuk Kku c<+kus ds fy;s Hkh bu ckDl dks vo'; i<s+aA

3- N C E R T esa fn;s vH;kl dks Hkh vo'; gy djsaA

4- CBSE ds lSEiy isilZ rFkk fiNys 5 lkyksa ds iz'u i=kksa dks vo'; gy djsaA

5- CBSE cksMZ ijh{kk ls igys dksbZ ,d iz'ui=k vo'; gy djsaA rkfd le; lhek dk vkidks Kku gks tk;sA

6- bleas fn, x, lSEiy isij gy djds ns[ksaaaA


vH;kl (vuqPNsn)

1- fups fn, x, vuqPNsn dks if<+;s vkSj iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,%µ

f}an LojkT; esa xk¡/h th vkSj e'khu 1924 esa e'khuksa ds izfr ikxyiu dk fojksèkh gw¡ tks etnwjksa dks de djus dh e'khus gS vkneh Je ls etnwjksa dks de djrs tk,axs tcfd gtkjksa etnwjksa dks fcuk dke ds lM+dksa ij Hkw[k ls ejus ds fy, isaQd u fn;k tk,A eSa le; vkSj etnwj nksuksa dks cpkuk pkgrk gw¡ ekuo tkfr ds fo[kaMu ds fy, ugha cfYd lcds fy,A eSa laifÙk dks dqN gkFkksa esa ,df=kr ugha gksus nsuk pkgrk gw¡A 1934µ,d jk"Vª ds :i esa tc ge p[ksZ dks viukrs gSA rks ge dsoy csjkstxkjh dh leL;k dk lek/ku djrs gSaA cfYd ;g Hkh ?kksf"kr djrs gSaA fd gekjh fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dk 'kks"k.k djus dh bPNk ugha gS] vkSj ge vehjksa }kjk xjhcksa ds 'kks"k.k dks Hkh lekIr djuk pkgrs gSaA

iz'u 1- mnkgj.k }kjk crkb, fd e'khus fdl rjg dkexkjksa ds fy, leL;k iSnk djrh gS\

iz'u 2- xk¡/h th ds fnekx esa D;k fodYi Fkk\ [k[ksZ dks viukus ls 'kks"k.k dks dSls jksdk tk ldrk gS\

2- uhps fn, x, vuqPNsn dks if<+, vkSj iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,A

;g ,d jkspd rF; gS fd laLÑr Hkk"kk dk lcls egku O;kdj.kkpk;Z] ikf.kuh] ftlus bZlk iwoZ pkSFkh 'krkCnh ds vklikl laLd`r O;kdj.k vkSj Loj foKku dks lqO;ofLFkr ,oa :ikarfjr fd;k Fkk] os viQxku ewy ds FksA lkroha 'krkCnh ds phuh fo}ku Fkh ftax us phu ls Hkkjr vkrs gq, ekxZ us tkok (Jhfot; 'kgj esa) :ddj laLd`r FkhA vr% fØ;kvksa dk izHkko FkkbZySaM ls eyk;k] baMks&pkbuk] baMksuksf'k;k] fiQfy-fial] dksfj;k vkSj tkiku--- rd leLr ,f'k;k egk}hi dh Hkk"kkvksa vkSj 'kCnkofy;ksa esa n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA gesa ^dwieaMwd* (dq,¡ esa jgus okys esa<+d) ls lacaf/r ,d uhfrdFkk esa ,dkdhdj.kokn (vkblksysf'kfuTe) ds fo:¼ ,d psrkouh feyrh gSA ;g uhfrdFkk laLd`r ds vusd izkphu xzaFkksa esa ckj&ckj nksgjkbZ xbZ gSA ^dwieaaMwd* ,d esa<+d gS tks thouHkj ,d dq,¡ esa jgrk gS_ og vkSj dqN ugha tkurk gSA vkSj ckgj dh gj pht ij 'kd djrk gSA og fdlh ls ckr ugha djrk vkSj fdlh ds lkFk fdlh Hkh fo"k; ij rdZ&fordZ ugha djrkA og rks cl ckgjh nqfu;k ds ckjs esa vius fny esa xgjk lansg ikys j[krk gSA fo'o dk oSKkfud] lkaLd`frd vkSj vkfFkZd bfrgkl esa cgqr gh lhfer gksrk gSA ;fn ge Hkh dwieaMwd dh rjg thou fcrkrsA


iz'u 1- D;k HkweaMyhdj.k ds vr% laca/ fo'o vkSj Hkkjr ds fy, u, gS\ mnkgj.k nsrs gq, mÙkj dh iqf"V dhft,A

iz'u 2- ¶HkweaMyhdj.k us vk/qfud thou dks izHkkfor fd;k gS¸ D;k vki bl dFku ls lger gS\

3- uhps fn, x, vuqPNsn dks if<+, vkSj iz'uksa ds nhft,µ

nfyr tkfr dh dykorh pquko yM+us ds laca/ es fpafrr FkhA vkt og ,d iapk;r ds lnL; gS vkSj ;g vuqHko dj jgh gS fd tc ls og iapk;r lnL; cuh gS rc ls mldk fo'okl vkSj vkRelEeku c<+ x;k gSA lcls egRoiw.kZ ;g gS fd vc mldk viuk ,d uke gSa iapk;r dh lnL; cuus ls igys ^jkew dh ek¡* ;k ^ghjkyky dh iRuh* ds uke ls tkuh tkrh FkhA ;fn og xzke&iz/ku in dk pquko gkj xbZ rks mls vuqHko gksxk fd mldh lf[k;ksa dh ukd dV xV xbZA

iz'u 1- iapk;rksa dks tehuh Lrj yksdra=k esa ifjorZu ykus okyh bZdkbZ ds :i eas ekuk tkrk gS\

iz'u 2- izpk;rkas dh 'kfDr;k¡ vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro dk mYys[k dhft,A

4- uhps fn, x, vuqPNsn dks if<+, vkSj iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,µ

vYila[;dksa dks laj{k.k nsus ds fo"k; esa MkW- vEcsMdj ds fopkj% mu dV~VjiafFk;ksa dks] ftuds eu esa vYila[;dksa ds laj{k.k ds fo:¼ ,d rjg dk nqjkxzg ?kj dj x;k gS] eSa nks ckrs djuk pkgrk gw¡A ;g fd vYila[;d o.kZ ,d ,slh foLiQksVd 'kfDr gS tks ;fn HkM+d mBs rks jkT; dh laiw.kz jpuk dks rkj&rkj dj nsxhA ;wjksi dk bfrgkl bl rF; dk Bksl ,oa Hk;kog lk{; izLrqr djrk gSA nwljh ckr ;g gS fd Hkkjr ds vYila[;d vius vfLrRo dks cgqla[;dksa ds gkFkksa esa lkSaius ds fy, lger gq, gSA vk;jySaM ds foHkktu dks jksdus ds fy, pyh ckrphr ds bfrgkl esa] jsMeaM us dkjlu ls dgk] ¶vki izksVsLVSM vYila[;d ds fy, pkgs tks lqj{kk ek¡x ys] gesa vk;jySaM dks la;qDr] vfoHkkftr j[kuk gSA¸ dkju dk mÙkj Fkk ¶ykur gS rqEgkjh lqj{kk ij] ge rqEgkjs }kjk 'kkflr gksuk gh ugha pkgrsA¸ Hkkjr esa vYila[;dks ds fdlh Hkh oxZ us ;g :[k ugha viuk;kA

iz'u 1- ^vYila[;d* (oxZ) D;k gksrs gSa\


iz'u 2- vYila[;dkas dks Hkkjr esa laj{k.k dh D;kas t:jr gksrh gS\

5- uhps fn, x, vuqPNsn dks if<+;s vkSj fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,%µ

tula[;k dh o`f¼ dh nj Hkj.k&iks"k.k ds lalk/uksa ds tula[;k esa gksus okyh o`f¼ dh nj ls lnk vkxs jgrh gS] blfy, le`f¼ dks c<+kus dk ,d gh rjhdk gSA fd tula[;k dh o`f¼ dks fu;af=kr fd;k tk,A nqHkkZXo'k] euq";ksa esa viuh tula[;k dsk LosPNkiwoZd ?kVkus dh ,d lhfer {kerk gh gksrh gSA (Ñf=ke fojksèkksa }kjk tSls fd cM+h mez esa fookg djus ;k ;kSu la;e j[kdj vFkok czãpk;Z dk ikyu djrs gq, lhfer la[;k esa cPps iSnk fd, tk,¡A ekY;l dk fo'okl Fkk fd vdkyksa vkSj fcekfj;kas ds :i esa tula[;k o`f¼ dks jksdus ds izkd`frd fujks/ vfuok;Z gksrs gSaA D;ksafd os gh [k| vkiwfrZ vksj c<+rh gqbZ tjla[;k ds chp vlarqyu dks jksdus ds izkd`frd mik; gSA mnkjoknh vkSj ekDlZoknh fo}kuksa us ekYFkl ds bl fopkj dh vkykspuk dh] fd xjhch dk dkj.k tula[;k o`f¼ gSA vkykspdksa dk dguk Fkk fd ctk; vkfFkZd lalk/uksa ds vleku forj.k ds dkj.k gksrh gSA

iz'u 1- tula[;k dh o`f¼ dks fu;af=kr djus ds fy, ekYFkl us dkSu ls d`f=ke vkSj izkd`frd fujks/ crk, gS\

iz'u 2- mnkjoknh vkSj ekDlZoknh fo}kuksa us ekYFkl dh vkykspuk dhA O;k[;k dhft,A

6- uhps fn, x, vuqPNsn dks if<, rFkk iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,\

tutkfr {ks=kksa esa iapk;rh jkt

cgqr ls vkfnoklh {ks=kksa dh izkjafHkd Lrj ds yksdrkaf=kd dk;ks± dh vkiuh le`¼ ijaijk jgh gSA ge es?kky; ls lacf/r ,d mnkgj.k ns jgs gSaA xkjks] [kklh vkSj t;afr;k] rhuksa gh vkfnoklh tkfr;ksa dh lSdM+ksa lky iqjkuh jktuhfrd laLFkk,¡ bruh lqfodflr Fkha fd xzke] oa'k vkSj jkT; ds Lrj ij os cM+h dq'kyrk ls dk;Z djrh FkhaA mnkgj.kkFkZ] [kkfl;ksa dh ikjaefjd jktuhfrd iz.kkyh esa izR;sd oa'k dh viuh ifj"kn gksrh Fkh ftls ^njckj dqj* dgk tkrk FkkA vkSj tks ml oa'k ds eqf[k;k ds funsZ'ku esa dk;Z djrk FkkA ;|fi es?kky; eas tehuh Lrj ij yksdrkaf=kd jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa dh ijaijk jgh gS] ysfdu vfnoklh {ks=kksa dk ,d cM+k lafo/ku ds 73osa la'kks/u ds izko/ku ls ckgj gSA


'kk;n ;ag blfy, D;ksafd ml le; dh uhfr;k¡ cukus okys ikjaifjd jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa esa gLr{ksi ugha djuk pkgrs FksA

iz'u 1- [kklh jktuhfrd laLFkk dk uke crkb,\

iz'u 2- vkfnoklh {ks=kksa dh jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa dks le>k,¡\

7- uhps fn, x, vuqPNsn dks if<+, rFkk iz'uksa ds mÙkj nhft,A

vk;q lajpuk esa vis{kkd`r NksVh vk;q dss oxks± dh vksj tks >qdko ik;k tkrk gSA mls Hkkjr ds fy, ykHkdkjh ekuk tkrk gSA fiNys n'kd esa iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ vFkZO;LFkkvksa dh rjg vkSj vkt ds vk;jySaM dh rjg ;g le>k tkrk fd Hkkjr dks Hkh ^tulaf[;dh; ykHkka'k* dk iQk;nk fey jgk gSA ;g ykHkka'k bl rF; ds dkj.k fey jgk gSA fd dk;Z'khy yksxksa dh orZekuk ih<+h vis{kkd`r cM+h gSA ,oa mls o`¼ yksxksa dh vis{kkd`r NksVh ih<+h dk Hkj.kiks"k.k djuk iM+k jgk gSA ysfdu ;g ykHk vius vki feyus okyk ugha gS cfYd blds fy, mi;qDr uhfr;ksa dk lksp&le>dj ikyu djuk gksxk tSlkfd ckWDl 2-3 esa o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA

iz'u 1- vk;q lajpuk ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\

iz'u 2- tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k dks le>k,\


fo'o esa izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks=k vkSj vk/kjHkwr <k¡ps esa gqbZ egRoiw.kZ mUufr ds iQyLo:i HkwaeMyh; lapkj O;oLFkk esa Hkh Økafrdkjh ifjorZu gq, gSA vc dqN ?kjksa ls dk;kZy;ksa esa ckgjh nwfu;k ds lkFk lac/ cuk, j[kus ds vusd lk/u ekStwn gSaA tSlsµVsyhiQksu (ySaMykbu vkSj) ekssckby nksuksa fdLeksa ds) iSQDl e'khusa] fMftVy vksSj dscy Vsyhfotu] bysDVªksfud esy vkSj baVjusV vkfnA

iz'u 1- fMftVy foHkktu ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

iz'u 2- fo'o esa izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks=k vkSj nwjlapkj ds vk/kjHkwr <k¡ps dks le>k,¡\



vkS|ksfxd Økafr ds lkFk gh] eqnz.k m|ksx dk Hkh fodkl gqvkA dqyhu eqnz.kky; ds izFke mRikn lk{kj vfHktkr yksxksa rd gh lhfer FksA rRi'pkr~ 19oha lnh ds eè; Hkkx esa vkdj tc izkS|ksfxfd;ksa] ijfogu vkSj lk{kjrk esa vkSj vkxs fodkl gqvk] rHkh lekpkji=k tu&tu rd igq¡pus yxsA ns'k ds fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa jgus okys yksxksa dks ,d tSls lekpkj i<+us ;k lquus dks feyus yxsA ,slk dgk tkrk gSA fd blh ds iQyLo:i ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa jgus okys yksx ijLij tqMs+ gq, eglwl djus yxs vkSj muesa ^ge dh Hkkouk* fodflr gks xbZA

iz'u 1- dkYifud leqnk; ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\

iz'u 2- dkYifud leqnk; ds ckjs esa fdl fo}ku us dgk gS\


rFkkdfFkr ^u, fdlkuksa* dk vkanksyu iatkc vkSj rfeyukMq esa 1970 ds n'kd esa izkjajHk gqvkA ;s vkanksyu {ks=kh; vk/kkj ij laaxfBr Fks] ny&jfgr Fks] vkSj blesa d`"kd ds LFkku ij fdlku tqMs+ FksA (fdlku mUgsa dgk tkrk gS tks fd oLrqvksa ds mRiknu vkSj [kjhn nksuksa :iksa esa cktkj ls tqMs+ gksrs gSa) vkanksyu dh ekSfyd fopkj/kjk etcwr jkT;&fojks/h FkhA ek¡xksa ds dsanz esa ^ewY; vkSj lacaf/r eqís Fks (mnkgj.k ds fy, dher olwyh] ykHkizn dhersa] d`f"k fuos'k dh dhersa] VSDl vksSj vk/kj dh okilh) minzo ds u, rjhds viuk, x,_ lM+dksa ,oa jsyekxks± dks can djuk] jktuhfrKksa vkSj iz'kkldksa ds fy, xk¡o esa izos'k dh eukgh vkSj blh rjg ds vU; dk;ZA ;g rdZ fn;k tkrk gS fd fdlku vkanksyu ds okrkoj.k ,oa efgyk eqíksa lfgr mudh dk;Zlqph ,oa fopkj/kjk esa foLrkj gqvk gSA vr% mUgsa u, lkekftd vkanksyu* ds ,d Hkkx ds :i esa fo'oLrj ij ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

iz'u 1- u, fdlkuksa dk vkanksyu dc vkSj fdu jkT;ksa esa 'kq: gqvk\

iz'u 2- u, fdlkuksa dk vkanksyu dh ek¡xksa ds dsUnz esa ewY; vkSj lacaf/r eqís D;k Fks\


lSaiy iz'u i=k&1

lekt'kkL=k (039)

2021&22

le;% 3 ?kaVs vf/dre vad% 80

lkekU; funsZ'k

1- iz'u i=k dks pkj [kaMksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA

2- dqy 35 iz'u fn, x, gSaA lHkh iz'u vfuok;Z gSaA

3- [kaM& d esa iz'u la[;k 1&16 gSaaA ;s oLrqfu"B iz'u gSaA

4- [kaM& [k esa iz'u la[;k 17&25 gSaA ;s vfr y?kqÙkjh; iz'u gSa ftuds fy, 2 vad fu/kZfjr gSaA izR;sd iz'u dk mRrj vf/dre 30 'kCnksa esAnhft,

5- [kaM x esa iz'u la[;k 26&32 gSaA ;s y?kqÙkjh; iz'u gSa ftuds fy, 4 vad fu/kZfjr gSaA izR;sd iz'u dk mRrj vf/dre 80 'kCnksa esa nhft,A iz'u la[;k 26&27 dsl ij vk/kkfjr iz'u gSa ftueas ls izR;sd dks 1 vad ds 4 Hkkxksa ds lkFk j[kk x;k gSA ftlls dqy 4 vad ds iz'u curs gSaA

6- [kaM ?k esa iz'u la[;k 33&35 gSaA ;g nh?kZ mÙkjh; iz'u gSa ftuesa ls izR;sd esa 6 vad gSaA izR;sd iz'u dk mRrj vf/dre 200 'kCnksa esa nhft,A fn, x, iSlst dh lgk;rk ls iz'u la[;k 35 dk mRrj nhft,A

[k.M ¹dº

iz'u 1% MseksxzkiQh dk Mseksl + xzkiQhu ------------------------------Hkk"kk ls fy, x, gSaA

iz'u 2% vf/Øe vkSj i`FkDdj.k dk fl¼kar----------------------O;oLFkk eas ykxw gksrk gSA

iz'u 3% og /kj.kk tks fcuk fo"k; dks tkus vkSj rF;ksa dks ij[ks cuk yh tkrh gS----------------dgykrh gSA

vFkok

,slk yksd fo'okl] lewg Lohd`r dksbZ vpy fopkj ;k Hkkouk tks lkekU;r% 'kkfCnd rFkk laosx;qDr gks----------------------------dgykrh gSA


iz'u 4% ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dk jkT; ftlessa vk/qfud txr dh fo'ks"krk] ,d ljdkj dk ,d fu/kZfjr {ks=k ij laizHkq 'kklu gksrk gS vkSj ogka jgus okys yksx mlds ukxfjd dgykrs gSa-------------------------------dgykrk gSA

lgh djks (5 ls 8)

iz'u 5% tula[;k dh n`f"V ls Hkkjr dk nqfu;k esa pkSFkk uacj gSA

iz'u 6% ^n lkslZ vkWiQ ukWyst* ds ys[kd , vkj nslkbZ FksA

iz'u 7% ou iapk;rsa gfj;k.kk jkT; esa egykvksa }kjk cuk;h x;ha gSaA

iz'u 8% ih<+h nj ih<+h ca/qvk etnwj dh rjg dke djus dks xqtjkr esa thrk dgrs gSaA

iz'u 9% varfoZokgh dks tkfr O;oLFkk dk lkj rRo fdlus ekuk\

1-oSLVjekdZ 2- yqbl ik'pj

3- eSdkboj ,oa ist 4- fxfyu vkSj fxfyu

iz'u 10% eSaus 'osrksa ds izHkqRo ds fo#¼ la?k"kZ fd;k gSA eSaus iztkra=k rFkk ,d vktkn lekt dk liuk latks;k gSA ;g okD; fdlus dgk\

1- vczkge fyadu 2- egkRek xka/h

3- usYlu eaMsyk 4- ujsUnz eksnh

vFkok

csxkj D;k gS

1- fcuk iSls ds dke djuk 2- cktkj esa dke djuk

3- fcuk dgs dke djuk 4- lHkh dke djuk

iz'u 11% vYila[;dksa ,oa lkaLd`frd fofo/rk ij mudh Hkk"kk fyfi ;k laLd`fr dsk cuk, j[kus ds fy, lafo/ku esa vuqPNsn gS

1- vuqPNsn 31 2- vuqPNsn 28

3- vuqPNsn 30 4- vuqPNsn 29


iz'u 12% bZ'oj panz fo|klkxj us 1858 eas ckaXyk Hkk"kk esa dkSu lk i=k izdkf'kr fd;k\

1- dkSeqnh 2- 'kkse izdk'k

3- dksydkrk esy 4- ik;fu;j

iz'u 13% vf[ky Hkkjrh; eqfLye efgyk lEesyu eas cgq fookg izFkk ds f[kykiQ tgkavkjk 'kkg uokl us izLrko izLrqr fd;kA (lR;@vlR;)

iz'u 14% [kklh tutkfr dh iapk;r dks njckj dqj dgrs gSaA (lR;@vlR;)

iz'u 15% dke dh ryk'k eas de mRikndrk okys {ks=k ls vf/d mRikndrk okys {ks=k dh vksj iyk;u djus okys etnwjksa dks iQwVywt yscj dgrs gSaA (lR;@vlR;)

iz'u 16% ,slh dgkfu;ka tks /kjkokfgd :i esa fn[kkbZ tkrh gaSa] bls uqDdM+ ukVd dgrs gSaA (lR;@vlR;)

[k.M ¹[kº

iz'u 17A% tulkaf[;dh dk vè;;u lekt'kkL=k ds fy, vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSA oLrqr% lekt'kkL=k ds mn~Hko vkSj ,d vyx vdknfed fo"k; ds :i esa bldh LFkkiuk dk Js; cgqr dqN tulkaf[;dh dks gh tkrk gSA crkb, fd tulkaf[;dh dk lekt'kkL=k ds fy, dSls fo'ks"k egRo gS\

vFkok

iz'u 17B% tula[;k foLiQksV* blfy, gksrk gS D;ksafd e`R;q nj] jksx fu;a=k.k] tuLokLF; vkSj csgrj iks"k.k ds mUur rjhdksa }kjk vis{kkd`r rsth ls uhp yk nh tkrh gSaA vki ^tula[;k foLiQksV* ls D;k le>rs gSa\

iz'u 18% ifjHkkf"kr djsa

1- iztuu nj 2- L=kh & iq#"k vuqikr

iz'u 19A% iwathokn ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

vFkok

iz'u 19B% ysl & , & iQs;j ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

iz'u 20- vki ;s dSls dg ldrs gSa fd vaaxzsth Hkk"kk dk gekjs Åij cgqr vf/d izHkko gS\


iz'u 21A% iapk;rksa dh D;k Hkwfedk gS tks mUgsa egRoiw.kZ cukrh gS\

vFkok

iz'u 21B% lafo/ku D;k gS vkSj ;g gekjs thou dks dSls vk/kj iznku djrk gS\

iz'u 22- lafo/ku ds 73osa la'kks/u dh fo'ks"krk,a D;k Fkha\

iz'u 23- varjkZ"Vªh; xSj&ljdkjh laxBu D;k gSa () vkSj os D;k djrs gSa\

iz'u 24- ekl ehfM;k ds fofHkUu :i D;k gSa\ mUgsa crk,aA

iz'u 25- lksi vksisjk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

[k.M ¹xº

iz'u 26- tkfr izFkk jktuhfr dks dSls izHkkfor djrh gS\ le>kb;sA

iz'u 27- uhps fn, x, vuqPNsn dks i<+sa vkSj fuEufyf[kr mRrj nsaA

i.;hdj.k rc gksrk gS tc cktkj esaa igys ftu phtksa dk dkjksckj ugha fd;k tkrk Fkk os oLrq cu tkrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] Je ;k dkS'ky ,slh phtsa cu tkrh gSa ftUgsa [kjhnk vkSj cspk tk ldrk gSA ekDlZ vkSj iwathokn ds vU; vkyksapdksa ds vuqlkj] i.;hdj.k dh izfØ;k ds udkjkRed lkekftd izHkko gSaA Je dk i.;hdj.k ,d mnkgj.k gS] ysfdu ledkyhu lekt esa dbZ vU; mnkgj.k gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] xjhc jksfx;ksa }kjk fdMuh izR;kjksi.k dh vko';drk okys jksfx;ksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, xqnsZ dh fcØh ds ckjs eas fookn gSA dbZ yksxksa ds vuqlkj] ekuo vaxksa dks oLrq ugha cukuk pkfg,A igys ds le; esa] ekuo [kqn dks nkl ds :i esa [kjhnk vkSj cspk tkrk Fkk] ysfdu vkt yksxksa dks oLrqvksa ds :i esa O;ogkj djuk vuSfrd ekuk tkrk gS ysfdu vk/qfud lekt esa] yxHkx lHkh bl fopkj dks Lohdkj djrs gSa fd fdlh O;fDr ds Je dks [kjhnk tk ldrk gS] ;k ;g fd iSls ds cnys vU; lsok,a ;k dkS'ky iznku fd, tk ldrs gSaA

(i) i.;hdj.k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

(ii) nks oLrq ;k lsokvksa dk mnkgj.k ftudk i.;hdj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA

(iii) ekDlZ us i.;hdj.k dh vkykspuk D;ksa dh\

(iv) i.;hdj.k dks igys yksxksa }kjk vuSfrd D;ksa dgk x;k\


vFkok

,YÚsM xsy (1982)] tSls ekuofoKkuh ftUgksaus /ksjkbZ dk vè;;u fd;k] ds vuqlkj cktkj dk egRo fliQZ bldh vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa rd lhfer ugha gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] cktkj dh :ijs[kk ml {ks=k ds vf/Øfer varj&lewgksa ds lkekftd laca/ksa dk izrhdkRed fp=k.k djrh gS fofHkUu lkekftd lewg] tkfr ,oa lkekftd vf/Øe esa ,oa lkFk gh cktkj O;oLFkk esa viuh fLFkfr ds vuqlkj LFkkfir gksrs gSaA vehj vkSj mPp Js.kh okys jktiwr vkHkw"k.k fuekZrk vkSj eè;e Js.kh ds LFkkuh; fganw O;kikjh cktkj ds chp okys ^{ks=kksa* eas cSBrs gSa vkSj vkfnoklh tks rjdkjh vkSj LFkkuh; lkeku csprs gSa] oks cktkj ds ckgjh fgLlksa esa cSBrs gSaA [kjhnh vkSj csph tkus okyh oLrqvksa ds izdkj ls ,oa fdl rjg ls eksy Hkko fd;k tkrk gS] blls lkekftd laca/ksa dk irk pyrk gS] mnkgj.k ds fy,] tutkrh; vkSj xSj&tutkrh; yksxksa ds chp dh var%fØ;k] ,d leqnk; ds fganqvks ds chp dh var%fØ;k ls fcYdqy fHkUu gksrh gSA ;g var%fØ;k vf/Øe vkSj lkekftd nwjko dks n'kkZrh gS] u fd lkekftd lekurk dksA

(i) /ksjkbZ xkao dgk¡ fLFkr gS\

(ii) fdlus dgk fd ^cktkj dk vkfFkZd dk;ksZa ls cgqr vf/d egRo gS*\

(iii) cktkj dh :ijs[kk fdl izdkj dh izrhd gS\

(iv) lkekftd vf/Øe ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; gS\

iz'u 28- lkekftd lekurk vkSj cfg"dkj ^lkekftd* D;ksa gS\ foLrkj ls crkb,A

iz'u 29- crkb, fd Hkkjr esa vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu ls igys ds fu;eksa ls dSls fHkUu gSa\

iz'u 30- laLd`frdj.k dh izfØ;k vlekurkvksa vkSj HksnHkko dks izksRlkfgr djrh gSA le>kb,A

iz'u 31- uhps fn, x, vuqPNsn dks i<+sa vkSj fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ds mRrj nsa

,d iQSDVªh ds dkexkjksa dks jkstxkj nsus dk rjhdk fHkUu gksrk gSA igy cgqr ls exkj Bsdsnkj dke nsus ls jkstxkj ikrs FksA dkuiqj diM+k fey eas jkstxkj fnykus okys dks feL=kh cksyrs Fks vkSj os [kqn Hkh ogka dke djrs FksA os leku {ks=kksa ;k leqnk;ksa ls etnwj dh rjg vkrs Fks] ijarq ekfyd mu ij d`ikyq gksrs FksA vr% os lc dkexkjksa ds eqf[k;k cu tkrs FksA vktdy dke fnykus okys


dk egRo de gks x;k gS] vkSj dk;Zdkfj.kh rFkk ;wfu;u nksuksa gh vius yksxksa dks dke fnykus eas egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA dqN dkexkj ;g Hkh pkgrs gS fd mudk dke muds cPpksa dks ns fn;k tk,A cgqr lh iQSfDVª;ksa esa cnyh dkexkj Hkh gksrs gSa] tks fd NqV~Vh ij x, gq, etnwjksa ds LFkku ij dke djrs gSaA cgqr ls cnyh dkexkj ,d gh iQSDVªh esa cgqr le; ls dke dj jgs gksrs gSa fdarq mUgsa lcds leku LFkk;h in vkSj lqj{kk ugha nh tkrh gSA bls laxfBr {ks=k esa vuqcaf/r dk;Z dgrs gSaA

(i) cnyh dkexkj fdls dgrs gSa\

(ii) feyksa esa feL=kh dkSu gksrs gSa\

(iii) laxfBr {ks=k fdls dgrs gSa\

(iv) cnyh dkexkj fdl lqfo/k ls oafpr jgrs gSa\

vFkok

¶Hkkjr esa fNik gqvk Je¸ & efgykvksa dh Je Hkkxhnkjh esa gkfy;k mRkkj&p<+ko laHkor% vuqdwy vkfFkZd fLFkfr;ksa ds tokc eas xfrfof/;ksa esa vYidkfyd cnyko ds dkj.k gS] bl rjg ds mrkj&p<+ko dsk Je Hkkxhnkjh easa lajpukRed ifjorZu ds lanHkZ esa j[kk tkuk pkfg,A yScvkmV iQkslZ esa efgykvksa dh fgLlsnkjh ds lkFk&lkFk efgykvksa dh Je Hkkxhnkjh nj ,d lnh dh vafre frekgh esa ?kV jgh gSA c<+rh vk; ds dke esa Hkkjr easa fir`lRrkRed lekt Åij dh lkekftd xfr'khyrk laHkor% efgykvksa ds vkgj.k ds :i seas Hkqxrku fd, x, Je vkSj voSrfud ?kjsyw xfrfof/;ksa ds fy, muds dkjkokl dk izrhd gSA ;gka rd fd ,slh izfrdwy fLFkfr ds rgr efgykvkas dh jkstxkj o`f¼ #d ughaa jgh gSA tks yksx Je cktkj esa izos'k djrs gSa vkSj jgrs gSa] os lcls detksj ?kjksa dh efgyk,a gSa] tSlk fd gkf'k, ij vukSipkfjd :i ls Hkqxrku fd;k x;k Je] bl izdkj nss'k eas Je ds vfuf'pr :iksa dsk mtkxj djrk gSA

(i) efgyk,a ¶Hkqxrku fd, x, Je¸ ls D;ksa ihNs gV jgh gSa\

(ii) Je dk ukjhdj.k D;k gS\

(iii) fir`lRrkRed lekt D;k gS\

(iv) lhekar vukSipkfjd Hkqxrku fd, x, etnwj dkSu gSa\


iz'u 32- D;k oSf'od lEca/ nqfu;k vkSj Hkkjr ds fy, u, gSa\ ij ppkZ djsaA

vFkok

jk"Vªh; fuxe fdls dgrs gSa\ ijk&jk"Vªh; fuxeksa dh fo'ks"krk,a fyf[k,A

[k.M ¹?kº

iz'u 33- ukxfjd lekt D;k gS\ buds }kjk mBk, x, eqís dkSu&dkSu ls gSa vkSj ;s fdl rjg dk;Z djrs gSa] foLrkj ls crkbZ;sA

vFkok

vYila[;d fdls dgrs gSa\ buds vf/dkjksa dh j{kk ds fy, lafo/ku eas dkSu ls izko/ku ekStwn gSa\

iz'u 34- HkweaMyhdj.k ,oa mnkjhdj.k }kjk Hkkjrh; m|ksxksa es fdl izdkj ifjorZu vk;k\

iz'u 35- >kj[kaM ds lkekftd vkanksyu eas ,d dfj'ekbZ usrk fcjlk eqaMk ,d vkfnoklh Fks] ftUgksasus fcV~l dks vaxzstkas ds f[kykiQ fonzksg djus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA mudh e`R;q ds ckn fcjlk vkanksyu dk ,d egRoiw.kZ izrhd cu x,] muds ckjs eas dgkfu;ka vkSj xhr iwjs >kj[kaM esa ik, tk ldrs gaSA fcjlk la?k"kZ dh Le`fr dks fy[kdj Hkh thfor j[kk x;kA nf{k.k fcgkj esa dke djus okys bZlkbZ fe'kujh {ks=k esa lk{kjrk iQSykus ds fy, ftEesnkj FksA lk{kj vkfnokfl;ksa us vius bfrgkl vkSj feFkdksa ds ckjs esa 'kks/ djuk vkSj fy[kuk 'kq: fd;kA mUgksaus vkfnoklh jhfr fjoktksa vkSj lkaLd`frd izFkkvkssa ds ckjs eas tkudkjh dk nLrkosthdj.k vkSj izlkj fd;kA blus ,d ,dhd`r psruk vkSj >kj[kaMh ds :i esa lk>k igpku cukus eas enn dhA

(d) ,d vkanksyu dh fo'ks"krk,a D;k gksrh gSa\

([k) tutkfr;ksa ls tqM+s eqís D;k gSa\ vkfnoklh vkanksyuksa ij foLrkj ls ppkZ djsaA


lSaiy iz'u i=k&1

lekt'kkL=k (039)

2021&22

MARKING SCHEME

[k.M ¹dº

mÙkj % 1- ;qwukuh 2- tkfr 3- iwokZxzg OR :<+ /kj.kk 4- jk"Vª&jkT; 5- nwljk 6- danwdhjh ohjs'kfyaxe 7- mRrjk[kaM 8- gyifr 9- osLVj ekdZ 10- usYlu eaMsyk OR fcuk iSls ds dke djuk 11- vuqPNsn 29 12- lkse izdk'k 13- lR; 14- lR; 15- lR; 16- vlR;

[k.M ¹[kº

mÙkj 17A) 1- tulkf[;dh tula[;k dk lqO;ofLFkr vè;;u gSA

2- ;g vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj uhfr;ksaa dks cukus eas enn djrk gSA

vFkok

mRrj 17B) 1- tula[;k ds vkdkj esa o`f¼

2- e`R;q nj] jksx fu;a=k.k] tuLokLF; vkSj csgrj iks"k.k ds mUur rjhdkas ds }kjk vis{kkd`r rsth ls uhps yk nh tkrh gSA

mRrj18 1- iztuu nj dk vFkZ gS cPps iSnk dj ldus dh vk;q (tks vkerkSj ij 15 ls 49 o"kZ dh ekuh tkrrh gS) okyh izfr 1000 fL=k;kas dh bdkbZ ds ihNs thfor tUes cPpksa dh la[;kaA

2- L=kh & iq#"k vuqikr ;g crkrk gS fd fdlh {ks=k & fo'ks"k eas ,d fuf'pr vof/ ds nkSjku izfr 1000 iq#"kksa ds ihNs fL=k;ksa dh la[;k D;k gS\

mRrj 19A) 1- iwathokn ,d vkfFkZd iz.kkyh gS ftlesa lk/u mRiknu futh LokfeRo ds gkFkksa eas gS vkSj os viuk ykHk dekus ds fy, dk;Z djrk gSA

2- nks eq[; oxZ ekStwn gSa & fngkM+h etnwjksa dk ,d lewg tks viuh Je 'kfDr (viuh {kerk ds flok vkSj dqN ugha Je djuk) vkSj iwathifr;ksa dk ,d oxZ tks [kqn dks iwathifr;ksa ds :i esas thfor j[kus


ds fy,] viuh iwath dk fuos'k djsa vkSj dekbZ djsa ,d izfrLi¼hZ cktkj vFkZO;oLFkk esasA

mRrj 19 B) 1- ;g ^[kqys O;kikj* dk ,d fopkj gS] ,d ,slk cktkj tks fdlh Hkh izdkj dh jk"Vªh; ;k vU; jksdFkke ls eqDr gksA

2- ;g ,d vkfFkZd nk'kZfudrk gS] ,d Úkalhlh okD;ka'k ftldk eryc gS fd ^vdsyk NksM+ fn;k tk,* ;k gLr{ksi u fd;k tk,A

mRrj 20- 1- O;kid :i ls bLrseky

2- lkekftd izfr"Bk vkSj fLFkfr ls tqM+h gS

mRrj 21A)- 1- vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, ;kstuk,a rS;kj djuk

2- lkekftd U;k; lqfuf'pr djuk

3- VSDl yxkuk vkSj olwyuk

4- lkeqnkf;d mi;ksx ds fy, lM+dksa] Hkouksa] Ldwyksa dk fuekZ.k djuk

mRrj 21 B) 1- lafo/ku vkn'kksZa ij vk/kfjr ,d nLrkost gS ftl ij ,d jk"Vª fuHkZj djrk gSA

2- ;g ewy fu;e gS ftuls vU; lHkh fu;e vkSj izkf/dj.k fu/kZfjr gksrs gSa

mRrj 22- 1992 esa lafo/ku ds 73osa la'kks/u us vk/kjHkwr yksdra=k ;k fodsanzhd`r 'kklu dh 'kq#vkr dh] ftlds izko/ku fuEufyf[kr gSa%&

1- iapk;rh jkt laLFkk dks laoS/kfud ntkZ

2- xzkeh.k vkSj uxjikfydk {ks=k eas LFkkuh; Lo'kklu fudk; gj 5 lky esa pquukA

3- fuokZfpr LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dks fn, x, LFkkuh; lalk/uksa dk fu;a=k.kA

mRrj 23- 1- os ljdkjh laLFkkuksa ls lEc¼ ugha gSa] os Lora=k laxBu gSa] tks uhfrxr fu.kZ; ysr gSa vkSj varjjk"Vªh; eqíksa ij fopkj djrs gSaA

2- dqN tkus&ekus INGOS gSa xzhuihl] n jsMØkWl vkSj ,eusLVh baVjus'kuy] esfMflal lSal ÚafV;lZ (MkWDVlZ fonkmV cksMlZ)


mRrj 24- ekl ehfM;k esa Vsyhfotu lfgr dbZ izdkj ds :i 'kkfey gSa] lekpkj i=k] fiQYe] if=kdk,a] jsfM;ks] foKkiu] ohfM;ks [ksy vkSj lhMh

mRrj 25- 1- yksxksa ds lewg ds thou vkSj leL;kvksa ds ckjs eas ,d dgkuh tks lIrkg esa dbZ ckj Vsyhfotu ;k jsfM;ks ij tkjh jgrh gSA

2- izfl¼ lksi vksisjk & ge yksx (1984&85) vkSj cqfu;kn (1986&87)

[k.M ¹Xkº

mRrj 26- i). tkfr;ksa dh rtZ ij jktuhfrd nyksa dk xBu fd;k tk jgk gSA

ii). vktknh ds le; ls gh tkfr;ksa }kjk yksdrkaf=kd jktuhfr dh xgjh fLFkfr jgh gSA

iii). lHkh jktuhfrd ny leku tkfr vk/kfjr x.kuk dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA

iv). pqukoksa esa izHkq tkfr;ksa dk izHkqRoA

mRrj 26- i). cktkj esa ,d oLrq ;k lsok cspus dh izfØ;kA

ii). cksrycan ikuh vkSj JeA

iii). D;ksafd bldk udkjkRed lkekftd izHkko gSA

iv). tSlk fd bls ekuork ds f[kykiQ ekuk tkrk FkkA

vFkok

i). NRrhlx<+ esa

ii). vYÚsM xsy

iii). inkuqØfer varj&lEca/ lkekftd laca/ksa dk izrhd gS

iv). inkuqØe foHkktu ij vk/kfjr lekt dh O;oLFkkA

mRrj 28- i). D;ksafd ;g O;fDr ds ckjs eas ugh cfYd lewgkas ds ckjs esa gS

ii). os bl vFkZ eas lkekftd gSa fd os vkfFkZd ugha gSaA

iii). os O;ofLFkr vkSj lajfpr gSaA


iv). ;s O;fDr;ksa ds chp fofHkUu {kerkvksa vkSj iz;klksa dks n'kkZrs gSaA

mRrj 29- i). Hkkjr esa vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu izkjafHkd fu;eksa ls vyx gS] D;ksafd ;g Hkkjh 'kks"k.k dh vof/ ds lkFk fpfUgr gSA

ii). vaxsztksa us ,sls dne mBk, tks muds ns'k ds fgrksa ds fodkl vkSj laoèkZu dks lqfuf'pr djrs gSaA

iii). os fdlh Hkh rjg ls Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds ikB~;Øe ds ckjs esa fpafrr ugha FksA

iv). vkSifuosf'kd jktkvksa us f'k{kk] voljksa vkfn ds {ks=k esa Hkkjr dks ywVkA

mRrj 30- D;ksafd lkekftd xfr'khyrk ;k lkekftd tkfr;ksa dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy, fupyh tkfr;ksa ds nk;js dks c<+kus ds fy, bldh vkykspuk dh xbZ gSA

;g crk;k x;k gS fd laLdfrdj.k dh fopkj/kjk mPp tkfr* ds rkSj&rjhdksa dks Js"B vkSj ^fuEu tkfr* dks ghu ekurh gSaA

laLd`frdj.k ,d ,sl ekWMy dk vkSfpR; lkfcr djrk gS tks vlekurk vkSj cfg"dkj ij fVdh gqbZ gSA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd iznw"k.k esa fo'okl djuk vkSj yksxksa ds lewgksa dh 'kq¼rk mfpr gSA ;g yM+fd;ksa vkSj efgykvksa dks ,dkaar esa j[kus] dU;k&ewY; ds cnys ngst izFkk dks viukus vkSj tkfrxr HksnHkko@vU; lewgksa ds f[kykiQ O;ogkj djus dh izFkkvksa dh vksj tkrk gSA bl rjg dh izo`fRr dk izHkko ;g gS fd nfyr laLd`fr vkSj lekt dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,a f?kjh gqbZ gSaA (dksbZ Hkh pkj)

mRrj 31- i). cknyh dkexkj fu;fer vkSj LFkk;h Jfedksa ds fy, fodYi gSa tks NqV~Vh ij gSaA

ii). feL=kh os fcpksfy, gSa tks fey ds ekfydksa ds lkFk vPNs lEca/ j[krs gSa vkSj os Jfedksa dks feykasa esa ukSdjh fnykus eas enn djrs gSaA

iii). laxfBr {ks=k ,d ,slk {ks=k gS] tgka jkstxkj dh 'krsZa r; vkSj fu;fer gksrh gSa] vkSj deZpkfj;ksa dks lqfuf'pr dke feyrk gSA

iv). cknyh deZpkjh ykHk vkSj fLFkfr ls oafpr gSa tks fu;fer vkSj LFkk;h deZpkfj;kas ds fy, miyC/ gSaA

vFkok

i). c<+h gqbZ vk; us ifjokj ds dke djus ds ctk; efgykvksa dks laadV okys jkstxkj ls gVk fn;k gSA


ii). fofuekZ.k dk;Z dks vc efgykvkas dk dke ekuk tkrk gS

iii). fir`lRrk ,d lkekftd O;oLFkk gS ftleas iq#"k izkFkfed 'kfDr vkSj laifRr ij fu;a=k.k j[krs gSaA

iv). efgyk,a

mRrj 32- i). ;g dguk xyr gS fd oS'ohdj.k Hkkjr ds fy, ubZ ?kVuk gS

fiNys 2000 o"kksZa dk bfrgkl crkrk gS fd Hkkjr dks nqfu;k ls vyx&Fkyx ugha fd;k x;k gSA

ii). Hkkjr ds phu] bZjku] jkse] felz vkfn ns'kksa ds lkFk yacs le; ls egku lH;rk ds lkFk O;kikfjd laca/ gSa vkSj Hkkjr fo'o izfl¼ js'ke ekxZ ls tqM+k gqvk gSA

iii). vk;Z] gw.k] rqdZ] iBku vkfn mitkÅ Hkwfe dh ryk'k esa fotsrk] O;kikjh ;k izoklh ds :i esa Hkkjr vk,A

iv). bu uLyksa us [kqn dks vkRelkr dj fy;k fd vc mudh vyx bdkbZ ugha gSA

v). vkSifuosf'kd dky ds nkSjku lcls cM+k izokl yksxksa dk usfoxs'ku FkkA

vi). fxjfefV;k etnwjksa dks ,f'k;k] vÚhdk vkSj vesfjdk ds nwjnjkt d fgLlksa eas dke djus ds fy, Hkkjr ls ys tk;k x;k FkkA

vii). dbZ Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vkSj dke ds fy, fons'k ;k=kk djrs jgs gSaA

vFkok

,d ijkjk"Vªh; fuxe ,d m|e gS tks ,d ls vf/d ns'kksa eas eky ;k lsokvksa] fons'kh fuos'k] ;k vk; vkSj laifRr izca/u ds varjjk"Vªh; mRiknu ds lkFk 'kkfey gSSA

TNCS dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,a gSa%

i). os lcls lLrh vkSj lcls dq'ky mRiknu }kjk izfrLi¼hZ lqfo/k vkSj equkiQs dk vf/dredj.k pkgrs gSaA

ii). muds ikl HkkSxksfyd yphykiu gS & os lalk/uksa vkSj lapkyu dks nqfu;k ds fdlh Hkh LFkku ij LFkkukarfjr dj ldrs gSa

iii). muds dk;Zcy dk ,d cM+k fgLlk fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa fLFkr gSA

iv). TNC dh laifRr ,d ;k nks ns'kksa esa dsafnzzr gksus ds ctk; nqfu;k Hkj eas forfjr dh tkrh gSA


[k.M ¹?kºmRrj 33- ukxfjd lekt ifjokj vkSj cktkj ds futh {ks=k ls ijs gSA ukxfjd lekt

dks lekt ds rhljs {ks=k ds :i esa le>k tk ldrk gSA os lekt gSa tks fo'ks"k :i ls nfer oxZ ds ykssxksa ds vf/dkjkas ds fy, yM+rs gSaA

os ljdkj ij utj j[krs gSa vkSj ns[krs gSa fd D;k fuf/;ksa dk mfpr mi;ksx dj jgs gSa vkSj ;g ns[kus ds fy, fd lwpuk ds vf/dkj dkuwu }kjk mnkgj.k ds fy, dkuwu ykxw fd, tk jgs gSa] laxBuksa ls tkudkjh ekaxh tk ldrh gSA

vFkok

fdlh Hkh lekt ds vis{kkd`r NksVs vkSj oafpr oxZ dks vYila[;d dgk tk ldrk gSA muesa gkfu] laidZ] ,dtqVrk vkSj viusiu dh Hkkouk gksrh gSA muds f[kykiQ iwokZxzg vkSj HksnHkko dk Hkh lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSSA

vuqPNsn 29 dgrk gS fd Hkkjr ds {ks=k ds fdlh Hkh fgLls eas jgus okys ukxfjdksa dsk vyx Hkk"kk fyfi ;k laLd`fr ds laj{k.k dk vf/dkj gksxkA fdlh Hkh ukxfjd dks jkT; }kjk vuqjf{kr fdlh Hkh 'kS{kf.kd laLFkku esa izos'k ls oafpr ugha fd;k tk,xk ;k dsoy /eZ] tkfr] oxZ] Hkk"kk ds vk/kj ij jkT; dks"k ls lgk;rk ls oafpr ugha fd;k tk,xkA vuqPNsn 30 dgrk gS fd /eZ ;k Hkk"kk ds vk/kj ij lHkh vYila[;dksa dks viuh ilan ds f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa dh LFkkiuk vkSj iz'kklu dk vf/dkj gksxkA jkT; fdlh Hkh 'kS{kf.kd laLFkku dks bl vk/kj ij HksnHkko dju dh vuqefr ugha nsxk fd og fdlh vYila[;d ds izca/u ds v/hu gS pkgs og /eZ ;k Hkk"kk ij vk/kfjr gksA

mRrj 34- oS'ohdj.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i fons'kh daifu;ksa dks igys ls gh nwjlapkj] ukxfjd mM~M;u 'kfDr lfgr ljdkj ds fy, vkjf{kr {ks=kksa eas fuos'k djus ds fy, izksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gSA vc m|ksx [kksyus ds fy, ykblsal vko';d ugha gSA blfy, fons'kh mRikn vc Hkkjrh; nqdkuksa esa vklkuh ls miyC/ gSaA mnkjhdj.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i dbZ Hkkjrh; daaifu;ksa dks cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa }kjk [kjhnk x;k gSA blds vykok ljdkj dbZ lkoZtfud {ks=k dh daifu;ksa eas viuk fgLlk cspus dh dksf'k'k djrh gSA ftls ,d fofuos'k ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA blfy;s Jfed viuh ukSdjh [kks jgs gSa] Jfedksa dks tYn ls tYn lsokfuo`Rr gkssus ds fy, etcwj fd;k tkrk gSA dbZ daifu;ksa dks


ykHk ugha fey jgk gSA ;g dke etnwjh vkSj dke djus dh fLFkfr vkSj NksVs m|ksxksa dks can djus ds ifj.kkeLo:i gqvk

mRrj 35- (,) ,d lkekftd vkanksyu dks fujarj lkewfgd dkjZokbZ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bldk vk;kstu fd;k tkuk gSA laxBu eas ,d usr`Ro vkSj ,d lajpuk 'kkfey gksuh pkfg, ftleas lnL;] tks ,d&nwljs ls lacaf/r gksa] fu.kZ; ys ldrs gSa vkSj mUgsa ykxw dj ldrs gSaA ,d lkekftd vkanksyu ds lk>k mís'; vkSj fopkj/kjk,a Hkh gSaA

(ch) tkrh; igpku] cM+s flapkbZ ifj;kstukvksa ds losZ{k.k vkSj fuiVku dk;ksZa ds fy, Hkwfe dk vf/xzg.k] ou mit dk jk"Vªh;dj.k ½.k] fdjk;k vkSj lgdkjh ns; jkf'k dk laxzg] tutkfr;ksa ls lacaf/r eq[; eqís FksA

fcjlk eqaMk ,d dfj'ekbZ usrk vkSj ,d vkfnoklh Fks ftUgksaus vaxzstkas ds f[kykiQ ,d cM+s fonzksg dks tUe fn;kA lk{kj vkfnoklh tc 'kks/ vkSj bfrgkl vkSj feFkdksa ds ckjs eas lkspuk 'kq: djrs gSaA mUgksaus vkfnoklh jhfr fjoktksa vkSj lkaLd`frd izFkkvksa ds ckjs eas tkudkjh dk nLrkosthdj.k vkSj izlkj fd;kA blls >kj[kaMh ds :i eas ,d ,dhd`r psruk vkSj mudh igpku cukus es enn feyhA rc bu vkfnokfl;ksa us vius vf/dkjksa ds ckjs esa tkuk vkSj ns[kk fd mudk 'kks"k.k fd;k tkrk gSA mUgksaus gkf'k, vkSj vU;k; dh Hkkouk dk Hkh vuqHko fd;kA blfy, la?k"kZ varr% 'kq: gqvk vkSj ckn esa ,d vkanksyu dk :i ys fy;kA


lSaiy iz'u i=k&2

lekt'kkL=k (039)2021&22


lkekU; funsZ'k




4- [kaM& [k esa iz'u la[;k 17&25 gSaA ;s vfr y?kqÙkjh; iz'u gSa ftuds fy, 2 vad fu/kZfjr gSaA izR;sd iz'u dk mRrj vf/dre 30 'kCnksa esa nhft,A



[k.M ¹dº

iz'u 1% vn`'; gkFk dh ifjHkk"kk-----------------------------------esa nhA

iz'u 2% Jhyadk dk iqjkuk uke----------------------------FkkA

iz'u 3% v.Mksa ds [kksy ds lkFk rFkk nfy;s esa nw/ vkSj phuh feykdj dsjy dk----------------------leqnk; [kkrk gSA

vFkok

13 lky dh Nk=k-------------------- us 1857 esa /eZ dh :f<+okfnrk ds f[kykiQ fy[kkA

iz'u 4% 1992 esa lafo/ku ds--------------osa la'kks/u esa f=kLrjh; iapk;rh jkt iz.kkyh dh 'kq#vkr gqbZA


lgh djks (5 ls 8)

iz'u 5% ekr` e`R;q nj izlwfr ds 100 ekeyksa eas cPps dks tUe nsrs le; ejus okyh ekrkvksa dh la[;k gksrh gSA

iz'u 6% gfjr ØkfUr dh 'kq#vkr 1979&80 esa gqbZA

iz'u 7% vf[ky Hkkjrh; efgyk dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk 1928 eas gqbZA

iz'u 8% iatkc esa tkfr vk/kfjr lrukeh vkanksyu gqvkA

iz'u 9% dkLV ;k casta 'kCn fdl Hkk"kk ls fy;k x;k gS\

1- jkseu 2- ;wukuh 3- mnwZ 4- iqrZxht

iz'u 10% ysl&,&iQs;j dk D;k vFkZ gS

1- gLr{ksi u fd;k tk, 2- vdsyk NksM+ fn;k tk,

3- 1&2 nksuksa 4- buesa ls dksbZ ughaa

vFkok

,Me fLeFk us leFkZu fd;k Fkk

1- [kqys cktkj dk 2- can cktkj dk

3- fefJr cktkj dk 4- lekukarj cktkj dk

iz'u 11% leorhZ lwph esa dk;Z djus dk vf/dkj gS

1- dsUnz dks 2- jkT; dsk

3- dsUnz vkSj jkT; nksuksa dks 4- buesa ls dksbZ ugh

iz'u 12- vkfFkZd] lkekftd rFkk lkaLd`frd izfØ;k tk lekt ds lnL;ksa ds lEiw.kZ thou dks ,d u;k :i o vFkZ iznku djrh gS] dgykrh gS

1- vk/qfudhdj.k 2- laLd`frdj.k

3- if'pehdj.k 4- HkweaMyhdj.k

iz'u 13- efgykvksa esa ufydkcUnh dh tkrh gSA (lR; @ vlR;)

iz'u 14- tkfr dh vf/Øfer O;oLFkk 'kq¼rk vkSj v'kq¼rk ds chp ds varj ij fVdh gqbZ gSA (lR; @ vlR;)

iz'u 15- lafo/ku dk vafre O;k[;kdrkZ mPp U;k;ky; gSA (lR; @ vlR;)

iz'u 16- laj{k.k ls 'kks"k.k dh vksj cnyko dk o.kZu tkWu fxfyu us fd;k gSA (lR;@vlR;)


[k.M ¹[kºiz'u 17A- tkfr dk fu/kZj.k tUe ls gksrk gSA bl dFku dh O;k[;k dhft,A

vFkok

iz'u 17B- lS¼kafrd rkSj ij] tkfr O;oLFkk dkss fl¼karksa ds nks leqPp;ksa ds feJ.k ds :i esa le>k tk ldrk gS] ,d fHkUurk vkSj vyxko ij vk/kfjr gS vkSj nwljk laiw.kZrk vkj vf/Øe ijA ;gka mfYyf[kr fl¼karksa ds nks vyx&vyx leqPp; dkSu gSa\

iz'u 18% fdlh Hkh 4 izeq[' izcy tkfr;ksa dk mYys[k djsaA

iz'u 19A- lkekftd lalk/uksa rd vleku igqap dh i¼fr gh lk/kj.kr;k lkekftd fo"kerk dgykrh gSA vlekurk D;k n'kkZrh gS\

vFkok

iz'u 19B- iwokZxzg T;knkrj ,d lewg ds ckjs eas vifjorZuh;] dBksj vkSj :f<+c¼ /kj.kkvksa ij vk/kfjr gksrs gSaA :f<+c¼ /kj.kkvksa dsk ifjHkkf"kr djsaA

iz'u 20- Hkkjr esa if'peh f'k{kk dk izHkko D;k Fkk\

iz'u 21A- xkzeh.k lekt dh d`f"k lajpuk dh O;k[;k djsaA

vFkok

iz'u 21B- xzkeh.k lekt esa tkfr vkSj oxZ ds laca/ ds ckjs esa crk,aA

iz'u 22- gfjr ØkafUr us d`f"k dks dSls izHkkfor fd;k\

iz'u 23- gM+rky vkSj rkykcanh ds chp varj dhft;sA

iz'u 24- nks VªsM ;wfu;uksa ds uke crkb,A

iz'u 25- lkekftd vkanksyu dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSaA mUgsa fuEu izdkj ls oxhZd`r fd;k tk ldrk gS %

i) izfrnkukRed vFkok :ikarj.kdkjh

ii) lq/kjoknh vkSj

iii) ØkafrdkjhA

lkekftd vkanksyuksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djsaA


[k.M ¹xºiz'u 26- vYÚsM xsy ds vuqlkj cktkj vius vkfFkZd dk;ksaZ ds vykok Hkh cgqr

egRoiw.kZ gSaA O;k[;k dhft,A

vFkok

¶xkao esa yxus okys lkIrkfgd cktkj ,d lkekftd laLFkk gSA¸ la{ksi esa le>kb,A

iz'u 27- fodykaxrk ,d 'kkjhfjd nks"k ugha cfYd ,d lkekftd nqO;Zogkj gSA ppkZ djsaA

iz'u 28- ^^uxjhdj.k lkekftd ifjorZu dh izfØ;k gSA** bl dFku dh O;[;k dhft,A

iz'u 29- vle ds pk; ckxkuksa ij fczfV'k ljdkj dk iw.kZ dCtk gks x;k FkkA pk; ckxkuksa ds ekfyd fczfV'k iz'kkld FksA pk; ckxku dk lkjk dk;Z lapkyu vaxzstksa ds LokfeRo esa gksrk FkkA pk; ckxkuksa ds vaxzst ekfyd ckxkuksa eas dk;Z djus okys Jfedksa dk 'kks"k.k djrs FksA os mUgsa dBksj fu;e dk;nksa ds v/hu pyus ds fy, foo'k djrs FksA mud dkuwu ds eqrkfcd pk; ds ckxku d ekfyd dks gj gkyr esa pk; mRiknu ea ykHk igqapkuk pkfg,A pkgs blds fy, Jfedksa dks fnu&jkr dke D;ksa u djuk iM+sA bu pk; ckxkuksa ea dk;Z djkus djkus ds fy, Jfedksa dks izk;% nwljs {ks=kksa ;k izns'kksa ls ;gka yk;k tkrk FkkA gtkjksa dh la[;k esa Jfed izfro"kZ ;gka nwjnjkt ds eSnkuh {ks=kksa ls vkrs FksA ogha pk; ckxkuksa ds tyok;q vkSj i;kZoj.k ls fcYdqy vutku FksA ;gka ds vLoLFkdkjh tyok;q esa nl&nl ckjg&ckjg ?kaVs dke djus ds dkj.k os vutku chekfj;ksa ls xzflr gks tkrs FksA pk; ckxkuksaa ds vaxzst ekfyd bl vksj dksbZ è;ku ugha nsrs FksA

(i) pk; ckxkuksa ds ekfyd fdl izdkj pk; & ckxkuksa esa dk;Z djus okys Jfedksa dk 'kks"k.k fd;k djrs Fks\

(ii) pk; ckxkuksa ds ekfydksa dk eq[; D;k mís'; Fkk\

fjDr LFkku HkjsaA

(iii) pk; ckxkuksa ds Jfedksa dks---------------------?kaVs dke djuk iM+rk FkkA

vFkok

uhps fn, x, vuqPNsn dks i<+s vkSj fuEufyf[kr mRrj nsaA

lkekftd lalk/ukas rd vleku igqap ds iSSVuZ dk vkerkSj ij lkekftd vlekurk dgk tkrk gSA dqN lkekftd vlekurk ds mnkgj.k ds fy,


O;fDr;ksa ds chp tUetkr varj dks n'kkZrh gS] mudh vyx&vyx {kerk,a vkSj iz;kl fdlh dsk vlk/kj.k cqf¼ ;k izfrHkk ds lkFk laiUu fd;k tk ldrk gS ;k viuh laifRr vkSj fLFkfr dks izkIr djus ds fy, cgqr esgur dh gks ldrh gSA gkykafd] cM+h vkSj lkekftd vlekurk yksxksa ds chp tUetkr ;k izkd`frd erHksnksa dk ifj.kke ugha gS] cfYd ml lekt }kjk fufeZr dh tkrh gS ftlesa os jgrs gSaA lekt'kkL=kh lkekftd Lrjhdj.k 'kCn dk mi;ksx ,d iz.kkyh dks lanfHkZr djus ds fy, djrs gSa ftlds }kjk lekt esa yksxksa dh Jsf.k;ksa dks ,d inkuqØe esa jSad fd;k tkrk gSA ;g inkuqØer rc yksxksa dh igpku vkSj vuqHkoksa] nwljkas ds lkFk muds laca/ksa] lkFk gh lalk/uksa vkSj voljksa rd mudh igqap dks vkdkj nsrk gSA

(i) lkekftd vlekurk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

(ii) lkekftd vlekurk D;k tUetkr ;k izkd`frd gksrh gS\

(iii) lkekftd Lrjhdj.k D;k gS\

(iv) lkekftd Lrjhdj.k fdl izdkj fu/kZfjr fd;k tkrk gS\

iz'u 30- uhps fn, x, vuqPNsn dks i<+sa vkSj fuEufyf[kr mRrj nsaA

Je ds cM+s iSekus ij izlkj dk xzkeh.k lekt ij dkiQh egRoiw.kZ izHkko iM+k] nksuksa izkIr djus vkSj vkiwfrZ djs okys {ks=kksa esaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] xjhc {ks=kksa esa tgka iq#"k ifjokj ds lnL; vius xkao ds ckgj eas vf/d le; O;rhr djrs gSa] [ksrh eq[; :i ls ,d efgyk dk;Z cu x;k gSA efgyk,a Hkh d`f"k Je ds eq[; lzksr ds :i esa mHkj jgha gSa] ftlls d`f"k Je 'kfDr dk efgykdj.k gks jgk gSA efgykvksa dh vlqj{kk vf/d gS D;ksfd os leku dke ds fy, iq#"kksa dh rqyuk eas de osru dekrh gSaA

(i) Je ds lapkj ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

(ii) Je ds lapkj us xzkeh.k lekt dks dSls izHkkfor fd;k\

(iii) d`f"k Je 'kfDr ds efgykdj.k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

(iv) xzkeh.k efgykvksa dks fdu leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+k\

vFkok

uhps fn, x, vuqPNsn dks i<+sa vkSj fuEufyf[kr mRrj nsaA

,d vk/qfud x.kraa=k ds :i esa] Hkkjr us tkfr dks ^lekIr* djus ds fy, drZO;&cks/ eglwl fd;k vkSj blus jkT; dks ijLij fojks/h uhfr;ksa dks


lekftd U;k; vkSj tkfrokn dk ihNk djus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA ifj.kkeLo:i] futhd`r mPp tkfr;ksa dks [kqn dks ^tkfrghu* ds :i esa lkspus eas l{ke fd;k tkrk gS] tcfd fc[kjh gqbZ fupyh tkfr;ksa dks viuh tkfr dh igpku dks rhoz djus ds fy, etcwj fd;k tkrk gSA bl vfLerkoknh foHkktu us tkfr dks uhph tkfr ds :i easa izHkkoh dj fn;k] mPp tkfr;ksa dks NksM+dj tkfr;ksa dks ^lkekU; Js.kh* ds :i esa tkfrfoghu ukxfjdksa ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k gSA

1- dkSu lk lewg ^lkekU; Js.kh* dk xBu djrk gS\

2- mPp tkfr lewg ds fy, tkfr ^vn`';* dSls gks xbZ gSa\

3- tkfr ls vkidk D;k eryc gS\

4- fo'ks"kkf/dkj izkIr mPp tkfr;ka D;k gSa\

iz'u 31- xzkeh.k yksxksa dks Loj nsus esa 73osa la'kks/u dh cgqr cM+h Hkwfedk jgh gSA fVIi.kh dhft,A

iz'u 32- fgr lewg dk;Zdkjh yksdr=k dk vfHkUu Hkkx dSls gS\ foopuk dhft,A

[k.M ¹?kºiz'u 33- vkSifuosf'kd dky ds ekl ehfM;k vkSj Lora=k Hkkjr ds ekl ehfM;k eas D;k

vUrj gS\ vkt d ifjizs{; eas ekl ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk crkbZ;sA

iz'u 34- rqyuk dhft,A

(d) jk"Vª jkT; ,oa jkT; jk"Vª

([k) iztkrkaf=kd jkT; ,oa lRrkoknh jkT;

(x) laiznk;okn ,oa /eZfujis{kokn

vFkok

lkeqqnkf;d igpku D;k gS\ blls lkEiznkf;drk fdl izdkj ls lEcaf/r gS vkSj ;s ruko o fgalk dk dkj.k fdl izdkj cu tkrh gS\

iz'u 35- Hkkjr esa geus vDlj mnkjhdj.k vkSj oS'ohdj.k dh 'krksZa dk bLrseky fd;kA os okLro esa lacaf/r gSa ysfdu leku ugha gSaA Hkkjr eas geus ns[kk gS fd dSls 1991 eas jkT; us viuh vkfFkZd uhfr esa dqN cnyko ykus dk iQSlyk fd;kA bu ifjorZuksa dks mnkjhdj.k dh uhfr;ka dgk x;kA nqfu;k Hkj esa lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fj'rksa esa oS'ohdj.k dk izko/ku fd;kA mnkjhdj.k dk vFkZ gS


fd Hkkjrh; ljdkj us 1991 eas Hkkjrh; vFkZO;LFkk dks fo'o vFkZO;oLFkk cktkj ds fy, [kksyus gsrq uhfr;ksa dh ,d Ja`[kyk dk fu.kZ; fy;k ftlus ljdkj dh igys dh mu uhfr;ksa ij jksd yxk nh ftuesa vFkZO;oLFkk ij vf/d daVªksy j[kus dk izko/ku FkkA

(d)- oS'ohjdj.k ds fdl vk;ke dh ppkZ ;gka dh xbZ gS\ Li"V dhft,A

([k) NksVs m|ksxksa ds fy, oS'ohdj.k dSls [krjk gS\


lSaiy iz'u i=k&3

lekt'kkL=k (039)2021&22


lkekU; funsZ'k




4- [kaM& [k esa iz'u la[;k 17&25 gSaA ;s vfr y?kqÙkjh; iz'u gSa ftuds fy, 2 vad fu/kZfjr gSaA izR;sd iz'u dk mRrj vf/dre 30 'kCnksa esa nhft,A



[k.M ¹dº

iz'u 1- 1918&19 esa iQSyus okyh egkekjh dk uke Fkk----------------------A

iz'u 2- dukZVd esa izcy tkfr dk uke--------------------------gSA

iz'u 3- /ksjkbZ xkao dk vè;;u---------------------us fd;kA

vFkok

,Me fLeFk dh izfl¼ iqLrd dk uke-------------------------gSA

iz'u 4- -----------------------vaxzst O;kikjh us dksyhdkrk] xksfoaniqj vkSj lwrkuqVh xkao iV~Vs ij fy, FksA


lgh djks (5 ls 8)

iz'u 5- laLd`frdj.k dh ifjHkk"kk Mh ih eq[kthZ us nhA

iz'u 6- lwpuk dk vf/dkj lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn 18(d) esa gSA

iz'u 7- Hkkjr eas vlaxfBr {ks=k esa ukSdfj;ka 80» gSaA

iz'u 8- fpidks vkanksyu 1980 esa gqvkA

i'u 9- ekYFkl dk fuca/ ,sls vkWu ikiqys'ku dc izdkf'kr gqvk

1- 1798 2-1788 3- 1978 4- 1952

iz'u 10- 1901 dh tux.kuk fdlds funsZ'ku esa gqbZ\

1- ykMZ fofy;e 2- gcZVZ fjtys

3- dkyZ ekDlZ 4- nq[khe

vFkok

Hkkjr eas lcls de iztuu nj gS

1- dsjy] rfeyukMq 2- dsjy] fnYyh

3- dsjy] fgekpy 4- dsjy] ef.kiqj

iz'u 11- cLrj ftys eas dkSu lh tutkfr eq[;r% ik;h tkrh gSA

1- gks 2- Hkhy

3- xkSaM 4- [kklh

iz'u 12- ;sktuk vk;ksx dk xBu gqvk Fkk

1- 1952 2- 1951

3- 1950 4- 1953

iz'u 13- tks tUe ls feyk gks vkSj ejus ds ckn Hkh u"V u gks oks tkfr gS ;g dqeqn rkbZ us dgkA (lR;@vlR;)

iz'u 14- dk;Z dks NksVs ls NksVs iqujko`fRr rRoksa esa rksM+dj dkexkjksa ds eè; foHkkftr djuk VsyfjTe dgykrk gSA


iz'u 15- n ykWftd vkWiQ dysfDVo ,D'ku* ds ys[kd eudj vksylu gSaA (lR;@vlR;)

iz'u 16- vkfnoklh laLFkk,a viuh lajpuk vkSj fØ;kdykiksa esa yksdrkaaf=kd gh gksa ;g vko';d ugha gS] VhiyqV uksaxcjh us dgkA (lR;@vlR;)

iz'u 17A- vk;q lajpuk esa vis{kkd`r NkVh vk;q ds oxksZa dh vksj tks >qdko ik;k tkrk gS] mls Hkkjr ds fy, ykHkdkjh ekuk tkrk gSA ;gka ij NksVh vk;q ds oxksZa ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\

vFkok

iz'u 17B- L=kh&iq#"k vuqikr tula[;k esa ySafxd ;k fyax larqyu dk ,d egRoiw.kZ lwpd gSA fyax larqyu ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

iz'u 18- vdky ds D;k dkj.k gSa\

iz'u 19A- Hkkjr esa {ks=kokn Hkkjr dh Hkk"kkvkas] laLd`fr;ksa] tutkfr;ksa vkSj /ekZsa dh fofo/rk ds dkj.k ik;k tkrk gSA {ks=kokn ds fy, dkSu ls dkjd ftEesnkj gSa\

vFkok

iz'u 19B- vYila[;d lewgksaa dh /kj.kk dk lekt'kkL=k esa O;kid :i ls iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ,oa bldk fliQZ ,d la[;kRed fof'kf"Vrk ds vykok vkSj T;knk egRo gS& blesa vkerkSj ij vlqfo/k ;k gkfu dk dqN Hkko fufgr gSA vYila[;d lewgksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djsaA

iz'u 20- Hkkjr esa Lora=krk ds ckn vkS|ksfxdhdj.k dSls gqvk\

iz'u 21A- fczfV'k lkezkT; dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa uxjksa dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ FkhA leqnz rVh; uxj tSls eqacbZ] dydRrk vkSj psUubZ mi;qDr ekus x, Fks D;ksafd bu txgksa ls miHkksx dh vko';d oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr vklkuh ls fd;k tk ldrk FkkA lkFk gh] ;gha ls mRikfnr oLrqvksa dk lLrh ykxr ls vk;kr fd;k tk ldrk FkkA lkezkT;kas dh vkfFkZd O;oLFkk esa 'kgjksa us fdl izdkj egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZa\

vFkok

iz'u 21B- ckxku ekfyd dSls jgrs Fks\


iz'u 22- vk/qfudrk dh dqN ewy /kj.kk,a D;k gSa\

iz'u 23- ncko lewg dks ifjHkkf"kr djsaA

iz'u 24- lgHkkxh ykssdra=k D;k gS\

iz'u 25- csxkj ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

[k.M ¹xº

iz'u 26- uhps fn, x, vuqPNsn dks i<+sa vkSj fuEufyf[kr mRrj nsa

ijkfJrrk vuqikr tula[;k ds ijkfJr vkSj dk;Z'khy fgLlksa dks ekius dk lk/u gSA (ijkfJr esa ,sls cqtqxZ yksx vkrs gSa tks vius cq<+kis ds dkj.k dke ugha dj ldrs vkSj ,sls cPps Hkh vkrs gSa tks brus NksVs gSa fd dke ugha dj ldrs)A dk;Z'khy oxZ esa vkerkSj j 15 ;s 64 o"kZ dh vk;q ds yksx gksrs gSaA ijkfJrrk vuqikr 15 o"kZ ls de vkSj 64 o"kZ ls vf/d vk;q oxZ ds yksxksa dh la[;k ds cjkcj gksrk gSA ;g vuqikr vkerkSj ij izfr'kr ds :i esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA c<+rk gqvk ijkfJrrk vuqikr mu ns'kksa eas fpark dk dkj.k cu tkrk gS tgka turk cq<+kis dh leL;k ls tw> jgh gksrh gS D;ksafd ;gka vkfJrksa dh la[;k c<+ tkus ls dk;Z'khy vk;q okys yksxksa dk vuqikr vis{kkd`r NksVk gks tkrk gS tks vkfJrksa dk cks> <ksus esaa dfBukbZ eglwl djrk gSA

(i) ijkfJrrk vuqikr D;k gksrk gS\

(ii) dk;Z'khy oxZ esa fdl vk;s okys yksx vkrs gSa\

(iii) ijkfJrrk vuqikr c<+ tkus ls D;k gksrk gS\

(iv) vkfJr tula[;k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

vFkok


i.;hdj.k rc gksrk gS tc cktkj esaa igys ftu phtksa dk dkjksckj ugha fd;k tkrk Fkk os oLrq cu tkrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] Je ;k dkS'ky ,slh phtsa cu tkrh gSa ftUgsa [kjhnk vkSj cspk tk ldrk gSA ekDlZ vkSj iwathokn ds vU; vkyksapdksa ds vuqlkj] i.;hdj.k dh izfØ;k ds udkjkRed lkekftd


izHkko gSaA Je dk i.;hdj.k ,d mnkgj.k gS] ysfdu ledkyhu lekt esa dbZ vU; mnkgj.k gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] xjhc jksfx;ksa }kjk fdMuh izR;kjksi.k dh vko';drk okys jksfx;ksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, xqnsZ dh fcØh ds ckjs eas fookn gSA dbZ yksxksa ds vuqlkj] ekuo vaxksa dks oLrq ugha cukuk pkfg,A igys ds le; esa] ekuo [kqn dks nkl ds :i esa [kjhnk vkSj cspk tkrk Fkk] ysfdu vkt yksxksa dks oLrqvksa ds :i esa O;ogkj djuk vuSfrd ekuk tkrk gS ysfdu vk/qfud lekt esa] yxHkx lHkh bl fopkj dks Lohdkj djrs gSa fd fdlh O;fDr ds Je dks [kjhnk tk ldrk gS] ;k ;g fd iSls ds cnys vU; lsok,a ;k dkS'ky iznku fd, tk ldrs gSaA

(i) i.;hdj.k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

(ii) nks oLrq ;k lsokvksa dk mnkgj.k ftudk i.;hdj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA

(iii) ekDlZ us i.;hdj.k dh vkykspuk D;ksa dh\

(iv) i.;hdj.k dks igys yksxksa }kjk vuSfrd D;ksa dgk x;k\

iz'u 27- chloha 'krkCnh ds czkã.k fojks/h ygj py iM+h Fkh vkSj {ks=kh; Lo&psruk dk fodkl gksus ls vusd Hkk"kkvkas ls laLd`r ds 'kCnksa vkSj lwfDr;ksa dks gVkus ds iz;kl gksus yxs FksA fiNM+s oxksZa ds vkanksyuksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i fofHkUu tkfr lewgksa vkSj yksxksa eas /eZfujis{krk dh Hkkouk tkx`r gqbZA {ks=kh; vk/kj ij lEiUurk ds dkj.k eè;oxhZ; tkfr;ka izHkq tkfr;ksa esa ifjofrZr gksus yxh FkhaaA izHkq tkfr;ksa ds le{k lo.kZ tkfr;ksa tSls&oS';ksa] {kf=k;ksa vkSj czkã.kksa dk egRo ?kVus yxk FkkA lo.kZ tkfr;ksa ds vkn'kZ xzg.k djus ds ctk; fuEu tkfr;ka izHkq tkfr dk lnL; cuus esa vf/d xkSjo vuqHko djus yxhaA bl izdkj nfyr tkfr;ka Hkh nfyr ds :i eas igpku dk nkok djus yxh FkhaA bl izdkj bu tkfr;ksa dk vkRefo'okl c<+k vkSj mUgsa dqN lkekftd lEeku Hkh gkfly gqvkA

(i) izHkq tkfr fdls dgrs gSa\

(ii) fiNM+s oxZ ds vkanksyuksa lss fofHkUu tkfr lewgksa esa /eZ fujis{krk dh Hkkouk tkx`r gqbZA fiNM+ss oxZ ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

(iii) nfyr tkfr;ksa ls vkidk D;k rkRi;Z gS\


(iv) fuEu eè; oxhZ; tkfr oxhZ; tkfr;ka fdl izdkj izHkq tkfr;ksa esa ifjofrZr gqbZa\

vFkok


lkekftd lalk/ukas rd vleku igqap ds iSSVuZ dk vkerkSj ij lkekftd vlekurk dgk tkrk gSA dqN lkekftd vlekurk ds mnkgj.k ds fy, O;fDr;ksa ds chp tUetkr varj dks n'kkZrh gS] mudh vyx&vyx {kerk,a vkSj iz;kl fdlh dsk vlk/kj.k cqf¼ ;k izfrHkk ds lkFk laiUu fd;k tk ldrk gS ;k viuh laifRr vkSj fLFkfr dks izkIr djus ds fy, cgqr esgur dh gks ldrh gSA gkykafd] cM+h vkSj lkekftd vlekurk yksxksa ds chp tUetkr ;k izkd`frd erHksnksa dk ifj.kke ugha gS] cfYd ml lekt }kjk fufeZr dh tkrh gS ftlesa os jgrs gSaA lekt'kkL=kh lkekftd Lrjhdj.k 'kCn dk mi;ksx ,d iz.kkyh dks lanfHkZr djus ds fy, djrs gSa ftlds }kjk lekt esa yksxksa dh Jsf.k;ksa dks ,d inkuqØe esa jSad fd;k tkrk gSA ;g inkuqØer rc yksxksa dh igpku vkSj vuqHkoksa] nwljkas ds lkFk muds laca/ksa] lkFk gh lalk/uksa vkSj voljksa rd mudh igqap dks vkdkj nsrk gSA

(i) lkekftd vlekurk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

(ii) lkekftd vlekurk D;k tUetkr ;k izkd`frd gksrh gS\

(iii) lkekftd Lrjhdj.k d;k gS\

(iv) lkekftd Lrjhdj.k fdl izdkj fu/kZfjr fd;k tkrk gS\

iz'u 28- Hkkjr esa yksxksa dks fofHkUu rjhdksa ls dke (jkstxkj) feyrk gSa crk,a fd Hkkjr eas yksxksa dks dSls dke feyrk gS\

iz'u 29- D;k jsfM;ks tulapkj ds ,d ekè;e ds :i esa #X.k voLFkk eas gS\ Hkkjr eas mnkjhdj.k ds ckn ,iQ,e LVs'kuksa us fdl izdkj jsfM;ksa dks izHkkfor fd;k\

iz'u 30- Hkkjr ds izeq[k ikfjfLFkfrdh (bdksykWftdy) vkanksyukas dh O;k[;k dhft,A izfrjks/&vkanksyuksa ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\] dqN mnkgj.k nsdj Li"V dhft,A

iz'u 31- Hkkjr esa lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl dks izHkkfor djus okyk ,d izeq[k eqík ¶Je ifjHkze.k ;k Je iyk;u gSA¸ bl dFku dh iqf"V dhft,a

iz'u 32- if'pehdj.k dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A blds dqN Lo:iksa dk o.kZu dhft,A


[k.M ¹?kºiz'u 33- lkekftd Lrjhdj.k dh fo'ks"krk,a D;k gSa\ lekt eas fo"kerk,a fdl fdl

:i esa O;kIr gSa\ blds nq"izHkkoksa ls cpus ds fy, ljdkjh o xSj ljdkjh iz;klksa o izko/kuksa dh foospuk dhft,A

vFkok

fL=k;ksa dh lekurk o vf/dkjksa ,oa vkfnokfl;ksa ds fy, fd, x, la?k"kksZa }kjk lkeus yk, x, eq[; eqís dkSu ls gS\

iz'u 34- HkweaMyhdj.k us jk"Vªh; Lrj ij jktuhfr esa D;k ifjorZu fd, gSa\ fopkj foe'kZ dhft,A

iz'u 35- Hkkjr dh yksdrkaf=kd lk/uksa ds ekè;e ls cgqyrk laLFkkxr vkokl vkSj la?k"kZ lek/ku dh izFkkvksa ds izfr izfrc¼rk ,d pqukSrh gSA ,d cgqlkaLd`frd yksdra=k ds fuekZ.k ds fy, egRoiw.kZ ,sfrgkfld jk"Vª fuekZ.k vH;klksa dh dfe;ksa vkSj dbZ vkSj iwjd igpkuksa ds ykHkksa dh igpku gSA igpku fo'okl vkSj leFkZu ds ekè;e ls lekt eas lHkh lewgksa dh nsunkfj;kas ds fuekZ.k ds fy, gekjs iz;kl Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSaA jk"Vªh; lkeatL; ds fy, fdlh ,d igpku vkSj fofo/rk ds fu"ks/ dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA lkaLd`frd eku;rk gS fd mRrjnk;h uhfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k djds jkT; jk"Vªksa ds fuekZ.k dh liQy j.kuhfr;ksa dks jpukRed :i ls fofo/rk iznku dh tk ldrh gSA os jktuhfrd fLFkjrk vkSj lkekftd ln~Hkko ds nh?kZdkfyd mís';ksa dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, izHkkoh lek/ku gSA

(a) cgqyokn D;k gS\

(b) ,dhdj.k vkSj vkRelkr dh uhfr;ka jk"Vªh; igpku LFkkfir djus dh dksf'k'k djrh gSaaaA foLrkj ls mnkgj.k lfgr o.kZu djsaA

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