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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 6, June 2017, pp. 370 379, Article ID: IJCIET_08_06_041 –

Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=8&Issue=6 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

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STUDY FOR THE RELEVANCE OF COCONUT SHELL AGGREGATE CONCRETE FLOORING

TILES K. Gunasekaran, G. Pennarasi, S. Soumya and N. Jefi Richards

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT Coconut shell flooring tiles were produced and tested as suggested in IS 1237:

1980. For comparison purposes, conventional flooring tiles were produced and tested in parallel. Test parameters considered were flatness, perpendicularity, straightness, water absorption and wet transverse strength. Totally 60 flooring tiles were produced,

30 tiles using conventional colored stone chips and 30 tiles using coconut shell as aggregates respectively. As suggested in IS 1237: 1980, six tiles were randomly

selected and tested for each parameter studies. Test results and performance of coconut shell flooring tiles encourages the use of coconut shell as an aggregate for the replacement of conventional colored stone chips in flooring tiles production. Keywords: Aggregate, Application, Coconut shell, Flooring Tiles.

Cite this Article: K. Gunasekaran, G. Pennarasi, S. Soumya and N. Jefi Richards. Study for the Relevance of Coconut Shell Aggregate Concrete Flooring Tiles. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(6), 2017, pp. 370 379. –

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1. INTRODUCTION For sustainable building creation, concrete is an innate option because it is a companion of the surroundings in all phase of its age since starting to end. The reasons are: materials required to

produce the concrete are easily available at any places and at any time; only minimum duration need for preparation; it is possible to made both regular and irregular shapes; it is an

unique material which can accept mostly any material replacement for its traditional materials. Hence there are many researches all over the globe taking place to replace its main

constituents by the wastes generated from various sources such as domestic, industrials, agricultural etc., [1-10 ].

Coconut shell (CS) is one of the agricultural wastes which is using as a coarse aggregate and made customary in the manufacturing of coconut shell aggregate concrete (CSAC) by a researcher almost one decade back [11] and followed by many researchers in the recent years too [12-26]. Most of the research results on coconut shell used concrete were not only encouraged to use it in the field applications, its behavior were also parallel to the traditional concrete as well. Already a study was taken and produces a kind coconut shell concrete pipe

K. Gunasekaran, G. Pennarasi, S. Soumya and N. Jefi Richards


as a field application. Therefore, authors were attempted another application of CSAC in to the study on the relevance of CSAC flooring tiles.

2. COCONUT SHELL AS AN AGGREGATE Enough discussion about the availability of CS around the world and also in and around the local area was made and published elsewhere [20-26]. Likewise, how to prepare the CS as an

aggregate from its raw state, almost all the necessary properties of CS such as physical, chemical and mechanical, how to use the CS for the production of CSAC etc, were published

elsewhere [20-26]. Yet, the noteworthy properties such as water absorption and specific gravity are refreshed here for the benefit of the people who all referring this article.

The CS used in this study had 4.00 % moisture content and absorbed 24.70 % water absorption. Also had the specific gravity in the ranges from 1.10 to 1.25 and the apparent

specific gravity in the ranges from 1.40 to 1.55 respectively. Because of its less value of specific gravity while compared to traditional aggregates, the concrete produced using CS in CSAC may get in to the group of a special concrete, lightweight concrete (LWC).

3. PRECAST FLOORING TILES

3.1. Materials used and size of flooring tile The cement used in the manufacturing of flooring tiles was Portland Pozzolana cement in

which its properties were confirmed as per IS 12269: 1987 [28]. The aggregates used in the wearing layer of tiles were colored stone chips with bulk density of 1850 kg/m3 and specific gravity 2.7. Quarry dust was used as a backing layer of the tiles which had the specific gravity of 2.54. Crushed CS was allowed for completely saturated and dried in surface level before it is added to the mixes which were used for moulding in to flooring tiles. Fig.1 illustrates the quarry dust, colored stone chips and crushed coconut shells used in this study. Flooring tile size was selected for this study was 300 × 300 × 25 mm [28].

Figure 1 Quarry dust, colored stone chips and crushed coconut shells

3.2. Mix Proportion For the production of flooring tiles, the nominal mix proportion 1:3 (by volume) is selected as per IS 1237: 1980 [27]. The same volume batched materials generally used in field practice

had been adopted in this study. For the traditional flooring tiles, to prepare the base layer people are using a vessel like a mason bond for taking mix constituents. They used to take one part of cement and three part of quarry dust for base layer. It was weighed and converted in to mix ratio by weight as 1: 3.65 and the water-cement ratio used was 0.40. The same mix ratio was also adopted in the base layer while producing the coconut shell flooring tiles as well. Similarly, for the traditional flooring tiles, to prepare the wearing layer they used to take one part of cement and three parts of marble chips. It was weighed and converted in to mix ratio by weight was 1: 3.83 and here also the water-cement ratio used was 0.40. But in case of

Study for the Relevance of Coconut Shell Aggregate Concrete Flooring Tiles


coconut shell flooring tiles it was weighed and mix ratio by weight was found to be 1: 3.50 and here also the water-cement ratio used was 0.40. The mix ratios adopted are presented in Table 1 after the conversion of volume batched materials in to weigh batched.

Table 1 Volume batched materials converted into weight batches

Layers Constituents

Weight (kg)

Mix ratio Water-cement ratio

Traditional / conventional flooring tiles

Base layer (1st) Cement 0.940 1: 3.65 0.40 Quarry dust 3.430

Wearing layer (2nd ) Cement 0.940 1: 3.83 0.40 Marble chips 3.600 Coconut shell flooring tiles

Base layer (1st) Cement 0.940 1: 3.65 0.40 Quarry dust 3.430

Wearing layer (2nd ) Cement 0.940 1: 3.50 0.40 Coconut shell 1.266

3.5. Flooring tiles Production Readymade moulds of required size and shape as shown in Fig.2 were used. The flooring tiles were subjected to hydraulic pressure of not less than 14 N/mm2 [27]. To show the picture of

coconut shell flooring tiles to the readers, cement laitance were washed and illustrated in Fig.3 and tiles placed for curing in the water tank as illustrated in Fig.4.

Figure 2 Mould used for tile production

Figure 3 Illustration of coconut shell flooring tiles



Figure 4 Both conventional and coconut shell flooring tiles are under curing

4 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME . As recommended in 1237: 1980 [27], six full size tiles were taken and tested for every test ISand the average of all six tiles are reported here.

4.1. Flatness test of the tile surface The flatness of the tile surface was tested by means of a metal ruler, whose length is not less than the tile diagonal [Fig.5]. For testing surfaces that are concave, the ruler is placed on the surface of the tile along one of the diagonals so that the ruler touches the tile at not less than two points. The largest gap is measured and the test is repeated along the second diagonal. The larger gap is the amount of concavity. For testing surfaces that are convex, the ruler is placed on the surface of the tile along one of the diagonals so that the distances between the ruler and the tile, at the ends of the diagonal, are equal. The largest gap is measured between the ruler and the tile and the test is repeated along the second diagonal. The larger gap is the amount of convexity.

Figure 5 Testing of tile for its flatness of surface

4.2. Perpendicularity T of Tiles estOne arm of a 'square', the arms of which are longer than the sides of the tile, is placed along one of the edges of the tile, so that the corner of the' square ' touches the corner of the tile [Fig.6]. The distance between the other arm of the ‘square' and the other edge is measured at

the end of the tile. The test is repeated such that two opposite edges shall be tested. The largest gap between the arm of the 'square' and the edge of the tile is reported.



Figure 6 Testing of tile for its perpendicularity

4.3. Straightness T of T est ilesTwo corners of the tile surface shall be connected with a fine thread alongside one of the tile edges and the largest gap between the thread and the plane is recorded [Fig.7]. The test is repeated alongside each of the other edges. The gap between the thread and the plane of the tile shall not exceed 1% of the edge length.

Figure 7 Testing of tile for its straightness

4.4. Water Absorption Test of T ilesTiles were immersed in water for 24 h, then taken out and wiped dry. Each tile was weighed immediately after saturation and wiped off. The tile was then oven-dried at a temperature of 65 ± 1°C for a period of 24 h [Fig.8], cooled to room temperature and reweighed.

Figure 8 Tiles placing for oven dry



4.5. Wet Transverse Strength Test of Tiles The specimen was placed horizontally on two parallel steel supports, with wearing surface upwards and its sides parallel to the supports. The load was applied by means of steel rod 12 mm diameter in which its length is longer than the tiles and placed parallel to the supports and midway between them. The span between the supports was made as follows:

A plywood padding about 3 mm thick .and 20 mm wide was placed between the tile and each of the supports and between the tile and the steel rod. The load was applied gradually at a uniform rate of not exceeding 2000 N per minute, until the tile breaks.

The load P which caused the breaking of the tile was recorded. The thickness t was determined as the average of two measurements at the location of the fracture, 50 mm from each edge [Fig.9].

Figure 9 View of fractured tile

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .

5.1. Weight of Tiles The average of fresh hardened weight of coconut shell flooring tile was measured as 3.60 kg,

where as conventional tile had 3.86 kg. After 28 days curing, the weight of coconut shell flooring tile was 4.08 kg, where as conventional tile had 4.34 kg. This shows that coconut shell flooring tiles are light in weight as compared to conventional tiles.

5.2. Flatness Test of the T ile The flatness test results for conventional and coconut shell flooring tiles are given in Table 2. The flatness results of conventional and coconut shell flooring tiles are in accordance with the requirements of 1237: 1980 [27] and also given satisfactory results. IS

Table 2 Flatness results of flooring tiles

Test Specimen Maximum concavity/convexity (mm) Requirement as per IS:1237-1980 Conventional tiles Coconut shell tiles

Tile 1 0.90 1.00

The amount of concavity and convexity shall not exceed 1mm.

Tile 2 0.75 0.85 Tile 3 0.75 0.90 Tile 4 0.75 0.90 Tile 5 0.90 0.70 Tile 6 0.80 0.85

Average 0.81 0.87



5.3. Perpendicularity T of Tile estThe perpendicularity test results for conventional and coconut shell flooring tiles are as given in Table 3. The perpendicularity results of conventional and coconut shell flooring tiles are also in accordance with the requirements of IS 1237: 1980 and given satisfactory results [27].

Table 3 Perpendicularity results of flooring tiles

Test Specimen

Longest gap between arm of square and edge of the tile (%)

Requirement as per IS:1237-1980

Conventional tiles Coconut shell tiles Tile 1 0.25 0.27

The longest gap between the arm of C square and the edge of the tile shall not exceed 2% of the length of the edge.


Average 0.265 0.278

5.4. Straightness Test of T ilesThe straightness test results for conventional and coconut shell flooring tiles are as given in Table 4. The straightness results of conventional and coconut shell flooring tiles are in accordance with the requirements of IS 1237: 1980 and given satisfactory results [27].

Table 4 Straightness results of flooring tiles

Test Specimen Gap between the thread and plane of the tile

(%) Requirement as per IS:1237-1980 Conventional tiles Coconut shell tiles

Tile 1 0.08 0.12 The gap between the thread and the plane of the tile shall not exceed 1% of the length of the edge.


Average 0.05 0.10

5.5. Water Absorption Test of T ilesThe water absorption test results for conventional and coconut shell flooring tiles are given in Table 5. The water absorption results of conventional and coconut shell flooring tiles are in accordance with the requirements of IS 1237: 1980 and given satisfactory results [27].

Table 5 Water absorption results of flooring tiles

Test Specimen Water absorption

(% by weight) Requirement as per IS:1237-1980 Conventional tiles Coconut shell tiles

Tile 1 5.25 5.53

The average percentage of water absorption should not exceed 10%.


Average 5.14 6.28



5.6. Wet Transverse Strength Test of Tiles The wet transverse strength test results for conventional and coconut shell tiles are as shown

in Table 10 and 11 respectively. The wet transverse strength results of conventional and coconut shell flooring tiles are given satisfactory results and also met the requirements of IS 1237: 1980 [27].

Table 10 Wet transverse strength results of flooring tiles

Test Specimen Wet Transverse Strength (N/mm2) Requirement as per IS:1237-1980 Conventional tiles Coconut shell tiles

Tile 1 3.00 3.00

The average wet transverse strength should not be less than3.0 N/mm2.


Average 3.05 3.04

6. CONCLUSIONS General purpose tiles normally used for flooring in such places where normally light loads are taken up by the floors; such as office buildings, schools, colleges, hospitals and residential buildings were selected for this study. Both conventional and coconut shell flooring tiles were

tested for their flatness, perpendicularity, straightness, water absorption and wet transverse strength test in accordance with 1237: 1980. Based on the results obtained, the following

conclusions were made. Mix ratio used conventionally for the production of flooring tiles by the manufacturer can also be used for the coconut shell flooring tiles production. Coconut

shell flooring tiles have shown good results compared with conventional flooring tiles in dimensional properties. Coconut shell flooring tiles are good in wet transverse strength

properties as compared with conventional one. Coconut shell flooring tiles have met the requirements of Indian Standards in all the properties and hence it can be suggested and

recommended that the coconut shell flooring tiles can be produced and implemented in field practice. By doing this the self weight of the floor finish may get reduced and hence may lead to economic design of floor supporting structural elements.

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