Solid-State Lighting: Toward Smart & Ultra-Efficient

jy tsao ∙ SSL: Towards Smart & Ultra-Efficient ∙ UCSB ∙ 2014 Feb 12 ∙ 1/11

SAND Number 2012-5105 C Work at Sandia National Laboratories was supported by Sandia’s Solid-State-Lighting Science Energy Frontier Research Center, funded by the U.S. Department of

Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Solid-State Lighting: Toward Smart & Ultra-Efficient

Jeff Tsao Acknowledgements

Po-Chieh Hung, Harry Saunders, Dmitry Sizov, Jon Wierer Mike Coltrin, Mary Crawford, Rick Schneider, Jerry Simmons

Steve Brueck , Wendy Davis, Sasha Neuman, Lauren Rohwer, Yoshi Ohno Igal Brener, Randy Creighton, Art Fischer, Steve Lee, George Wang, Xiaoyin Xiao

Ultra-eff Lighting

1

Effic

ienc

y

Efficient Lighting

Discharge Incandescence

Fire

SSL Electric bulb

2008 Corning Overview

Fluorescent Tube http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leuchtstofflampen-chtaube050409.jpg

Candle burning. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Candleburning.jpg

Bridgelux Helieon Solid-State Lamp. http://www.bridgelux.com/products/helieon.html

0.1

0.01

1900 2000

0.5

1

4% Incandescent 17% Discharge

Smart Lighting

Characteristics Benefits Challenges


Smart, ultra-efficient SSL: likely characteristics

3.5%-efficient Incandescent CCT 3,000K 14 lm/W

21%-efficient Fluorescent CCT 3,090K 85 lm/W (Courtesy Lauren Rohwer)

16%-efficient PC SSL (0.7A) CCT 3,100K 66 lm/W SSL

0 300 600 Human eye

response (lm/W)

Human eye response (photopic)

0.001

0.1

300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Spectral Power

Density (W/nm)

Wavelength (nm)

100%-efficient RYGB SSL CCT 3,800K 400 lm/W

1.0

0.5

0.0

Efficiency

B Spiky Spectra -- High CRI -- High LER

A All Electro-luminescence (no 0.2=0.8x0.25 Stokes loss)

InGaN AlInGaP


Spiky spectra have excellent color rendering: e.g., a 4-color laser illuminant

Reference sources Incandescent (o) PC SSL Warm (o) PC SSL Neutral (-) PC SSL Cool (-)

4-Color Laser

Illuminant

A. Neumann, J.J. Wierer, Jr., W. Davis, Y.

Ohno, S.R.J. Brueck, and J.Y. Tsao, “Four-

color laser white illuminant

demonstrating high color-rendering

quality,” Optics Express 19, A982-A990 (2011).


Spiky spectra have highest LERs: unconstrained SPD simulations

After P.C. Hung and J.Y. Tsao, “Maximum white luminous efficacy of radiation versus color temperature and color rendering index: exact results and a useful semi-empirical expression,” IEEE J Display Technology 9, 405-412 (June, 2013).

nno

mmnoo

mnCCTMAXLER CCTmCCTmnCCTCCTnMAXLERCCTMAXLER

oo ⋅+⋅−⋅⋅⋅

=−

)()(,,,

1000 3000 5000 7000

400

300

200

100

0

500

Max

imum

whi

te lu

min

ous

effic

acy

of ra

diat

ion

(MW

LER)

(lm

/W)

CCT (K)

30 70 90 99

100

CRI

400 500 600 700 Wavelength (nm)

Spectral Power Density (SPD)

30

70

90

99

100

CRI CCT = 2856K


Smart, ultra-efficient SSL: is it worth pursuing?

GDP [T$/yr]

φ [Plmh/yr]

Ė [PWeh/yr]

Efficiency (ε)

Light isn’t an economic factor of production; consumption is saturated

2011gdpgdp = 01.0

20112011

⋅=εεgdpgdp

01.1

20112011

⋅=εεϕϕ

01.0

20112011

⋅=εεee

2011ϕϕ =

−⋅−=

εε

ϕ2011

2011,2011 1eee

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Efficiency (ε)

41

43

45

0

500

1000

60

62

64

35TWeh/yr $4.4B/yr

$65B/yr

Light is an economic factor of production; consumption isn’t saturated

J.Y. Tsao, H.D. Saunders, J.R. Creighton, M.E. Coltrin and J.A. Simmons, “Solid-state lighting: an energy-economics perspective,” J. Physics D 43, 354001 (2010).

$285B/yr

$1.3T/yr

][][),(

CoLCoXA

⋅+⋅−⋅=

ϕχϕχϕχπ βα

Profit Production (gdp)

Cost

Profit maximization in a Cobb-Douglas economy


A qualified yes: more light = more productivity

J.Y. Tsao and P. Waide, “The World’s Appetite for Light: Empirical Data and Trends Spanning Three Centuries and Six Continents,” LEUKOS 6,

259-281 (2010).

J.V. Henderson, A. Storeygard, and D.N. Weil, “Measuring Economic Growth from Outer Space,” Amer. Economic review 102, 994-1028 (2012).

10-6 10-3 1 103

Φ (P

lmh/

yr)

CN 1993

WRLD-NONGRID 1999

WRLD 2005

UK 1800 UK 1850

UK 1750 UK 1700

UK 1900

UK 1950

UK 2000 AU+NZ 2005

FSU 2000 OECD-EU 2005

JP+KR 2005 CN 2005 CN 2006

US 2001,2010

103

1

10-6

10-3

0.0072 β∙GDP/CoL (Plmh/yr)

G$/yr $/Mlmh

Korean Peninsula 2008 1992


“2nd Wave Lighting: Smart and Feature Rich

Integrated Illumination and Displays

Human Health, Well Being and Productivity

Agriculture Communication Light-Field Mapping Courtesy of pureVLC Ltd. Courtesy of SOA architects

Courtesy of NEONNY Technologies

Cour

tesy

of E

.F. S

chub

ert

Courtesy of Shuntaro Yamazaki,

AIST

Courtesy of Dan Picasso and the Wall Street Journal

Smart Lighting: It isn’t just Kool-Aid

M.H. Crawford, J.J. Wierer, A.J. Fischer, G.T. Wang, D.D. Koleske, G.S. Subramania, M.E. Coltrin, J.Y. Tsao, R.F. Karlicek, Jr., “Solid-State Lighting: Toward Smart and Ultra-Efficient Materials, Devices, Lamps and Systems,” in D.L. Andrews, Ed., “Photonics Volume 3: Photonics Technology and Instrumentation” (Wiley, 2014).


Ultra-efficient SSL light emitters: two approaches

2 Chip areal cost necessary for CoLcap< CoLope/6

1 Efficiency, and its valley of death

3 Heat-sink-limited chip area

4 Heat-sink-limited white light flux

J.J. Wierer, J.Y. Tsao, D.S. Sizov, “Comparison between blue lasers and light-emitting diodes for future solid-state lighting,” Laser & Photonics Reviews (2013).

( )2

max

)1(/42

/

⋅−∆⋅

⋅⋅

=ΦPPB

T

chipin

PPBhsl

TAP

MWLERεεπκεε

( )chipinchip APCoELc /6

⋅⋅

=α

( )2

max

/)1(/42

⋅−∆⋅

=chipinPPB

Thsl AP

TAεε

πκ

)( EfficiencyEmitterBlueBε

Achip, cchip

Heat Sink

pin

psunk

φhsl

Power Density (Pin/Achip) (W/cm2) 10-2 1 100 104 106

0 0.25 0.5 0.75

1

10-3

103

1

10-3

103

101

107

IR Lasers $150/cm2

GaN/Si $10/cm2

1 klm

1mm2

Valley of droop

lm

cm2

$/cm2

1cm2

GaN/Al2O3 $50/cm2

104


Courtesy of BMW Group

RYGB lasers: the ultimate smart, ultra-efficient SSL source

ν'

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

and easy integration with optics for directing light

Wide color gamut

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 u'

459 nm

614 nm

535 nm 573 nm


Dieter Bimberg , Udo W. Pohl, Quantum dots: promises and

accomplishments., Materials Today Volume 14, Issue 9 2011 388 – 397.

Extreme nano: convergence of routes to filling the RYG Gap and the Valley of Droop

400 500 600 700 1

Effic

ienc

y

0

Wavelength (nm)

InGaN AlInGaP

Effic

ienc

y

Input Power Density (W/cm2) 10-2 1 100 104 106

0

1

Blue LED

Blue Laser

Valley of

Droop

2 Fill the

RYG Gap

1 Fill the Valley

of Droop

~8 nm

Solid-State Lighting: Toward Smart & Ultra-Efficient

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