SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL IMPACT OF - Pakistan Research ...

i

SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL IMPACT OFAGROFORESTRY

IN PUNJAB

Thesis submittedfor the Fulfillment of theDegree of Doctorate in Botany

BY

SYED MUHAMMAD AKMAL RAHIM

(M.Sc. BOTANY PUNJAB, M.Sc. FORESTRY PF1 PESHAWAR)

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB LAHORE

PAKISTAN

NOVEMBER, 2010

ii

DEDICATED TO

MY PARENTS WHO HAVE SPENT THEIR ENTIRE

PRECIOUS LIVES STRUGGLING TO PROVIDE ME

WITH A BRIGHT, SUCCESSFUL

AND LITERATE FUTURE

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PAGECONTENTS

NO

viiiAcknowledgments

Summary....................................... .......... *

List of Tables .

List ofFigurcs

List of Abbreviations .I Chapter I - Introduction —............ ....

1,1 Introduction

12 Forest Types

1.3 Supply and Demand of Wood ..1.4 Agrofbrestiy

1.5 Defin i tions and Practices

1.6 Rationale for Agroforestry/Fanriland Planting

1.7 Aspects of Agroforestry

1.7.1 Ecological aspects

1.72 Economic Aspects

1.7.3 Social Aspects

t.7.4 Institutional Aspect

1.8 Agroforcstiy and the Fanner

1.9 Agroforcstiy in Punjab

1.9.1 USAID Social Forestry Program

1.9.2 Punjab Forest Sector Development Project (PFSDP),. 19

1.9,2.1 Phasing Out of Punjab Forest Department

(PFD) Nurseries

1.9.3 Case Studies in Agroforcstry

1.9,3.1 Planing Canrpaings in the Thai Desert,. ,

1.9,3.2 Tamarix aphylla (Farash) Windbreaks...

1.9.3.3 Poplars in Peshawar Valley

1 .9,3.4 Poplare and Turmeric in Changa Manga

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Plantation

1.9.3J Eucalyptus Shelter Belts in Sindh.

1.9.3.6 Hurries in Sindh

1.10 Effect of Trees on Agricultural Crops

II Chapter II- Material Method

2.1 Material .2.2 Methods

2.2.1 Soil sampling

2.2.2 Soil Analysis

2.2.3 pH Determination

2.2.4 Electrical Conductivity (EC)

2.2.5 Carbonate

2.2.6 Bi-Carbonate (HCO3)

22.1 Calcium and Magnesium

2.2.8 Chloride

2.2.9 Organic Matter

22.10 Calcium carbonate

2.2.11 Nitrogen .2.2.12 Sodium

Potassium...

21.14 Sulphate

2.2.15 Phosphorus

2.2.16 Textural analysis

23 Survey of Farm Plantations

2.4 Soil Suitability Classification .. ..25 Phyto-sociological Analysis

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2.2.13 36

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2.6 Data compilation, processing and statistical analysis.

Ill Chapter III- Survey of Farm Plantations

3.1 Criteria for Division into Agroecological zone

3.1.1 Zone I- Indus della

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V

503.1.2 Zone II- Southern Irrigated plains

3.1.3 Zone III: (a & b) - Sandy Desert

3.1.4 Zone IV (a & b)- Northern irrigated plains

3.1.5 Zone V- Banin i (Rain fed) Lands

3.1.6 Zone VI - Wet Mountains

3.1.7 Zone VII-Northern Dry Mountains

3.1,8 Zone VIII- Western dry Mountains

3.1,9 Zone EX-Dry Western Plateau

3.1.10 Zone X-Suleiman Piedmont

3.2 Agro Ecological Zones of the Punjab

32.1 Agro ecological Zone III-A -Sandy Deserts

32.2 Agro ecological Zone UI-B-Sandy Deserts

Agio ecological Zone IV-A - Northern Irrigated

Plains .

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583.3 Study Area

3.3,1 Location and extent

3,3.2 Population

3.3.3 Topography....

33.4 Soil

33.5 Climate .33.6 Land its use

3.4 Data collection and analysis

3.5 Questionnaire Preparation/ Methodology.

3,6 ResullsandEvaluations

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64

3.6.1 Trend of raising of trees on farm lands. 64

3.6.2 64Land tenure and its effects on Agroforestry practices.

3.6.3 Land hotding 65

3.6.4 Choice of Species

3.6.5 Choice of Agroforestry design

3.6.6 Pattern/ Spacing

3.6.7 Preference of the agriculture crops.

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68

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3.7 Discussion

Chapter [V - Ecological effects of Agroforestry on soil

4.1 Agro ecological Zone HI. B Sandy Deserts

4.2 Agio ecological Zone ILL A Sandy Deserts

4.3 Agro ecological Zone IV.A Northern Irrigated Plains.. ,

4.4 Zone V- Barani (Rain fed) Lands

4.5 Soil Texture . .4.6 Organic Matter

4.7 Nitrogen and Phosphorus

4.8 pH, EC and CEC

4.9 Carbonates. Bicarbonate, Chloride and Sulfates

4.10 Calcium plus Magnesium, Sodium and Potassium

4,11 Discussion . ,

V Chapter V Phytosociological Analysis

5-1 Introduction

5*2 Association 1 Suaedetum fiuticosae

5*3 Association 2 Association Kochietum indicum

5*4 Association 3 Association Diplachnetum fuscae

J.5 Association 4 Desmostachyctum bipinnatae

5,6 Association 5 Alhagietum maurorac

5,7 Association 6 Sporoboletum arabicae

5.8 Association 7 Polypogaetum monspeliensae

5.9 Association 8 Erythraeo-polypogaetum-monspeliensae

5.10 Association 9 Vetcviarietum zyzanioides

5.11 Association 10 Imperatetum cylindrieae

5.12 Association II Scirpetum marilimae

5 j3 Association 12 Typhetum anguslitac

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1405.14 Discussion and classification,

1435.15 Classification.

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146VI Chapter VI SOILS and Land Suitability Classification...

6.1 How to use the soil information

62 Soil mapping units.......6.3 Land suitability for forest trees

6.4 Rawalpindi Tehsil .....6.5 Chakwal Tehsil

6.6 Feteh Jang Tehsil .6.7 Rahim Yar Khan Tehsil

6.8 Bahawalpur Tehsil .6.9 Bahawal Nigar Tehsil .6.10 Muzaflargarh Tehsil

6.11 Dera Ghazi Khan Tehsil * ....6.12 Khushab Tehsil .6.13 Mianwali Tehsil ....... .6.14 Okara Tehsil...

6.15 Sahiwal Tehsil .6.16 Chichawami Tehsil

6.17 Multan Tehsil. .

6.18 Khanewal Tehsil .6.19 Vehari Tehsil

6.20 Pakpattan Tehsil . * ......6.21 Discussion .

VII Chapter 7 Discussion, Conclusions and Recommendations

VU1 References * ...IX Appendix

X Paper Published .

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It is a pleasure to thank those who have been very helpful to me during all the phases

of completing my PhD thesis. To begin with I would like to express my thanks and

gratitude to my Research Supervisor Dr Shahida llasnain , Professor, Department of

Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Dean of Live Sciences, University of the

Punjab, Lahore, for her inspiring guidance and encouragement. She provided

refreshing insight and critical questions to be answered in the thesis. Moreover, her

keen interest and painstaking efforts during lire course of research work and drawing

right conclusions thereof are specially acknowledged.

1 must also express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere thanks to my mentor, Mr.

Mahmood Iqbal Sheikh, former Director General Pakistan Forest Institute and Ex-

Chief Conservator of Forest, Government of the Punjab Province. He not only

motivated me to join PhD program but also helped in the selection of my Doctoral

Topic and outlines there. 1 am equally grateful to my honorable senior teacher

Professor Dr. Razi Abbas Shamsi, ex-Chairman, Botany Department, University of the

Punjab who guided and helped me in the preparation of the synopsis of my thesis,

leading to its approval from the Board of higher studies. I also must thank my teacher,

Professor Dr. Rashid Mirza, Ex- Chairman, Botany Department, Govt. College

University, Lahore for his valuable advice during my field visits along with him,

regarding Phytosociological study of Farm Plantations.

Also my heartfelt thanks go to Professor Dr. Khan Rass Masood, Chairman.

Department of Botany, University of the Punjab for helping and facilitating me in the

timely submission of this thesis.

For the research involved for writing this thesis, collecting data was invariably a trying

experience. 1 collected a lot of data and soil samples. Many people helped with this for

which I would like to thank them whole hcortcdly, and also to hundreds of people who

filled out questionnaires forme.

I cannot forget the valuable help of former Chief Conservators of Forest, late

Sahibzada Muhammad Hafeez, Malik Mohammed Khan, Choudary Riaz-ul-Hassan,

Dr. Afzal and Sheik Abdul Qayum (World Bank consultant) for their motivation,

ix

persuasion and valuable suggestions which also enabled me to proceed and submit my

thesis in time.

1 express my heartfelt gratitude to my well-wishers friends Dr. Humcra Afrasiab,

Assistant Professor and Mrs, Secmal Vehra Ejaz, Assistant Professor Post- Graduate

GCW, Samanabad, Lahore, for helping me in proof reading of the draft thesis. I am

also thankful to other friends and colleagues Asma Zulifqar, Miss Ambrcen, Awais

Mufti of Botany Department, Dr. Farkhanda Manzoor Assistant Professor LCWU,

Sadia Shoieb, Research Assistant LCWU and Ch. Muhammad Iqbal Sub Divisional

Forest Officer Chachawatni for their precious help, generous advices and proper

guidance throughout the duration of my Research work. I also cannot forget the help

of the Director, Soil Survey of Pakistan (Mr. Akram) for allowing me to use his well

equipped Laboratory for soil analysis collected from various Farm Plantations and

preparation of GJS maps. For this l am also thankful to scientific officers /staff for

helping me particularly M/S. Rafiquc, Shahid and Zafar GondaL

1 am grateful to my parents for their financial and moral support and providing me the

opportunity to enrich my academic career. Their prayers and love encouraged and

helped me at every step of my life. Thanks are also due to my twin brother

Muhammad Ajmal Rahim. Conservator of the Forest who accompanied and helped me

throughout my field works. I also thank my sister Dr Shazia Awais, MD in USA for

her moral support and encouragement. Last but not least, my dedicated wife

Farkhanda Jabeen, Assistant Professor Department of the Botany, University of the

Punjab for her cooperation, help, suggestions and moral support throughout my study.

1 cannot forget the cooperation of my kids, Zoha Rahim (2nd year medical student) and

Syed M. Arsal Rahim who is a BBA student along with the prayers of my nieces Areej

Awais and Nashmia Rahim. It is hoped that this thesis provides a good review of

"Socioecological Impact of Agro-Forestry in the Punjab"

Syed Muhammad Akmat Rahim

SUMMARY

Against a world average of 25% area under forests, Pakistan has around 5% and

Punjab has only 2% area under manageable and productive forests. The present

deteriorating condition of the forests in Punjab has bleak prospects of

improvement and expansion in near future due to ever increasing demand for

agriculture produce. Moreover, to add to (he constraints, neither can additional

water be spared to undertake forestry operations, nor enough funds are available

even if new areas are earmarked for planting trees. Consequently the Province

of Punjab has to rely on imported wood and wood products to the tune of 8

billion rupees, due to exponential increase in population and increasing demand

for wood and paper.

In view of the present situation the best possible solution seems to be offered by

Farm forcstry/Agrotorestry that models planting trees and agricultural crops

together, which unfortunately, has not been utilized to its full potential. Around

67% of the land of Punjab is under Batani irrigated agriculture and if

agmforestry is properly practiced, the trees raised by the farmers will not only

contribute, however little, to improve forest cover, but will also serve as a

cushion against emergencies will serve as an additional income for the fanner.

The Punjab Forest department has made special strides towards introducing

farm forestry to farmers over the past 30 years by extending awareness and

training programs to farm foresters and promoting donor supported projects.

The present study is an assay of the shift from state to social forestry and

generation of direct and indirect benefits from this shift.

For the purpose of this study the province of Punjab was divided into four

agroeclogical zones, namely, Agroeclogical zone III- A (Sandy Desert),

Agroeclogical zone III- B (Sandy Desert), Agroeclogical zone IV- A (Northern

Irrigated Plains), Agroeclogical zone V- (Barani). A questionnaire-based survey

was carried out in 257 farm plantations from the four zones, keeping in view the

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zonal physiography, ecology, climate, soil, agricultural crops, water availability

and ground water viz-a- viz the choice of species. The survey results gave fairly

representative indicators revealing that the trend of planting trees increased

during 1995 to 2000 and has decreased thereafter. This trend was acquired and

preferred by agrofanners possessing small holdings, who admitted it to be a

source of additional income. The choice of species by 87% of the agrofarmers

was Eucalyptus, in spite of the fact that the environmentalist lobby discourages

its plantation. The most preferred plantation design was the Linear Model and

the 44% of the agrofarmers opted for 5x5 ft spacing. After concluding from the

results of the survey, that agroforestry is beneficial to the fanner both socially

and economically, and that the potential has not been utilized fully, suggestions

to further promote agroforestry/social forestry have been made. In this context

some tree species like Shisham, Albizzia, Jantcr (Sesbanea acgyptiaca) and Iple

Iple that are nitrogen fixing and improve die soil fertility have been

recommended to be grown on the agricultural lands.

The importance of soil texture in ogroforestry necessitates a comparison to be

made of the soils from various farm plantations in order to ascertain whether the

soils of various farm plantations were tcxlumlly similar or not. Thus an analysis

of 400 soil samples for the soil texture was carried out in the target zones and

the information thereby revealed, was utilized to develop Soil and Land

Suitability maps.

A pilot study for the evaluation of structure, composition and classification of

the community types of the saline areas of Ferozewala (District Sheikhupura)

was carried out using a standard terminology comparable with the

phytosociological work carried out in the European and Anglo-American

countries. A special advantage of this investigation is to obtain environmental

data which provides insight into the important factors operative in the habitat

e.g. soil pH, level of salinity, moisture level, grazing and extent of vegetation

xii

cover. The data thus obtained can be used to extract maximum potential of the

salt affected soils arc generally poorer in species than non-saline soils.

Finally, maps lor the agro farmers on the basis of land suitability classification

were prepared to guide the land users/planners in such a way so as to put the

land resources to the most beneficial use on sustained basis without

deteriorating the resources as well as the environment. This study represents a

pilot study with regards to the development of Soil and Land Suitability maps,

as the work was restricted to 17 Districts of the Punjab. The undoubted utility of

such maps based on the valuable land resource information being generated,

makes it imperative that the same may be extended to the rest of the districts of

Punjab as die next step and later for other provinces too, for it not only assists

the agrofarmers but also alleviates of poverty, consequently enhancing the gross

economy at the national level.

xiii

LIST OF TABLES

SR. NO DESCRIPTION’ PACE NO

Tabic No 1.1 Pakistan Forest areas by types

Supply and Demand Gap of wood at National

Level, 2002-03

Total supply of timber and fuel wood in

Pakistan for the year 2002-03

Projected Consumption of wood -National

Phasing out of Punjab Forest Department

Nurseries

Average Diameter (cm) and Height (m) of the

Trees

Yield of Wheat (Tons per ha) under the

Influence of Eucalyptus camaldulcnsis

Yield of Cotton (tons/ha) under the Influence

of Eucalyptus camaldulensis

Effect of Shisham Trees on Crop Yields in the

Districts of Peshawar and Charsadda

Effect of Poplar Trees on Crop Yields in the

Districts of Peshawar and Charsadda

Effect of Tree Lines (mainly poplar) Planted at

different Spacing on Maize and Fodder

Buffer solutions for pH

Table No 22 Standard solution of Sodium 1000 ppm

Table No 23 Standard solution of Potassium Chloride

Table No 2.4 Standard solution of Potassium Chloride

Table No 2.5 Standard Phosphate solution

Table No 2.6 Phenolphthalein indicators l %

Table No2.7 Methyl Orange 1%

Table No.2.8 NHiCl -NH4OH buffer solution

4

Table Nol.2 4

Table Nol.3 7

Table No1.4 7

Tabic Nol.5 21

Table Nol.6 21

24Table Nol.7

25Table Nol.8

26Table Nol.9

26Table NoUO

26Table Nol.ll

27Table No 2.1

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27

27

27

28

28

28

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Table No.2.9 Eriochrome Black- T (EBT) Indicators

Table No.2.10 EDTA (Versinate) solution

Table No.2.11 Silver Nitrate solution

Table No.2.12 IN Potassium Dichromate solution

Preparation of Di-phenyl Amines Sulphonate

Indicator

Table No.2.14 Ferrous Ammonium Sulphates solution

Tabic No.2.15 Sodium Hydroxide 4N

Table No.2.16 Digestion Mixtures

TableNo.2.17 Boric Acid 2%

Table No.2.18 Olsen (Sodium Bicarbonate 05 M pH 8.5)

Table No.2.19 Sulturic Acid 4M

Tabic No.2.20 Ammonium Molybodatc4% solutions

Table No.2.21 Phosphorus Antimony Tartrate solution

Table No.222 Ascorbic Acid solutions

Table No.2.23 Extracting Reagents

Table No.2.24 Calgon solution

Table No.2.25 Sulfuric Acid 0.1M

Tabic No.2.26 Ammonium Populate Indicators

Table No.2.27 Mixed Indicator

Table No.2.28 Phosphate stock solutions 100 ppm

Table No.229 Mixed Regents

Tabic No.230 Anunonium Sulfate

Table No.2.31 Survey Farm Plantations in various districts

Table No.232 Domin-krajina scale for %age cover

Land use pattern of Punjab

Table No.3.2 Trend of raising of farm plantations in Punjab

Result of survey for Land Tenure

Table No3.4 Size of Land Holdings

Table No.3.5 Choices of the Species by Agrofarmers

Tabic No.3.6 Choice of AgroforestTy Designs

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29Table No.2.13

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31

31

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31

31

31

41

45

62Tabic No.3.1

64

65Table No.3.3

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Choice of Spacing by the agro farmers

Choice of Agroforestiy Designs

The Vegetation Distribution in Association

Suaedetum Fruticosae

Soil Characteristic of Association Suaedetum

Fruticosae

The Vegetation distribution in Association

Kochieturn Indicum

Soil characteristic of association Kochietum

indicum


Diplachnetum Fuscae

Soil characteristic of Association

diplachnetum fuscae

The vegetation distribution in Association

DcsmosLochyetum bipinnatae

Soil Characteristic of Association

Desmostochyetum Bipinnatae


Alhagietum Maurarac

Soil characteristic of Association Alhagietum

maurarae


Spoxobolclum arabicae

Soil Characteristic of Sporoboletum Arabicae

The Vegetation distribution in Association

Polypogaelum monspeliensae

Soil Characteristic of Polypogaetum

monspeliensae

The Vegciation Distribution in Association

Eryth raeo-Polypogaetum-monspeIiensae

67Table No.3.7

Table No.3.8 6K

100Table No,5.1

101Tabic No.52

103Table No.5.3

104Table No.5.4

106Table No.5.5

107Table No.5.6

109Table No.5.7

110Table No.5.8

112Table No.5.9

113Table No.5.10

115Table No.5.11

116Tabic No.5.12

118Table No.5.13

119Table No.5.14

Tabic No.5.15 121

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Soil Characteristic of Association Erythraeo-

Polypogaetum-monspcliensae


Veteviarietum zyzanioidcs

Soil Characteristic of Association

Vclevierietum zyzaniodcs

The vegetation distribution in association

Imperatetum cylindrieac

Soil characteristic of Association imperatetum

cylindrieae


Scirpetum maritimac

Soil characteristic of Association Sciipctum

maritimae


Typhetum angustitae

Soil characteristic of Association Typhetum

angustitae

Integrated Associations

Soil characteristic of each Association

Land Suitability Mapping Units -Rawalpindi

Tchsil: Component Soils, Land Suitability for

Forest trees and specific management

requirements

Land Suitability Mapping Units -Chakwal



requirements

Land Suitability Mapping Units -Fetch Jang



Table No.5.16 122

Table No.5.17 124

Table No.5.18 125

127Table No.5.19

Table No.5.20 128

130Table No.5,21

1301Table No.5.22

1323Table No.5.23

134Table No.5.24

135Table No,5.25

13STable No.5.26

152Table No.6.1

156Table No.6.2

160Table No.6,3

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requirements

Land Suitability Mapping Units - Rahim Yar

Khan Tehsit: Component Soils, Land

Suitability for Forest trees and specific

management requirements

Land Suitability Mapping Units - Bahawalpur



requirements

Land Suitability Mapping Units-Bahawalnagar Tchsil: Component Soils, Land



Land Suitability Mapping Units -

Muzaflfargarh Tehsil: Component Soils, Land



Land Suitability Mapping Units - Dera Gazi

KJhanTehsil:Component Soils, Land

Suitability for Forest Trees and Specific

Management Requirements

Land Suitability Mapping Units Khushab

Tehsil: Component Soils, Land Suitability for


requirements

Land Suitability Mapping Units Mianwali



requirements

Land Suitability Mapping Units Okara Tehsil:

Component Soils, Land Suitability for Forest

Table No.6.4 164

Table No.6.5 168

Tabic No.6.6 172

176Table No.6.7

180Table No.6.8

184Table No.6.9

188Table No.6.10

192Table No.6.11

xviii

trees and specific management requirements

Land Suitability Mapping Units SahiwaL



requirements

Land Suitability Mapping Units Chichawatni



requirements

Lund Suitability Mapping Units Multan



requirements

Land Suitability Mapping Units Khanewal



requirements

Land Suitability Mapping Units Vchari Tehsil:

Component Soils, Land Suitability for Forest

trees and specific management requirements

Land Suitability Mapping Units Pakpattan



requirements

196Tabic No.6,12

200Table No,6.13

Table No.6.14 204

208Table No.6.!5

212Table No.6.16

216Tabic No.6.17

xix

LIST OF FIGURES

Sr. No Description Page NoFig.2.1 Soil classification triangle based on the ISSS

Fig. 3.1 Agroeclogical Zones of Pakistan

Fig3.2 Map showing the Study Area

Fig.4.1 Compositions of sand, sill and clay in the soil of different

zones taken from the depth of0-60cm in different

Agroeclogical Zones

Fig.4.2 Trend showing depth wise distribution of silt, clay and sand

in different Agroeclogical Zones

Fig.43 Organic Matter content of soils from different zones taken

at various depths

Fig.4.4 Effect of depth (cm) on Organic MatteffOM) in different

Agroeclogical Zones

Fig.43 Zone wise variation in nitrogen and phosphorus in different

Agroeclogical Zones

Fig,4.6 Effect of depth (cm) on Nitrogen and Phosphorus in

different Agroeclogical Zones

Fig.4.7 Effect of depth (cm) on CEC, pH and EC in different

Agroeclogical Zones

Kig.4.8 Zone wise variation in Carbonates, Bicarbonates, Chloride

and Sulphates

Fig.4.9 Effect of depth (cm) on Carbonates and Bicarbonates in the

soil of different Agroeclogical Zones,

Fig.4.10 Effect of depth (cm) on Carbonates, Bicarbonates, Chloride

and Sulphates in the soil of different Agroeclogical zones,

Fig.4.11 Effect of depth (cm) on Ca+Mg in the soil of different

Agroeclogical Zones.

Fig.4,12 Effect of depth (cm) on Potassium (K) in the soil of

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60

75

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different Agroeclogical Zones.

Flg.4.13 Effect of depth (cm) on Sodium (Na) in the soil of

different Agroeclogical Zones.

Fig.4.I4 Effect of depth (cm) on SAR in ihe soil of different

Agroeclogical Zones.

Fig.5.14 Various ranges of Salts in different associations

Fig.6.1 Land suitability classification Map for choice of tree

species in Tehsil Rawalpindi District Rawalpindi


species in Tehsil Chakwal District Chakwal.

Fig,6.3 Land suitability classification Map for choice of tree

species in Tehsil Feteh Jhang District Attock

Ftg.6.4 Land suitability classification Map for choice of tree

species in Tehsil Rahim Yar Khan Rahim YarKhan


species in Tehsil Bahawalpur district Bahuwalpur Khan

Rahim


species in Tehsil Bahawalnagar district Bahawalnagar


species in Tehsil Muzaffargarh district Muzaffargarh

Fiy.6.8 Land suitability classification Map for choice of tree

species in Tehsil Dcra Gazi Khan district Dera Gazi Khan

Fig.6,9 Land suitability classification Map for choice of tree

species in Khushab district Khushab

Fig.6.10 Land suitabil i ty dassificat ion Map for choice of tree

species in Mianwali district Mianwali

Kig.6.11 Land suitabil tty classification Map for choice of tree

species in Okara district Okara

Flg.6.12 Land suitability classification Map for choice of tree

species in Sahiwal district Sahiwal

90

90

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151

155

159

163

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175

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183

187

191

195

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Fig.6.13 Land suitability classification Map for choice of free

species in Chichawatni district Chichawatni


species in MuIran district Multan


species in KhanewaJ district Khanewal


species in Vehari district Vchari

F.6,I7 Land suitability classification Map for choice of tree

species in Pakpattan district Pakpattan

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207

211

215

xxii

LIST OF ABBREVIATION

ABBREVIATIONS DESCRIPTIONS

ANC Acid Neutralizing Capacity

Cation Exchange Capacity

Gazi Khan

Electrical Conductivity

Exchange able Sodium Percentage

Food Agriculture Organization

Ferrous Ammonium Sulfate

Farm Plantations

Forestry Sector Master Plan

Geographic Information System

Government of Pakistan

Khyber Pakhlunkhwa

Kruskal Wallis

Moisture Correction factor

Northern Areas

Northern Western Frontier Province

Northern Frontier Province

Organic Matter

Punjab Economic Research Institute

Punjab Forest Department

Pakistan Forest Institute Peshawar

Punjab Forestry Research Institute

Punjab Forest Sector Development Project

Statistical Package for Social Scientist

United Slate of America Aid

CEC

DGK

EC

ESP

FAO

FAS

FM

FSMP

GIS

GOP

KP

KW

MCF

NA

NWFP

NWFP

OM

PERI

PFD

PFI

PFRI

PFSDP

SPSS

USAID

1

CHAPTER I

1.1 Introduction

Pakistan is a exceptional combination of deserts, alluvial plains, low and high hills,

valleys and a long coast line. The diversity in climate and soil is well reflected in Ihe

ecological distribution of flora and fauna. The climate / environment is generally arid

subtropical with the average rainfall of 250mm, while some of the driest regions

receive less than 123 mm annually (Hussain et al., 2003). There is wide range of

rainfall starting from 100 mm in the south to 1000 mm in the north. Pakistan has the

largest contiguous canal irrigation system in the world, without it, the country would

have been a vast unproductive desert (Shinwari et al., 2003; Ahmed et al., 2010). With

independence in 1947, the new bom country’s meager natural resources had to bear the

brunt of refugees from across the border. Trees were cut mercilessly, and subsequently,

the nexus between the contractor and the forester played havoc with the country’s tree

cover, rendering the state of affairs into an almost irreversible situation (GOP, 2006 -2007).

The country has a narrow forest resource base extending over only about 4.8% (4.59%

excluding farmland plantations) of its area, which is insufficient to provide the material

needs of the growing population and expanding industry, and to retard and arrest the

ongoing environmental and ecological degradation process. The situation is further

aggravated by the natural, but uneven distribution of the forest resources. Almost 80%

of the productive forests are located in the north (Hazara, Malakand, Azad Kashmir and

Northern areas), whereas 80% of the population and wood based industry is located in

the southern and central parts of Pakistan (Pakistan Economic Survey, 2004-2005 and

Naz,ef al., 2009).

Pakistan's fast growing population of about 15233 million is dependent for its wood

and wood products requirement on a meager forest resource base of 4.2 million

hectares (The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy, 2006). The per capita forest

area thus is only 0.0265 ha (Pakistan Economic Survey, 2004 - 05), compared to the

World is standard of one hectare. Only l/3rd of the total forest area is productive, while

2

the rest is of environmental and protective value only (Anon, 1991 and Ahmad, 1998),

It is becoming increasingly difficult to meet the demands of the glowing population for

fuel wood, fodder, agriculture implements and raw material required for wood based

industries (Caviglia and Kahn, 2001), There is no doubt that scanty tree cover is the

result of the gross mismanagement of forests in the past,

The immense impact of trees in the development of a country cannot be denied and

over-emphasized. While the productive role does not require much familiarization as

indicated by wood and a variety of wood products, the protective function implies

much more important features such as impact on climate, and physiography of the

country, conservation of soil and water (Higgs, 1997), regulation of stream flow (Drury

et ul., 2000) and prevention of calamities such as floods, landslides, siltation and

sedimentation of dams and river beds and change the course of rivers (Pallardy et al,

2002). The role trees play in protecting the croplands and orchards against hot or cold

winds is also now well appreciated by the farmers (Wilkinson and Craig, 2004). The

recreational and biodiversity value of forests together with the feet that forests are the

eternal abode / habitat where wildlife can live and multiply is now being increasingly

realized (Hubbard et ah, 1999; Disseleua, et ah. 2010). More than 60 percent of the

land in Pakistan is either already affected or likely to be affected by desertification.

The suspended sediment load per km of drainage basin is one of the highest in the

region. More than l .2 million ha of land has already been affected by soil erosion, 4.2

million ha have been rendered unproductive by salinity, and another 2.0 million ha have

become unusable due to water logging. Inspite of reclamation efforts, large areas

remain plagued by these problems. How could then the vast tracts of land be reclaimed?

Biological amelioration is the only answer (Sheikh and Qureshi, 1992; Sheikh et ah,

2000a; Khan etah, 2010a).

Although the official figure for the country’s forested land is 4.8 percent, actual

productive forest area comprises of less than 2 percent. Consequently, available timber

per capita is only 0.013 m3. Imports of wood and wood products have enlarged to Rs.

5,000 million per annum. It is anticipated that rising demand and declining supply will

follow due to increasing population and per capita income growth on the one hand, and

shrinking forests on the other. Due to the widening gap between wood supply and fuel

wood demand, the domestic energy requirements arc being met by kerosene oil, natural

3

gas, electricity, cow-dung, and agricultural wastes. All of these commodities could be

used more profitably for industrial purposes and crop production rather than for heating

and cooking (Sheikh et al„ 2000 and MAANICS, 2003-2004).

12 Forest Types

Pakistan has various forest types spread throughout the country. The details of the

forest types arc shown in Table 1.1 which indicates that Pakistan has a vast range of

forests i.e. Coniferous, Irrigated Plantations, Riverine forests, Scrub forests, Coastal

and Mazri forests, Linear plantations (Road side, Rail side and Canal side plantations)

and Range lands. These Range lands in feet cover most of the forest area of the country.

1.3 Supply and Demand of Wood

When Pakistan came into being in 1947, the number of trees per acre in Punjab on the

private fermlands varied from four to five (PERI, 2000). Thereafter, Punjab Forest

Department launched various campaigns to increase this number (Sheikh et at., 2000a

and Khan et at., 2010b). The survey carried out in 1971-72 showed that number of trees

per acre on private farmlands in the Punjab increased to eight. Subsequent campaigns

helped to increase to the level up to twelve trees per acre (PERI, 2000). To further

improve this average, another program was started by the Punjab Forest Department in

1980 to boost up tree production through a participatory approach. The results of these

campaigns were assessed in 1992 by Forestry sector Master Plan and it assessed the

number of trees /ha as eighteen (Anon, 2000) and in 1999-2000 by Punjab Economic

Research institute (PERI). The last survey showed that the number of trees per acre on

private fermlands had increased to 17. This was a perceptible breakthrough and could

be used as a base to assess the impact of agroforestiy on ecology/environment,

economic and social conditions in the Punjab (PERL 2000). Pakistan is practically

facing a wood shortage. Prices of limber and fuel wood have registered an alarming

increase in the recent past. Population of the country projected to be around 150 million

by the year 2010 has already reached 153.53 million (Table 1.2). Demand of wood and

wood products would increase proportionately.

One option to viaduct this gap between supply and demand could be to put more area

under slate forests. For the time being it seems rather difficult because of paramount

claim of agriculture on land and water and attended economic problems.

4

Table 1.1 Pakistan Forest areas by Types (Area in 000 ba)

' NWFP/KP N.AREA AJKSINDH BALUC- TOTALForest Type PUNJAB

285 407 1930Coniferous 1073 49 116

Irrigated

Plantations95 6 8 259150

Riverine forests 272 2 33258

163963 316 652 9Scrub forests 1 598

512Coastal forests 281 231

2424Mazri forests

Linear plantations 2 1 I 1 2116

5892437 371 2104 151Range land 150 2678

3050 106093268 1087 1325 567Total 1312

Source: Forestry Statistics of Pakistan PF1 Peshawar (2004)

Table 1.2 Supply and Demand Gap of wood at National Level, 2002-03

(Million nr)

Quantity %age shareTimberState Controlled Forests 3,340..409Import of wood and wood productsincluding Afghan timber_

5.220.639

91.44Farm lands 11.190Total 12.238N.B. On the basts of 0.0796 m3 / capita consumption for Population of 153.73million in 2002-2003 _

Fuel Wood31.462 99.80Farmlands

0.20State Controlled Forests 0.06031.522Total

N.B. On the basis of 0.205 m3 / capita consumption for Population of 153.73million in 2002-2003 _

Million nr* % shareGap i wood shortage

Total timber consumption 2812.23831.522Total fuel wood consumption 72

Grand Total 43.760Forest Growth l Annual Yields (FSMP-

1992)14.400

29.360Gap shortageSource; MAANICS International (Pvt) Ltd. Islamabad (2003-04)

5

Another option could be to strengthen forest management practices for enhanced

yield per unit area but that would also require heavy inputs (Hafecz, 1998). The only

practical alternative is to plant trees on cultivated and marginal lands with the help

farming community (Shouket and Qadir, 1997). Tree planting on private lands has

great social overtones and is intimately connected with rural welfare, priority being

given to village self-sufficiency (Montambault, 2005).

The Forest policies of Pakistan (1955, 1962, and 1991) accentuate the need to

encourage farm forestry and introduced legislation to do so (Ahmed and Mahmood

1998), but very little was converted into practical measures. Uptake and farmer’s

participation in form forestry activities are low because most social forestry projects

were mainly centered on biological and technical concerns and very little or no

emphasis was placed on accepting the perceptions of local tree growers or

beneficiaries of the projects. The limited acceptance of agroforestry activities is due

to the lack of attention given to formers’ views of the factors that influence their

decisions and, moreover, that projects mostly pay inadequate attention to local

conditions, cultural values, former's needs, and their involvement in such projects

(Akbar et ai 2000). Asaresuhofill treatment not only the vegetation is sparse but

also the sites once cleared of growth and left barren for a number of years does not

respond to reforestation / afforestation. There is an incessant cutting and grazing. The

forest resource has eroded gradually.

The scientific management of the government controlled forests was started more

than 150 years ago in early 1860s. Had the requisite silvicultural management /

treatment been undertaken and ensured, the cover would have been in a much better

shape, Several factors did not allow forest management according to Silvicultural

requirements of forests, During the first and second World Wars the accessible forests

were ruthlessly hacked to feed the war machine (Sheikh, et at, 2000b). Also at the

time of land settlement certain rights of die local population were admitted for timber,

fuel wood, grass cutting and grazing. These rights have multiplied with the growth of

the population and individual families. The exercise of such rights is no more

compatible will: foe resource potential. Thus the forests of foe sub-continent had

already exhausted to a very huge extent even before partition (Sheikh et at, 2000). A

glance at following Tables (1.2, i.3, and 1.4) would bring out the actual position of

6

production and shortage of wood, (MAANICS International (Pvt.) ltd, Islamabad,

2003-04) and also reveal existing wood gap / wood shortage supply and demand gap

Analysis- Pakistan.

It is not being realized that trees on agricultural land play an increasingly important

role for bridging the gap between demand and availability of wood. It is reported by

several authors that more than 90% of the fire wood requirements and almost 50 % of

the timber requirements are being met from the trees growing on private farmlands

(Haider, 1995; Hatch and Naughton, 1994). While the latest exercise by the

Government of Pakistan 2004, has also confirmed that 90% of fuel wood and 50% of

timber come from the farm and marginal lands (Tabic 12 to 1.4). With the passage of

time, the increasing population would need more food and animal husbandry

products. Area under forests will further diminish due to pressure of agriculture.

Irrational exploitation of land resources such as trees, grasses, water and soil and soil

erosion will result in a decreased land productivity causing ecological imbalance

(FAO, 1988). With agroforestry it would be possible to mitigate these problems.

Since the trees have inbuilt capacity to stabilize production of food, forage, firewood,

timber and protection of environment, it is economically profitable and ecologically

beneficial to establish agroforeslry system in the country {Amjad and Khan, 1996 and

Magcale. e/ a/., 2010).

In a FAO sponsored study, Sheikh (1987), discussed the role of “Forest Rural

Enteiprises in Pakistan”. The relevant material includes importance of raw material

produced on farmland for continued supply to the village carpenter to meet not only

the local demands but also to boost the socio-economic aspects of program of

growing trees on farmland. The study emphasizes die necessity of trees planting by

the farmers. Sheikh, (1991) analyzed the impact of various kinds of shclteibelts on a

variety of agricultural crops such as effects of Eucalyptus camatduknsis and

Dalbergki sissoo on wheat and cotton, and effect of Dalltergia sissoo, poplar and

willow on sugarcane and concluded that die trees do depress the agriculture crops up

to distance oflO meters. Singh el at.. (2005) evaluated crop productivity and defined

best tree density with advancing age of Prompts cineraria (Khezri) in an agroforcstry

system in North Western India and concluded that little soil water content at 1 m

distance from tree base compared with die center of four trees indicated greater

consumption of soil water within the tree rooting region.

7

Table 1J Total supply of limber and fuel wood in Pakistan for the year 2002-03

[limber | F/woud | Total woodSourceS.Noi State Forests

o.no o.noi NWFP0.029 0.097II Punjab 0.068

0.068U1 Sindh 0.036 0.032Balochistanreported)

IV (not

0.111V NA 0.1 1 10.084AIK 0,084VI0,470Sub Total 0.409

2 Imports0.596Timber round wood and 0.596I

sawn, Wood based pulp,paper and Pencilproducts (round woodcquiv.)_Afghan Timber (Bal) 0.0140.01411

0.029Afghan Timber (NWFP) 0.0291110.639Sub Total 0.639

0.061 1.109Grand Total (1+2) 1.048S*ortt: MAANKTS InlcrnitionaJ 0 Ud. JtUmibad IIOELMM)

The following Table (1.4) indicates the Wood supply and demand projections

(2003-2018) in Pakistan.

Table 1.4 Projected Consumption of wood

20182008 20132003UnitsItems189.24 209.96Million 170.56Population 153.73

0003nr' 15065 16715Industrial Timber 12238 135780003ÿ7 5789Industrial Fuel

wood_Commercial Fuelwood

5218 64234701

0003m* 14291046 12881161

0003m* 31727 3520128595Domestic 257730003m' 28999 3217426137Rural 235570003m* 2728 30272216 2459Urban0603n7 3880434974 43053Total Fuel wood 315220003m* 5386943760 46552 59768Grand Total

Source: MAANICS Infirnnllomil (Pw} Ltd. IdamaUad (26Qi~0i)

8

1.4 Agrofbrestry

The concept of trees on farmlands actually originated from the realization that trees

played a very important productive and protective role in safe-guarding the vital

interests of farmlands and their produce (Khan, 2001and Ackerman, et ai, 2010). In

Pakistan, trees on farmlands have since long been making a very handsome

contribution to supplement the production from the state forests. Ever since the

development of irrigation system in Indus Basin, people have been planting trees of

various species (Hussain, 1999). However, since removal of trees has been much

faster than the replacement, the inevitable result is that the resources have dwindled at

a fast pace. One option to viaduct the gap between supply and demand would be to

include more area under state forests (MAAN1CS, 2003-04). For the time being, it

seems to be difficult because of principal claim on land for agriculture to nourish the

ever-increasing human and livestock population (Sheikh and Nico, 1991; Sheikh,

1993).

Agroforcsiry assumed new directions and significance in Pakistan when barren land

was brought under irrigation in the Thai desert. The new settlers, with the help of the

Forest Department planted trees on their watercourses, farm roads, around the fields

for protection against desiccating winds (Hafcez, 1998 and Aguiar, et ai, 2010). It

was periiaps for the first time that shisham (Dalbergin sissoo) trees were planted in

conjunction with agricultural crops like wheat and sugarcane. Fertilizers added to the

crop made a highly beneficial effect on shisham as well and 5 m height was recorded

in one season, The added advantage was that sugarcane reduced branching in shisham

and practically straight boled trees developed. The similar research was repealed in

the province of Sindh, when water was available from river Indus to expand

agricultural lands, planting stock was distributed free of cost as an incentive. Actually

an effort was made to distribute the plants in the field of the new settlers as they did

not have means to collect the plants from forest nurseries due to lack of proper roads

and transport facilities (Pfefferkor et ai, 2005)

1.5 Definitions and Practices: In order to reduce the pressure on natural forest / states

forest and to fill foe gap of shortage of wood, die developing world have started a large

number of projects, which are being implemented under various names such as, Social

Forestry, Community Forestry, Village Wood Land Forestry and Rural Forestry where

9

trees and shrubs are grown m conjunction with agricultural crops in diliferent designs

and patterns. This joint production system of land management called Agroforestry, as

an optional of growing woody perennials and agricultural crops on same piece of land

in different spatial and temporal arrangements, is the future vision of forests in the

country (Ashton and Montagnini, 1999 : Bruhn, et al., 2010). The trees on the

agriculture or waste lands could be in the form of trees scattered all over the fields; a

single row of trees around the fields; a multiple of rows around the fields; trees along

the water courses (Jordan, 1998); tree rows spaced 5-20 meters apart and agriculture

crops planted in between (Alley Cropping AF System); a compact block planted in

rather non productive part of the field and as a block plantation to reclaim and enrich

the land for subsequent agriculture{Sheikh, 1990 and Benjamin et al., 2000).

Agroforestry is an inter-disciplinary approach to systems of land use and joint

production system (Avila, 1995). It implies awareness of communications and

feedbacks between farmer and environment, between demand and available resources

in a given area, which under certain conditions need optimization and sustained

management rather than ever escalating exploitation (Carroll, 1995 and Cao, et al..

2010). No one denies the existence and in fact critical role of competition in

agioforestry when agriculture crops arc grown in amalgamation with forest trees,

shrubs and /or cattle (Ahmad, 1998), At the same time, however, optimal use should

be made of space in the horizontal and vertical directions (Hafecz, 1998). Moreover, it

is a feature of agroforestry that many components of the systems, fully or partly, are

independent (Lassoic et al., 1994). This helps evade conflicts and to harmonize

diversified field efforts in land use. The following few definitions have been

considered by experts and scientists interested or involved in land use and related

sciences, based on their views and their individual understanding of what they call

agroforestry (Hussian, 1999).

1 .Agroforcstry is a land-use system that involves communally and ecologically

acceptable combination of trees with agricultural crops and / or animals, at the

same time or sequentially, so as to get increased total yield of plant and animal in

a sustainable way from a unit of farmland, particularly under conditions of low

levels of scientific inputs and trivial lands. (International Council for Research

on Agroforestry, (ICRAF), (Khan. 1989 and Sood, 2003 : Frey, et al., 2010)..

10

2.Agroforestry is a land use system in which woody perennials and herbaceous

in mixtures, zonal and/or sequentially with or withoutcrops are grown

animals (Kang et ai, 1990) and which provides greater benefits for the land

use than agriculture or forestry alone (Merwin,1990) including one or more of

the following: sustained soil fertility (Sanchez et ai,1997), soil conservation

(Train et ai, 2001), increased yield (Wilkinson and Elevitch, 2004), diminished

risk of crop failure, ease of management, pest and disease control and/or greater

fulfillment of the soico-eoonomic needs of foe local population (Nair, 1987;

Zubair and Garforth, 2005).

3.Agroforestry is a sustainable land management system which increases foe

overall yield of the land, combines production of crops (including tree crops) and

forest plants and/or animals simultaneously or sequentially, on the same unit of

land, and applies management practices that are compatible with foe cultural

practices of the local population (Sheikh, 1986; Sheikh and Haq, 1987; Zubair

and Garfcrlh, 2005).

In foe above definitions foe phrase “on foe same unit of land” seeks to emphasize that

zonal arrangements of agricultural crops and forest crops arc not considered to be

agroforestry, and to imply that the mixtures of the combined agricultural and forest

crops should be intermingled. However, it is still considered that foe definition is

inadequate, because, for example, it does not tell us what is meant by a unit of land,

and hence cannot help us to comprehend fully what is the degree of intimacy required

to distinguish agroforesiry system from systems in which agriculture and Forestry are,

to some extent, zoned or occupy adjacent but distinct blocks, or in which there are

strips (or lines) of forest trees alternating with strips or blocks of agricultural crops

(Sheikh, 1997; Craig and Wilkinson, 2004). Agroforcstry should be considered to be a

generic term that embraces foe following specific components (Avila, 1995).

(a)Agrosilviculture is foe conscious and deliberate use of land for the

concurrent production of agricultural crops (including tree crops) and

forest crops. This is perhaps the most common form of agroforestry

(Torquebiau, 1990; Bruhn, etui, 2010; Haile, et al., 2010).

11

(b) Silvopastoral is the land management system in which forests are managed

for the production of wood as well as for the rearing of domesticated

animals (Jose, 1999 and Brnhn, etai, 2010).

(cJAgrosilvopaslorat is die land management system in which lands are

managed for their ability to produce not only wood, but also leaves and/or

fruits that arc suitable for food and fodder, This is the most intensive form

of land management in which the land is managed concurrently for the

production of agricultural and forest crops and for rearing of domesticated

animals (Jose, 2002 and llolzmueller, 2009),

(d) Probably the best description of agroforestry has been used by the 1CRAF

i.e. Agroforestry is a collective name for land use systems and

technologies, where woody perennials (trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos, etc)

are deliberately used on the same land management unit as agricultural

crops and/ or animals, either in some form of spatial arrangement or

temporal sequence. In Agroforestry systems, there are ecological and

economical interactions between the different components (Higgs, 1997

and Frey, et aL, 2010).

Puri and Nair (2004) described agroforestry research for development in India in

which authors explained examination of the impact of agroforestry technology

generation and adoption in different parts of the country highlights the major role of

smallholders as agroforestry producers of the future. It is crncial that progressive legal

and institutional policies arc created to eschew the historical dichotomy between

agriculture and forestry and encourage integrated land-use systems. fCiptotera/., 2006,

surveyed various farmer; for sharing seed and knowledge in Western Kenya and

results showed that seed and knowledge were mostly shared along kinship ties.

Furthermore, informal social networks were found to be more effective for seed than

knowledge, farmers with leadership status in their groups, those who belonged to

many groups and those with larger farm sizes were more likely to give out seed of

improved fallow s, These categories of farmers could be targeted to enhance die spread

of technologies.

12

1.6 Rationale for Agroforestry/Farmland Planting

The rural population of the country is rather simple. All misfortunes or blessings are

accepted as God sent. Till late, majority of them have acted and behaved according to

the sweet will of the jagirdar or village Head man (Hussain, 1999 and Cao et at..2010). However, there is now some improvement in their thinking and attitudes and

there is a desire to change and improve their way of life. They have started

comprehending the advantages and disadvantages of a system imposed on them from

outside. It should nevertheless be felly understood that tree planting for rural

development will never succeed until the people are convinced of its usefulness. Some

major issues have to be considered for a meaningful program culminating in

formulation of village institutions to enable them to perpetuate and flourish on their

own (Sheikh, 1990 and Ackerman et al.t 2010).

Farm trees act as a buffer between fee state commercial forests. As regards social

forestry’s support to forest production systems, the trees on private land serve as a

very important buffer between ihe state commercial forests {Carroll, 1995 and Frey, et

at.. 2010). The latest example to elucidate this point is the use of poplar and Eucalypts

on private land to provide wood for the hutments of Afghan refugees. The chopped

wood was also being sold. If these trees were not handy, the commercial chir forests

would have suffered a great deal (Sheikh,2000). It is time to realize that whatever trees

are left in the state forests would not have been there if trees on private lands were not

available to meet the demands of feelwood and timber (Ahmad, 1998). Being readily

available, there is less temptation to axe the government forests. Unless social forestry

is made popular it is next to impossible to check the rampant illicit felling in state

forests (Ahmed and Mahmood, 1998 and Holzmucllcr, 2009). The state forests located

in the fragile mountain, sub-mountain and arid and scmi-arid ecosystems can be saved

only if the users are provided alternate source of feel and small wood (Akbar et at.,

2000). Studies all over the world have clearly shown that tree production and

agriculture production can be safely integrated to get the maximum yields of required

goods and services from the same piece ofland (Torquebiau, 1990). If fruit trees are

planted, these become a dependable source of food. Good examples are mangoes,

jaman, mulberry coconut etc. (Sood, 2003).

13

tn the hills and foothills, trees stabilize the land which is usually in small fragments. It

has been observed that cultivated slopes without trees get eroded and are washed down

with rain and snow but the land covervcd with trees and shrubs remains in position

(Pallardy et a/,. 2002 and Aguiar, et ai. 2010). Similarly, in the plains, the

farmlands laced with trees are not carried away by floods and hold their own {Sheikh

and Bukhari, 1996).

As regards the arid and semi arid areas, apart from some other factors, desertification

has been caused primarily by destruction of vegetation (Ratterman et at,, 2002). The

most important step to reinforce the arid land ecosystem would, therefore be,

revegetation. Tree planting activities in arid areas have a major role to play in

stabilization of agincuHune and to support all development strategies for the benefit of

a vast majority of poor population {Brandlc et at.,1994), It is so because they meet

most of their requirements of daily household through plant biomass. Trees and shrubs

combined wilh the cultuvation of annual plants has an important role to play to

develop a balanced nmal economy, as well, as avoiding degradation of the

environment and destruction of the resource base (Sundcrlin, 1997).

Fifty percent of rural population of Pakistan is composed of rural women whose

literacy rate is very low. Like other developing countries, the Pakistani rural woman is

also obliged to do lot of work for the family (Sheikh et ai, 2000b). In addition to

looking after children, their chores include collection of fuel, preparation of food,

fetching water, cutting of grass, grazing of animals and carrying of food to their

husbands, brothers and fathers who work in the fields. She is also called upon to

perform many other tasks such as cutting of wheat and rice, thrashing and winnowing ,

collection of cotton, etc. Due to scarcity of wood resources in the country, rural

women have to spend considerable time in collection of pine needles, grass, cow-dung,

etc. They have also to lake the livestock for pasturing to long distances. Since stall

feeding connot be afforded by small farmers, fodder collection is also done by the

womenfolk (Uddin et ai, 2006), If multipurpose trees are planted right on the fields in

close proximity to the village, the plight of the womenfolk, young girls and boys

would be alleviated to a great extent They would be able to save their energy for

attending to other spheres of work, such as education, child care and health (Sheikh

and Jan 1987; Sheikh, 1987).

14

1.7 Ecological, Economic, Social and Institutional Aspects of Agroforesfry

There are several significant aspects of agroforestry. These include ecological,

economic, social and institutional aspects (Salam et al, 2005).

1.7.1 Ecological aspects

Forests generally have a beneficial effect on the soils. The roots of the forest trees

take up nutrients from the soil, convert and utilize them for the production of plant

material, and then return them to the forest floor in the form ofieaves, twigs, branches,

fruit, etc. This litter is transformed into the soil humus (Sanchez, 1995 and

Holzmuellcr, 2009). ft is this cycle of uptake, deposition and uptake again that

accounts for the presence of forests on soils that are inherently low in nutrients (Giller,

2001). Soils are often incapable of sustaining annual agricultural crops; the harvesting

of which removes most of the organic matter that has been manufactured by the plant

(Tian el al 2001 and Frey, et ai, 2010). A well managed forest is to a large extent a

closed system and can be maintained that way (N’goran et al., 2002).

1.7.2 Economic Aspects

From the economic point of view, agroforcstry appears as an interesting contribution

to solve the food crisis as well as the energy crisis. The latter has been under-estimated

and it seems that the deficiency will soon attain an even more critical level in the Third

World than ihe shortage of grains. The production of fire wood outside the forests is,

therefore, a useful and essential diversification, able to produce additional earnings for

the farmers. Agioforestry plays effective the role of a long term profitable investment,

and once the market for woody products develops; the farmer will start taking concern

of his trees (Montambault el al.. 2005 and Frey, et ai, 2010).

Plantation costs are very low compared with other methods used to improve the

stability and fertility of agricultural soils. In arid regions, the production of fuelwood is

of the highest priority. While the production of trees for timber in wooded areas may

decrease the destruction of the natural forests, it may be seriously affected by abusive

exploitations. The additional income provided by the sale of fuelwood and timber

does more than compensate for the loss of crop production caused by competition for

light, nutrients and water (Kato et al., 1999).

15

1.7.3 Social Aspects

In Pakistan and for that matter in whole of South East Asia, a small farmer continues

to be poor and is almost a social outcast (Hussain, 1999 and Aguiar, et ai, 2010). One

reason for this state of affairs is that he never possesses extra money to meet his

emergent requirements and he is forced to borrow invariably from the well off

individuals of the society. He has to buy fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides etc to

increase his meager yields, besides making both ends meet and to buy day-to-day

requirement of his large family. Feed for the livestock is an additional burden.

Purchase of POL fuel and repairs of farm machinery requires money. If there is a crop

failure due to climatic or biotic facts, he is doomed and is never able to repay the ever

swelling loans. It is only the trees which could serve as a hedge against emergencies

and allow him to fulfill his socio-cultura! commitments such as marriages, births,

deaths, religious functions, educational requirements, medicines and health care etc.

By felling a few trees on his farm, he can always manage to meet extra expenses

(Sheikh, 2000a and Cao, elai, 2010).

1.7.4 Institutional Aspect

The system ofagroforestry will prosper only when it gets institutionalized. The people

have to get involved, physically, emotionally, financially and mentally so that the

programs once started develop a tempo of their own and there is continuity.

Agroforcster and wood user linkages have to be developed (Chandnshekhran, 1987).

Women have to become very aggressive and equal partners in the entire agroforestry

programs (Gautam et ai, 2003). Research Endings have to be transferred to the agro¬

foresters so that they can make use of iL Nothing will convince an agio forester more

than a few demonstration plots laid out on his land. The implementing staff should be

fully compensated and in turn the related staff should develop multiple skills. Measure

of success would be what people are encouraged to do through motivation and not

what they are prevented from doing. Institutional aspect would prosper when Ihe tree

farmer gets fully converted and convinced to the extent that he himself becomes the

greatest protagonist of tree planting, Agroforestry institutions have to be constantly

reviewed and improved (Sheikh, 1990 and Mertz, et ai, 20 1 0).

1.8 Agroforcstry and the Farmer

It would be pertinent to mention that to a common farmer with almost little education,

the environmental considerations or conservation of biodiversity docs not matter

16

(Sood, 2003 and Frey, et at,, 20 10). What agro farmer wants is fuel wood for heating

and cooking, small timber for his hutments and livestock shelter, wood for agricultural

implements and some extra for sale in the market to enable him to buy other

necessities of life for himself and his family.

A fundamental problem is that the strong tradition of practicing agriculture is not

matched by the rural people in terms of value the woodlands and forests have (Lassoie

et at., 1994). Khan (1989), during economic analysis of Agroforestry Options in small

inigaied land holdings in the Punjab, has studied the land use patterns, crop yields, and

joint production of timber and fuel wood along with agricultural crops. The author

concluded that wheat / poplar alley joint production system is physically feasible and

economically efficient option to improve the economy of small-irrigated forms by land

management system in the Punjab province. Comes et at. (1989) randomly selected

farms from the Vicosa, Uba, Carangola and Manchaca regions of Minas Gerais and

grouped litem into 0 to 10 ha, 10 to 50 ha, 50 to 100 ha and, 100 to 200 ha size

categories. Land use patterns and attitudes of farmers towards the agroforcstry system

were also assessed. The main crops planted were maize, beans and rice. The

proportion (19.4%) of reforested land was greatest for the small farms (for 0 to 10 ha

class). The proportion (8.2%) of natural forest cover was greatest for the larger farms

(for 100 to 200 ha class). The reforested areas were mainly on sloped lands. About

61% of formers intended to increase the area of reforested land most of these were

farmers with forms of 100 ha. Rao (1989) studied the economic returns for marginal

and small farmers. Three species namely Eucalyptus, Babul and Shisham were

recommended for planting on farm and private lands by the author.

Dixit and Sreenath (1993) conducted a study on the attitude of farmers towards form

forestry. Data from a survey of 100 farms in Chitradurga district, Karnataka, showed

that 66% had a favorable attitude towards social forestry (including farm forestry)

programs. Tree growing decisions of agrofarmers fanners were influenced by the

suggestions of the family, owners/tenants, associate farmers, and elders of village. The

factors that considerably predict form-level tree planting were availability of barren

land, lack of markets, lack of nurseries, and damage caused by livestock and humans.

Agroforestiy programs are more likely to be successful if they acknowledge and tackle

the foetors which underlie agio fanner’s reasons for planting or not planting trees

(Zubair and Garforth, 2005).

17

1.9 Agroforestry in Punjab

In view of the scarcity of wood in Punjab, the largest province of the country, and

otherwise maximum possibilities of a large-scale agroforcstiy program being available

due to availability ofland and water, special attention has been paid to agroforestry in

this province (Hafez, 1998). A nucleus organization was created under a development

scheme in 1975-76, called "Promotion of Tree planting in the Punjab’’. Its main

object was to organize the hitherto sporadic tree planting campaigns on scientific lines

and also to provide technical guidance on tree planting to the farmers (Hatch and

Naughlon, 1994). This project continued till 1984 when a larger and better-conceived

scheme called “Form Forestry Pilot Project” was initiated in six selected districts i.e.

Bahawalpur, Bhakkar, Multan, Jhang, Jhelum and Mianwali. Forest nurseries were

raised all over the province and seedlings distributed to the fanners (Sheikh, 1990).

Satisfied with die performance of these two projects and because of positive response

from the farming community, the Punjab Government decided to launch another

scheme titled "Social Forestry in the Punjab” for the period 1985-88 (PERI, 2000). It

aimed at establishing and maintaining wood lots and linear plantations in private

Farmland in addition to raising of bed nurseries. It was followed by another project

“Raising of Nursery Plants for Saline and Marginal Private Farmlands in Irrigated

Tract of the Punjab", which was approved for a period of three years starting 1986.

Under this project, tube plants were supplied to the farmers at the subsidized rate of

Rs.0.25 per plant (Sheikh et al 2000a and Najera, et ai. 2010).

Social forestry received a great impetus when the Punjab Chief Minister decided to

institute a series of prizes at provincial, divisional and district levels for the trees

growers. The plan envisaged to generate a competitive spirit in various groups of

population for undertaking afforestation on private lands on self-help basis. The prizes

to be awarded on the basis of evaluation included Suzuki car, sponsorship for Hajj i

Umra, free trips to New York and South Asia, besides cash prizes at divisional and

district levels (Sheikh, 2000). Other incentives such as subsidized tree planting in

private lands, essay, and poetry and slogan competitions played a key role in invoking

love for trees in the Punjab (PERI, 2000). In the subsidized tree planting campaign,

active participation by the farmer was ensured. He was to spend about Rs 2,000 per

18

hectare for jungle clearance, site preparation, weeding, cleaning and pruning. TheDepartment was required to spend huge amount

maintenance (Hafeez, 1998). To implement various social forestry schemes, aprogram for training of staff was also started m 1982-83 and completed in 1985-86(Sheikh, 2000).

in another model ofagroforestry introduced in irrigated plantations, the land was to be

prepared by tire Department, including the works such as removal of mesquite,

preparation of water courses and trenches etc. The formers were supplied with the

requisite planting stock and were helped with planting on proper spacing which is

usually 2m x 3m. From then onwards, the fanners were required to maintain the

plants, irrigate and remove all the weeds. They were also responsible for hoeing and

application of fertilizers to their crops from which trees were also duly benefited. As a

compensation for that, they were also allowed to cultivate the area in between the tree

rows for a period of one year. Usually tomatoes, okra, radish, turnips, carrots and

squashes were grown. After one year, the farmer was required to leave this particular

area and was given some land nearby in another compartment which was due to be

afforested according to schedule. In this manner, the Department was saving the cost

of maintenance for one year which comes to Rs, 1,200/ha and the farmer got Rs.4O0

per crop through sale of the vegetables. Almost 99% plants survived, growing

vigorously due to removal of weeds, intensive soil working and fertilizer effect. Every

year, hundreds of hectares were planted under this program (Sheikh el aL 2000c).

1.9.1 USAID Social Forestry Program

A joint (GOP-USAID) venture was launched in 1985 with a view to promoting tree

planting on private lands with appropriate guidance, backed by research, training and

education. The aim was to reach a stage when the nursery production and on-farm

planting would be fully privatized due to underlying socio-economic benefits. Transfer

of technology has gradually lead to establishment of forestry institutions in private

In the process, 150 million assorted nursery plants have been raised in the

fanner nurseries out of which 130 million have been planted. Survival has been

assessed as 70%. Taking 1,000 plants/acre, it means that an area of more than

equivalent of 10 Changa Manga plantations have been created (USAID, 1995).

cost of planting, irrigation and

sector.

19

The farmers are now sowing crops such as water melon, musk melon, ground nut etc.,

in between the lines. This is providing them early seasonal returns. The farmers are

being introduced to various wood based industrialists so that their apprehensions

regarding marketing of species like Eucalyptus are set aside. Many factories of

chipboard have offered to purchase 3-year old Eucalyptus wood at reasonable prices,

and are prepared to buy as much quantity as the farmers can produce which is a very

healthy sign.

1.9.2 Punjab Forest Sector Development Project (PKSDP)

A six-year World Bank aided project, estimated to cost Rs. 1,200 million, was

launched in 1995. The main objectives of this project was for developing requisite

technology and facilitating its transfer to expand private sector involvement in the

expansion of sustainable supplies of wood and wood products through strengthening

the extension potential of the Punjab Forest Department (PFD) with staff, transport,

equipment, guidance/training, and operating finances; facilitating the transmit of

information needed to support fanner’s participation in wood markets by providing the

Punjab Forest Department (PFD) with facilities, technical assistance, and operating

funds; Improving the availability of better-quality planting material by providing the

Punjab Forestry Research Institute (PFRJ) with operating funds to carry out research

on seed quality, demarcating seed production areas and launch model nurseries; and

starting adaptive research by providing operating funds to cany out specics/variety

trials and improve tree establishment and management practices on lands (Sheikh et

ai.t 2000a).

1,9.2.1 Phasing Out of Punjab Forest Department (PFD) Nurseries;

There were some seven Punjab Forest Department nurseries providing farm forestry

seedling requirements at the lime of project preparation (1994-95). Under the PFSDP

these were phased out and replaced by a large number of farmer nurseries by the year

6. It was also provided that if the private sector showed the requisite will. PFD may

stop raising nurseries altogether earlier on in the project period. The revised

anticipated phasing out ofpfd nurseries was as follows (Table l ,5 and 1 .6)

20

1.93 Case Studies in Agroforestry

Over a period time, social forestry programs have gained momentum due to a

coordinated effort by the foresters and farmers. These arc briefly described as unden

1.9.3.1 Planing Campaings in the Thai Desert

Although distribution of planting stock of assorted species was a common feature of

afforestation campaigns in the Thai and millions of plants were successfully planted

by the settlers on their field borders and along water courees, the foundations of a

village wood lot was truly laid out in Pakistan for the first time in 1952. Out of every

1,000 acre chak, 50 acres were reserved for planting a wood lot. The tree planting

campaings brought a very healthy change in the otherwise hot, drab and dry climate of

the desert (Ullah and Sheikh, 1960).

1.9.3.2 Tamarbe aphylla (Parash) Windbreaks

It is a very pleasant sight to see row after row, single or multiple planted, on the sand

dunes in Thai desert. This has been done to stabilize sand dunes on one hand and to

protect tender wheal, cotton and oil seed crops from the lacerating effect of sand laden

hot winds. Since the wood is a very efficient material lor turnery, toy making and

furniture manulacture it is getting as good a price as shisham (Ullah and Sheikh,

1960).

1.9.3.3 Poplars in Peshawar Valley

Poplars with sugar cane and wheat are a common scene in Peshawar valley. Wood

business has prospered and everyday many trucks loaded with poplar wood leave

NWFP for different destinations, even upto Karachi. Block plantation of poplar are

not uncommon (Sheikh, 1981 ).

1.9.3.4 Poplars and Turmeric in Changa Manga Plantation

Poplar and turmeric have been grown together in Changa Manga plantation for more

than two decades. Currently, the land is leased to the farmer for 1 to 2 years to grow

turmeric or some other agricultural crops such as wheat or even vegetables.

1.9.3.5 Eucalyptus Shelter Belts in Sindh

In 5 years, the Eucalyptus trees attain an average height of 1.3 meters and a diameter

of 15 cm. The tree has found its uses in chipboard and boat building industry.

Farmers are increasingly using this tree for prtection of their fruit and agricultural

crops front strong hot winds (Sheikh, 1981 : Sheikh and Haq-1999).

21

Table 1,5 Phasing out of Punjab Forest Department Nurseries

5 61 2 3Project year 0 4

Financial

year1999-00 2000-011996-97 1997-981994-95 1998-991995-96

PFDnurseries

140 70 0560 280 210700

Farmernurseries

1,000 1,000 1,000200 566 1,0780

Seedlings(in millions)

5055 50 50

Source: PEER!. 1999

Tabic 1.6 Average diameter (cm) and height (m) of the Trees

19851983 19841981 1982year

Av. dia.(em) 13.15.3 15.07.9 9.6

13.3Av. ht.(m) 10.6 12.66.5 8.9

Source: PEI Peshawar

22

1.93.6 Hurries in Sindh

The age old practice of raising block plantations of Acacia nilotica (kiker/babul) on

marginal land is yielding substantial profits. The hurrie is retained for a period of 4 to

5 years after which it is sold standing to eager customers for use as pit props in the

mines of Balochistan and Sindh. In the process, salt infested land gets improved due

to nitrogen fixing abililty of the tree (Sheikh, 1986).

1.10 Effect of Trees on Agricultural Crops

Eucalyptus eamaldulensis was planted on the lands of one Muhammad Aslam of

Mirpur Khas in Sindh to study the effects of trees on various agricultural crops. The

species was planted in 3 rows comprising a belt; plants were spaced I m in rows

which were 2 m apart, staggering in adjacent rows. Four such belts were planted at a

distance of 181-196 m, each belt being 630 m in length (Sheikh, 1990).

Two main crops of the area, namely, wheat and cotton where sown by the tanner in

between the successive trees belts to assess the effect. Each year during the reporting

period, in October/November wheat was sown in the area between the belts. After

two ploughings, the seeds were broadcasted at a rate of 125 kg/ha (50 kg/acre). Four

irrigations were applied after sowings. In the first year, 2.5 bags of DAP fertilizer/ha

was applied at the time of sowing, and one-half bag of Urca/DAP/ha 24 days after

sowing. Data were collected annually in March at harvest time. Plants were sampled

in lxl-m (1 m2) plots every 15 m along a randomly placed transect at right angles to

the belt. The individual samples were tied, tagged and thrashed after sun drying. The

grain was cleaned and weighed. Sample plots were laid out in the control area also,

exposed to normal wind velocity outside the sheltered zones. The grain yield data

from these plots were analyzed and the average yield projected in tons/hcctnnc. In

March 1981, when the bells were 15 months old and the average height of trees was

6.7 m, the analysis of wheat yield data indicated that the distance from the tree belt

had no significant effect on the yield or cither grain or straw. Data for the years 1982,

J984& 1985 are summarized in Table 1.7 (Sheikh, 1990).

It was concluded from the above data that the yield was depressed closer to the belts

and there was more depression in the yield on the northern side. The maximum yield

in the first year was generally available at a distance of 70 m from the bell and yield

beyond 20 m distance from the belt was significantly better

23

To study the effect of the tree belts on the yield of cotton, 12 quadrates of2mx2m

were laid each year. Data for the years 1981 to 1985 are tabulated in Table 1.8.

The analysis of data indicated that generally there was depression in the yield of

cotton up to 30 m distance on either side of the bell; beyond that there was positive

effect on the yield. Studies regarding effect of different tree species on a variety of

agriculture crops have been undertaken in different parts of Pakistan, it would be

interesting to give here results of some of these studies.

The study was conducted by the Punjab Forestry Research Institute for three years. It

was shown that the closest spacing gives the maximum dividends when poplars wen:

grown with agricultural crops, such as wheat, maize and fodder. As a matter of fact,

wheat gave the minimum income of Rs. 6, 799/ha from 1 .5m x 6m spacing followed

by 1.5mx9 m (Rs.7106) and 1.5mxl2 (Rs. 8, 199). It can, therefore, be concluded that

wheat and (odder crops if grown in conjunction with poplars, the spacing of trees has

to be wide enough to provide sufficient light to the agricultural crops; otherwise there

is lot of depression. The main aims of these studies are to act as guidelines for the tree

fanners practicing the Agioforestry,

The major objectives of present study were the identification and elaboration of agro-

climatic edapbic zones of Punjab from view point of Agroforcstry, assessment of

environmental / ecological impact of farmland plantation, impact on biodiversity, effect

on soil fertility and soil environment by studying Phylosociological study. It also

includes the evaluation of adoption level of Agroforestry interventions, extension of

biological approach to wasteland development, quantification of the social contribution

of Agroforestry over a period of lime, study of the tree-crop interface and monetary

gains / losses to the tree farmers along with preference of tree species by the farmer vis-

a-vis agro climatic zones by preparing Land suitability classification of choice of trees

species in 17 tchsils of 17 districts of Punjab, assessment of the aptitude of

agroforesters towards tree planting. The study of Agroforestry will help in the

development of linkages between wood producers and wood users, which will be

helpful in removing the hurdles in die expansion of the Agroforestry as land use system

and exploration of wood markets For the produced wood would be enhanced.

24

Tabic l ,7 Yield of Wheat (Tons per ha) under the Influence of Eucalyptus

camaldulensis

Distance fromwindbreak (m) 1982 1984 1985

0J5 0.930-15 *4.00

15-30 1.39 1.744.30

1.42 1.6530-45 4.40

1.68 1.7645-60 4.40

1.87 1.4660-75 4.50

1.7775-90 2.404.50

1.971.9290-105 4.40

2.052.18105-120 4.50

1.781.93120-135 4.40

1.601.79135-150 3.90

1.571.74150-165 3.90

1.261.19165-180 3.80

20.06 19341'otal 51.00

1.631374.25AYC:

1.611.634.00Av: from control plots

• Rounded [o decimal. Source: PFI Pcihawir

25

Table 1.8 Yield of cotton (tons/ha) under the Influence of Eucalyptus camaldulensis

Distance from 1981 1982 1984 1985

Windbreak (m)

1.29 0.200-15 1.12 0.19

1.8915-30 1.48 1.05 1.05

1.5930-45 1.66 1.11 1.09

45-60 1.381.73 1.80 1.34

1.3860-75 1.96 1.301.80

75-90 1.222.07 1.95 1.30

1.172.14 12090-105 1.94

1.19105-120 2.02 1.192.14

1.282.10 1271.76120-135

1.301.94 1.76 1.36135-150

1241.90 1.72 121150-165

028 0271.731.46165-180

12.8512.7221.87 21,08Total:1.06 1.071.751.82Ave:

Control plots: 0.800.821.71Source: PFI Peshawar

26

Table 1.9 Effects of Shisham Trees on Crop Yields in the Districts of Peshawar andCharsadda

Yield ofcrop

withouttrees (ton /

Yield ofcropwithtrees

Agriculturn Icrop

grown

Age of Orientation of

treerows

Species oftrees

planted

DifferenCC %

Differenthetrees ce

age(year)

ha)(ton / ha)

61.659 9.867703shisham 6.04414 n/ssugar

67703 4.398shisham 6.911 e/w 63.305cane

Source: PFI Pesiianur

Tabic 1.10 Effects of Poplar trees on crop yields in the districts of Peshawar and Charsadda

Net income afterfelling

%ofIncrease/decrease in

income

Kinds oftrees

planted

Age of

the trees(years)

Orientationof trees WithoutWith

trees trees

e/w 5029 3858poplar 6(+>30.35

4275poplar n/s 47344(+) 10.74

Source; PFIPeshawar

Tabic l.t l Effect of Tice Lines (mainly poplar) planted at different spacing on Mahte and

Fodder

Total

expenditureAnnual income

(Rs)Real income

Total incomeSpacingm)

(*) (Rs)(n0

101 K 1 1 33937119407 175961.5x6

251977559291663 1067)1.5x9

2156015831 64680805111.5x12

Source: PFI P&kmm

27

CHAPTER II

MATERIALS AND METHODS

2,1 MATERIALS

All media and solutions were prepared in glass-distilled water and autoclaved at

121°C at 15 Ib/inch2 for 15 minutes. Glassware was washed properly and oven dried

before use. All the chemicals used were of analytical grade.

Buffer Solutions for pH (Margesln era!.. 2005)Table 2.1

gm L'1No ComponentsCftHj>Q7tCtltit Arid)1 11.8060NaiHPQi,12HiOjScdjinn biphtuplumi)

10.94682

Distilled Water3 1000ml

Table 2.2 Standard solution of Sodium lOOOppm (Margcsin etal.. 2005)

gm L TNo Components2.5401 Na Cl

Distilled water 1000ml2

Table 2.3 Standard solution of Potassium Chloride 3M (Margcsin & aL 2005)

100 mf1No Componentsi 2220KCI

Distilled w ater 1000ml2

Standard solution of Calcium Chloride lOOOppm (Maigesin etai, 2005)Table 2.4

gm L"rComponentsNO3.65CaCh1

Distilled water 1000ml2

Table 2.5 Standard Phosphate solution

gm I/1No Components0.4394I KH2P04

(Potassnun di-hydrogen phosplinie)

ION 11 Cl 10 ml2Distilled water Up to

Volume2

28

Table 2.6 Phenolphthalein Indicators I % (Murgcsin eial, 2005)

100 mTComponentsNol.OgmfOOml

Phenolphthalein1Alcohol 50%2

Table 2.7 Methyl Orange 1% (Margcsin etal. 2005)

lOOmTComponentsNoMethyl Orange 1.0 gm1

100ml2 Distilled water

Table 2.8 NH4CI -NH4OH buffer solution (Margcsin eial. 2005)

ComponentsNo67JNH4Ct1570mlNtUOH21000Distilled water3

Table 2.9 Eriochrome Block- T (EBT) Indicators (Margcsin et al. 2005)

100 mr1ComponentsNoHOC,aH*N=NC,»HttOHXNOj)SOiNafEBT)_ 0.5 gmI

NHiOH H Cl( Hydronylarninc h ydrochtoride)

2 4.5 gm

100. ml3 95% ethanol

Table 2.10 EDTA (Verstnate): solution (Margcsin etal, 2005)

gm L'1ComponentsNo2.0Sodium EDTA

MgCli1

0.0521000ml3 H20

Table 2.11 Silver Nitrate solution

gm L'1ComponentsNoA&NOÿ1 5gm

Up tovolume

Distilled water2

Table 2.12 IN Potassium Dichromate solution

gm L1ComponentsNo2.00Up lo VolumeDistilled water2

29

Preparation of Di-phenyl amines Sulphonale IndicatorTable 2.13

100 ml1Sr.No ComponentsCnHiaNNaCÿS1 1.0Distilled water2 Up to Volume

Table 2.14 Perrous Ammonium SuJphates Solidion

gm L rComponentsSr.No

8.00FC(NH4HS04)26U20I

Up lo VolumeDistilled water2

Table 2.15 Sodium Hydroxide 4N (Maigcsin etaL. 2005)

gm 17ComponentsSr.No

160.0NiiOl 11I Distilled water Up to Volume2

Table 2.16 Digestion Mixtures (Murgcsin ei al.t 2005)

GmComponentsSr.No

10.00K;S041

1.00CuSO,5H,02

Selenium metal powder 1.003

Mixed in Mortar and pcslie

Table 2.17 Boric Acid 2% (Margesin et at.. 2005)

gm L?7Sr.No Components

H3BOi(Boric acid) 20.00

Up to volumeDistilled Water2

Table 2.18 Olsen (Sodium Bicarbonate 0.5 M pH 8.5)

gm l/rSr.No Components

42.00NallCO*1

Up to VolumeDistilled water2

30

Table 2.19 Sulfuric Acid 4M

gmL'1ComponentsSr.No

1 J E;S04 Concentrated 56ml

2 Distilled water Up to Volume

Table 2.20 Ammonium Molybodale 4% solutions

gmlOO mFSr.No Components

(NH4)6 MO7 024 4.001

Up to VolumeDistilled water2

Table No 2.2 1 Phosphorus Antimony Tartrate solutions (0.2%)

gm 100 ml'1ComponentsSr.No

KSBOC* Hi 0& 021L, 2 Distilled water Up to Volume

Ascorbic Acid Solutions (Margesin etaL 2005)Table 2.22

gm2f)Q ml1Sr.No Components

Ascorbic Acid (CÿIlsO*) 1.0561

Up to volumeMixed Reagcnt( Table 2.19)2

Table 2.23 Extracting Reagents (0.5 M NaHCOj, pH 8.5) (Margesin etai. 2005)

gm I?1Sr.No Components

NaHCO? 43.0 gm1

Distilled water Up to volume2

Adjusted the pH with 5N NaOH

Tabic 224 Calgon solution

gm L rSr.No Components

Sodi Sodium Hexamctaphosphate_

Distilled water

2.00I

Up to Volume2

31

Table 225 Sulfuric Acid 0.1M (Margesin etai, 2005)

100 ml 1Sr.No ComponentsH2SQ4(Conc.)1 3-4 dropsDistilled water

Prepared by titration with N/100 NaOH (Table 2.4)2 100ml

Table 2.26 Ammonium Puipurate Indicators (Margesin e/ a/., 2005)

gmlOO mfTSr.No Components

0.5Ammonium Purpurate{C,H1NÿOt)

1

100mlKIS042

Table 2.27 Mixed Indicators (Margesin etal. 2005}

200 ml*1ComponentsSr.No

020Bromocresol Green1

0.14Methyl Red2

Up to volumeLthanol (C2H5OH).3

Tabic 2.28 Phosphate stock solutions lOOppm (Margesin etal, 2005)

gm f. TComponentsSr.No

0.4394K HiPO,1

3.5 mlMCI cone.2

Distilled water Up to volume3

Mixed Regents (Ammonium Molybodate and Antimony PotassiumTartrate (Margiain ef a/.. 2005)

___Table 229

gm L1ComponentsSr.NoN1UMo7Q24 4HaO 61

0.1454CtUiKiOnShz. 3H2Q2500ml5 N lhS043Up to volumeDistilled water4

To be used in Table 2.20

Table 2JO Ammonium Sulfate

ComponentsSr.No5.00NH4SO41

I Up to Volume; Distilled water2

32

2.2 Methods

2.2.lSoil sampling

Soil samples were collected from a wide range of locations covering all ecological

zones. These samples were brought in plastic bags in the laboratory of Soil Survey

of Pakistan, Multan Road, Lahore. Soil samples were taken from various depths to

get a true picture of the profile.

2.2-2Soil Analysis

Samples were analyzed for particle size of sand, silt and clay and other soluble

nutrients like Carbonates, Bicarbonates, Sodium, Potassium, Sulfate, Calcium

Carbonates, Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Calcium plus Magnesium, Prepared the

soil extract by taking desirable amount of sieved soil in a beaker and added

distilled water gradually with constant stirring with spatula till a soil paste was

formed. The soil-water mixture was then consolidated and stirred again till it

confirmed to the requirement of saturated soil paste, namely, the paste glistens as it

reflected light, flew slowly and very slightly when the beaker was tipped, slide

freely and clearly of the spatula and finally that the free water did not appear on the

soil surface. Following analysis was done.

2-2-3pH Determination

The pH, or hydrogen ion concentration, [H*], in any environments have different

values which range between 0.5 in the most acidic soils to about lOi in the most

alkaline lakes, so the pH of soil is very important for the utilization of any

particular type of soil. The pH helps determine what kind of plants can grow in the

soil. Each soil has its own buffering property or acid neutralizing capacity (ANC),

which can be decreased with (lie addition of acidic compounds. Different studies

showed that the types of vegetation effect on the change of soil pH (Carter, 1993).

It is reported that a canopy species can decrease soil pH through four basic

processes i.c. with the increase of anions in soil solutions, quantity of acids

reaching the soil, degree of protonation of the stabilized soil acids and the strength

of soil acids. Most plants can grow in soil with a pH between 5.2-7.8. But some

plants prefer smaller ranges or more extreme conditions. The pH of soil is very

33

essentia! because soil solution carries in it nutrienis such as Nitrogen, Potassium,

and Phosphorus that plants require in precise quantities to grow, flourish, and fight

off diseases (Carter, 1993), For pH determination first of all saturated paste of the

soil sample was prepared. After the calibration of pH meter (Orion 720A+), with

standard buffer solutions of pH 9.00, 4.00 and 7.00 (Table 2.1), the pH was

determined (Margesin et ai., 2005).

2.2.4 Electrical Conductivity (EC)

The field-scale function of visible soil electrical conductivity (EC) to forestry has

its origin in the measurement of salinity of soil, which is an arid-zone trouble

associated with irrigated agricultural/forest land and with areas having low water

tables. Apparent soil electrical conductivity is influenced by a grouping of

physico-chemical properties including organic matter, soluble salts, bulk density,

clay content and mineralogy, soil water content, and soil temperature (Corwin and

Lcsch, 2005). The EC measurements have been used at field scales to map the

spatial deviation of several cdaphic properties: soil salinity, soil water content, clay

content or depth to clay-rich layers, , the depth of flood deposited sands, and

organic matter (Carter, 1993), In addition, EC has been used at field scales to

determine a variety of anthropogenic properties: leaching fraction, irrigation and

drainage patterns, and compaction patterns due to farm equipment (Carter, 1993).

For the determination of E.C, the extract of the saturated paste was taken and E.C

was measured with Electrical conductivity meter (Orion 145 A+). This meter was

also calibrated with K.C1 solution (Table 2,3) (Margesin et ai, 2005)

Soluble salts

2.2.5 Carbonate (Margesin et ai., 2005)

Five ml extract was taken for the determination of carbonate. One or two drops of

phenolphthalein indicator (Table 2.6) were used. The color turned to pink. The

extract was titrated against 0,0In H2SO4 till colorless end point obtained.

Carbonate mcq/l -volume of HC1 used x2N xIOOO

Volume of extract

N= Normality

2.2.6 Bi-Carbonate (HCOj) (Margesin etai.. 2005)

34

Five ml of the extract was taken and 3-4 drops of Methyl orange indicator (Table

2.7) were added to it. It was titrated against 0.1 H2SO4 till orange color appeared.

Bicarbonate meq/l 13 Volume of acid used for CO3 -Volume of acid used for HCO

= Nxl000 / volume of extract

If the sample was analyzed separately only for hco? then we used this formula also

Bicarbonate mcq/I ~ Volume of acid used for HCQi xl 000

Volume of extract

2.2.7 Calcium and Magnesium (Margcsin elal., 2005)

Five ml of the extract was taken than added 1-2 drops of buffer solution (Table

2.1) and 1-2 drops of Eriochrome black T indicator (Table 2.9). It was titrated

against 0.02N Versinate solution (Table 2.13). The end point was blue.

MeqofCa + Mg/1 = ml of Versinate used x Nxl000

Volume of the extract

1

N= Normality of Versinate

2.2,8 Chloride (Margesin ctai, 2005)

Two to three drops of Chromate were added in the 5ml of soil extract for the

determination of Chloride. The extract was titrated against 0.005N Silver nitrate

solution (Table 2.11) till brick red or reddish brown color appeared.

Chloride mg/1 = >L

Volume of the extract

2.2.9 Organic Matter

Trees obtain nutrients from two natural sources: organic matter and minerals.

Organic manor includes any plant or animal material that returns to the soil and

goes through the decomposition process. In addition to providing nutrients and

habitat to organisms living in the soil, organic matter also binds soil particles into

aggregates and improves the water holding capacity of soil. Most soils contain 2-

10 percent organic matter. However, even in small amounts, organic matter is very

important. (Bot and Bcnites, 2005).

35

One gram of the soil sample was taken in 300 ml titration flask. 10 ml of IN

Potassium dichromate solution (Table 2,12) and 20ml concentrated H2SO4 are

added. Allowed the solution to cool at least 40 minutes. After cooling, add 100-

200 ml of tap water, mix the solution, and allowed to stand for one hour. Then

added 10-15 drops of Diphenyl-Amine-Sulphonate indicator (Table 2.13) and 10

ml of Orthophosphoric acid are added and the sample is titrated against 0.5N

Ferrous Ammonium sulphate (Tabic 2.14) till sharp green end point obtained.

(Margesin et al., 2005)

Organic Matter % = ml of FAS fur blank - ml of FAS for sample x Nx0.69

Weight of sumple

FAS- Ferrous Ammonium sulphate

2.2.10 Calcium Carbonate (Margesin et al., 2005)

Five grams of the soil sample was taken in a plastic beaker of 500 ml capacity 100

ml of 0.5 NH4CI was added to the sample. Sample was shaken well and is left for

an hour. Then 20 ml from this volume was taken and put into 100 ml flask and

titrated it against 0.5 N NaOH (Table 2.15) till bluish end point appeared.

CaCOj% = (Blank reading-sample reading) x5

2.2.11 Nitrogen (Margesin el al., 2005)

Kjeldhal method was used to determine nitrogen. One gram of the sieved soil

sample was taken in a 100 ml Kjeldhal flask. 5*10 ml-distilled water was added.

After half an hour 2 gm of catalyst mixture (Table 2.16) was added and the flask

was placed on the digestion heater till dark color has turned to greenish blue. Flask

was cooled and digested mixture was transferred to 100 ml volumetric flask. 20 mlof 2% Boric acid (Table 2.17) solution was taken in the 100 ml titrated flask and

the flask was placed under the condenser of distillation assembly. 10 ml of the

diluted clear digest was added into the distillation assembly along with 5 ml of 40-

47% NaOH. Healed the assembly until 25 to 30 ml of liquid was distilled. This

liquid was titrated against 0.01 N HCL till pale lavender color appeared.

% Nitrogen = ml of HC1 for sample- ml of HC1 for blank x 14

Weight oftlie soil sample

36

2,2.12 Sodium (Margesin etal., 2005)

Sodium was determined by flame photometer. The stock solution of Sodium was

prepared by dissolving NaCl in distilled water, than a series of standard sodium

solutions (Table No 2.2) were prepared. Then 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 ml from this stock

solution was taken and each diluted to one liter to get 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 ppm of sodium

respectively, flame photometer was calibrated with the series of sodium solution

by adjusting the Galvano meter needle on zero with distilled water and 100 with 5

ppm solution. The test solution (saturation extract of soil) was subjected to the

flame photometer and the reading was noted. The flame photometer readings were

plotted against concentration from 1-5 ppm. From this graph the concentration of

the test solution was calculated.

Meq of Na/1= ppm / eq. wt of Na = ppm / 23

I Na+Ca mg/2SAR/

SAR - ESP from graph (ESP = Exchangeable Sodium Percentage)

2.2.13 Potassium (Margesin et al.,2005)

Potassium was measured in a similar way as sodium. The principle was the sameand the difference was only to use a different optical filter (Specific for Potassium)

to separate the specific radiation of potassium. Standard potassium solutions were

used (Table 2J). Then 1,3,5,7 and 10 ml from this stock solution were taken and

each diluted to one liter to get 1,3,5,7 and 10 ppm of potassium respectively. The

flame photometer was calibrated by adjusting the galvanometer needle

with distilled water and 100 with 10 ppm of potassium. A standard graph

prepared by plotting flame photometer reading against the potassium

concentrations.

The test solution was subjected to the flame photometer and reading was noted.

from the graph calculated the concentration of potassium in ppm by using the

following formula.

on zero

was

37

Meq of K/l = ppm / Eq. wt = ppm / 39

2.2.14 Sulphate (Margesin et al., 2005)

Sulphate cannot be detected by direct extraction but it can be calculated by

precipitation of the Barium Sulphate which can be estimated gravimetrically. This

can be also modified by Flame technique to estimate the amount of Barium left in

solution after adding a known excess. Sulphate was determined by

spectrophotometer. It was calculated by taking the difference in meq/L between

the sum of cat ions and sum of anions other than Sulphate.

Sulphate meqfl = ECc x I0J x 10 -sum of anions other than SO4

= ECex 103 x 10 (COji + HCOj+ Cl)

2.2.14 Phosphorus (Margesin et al., 2005)

Phosphorus is determined with spectrophotometer. The method is called Olsen

method. This method was developed in 1954 and uses the alkaline sodium

bicarbonate to extract soil phosphorus. This method is best in alkaline soils with

medium to high CEC levels and free lime or calcareous soils. This method has a

small result scale and does not at time accurately distinguish between high and

very high P levels. The Olsen solution (Table 2.18) was used for this purpose

along with 4M Sulphuric Acid (Table 2.19), Ammonium Molybodatc solution

(Table 2.20), Phosphorus Antimony Tartrate solution (Table 2.21) and Ascoibic

acid 1.75% (Table 2.22). All the prepared solution and distilled water were mixed

in the ratio 25 ml, 15 ml, 2,5 ml and 100 ml and Mixing reagent/ mixed indicator

(Table 2.27) is prepared in standard Phosphate solution (Table 2.5). Five gram of

soil sample was taken into 250 ml plastic bottle along with two blanks for control.

100 ml of extracting reagents (Table 2.23) was added to the sample and shaken for

about half an hour then the sample was filtered. Added 3 ml in each test tube of

standard series, with 3 ml of mixed reagent and allowed solution to stand for an

hour for color development. Absorbance was measured by spectrophotometer at

880 or 720 nm. Plotted a calibration graph of absorbance against P concentration

by using following formula.

38

P (ppm or mg/kg soil)- (a-b) x v/s x MCF

a= ppm p in sample extract

b - ppm p in blank

v = ml volume extracting solution added

s- air dry sample weight in gram

MCF-Moisture Corrections Factor (100+moisturc)/100

2.2.I5Textural analysis

Soil Texture, is the natural occurring group or cluster of soil particles in which the

forces holding the particles together are much stronger than the forces between

adjoining aggregates. Soil aggregation is the result of aggregate formation and

stabilization. The aggregates are mainly created by physical processes and

biological and chemical processes are mostly responsible for their stabilization

(Fayos et ai,, 2001), Fifty grams of the soil sample was taken into 500 ml plastic

beaker. 100 ml Calgon solution (Table 2.25) was added to the sample and sample

was left for 24 hours. After 24 hours each sample was shaken three minutes in the

mechanical shaker and was transferred to 1 000 ml cylinder and diluted its volume

to 1000 ml. The sample was shaken for 2.5 minutes and (he reading was recorded

at a 30 second interval (Margesin et ai, 2005; Bartlett et al.. 1994). The percentage

of sand silt and clay was calculated by using following diugrams.

39

100 0

90/Aio80, 20

70, 305-

40 %.v 60

*•\°50 Z_ 50

' |l< .40/ 60

\/30 sandyf -M70gpn

JF “ ¥AA

clay loam20/ \80m

f LMqn

0 100100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

•/•SAND

LEGENDSandy Clay

Silty Clay

Silty City Loam

SIN Loam

[=]

Silt

Saw)

CZ3Loamy

Sandy Loam

Sandy Clay Loam I I

Fig. 2.1 Soil Classification Triangle based on the ISSS

40

23 Survey of Farm Plantations (FM)

In survey of Farm Plantations a number of accounts of the basic methods found in

literature (Sheikh, 1993) were adopted for the preparation of questionnaire, which

was also discussed with a few leading tree formers of the Punjab. The drafted

questionnaires contained social aspects of the tree farmers, demographic profile,

economic aspects and design of agroforestry. The requisite information was duly

recorded in two separate parts of the Perfotma in which Part A dealt with general

information such as site condition, species preference, patterns or design of planting,

source of the planting stock, number of plants planted, spacing adopted, the

agricultural crops raised along with trees and effect, if any on the yield of the

agricultural crops due to shade or competition for water and nutrients. In Part B the

nature of questions was a little different: farmer was asked about the number of

plants surviving; protection problems; insects or diseases whether he had carried out

any cultural operation etc. Did he gel any technical help from the Forest Department

to raise nursery or to plant trees and whether according to him growing trees in

conjunction with agriculture crops helped him economically and socially. The list of

Farm Plantations (FP) established throughout the Punjab by the Punjab Forest

Department under the World Bank aided forestry project named Punjab Forest

Sector Development Project (1996-2001) was consulted / prepared. These form

plantations were grouped according to ihe various agrocclogical zones of the Punjab.

The central region of the Punjab was preferred more than the north and south

regions. Following are the objectives oT the current survey that was earned out to

asses: number of farm plantations raised in Punjab; choice of species i.e. which

species are preferred; age of farm plantations; the pattem/dcsign of the form

plantations; The correlation between compact and linear plantation; the effect of

shade on the yield of the agriculture crops; the additional income generated through

agroforestry; the land tenure system; the spacing of trees planted on the farm;

problems the tree farmers foce regarding marketing and other related matters; the

trend of the farmers towards agroforeslry; the role of the Punjab forest department in

motivating the tree fanners; the nursery stock available for agroforeslry in foe public

and private nurseries; various tree diseases and pests seen in farm plantations; the

41

number of livestock grazing in farm plantations; extent of fodder provided by trees;the socio-economic impact; effects

improvement (Questionnaires Performs attached as Appendix !)ÿ

environment and biodiversity; soilon

Table 2.31 Showing the survey Farm Plantations in various districts

NO District FARM PLANTATION'S

1 Attock 26

2 Chakwal 10

3 Jhang 10

TobaTakc Sing4 12

5 Faisaiabad 12

6 Sheikhupura 19

Lahore 207

Gujranwala 108

10Hafuabad9

5Kasur10

411 Okara

6Sahiwal12

2513 Pakpattan

21Khancwal14

11Multan15

13Vehari16

13Muzaffargarh17

4Dera Ghazi KhanIS

5Bahawalpur19

21Rahim Yar Khan20

257Total

42

An initial survey was conducted during Januaiy 2004 to June 2004 to identify various

agro ecological zones of the Punjab and Farm Plantations (FP) were selected for

detailed interviews. Analysis of the surveyed plantations and their classification from

agroeclogical point of view was done during July 2004 to January 2005. More than

257 agroforesiers were interviewed. Data was collected by interviewing tree farmers

during detailed survey of various selected farm plantations falling under various

agroeclogical zone of the Punjab during January 2005. During the survey the author

and co-supervisor stayed in various villages where these farm plantations were

established. The field staff of the Punjab Forest Department also joined during the

interviews with the tree formers / agro farmers. Response rate has been about 95%.

The field staff that has been associated with trees on farm lands provided excellent

data and feedback. Various wood based industrialists, wood producers and wood

users were also interviewed.

The information gathered from the tree farmers was verified from the officials of the

Forest Department so that bias, if any, could be removed. Additionally, the farm

plantations were visited in the form of groups composed of the formers from various

districts to find out after discussion at site as to how for the tree plantation had

contributed towards poverty reduction / alleviation.

2.4 Soil Suitability / Capability Classification

Out of the parametric, subjective combinations and limiting condition methods for

land evaluation, the limiting condition method was followed to arrive at the final

suitability classification (Habarurema and Steiner 1997). The already soil survey

data collected through field surveys needed by Soil Survey of Pakistan, further

processing in a systematic way to identify the land utilization types. The current land

suitability for each soil mapping unit was derived through matching the land use

requirements of the relevant land use types with the land qualities of the respective

land mapping unit and for the limited soil mapping unit (s) the potential suitability

was also derived for the reclaimable unit(s).

These Maps include a brief description on physical environment of the areas

including location, climate, physiographic and general nature of soils, hydrology and

43

present land use.'natural vegetation (Chaudhary el al~, 1983). It is followed by

simplified tabular descriptions of various kinds of soils mapped in the area - the soil

mapping units, which arc then grouped on the basis of similarity with respect to their

adaptability and management requirements for specific tree species. The data was

described by land suitability mapping units. The distribution and extent of each

soil/land suitability mapping unit is indicated on the accompanying map of 'Soils and

Land Suitability' produced through GIS at a scale of 1:250,000. The above stated

maps 17 number were adjusted to meet the requirements of this work. These are listed

below:

1. Agroeclogicul /one III- A (Sandy Desert)

* Rahim Yar Khan

•Bahawalpur

•Bahawalnagar

2. Agrocclogical /one III- B (Sandy Desert)

* MuzafYargarh

•D. G. Khan

•Khushab•Mianwali

3. Agrocclogical /one IV- A (Northern irrigated Plains)

•Okara

•Sahrival

•Chichawatni

* Multan

•Khancwal

•Vehari

•Pakpattan

4. Agrocclogical /one V- (Barani)

•Attock

•Rawalpindi

•Chakwal

The information has been prepared for use by the personnel having no technical

background but only a limited knowledge about the soils who may consult only the

information given on ‘land suitability mapping units’ (grouped map delineations

given specific colors and represented by larger, italicized, Arabic numbers. These

mapping units are much fewer in number and are described in a rather generalized

form for easy comprehension. What the user of this information ought to do first is to

44

find out in which mapping unit his area or site of interest (farmland ) falls on (he

‘Soils and Land Suitability’ map. For that purpose, the map has been prepared in

paper color prints along with the related topographic map sheet. The transparent film

of the Soils and Land Suitability map should then be placed on the relevant part of the

topographic sheet so that the geographical features drawn on the former get exactly

superimposed on the latter. Farmer should then note the number and color of the

{soils or land suitability) mapping unit in which the area is located (llabarurema and

Sterner 1997).

2.5 Phyto'Sociological Analysis

The past decade has witnessed a proliferation of ecological (Clements 1904, Tensely,

1920, Vierec et a/,. 1992), mathematical, statistical approaches (Curtis and Mc-lntosh

1951; Whittaker, 1980; Kershew, 1964) to the organization of Phytosociologicai data

and subsequent classifications or ordination of data. For the choice of method for

describing and cataloguing the data pertinent to a particular problem the best method

may be taken to dial one which enables the maximum comprehension of structural

complexity of vegetation relative to the background environmental variables, in turn

relative to the amount of time input. Taking the fact into consideration the vegetation

data were analyzed by tabular comparison using the method of successive

approximation (Poor, 1955, Shimwell 1971, Vitt, 1995).

The data was collected by recording the cover-abundancc values of the 10 points

Domin scale (Table 2.33) of all plants within homogeneous plots positioned within

representative stands of the major vegetations types seen. In sampling, it was found

that for most situations Relev’es areas 2x2m was suitable; however Relev'cs of

smaller areas wherever appropriate were also taken. The minimal area determination

follows Shimwell 1971. Following procedure was adopted in the subsequent

tabulation of the vegetation data.

1) Aggregation of field data into tabular from and erection of differential tables

in the process described by Shimwell (1971) and Mueller and Heinz (1974).

2) Use of differential species and differential species groups to characterize

units.

3) Erection, differential and characterization of association,

45

Table No 2.32 Domin-iCrajina scale for %age cover

Ssÿÿ Dnmin-krJijina cover %

age Covercak

1 I any number, with complete cover IDO

0

2 9 any number with more than 3/4 but 75

less than complete cover

3 K any number, with 1 H -3/4 cover 50-75

4 7 any number, with 1/3 -1/2 cover 33-50

5 6 any number, with 1/4 -1 /3 cover 25-33

6 5 any number, with 1/10 -1/4 cover 10-25

7 4 any number, with 1/20-1/JO cover 5-10

8 3 scattered with cover under 1/20 [-5

9 2 very scattered, with small cover 1

10 1 seldom with insignificant cover

II solitary, with insignificant cover+

46

Sub associations, Variants and Noda on basis ofover-all floristic similarly; character

species of high constancy fidelity and dominance.

a) Name of associations, sub-associations and variant according to code of

Phytosociological nomenclature (Barkman ef a/.,1976).

b) Classification of association into higher units using the Zurich-Montpclier

school of hierarchical classification

c) Checking and correlating the ecological reality of the units extracted in the

field to major environmental gradients

d) Investigation of similar pattern in other localities, thereby obtaining an overall

pattern of variation within particular vegetation types.

This method will provide an overall syntaxanomy of the farm plantations. The

construction of differential table is the basis of this method. Differential table

showed the differential species and differential species groups stored into blocks and

separated from other species which were listed from high to low constancy, other

species were companions and showed a low degree of association with the

differential species.

2.6 Data compilation, processing and Statistical Analysis

Data analysis followed several specific steps:

> Coding, in which verbal responses; written answers or accumulated record are

converted to numbers;

> Data entry, in which coded data are entered directly into computer files;

> Descriptive analysis, in which the researcher examines frequency distributions

for individual variables;

> Cross-tabulation, in which relationships between variables are examined; and

> Index construction, scaling, and multivariate analysis, in which more complex

relationship among variables are dealt with.

> The data was processed in Excel programme and was sorted out to get correct

picture about: the species preference; pattern/1 design of the plantations; age

groups of the plantations; age at which the trees were harvested; method of sale;

47

income generated; agriculture crop depression due the trees; land tenure system

in vogue

Data compilation involved the coding of data and entry on computer through SPSS

{Statistical Package for Social Scientists) Version 1 1.0 for MS Windows. Because data

lor extent of tree growing did not follow a norma I distribution* to test difference between

numbers of farm plantations hold across categories of independent variables, Jtm&kal-

Wallis2 test was applied for independent variables with more than two categories. The

chi-square test of independence was used to examine the association between pairs of

categorical variables. A critical significance level of 5% was adopted for association

between independent variables and extent of tree growing.

i. The Mann-Whitney stat ist ic has been denoted by Z,

it. The Kniskai-Wallis statistic has been denoted by KW.

48

CHAPTER III

SURVEY OF FARM PLANTATIONS

Anyone on tour to the Punjab province will find many trees on private farms as

boundary markers, shade trees and in breakers. It would also be dearly visible that

many more could be accommodated in between. Despite the unscientific and

unplanned planting on farmlands, the private farmland plantations are currently

contributing four times as much of the timber and nine times as much of the fuel

wood that are being produced by state forests (Sheikh et al., 2000a). It is very

unfortunate that enough resources arc not being devoted to support farm forestry to

the level warranted by its potential importance as a productive resource and the basis

of secondary enterprise for the farmers growing agricultural crops. Such farmland

plantations deserve much more attention and resource allocation by the Forest

Department than for growing of trees in a scientific manner (Hafeez, 1998).

Based on physiography, climate and ecology, Roberts (Roberts, 1977) divided

Pakistan into nine major ecological or vegetative zones, which he further sub¬

divided into 18 habitat types an arrangement followed by Khan (1989) and Hussain

et al., 2003 for the development of Protected Areas System in terms of

representative ecotypes, The Pakistan Agriculture Research Council (Anon, 1980)

has divided the country into ten broad based agio-ecological zones on the basis of

several factors such as physiography, ecology, climate, soil, agricultural land use,

water availability and ground water (Fig 3.1).

3.1 Criteria for Division into Agroecological zone

Some criteria arc quantitative such as percentage of vegetation cover in a particular

ecological zone, that is, land available for timber production, total growing stock, its

level of productivity, density of woody vegetation that can safeguard soil from

erosion and provide refuge to the natural fauna etc. There are other criteria which are

qualitative or descriptive only, such as those relating to the role of the trees in the

optimal land use of the tract, supply of wide range of products and services critical

for the welfare of local population, social needs of the surrounding communities that

influence the existence of the trees and utilization of the forest produce, the level and

quality of people’s participation, etc (Kitalyi et al, 2004).

49

NAGRO ECOLOGICAL REGIONSPAKISTAN A

VII

/

IVb

Vy

'V

nib

LEGENDmdwiMtiSouthern Irrigated Plain

Sandy Desert (A)

Sandy Desert (B)

Nodharn tmgat*d Plain

IVbi Northern Irrigated Plain

Ilia

1

«t Northern Dry MountainsVB Western Dry Mountain*

IX Dry Western Plateau

rcftCaunot

Ph D Work Of Syed M AkmaJ RahimSodo Ecological Impact of Agnjfonatry in Punjab Botany Department Univanity of the Punjab, Lahore

Fig.3,1 Agroeclogical Zones of Pakistan

50

Based on the above considerations, the following criteria have been used for the selection

of the representative zones: climatic and cdaphic considerations physiography and

ecology; extent of forest and agricultural resources in each zone; site specificity: water

logging, salinity, commanded and un-commanded area and other landforms; the level of

biological diversity, socio-economic needs of the communities living in the zone; their

agricultural practices and soil fertility. The socio-cultural status of the communities (that

is, the adequacy or otherwise of irrigation water) include sub soil water and the degree of

similarity and comparability (Fig 3.1). This follows the five broad based agro-ecoiogical

zones of Punjab where the study has been conducted.

3.1.1 Zone I - Indus Delta: Covering districts of Thalia, Badin and Hyderabad with arid

tropical marine climate and clayey and silty soils. The mean daily maximum temperature

in summer ranges from 34-40°C and the mean winter temperature ranges between 19.0

and 20.0“C, with cold spells, which are not frequent. Summer and winter rainfall

averages 75 and 5 mm respectively.

3.1*2 Zone II- Southern Irrigated Plains: Includes lower Indus basin covering about

12 districts of the province of Sindh with arid sub-tropical climate, and silty and sandy

loam soils in the upper part. In the rest of the region, soil texture is almost the same but

has saline patches. It is sub-divided into northern and southern regions. The northern

region lias mean monthly maximum temperature rising to 50°C and the mean minimum

temperature in winter going down to about 8.5°C. The mean monthly rainfall is about 16-

20 mm in summer. The southern region is also hot in summer and cold in winter. The

mean monthly rainfall in summer (July, August and September) is slightly more than the

northern region, about 45-55 mm. The winter season is practically dry.

3.1J Zone III: (a & b) - Sandy Desert: (a). Besides some areas of Sindh it includes

quite a few districts of the Punjab. This region is characterized by sand ridges in the Thai

and Cholistan deserts having arid sub-tropical climate. In summer, the mean daily

maximum temperature ranges from 39 to 41°C. In winter, the mean daily minimum

temperature is about 7°C. The mean monthly summer rainfall varies from 32 mm in the

south to 38 mm in the north. Winter is practically rainless.

(b). There are various forms of sand ridges and dunes with arid to semi arid-sub-tropical

continental type of climate. The mean daily maximum temperature is approximately

51

40°C, The region, in general experiences occasional frost. The mean annual rainfall is

ISO to 350 mm, increasing from south to north.

3.1.4 Zone IV (a & b) - .Northern Irrigated Plains: (a) The region covers the area

between Sutlej and Jhclum rivers and spans about 14 districts of central Punjab, the most

fertile tract of the province. The climate in Eastern half is semi-arid sub-tropical

continental. The soils of the region arc sandy loam to clayey loom. The mean daily

maximum temperature in summer is 4M20C, while the mean monthly highest maximum

temperature during the same period is about 46°C. In winter, the mean daily minimum

temperature is 4-5°C with occasional cold spells when the mean monthly lowest

minimum temperature may go down to |.9°C. The mean monthly rainfall both in summer

and winter is as low as 30 mm. The mean annual rainfall is 200-300 mm,

(b) It covers saucer shaped alluvial valley of Peshawar and Mardan districts and has

semi-arid steppe sub-tropical continental climate. The soils are silty day to silly clay

loam. The mean daily maximum temperature is about 38*XT. In winter, the mean daily

minimum temperature is about 5°C wilh occasional cold spells when the mean monthly

lowest minimum temperature falls to l.4°C. Frost is common. The mean monthly rainfall

ranges from 29 to 32 mm both in winter and summer seasons.

3.1.5 Zone V - ttanmi (Rain Ted) Lands: The salt rang’d, Polhwar plateau and

Himalayan piedmont plains form this region. Climatically, a small narrow belt lying

along the mountains is nearly humid whereas in the southern pan, it is semi-arid and hot.

The narrow belt has the summer mean daily maximum lempenature of about 38°C with

frequent cold spells. The mean monthly rainfell is approximately 200 mm in summer and

36-50 mm in winter (December- February).

3.1.6 Zone VI - Wet Mountains: The zone covers Hazara and Rawalpindi divisions. It

is characterized by a scries of mountain ranges wilh undifferentiated type of ciimatc and

soil texture ranging from silty loam to silty day. In summer the mean daily maximum

temperature is about 35°C. In winter, the mean daily minimum temperature is 0-4°C,

with occasional prolonged cold spells. The tops of the mountains are generally covered

wilh snow during winter. The mean monthly rainfall in summer is 236 mm and in winter

116 mm.

3,1,7 Zone VII - Northern Dry Mountains: The region comprises high mountain areas

of ChitraJ, Dir, Swat and Agencies with undifferentiated climate and deep clayey soiJs

funned in alluvial material accumulated on lower parts of mountain slopes and alluvial

52

deposits in narrow valleys. In winter, the mean daily minimum temperature varies from

1°C to minus 6°C in the valleys going as low as - 13°C. The mean monthly rainfall

ranges from 25-75 mm in winter and increases to 50-100 mm in the spring. In summer, it

varies from 10-20 mm. The tops of high mountains are covered with snow generally for

the greater part of the year.

3,1,8 Zone VI11- Western dry Mountains; It lies to the south of Safed Koh and to the

west of Indus comprising plateaus and high mountains of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (NWFP)

and Baluchistan with undifferentiated climate and deep and loamy calcareous soil in the

valleys. In the southern region, the mean monthly rainfall is summer varies from 5-15

mm increasing from 45 to 95 mm in the northern region. However, in winter the mean

monthly rainfall is 30-35 mm in the whole region. In summer, the mean daily maximum

temperature varies from 30-39 °C. In winter the mean daily minimum temperature varies

from minus 3°C to plus 7.7 aC. The winter is cold with mean daily minimum temperature

around minus 0.2 X with frequent cold spells when the mean monthly lowest minimum

temperature drops to minus 5X. The mean monthly rainfall in summer is about 95 mm

whereas in winter it is 63-9S mm.

3.1.9 Zone IX - Dry Western Plateau; The region comprises parts of Sindh and

mountainous areas of Baluchistan with intermountain basins and plateaus as well as the

coastal belt The region has arid (desert) tropical type of climate with constantly dry

season, and deep strongly calcareous silty loam soils in the plains. In summer, the mean

daily maximum temperature varies from 40.5 X to 33-34 X. In winter, the mean daily

minimum temperature is 3-6 X in the north and 11.5 to I5X along the coast. The

northern region receives occasional cold spells, when the mean monthly lowest

temperature falls from minus 1.5 to minus 4X.

The mean monthly rainfall in summer is extremely meager (2-4 mm) in the greater part

of the zone except in die extreme southeast where it is about 36-37 mm. In winter, the

mean monthly rainfall is 9 mm to 1 1 mm.

3.1.10 Zone X - Suleiman Piedmont: It comprises the piedmont plains of Sulaiman

range including parts of D.G. Khan. D. I Khan and Kachi, sloping towards the Indus

River. The climate of this region is arid and hot; sub-tropical continental. The mean daily

maximum temperature in summer is 40-43 X and the mean monthly highest maximum

temperature ranges from 45.7 to 48 X. In winter, the mean daily minimum temperature

varies from 5,8 to 7.7 X with occasional frost in winter. This zone being on the other

53

side of the mountains, the mean monthly rainfall in winter is about 13 mm, whereas in

summer it is about 21-38 mm. The irrigated plantations of the Punjab fall only in three

agro-ccological zones which arc described as under A map showing (Fig 3.2) the

location of various plantations in different ecological zones is given at map of three agro-

ccological zones.

3.2 Agro Ecological Zones of the Punjab

Punjab where the study has been conducted could be divided the following three agro-

ecological zones.

32.1 Agro ecological Zone Ill-A -Sandy Deserts

Apart from certain districts of Sindh, this region covers districts of Rahim Yar JChan,

Bahawalpur, BaJiawalnagar and the Chotisian desert. This region is characterized by

elongated NE-SW oriented sand ridges formed by eolian (pertaining to wind) agencies.

The area is considerably higher in level than the adjoining Indus plain. Morphologically,

the length of dunes is 6 to 8 times more than the width. They range in height from 8 to 10

m. The entire sandy tract is spotted with xcrophytic vegetation. The intcrdunal areas in

many places are devoid of sand. During the rainy season the runoff from the adjoining

dunes collects in the central parts ihat provide enough moisture to support some scanty

agriculture in the southern parts of the region. In some places wells have been sunk

several hundred feet deep but the water is hardly sufficient to support even the cattle and

human population’s drinking water requirements. The sand deposit is about hundred

meters thick, with a few lime-cemented luyers, each layer being a meter or less in

thickness.

The climate is arid (desert) sub-tropical with very hot summer and mild winter. The mean

daily summer maximum temperature ranges from 39 to 41°C and the mean monthly

highest maximum temperature is about 43 to 45°C. In winter, the mean temperature is

about 7°C, with the mean monthly lowest temperature falling to 2.5°C. The rainfall varies

from 150 mm to 200 mm. The winter is practically rainless.

Being a sandy tract, this zone is characterized by sandy soils and moving sand dunes. The

land surface is undulating. The sand ridges are sufficiently stable due to the presence of

low bushes, which have produced calcareous friable soils. The valleys between the ridges

have sandy loam soils but they cover only a very small proportion of the total area. The

54

clayey soils are saline over half of the area. They are generally calcareous having weak

crumb structure.

The original tree vegetation consists of Prosopis cineraria. Sahadora oieoides. Tamarix

aphyila and Tecoma unduiaia. The shrubs include Calligonum polygonoides, Calotropis

procera, Satsoia foetida and Haloxylon spp. Major grass species include Cymbopogon

javarancusa and Pennisetum dh’isum. Vegetation is sparse, Lopped heavily for fuel,

fodder and hutments.

Mainland use of this region is gracing of sheep, goats, camels and cattle. In the southern

part, guar and millets are important crops, which are grown in years of favorable rainfall.

In the southeastern part of the region, where rainfall is about 300 mm, wheat is an

important crop on loamy soils and castor on sandy loam soils, Where canal water is

available agricultural crop like wheat, sugar cane, cotton and oil seeds are grown. Citrus

and mango orchards have also been established. Following tree species which are suitable

for planting in this zone

Local nameBotanical name

BabulKola sins

Sufed sinsNeemSufedaJandLahuraShishamJangle jalebaSimalDhrekMango

Acacia niloticaAlbizzia lebbeckAlbizzia proceraAzadirachta indicaEucalyptus camaldulenstsProsopis cinerariaTecoma unduiataDalbergia sissoo

Pithecobbium dulceBombax ceilxtKfelia azedarachMangifera indica

3.2.2 Agm ecological Zone I ll-B-Sandy Deserts

This region covers the districts of Muzaffergarh, Mianwali, Bhakkar, Khushab and

Layyah with various forms of sand ridges and dunes including, longitudinal, transverse

sand sheets. At places silly and clayey deposits occur in narrow strips. The sand ridges

are 5 to 15 meters high. Between the sand ridges, there are hollows where runoff water

collects after the rain. In the central parts of the desert, large elongated channels and their

55

alignment suggest that they were formerly occupied by the shifting courses of river Indus,

The desert is quite profusely dotted with vegetation comprising dwarf trees.

The climate is arid to semi-arid sub-tropical continental. The mean daily summer

maximum temperature is approximately 40°C, with the mean monthly highest maximum

temperature going up to 45.6°C. In winter, mean daily minimum temperalurc is 5.5 °C

with the mean monthly lowest minimum temperature occasionally lading to 13°C. The

region, in general experiences occasional frost. The mean annual rainfall is 150 to 350

mm, increasing from south to north.

The hollows between the sand ridges have sandy loams and loams which account for

about 10 percent of the total area. However, in the southwestern part of the tract, the

proportion of loamy soils increases. All the soils are moderately calcareous and have low

organic matter content (about 0.4 percent) In addition, there are some narrow strips of

silty and clayey soils which are moderately to strongly calcareous and are locally saline-

sodic,

The original vegetation consists of trees such as Acacia nilotica, Prosopis cineraria,

Salvadora oleoides, Tamarix aphyila and shrnbs like Cailigomtm polygonoides, Tamarix

dioca, and Caiotropis procera, Zizyphus mtmmuiaria which has been heavily damaged

due to indiscriminate grazing and on account of conversion of land to agriculture. The

grass cover includes Eleusine compressa, Lasirus hirsutus, Saccharum banglease and

Panicum antidotale.

The predominant land use of the area is grazing of livestock (goats, sheep, camels and

cattle). The northern part of the region, with a rainfall of 300 to 350 mm, is used for dry

farming mainly gram and wheat, In the irrigated areas, cotton, sugarcane, guar, millets

and wheat arc grown. Citrus and mango arc common fruit trees. Following Tree species

which are suitable for planting in this zone:

Local nameBotanical namePliulaiBabulKala sirisSufed sirisNimMachnarSima!ShishamSiilbda

Acacia modestaAcacia niloticaA ibizzia lebbeckAlbizxia proceraAzadirachta indicaBauliinia purpureaBombax ceibaDalbergia sissooEucalyptus camaldulensis

56

E. microthecaE. tereticomisMangifera indicaMelia aiedarachMorus albaProsopis cinerariaTamarix aphyllaTecoma undulataZizyphus mauritiana

SufedaSufedaMango, aamBakainTutJandFarashLahuraBer

3.2.4 Agro ecological Zone IV-A - Northern Irrigated Plains

Districts of Sahiwal, Lahore, Kasur, Okara, Faisalabad, Jhang, and pan of Multan, Gujrat,

Shcikhupura and Gujranwala arc covered by this region. The land lying between Sutlej

and Jhelum rivers comprising the Rcchna, Chaj and Bari Doabs is the most important

area of the country from agricultural point of view. The Doabs have a relatively fiat

surface although there are some remnants of old river channels as welL Small and

scattered sand dunes occur at places in the southern part of these Doabs. A number of

Precambrian hillocks emerge in the plains at Shahkot, Sarghodha, Sangla Hills and

between Chiniol and Rabwah.

The climate can be divided into two parts. The northeastern half has semi-arid (steppe)

sub-tropical continental type of climate where the mean daily maximum temperature in

summer is 39.5 °C and the mean monthly highest maximum temperature is 45°C. In

winter, the mean daily minimum temperature is 6.2°C with occasional cold spells when

the mean monthly lowest minimum temperature falls down to 2 °C. The mean annual

rainfall ranges from 300 to 500 mm in the north.

The southwestern portion of zone IV (a) has arid sub-tropical continental climate. The

mean daily maximum temperature in summer is 4142°C, while the mean monthly

highest maximum temperature during the same period is about 469C. In winter, the daily

minimum temperature is 6°C with occasional cold spells when the mean monthly lowest

minimum temperature goes down to 1,9°C. The mean annual rainfall is 200 to 300 mm.

The soils in this zone are sandy loam to clayey loam. Along the rivers narrow strips of

new alluvium are deposited during the rainy season when the rivers arc in-spate. In the

southern and central parts of this region, the dominating soils are calcareous silty loams

with weak structure, whereas clayey soils also occur in patches to a minor extent. The

soils are deep, having 0.4 to 0.6 percent organic matters with pH around 82. They have

57

weak structure but good porosity and permeability. Saline sodic soils, occupy about 15

percent of the cultivated area.

In the northern part of the region dominant soils are loam and day loam with weak

structure, the clayey soils are also quite important, as they cover about 40 percent of the

area. The loamy soils (loams and clay loams) occur on high areas and are well drained.

The clayey soils occupy tow-lying land of basins and channel in fills, Saline-sodic soils

are quite extensive in some local areas. Soils are mostly non-calcareous in the Northern

part but calcareous in the central and southern parts.

The original vegetation consists of trees such as Acacia modesta, A. nilotica, Prosopis

cineraria. Tamarix aphylla. Zizyphus spp. and shrubs like Calligonum . Suedafruticasa.Rhazya stricta, Acacia jacquemontit etc. These are lopped for fodder, fuel, and

construction of hutments in the villages. The major grass species are Eleusine. Lasturns.

Panicum, Cymbopogan andSaccharum bengalense.

The main land use in this region is agriculture based on canal irrigation. In the northern

part rice, wheat and berseem are the main crops on clayey soils and millets, sugarcane,

melons and, oilseeds on loamy soils. In the central and southern parts, the main crops arc

cotton, sugarcane, maize and wheat. Fruit orchards of citrus and mango are also

important, especially in the central part of the zone. Tree species, which can be planted in

this zone.

Local name

PhulaiBabulKala sinsSufcd sinsNimKachnarKachnarShishamSimalBansSufcdaSufedaSutcdaMango, aamBakainWhite poplarHybrid poplar

Botanical nameAcacia modesta

Acacia niloticaAlbizzia lebbeckAlbizzia proceraAzadirachta indicaBauhinia purpureaBaubinia variegateOalbergia sissooBombax ceibaDendrocalamus strictusEucalyptus camaldulensisEucalyptus microthecaEucalyptus terettcornisMangifera indicaMelia azedaracbPopulus deltoidsPopulus euramericana

58

Prosopis cinerariaSyzygium cuminiiSalLX sppTamarix aphyllaTecoma undnlata

JandJama11

WillowFarashLahura

Field survey is the most common and widely used tool for collecting primary data for

social science studies. There arc two main types of survey methods interviews and the

Questionnaires. Fach method includes a number of subtypes. For example, interviews

may be conducted in group sittings, by telephone, or in a face to face private gel together

between the interviewer and the respondent. The interview may be highly structured, with

specific questions to be asked of all respondents, or it may be so unstructured that it

resembles a conversation between friends rather than an episode of data collection. In this

case, data collection by interview was preferred .

3J Study Area

The Punjab province (Fig 2) is extremely deficient in forest resources with only 2.08% of

the total area under productive forest cover. The province happens to be the most

populous of ail the provinces of Pakistan (Sheikh et ai, 2000). With consiant increase in

demand of food grains for the fast growing population, more areas cannot be spared for

raising forest plantations. One of the options is to raise trees along with agricultural crops

on the same piece of land called agro forestry. Agro forestry as land use is a collective

name for the practices where woody perennials (trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos etc) are

deliberately used on the same land management unit as agricultural crops and/or animals

or both, either in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence often for

maximum net return from this joint production system (Khan, 1989), The farmers in

irrigated areas are already practicing agio forestry in some form to supplement fuel wood

and timber production of the province thereby increasing their own personal total farm

income (Ahmad, 1998). They have been practicing different models and patterns of agro

forestry systems in a haphazard way,

According to Forest Sector Master Plan (FSMP, 1992), farmers have already planted

134,000 ha equivalent of trees on agriculture lands. Although it is apparently a large area

but it is only one percent of the total agricultural land. Growing trees on form lands in a

scientific design and pattern could increase wood production several times without

affecting agricultural production. In fact trees would add agriculture production by

rehabilitating some of the 250,000 ha of water logged soil and over 450,000 ha of the

59

slightly saline soil in the irrigated parts of the Punjab with site specific species. This

would bring these areas, back into production while also doubling or tripling fuel wood

and timber production on farms (Anon, 1980). Before reviewing the agroforestry systems

practiced in different zones, general geographical features of the Punjab as a whole, land

use pattern, administrative and agro-ecological zones, vegetation types etc, are briefly

described in this chapter. So far, these systems have not been properly documented

(Sheikh, 2000). The geographical features of the Punjab as a whole, land use pattern,

administrative and agro-ecological zones, vegetation types, etc are explained under;

3.3.1 Location and Extent

The province of Punjab lies between 27°42’ to 34°02 north latitudes and 69°18’ to 75°23’

east longitudes. Its total geographical area approximates 20.63 million hectares, h is

surrounded by the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (NWFP) and Balochistan on the

north and west, the province of Sindh in the south and India on the east. Lengthwise, it

extends to about 1,078 km from north to south and widthwise, to 616 km from east to

west (Hussain et al., 2003).

33.1Population

Of all the provinces, the Punjab is the most populous with 7432 million people

inhabiting it. About 70% of the population lives in villages, mostly dependent upon

agriculture for their livelihood. Literacy rate is less than 30% (Economic Survey of

Pakistan, 2006 - 2007).

33.3 Topography

The land forms consist of almost leveled alluvial plains except Salt Range which elevates

lixitn 500 - 1 000 m and is the dividing line between southern plains and northern plateau

of Pothohar which on average has 450 m altitude. The southern alluvial plains of

Bahawatpur lie at the minimum altitude of!50 m above sea leveL, whereas Patriaia hills

(Murree) arc perched at the highest altitude of 2500 m (Hafeez, 1998).

33.4 Soils

Two types of soils are encountered in the province: (i) old alluvial soils which are highly

fertile plains, irrigated through a world famous canal system as well as gullied, ravined

and dissected Barani lands of Pothohar plateau which arc deep and relatively fertile and

(li) sandy deserts of Thai and Choiistan covering about 20% of the province’s land mass.

These arc unstable due to windblown sands and are calcareous and infertile in nature

(Soil Survey of Pakistan Report, 2005).

60

AGRO FARM PLANTATIONS SURVEYED,COLLECTION OF SOIL SAMPLES AND

SOIL SUfTABILITY CLASSIFICATION MAPS IN PUNJAB(STUDY AREAS)

N

AisiAM«y0

fl

km i

• m

Ml«!

*•f

•T

Sf-T+vr4 •••/ *

y 4rv4 •

um*> Q t *

RjflWiW y

LEGEND

T Shfcham

4 Eucalyptus

•Other*(Klkar,Fnish etc)

Classified areas forSoils and Land Suitability

River

Pti 0 Worti of Sjÿd M Aknwl Rshimflouny Q»pftmam. Ur>tv«f*rty Of tty F>un}«fa. UhOf».

Fig 3.1 Map Showing the Study area for Survey of Farm Plantations in Punjab

61

33,5 Climate

Climatically, Punjab falls in three zones on the basis of rainfall such os: (i) arid deserts of

Thai and Cholistan with 300 mm below annual rainfall, (ii) semi arid areas of southern

Punjab and Pothohar with 300 - 600 mm rainfall and (iii) dry subtropical tract of central

and north Punjab and Salt Range with annual rainfall ranging from 600 - 1200 mm,

Temperatures in summer may exceed 50°C at certain places. In winter, few areas

experience frost for a short period, while rains in monsoon form the bulk, that is, two

third of the total rainfall. The rest of the rain falls in winter season. Moreover, the

southern part experiences less rainfall (Hussain etal., 2003).

33.6 Land and its use

Agriculture is the major land use in the Punjab, cultivated area being 12 million ha or

58.46%of the total land area. A sizeable area of 7.15 m ha is termed as wild land which

has some potential for production other than agriculture. Out of this 0.57 m ha are under

the control of the Forest Department for management as Range Lands. Per capita

availability of cultivated area is 0.16 ha while the forest area per person is only 0.009 ha

as compared to world average of one ha per capita. It shows high population density for a

scarce resource (Sheikh eta!., 2000b).

The province of the Punjab has highly diversified landscape and environment. Extensive

Old River terraces, recent and sub recent river plains, piedmont plains and sandy deserts

with sand dunes of different heights and shapes are the major land forms where variations

in soil forming fectors have given rise to a variety of soils. Large areas have also become

water logged and saline due to seepage from canals with high rate of evaporation leaving

whitish salt deposits over the surface (Shamsi et a 1994). The latter types of soils

permit only a specific type of vegetation (Halophytes) to grow and survive. Table 3.1

shows land use pattern of Punjab province.

Land use is differentiated by three-categories i.c. canal irrigated plains, Barani (rain fed)

areas and sandy areas of Cholistan and Thai deserts. Cotton (Gossypium spp.). Rice

(Oryza saliva). Sugarcane (Saccharum ojftcinarum). Maize (Zea mays), Wheat (Triticum

aestivum). Sunflower (Helianthus annus) and Potatoes (Solatium tuberosum) are the main

agricultural crops of canal irrigated plains with fruit production of citrus (Citrus

aurmtijblta). Mango (Mangifera indica), Guava (Psidium guajava). Date palm (Phoenix

dactylifera). Lichi (Litchi ehinensis), Jaman (Syzygium cuminii) and Anar (Punica

granatum),

62

Table 3.1 Land use pattern of Punjab

S.NO Land use class Area (000 ha ) Percentage

I. Forests / Trees 626 3.06

Conifers 72 1137

Scrubs 340 53.71

Riverine 8.0651

Irrigated Plantations 149 2334

Linear Plantations 14 332

Agriculture2 12059 58.46

89.08Irrigated 10743

10.921316Rain fed

5734 27.80Range Lands3

8.071661Barren Lands (Desert rocks)4

477 231Water bodies ( Rivers , lakes ,Dams , Reservoirs)

5

03062Urban Lands6

10020619All land classes

Source; Forestry sector in the Punjab at a glance (Design of management plan Change Manga

(Sheikh etaL 2000)

63

Vegetables and lentils (Lens esculenia) are also grown. Raising forest trees along with

agricultural crops is an old practice that remains popular with the farmers. The farmers

are raising agricultural crops with trees (agroforestry) and fruit gardens (Agri-

horticullure), in the form of row plantings, m wood lots and as windbreaks (Sheikh etal.,

2000a).

In Barani (rain fed) areas of Pothohar, the main agriculture crops are wheat, maize,

millets (Pennisetum spp.), lentils, pulses. Recently groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) is

gaining importance as a cash crop. Occasionally with tube well inigation facilities as in

Hazro, tobacco (Nicotiano tabacum), sugarcane and vegetables are also grown. The lands

not fit for cultivation arc being brought under tree culture, which is supplementing

fanner's income. The gullies, undulating and barren areas are used as grazing lands with

some fodder trees coming up naturally (Sheikh et at., 2QQ0b).

In sandy areas of Thai and Cholislan, favored agricultural crops are gram (Cicer

arictinum) and Jawar - Bajra (Pennisetum glaucum). Where moisture is available other

agricultural crops like millets, lentils, and pulses are raised. Forest trees are raised in the

form of shelterbelts and windbreaks along the boundaries of fields to protect their

agricultural crops and fruit trees from wind erosion and stabilizing the sand dunes.

Scattered xerophytic trees are also found. Grazing is the main source of livelihood

(Ahmad, 1998).

3.4 Data collection and analysts

Survey has been widely used in Pakistan in the past to collect information on forest

use. The examples arc: The study on Private Public Partnership (PPP), Baseline

survey of three irrigated plantations viz Changa Manga. Lai Sohanra & Kundian for Joint

Forest management (JFM) in Irrigated Plantation of the Punjab, Initial surveys Interim

report (Sheikh et a!.. 2000a) and Wood Use /consumption and Wood-fuel Energy in

Pakistan (Siddique et at., 1997) etc. Because majority of the population of the Punjab

(study area) is illiterate, the data were collected using a structured questionnaire through

face-to-face interviews with the Agro farmers.

3.5 Questionnaire Preparation/ Methodology

The Methodology and Questionnaire Preparation along with name of districts (Table

231) where farm plantations were surveyed is described in Chapter II.

resource

64

3.6 Results and Evaluation (Personal Communication)

Based on the surveys conducted by the author and review of studies conducted earlier,

the important findings pertaining to Agroforcstry that have emerged are summarized

below

3.6,1 Trend of raising of trees on farm lands

Till the year 2000, there has been an increasing trend in the planting of different trees

species, but it has gone down a little due to marketing difficulties and cessation of

activities by the Forest Department, There are many hindrances in the free movement of

wood from different parts of the country due to restrictions imposed by the Provincial

Forest Departments. Also, farmers do not know the size and specifications in which they

should convert their farm-grown wood for ready marketing. There is a persistent

campaign of vilification against agroforestry launched by the Agriculture Department and

Table 3.3 reveals that the maximum numbers of farm plantations (65%) were raised

during die period of 1995 - 2000 when the World Bank aided programme was in force

transferring technology and monetary incentives (Nissen et at., 2001). Allcr wards the

trend of raising these farm plantations started declining due to various reasons

enumerated in discussion;

Table 3.2 Trend of raising of farm plantations in Punjab

YEAR OFRAISING FARMPLANTATIONS

AVE ZMEDIANNO OF FP N%a*eNO RANK

-1.341 13 1.01985-1990 13 52 5 o.oou38 151991-19952

168 4.0 1,343 168 65 11996-2000

Pt 25 0.003838 152001-20052.5tooOverall 257 4

Kruskal-Wallis Test: H - 2.70 DF« 3 P = 0.440 ,H = 3.00 DF = 3 P *= 0J92 (adjusted for

tics)* NOTE *One or moresmaltsamples

3.6.2 Lund tenure and its effects on Agroforestry practices

The land tenure system, which prevails in Pakistan particularly in the Punjab province

these days, has evolved under the influence of changing social and political perspectives

over a period of more than a century and a half From the legal point of view, there are

65

three broad categories of land tenures (Sheikh, 1990). Landlord system, under which the

land is owned by an individual in the form of a large land estate, is sometimes extending

over a number of villages, Present proprietorship system, under which land is owned in

small lots by the individuals who with the help of family labor cultivate the land and

‘Riyatwari system’, under which the land is held directly for the state on tenancy with

foil security of tenancy. Technically, the ownership rests with the state, but practically as

long as the occupant pays the land rent, he retains the possession ofland (Otsuka et al„

2001). However, his rights to hold the land are usually inheritable and transferable. It

has been observed that the lessees generally do not want trees in their leased land

because they think that the major beneficiary would be the owner of the land and that the

lessee would only bear the increased shade with detrimental effect on the agricultural

crops. Under the current land tenure system, the short term tenants shun growing of trees

on the land for obvious reason of shading of crops and interfering with their root system.

On the other hand, the owner cultivators prefer to grow trees along with die crops as the

practice helps monetary gains and soil conservation and improvement (Place and Hazell,

1993). It was also recorded that out of 257 farm plantations (Table 3.4), three were

lessee and 254 were owner planted.

Tabic 3.3 Result of survey for Land tenure

AVERANK

ZMEDIANNNO OF %ageNO Land Ownership FP

2.0 1.00254.00254 99 11 Owner-1.001.03.00I03 1Lessee2

1.52Over all 257 100

Kruskah-WaUis Test: H™ 1.00DF- / P- 0.317NOTE* Otic or more small samples

3.63 Land holding

If land holding is small and the farmer will not be ready to plant trees. It is only the

landlord with big holding who would be able to spare land for trees even to the detriment

of agri-crop because he would be able to afford any losses in grains if at all realizing that

the trees are like money in the bank and could be cashed like money any time. The

interesting situation came after the analysis of the data of survey that majority of the farm

plantations were raised on land holding of up to 20 acres (86%) i.e. 223 out of 257. (Table

3,5)

66

Table 3.4 Average size ofland holdings

NO HOLDING OFLAND

NO OF FP % age l N MEDIAN AVE ZRANK

1 Up to 20 223 86 1 223,00 3.0 1 .222 21-40 22 09 1 22.00 2.0 0.003 41-13! 12 I 12.00 -1.2203 1.0

100——3 !Over all 257 2.0Kruskal-Wallis Test; H = 2.O0 DF = 2 P- 0.368NOTE * One or more small samples

3.6.4 Choice of Specks

Although the environmentalist lobby discourages the planting of Eucalyptus, there are

dear advantages in planting this tree species. For example these are easy to grow, have a

comparatively fost rate of growth, are not liked by livestock and are multipurpose in end

use. The propaganda has been done against the Eucalyptus by environmentalists and under

the influence their administrator. The results of the survey revealed (Tabic 3.6) that (87%)

Agrofarmers preferred Eucalyptus while the rest of 13% farmers grow other trees like

Shisham. Kikar etc. along with Eucalyptus.

Table 3.5 Choices of Species by Agrofermers

ZN Median Averank

No Choice of species No of %i r age

2.00 -1.00223.001223 87Eucalyptus only1.001.0034.001Eucalyptus and

others _

34 132

U5100257Over all

Kniskul- iVallis Test. H = 1.00 DF= I P =0317 NOTE * One or more small sample

3.65 Choice of Agroforestry design

As a matter of routine, the tree farmers prefer to plant trees on their land in rows or

multiple of rows as in this case, trees occupy less space and the land meant for agriculture

is not reduced (Table 3.3). Also, the crop shows less effect and is more visible when trees

are planted in rows. A large number of studies all over the world on the effect of trees on

agriculture crops have indicated the benevolent effect on the crops and that is why

plantation is preferred on other designs such as inter cropping, planting in odd comers of

the land, etc (Otsuka et a/., 2001). However, the farmer has to be advised to grow the

specific tree species in saline and water logged areas, for example, eucalyptus in water

row

67

logged areas and Eucalyptus, Babul Farash, Terminalias on saline soils like (Hurries in

Sindh), while Shisham, Albizzia, Poplar etc. on agriculture land whh plenty of irrigation

water (Owino, 2005).

Table 3.6 Choice of Agroforestry designs

NO OFNO "I AGROFORESTRY\ DESIGN

MEDIAN | AVE_1 RANK% AGE] N Z

FP

J_Linear plantations2 [ Compact plantations

123 4K 1 123.00 .vi) 1.22To103 40 103.00 0.001

3 | Lin/ Comp plantot ions 31 31.00 1,0 -1-2212 1

100"

3| Overall_

Kruskat-IVaHis Test ;H = 2.00 DF = 2 P“036* NOTE * One or more small samples257 2.0

3.6.6 Pattern/ Spacing

The spacing in the Agroforestry design is very important for the agroforesters. Those who

are more interested in the trees, try to increase the number of trees by reducing the space

in between. Fanners who prefer agriculture crops would try to increase the spacing of

trees to reduce their effects on the yield of the crops. The result of survey revealed that 58

FP (21.8%) preferred the spacing 10 feet apart while majority of the farmers 113 FP

(44%), adopted the spacing 5 feet apart. However, about 54 FP (21%) fanners preferred

10 feet row to row distance and 6 feet tree to tree distance (10x6). A few farmers i.c. about

132% preferred 15 feet apart to give more emphasis on agriculture crops as this spacing

allows free movement of agricultural machinery (Table 3.8).

Tabic 3.7 showing the Choice of spacing by the agro formers

zMEDIAN AVERANK

N% ACESPACING (ft) NO OF FPNO

-1345.00 Toi51 2210X101134113.00 4.0L113 445X50.453,054.00I21543 "ioX6

200 -0.45340013 I15X15 3423100 4257

Kruskal-Wallis Test; H - 3.00 DF ~3 P 0392 NOTE * One or more small samples

3.6.7 Preference of the agriculture crops

The choice of the tree species also depended on the preference of the agriculture crop by

the Agio farmers. Tire survey of farm plantations revealed that about 39% of the fanners

preferred the wheat only in Agroforestiy in both linear and compact designs of

68

Agroforestry and 17.5% farmers also preferred die wheat along with other agriculture

crops like Jawar, Sugarcane etc, while 40% fannere did not prefer the agriculture crops,

they only preferred to grow the trees on their farm lands. About 1.9% farmers preferred

rice and wheat in their farm lands and 0.8% preferred vegetables on their form plantations

(Table 3.9).

Table 3.8 Choice of Agroforestry designs

NO | PREFERENCE OF

AGRICULTURE

NO Ol'1 % AGE N MEDIAN I AV*TRANK

L

FP

CROP

Wheal only 102 39 4.00102.00 0.71

2 Wheat other crops 45 45,00 0.0018 3.00

Wheat and rice only 05 05.00 2.00t 'I *0.71

Vegetable only 02.00 1.00 -1.41-1 02 I

5.00 1.415 No agriculture 103 1 03.0040

5 3TOTAL 257 100

Kruskal-WaUls Test: H- 4.00 DF- 4 P = 0.406 NOTE * One or more small samples

3.7 Discussion

Trees on farms are an important resource to supplement the fragile annual crops

economy and they can trap and recycle nutrients at a different deeper level of the

soil. At an adequate and compatible density, they can help control water logging.

Certain nitrogen fixing legume and other tree species can provide inexpensive

supplies of valuable nitrogenous fertilizer via the incorporation of leaf litter in soil as

described in a study by Sangha et <//., (2005). According to Khan (1989) another

important advantage of trees on farmlands is supplementing form economy without

much of additional efforts and expenses. Farmland planting of trees is like fixed

deposit available in the rainy days or at the lime of need or failure of crops due to

natural calamities. Often, the unexpected expenditures such as weddings, funeral or

during economic recessions can be met from the return of farmland trees (Pakistan

National Conservation Strategy, 1992). In view of the economic and environmental

importance of trees being grown by the fanners on their lands, it was felt very

important to undertake extensive tours of 257 farm plantations spread over various

agro ecological zones of the Punjab. Most of the agro-foreslets were of the opinion

69

lhat the trees in their farms were helpful in more than one way, Not only that the

trees readily provided fodder, fuel, small timber, shade, shelter and protection ftom

hot and cold winds, improved environment and biodiversity, but also were a very

useful source to improve their socioeconomic condition through sale of wood,

especially when there were crop failures due to natural calamities as done in a

similar study by Wu and Pretty, (2004), The sale of wood was very handy to meet

some emergent expenses on religious ceremonies, marriages of children or payment

of school/college fees. In fact, trees served as a hedge against all unforeseen

emergencies. They further thought that if hues in any way were adverse to their way

oflife, the farmers would never have planted trees on their land mention in studies

conducted by Strong and Jacobson, (2006) and BofTa, (1999). According to some

other surveys conducted by Punjab Economic Research Institute during 1999, the

number of trees per acre was 17 and it was increasing. That is why even now, 90%

of fuel wood requirements and 55% timber requirements are being met from the

trees grown by the farmers on their land, though the potential is much more. By and

large, the rural population continues to be poor, eking out a Living from a few

morsels of grain and thriving on the milk from goats, sheep and camel. As such,

ways and means have to be delineated to improve their lot. However, a natural

disaster could rum their agricultural crops dashing their hopes for a better future

(PERI, 1999). There is an adverse propaganda by the agriculture department that

trees interfere with spraying of agri-crops and suppress yields. Also, there is lack of

awareness of the problems, related with tree farmers and education amongst farmers

and the people who matter in decision making. Lack of adequate forest extension

services and continuity of agroforcstry programmes and sustainability result to

absence of marketing facilities for wood produced under agroforestry. Furthermore,

too many rules and regulations hinder inter provincial movement of wood, for

example, mar keting of poplars wood grown in the northern part of the country, while

the industry is located in toe south in different provinces as mentioned in a study

done by Sheikh et al. . (2000a). In a study conducted by Zubair and Garforth, (200S)

described about NGOs, which always suggest not planting trees for fear of reduction

in agriculture crop output, should rather convince the tree farmers lhat trees serve as

a hedge against calamitcs/emcrgencies such as floods, drought, heavy rains etc.

When the agri-crops are destroyed due to natural calamities, the farmers can sell the

70

trees to tide over the difficult situations and it is also described by Hafeez, (1998). A

serious draw back in agriculture production is the fragmentation of farms into two or

more separate holdings. Fragmentation is the result of social laws of inheritance and

acquisition through marriage. Also, it inhibits the efficiency of farming operations.

Very often, the fragments are far apart so that the movement of personnel, work

animals, agricultural equipment and even the irrigation operations becomes difficult.

The most important criterion for the success of agroforestry program is the

association and physical and mental involvement of the local population at various

tiers of the community. They have to play a very fundamental role in identifying the

needs which could be dovetailed in their socioeconomics, land ownership and

sustainable life spectrum leading to much needed prosperity in the long run, duly

observed by Franzel etal., (2001) and Scherr, (2004).

71

CHAPTER IV

ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AGROFORESTRY ON SOIL

The primary processes held responsible for the formation of high fertility around trees

relate to enhanced biological processes associated with the seasonal and long term

return of nutrients accumulated in trees to the soil through litter fall, root decay and

exudation, and their mineralization, as well as leaching of nutrients stored in canopies

(Sangha et al. 2005 and Kasongo, et al. 2010). Soil texture sometimes differs

according to tree size. Reasons behind these variations related to tree size are not

clearly understood. Increases in organic matter and improved microclimatic conditions

trees enhance soil microbial and enzymatic activity, decomposition and physical

characteristics {Tian et al, 200land Kumar, et al, 2010). Compared to open sites,

biological activity is two to three times higher. Fine soil lost ihrough wind erosion may

be intercepted by trees and deposited by through fall and stem (low. Trees also increase

soil nitrogen availability due to Nitrogen fixation (N’goran et al., 2002). Increased

fertility under trees may also be due to bird droppings and, which integrate livestock’s

dung deposition by animals which rest and feed under tree shade. The tree effect may

be more pronounced where livestock is excluded than in natural agrosilvopastoral

systems (Anon, 2000). Small trees induce little fertility change in their soil

environment. Small trees produced significantly less organic litter and root turnover

inputs. Unlike larger trees, small ones also had no dung deposited beneath them

(Brown, 2001). Nutrient enrichment by trees increases with tree size. Young trees do

not seem to influence the size of the nutrient pool significantly, and that the nutrient

concentration of sub canopy soils expands with tree size. More precise information is

needed on the dynamics of fertility of soil with increasing size of tree in relation to the

performance of linked crops, and recommendations on size/age and related conditions

of tree stands from which improved nutrient availability can potentially produce better

crop yields (Sangha et ai, 2005 and Saha, et al. 2010). Trees may also increase system

productivity by reducing nutrient losses through leaching in deep soil, and reduced soil

erosion. Trees may increase overall system productivity by increasing nutrient

availability through Nitrogen fixation and deep rooting, and their enlarged absorptive

capacity associated with mycorrbizae and fungal infection (Botha and Smith 2006),

72

However, even (hough these processes may be important in particular sites with

appropriate soil conditions and water availability, there are limitations to these

processes (Gebrehiwot, 2004). Strong, 2006 defined it as “Agroforestry is a deliberate

integration of woody components with agricultural and pastoral operation on the same

piece of land either in a spatial or temporal sequence in such a way that both ecological

and economical interaction occurs between them." The limits of production Ifom

particular soils are conditioned by quality and management practices. Thus the

activities which are basic for the promotion of the optimum land use are: land resources

inventories, evaluation of degradation hazards and production ability, enhancement of

soil fertility, land reclamation combating desertification and integrated land use

planning (Chandrshekhran, 1987 and Schmclz and Rdrnbkc, 2010). The potential

contribution of trees to soil improvement is one of tbe major assets of Agroforcstry in

general {Sanchez et at, 1997). The enhancement of soil fertility by trees is conspicuous

in studies which compare productivity of crops grown on soils formed under tree

canopies and on control soils in open sites {Craig and Wilkinson, 2004). Differences in

soil fertility as demonstrated by in situ crop productivity differ at varying distances

from the tree (Botha and Smith, 2006). Generally higher soil nutrient status under tree

cover is reflected in die mineral content of under story heibaceous species (Toney et

at 1997). Soil infertility is the result of the pressure on the land due lo a continuous

cycle of crop growing without allowing it to rest (Simons and Leakey, 2004). It,

therefore, should be realized that in order to ensure best land use, it is sigiificant that a

country's land resources be assessed in terms of fitness at different levels of inputs for

various types of land use such as agriculture, grazing and forestry (Baig, et at 2008).

Pfcffcrkom et at., (1999) suggests that if a large amount of genetic diversity has been

removed from the system, a complete replacement of taxa would require a long period

of lime. Migration in the basin was extraoidinarily quick and a return to diversity levels

took less than five million years. Regionally limited environmental alteration can also

account for different improvement rates in different regions, Monsoonal climatic

conditions favored a more rapid recovery in South Africa (Jablonski, 2002). The soil

sample were collected from various ecological zones with the technical help of the staff

of Pakistan Soil Survey of the Pakistan (PSSP) and chemical analysis of soil samples

were also done in the Laboratory of PSSP. There are ten zones of the country which

are grouped on the basis ;Climatic and edaphic considerations Physiography and

73

ecology; extent of forest & agricultural resources in each zone; site specificity: water

Jogging, salinity, commanded and uncommanded area and other landforms; the level of

biological diversity; socio-economic needs of the communities living in the zone; their

agricultural practices, soil fertility; socio-cuUurai status of the communities; the

adequacy or otherwise of irrigation water, including sub soil water and the degree of

similarity and comparability (Sharma, et al„ 20)0). The detail oT these zones has

already been discussed in Chapter 3, however, following Agroeclogical zones of Punjab

province are describe below.

4.1 AgroccLogical Zone 111 B Sandy Deserts: Apart from certain districts of Sindh,

this region covers districts of Rahim Yar Khan, Bahawalpur. Bahawalnsgar atid the

Cholistan desert. This region is characterized by elongated newly oriented sand ridges

formed by Aeolian (pertaining to wind) agencies. The detail is given in Chapter IQ.

4.2 Agrote logical Zone 111 A Sandy Deserts: This region covers the districts of

Muzaflargarb, Mianwali, Bhakkar, Khushab and Layyah with various forms of sand

ridges and dunes including, longitudinal, transverse sand sheets (Chapter IN).

4.3 Agroeclogical Zone IV A Northern Irrigated Plains; Districts of Sahiwal,

Lahore, Kasur, Okara Kaisalabad, Jhang, and part of Multan, Gujrat, Sheikhupura and

Gujranwala are covered by this region. The detail is given in Chapter 111.

4,4 Agroetlogica I Zone V Bo nmi (Rain fed) Lands: The salt range, Pothwar plateau

and Himalayan piedmont plains form this region. Climatically, a small narrow belt

lying along the mountains is nearly humid whereas in the southern part, it is semi-arid

and hot. The narrow belt has the summer mean daily maximum temperature of about

38DC with frequent cold spells. The mean monthly rainfall is approximately 200 mm in

summer and 36-50 mm in winter (December February) (Chapter 111).

4,5 Soil Texture

Soil texture is a vital soil characteristic that drives and force tree production and tree farm

management. The combined share of sand, sill, and clay in a soil determine and decide its

textural classification. Soil texture determines the rate at which water drains through a

saturated soil; water moves more freely through sandy soils than it does through clayey

soils (Harper, 2000). Soil texture also influences how much water is available to the trees;

clay soils have a greater water holding capability than sandy soils. In addition, well

drained soils typically have good soil aeration meaning that the soil contains air that is

74

similar to atmospheric air, which is conducive to healthy root growth, and thus healthy

trees (Calegari and Alexander, 1998). Soils also fluctuate in their susceptibility to erosion

(credibility) based on texture, a soil with a high proportion of silt and clay particles has a

greater credibility than a sandy soil under the same conditions. Variation in soil texture

also impacts organic matter levels; OM breaks down faster in sandy soils than in fine-

textured soils, given similar ecological conditions, tillage and fertility management,

because of a higher amount of oxygen available for decomposition (Lavelle and Spain,

2001). Soil texture drastically varies within many Agroeclogical zones. Soil physical

properties especially soil texture have a direct effect on water-holding capacity, cation-

cxchange-capacity, crop yield production capability, and Nitrogen (N) loss variations

within a field. Four Agroeclogical zones show considerable variation in sand, silt and

clay component of soil (Fig 4.1). The results revealed that Zone 111 A, Zone. II1B and

Zone V B give high value for sand and do not differ significantly for these components

(P>0,05) from one another. Zone 1VA have lowest clay component and it was

significantly less than that of Zone.IJI A. For Silt, Zone IV A gives higher value and was

significantly higher than of Zone.111 A and Zone. IV B which is different from each other

and gives high value but Zone V.B is drastically different from Zone 111 B and Zone IV A

for clay (comparison of means). The zone wise distribution of sand, silt and clay are

shown in Fig.4,1. Depth have highly considerable (P<0.01) effect on Sand, Silt and Clay

(Fig 4.2). The results shows that for Sand maximum value was obtained at >161 cm

depth which is considerably high from all other depth intervals (Multiple Range Test).

Value of silt was minimum (33.97) at 161+ cm depth and extensively higher from all

other depth intervals. All the depth intervals from 0.12 cm to 141.160 cm have similar

(not significant) value for silt but notably higher than at depth more than 161 cm.

Comparison of means given in Fig 4,2 showed that, minimum value (7.67) for day was

obtained at more than 161cm depth which is higher from that of I41-I60cm depth (not

significant) and considerably different from all other depth intervals i.e., 0.12cm to

81.1 40cm. Maximum clay was found at 36.60cm depth interval followed by 24.35cm,

61.80cm, 13.23cm and 0.12cm depth intervals. From Fig 4.2, it is clear that value of sand

first decreases and then increases as depth was increased i.e. quadratic of parabolic trend

with 94.34% value of coefficient of determination (R2). With increase in depth, values of

sill and clay has quadratic trend because both silt and clay first increases and then

decreased with increase in depth.

75

60 | aSand asm QClay |

a50

al40

1)'

•30oILL »

I V...20ftb

m10

*oZoneltl.A Zone!II.B ZonelV.A ZonoV.B

Zone

Fig.4.1 Compositions of sand, silt and clay in the soil of di ftereot zones takenfrom the depth of0-60cm in different Agroeclogieal zones

Sand - O -Silt-ÿ-- Ctay I70

f60 - .....f i

50 -X

f \40

*ÿ

1-i30 - —t20 -

10 - 't-_ _

"S

oti -is 30 4S 70 HO 150 iso

Depth (ran)

Fig 4.2 Trend showing depth wise distribution of silt, clay and sand in differentAgroeclogieal zones

76

4.6 Organic Mailer (OM)

In agro-farm plantations (FM) the annual amount of leaf fal! of mature trees varies from

zone to zone and depends upon the type of species. The results indicate that there was

no notable difference in Organic Matter (OM) between various Agrocclogical Zones,

especially under the farm plantations as majority of the farm plantations are comprised

of Eucalyptus and Kikar trees. There may be several reasons for discrepancy. The

changes in level of the OM in various zones are due to planting of various kinds of

species other than Eucalyptus and Kikar (Hafeez. 1993). The composition of the OM is

dependent upon the tree species and Agroeclogical zones of the Punjab Province. Fig

4,3 shows lira! among the various agnoeclogicaJ zones i.e. Zone 111 B, Zone IV A and

zone V B ,there is no di(Terence among these zones as for as OM is concerned

(P>0.05). The organic matter value for Zone III A is zero and for Zone MB, Zone IV

A and Zone V B is CL347, 0.270 and 0.309, respectively. The value of organic matter

was not detected for Zone HI A. The graphical representation for zone wise comparison

for organic matter is given in Fig.4J which indicates that OM decreased with the

increase in the depth of Soil.

Depth interval have notable and significant (P<0.01) effect on organic matter (Fig 4.4).

It is clear from the results that maximum organic matter (0.93) was found at 0.12cm

depth interval which is significantly different (least significant test) from all other depth

intervals i.e., 13.23cm to more than 161cm intervals (Comparison of means). Minimum

organic matter value (0.03) was found at more than 16lem depth which is

inconsequential different from 36.60cm, 61.80cm, 81.) 40cm and 141.160cm and

radically different from 0.12cm, 13_23cm and 24.35cm depth intervals. There is an

exponeniional relationship between organic matter and depth with coefficient of

determination (R:) value of 84.46% as shown in Fig.4.4. The impact of OM was

highest on fopsoil.

77

BZot»UIA BZon»llt£ aZonriVA1.2 L

1

0.8

£ 0.6

I «o>

6 0.2

Q0

& / /* 4T */ /

* *Depth (cm)

Fig.4.3 : Organic Matter content of soils from different zones taken at various depths

— o~-Zonelll.BZonelll-A1.2 —*— ZoneV.B—

51\

0.8 ,, VVXx\e

§ 0.6

£ 0.4

V,

% \\ra

6 0.2 \ —00

/ v/ / .>ÿ//Depth (cm)

Fig.4.4: Effect of depth (cm) on Organic Matter(OM) in different Agroeclogical zones

78

4.7 Nitrogen and Phosphorus

Nitrogen is one of the most important factors affecting soil fertility and productivity as

well as the growth and development of newly planted trees on farm lands. The major

portion of the nitrogen cycle occurs between vegetation especially trees and soil, only

minor exchanges generally taking place with the atmosphere and the hydrosphere. All

living trees and animals require phosphorus. Phosphorus containing compounds are

essential for photosynthesis in trees, for energy transformations and for the activity of

some hormones in both plants and animals (Gcbrchiwot, 2004). Different zones had no

differences in the Nitrogen contents i.c. value in the entire four zones did not vary

significantly (P>0.05). While ail the agroeclogical zones showed different (P<0,05)

phosphorus contents (Fig 4.5 B). Tire results of the present study shows that Zone IV A

has maximum value (52,58) for phosphorus followed by Zone V B (18.52) but

considerably different from Zone 111 B (I 5.40). It also shown that Zone 111 B and Zone

V B have nearly no difference (P>0.05) regarding phosphorus value. For Zone IB A

phosphorus value was not detected (Comparison of means).

It is concluded that there is similarities regarding the Nitrogen and Phosphorous values

(P>0,05) among diflerent depth intervals as shown by Fig 43A. Nitrogen values were

found as 1*283, 0.749, 0.772, 0.414, 0293,0.334, 0.300 and 0.001 at 0.12cm, 1323cm,

2435cm, 36.60cm, 61.80cm, 81.140cm, and 141.160cm and greater than 161cm depth

intervals, respectively. Phosphorus values were found as 20.86, 20.60 and 42.51 at

intervals 0.12cm, 1323cm and 24.35cm depth, respectively. Phosphorus values were

not traced from 36.60cm depth interval to more than 16) cm depth interval. Fig.4.6

shows that Zone III B has maximum value (0.782) for nitrogen but Zone III A, Zone IV

A and Zone V B have very low values (0.095, 0.013 and 0.011 respectively) for

nitrogen as compared to Zone III B, Zone wise comparison for nitrogen have almost no

variation (P>0.05). This contradiction is due to very much variation among nitrogen

values within Ihe zones.

There is an exponential relationship between nitrogen and depth with R” Value of

61,81% (Fig.4.6). There is no apparent relationship between phosphorus and depth.

From Fig.4.6 it is clear that depth from 50 to 200 cm, the value of phosphorus is almost

equal to zero.

79

1.2 n

1 I0.8 -!!mmm

0.6

2 0.4

0.2 •

0

ZoneJtl_A Zone_lll_B ZbneJV_A Zone_V_B

Zone

A

9080 -70 -60 *

50 -40 -

li30 * mm18

20 *

10 *

0

ZoneJII_A ZoneJII„B 2one_rV_A Zorte_V_B

Zone

B

Fig.4,5: Zone wise variation in Nitrogen and Phosphorus in different AgroecJogical zones

80

-a- ZonelllBZonelltA3 1

ZoneVS— «- - ZoU-riV

2.5

2c&©

H\£ 1.5

sz

1

il L IV

0.5

0 1—* <

/ V*** /1*

Depth (cm)

A

— c— Zone!11 BZonelllA250

ZoneV.B— ZonelVA

200

3

o150C.

n r/CL

IDO //

lSO

c

**•s»"D»pth (cm)

B

Fig.4.6: Effect of depth (cm) on Nitrogen and Phosphorus in different Agmeclogical zones

81

4.8 pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)

All trees have different pH preferences in different Agroec logical /.ones. The pH level of

the soil directly affects soil life and the availability of essential soil nutrients for tree

growth. pH of soil can help tree farmers to choose right of trees and allow the right

treatment for the soil, while the electrical conductivity indicates the amount of soluble

(sail) ions in the soil. Soil electrical conductivity (EC) is a measurement that correlates with

soil properties that influence trees productivity, organic matter level, including cation

exchange capacity (CEC), drainage conditions, salinity, soil texture, and subsoil

characteristics. The EC of soils varies depending on the amount of moisture held by soil

panicles. Sands have a low conductivity, silts have a medium conductivity, and clays have

a high conductivity. As a result, EC correlates strongly to soil particle size and texture

(Wahab et alt 2008). The effect of tree species on soil pH is most effective in the first ten

centimeter. The pH difference between Agrocclogical zones could be seen from Fig 4,7,

Never the less, the mean pH difference in soil was between 6-8. Zone wise comparison for

CEC (Cation Exchange Capacity), pH and EC is given in Fig 4.7{A & B). In four zones,

both CEC and EC have non-significant effect i,e., all the four zones have almost same

value of CEC and EC, The pH value is not similar among various zones and varies

significantly (P<0.01). The results of the present study reveals that zone 111 B have lower

pH value (6.57) as compared to all other three zones of study areas. Zone HI B, Zone IV B,

Zone IV B have considerably higher value than Zone 11LA but there is little difference in

values (not significant) of pH from on another (Least significant difference test). Zone wise

graphical presentation with means and standard error values are given in Fig.4.4A for CEC,

pH and EC. Fig 4,7 shows that CEC and pH are not varied and somewhat similar in

different depth level i.e„ CEC and pH value at different depths have tire same values. As

for as EC is concerned there is marked variation among the various zone (P<0.01). EC

value of 13.73 at depth 0 to 12 is greater and significantly different from EC value of 0.59

at depth of 161+. It is also revealed that depth from l* level (0 to 1 2cm) to level 141 to 160

have no difference (p>0.05) among them and from 2“* level (12 to 23cm) to last level of

depth (161+) have the same values (LSD test). It is clear from Fig.4.7, there is a linear

trend between CEC and different levels of depth (1ÿ=87.07%). With increase in depth, the

pH value first increased up till 50 cm depth, than decreased up till 125cm depth and again

increased (Fig.4.7), EC have exponential trend with depth as shown in Fig.4.7.

32

OZontV BOZonaJVAZonal II A10 n9 i V

:

' I

.

8 - ;;!; !

I'

- :

V

!;!!;

7 -i:6 -

5 -XA -32 -1 -0

V-TF"Depth (cm)

A

BggtaV :BOjamiBA fllcrdV A JttZpriHi 06 i

5 -

* 4 ’

|3

is

msu 2 -tf

!«

1

m L;Jit fcd0 l_L “TT

yv-

y/ y/ y

Dtpth(cm)

B

OZoreVBaZoneill 6 n_: - :. v :ÿ

16 T L

16

H - ;

J

jj !

i.S

12

10u

9 -LUU

6

i -

2

0

/s s s yw9Depth (cm)

cFig 4.7: Effect of depth (cm) on CEC, pH and EC in different Agioeclogical zones

83

4.9 Carbonates, Bicarbonate, Chloride and Sulfates

Carbonates arc perhaps the most vital dissolved component of soil solutions and in

alkaline soils this statement is even less disputable, contributing aspect in a tree chlorosis

similar to that induced by soils high in calcium carbonate (N’goran et ai, 2002), while

sulphate is a major plant nutrient, and is essential for tree growth. Agricultural crops under

trees on form land rarely respond to applied Sulfate. The sulfate ion is primarily adsorbed

by clays (Train et ai, 2001). The values forCOj, HCOj, Cl and SO* were found for Zone

111 B, Zone IV A and Zone V B. These are not found in Zone 111 A. Fig 4.10 shows that

zone wise differences for COj and HCOj have almost same similar values (P>0.05). Cl

and SO4 vary from zone to zone (Fig 4.10). The results for Cl reveal that Zone IV A and

Zone V B have same (not significant) and higher values and Zone II B and Zone V. Zone

V has also almost similar values from each other. Zone IV A is considerably different from

Zone 111 B regarding Cl value (LSD test). Similar results are found for SO4 i.c. value of

SO* in Zone V B (7.92) docs not differed from Zone ill B (6.37) and Zone 1V.A (1 1.75)

but value of SO4 for Zone III B is considerably differ from Zone IV A. The same results arc

presented in Fig.4.8, Effect of different depth levels on COj show no abrupt variation

(P>0.05) in results (Fig4.8). The mean values of CO3 at different depth levels are ranged

from 0.089±0.056 to 2.087±1.740. For HCOj, considerable (P<0.01) differences were

found regarding different depth levels. The results of study shows that maximum HCOj

(3.40) was found at 0 to 12 cm depth level and it is radically (P<0,05) differed from

2435cm, 81.l40cn to >161cm depth levels. Cl is drastically (P<0.01) differed for different

depth levels (Fig 4.9). Maximum (7.60) Cl was found at 24.35cm depth and statistically

different from depth level >16!cm (1-66) which is lowest value. There is highly

considerable (P<0.01) results for SO*. At 13.23cm depth level, maximum SO4 (14.36±3.99)

was found at par with 0.12cm and 24,35cm depths but extensively differs from depth level

36.60cm to >16lem (Comparison means table). COj values are drawn against different

depth levels in Fig.4.9. The exponential relationship was found between COj and depth

with R1 = 89,37%. Fig.4.5a shows that COj value decreases till 60cm depth and then

almost remains same up 10 180cm depth. The trend between HCOj and depth level is

somewhat quadratic. Linear trend was shown (Fig.4.9) between Cl value and depth levels

with RJ-82.42% i.e., with increase in depth, Cl value linearly decreases. The similar trend

(linear) was found between SO4 values and depth intervals with R1=82J3%. This trend is

also decreasing trend as SO* increased with decrease in depth level.

64

eCarbonata sBicarbonate QChlonde Sulphate16

14

« 12sv 10

Ae* 8sg .s 6

jiiJBI II

O 4

2

0

Zona VBZona IVAZons IIJA Zona 1115

Fig.4.8: Zone wise variation m Carbonates, Bicarbonates, Chloride and Sulphates

-o- ZonelHB

ZnneV.BZonelHA— *- -ZonelVA

3

25 a2

SV1 S

IVdu Si

S S S s / *"Depth (cm)

0.5

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ft

4ft

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t*

o

/f S fDepth (cm)

Fig.4,9: Effect of depth (cm) on Carbonates and Bicarbonatcs in the soil of different

Agiueclogical zones.

85

— — Z*r*#A — 0“ - ?nn»lll B — •--Zanrf/A ~»ii— Zon*V.e

1ft

«M

-i 12

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J—c- ZontllLBZonelllA«

a36 ,r\

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// / / / sKDepth (cm)

Fig.4.10: Effect of depth (cm) on Carbonates, Bicarbonates, Chloride and Sulphates in the

soil of different Agrocclogical zones.

86

4.18 Calcium plus Magnesium, Sodium and Potassium

Every tree needs calcium to grow as an essential element of nutrients available in

the soil. Once permanent, calcium is not mobile in the tree. It is an important

ingredient of cell walls and can only be supplied in the xylem sap. Thus, if the

tree runs out of a supply of calcium, it cannot remobilize calcium from older

tissues. If transpiration is reduced for any cause, the calcium supply to growing

tissues will rapidly become insufficient (Sangha et at., 2005 and Singh, et at..

2010). Contrary to this, Magnesium is the fundamental core of the chlorophyll

molecule in tissue of tree. Thus, if Mg is scarce, the shortage of chlorophyll

results in poor and diminutive growth of trees. Magnesium also facilitates to

activate particular enzyme systems. Magnesium is rich in the earth's crust. It is

found in a extensive variety of minerals. Magnesium becomes accessible for tree

use as these minerals weather or break down. Magnesium is detained on the

surface of clay and organic matter particles. Although this exchangeable form of

Mg is available to trees, this nutrient will not readily leach from soils. There is

an "ideal" ratio of calcium to magnesium in soils (Ahmad et at., 2006). Results

for Ca+Mg are highly variable (P<0,01) in different Agroeclogical zones of the

Punjab Province (Fig 4.10). In Zone III A, the value of Ca+Mg was absent. The

results shows that maximum and similar values of Ca+Mg ware found in Zone

IV A and Zone V B but extensively different from value of Ca+Mg in Zone

HI.B. The zone wise graphical presentation for Ca+Mg is given in Fig.4.10

(Least significant difference lest). Depth also effect Ca+Mg values in the soil

(Fig 4.10). Maximum Ca+Mg was found at 13.23cm followed by all depth levels

except >191cm depth. Depths levels 0.12cm and 13.23cm have different value of

Ca+Mg from depth level of >161cm (Comparison of means). Fig.4.10 reveals

cubic trend between Ca+Mg and depth levels with R5i£90.46%. It is clear from

Fig.6a that Ca+Mg decreases with increase in depih till approximately at 60cm

level. After 60cm to 150, a negligible or small increase was seen in Ca+Mg

values and after that it decreases with increase in depth up to 180cm (Fig 4.10).

87

Potassium is an vital nutrient for tree growth. Because huge quantities are

absorbed from the root zone in the manufacture of most agronomic crops, it is

classified as a macronutricnt. Soil commonly contain over 20000 parts per

million (ppm) of total Potassium (K). Nearly all of this is structural component

of soil minerals and is unavailable to the plants. The trees use only exchangeable

K on the surface of the soil particles and K dissolved in the soil water. This often

amounts to less than 100 ppm. Potassium is involved in many plant metabolism

reactions, ranging from lignin and cellulose used for formation of cellular

structural components, to regulation of photosynthesis and production of plant

sugars that are used for various plant metabolic needs. It controls water loss from

trees and is involved in overall tree health. Soils that have adequate potassium

allow trees to develop rapidly and outgrow tree disease, insect damage and

protect against winter freeze damage (Harper, 2000). The results indicate that

there is no significant difference among the value of K in all Agroeclogical zone

(P>0.05). There was not much variation for potassium value found in different

zones e.g. Zone IV A (13.68±2*23) and Zone V B (14.25*4.83) have similar

values (P>0.05) for potassium and Zone HI A (0.02*0.001) and Zone III B

( 1.52±0.40) have also similar values and do not differ from each other (P>0.05).

But Zone IV A and Zone V.B with maximum values arc notably different from

Zone III A and Zone III B Similar results arc shown in Fig.4,11. Both sodium

and SAR are similar in all zones and very less variation was observed (P>0.05),

For Zone III A* values for sodium and SAR were not found. Fig.4.11 shows zone

wise mean ± standard error values regarding Na and SAR. The result (Fig 4.12)

shows mark difference (P<0.01) among the depth levels for potassium value.

The maximum K was found at 13.23cm depth and minimum at 81.160cm.

Potassium at 0.12cm depth decreased considerably (P<0.05) from K at 81 to

)40cm level of depth. Depth levels from 0.12 to >161cm have same value of K

except at 81.140cm depth. And from 13.23cm to >161cm levels of depth have

almost similar values and (P>0.05) differ with one another. The graph between

depth and potassium shows exponential trend (Fig 4.10). This mean that K is

es

found up io level of 30-60 cm and ihen its concentration considerably decrease

and almost negligible. The zone V B has no sign of the K because this zone is

almost located in hilly / scrub areas. The data indicates that the K have very less

effective role in Zone V B as majority of the plantations are comprise of

Eucalyptus plants. A soil rich in sodium, known as a “sodic" soil, in which

sodium occupies an surplus amount of space on soil exchange sites. As soil

sodium levels boost soluble calcium levels reduce and its soluble calcium that

gives soil it’s friable, loamy, porous structure. A constant decline in soluble

calcium brought on by ever increasing soil sodium causes the soil to lose these

encouraging structural properties, ensuing in impaired drainage and increased

compaction. Toxicity arising from the sodium ion itself is rare, due to the fact

that problems with soil structure usually arise well before sodium can build to

toxic levels (Ahmed, et ait 2006). A soil high in salt, also known as a “saline"

soil, is one in which soluble salt levels impair turf health by making it difficult

for Ihe plant to extract water from the soil. Sodium salts are critically important

because they have the potential to impair soil structure. Though sodium can be

involved in each condition, but a saline soil relatively / frequently contains very

minute sodium. Moreover, soils high in sodium are often low in soluble salts.

The results of the study reveals that Sodium varies (P<G.0t ) in different levels of

depth (Fig 4.12). Value of sodium was found at 24.35cm depth followed by

0.12cm, 13.23cm, 36,60cm, and 61.80cm, Minimum value of Na was at depth

>161cm. Fig.4.6a reveals almost linear trend between different depth levels and

sodium value. As depth increases sodium decreases (Comparison of means,

maximum). The value of SAR at different levels of depth is not similar and

varies (Fig 4.13). Maximum SAR was found at 24-35cm depth level which is

almost similar (P>0.05) but higher from 13-23cm, 36,60cm, 61.80cm depth

levels and significantly (P<0.05) lower from 0-12cm, 81-l40cm, 14 J -160cm and

>16lcm depth levels. The relationship between SAR and depth is cubic like,

SAR value increased from 0 to 40cm depth level, than decreased up to 150cm

and then show some increasing trend {Fjg 4.13).

89

QZoneV.B Jazonelil-A BZontlll.BL12

10

£ 8

i2*! »g

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I ,n0 0

/ / // / /Depth (cm)

Pig.4.11: Effect of depth (cm) on Ca+Mg in the soil of different Agroeclogical /ones.

BZonelll.8 QZonelVA25, L

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Kig.4.12: Effect of depth (cm) on Potassium (K) in Ihc soil of different Agroeclogical /ones.

90

35 l L aZon&IILA BZonoHI.B DZonsIVjA

30

25

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Fig.4.13: Effect of depth (cm) on Sodium (Na) in the soil of different Agrocclogical zones.

ozon»ivÿDZOWIIM OZotwIIIB25

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Depth{cm}

Fig.4.14: Effect of depth (cm) on SAR in the soil of different Agroeclogical zones.

91

4.11 DISCUSSION

Ecological effects include the environmental condition at which living organism

easily survive. In case of agioforestry, a type of soil is one of the major factors for the

classification of different suitable species of plants. A comparison of the

characteristics of soils under various farm plantations necessitates a prior evaluation of

their particle size and composition in order to ascertain whether the soils were

texturally similar as discussed by Dixon et al„ (2001). Mostly the plant species require

well drained, medium texture soils, with average physical environment in which

salinity problem is negligible pointed also by VanWilgen etai, (2004). The suitability

classification of soil are based on several parameters, can help in predicting the best

growing field crops, horticultural crops, forest species and other plantation crops once

the suitability criteria is established (Nel et ai.2004). The FAO land suitability

classification system has four different categories: Orders, Classes, Subclasses and

Units. On the basis of which the data composed of four regional groups included Zone

111 A, Zone 111 B, Zone IV A and Zone V B. In the 0-10 cm layer, the mean

proportions of sand and silt under farm plantation were similar to those of the

corresponding layer where no trees were present as mentioned in a similar study by

Simons and Leakey, (2004), The mean proportion of clay was however, radically

higher under plantation soil at the 1% confidence level (Fig 4.1). In the immediate

subsoil layer of 10-20 cm, with reference to the mean proportion of the sand, there

was no difference in the top soil of Acacia nthlieu and Eucalyptus. As in the topsoil

layer, the mean proportion of clay was higher in the 10-20 cm layer of the plantation

soil. The implication of the higher amounts of clay in the plantations, soil is that it

would have a higher capacity of adsorbing nutrients than soil under Zone DI.B other

things being equal. Soil textural composition influences soil density. Clayey soils

usually have lower densities than sandy soils. Since the amount of clay in the 0-10 cm

layer of soil under the Zone V was virtually twice that of the Zone U.B and Zone III A,

one would expect the soil bulk density to be lower under the Zone V' than under the

Zone 111 b and Zone III A which resembled ihe results of study conducted by Malik

and Sharma, 1990). Soil texture analysis for differences among different zones for

sand, silt and clay shows that considerable difference was found among these zones.

By comparison it was found that Zone 111 A, Zone I11B and Zone V B give high value

can

92

for sand and do not differ significantly from one another. Zone IV A have low value

and significant different from Zone lll.B. For Silt, Zone IV A gives higher value and

considerably high from that of Zone III A and Zone IV B but with Zone 111 B.

Similarly, Zone V B and Zone 111 A have no-significant difference from each other

and give high value but Zone V B is significantly different from Zone III B and Zone

IV A for clay. Depth lias highly considerable effect on Sand, Silt and Clay. Sand

showed that maximum value obtained at >161 cm depth in Zone V.B which is clearly

different from all other depth intervals. Minimum value (33.97) was observed for silt

at 161+ cm depth and considerably different from all other depth intervals but from

0.12 cm to 141,160 cm depth silt have similar value which notably higher than depth

more than 161 cm. While for clay minimum value was obtained at more than 161cm

depth and maximum clay was found at 36.60cm depth. It was observed that proportion

of clay and silt decrease with increase in depth as compared to sand which contains

maximum proportion of soil and up to the 200cm depth more sandy soil found.

Calegari and Alexander, (1998) revealed in a study that organic matter (OM) contains

carbon compounds that were formed by living organisms. It covers a broad range of

things like lawn clippings, leaves, moss, algae stems, branches, lawn clippings,

lichens any parts of animals, manure, droppings, sewage mud, sawdust, insects, and

microbes and earthworms. The results indicate that OM was present maximum in the

upper layer and decrease with increase in depth. Four zones do not differ extensively

for organic composition. Maximum organic matter value for Zone 111 A at depth from

0-12cm as compared to Zone 111 B is observed, While Zone IV A and Zone V B shows

minimum organic matter value and the value of organic matter was very less detected

for Zone V. Depth interval had significant effect on organic matter. From comparison

it is clear that maximum organic matter was found at 0.12cm depth interval while

minimum organic matter value was found at more than 161cm depth rather it is

negligible.

Results showed that Zone 111 B has maximum value for Nitrogen but Zone III A, Zone

IV.A and Zone V.B have very low values for nitrogen as compared to Zone III B.

Zone wise comparison for Nitrogen has no considerable variation. Maximum

phosphorus value in Zone IV A was observed. It was shown that Zone 1II.B and Zone

V A have almost similar value regarding phosphorus. For Zone HI A phosphorus

93

value was not detected. No obvious relationship between phosphorus and depth while

an exponential relationship between nitrogen and depth was observed, According lo

depth maximum nitrogen values value from 0-12 cm depth was loutid and minimum at

161cm depth interval. Maximum value for phosphorus was found at 24-35cm depth

show considerable different between different depth intervals regarding nitrogen and

phosphorus values which were not traced from.36.60cm depth interval to more than

I61cm deplh interval as did by Coxand Hendricks, 2000. In four zones, both CEC and

EC are appreciably different. Zone V B show maximum value than others. Regarding

to depth Zone IV A and Zone V B show zero value as from 36-60cn deplh interval lo

161+ cm deplh. While Zone IILB shows maximum EC value and it decrease in Zone

Hl.A. Kjogh et al., 2000 also showed similar result that pH value shows no difference

regarding zone. Zone III A has extensively lower value for pH of 6.57 as compared to

all other three zones. Zone IUB, Zone IV B, Zone IV.B have considerably higher value

than Zone HiA but not notably differ front one another. The effect of various tree

species on soil pH varies in the first ten centimeters of the topsoil. The pH difference

between zones can be equal to 1 pH unit in the topsoil. But the average pH difference

in soil was between 02 and 0.4 pH unit as Hamid et al.. (2006) did similar type of

study. Results revealed that CEC and pH have no significant effect regarding deplh i.e,

CEC and pH value at different depths have the same pH value. There is highly

considerable effect of different depths on EC value. The values for COj, HCOj, Cl and

SO4 were found for Zone 111 Bf Zone fV A and Zone V B that was not found in Zone

HI A. Results show that zone wise differences for COj and HCO* are oegltgible.

Similar value of SO4 in Zone V.B is slightly differed from Zone Ilf.B and Zone IV.A

but value of SO* lor Zone 1U B is notably different from Zone IV A. The same results

at different depth levels on CO3. For llCOj, differences were found regarding different

depth levels. By comparison maximum llCO.i was found atO lo 12 cm deplh level, Cl

at 24.35cm depth. Andrew, 1999 also confirmed that there were highly variable results

for SO4. At 1 323cm depth level, maximum SO4 was found while COj value decreased

till 60cm depth and ihen almost remained same up to 180cm depth. A result for

Ca+Mg varies in different zones with respect to Ca+Mg. In Zone HE A, the value of

Cs+Mg was absent. Almost similar values of Ca+Mg ware found in Zone IV A and

Zone V B but different from value of Ca+Mg in Zone ni B as describe in a study by

Ben-and Epena, 1999. Krogh, et al. 2000 confirmed that for potassium value which

94

was found to be slight different for Zone 111 A and Zone III B but Zone IV A and Zone

V B show maximum values. Both Sodium and SAR were not different regarding

zones. For Zone III A, values for sodium and SAR was not found. Depth has highly

considerable effect on Ca+Mg values and shows that maximum Ca+Mg was found at

13.23cm followed by all depth levels except >191cm depth. Depths levels 0,12cm and

13.23cm have different value of Ca+Mg from depth level of >161cm. After 60cm to

150 slight increase was seen in Ca+Mg values and after that it decreased with increase

in depth up to 180cm. Differences among depth levels for potassium value shows that

maximum K was found at 13.23cm depth and minimum at 81.160cm. Potassium at

0.12cm depth was different from K at 81.140cm level of depth. Similarly for sodium

value radically difference was observed at different levels of depth. Maximum value of

sodium was found at 24.35cm depth and minimum value ofNa was at depth >16lem,

as depth increases sodium decreases as described by Ahmad, el al.t 2006. The value of

SAR at different levels of depth is also highly different. Maximum SAR was found at

24.35cm depth level which was not significantly differed from 13.23cm, 36.60cm, and

61.80 cm depth levels.

95

CHAPTER V

PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

5.1 Introduction

The relationship of vegetation (under growth of trees) and soil characteristics is so

inter-dependent that they become indicative of each other. A habitat under certain

existing environment would permit plants adapted to the site condition thus the soil-

planl-relationship becomes so intimate that plants reflect the ecological conditions

of the inhabited area (Boggs, 2000 and Kumar et al, 2010). At the top of these

considerations, the application of vegetation analysis is manifold. Firstly as the form

of a study to monitor the effects of progressive pollution of the environment;

secondly as a sequential study on the effects of man upon environment in term of

recreation and agriculture within areas of great aesthetic landscape beauty; thirdly to

provide a scientific phytosociological, photography and ecological basis for

conservation or reclamation; and fourthly to produce syniaxanomy of the world

vegetation (Mignaut, et al., 2010). The phytosociological aspects will be taken into

consideration more related to salt affected soil and their relation and ultimately to

study the impact of salinity on the agrolbrestry. Most of the marginal lands in

Punjab have resulted from various degrees of water-logging and salinity. In the

semiarid climate the rainfall is irregular and insufficient to remove soluble salts

from the soil; within the soil salts are drawn upward by capillary action and

accumulate within the soil profile at the surface, when water evaporates. These soils

are cither saline and saline sodic or sodic and this salinity and water-logging which

have become more pronounced after 1950 is due to ill-skilled methods of irrigation

(Sheikh et al.. 2000).

Before the introduction of weir controlled irrigation, depth to ground water-table

ranged between 30 to 100 feet. There existed a dynamic equilibrium between

various components, ground water recharge and discharge, so that water table was

almost in static condition with little seasonal fluctuation. After the commissioning

96

of lower Clienab and upper Chetisb canals in Rechna Doab in the late 191*1 centuiy,

the hydrologic regime was disturbed due to seepage from irrigation channels and

infiltration from the irrigated fields. In the absence of proper drainage, (he excessive

recharge resulted in the rise in the ground water table; on the average it rose by

about one fool per year during the period 1900 to 1960 (Sheikh et at 2000a),

Depth to water table in the 45% of lire area was 0.5 ft, and in 29% of the area, it was

5-10 feel before undertaking the anti-water logging measures like pumping with

tube wells and digging surface drains (Pakistan Country Report, WAPDA 1975),

The adverse process of saltslinization and alkalization, have dexterous effects not

only on soil but also on water and on the general environment; they can make it

unfit for human habitation and even vegetation. Therefore, the theoretical and

practical research that is being done in the field of salt affected soils is essential to

the explanation of the processes of salinization and sodication that render vast

expanses of the land unfit for agriculture. Changes in vegetationsI composition also

occur with change in salinity. Generally there is a sharp decrease in species

diversity with even a low increment of soil salinity and that further drops m

diversity until only one or two species arc left which are capable to tolerating the

salinity extremes (Haider, and Qaiser, 2009),

Climate plays an important role in the formations of salt affected soils;

geomorphologic, hydrological, biological, topographical and hydro-geographical

conditions also exert great influence on their formation and according to Bargali et

al (1998) and Wahab et at., 2009, the plant cover also contributes to the migration

and accumulation of salts m soils,

The importance of this part of studying this phenomenon has been realized all over

the world. Studies on saltaftnizalion and alkalization of soil, studies on vegetation in

relation to soil, have been earned out by various scientists in different countries of

the world. As such considerable literature in this regard is available and we may not

dilate on that. Moreover the type of research work which we have undertaken is

hardly available in local scientific literature. Simply description of vegetation along

with soil eharacteristies have been carried out by many authors (Shah el at.. 1961;

Chaudhry and Sheikh 1961; Rutter and Sheikh 1962; Mirza and Bashir 1996; Dc

Velice et ai, 1999; Bunco et at. 1999; Tansley, 1999; Boggs, 2000; Mishra et al.

97

2002; Kumar et aL 2004; Ahmed et ai,, 2006 ; Mignaut, et ai, 2010). Chaudhry

(1953) has described the vegetation of “Bara” Lands of Punjab and that of water

logged areas of Sheikhupura District- Qadir et ai. (1966) carried out a

phytosociological survey at Karachi campus, recognizing six distinct plant

communities and correlated the diversity of the vegetation with edaphic conditions.

The Chapter presents the analysis and result of die ecological/sociological study

carried out in 2006 of some of the salt affected areas under farm-plantations in

Fcrozewala district Sheikhupura to ascertain the impact of salinity on the soil and

ultimately on the income of the farmers,

The land of this district is used Jbr general cropping under irrigation from canals

and lube wells or open surface wells. The main crops are wheat, sugarcane, cotton,

barseem, clovers, millets, rice and orchards. The soils are moderately to strongly

saline and possess intermediate structure . The vegetation of these soils here and

there was seen extensive patches of halophytic species. The diagnostic species of

sample area were Snaeda frulkosa. Kochia rndica, DiplachneJusca. Desmostachya

bipinnata, Athagi maurorum, Sporoboius arabicae, Potypogon monspeliensis.

Erythrae ramosissma. Veteveria zyzanioides, imperata cyiindrica. Sctrpus

maritimus.and Typha angustata. There were also many companion species. Due to

the rising of salinity the growth J cultivation of minor crops is becoming more non

profitable (Miiza and Bashir, 1996; Naz etai. 2010).

During these studies more than 300 Rclcv'es were taken and association were

tabulated according to the Methods given by the Shimwell (1973) and Whittaker,

1976. The format for the description of the association is as follow:

Name of Association: Whenever possible referred to a unit or association already

described;

Number of samples: The number of Rdcv’cs collected for each association, sub

association and noda;

Florisue characteristic: Referto over a U physiognom ic structures and

Ecological characteristics: Soil texture, pH, conductivity concentration of cations

and anions. Following associations were recognized:

98

Association 1 . Suacdetum fruticosae

Association 2, Kochictum indicum

a) Sub association Kochictosum indicum

b) Sub association Desmostachyetosum bipinnatac

Association 3, Diplachnetum tuscae

a) Sub association Diplaclinetosum fuscae

b) Sub association Albagetosum maurare

Association 4. Desmostachyclum bipinntac

Association 5. Alhagictum maurarae

Association 6. Sporoboletum arabicae

Association 7. Polypogaetum monspeliensac

Association No 8, Erythraeo- polypogaetum - mon spelicnsae

a) Sub Association Polypogoetosum monspeliensac

b) Sub Association Eiylhractosum ramosinac

c) Sub Association alhagietosum mauraroe

Association No 9, Veleviarielum zyzanioides

Association No 10. Imperatum cytindrieac

a) Sub Association lmperatetosutn cylindrieae

b) Sub Association Dicanthietosum annulatae

Association No 1 1 . Scripelum martimae

a) Sub Association Sciipctosum maritimae

b) Sub Association Polypogon-phaspaletosum-distichae

Association No 12. Typhetum angustitae

99

52 Association 1: SuHcdetum fruticosac

In Table 5J, twenty two (22) stands of different areas show fluhsiic composition of

this association. The stands show Suaeda jhtticosa is dominant with constancy class

V and Kochia mdica is differential species with constancy class V. Alhagi

mauronm, Acacia arabica, Conyza amibgua: Cynodon dactylon. Dicanthium

annulatum; Diplachnefusea and Typha angustata with low constancy class and arc

companion species. At many places, the majority of the plants found frequently and

is sparsely distributed. At many places the diagnostic species was more than 4 feet

high and the associate species were trees such as Acacia arabica; Salvadora oieoides

and Tamarixsp.

Many sub associations and variants can be recognized which can tolerate wide range

of salinity from non saline to highly saline, xcric to mesic habitat. Suaedafruticosaoccurs in several plant communities of Inland salt deserts. Many growth forms of

this species were seen in a natural habitat. In highly saline soil it may be dwarfed and

possess a prostate growth form or may appear as a single stemmed plant in locations

of tower salinity it shows much more robust growth and commonly tl occurs with

several main shoots due to branching at the base,

Highly saline soils contained plants ranging from 30 to 70 cm tall and some

individuals were found more than 100 cm (all. It appears that salinity, nitrogen and

organic contents

The association is well distributed in moderately saline habitats of Kula Shah Kaku,

Chak35f and G.T.Road Femzewala, opposite Daighi Park, Darghi Park and Ahmad

Nagar Ferozewala.

100

I'll ble 5.1 The vegetation distribution in Association Suaedetum frutieosae

IS 16 n IS 19 20 II 22 CLA141 12 13KiuitUBg Number 2 J 9 10J 7 3 114 6

KSK KS KSK KSK KSK KSK KSK RIF RIF RIF C3S DPF KSK KSK KSK KSK OOP C3S GTR C3S C43 ANFKtkcv’i CmJt So:

VV FE FFK

200 36 163 196(2J 255 254 257 259 233 8566 69 J14 70 71 320 66 251 252 253 84

44 44 44 44 44Art* of Mrlo'r ml 4 44 4 4 44 4 4 4 44 4

60 75 60 75 307S 70 30 70 82 90 85 90 85 80 75 75 60 65 66 65 68%jiÿe oner

5 K4 63 J33 J33 3 2No. of ipnlu 2 35 5 34 3 26 6

V5 567 677 7latda InitiiIMO 77 87 6 9 87 6 6 * S6 9

IV3 23 33 23 3Kuchin initial 22 2 33 2 23 2 2 2++

IIV22 42fnma aruhru 5 22 4 4+ 4

IIAthaj;i maunman 525 5 4+

24C flityza amblgua J 5

35t jnodon liinfyion 3

1 I3Uicairlhiim ,tmt.il,nnm 3

1I'Hfiiuchnnt fuxca

lypha angiuieta

Alto in JRWCI1VJ \'O. (KSK-J20) jihyia nodithmi-2

3

t2 (3 3 3 4

101

Table 5.2 Soil characteristic of Association Suacdcluni fruticosae

-2-2-1-1+2+2RELliV’E SOIL +1NA +1K.SOIL TEXT pH EC

CO,SO*ClCODE NO, SAMPLES HC05CA+MGCLASS

7.TO45.003.00KSWF 61,00ISSilly loam 7.S 10.210 5,5

149.20 399*0C35L 120Silly kiam 31 2012 772550 0.1Si

J 60DPF 4.601605,6016 055Sandy loam 127.0 11.8

5.304.80C35F 2.405.6023 I.2S 1 1 .05 0.53Silly loam 8.0

IHl.ua 106 00 102.0RIF 51.0012.0034 +43.76 3.89Silly clay In am 10.40 44.00

16.1X1GTK.F 4.403.613.635 13.17 0.87Sandy loam 2.408,00

127 00RTW 13.60026 36Silty loam 0839 4.009.00 2.40

0,1KSK 0.62.87.243 Loamy sand 1.390,758.TO 14.49

51.68.65 66.856.79 50271.96 1.458,37 14.06

M tAQ

13.0121.826 83 601524 52.93 0.40STANDARDERROR

0JS

102

53 Association 2: Association Kochicturn indicum

In Table 5.3, twenty stands of different areas show the floristic composition of this

association. The stands show that Kochia indica is dominant with constancy class V

Suaeda jruticasa and Desmostachy bipinnatae are differential species with constancy

class V and IV respectively. Cynodon dactylon; Alhagi maurorum, Sporobolus

arabicus, Spregula rubra, Rumex dentatus and Pegtmum harmala have low

constancy class and are companion secies.

The association is represented by two sub associations, sub association typicum

when: Kochia was dominant and other species were sparsely distributed, while sub

association Kochictosum indicum and sub Desmostachyetosum bipinnatae show

Desmostachy bipinnatae constant along with Kochia indica, while other species were

very rare.

The association has the soil characteristic with texture class sandy loam, silty loam;

pH 7,50 to 8.60; conductivity 0.99 to 4.00 m.mhos/cm; Sodium and Potassium 5.9 to

27 m.cq/1 and 0,25 to 0.77 m.eq/1 respectively Calcium plus Magnesium 2.00 to

10.8* sulfates 1.00 to 20.5m.eq/L Bicarixmatcs 2.02 to 6,00 m.c q/1. Carbonates were

totally absent mentioned in this association Table 5.4.

The association is well distributed in moderately saline habitats of Ferozewala

Stands of associations were collected from Kala Shah Kaku.

103

Tii bio 5.3 The vegetation distribution in Association Kochictum indicum

Sul) Assodulinn Kochieiosum indicum DcsmostachyfMsurn hipinnatacSub Association

CLASS20IVJ7 IK15 Id1312 14IIKimiiliig Mu. Z 8 III3 5 7 VI 4 6

KSk KSKKSK KSK KSK KSK KSKKSK KSK KSK KSK KSK KSK KSK KSK KSK KSK KSK KSK KSKRclcv'c Cwle V&.

334 331335333331343345y.u 344347337 339 341 350 34ft336 346 341 34933«

4444 4444Arc* ofRelo 'em! 4 44 4 44 44 4 4 44

HS VOvt. HO6565 6070%Hllc cover 85 6000 HUNV 75 8585 711 HO

5 K5 573 3 435 3 3N«. of ipectrt 1 2 31 1 2 2 42

7 V77778 76Ktnliln intiicn 7 67H 7 7 68 7 7 78

3 V54J 1131IwAle/nifniM l5 4 3 65 64

53 IV3 l2 I23 2On movloi hy i55

bipinnaln

II12 21 +CyfiiJitit dartytoN 4

II22 2+Atkttl mauntrum i3 +

3 +Ru IMJI-V denutut'.

I3Pryunum jp

104

Tabic 5.4 Soil characteristic of Association Kochictum indicum

-2SOIL TEXT CLASS -I -2IK -2+2 -1EC UNAPHKELtV'E SOIL

CL SO* CO*CA MO I ICOiCODE NO SAMPLES

2454 00 600 12.517.00 0 51S-45 2.1Silt)1 loamKS\VF 44

1.5 1.00025 6 00 6.007,85 0.15 250SandyKSKF 45

2.00 2J0590 0.37 9,007,55 0.99 5-90Silty loamKSKF 46

16 70 2055077 10 80 2804.00 27.60Clay loam 7 5KSKF 47

5.60 3 SO320 6601.60 12.80 0.31Silty loam 8.45KSKF 48

4.68 7.6613.16 6 607.96 11.140.441 90

Mean

0.94 2.99 4.740.09 1.44020 0.56 4.4)STANDARD ERROR

105

5.4 Association 3: Association Diplachnclum fuscae

The association Diplachnetutn fuscae is characterized by dominance and constancy

class V. Salinity indicating species Suaeda fruticosa and Albagi mattrorum are

frequent, two sub associations recognized are sub associations Diplachnetosum

fusca. sub association Alhagietosum maurorae, Imporata cylindrica. Acacia arabica,

Sonchus taper, Polygola abyssinica. Dicanthium amndatum are companion species

with low constancy class.

The Table 5.5 shows that this association has texture class loam, pH ranges in

between 8.00 to 9.4, electrical conductivity 0.65 to 66.00 tn.m hos/cm, Sodium

concentration 0.26 to 4.37 m.cq/1, Calcium plus Magnesium 0.8 to 30,40 m.eq/J;

Bicaibonates 0.16 to 5.6; Chloride concentration 0.6 to 399.00 Sulfates 2,6 to

316,00, Carbonates arc present only in one sample i.e. 3.2 m.eq/1 (Table 5.6).

Stands of associations were collected from Chak No. 45 Ferozcwala, Al-Sheikh

Trust Hospital; Kala Shah Kaku and opposite Darghi Park. This is also called as

Kallar grass and well distributed in most of the salt affected areas. Diphchttefusca is

suitable species for cultivation with salt afleeted soil.

106

Table 5.5 The vegetation distribution ill Association dlplnchnctum FtiscacSith uttadutioil Dlplwhjietiiiuin finea i; Sub auMHiilJun VlhJijjivfrmiiii muurorur

19 20 2! 22 23 24 2S CLA10 tl 12 13 IS 16 178 145 7 9 IX4 6321Rutininu No

SS

C45 C45 C4J C4S C45 C4) C43 C4) C43 C4J C43 AST C43 our KSK C43 C4J C4S C4J r*s C4J C4] KXKRdfV Code No C4) C*3

r f f rf F F F F F fF F H F F FrF Ff FF

316 146 147 US |49 130 210 291 31] 134136 (42 137 142 14) 283 144 284It139 140 1)1 8 104

4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 44 44 4AreflofRdev'e 4 4

m2

93 90 95 98 99 98 70 80 80 8590 90 TO 60 60 60 85 80 80 75 89 90 88 90Percentage cover 90

3 3S 3 3 22 2 3 31 I 5 3 2I t KI 1 11No ul species

9 7 7 78 X 8 9 9 9 V8 8 8 8 8 78 8 9U/J.U Awr/nted 9 9 S 889

2 4]MMtl flMKIM

3 2 i3 2 2 (> II3 6 6

J 5 34 3 5 IIfjryrenijfl

I+ +aralm'c

4 I,Viiii i Inn Ji/irr

4 4/’ÿ v i jpiJ.j .iiViaimiiji

3 13

iWIUrtfllliUTJ

107

Table 5,6 Soil characteristic of Association Diplaclinetum fuscae

son. TFXT CLASS pH ECRELIVE son. + 1NA + IK +-2+2 -I -i -2

CODE NO SAMPLE CA'MG HCOi Cl SOj CO,

2 Sandy loam 220.65C45F 3.45 lOJ 2.35OSS 320 2.0

9.40Silly loam 8.00C43F 51J7IS 0.84 2.40 5.6 3220 3219,00

20 Silty lu.mi 1.50C43E S.15 13.50 129 5.6 0.16 6.46 8.40

27 Silly loam 82 5.50ANT 1020 o.ss 10.00 3.00 22-50 29,50

Silly loom39 2.40ODPF 3.209.00 0.26 0,30 3.60 1360 6.30

41 8.00 15261.45ASTfl 4.37 4.00 2.40 020 5 90Silty tlay loum

85.1942 8.7 66.00 30.40ASTIi 128 5.00 339.00 316 00Silty loam

43 8.00 0.66KSK 14.40 129 7.20 2.80 0.60 2.60Lomny stand

8.08 10.51 48,8126.04 1.46 7.95 3.09 52,81 3.2MEAN

0.17 7.96 9.79 044 3.36 0.59 41.06 38.31STANDARD ERROR

108

5.5 Association 4: Dcsmostachyduni bipin natae

In Table 5,7 twenty four stands of different areas show floristic composition of this

association. The stands show Desmostachy bipinnatae is dominant with constancy

class V and Kochia indica, is differential species with constancy class Jl Dicanthium

anmdatum; Athagi maurorum, Phalaris minor; Calatropis procera, Cyrtodon

dactybn, Conysa amibgita with low constancy class are companion species. Rumex

dentatiis, Importta cylindrica; Sonchus asper and Oligomeris glaucesens are also

present in few Relev‘es. Desmostachy bipinnatae is one of the most salt toierant

halophytes species. It is very frequent on xenc and dusty soil.

The perennial species grow in tussocks and form a component of several other

communities occurring in saline habitat of the Fcruzcwala. The association is found

on soil with texture as silty loam to sandy loam pH 8.1 to 9.4, Electrical conductivity

0.6 to 66.0 Sodium and Potassium 8.00 to 85.19 I m,eq/1 and 0.2 to 4.37 m.eq/1

respectively. Calcium plus Magnesium 0.8 (o 30,4 m, eq/i; Sulphates 2.3 to 316.00

m. eq/i. Bicarbonates 0.16 to 5.6 m. cq/i carbonates ore only present in one stand i.e.

3.2 ra.eq/i and absent in rest of the soil samples (Table 5.8).

The association is well distributed moderately in saline habitats of Ferozewaia.

Stands of association were collected from Chak. 45. Ahmad Nigar, Rice Research

Institute of Ferozewaia.

109

Tabic 5.7 The vegetation distribution in Association Desmostochyctum bipinnatac

H 2,1 24 CLA20iv 2117 tK14 16il ISII 131 oII u Dili ns;

Number

Rdev'f ( ndr

3 5 8 tfl2 4 f.

ss

C45 C45 C45 AWT C45 ANF AM AN6HJF AM ANTRIFL’45 C45 ANF ANF ANF RIF H 11- ANF ANF ANF ANF RIF

FFF FFNo, F185is,I5222V ISIIS 20212 17215237 14521 217 244237 23V 241 211 21V16 224 216 240

4 44 44444 4 4Area of

lliltr'ci m2

%»Se rr

No, of ipcdei

Oesmo.tiinhyn

bipiHHalU

Kochia irutiea

Dicemhlurn

4 44 4 4 44 4 4 444 44

vq sotsvs V)55 Bvs VOtooVJso vs100V6 sw V5 VO100 V5 V5 vsNO V0

K.2434 42 21I 43 41 3 S 32 3 2 44 4 3 4

V66 67 6 67 67H 7S SV s10 H 8 V S8 H V N

It32 3 3-+ +++

HI3 3353 43 3 3 4 +4 4

aiutuluium

III4 2 44Aihagi 2

maurorum

II3 55 65Pbttlari* minor

CtJarropis

43

ItJ22 33 2 23 2

proccra

Cynotion

daaylun

L'oiiyz/i

anihij/ua

3 I3+6

133 3

Alwra Rtk%> RoiANf -2W| Huarr Jrm.mo J.Itdev't No(ANF220| htpcnMo cftMtoirint 3 R«l*v"* No(ANF llljfmiAoaipff IlWcv'i S« |t'<5f I7.C4JF lljt)tr.wjÿimi'ci(pii

110

Table 5,8 Soil characteristic of Association Desmostocbyeturn blpinnatac

+IK *2+2

CA-MTi

-2 2-1 -IRELEV'E SOIL SOIL TEXT CLASS PH EC +INA

!:( tJ CL Sth co}CODE NO. SAMPLES

37,00an; M.l« 82 10.4 3.6 44.41R.5C45F 3 Clay k>ani

135.20 102.40 92 039-60 197 52 0.53 12 66.40C45F

C45F

4 town 10.45

3.20 2 60 I Ofl [.408 Silty loam

Silty loom

Silty loam

Si.05 0.50 2.63 1,04

2S0 45 34S.45 4.9 49.10 0.13 9.60 0.16ANF 22

ZM 2.40 4.80imn 17.50 1.43 3.20ASF 2S 8.40

24JO 67 80 4J09J0 10 00 1 1 00 1-30 4.00 400ANF 29Silty loam

15 007.80 220 3.93 3 1 1120 320 3.SOANF 30Silly login

0-52 ft,80 3.00 25.50 56SDRIF 32 S.W 8 50 91,39

Sandy loam

29.87 41 2S 4S.0St. I 9.JS 57.28 I Hi 6.70MEAN

12.180.32 4S 23.36 0J2 127 7.96 [6.00

STANDARD ERROR:

111

5,6 Association 5: Alhngielum maurorae

In this plant community type Alhagi maurorum with constancy class V is dominant.

The differential species are Suaeda Jrutlcosa, Kochia indica which have low

constancy class and cover abundance. Paspalum distichum. Acacia arabica,

Polypogon monspleiensis, Afelilotus indica, Scirpus maritimus, Conyza ambigua

and Polygola abyssinica arc companion and rare spccies(Table 5.9). However,

Alhagi maurorum is more frequently present on waste land, while SuaedaJruticosa,

Kochia indica are present only on saline soils.

With the decrease in salinity level in the substrata the percentage occurrence and

percentage cover of this species increases. The characteristic species were seen

abundantly present on many other waste lands with almost negligible amount of

salt. The association is found on soil with lexture as silly loam to sandy loam pH 8

to 9, Electrical conductivity 0.6 to 14.0 Podium and potassium 1.2 to 20.1 m.cq/1

and 0.7 to 3.10 m.eq/1 respectively, Calcium plus Magnesium 0.8 to 10 m. cq/i;

Sulphates .02 to 55.40 m. eq/L Bicarbonates 0.1 to 3.6 m. eq/i carbonates are only

present in two stand i.e. 1.2 m.cq/i and absent in rest of the soil samples (Tabic 5.8).

Stands of associations were collected from Chak No. 45, Ahmad Nigar, Ferozewala;

and Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku.

112

Table 5.9 The vegetation distribution in Association Alhagictum maurarae

CLASS15141312117 10Run nine No. S«2 53 4

KSKKSKC3<F C3SF ANF C3&K ANF C38F ANF C3SF ANF im:Rdev'i Code Nu. C45F C45F ItIF

)I5US 514204 206WSI205 7754 150 76 79157 264

44444 444Area n( Rdn> ml 44 4 44 44

006570 6595 90HQMl%*!(* Cover 95 40 6095 90 SO90

2 K4 22 2i33 1Nu. ol Spfdn 3 43 I3

V6667 S97T 7A iiiaet maurontm 79 *S <IV2332Suat'da fruticosn + +

lit+323 3 3Kothio 2

111454PaspaUam dinithttm 4 44 4

+.4 t'actu iirab/ta +

+PolfpogoH manspetiensi* +

\frtmtfu\ iiutk-a 3

Sctfjt u\ maritiitntui +

ConyZa SUnbiguu *

Poiyfalti abyxsiniat

113

Table 5.10 Soil characteristic of Association Alhagietum maurarac

-2-2-I-I+2+2t IK* INaF.CpHRELEVÿ SOIL SOIL TEXT CLASSCODE NO SAMPLE_ CO.SO.CLHCOjCA+MCS

8.62.42.0:LJ."0.511B.OSandy clay loamC45F 5

5.105.03.47.81.0682I 38 7Loamy sandIIC38F

8.446.40.15J61.79135158220 Silty loamC43F

1,2554081,0369.612920.114.09.026 Silty loamANF

0222 53.010.00.3610.25.58.2Silly loamKNF 27

0 0258.0321 123.103.8227.830ANFSilty loam

1.20.0213.63.6026 0.81.22.49.0ODPF 39

Silty Imam

0.10.62.8721,39[4.40,68.0K.SK 43Loamy Sand

129,616.92.7751303.5 32.883MEAN

6.69.40.433)03024. t1.50,1

STANDARD ERROR

114

5.7 Association 6: Sporoholeturn nrnbicae

The vegetation of this association (Table 5.11 ) consists of Sporobolus arabteus being

dominant and constant. Kochia indica was also constant with percentage cover.

Desmostacbya bipnnata, DtcarUhium annulatum, Cynodon duetyIon, Medicago

denticulata, Sacclutrum sponfaneum, Rumex dentatus arc companion species with low

constancy class. Sporobolus arabicus grows in non saline soil.

It is also commonly found as a primary or secondary invader of saline soils, occurring

with it are other salt tolerant species such as Suaeda fruticosa while in the non saline

soil it is associated with Dicanthium annulatum. Cynodon dactylon. Ccnchrim sp.

Sporobolus arabicus may form dense nearly pure stands on borders of saline pans,

where the mean salinity is nearly 5 nunhos/cm. Another species of this genus Le. 5.

airoides has been widely studied in U.S.A. and Canada, In his phytosociological study

of San Augustine plains. New Mexico, he reported that S. airoides was common

species on heavy alkaline soil.

The total range of salinity under which the association grew in Fcrozcwala was 2.05

m.mhos/cm conductivity. In some places when it was well represented character

species was dominant, the salinity is 1536 m.eq/1. Our studies have shown that it is a

facultative halophyte because it was common in non saline soil, also common where

there is an increase in sub surface salinity. Species is killed and areas arc then invaded

by more salt tolerant species such as Desmosiachya hipinnata and Suaeda fruticosa.

It is commonly found in sandier (salty soil broader-salt pans) soil texture, Sporobolus

stands ranges from silty to clay soil (Table 5.12). This association was collected from

Kala Shah Kaku, Rice Research Institute and AfsarTextile Mills of Ferozewala,

115

Table 5.11 The vegetation distribution in Association Spoioholeturn arabieae

ciavi13 1412II9 1085 7Run n ini' \n. 3 61 I 4

OIMF OIMF OIMFOIMF DIMF OIMF OIMF OIMF OIMF OIMFRtlo'c* code No, RSK RIF RIFK.SK

98 994693 94 9!9197362 91 100363361 364

444 444 444Area of RcUVmZ 44 44 4

9555 80955060 70987(185 84 60%sigt cover 8380

K43 35355 672 6No. of s|ui;Ic* 2 32

V55 55577 68 7Spmbpa ombaciii 88 8 7

V32 +2 +Kuchin iiitih u + +2 2 + + ++

II23Damn stmltytt bipnnaui ++

rv2335 5 65SUkunthium annulnutm 5 5

II+2 +CytMituji dnctyioti 2 +

II232Medh-uifo denticulate +

IISacchamm spuntanrunt +++

I2Rumex dentutus

116

Table 5.12 Suit characteristic of Sporoboletum a cubicac

-2-2-1-1Rclcv'c SoilCode No. sample

-INa +1K +2+2Soil text class pa ECCQ3Cl 504HC03

10.4 6.5OTMF 1.25 +.0 3.613 Silty loam 8.0 2.05 15.36

117

5.8 Association 7: Polypogactum monspeliensae

This association is characterized by dominance and constancy class V of characters

of Polypogon monspeliensis. Salinity indicating species as Kochia indica, Sutteda

fruticosa (differential species) with class IV arc sparsely present. The association is

composed of non saline soil, but it is primary and secondary colonizer on slightly

saline soil. This association is composed of three sub associations that is sub

association, Polypogaetum monspeliensae, sub association Erythraetosum

ratnosissma. sub association, Alhagietosum maurorae. The companion species arc

Phalaris minor, Erythrae ramosissma, Alhagi mauranim. Polygonum plebjum,

Cynodon dactylon, Scirpus maritiumus, Dicanrhium annuiatum, Chenopodium

murale with low constancy class (Table 5,13),

The ecological characteristics such as soil texture is sandy clay loam, loamy sand,

salty loam, pll ranges in between 7.8 to 9,05, E. Conductivity 0,6 to 14,0

m.mhos/cm, Sodium and Potassium 12 lo 20.15 and 0.70 to 3.1, Calcium plus

Magnesium 0,8 to 10.0, Bicarbonates 0.16 to 3.0, chlorides and Sulphates 0.6 to

81.0 and 0.01 to 55.4 Carbonates are present only two samples i.e. 1.2 m.eq/l

(Tabic 5.14).

The Relev’es of this association was collected from Darghai Park, Afsar Textile

Mill, Kala Shah Kaku and Chak No. 45 offerozewala.

118

Table 5.13 Showing the vegetation distribution in Association Polvpugaetuin moiispeliensae

Sub Association AlhaEu,iosutn mauraracSub Association Frythraetonum ramcAc asmaeSub Association Po(ypci#fletsum

mnnspclicnsac1)21 22»19171} IKkr1)Running No

RdevVCode No

It 14I 2 7 tos1 6 t »4

OOF C45F C43K C43F C45F C4JK C4JF C45FOTMF OTMF OTMF OTMF OTWF K5W OTMF CHFurr mw or MF CUM KSK US

MKF W

J: 33 34312*27 302»102 74 108 20no125 112 II 126 130 70 7t 103 115 101

A

44 44 4444 44 44Area of JteEcv'e m2 4

"'oogc cover

Ma afapeaw

POLYPOOON

MONSPEUENSIS

KOCHIA 1ND1CA

SUAEDA

FRUTICOSA

NIALARIS MINOR

ERYIHRAE

RAUORlSSIStA

ALHAGI

bUURORUMPOLYGQXUM

PJJZBJt/M

CVNonox

tMCTYLOX

SC1RPUS

MARITMUS

titCANTHlUM

AXMLATUM

CHEKOPODIUXt

MURALS

4 444 4 4 4 44 4

90 90VO9094 90909395 SO 9492100 95 95 90 90 90 90

3 3 3 2 3 3 4

7 7 7

95 889U 90K77 5687 K2 S3 35 42 6

V888 S898 X5 857 6X 7 97 i6 6

IV232 2 *3 +22 + + 4+ ++

IV2+3+ **

III3 3233 + ti

It5AJ 97

5 nr5 i4 +45 445

tit33 23 *333

IVJ53 445 3335 5 55

H55 S 4 43

14 5 5

I4 3

119

Table 5.14 Showing soil characteristic of association Polypogacturn monspclicnsae

-2*2Relev'eCode No,

Soil Soil text class EC +lNo +2+2On-Mg

-l -1pH +IKSO* COjHC03 Clsample

C45F 8,62.0 2.45 Sandy dayloamSilty loamSandy clayloamSilty loamSandy loam

0.7 8.18.0 1.1 9,5

7.03.0 45.0K5W

OTMF10 IJ 61.07.8 5.5 10.2

5.92.4 6,214 8.0 0,1 5,61,4 83

GTMF 10.82,4 4.815 8.7 0.7 18.41.8 16.6

5.8DPF 16 1.6 4.67.0 1.2 11.8 0.5 5.6

7.62.1 12.62.2 11J 0.7 19.77.9MEAN

120

5.9 Association 8: Erythraeo-polypogaetum-nionspelicnsae

The vegetation of this plant community (12 Relev’es) consist of Erythrae

ramosissma. Polypogon monspeiiensis being dominant and constant. Two species

have same constancy value. Sclrpus martimus, Cynadon dactylon, Dicanthium

amrulaturn, Sporobolus phallidus, Imperala cylmdrica, and Rumcx dentatus are

companion species (Table 5.15). Erythrae ramosissma and Polypogon

monspeiiensis have been found growing in soils that are non saline.

The ecological characteristics such as soil texture is silty to silty clay loam, pH

ranges in between 8 to 8.7, conductivity 1.4 to 8.5 m.mhos/cm. Sodium and

Potassium 8.3to 112.1 and 0.7 to .01, Calcium plus Magnesium 5.6 to 112,

Bicarbonates 0,8 to 2.4, Chlorides and Sulphates 4.8 to 20.4 and 5.9 to 63.8

Carbonates arc absent (Table 6.14). Electrical conductivity 1.1 to 8.5. 8.5 being

only in one stand. It is usually not found invading the more highly saline soil which

indicates that characters species have a more wide range of distribution in non

saline area. It occurs with many more species of saline community. About 8.5

conductivity, the characteristic species are very rarely present and if present,

growth form is vciy weak and small in size.

Within this community relative dominance of about 50% was of all graminoids and

contributed about 80 to 100% of vegetation cover in the soil sampled. It was

difficult to determine the edaphic factor responsible to produce pure stands of

Pofypagon-monspeliensis and Erythrae ramosissma and mixed stands of both

species. It appears Polypogon monspetie is happier in slightly xeric habitat than

Erythrae ramosissma.

The Rclev’es of this association was collected from Afsar Textile Mills of

Ferozcwala.

121

Table 5.IS The Vegetation distribution in Association Erytllÿÿac<>ÿ*Polypogaehlm-nloÿspelicnsJll,

12 CLASSn* 107 «5 62 3Running No. 4I

102 103104 332110 114Hriev'e CodcNu. 1*7I iM 10*ios100 101

OTMF in Mr OTMFOTMF OTMF OTMF OTMF OTMF OTMF OTMF OTMFOTMF

72 759$75757i. 70%»ge Cover 75 7378 9095

2 K3 335 4 3No. D/ Sptiici 44 4 4

V647 6Ertfht-iM- mmanttima 5 55 5 64 4«

Vs 3645Paiypagwi mtmfpelicnsLi 5 53 6 5 4 +

m35 1Scirpus mtrtlmm 5 34 5

(II54 6Cynodon dactyhn 5 45 43 4

Dictmtkium mwuliitum 5

4Spam bahts pita Nidus

Imperata cytindiicul 5

/turner datlatus 5 4

122

Table 5.16 Soil characteristic of Association Erythraeo-Polypogaettinwnoaspclicnsae

Relev’eCode No-

Soil Soil text class pH EC +lNa +1K +2+2 -1 -2 *2-lsample Ca+Mg HCOj Cl SO* COj

OTMF Silly clay loam14 8.0 1.4 83 0.1 5.6 2.4 62 5.9

15OTMF Silty bam 8.7 1 .8 16-6 0.7 18.4 2.4 4.8 10.8

31ANF Silty loam 8.2 8.5 0.7 U2112.1 0.8 20.4 63.8

93 3.9 473 03 11.7 1.8 10.4 26.0MEAN

Q2 22 34.9 0.19 3.7 03 4.9 18.5STANDARD I'll unit

123

5.10 Association 9: Vetcviarietuni zyzanioides

In Tabic 5,17, eleven stands of different areas show the floristic composition of this

association. The stands show Veteveria zyzanioides is dominant with constancy class

V. Polypogon mampetiensis, Erythrae ratnosissma, Dicanthium annulatum, Ruittex

dentatus, Conyza ambigua, Euphorbiaprostrata are companion species.

The ecological characteristic of this association indicates that texture class is silty

loam, sandy loam; pH ranges 8.0 to 83, conductivity 1.7 to 8.5 Sodium

concentration 13.1 to 117.1. Potassium 0.7 to 0.8, Calcium plus Magnesium 6.4 to

13.6 Sulphates 0.1 to 63.8 m.eq/1. Carbonates are entirely absent (Table 5.18).

The Rclev’es of these associations was collected from Afsar Textile Mill of

Fcnozcwala.

124

Table 5.17 The vegetation distribution in Association Vetevierietum zyzaniodcs

(IJLUII107 9K54 63Running No, 21

OTMS OTMS OTMS OTMSOTMS OTMS OTMSOTMS OTMSRcScv'e Code No, OTMS OTMS

259 261260258257256231235234233232

21222112 Z'u itt2 2 2

93 959593809S95 SOCiDVtr 9098 95

K.75 6654No. afspocici 57 7 54

V7t, 667 068 6Vcieilriei z\ mnhtdes 8 8

V23323 44 i(‘iihpogpn miiaprhrwn

V5555 35 4 45ramwitsmd 6 4

V++3 3 +OAmAim armulolum 44

V323 23Rumen dtmrnui i i }

13'233 2Conyza ambifuu 33

mi2 +Fuphorbfl* prcutrati 33

125

Tabic 5.18 Soil characteristic of Association Vetevierictum zyzanlodes

-1 -i-t-2+2 -irlKRclcv'eCotlr No.

EC +1N*Soil PHSuil tc\[ clanCO,SOJHCO, ClCa+MggampIt

63.82U.40.80.7 112ANF Silly clay loam S.5 : i7.i8.235

1.63.6 4413.6GTRF 2.435 Sandy loam SJO 13.1 05

0.16.0 18,06.4RTF 8.3silty loam 16.6 0.836 1.7

21.814.63.40.8 10.44K.9S.l 4.2

MEAN20.95.11.534.0 0.02 2.12.10.00

STANDARD ERROR

126

5.11 Association No 10: Imperatetum cylindrical'

The vegetation of this association (16 Relev’es) consists of Imperata cylmderica

being dominant with constancy class V, This association shows that Kochia mdica

have constancy class V with low percentage cover. Dicanthium awtulatum; Launia

sp, Polypogon monspeliensis, Erythrae ramosissma, Cyrtodon dottyton, Conyza

ambigua arc companion species. There are two sub associations named as

Imperatetosum cylmdrieae and Dicanthietosum annulatae (Table 5.19).

The plant community has a broad range of environmental tolerance since it occurs in

soils ranging front wet marsh to dry road sides and prairie as well as physiological

dry soil due to high toxic concentrations. U is generally limited to soils with salinities

less than 5 to 6 m mhos7cm averaging 0.5 to 1 m mhos/cm. It is dominant in

comparatively wet and non saline soil. Sub association Dicanthietosum annulatae is

characteristics of completely non saline and wet soil of mcsic habitat.

The ecological characteristic of this association indicates that texture class is silty

loam, sandy loam and silty clay loam; pH ranges 8.0 to 9.4, conductivity 0.6 to 6.0

Sodium concentration 8.3 to 51.3. Potassium 0.8 1.7, Calcium plus Magnesium 3.2

to 14.4 Sulphates 2.3 to 19.0 m.cq/1. Carbonates 3.2 in only one stand (Table 520).

The stands were collected from Kala Shalt K.aku, Chak No. 43, Chak No. 45 and

Afsar Textile Mill of Ferozewala.

127

Table 5.19 The vegetation distribution in Association Imperatetum cvlindrieac

Sub Assoc tdtior Dicttiiihietosum uinuliit.n!Sub Associmion Impcmteiosuin eyfiodriew

class1615141312II107 9Running Ha 3 s2 54 61

OTMF C43FC45F C45F C45F C45F C45FC43F C43F C43F C43F C45FRclcv'c Code No. KSK KSK KSK KSK

16210515Ay23161 ISOJ6K 146 1 65366 369367

444444 4444Arcii of RCICV'L’ m2 4 44 4 44

507565607075SO7550%ugc Cover 65 40SO 50 70 6080

444 444 4No of specici 3 42 2 42 2 2 4

V566577SKimpenda cylindrical 77 57 6 5X 6

V3++ÿ+Kothui tndicu 233 3 +3 2 +2 +

11155 43S653Dicanthiwn tintintermm

113344[.annulsp-

34PolI pagan moHspeltcmls

54Erythraexi ramesisima

Cynadnn dactytim 12

Sonndan vlcravi'Wt 44 4

+ +Rumor dcntntuf

ICorn.ti ambigtlil +

128

Table 5.20 Soil characteristic orAssociation Impcratefum cyiindricae

-2 -2+2+2 -IRclcv’e SoilCode No. sample

Soil text class pH EC +lNa +1K -1COjCa+Mg HCO' Cl SOi

22 2.0 23C45F 0.6 10.3 0.8 221 Sandy loam 8.4

5.9OTMF 5.6 6.2 6214 Silty clay loam M 8.38.0 0.1

19.0 32C43F 51.3 2.4 322 19.018 silty loom 9.4 0.86JQ

C43F 14.4 12.8silty loam 4.819 8.4 32 35.5 IJ 14.4

8.4C43F 21 1.7 5.6 0.1 6.4silty loam 1.5 13.58.1

9.6 3.26.2 9.1 9.62.5 23,8 1.08.4MEAN

2.82.1 5.8 3J00.9 8.4 0202STANDARO ERROR

129

5.12 Association No 11: Scirpctum maritimae

The vegetation of this stand which consist of 21 Relev'es show that Scirpus

mariimus is dominant with constancy class V, Kochia irtdica, Rumex dentarns,

Paspalum distichum, Polypogon monspeliensis. Sonchus asper. Phyla nodijlora,

Cynodon dactylon. Saccharum spontaneum, Erythrae ramosissma are companion

species, Scirpus maritimus is usually of moist habitat as given in Table 5,21.

There are two sub associations t.e. sub association Sciretosum maritimae and sub

association Polypogono-paspaletosum-dislichae* The ecological characteristics are

given in Table 5.22 in which soil texture class silty loam with pH ranges in between

7.8 to 9.4, Electrical conductivity 1.25 to 8.0 m. mhos/cm. Sodium and Potassium

concentration ranges in between 2.0 to 76,1 m.eq/1 and 0.3 to 1.9. Calcium plus

Magnesium 2.4 to 61.0, Ccarbonatcs are only present in two samples 12 to 3.2,

Chlorides and Sulphates 2,1 to 45.0 and 4.0 to 1 1 m.cq/l .

The Relev'es of this association was collected from Afsar Textile Mill, Rice

Research Institute, Chak No. 45 and International Industries limited of Fcrozewala.

130

Table 5.21 The vegetation distribution in Association Scirpetnm muritimne

Sub luocuabun I'.Jjpojeno papiieKMafn diuiclucSub uxxiiluiD ScspclMim ntiritimic

<lui2120IS17 iyIS 1612 1413II7 4Kmming No 10I 3 4 5 6 S2

C35F RTF C45F C4SF C45F KSW OTMF RSFRIF OTMF [ILF RIF RIF C4SF 1ILF 1ILF C45F C45F C45F C45F C45FRelcv’eCodeSo

MR 27373ISO 272 37 3* 4144 45131 134 39 42279 117 135 274 278 36 40

444 4 4444 44 44 4Afea of Rclcv'e m2 4 44 4 44 4 4

70 7575S7 9*3 M 80 75 7b 6087 85 » S285 80 80 85•jjcctmer 80 >0

3 K333 43 44 43No. i>f speem 3 35 3 32 3 43 3 4

V7 7 67 678S 88 88 87 8 7 7 8 8Siirpusmrilanun 88

16Y'i hta irrdU a 5

II33 3 4Rumtu Jtntastt \ 5 44 4

IV5 4436 +5 4Potfkihwn tiutuktim S 5 5 443

5 iv343 5S4 344/’olypogon Birtrrj/jpjWvrf L 5a 4

t4•WAvx arpfr 3

II’hyla nothfloru 3

ICynoifon diKtytvn ++

1+ji/ninuniruin -i-

II5 +Krytraua ramnwhmu 5 5

131

Table 5.22 Soil characteristic of Association Sclrpctum marjrimac

PH EC +!Ni +2+2 -J -2 *2Rclcv'e Soil Soil text clouCode No. sample_ + IK -I

Ca+Mg HCO, Cl SO* CO,

8.5 1.4 18.0 2.4 12 2.1 7.1 12C45F 6 silly loam 0.7

61.0 3.0 45.0 7.0silly loam 7.8 5.5 10.2 13KSW 10

4.8 10.88.0 1.8 16.6 0.7 18.4 2.4OTMF 15 silty lo&m

6.0 51J 08 2.4 5.6 32J 19.0 3217 silly loom 9,41JLF

silty loam 12 13.5 1.7 5.6 0.1 6.4 8.48,0C43F 17

4.037 silty loam 1.4 2.0 1.7 8.8 2.4 7.6RTF 82

8.0 76.1 03 2.0 16.0 62RTF 38 silly loam 8.6 8.8

15.3 2.3 16383 3.6 26.8 1.1 8.9 22MEAN

1.0 10.1 02 7.8 1.802 0.6 6.1STANDARD FRROR

132

5.13 Association No 12: Typhctum anguslitae

In Table 5.23 stands of different areas showed floristic composition of this

association. The stands showed Typha anguxtata is dominant with constancy class V

and Suaeda fruticosa, Polypogon tnonspeiiensis, Paspalum distichum, Sonchus

asper, Sonchus oteraccus and Scirpus martimus arc companion species with low

constancy class. Typha angustata is of moist habitat.

The ecological characteristic of this association is shown in Table 5.24 which

indicates that texture class of this association is clay loam and silt loam pH 7.5 to

8.4. Conductivity 1,6 to 4.0 m. mhos/cm Sodium and Potassium concentrations

ranges in between 12,8 to 17.6 and 0.1 to 0.7 Calcium plus Magnesium 3.2 to 10.8,

Bicarbonalcs 2.8 to 6.6, Chlorides and Sulphate 5.7 to 16.7 and 3.8 to 20.8 m.eq/1.

Carbonates arc entirely absent.

The Relcv'cs of this association was collected from Kala Shah Kaku and Chak No.

45 of Ferozcwala.

133

Table 5.23 The vegetation distribution in Association Typhetum angustitaeRunning No,

Rctcv'c code No

1 3 4 5 6 7 98 1 110 13M 14 15 doss

KSKKSK C4SF C45FKSW C45F C43F KSK KSK KSKKSK KSKKSK KSK KSK

351 73 47 48 49 355351 46 343 354 357356 358 359 360

Area of ndeve m2 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4

S580 98 9540 90 56 65%agc cover 6580 75 70 75 80 80

5 3 22 2No. of ipccies 3 53 2 5 54 55 5 K

8 5Typhu anÿuxtuta 8 9 8 S 8 56 68 6 6 7 V5

Suaalij fruticoxa 4 2+ + + III+ ++

3Pafypogon momprlirntu 44 23 3 3 33 5 III

3Fiupnlumt distichim 4 4 44 4 2 3 3 3 3 IV+ 4

Snnchtis usper 4 I

Sonchux olemceus 4 4 I

2Scirpus nni’iimus 2+ 4 3 tn+

134

Tabic 5,24 Soil characteristic of Association Typhctum angustitae

+142Ca+M(j

-1 -1 -3KrlevVCode No,

Soil .SJJLI u'lt I'll EC +JNa +IK -1

Cl SO,Hoo*sample

ISClay Ittmtt IS 4.0 276 0,7 10JI I&.7 :o.sKSK7 47

5.6billy loam ft-4 1.6 12.8 OJ 3.2 tA 3.aKSK 48

HI 12.4MEAN

STANDARD DEVIATION

i}> 2.S 20,2 0.5 7,0 4,7

135

Table 5.25 Integrated Associations

A-Characteristic Species

vHi UI •v VII IXNO 11 VIII XAiSOti ill iitiii XI Ml

3-0* 031VSuuaiv jtvUcGza16-8(22l**VAim f’tn uui rn

7-0J Diplu-h’Wf fusca(25)v*««

DesmwHatitw fujivi nrffuA

i:4>v1 1SjVAlhtgi mjtinmim3

Sprobp.13 ,irabocu.i

Pah ivitun )ntuKfn{li f/ivl.r

5-Sil-l)Vb5-S<23)V7

Palypojtt in mompeliwix HiR<i2n

t'ifUfllJ .-ÿiituiidr: 6-8 ( 11 )V0frri/.vr<jftl ivJwdnftll 5-liltfr)VIII

Sririnm imin tinmmII M (21 >vTyj‘MI.........r. ii‘iJi: ?-‘)<15]V

f aver R«n°c<l>*mla Scalr) 5-0 ** TiiHl NoefRHrv‘r{12> CMUlMtv din 1 In V»**

II* Dlfftrmllal Sprats

AMOTIHIIPIIV M m VJI iy xuV VIII XIX XI XU

M‘ (22)IVKixkiu indteaI2-5(22)1112 Actum arabica

SuatdafivtbusaL >esmoitlitrli v blpinniun

1-4 1 22)**V

I -5 1 22)1V34

SuonFg frutuojti Lifga«ÿ*4:-i(2S)iir-uumrtan6

Kochla iru&cti 1-1 I24JIJ172-41,24)11Dictnithiim MtnuhniniN

SuatJii fruiiivsu9 1-3M5|IV

1-31Ij)HIKocbia im/n aIDKochiu initca M|14|VtlDexmtixlaciiut hlpunultt12 1-1(14111

11 Kochiu inJico 5-8

Suacdtifmthx>u>14 54)

(23)1V15 Scirpu* murtlmia 3-6

(I2)V .Cynadtn dmlylonIh 3-5

(12)111

F\ilvr>tmt>n maiapeliifuix 6-8 ( 1 1 IV17

136

2-4(ll)VIS !rillu .ii1 igwgjjww2-3A Ui.A'if JflllJL'l?10qt>)V3.5Dicmtthium tmnuiawm2flCfpll]

0-3 1 21 »A'ni'Aia jfi./fL tv213-5(21)11/flWfll'l jfnfO/H.V22

11-2 (13)111q Sutu'dafivticpsa0-3 <15)11124 Pohvcson iiuimrrlicims

* Cov<r Hu nyc < Utimla Scale) * •* OtHlllBCJ' rim*+* Total .No of Rdrv'r

C- Companion Species

mMIYY Y1 YU VIIIill 1YAnnclallom 1 Xi

Allwgt maururvm +-5*(12**'ll***

-i(2iaCiiHVUt iimh/xUii

0-3(22)1(Yinwfan iliiTvliwl)h Jilhiitm anmitglnni 0-JI2DTDifihu'tinar fuiaiT\yhn ownwtaM(NufjJmn daiHAonAIhugt Brumal

ftllHU-LÿAfiiriU

PrgfHtun ip

- -3) 32 )T

--*22)1

: :*--3(22)11.-j(22)11-3(22tl

0-5(25)1Imitmiiu njwiUrfl)

0--(2S)lAnotin arahiniSuni lilt; .iiptr 0-H2511PohtoU) ah)siinmi 0-4(23)1

0-3(25)1Pifanrhwm .minimumAlltngi mouronan_Phuluris minor

(1-3(24)11

(1-3(24)11

CnhU'opif itmernt 0-3(24)11( 'yntnlrw Jaiiylnn 0-3(24)1(5ml'.4j ainklijWi 0-3124)1

hwpnhum iUstit lnm 0-'1J5)L0-*(l 5)1Armhi urablcJ

Puh'Iiuxun r'JJijri',;' i i1.1 11, i.i ll l I ''ll

Mrtttmus ImhiM o-3M ;>x0--H15)!Scimut mariftumiii __

( n/iu.’ii mnhljitm_

1‘olygula ahymlnlcu_Dleanthtum anituhtlum

0-t(l5)l

0-ifl5Hi -2( l'))IV

CvnoJim tltulultm 1-2(14)11

'-3(14111AfttAyunu dfnlicuhilcI- (14)11Sticclnmim xponUmcwn

+-2(14)1+-6(23anPhuInrLt minor+-5(23)11UnihrM ramotiwinin

s- 3|* i =- E 5 » 3 5 S's : r ; 5 i ss-11 § 3 s-s*_ 3

__-s- s. SL -'ÿ' :Ej

a 7 *|ff|r§i *- • a-

as

iu iff furtin tni1

,r*

= i rÿ- ~ i'* tie|i Er 3 r

i l

tl £|1»si *

*? - 1 II In-• i* L

MI *£1 IIII

* R Er

= I l*3V

1I If 3 5i ff? I f* §- I5l§ I|!* E- e I1 5 l"

_VJ I UJ , -I-

? s & ~ isx £ B u eIM

— - & 6<

r_* £ ?*- ij*

r

W TJ J-J M—1 -— %—1—- r— - ——

* + £i-

Ct «* .*-*

< <<w

-£2

_I+ - > 3.—.

fillgap==;••-

sK>

+ii 1: aT3 i -t * W

fjwT-

i .ÿ *ÿ:

:i!du» '-fl 'S--T-. =, —

U>-

138

Table 5.26. Soil characteristic of each Association

XI XIIXIXNO V XIIIII VIASSOCIATIONS M IVi

SILT CLAY/SAN

SILT/SANDY/CL

SILTYCLAYLOAM

SILTCLAY/SANDYSIL

CLAY/SANDY/S1L

SILTYLOAM

SILT/SANDYLOAM

CLAY/5ANDY/STL

1 SOIL TEXT CLASS SILTYLOAM

SILTYLOAM YY

AY l.OA DYTY CLATYTYM LOALOAMYLOAM LOAMLOAM

MLOAM

8.3 7.97.9 8.18.3 8.48.38.08 8.07.9ft 8.612 Ph 8.370.2*0.2* 0.09* 0.2*0.2*0.25* 0.!7± O.I±0,35* 032*'*3.6 2.82.53.9 4.23.5 2.210.51 2.051.90 9,383 EC 14.06

534-* 0.9* LG*2.1*0.8* 22*5.15* 7.96* 13*43**±23.8 26S 2027113 48,9473153613.16

1.12*26.049.79*

32.871.96 57,28

23.36*4 +1NA

10.1*34.0*1.4* 8.4*34.9*2.9* 24.1**±1.0 LI0.8 030.7130 03LI0 1255 0.44 1.46+1K 1.45

0 2*022* 0 02* 0.2*0.19*0.30*1.45* 0.44*1,67* 032*'*153 7.06.211.7 10.46 7.5 19.76.79 7.96 4.0+2+2 CA+MC 6.60 6.70

2.1* 7.8*10,5* 2.1*3.7*3.36* 3.0*0.40* 0.93* 1.27***23 4.73.4 9.11.87 3.09 2.7 2,1-I HCO, 8.65 3.64.68 10.72

7,96* 0.6*03* 1.5* 5,8*0.5*3.5**± 0.59* 0.4*6.83*163 1LI12.6 10.4 9.610.4 14.6

5.1*8 29.87

16.0*16.9-1 Cl 50.3 52.817.66

3.0* 6.1*8.1* 4.9*10.3*± 41,06* 9.4*21.82*8.9 12.47.6 21.8 9 626.011 U 41.28

12.18*639 48 81

38.31*4.6-2 SO, 66.85

13.01* 1.8*20.9*0.9* 2.8*6.6* 183*83**±230 3.2*- 000 010 3.2 13-2 CO, 5!,6 0 48.0

-**STANDARD ERROR *

139

Rang** and Means of SodiumConcentration of Varlou*Associations

Ranges and Mean* of Electrical Conductivity

of Various AssociationsRanges and Means of p Hof

different Associations

80isa.a |

I i.CJac 8.6

CL 8 460

9„ 10

Hi ITo8.2 40% •oH 5

*a if> 7.6

5 20 miTS

I..11ill I>07.4 0 -r

1234 56789 1011121 2 3456 789 10 11 12 1 2 34 56 783 lO 11 12

No. Of AssociationsNo of Associations Mo of Associations

Ranges and Means of Potasium in differentAssociation

Ranges and Means of Bl-Cafbonjtesln

various Association*Ranges and Of Calcium and

Magnailum i n dlf f erent Association

172 25

jj.8.h.i.Jj. i ;lull j i i.i li,ii£ S 201.S

V

IS3

i.lI

io_ _

-40.5o T 5I II IIs oo 5* . 123456789 10 1132123456789 10 11121 23456789 10 11 12r

I No. of AssociationsNumber of AssociationsIN umber of Associations

Ranges and Means of Corbonatesindifferent Association

Ranges and Means of Sulfate in various

AssociationsRanges and Means of Cl In different

Association

608060 :c= 50

1 «*50 60mi 40 jta 3040 530 o20Cj20

II203 "I L0I 1 t~r7! 10 3Hia 0D0 >

1 2 3 4 S67H9 101H2123456789 10 11 121 2 34567 8 9 10 1112

No. of AssociationsNo. of AssociationsNo. of Associations

Fig 5.1 Showing the various ranges of Salts in different associations

140

5.14 DISCUSSION AND CLASS1FICAION

On the land surface of the world there extends a mantle of vegetation, a living fabric

of plant communities that is diverse and suitable in its response to environment,

varied in its structure and composition, expressive of biological productivity of the

land, interesting and aesthetically appealing to man. This mantle of vegetation, we see

now in many areas is being subjected to accelerating destruction. Many ecological

and anthropogenic factors may be involved, salinity is one of them and is of prime

importance. In this survey wc have tried to see how the different communities relate

to one another and express their environments. At the top of these considerations the

basic aim was to produce structure, composition and classification of the community,

types of the saline areas of Ferozewala using a standard terminology being

comparable with the phytosociological work carried out in the European and Anglo-

American countries. A special advantage of these investigations is the production of

environmental data which provide insight into the important factors operative in the

habitat e.g. soil pH, level of salinity, moisture level, grazing and extent of vegetation

cover. Salt affected soils are generally poorer in species than non-saline soils. The

distribution of these species appears to be controlled mainly by edaphic conditions.

These species appear to be selected out by the highly saline environment gradient

from the most to the least salt tolerance, with other ecological factors playing

secondary role. It was observed that successful species are also successfully

competitive; they are generally limited to saline environments indicating either a

requirement for excess salt tolerance or inability to compeic with plants with less

extreme environment. Thus a few of the most salt tolerant taxa Suaeda fruticosa;

Kochia indica, Diplachne fusca and Atriplex crassifolia are limited to saline

environment while other species such as Desmostachya bipimwta, Sporobolus

arabocus, Capparis sp. Alhagi maurorum are limited to moderate to weak saline

substrata, still other species such as Eleusinesp. Poiypogon monspeliensis, Cenehrus

sp and Imperata cyiindrica have more general distribution on a xeric to slightly saline

soil. The dominant and constant species in the sampled area are Suaeda fruticosa,

Kochia indica, Diplachne fusca, Desmostachya bipinnata, Alhagi maurorum,

140

141

Sprobolus arabacus, Polypogon monspeliensis, Erythrae ramosissima, Vetevieria

zyzauioides, Imperata cyiindrica,Scirpus maritimus and Typha anguslata.

The frequent species arc Rumex dentatus, Chenopodium album, G tnurale, Conyza

ambigva, Cynodon dactylon, etc, and many companion species arc also given in each

association (Table 5.25),

Several general changes in vegetation composition were recovered , such as reduced

salinity, increase in growth form (height) (see association Suaedetum frutkosae),

increase in density or increase in specks number (diversity) (see association

Potypogaetum monspeliensae), were recorded. Flowers (1957) and Ungar (1968)

have noted that generally there is a sharp decrease in species diversity with even a

low increase in soil salinity and then further drops in diversity until only one or two

specks are left which are capable of tolerating extreme salinity. This is in conformity

with our results as shown in Table 5.1 {Suaedetumfruticosae) (Relev’e No. 251 and

soil sample No. 34).

The ecological limitations for the structure, composition and distribution of various

plant communities recognized are edaphic (physical and chemicals), biotic (grazing),

soil moisture level and competitive ability of the members of the next community in

holosere (Schmelz andRombke, 2010). The connection between ecological

characteristics and plant communities (structure, composition, distribution) described

show that despite over-lapping to the ecological requirements, a clear segregation

exists between requirements of different associations.

Taking analytic (quantitative and qualitative) and synthetic characteristics into

consideration, the vegetation is grouped into twelve associations. Three associations,

Kochietum indicum, Diplachnetum fuscae and Alhagietum maurorae, belong to the

vegetation type of annual herb communities. Two associations, Scirpetum maritimae

and Typhetum augustitae form the vegetation types of emergent sedge and reed

swamp vegetation at the margin of open brackish water. Seven associations arc

described from salty vegetation dominated by perennial chenopods and grasses.

The relative concentrations of the major ecological gradient expressed in terms of

their ratio are of interest in determination of the ecological affinities of the

association. Twelve associations may be arranged in series according to sodium

concentration tolerance that is Suaedetum fruticosae> Desmostochyetum bipirinata.

Erythrae Polypogaetum, Monspel iettsae, Veteviarietum zyzanioide Scirpetum

Ml

142

maritima, Alhagieturn maurorae, lmperatum cylindrieae, Diplachnetum Jusca.Kochietum indicum, Polypogaetum mompeliensae, Sporoboletum arabicae and

Typhetum angustitae (Fig, 5.1).

Similarly the chloride concentration in different associations is as follows:

Diplachnetum fuscae Suaedetum fniticosae Desmostochyetum monspeliensis >

Scirpetum maritimae, Erythraeo polypogaetum, Veteviarietum zyzantoides,

lmperatum cylindrieae. Typhetum angustata, Kochietum indica. Sporoboletum

arabica, while concentrations of others arc shown in Fig 5.1.

There might have been certain variations in these tolerance ranges, if more soil

samples were taken. Although direct quantitative comparison is different, yet the

tolerance levels of the association are related to different plant communities described

by Unger (1974) for the inland salt pan of the U.SA. Out of all these associations

described, Suaedetum fruticosae and Atriplicetum crassifoliae are major associations

with a number of sub associations and variants (Qayyum, 1982) which colonize more

or less every type of saline habitat. In this survey these were lefl out and only few

Relev’es were taken. It is possible to work out several relationships between these

associations on the basis of salt concentration and moisture content in the substrata.

The initial colonizer on highly saline soil is Suaeda fruticosa with certain mesic

conditions. Spregula rubra will appear, if those conditions remain static but being a

spring annual it will disappear. Other annuals such as Atriplex crass{folia and Kochia

indica are subsequent colonizers. Subsequent colonization of the habitats is by

Desmostachya bipinnaia, which being perennial and deep rooted tends to colonize

xeric and dusty habitats. Further colonization seems to be in one of the three main

directions, degradation, and development of either xeric or mesic conditions.

A degraded association ( Veteviarietum zyzanioides) rises to prominence on sodium

poor soil, rugged soil and waste land. With the passage of time, this may tend to the

development of flora, typical of moist waste land (Chenopodium species and

Amarantus viridus).

From Desmostochyetum bipinnatae it may lead to more xeric and annual species such

as from Sporoboletum arabicae to Polypogaetum monspeliensae to lmperatum

cylindrieae. More loss in salinity level and an increase in water table lead to mesic

conditions via Dicanthium annulatum. It may lead to sub hydric conditions. Further

rise in water table and fall in salt (Tausccf and Mirza, 1999) which colonize more or

142

143

less every type of saline habitat. In Uiis survey these were left out and only few

Relev’es were taken. It may lead to sub hydric conditions. Further rise in water table

and fall in salt contents lead to Scirpetum maritirme and T)phetutn angustitae

associations, typical of marshy land.

5.15 Classification

In addition to describing the structure, composition and interrelationship or plant

communities, another aim of this work was to produce an inventory of vegetation

types comparable with Zurich Montpellier School of Thought. The classification of

these units into a hierarchy involves several difficulties. These difficulties are due to

non availability of local literature of community types from any local habitat. So one

has to depend on foreign related works. Taking these difficulties into consideration

and the classification proposed by different workers for the similar type of habitat,

Chapman (1974), Beaftink (1962), Shimwell (1971), Waisel (1972), Adam (1977),

Mhza (1978), Hussain and Mirza (1993), Mirza and Zia (1994), Ali and Mirza,

(1995), Mirza and Bashir ( 1996), Tausccf and Mirza (1999), as abase, the following

classification of the halophytic communities of Ferozewala (District Sheikhupura) is

being proposed.

1. CL Cakiletea marihmae. R.Tx, et Freising 1950.

o. Thero-suaedetalia Br.— B1 et de, Bob's 1957. em. Beeftink

1962.

A. Them -Suaedion , Br - Br - B1 1 931, 1933, em.

R. Tx. 1950.

Association Kochieturn indicum. Susedo-

Kochieium- hirsutae — Br. Bl. 1928.

Sub-association. Kochietosum md icum

Sub-association. Desmostachyetosum

bipinnaioe

Association. Suaedum fhnicosae (Ass. Nov. Prov)

Association. Diplacnnetum tuscae

Sub-association. Diplachnetosum fuseat

Sub-association. Alhagetosum maurarae

143

144

o. Desmoslachyetalia bipinnatac (Ass. Nov. Prov)

A. Desmostachyion bipinnatac

Association. Qesmostachyotum bipinnatae

Association. Alhagietum maurorae

Association. Sporoboietum arabicae

Association. Polypogaetum monspetierisae

Sub-association. Polypogoetosum monspdiensae

Sub-association. Erythraetosum ratnosissmae

Sub-association. Aihagietosum maurorae

Association, Erythraeo polypoganctum Monspdiensae

Association, Vetcvierietum xyzanioides

Association, Impcratum cylindrieae

2. CL Phragnitetea Tux. etpreg 1942,

Phragmiteialia (W, Koch) Tux eL Preg 1942.

A. Phragmilion W. Koch 1926.

Association. Scirpctum marimae (Br.Bll931,R.Tx.l937)

Sub-association, imperataetosum

Cylindrical

Sub-association, dicanthietosum

Annulatae

Association. Typhetum angustitae.( Eggl.1937, Schmalc 1939)

The case study has shown that in the Punjab Salinity, Sodicity and Water

logging are severe problems. This is a typical study of only one site (Tehsil

Fcrozewala of Sheikhupura District), Several such types of sites do exist

somewhere else in the Indus basin, This study is only a small example to

ascertain the deteriorating effects of salinity and sodicity on the soil, vegetation

and ultimately on the income of the tree farmers Agro farmers. Growing crops

(rice, wheat, cotton and rape seed) on the salt affected soils is less productive

due to low yield and thus economically non viable. The growth of the perennial

forage, salt tolerant grasses, Rhodes grasses, Chloris gayana, tall wheal grass

(Elytrigia elonga(e) and Kallar grass (Leptochloafused) is economically viable,

however, main focus should be on the economic utilization of the land while

still in the saline and sodic conditions as conducted by Mignaut, et ai, 2010.

o.

144

145

Use of the agroforestry and inlegrating the farming systems ( degrading versus

sustaining farming systems) seems to be more profitable where ever possible

alley farming belts of tree, interspaced with alleys of crop land) is more

economically useful.

Trees act as biological pumps. There is need to reintegrate trees and shrubs back

into agriculture landscape to reverse salinity such as A triplex amnicla . Tamarix

aphylla . Phoenix dactilifera, Prosopis spp, Susbenia bispmasa, Sesbenia

sesbena, Casarina, Grewia asiatie, Psldium guava etc. The incorporation of

these plants (grasses, shrubs and trees) into agriculture land system of the

Punjab has potential to increase crop, fiber, wood and animal production and

degradation of land will also be halted.

145

146

CHAPTER VI

SOILS AND LAND SUITABILITY CLASSIFICATION

The constantly growing population and the changing human needs is a great challenge

for the agricultural / forest land use planners. It results in the competition of different

land uses for the same tract of land and has led to an increasing need for systematic

national agricultural land use planning. Land evaluation is a comprehensive approach

and a best possible tool for systematic land use planning on sustained basis. Land

suitability evaluation for sustained crop production involves the interpretation of data

relating to soils, vegetation, topography, climate, etc., during an effort to match the

land characteristics with crop requirements (Hossain et at., 2007 and Alexis, et at.,

2010). The aim of these classifications is to guide the land users/plarmers in such a

way to put the land resources to the most beneficial use on sustained basis without

deteriorating the resources and the environment as well. The term Land Evaluation

refers to assess the suitability for forest trees of different tracts of land mapping units

for specific kind of use and to find out the land management alternatives that would be

physically and financially practicable and economically viable (Rodrigo et al,.2005).

Soils and Land Suitability Maps of various Agrocctogical zones represents land

resource information for different users including the Punjab Forest Department for

execution of it Farm Forestry Extension Programme.

These Maps are based on the data generated by Soil Survey of Pakistan, published in

its Reconnaissance Soil Survey Reports of various districts. These Maps give a brief

account of the various kinds of soils identified and mapped various Agroeclogical

Zones of the Punjab (Fig 3.1) and their classification for land suitability to grow

specific forest trees in combination with the (arm crops. The tree species considered

for the purpose are those listed by die Forest Department as the popular ones among

the farmers of different forest zones in the province. The land suitability classification

is intended to guide the farm forestry extension staff and the farmers in selection of

most adopted and promising tree species for each kind of soil occurring in the

farmlands as well as to assist them in adoption of appropriate soil and water

147

management technology that will encourage tree growth and improve quality of the

wood for maximum returns as envisaged under the project.

6.1 How to use the soil information

The information has been prepared for use by the personnel having no technical

background but only a limited knowledge about the soils who may consult only the

information given on land suitability mapping units’fgrouped map delineations given

specific colors and represented by larger, italicized, Arabic numbers and described by

using GiS software (Pcrveen et al.. 2004 and Alexis, et al, 2010). These mapping

units are much fewer in number and are described in a rather generalized form for easy

comprehension. What the user of this information ought to do first is to find out in

which mapping unit this area or site of interest (farmland) falls on the ‘Soils and Land

Suitability’ map. For that purpose, the map has been prepared in paper color prints

along with the related topographic map sheet. The transparent film of the Soils and

Land Suitability map should then be placed on the relevant pan of the topographic

sheet so that the geographical features drawn on the former get exactly superimposed

on the latter (NRCS, 1999).

6.2 Soil Mapping Units

The soil mapping units are described briefly with respect to their total extent in the

area, component soils series and their proportion, spotting characteristics of each soil

series, their major limitations/hazards for tree plantation and suitability for specific

tree species. For the sake of simplicity, some generalization has been done so that a

maximum of three important soil series that occupy more than 90 percent of the area

under any unit have been described with respect to only a few main distinguishing

characteristics (Shahid et al, 1998-99). The spotting soil characteristics considered

and the terms used for their description are as defined below.

Depth is effective thickness of the soil material above an inert or non-soil material

(sand, bedrock etc.); three depth classes are considered, i.e. deep (>100cm),

moderately deep (50-100cm) and shallow (<50cm) (Sheikh and Soomro 2006).

Drainage is the condition of the soil with respect to wetness or natural removal of

excess water, affecting aeration of the plant root zone; five terms arc used, i.c,

excessively drained (generally dry, water removed very rapidly, water table below

150cm depth), somewhat excessively drained (water removed rapidly, water table

148

below 1 50 cm depih), well drained (water removed readily, water tabic below 150 cm

depth), moderately well drained (water removed somewhat slowly or water table at

150 to 200 cm depth), imperfectly drained (water removed very slowly, water tabic at

100 to 150 cm depth) and poorly drained (water not removed naturally, water table at

50 to 100 cm depth). Calcarcousness indicates the amount of carbonates/lime present

in the soil material. (Rodrigo et al,2005 ). Structure describes the status of soil with

respect to its development; three terms are used, i.e. stratiRed (thin layers of different

material clearly identified; no structural development), weakly structured (the material

homogenized to at least 50cm depth, with no clear stratification) and moderately

structured (the material homogenized and showing well formed peds). (Hamid et at.,

2006). Salinity/sodicity presence of excess salts (salinity) and/or pH more than 8.5

which generally reflects >15% exchangeable sodium (sodicity); four terms are used,

i.e. “non-saline, non-sodic” (no salinity, pH <8.5), “slightly saline-sodic" (slight

salinity, pH S.6-8.8), “saline-sodic” (moderate to strong salinity, pH >8.8) and

“saline/sodic surface" (slight salinity and/or pH >8.5 in the surface soil only) (Herbst,

2001), while Soil texture describes the proportion of sand, silt and clay in the soil

material; seven classes are used, i.e. sandy (sand, loamy sand or loamy fine sand),

coarse loamy (sandy loam, fine sandy loam or loamy very fine sand), loamy (loam),

silty (sill, silt loam or very fine sandy loam), fine loamy (clay loam or sandy clay

loam), fine silly (silty clay loam), and clayey (silty clay, sandy clay or clay). (Harper,

2000). With respect to topography/slope, all soils should be regarded as level, with a

slope of <1%, unless described otherwise. The symbols used for land suitability (SI,

S2, S3 and N).

6.3 Land suitability for forest trees

The soil mapping units mentioned above were further grouped on the basis of

similarity in suitability and management requirements of their component soils for

planting forest trees. Such groups, called as ‘Land Suitability Mapping Units’, arc

described in Table with respect to their component soil mapping units, spotting

characteristics and proportion of important soil components, suitability of each soil

component for selected tree species and specific soil management

requiremenis/improvement suggestions. The proportion of the component soil series is

149

described in terms of 'dominant', ‘major', ‘considerable' and 'minor' which

represent >80%, 51-80%, 20-50% and <20% of the total area under the unit

respectively (Paul, 2007). The terms used for describing the soils and their proportions

are the same (Tabl3 6.1 to 6.17). The land suitability is described in terms of classes as

defined below (Carroll, 2004).

SI:Highly suitable for planting the relevant tree species; no or a minor limitation;

highly responsive to improved management and inputs; good for nurseries.

S2:Moderately suitable for planting the relevant tree species; moderate limitation(s)

of inadequate rooting depth, low water availability, and salmily/sodicity or impeded

drainage etc; fairly responsive to improved management and inputs.

S3; Marginally (or poorly) suitable for planting the relevant tree species; severe

limitations of too shallow rooting depth, low water/nutrients availability,

salinity/sodicity or impeded drainage etc; not much responsive to improved

management/inputs or requires too high inputs to be economical

improvement.

N: Not suitable for planting the relevant tree species; may support the plants with special

techniques involving high inputs but not economic to do so (Herbst, 2001).

for

It is important to point out that the Land suitability mapping units have been somewhat

more generalized than the soil mapping units in the sense that some minor soil

components described for the former, though significantly different from the major or

dominant ones, have been ignored in the latter because of their small extent and for the

simplification needed to make differentiation of the units relatively plant able for the

lion-technical farmer and Forest staff.

It may also be clarified that the land suitability for various forest species has been

assessed with the assumption that the species would be planted and grown for wood

production on commercial basis, rather than as a common practice. The species rated

as *N’ (not suitable) or as ‘S3” (marginally suitable) simply imply that their

planting is not economically feasible or is going to give very low return because of

slow growth rate and/or low quality of wood obtained, or special carc/high investment

is needed in terms of water, fertilization, amendments etc. for its planting which may

not be practical.

150

6.4 RAWALPINDI TEHSIL

Rawalpindi district, Agrowlogical Zone V-(Barani)

Location and Extent; The area under report is located in Rawalpindi District of the

Punjab Province* It lies between 33*ORJ N and 33 41' N latitudes and 72 37' li to 73 l&'E

longitudes. The climate of the area is classified as Humid Subtropical continent. The

mean annua] rainfall is 1142.1 mm, most of which falls during late summer (monsoon)

season. The mean daily summer and winter temperatures are 29,8C and 1J.3C

respectively. Mean daily maximum summer and mean daily minimum winter

temperatures arc 35.7 C and 3.7 *C respectively* The following major landforms with

specific nature of soils and hydrological conditions are distinguished in the area as loess

plains: This Iandform is charactered by the soils developed in wind deposited material*

This highly credible material, commonly known as loess, ranges in thickness from 60cm

to 20m, Past erosion, which is still active, has distorted the original level surface of most

of this landform from a minor degree to deeply dissected gullies. This landform

comprises the alluvial deposits of Soan River and its tributaries along their courses. Three

subdivisions of this landform mapped in the area are described as Active Floodplains,

Sub recent Floodplains and Dissected River. Soan River system mainly affects the

hydrology of the area* Highly credible nature of the soil material in most of the area has

caused the rivers to maintain their beds at considerably lower level than the surroundings,

which has rendered the rivers to contribute very low to the aquifer recharge. Thus the

rivers act merely as a mean of drainage in most of the area except the floodplains along

their courses where they contribute to the ground water recharge.

The original vegetation of the area was over thorn thicket Savannah, which has been

almost cleared except in the mountainous part. Vegetation cover of other species in

uncultivated areas has been reduced by over cutting/giazing; however, climatic

conditions arc favourable for their further growth. Dry-farmed cultivation oflood crops is

the main land use ofthe area except a minor part, which is under irrigated agriculture. In

the plains the most common species are Kikar {Acacia arabica), tier {Ztyphus jujuba ),

Poplar, Bakain, Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo), Mulberry {Morns alba) and grasses like

Palwan and Lhabal as reflected in Table 6.1 and Fig 6.1.

151

NAGROECOLOGICAL ZONE V8ARAN I

[RAWALPINDI TEHM.)

SOILS WO LAW SJJfTABIUTYFOR FOREST TREES

A-ÿ

:

/• r,lIÿRAAAJ yk fl :ÿ 'i ,

VÿJf% *“""J

'AMM

*

*.

LEGEND

SOILS

LOESS FLAWS

uiatowihAM

LAND SUITABILITY *

t

WER PLAINSrtl

4 j •m t «i*i *.< r| •1•IuouiMt LDmuM it|

:ÿ

COWVWnONAL SISKSWEATHERED ROCK RUMS

/V /vI A/

/V

Pti D Work of By*d M. Akmal Rahim

Botany Daparlmant Untvar»H> of lh* Punjab. Labor*

Fig 6.1 Land suitability classification Map for choice of tree species in Tehsil

Rawalpindi District Rawalpindi

152

Table 6.1: Land Suitability Mapping Units -Rawalpindi Tehsil: Component Soils, Land Suitability for Forest trees andspecific management requirements

LAND SUITABILITY FOR FOREST TREES Specific ManagementftequirerucnlVImprovemcni

Suggestions

I.ANDsurr. COMPONENT

SOU.MAPPING

UNITS

Spotting Characteristics of Component Soils**( proportion of the component soil)

f.n*A Atari*a.1rf!"J VTUt

StUr

Mdam Mod

indictMrtmlItem* Enrol

cmMmiMrMOIMB

VBll.ITJujubmtOorclh. moodtimniI

UNITNo specific menagemail required;ifcfcruse fi?r nurseries

Deep, well drained, part stratified silly/loamy(dominant}soils- irrigated_ S1S1 31S1 S1 81S1 SI S1 S1 SIStJ 17

No specific management required,add organic matter, light doves uf

Deep, well drained mainly stratified Kilty/ loamy(major)soils - irrigated

StSt S1 StSt 81 S1 31 SIS1 SZSI2 19H

faliliHf lo e name toe my soil* amtirrigateat shorter intervals

Deep to moderately deep, somewhat excessively(considerable)drained, strmified coarse loamy_ S3 S2S3 S3 32S3 32 S2 32 S2 S3SI

S2 Adopt appropriate manuremnscrvatiou measure*

S2 SiSt S3 S2 SI SIS2 SI StSI3 I.Z Deep, well drained non-caicarcou* fine silly soilsdominant) _Deep, well drained calcareous line silty soils

(minor)_ S3 S3S1 32 SI SI SI SIS2 S3 SIszAdopt appropriate mcicurcxHucrvation men«nc* and Inaddition soil conservationmeasure* Far gently sloping soil*

Deep, well drained silly soils[major) SI32 SI 32S1 32 S2 SI32 S1 SZSI4 s

Geniiy sloping, deep, well drained silly soils(considerable)with hiÿi lime confirm_ S3S2 S2S3 S3 32 S3 S2 S2S3 S2 S3

Atkipl Jjpprupriate moisture andtoil conservation mensure*

Slopping, deep, well drained, massive loamy soils(dominant) S2S3 S3 52 S3S3 $2 S3 S3 S3S3S35 16

Intricately dissected, loamy soils[minor) N NS3 N N S3N N N N NN

Gently sloping, deep, welt drained loamy soilsdominant) S1S2 31S2 SI 51S2 S1 SI SISI SI6 8

Adopt appropriate moistureaanservationmeasures

Gently sloping, moderately deep over bedrock,[rumor)well drained loamy soils

S3S3 S3 S3 S2 52S3 S3 S3 S3 S3S3

153

si Adopt appropriate rnoirtuic / soilcomcivutiun m<aiurc»

$3 SJ si S3 SI S3Slopping, deep, well drained silty sails(major) with high lime content

Gently sloping, deep, well drained, silty soils(considerable)with high lime content

S3 S3 S37 4 S3S3

S3S3 SIS3 SI SI S2 SIS3 S352 52

S2 Adopt appropriate moistureconservation measures

si(iently sloping, deep, well drained loamy soils (major) $2 St SI SI SI sz 51 SISI SIK 7

Gently sloping, moderately deep over bedrock,(considerable)well drained loamy soils

S3 S3 SI SI S3S2 S3 S3 S3S3S3 S3

Adopt appropriate moisture/S3 toil conservation measures

Slopping, deep, well drained, massive silty soils[major) with high lime content 5253 S3 S3 52 5253 93 S3 52 539 6

Intricately dissected, silty soi Is (considerable)N S3 N NN S3 N N N MN N

Adopt appropnatc moisturerorewrvatior measures and in

>ddilion soil conservation,

measure* (dr silly soils, avoidplanting on sandy soils

Gently sloping, moderately deep to deep over bedrock,[major) well drained loamy silty soils 5333 S3 S2 S3 53 S3 S3 32 S3 S3S3910

Gently sloping, shallow over bedrock, excessively[considerable)drained sandy soils

NN N N N N N NN N NN

* Subject to occasional flooding during high flood.** The characteristics arc generalized for important soil components of each land suitability unitThe proportion of each component is described (within parentheses) in terms of: dominant (>80%), major (50-80%). considerable (20 to 50%) und minor ( <20%),All the soils arc level to nearly level, structured/homogenized, non-saline, non-sodic, porous/pcrmeable, with water tabic beyond 150cm depth and containnegligible to moderate (0-14%) amount of lime, unless described otherwise. The depth is defined in terms of thickness of the rooting zone as: Deep (>

1 00cm) and moderately deep (50-100cm, underlain by sand),

154

6,5 CHAKWAL TEHSIL

ChakwaJ district Agrocclogical Zone V- (Barani)

The urea under report is located in Chakwal District of the Punjab province, it lies

between 32 " 34; N and 33* 13' N latitudes and 72' 28y E to 7'13' E. The climate of

the area is classified as Sub humid Subtropical Continental*- The mean annual

rainfall is 853.2 mm. most of which falls during laic summer (monsoon) season. The

mean daily maximum and minimum temperatures are 30,6*C and 16.4*C

respectively. Mean daily maximum summer and mean daily minimum winter

temperatures are 36.9 C and 6.1 C respectively. The following major landforms with

specific nature of soils and hydrological conditions are distinguished in the area.

This landform is characterized by the soils developed in wind deposited material,

This highly credible material, commonly known as loess, ranges in thickness from

60cm to 20m, Three sub-landforms recognized in the area are described as Level

Loess Plains, Undulating Loess Plains and Dissected Loess Plains. Hydrology of the

area is mainly affected by Soan River and its tributaries. Highly erodible nature of

the soil material in most of the area has caused the rivers to maintain their beds at

considerably lower level than the surroundings, which has rendered the rivers to

contribute very low to the aquifer recharge. Thus the river and its tributaries act

merely as a mean of drainage in the area except the floodplains, where they

contribute to the ground water recharge.

Dry-farmed agriculture is the main land use of the area except a minor part, which is

under irrigated cropping with well/tube well irrigation. Main crops grown include

wheat, maize, oilseeds, groundnut, pulses and millets. The most common plant

species of the area are Acacia arahk a (Kikar), Zizyplms jujuba_(Ber), Dalbergia

sissoo (Shisham). Moms alba (Mulberry), Populous deltoides (Poplar), Melio

azedarach (Bakain), and some grasses like Dicanthium annulatum (Palwan) and

Cvnodon dactylon (Khabal) as described in Table 62 and Fig 62.


similarity tn suitability and management requirements of their component soils Tor

planting forest trees. Such groups, called as ‘Land Suitability Mapping Units', are

described in Tabic 62 with respect to their component.

\55

AGROECOLOGICAL ZONE- VBARANI

(CHAKWAL TEH81L)

SOILS ANO LAND SUITABILITYFOR FOREST TREES

N

ALEGENDSOILS

LOESS PLAINS

LEVEL PLAIMS**.a i

i*4 A.-iHI

UHDULATWfG PUUMt mt

*|!«lw| .

v 'fKSSECTED ALAINS

;WEATHERED ROCK PLAINS

"rr arVRM >To?Sl w*1 I

II HrilUHU rÿniAii I WKAJM

UVUÿLA(W

ikr?voOi/'A

i'wlvwwwwuWVAAIvwJ

0.SUBRECEHT fSEDMONT PLAINS

:11g j vo

!mRIVER PLAINSussecTto TwmAce

siasFCE.vr noocft/i*B

trVr mmxmttr

flCCfWT R.OOOKAH

CONVENTIONAL SIGNSLAND surrABturr

/VMSCELLANEOU8 AREAS

uuWj. tatfitnwmi

3£, r 1 •; •JfRVKllii mfl Mui

OMM

rf 4 /V-A/) S&3 s id)I

/V*1 fAy

9B I-

Sat. napiisy L*SS b#®TSoi rtiH rtf Riip< wr:

Pti D Wort of Sy*d M AJonal RaMmFcateyicjtf (nnp»c? .{Qf 4ÿraft«alfy in Puÿatfe Botany Department, Umvareity of tha Punjab. Lahore.

Fig 6.2 Land suitability classification Map for choice of tree species in TehsilCbakwal District Chakwal.

156

Table 6.2: Land Suitability Mapping Units -Chakwal Tehsil: Component Soils, Land Suitability for Forest trees and specificmanagement requirements

Specific ManagementRequireiiicnlg/lmprovumcnl

Suggestions

LAND SUITABILITY EOR I OREST TREESLANDSUIT-

COMPONENTSOILMAPPING

UNITS

Spotting Characteristics of Component Soils**( proportion of the component soil) M*n«aKik*t 'ItKtl Willnw Sirii JtiiaHi NWUiTnLiian; Sim l*opliir i IR . . I1, pi tlsfcsifi

olHiUTY

UNITa*iix

leMr

tmJkaMl ,K*4l

kUkaft— Udkl

•Ut4i.VmiDatt, r*»•

matCtA* Jdt

No specific managementrequired; add organic matter andlight doses of N fertilizer tocoarse loamy noils and irrigate ut

shorter interval*

Deep, wclJ drained, mainly stratified silty.loamy(major)soil$- irrigated SI SI SI SISI SI S2 SI17, 19 St SI SISII

Deep, somewhat eKcesffiively drained, stratified(coflildcrnblc)coar*c loamy soils •irrigated S3 SI SI S2S2 SI S2S2 SI S2 S2 S2

Adopt appropriate moistureconservation mcasiats

Deep, well drained, lilly/loamy soils(dominant) SI S2S2 S2 S2 SI11,14, 24’ SI S2 SI S2S2 SI2

Deep, moderately well drained, clayey soils (minor) S2 S3S2 S2 S2S2 S2 S2 S3S2 SI SIAdopt appropriate moistureconservation measures

Deep, well drained, calcareous fine silty/silty soils(major) SI S2S2 S2 S2 SI S2I, 2, 12’, 13’ SI S3 S2S2 SI3

Deep, well drained, non-calcareou$ line silty soils(considerable) _ SI S2S2 S2 SISI SI SI SI S2 S2SI

Adopt appropriate moistureconservation measures

Deep, moderately well drained, clayey soils(major) SI S2 S2 S333’ S2 S2 S3 S2SI S2 SI S24

Deep, well drained, fine silty/loamy soils(considerable) _ _ SI SIS2 S2 SIS2 S2 SI SI sz S2S2

Adopt appropriate moistureconservation measures

Gently sloping, deep / moderately deep, well drained(dominant) SI SI SI7, 16’, 19’ SI SIS2 SI S2 S2 S2SI S25

loamy wits Steep low hills with little soil cover(minor) N N N NN N N N N NN N

Adopt appropriate soil andmoisture conservation measures

Gently sloping, decp/modctately deep, well drained(majorllonniyfine loamy soils SI S217’, 10’ Si SI SI SIS2 SI S2 S2SI S26

Gently sloping, moderately deep, somewhat(considerable)excessively drained coarse loamy sails

S2 S3S2 SI S2 S2S3 S3 SZ S2 S3S3

157

Moderately deep over rock, moderately well drained(major)cla\'cy soils

21 Adopt appropriate soil andmoisture conservation measures

7 S2 S2 S2 SI S3S2 S2 S2 $2 S2 S2 S3

Steep low hills with little soil cover(considerable) N N N N N N N N N N N N

Moderately deep, well drained, lea myfine loamy soils(minor) _ S2 S2 S2SI SI SI S2 S2 S2 SI S251

Entirety ilopingtetoping. deep, well drained, silty soils(major) with high lime content

cS34.5. i4‘ S3 S2 S2 S2 SI S3 S2 S2 S2 Adopt appropriate moisture and

soil conservation measuresS38

Deep, well drained fine silly soils(considerable) S2 SI52 SI S2 S2 S2 52 S2 SI S251

Sloping, deep, well drained, stratified loamy soils(dnminant)16 Adept appropriate moisture and

soil conservation measuresS3 S3 S3 S2 S3S3 S3 S3 S3 52 S2 S39

Intricately dissected. Loamy soils(minor) N N SN S3 N N N N S3 NNSloping, deep, well drained, silty soils with high(major) S3 S3 S3 S36 52 S3 S3 S2 S2S3 52 S3 Adopt appropriate moisture and

soil conservation measures10

lime contentIntricately dissected, silty soils(considerable)__ N N IV S3 N N N N N S3 N N

Gcnlly sloping, moderately deep to deep, well drained(major) S3S3 S3 S2 S3 S3S3 S3 S3 52 S2 Adopt appropriate moisture and

soil conservation measuresS3

911loamyÿsilty soilsGently sloping, shallow over bedrock,(considerable)excessively drained sandy soils_

N N N N N N N NN IN N N

N.B The soil mapping units bearing ( ' ) have been token from the Reconnaissance Soil Survey Report of Salt Range Area, 1975 *Thc characteristics are for important soil components of eachland suitability unii, The proportion of each component u described (within parentheses) in terms of dominant (>80%). major (50-50%), considerable <20 to 50% j and minor{ <20%), All the soils orelevel to nearly level, structurcd'liomogenized, non-saline, non-sodic, parous/permcablc, with water table beyond 150cm depth and contain negligible to moderate (0-14%) amount of lime, unless describedotherwise. The depth is defined in terms of thickness of the rooting /one as: Deep {> 100cm). Moderately deep (50-100cm, underlain by sand stone/rock) and Shallow (>50cm. underlain by sandstoncfrock).

158

6.6 FATEH JANG TEHSIL

Attock district, Agroeclogical Zone V- (Barani)

The area under report is located in Attock of the Punjab province. It lies between

33 37’ to 33d 59’ N latitudes and 72° 00’ to 72° 50"E longitudes. The hydrology of the

area is greatly influenced by the Indus and Haro rivers. Various kases (local name for

nallah) like Kala, Sugar Nandna, and streams also drained in the area. Since the beds

of these rivers are very deep due to continuous down cutting than their surroundings,

so their contribution towards aquifer recharge is not very significant except the

floodplains. Due to the deep and extensively dissected nature of the area, most part of

the precipitation is drained off without contributing to the ground water. According to

the inferred information, there is no appreciable reservoir of ground water in the main

part of the area. However, minor strips of land along the river / stream courses have

some sizeable / suitable ground water is available which is being used for irrigated

cropping through wells / tube wells. The rain fed cultivation is the dominant land use

in the major part of the area. Irrigated agriculture is practiced only in the sub recent

floodplains of the Indus Rivers and along the main streams passing through the area.

Most of the uncultivated land is used for grazing. The main crops grown are wheat,

grams barley, millets, oil seeds, pulses, etc. Irrigated cropping through open wells is

practiced to grow high value crops like wheat, tobacco, maize, vegetables, fodder, etc.

The uncultivated parts support natural vegetation including mainly, Zizyphus jujuba

(Bcr), Acacia arabica (Kikar), Acacia modesta (Phulai), Zizyphus nummularia

(Malla), Perganum harmala (Hermal), Calotropis procera (Ak), Asphodelus

tem/ifolms (Piazi), Carthamus oxyacantha (Pohli), Cousinia minuta (Leh), Cynodon

dactylon (Khabal), Eleusine Jlaglligera (Chimber), Eragrosiis cynosuroides (Dib),

Hcierotogon controtus (Sariala), Dicanthium mnulatum (Palwan), Saccharum munja

(Sarkanda), Sorghum halepensc (Bam) etc. with the elevation ranging from 316 to 473

meters Table 63 and Fig 63. The climate of the area is classified as arid subtropical

continental. The mean annual rainfall is 584.3 mm, most of which falls during late

summer (monsoon) season are 29°C and 15°C with mean maximum summer and mean

minimum winter temperature being 35.9 C and 7.2 C respectively. The soil mapping

units mentioned above were further grouped on the basis of similarity in suitability and

management requirements of their component soils for planting forest trees. Such

groups, called as ‘Land Suitability Mapping Units1, arc described in Table 6.3 with

units.mappingsoiltheirrespect componentto

159

AGROECOLOG4CAL ZONE* VBARAN I

ATTOCKff ATEHJANG TEHSIL)

SOILS AND LAND SUITABILITYFOR FOREST TREES

N

Aft T T O C M ttH ilL

ft

1

*\

yw\ *

i ;%•.

swwiAn/V]uWsi'

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SOILS

*

Buv .‘•i • >%ACTIVE AND RECENT FLOOOF1AWS IAA

HMRECENT FLOODPLAINS

LOESS PLAINS

t*

hwir

ii

is

ife

nii11

WEATHERED ROCK PLAINS

:R LAND SUITABILITY *

< L_1 t\CONVENTIONAL SIGNS

-Hillt

wimtwnimi AREAS /ÿ/i£2 si

A/4 t1 1 A/zm ifTi

Pti D Wort of Sy*d M. Akmai RshimSoetoSeetogtcal knptct 0# Agratormtry*1 Putft Botany OoportmonL University of th« Punjffa, Lihan.

Fig 6.3 Land suitability classification Map for choice of tree species in Tehsil Fetch

Jhang District Attock

160

Table 6.3: Land Suitability Mapping Units -Fetch Jang Tehsil: Component Soils, Land Suitability for Forest trees and specificmanagement requirements

LAND SUITABILITY FOR FOREST TREESt .ANDSUIT¬ABILITYUNIT

Specific ManagementRcq uiremcnts/lmprovemcu t

Suggestions

COMPONENTSOIL

MATTINt,

UMTS

Spotting Characteristics of Component Soils*( proportion of the component soil)

Vt-iWh> Ipfelpk SirTMhiLu I I

AMLiitJh'a

Lmcm,

gfon.AfMrim

JululmMrB*fUKli

lf.mil SatoDM Ormb r„r, Atmc Encmltamal bahllr," jtbtilim crib*

Deep, well drained, loamy/silty soils- irrigated(dominant)

No specific managementrequired; prefer use for nurseries2 SI SI1 SI SI SI SI SISI SI SISI SI

Deep, well drained, line silty soils(doiuliwnt) S3SI SI St SI12 SI SI SI S2 S2S2 S22 Adopt appropriate moisture

conservation measuresDeep, well drained, clayey soils with high lime content(minor) S2 S2S3 S3 S3S3 S3 S3 S3S3 S3 SI

Gently sloping, deep, well drained, fine loamy soils(dominant) Adopt appropriate moisturasotl

conservation measures; avoidplanting on sandy soil

24 S2 S2 SI SI S2S2 S2 S2S2 S2 S2 SI3Shallow, excessively drained ,sandy soils(minor)____ N N NM N N NN N N N N

Gently sloping, deep, well drained, silly soils(major) 52 S3 S216 S3 S3 S2 S2 S2 S2S34 S2 S3

Adopt appropriate maisture/soilConservation measures

S3S3S2 S2S3 S3 S3S2 S3 S3S3 S3with high lime contents Genlly sloping .moderately deep,

well drained, (comudcraWc)graveil> fine silty soils

Gently sloping, deep, well drained, clayey soils(dominant)

Make larger pits, add organicmatter for planting, adopt

appropriate moisture conservulionmeasures

II S3 S3S3 S3 52 S2S3 S3 S3 S2 S3 S35

with high lime content Deep, well drained, fine silty soils(minor) 52 SI S2S2 S2 SIS2 SZ 52 SI SI S2

13, 14, 15 Genlly sloping to stopping, deep, well drained silty/fincsilty (dominant)soils with high lime content

6 Adopt appropriate moisture andsoil conservation measures

S3S3 S3 S2 S2S3 S3 S2 S3 S3 S3S3

161

Gently sloping, deep, well drained cloycy/fine loamy soils(Considerable)

Shallow, well drained, clayey soils (Considerable)

S2S2 S216 S2 SI SI SI SISZ SI SISZ7 Make larger pits, add organicmatter for planting; adopt

appropriate moisture conservationmeasures

NN N N N NN N N NN NSteep rocks with no soil cover(Considerable) NN N NN NN N N N NS

Sloping, deep, well drained, silty/finc silty soils(major) S2 S3S3 S3 S3 S3 S217,1* S3 S3 S3 S2 S3 Adopt appropriate moisture and

soil conservation measures8

with high lime contents Severally dissected silty soils(Considerable)_ N NN N NN N NN N NN

Deep, excessively drained, sandy soils(dominant) Avoid planting1 NN N N9 IN N N NN N NN

Shallow, excessively drained , sandy soils(major) N N27 N N NN N N NN N N10

Avoid plantingSteep rock with no soil cover(considerable)_ N N N N NN N NN N N N

* The characteristics are generalized far important soil components of each land suitability unit,

The proportion oreach component is described (within parentheses) in terms of:dominant {>80%), major (50-80%), considerable (20 to 50%) and minor ( <20%)The depth is defined in terms of thickness of the rooting zone as deep (> 100cm) and Moderately deep (SQ-lOOcm, underlam by sand)

All the soils are level to nearly level, stmcturcdliomogcnized. non-saline, non-sodic, porous/petmcablc. with water table beyond 150cm depth and contain negligible to moderate{(M4%) amount oflime, unless described otherwise.

162

6.7 RAHIM YAR KHAN TEHSIL

Rahim Yar Khan District AgroecJogical Zone III- A

(Sandy Desert)

The area under report is located in Rahim Yar Khan District of the Punjab

province. It lies between 27° 56/ to 28° 52' N latitudes and 70° 00y to 70° 32' .The climate of the area is classified as Arid Subtropical Continental. The mean

annual rainfall is 97.2mm, most of which falls during late summer (monsoon)

season. The mean daily summer and winter temperatures are 33.6°C and 14.5°C

respectively with the mean daily maximum summer and mean daily minimum

winter temperatures being 40.3°C and 5.7°C respectively. There are monthly

variations of rainfall, temperatures, evaporation and relative humidity. The

following major landforms with specific nature of soils and hydrological

conditions are distinguished as Active Floodplains, Recent Floodplains Subrecent

Floodplains and Rolling Sand Plains. Indus River, abandoned channel of Hakra

River and Panjnad Canal system influence the hydrology of the area. The

abandoned channel of Ffakra River provides natural drainage to the area. More

than 60% of the tchsil area is irrigated by the network of Panjnad Canal system.

Rest of the area is either out of the reach of canal command or sandy ridges. A

negligible area (about 2.5%) is under annual flooding by the Indus River. Almost

entire area lias brackish ground water except a narrow strip along the river Indus

where it is of good quality. Irrigated cropping of wheat, gram, oilseed, and pulses

in Rabi and cotton, sugar-cane rice and millets in JCharif with perennial/seasonal

canal supplies supplemented by tube wells is the main land use in major part of

the area. Remaining area is lying uncultivated and is mostly used as poor grazing

land. Natural vegetation includes Prosopis spicigera (jand), Acacia jacquemontii

(jandi), Salvadora oleoides (wan), Capparis aphylia (karir), Tamarix ariiculata

(fiash), Tamarix sp (lai), Calotropis pracera (ak), Desmostachya bipinnata (dab),

A Ihagi camelorum (jawan), Acacia arabica (kikar), Zizyphus jujuba (her) and

Tamarix diocia. (pilchi) Table 6.4 and Fig 6.4.



planting forest trees. Such groups, called as ‘Land Suitability Mapping Units’,

are described in Table 6.4.

163

NAGROECOLOGICAL ZONE lll-ASANDY DESERT

(RAHIMYAR KHAN TEHSIL)

SOILS AMD LAND SUITABILITYFOR FOREST TREES

ALEGENDSMDtnoovuw

1RECCNT FIOOOPLMM3

S .8U8RECCNT FLOODPUWW

yft

> *

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o4

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o4

’liisiiBnmi 1P**

rtDnM«pTiN

LAND SLiTASttiTY

*t

•Hilti E3 ••KT3f II

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&=~ A/“A/ <*•"-"

T

.‘V *b/V- A/ *i'V 6

Ph D Work of Syvd K Afcmai R*Mn%

Sodb EnMgfcal fc*wcf AÿoAxwOy ft Fta** Botany Department. UnivwiHy of Ihe Punjab, Labor*

Fig 6.4 Land suitability classification Map for choice of tree species in Tehsil Rahim Yar KhanRahim Yar Khan

164

Table 6.4: Land Suitability Mapping Units - Rahim Yar Khan Tehsil: Component Soils, Land Suitability for Forest trees andspecific management requirements

Land C'urtlfMflenr Land Suitability far Forest Trees Specific ManagementRequirements/ ImprovementSuggestions

Suit¬ s'.' ii Spotting Characteristic! of Component Solis**( proportion of the component soil)

MM"'KAV Tntil WIUM irt «-P*ibllHy

UnitMapping

Unit*Mattg.InJlitr

AstdifWcarnal

Urrw. JffKr MfeSalnl. Jtfrf™CTiii

Dalt. -Stiff,

IiullcahrW J;*r*tismu rr/ta "V.'r.

4, 5. 10, tl Deep, well drained silty/loamy sods(dominant! So specific management required;

g rrefer use for nurseriesSI SISi SI SI Si SI SISI SI SII

Deep, well drained, stratified atil ty/loamy soils(major)

Deep, moderately well drained, stratilied clayey soils(considerable)

Make larger pits and add organicmatter for planting; avoid overirrigation / long ponding on clayey

I SI SI SI SISI SI SI SISI SI SI2 SI

S3 S3S2 S3 52 S3 S3S2 S2 S2 S3S3tdili

Deep, moderately well drained clayeyfinc silty soils(dominant)

Make larger pita, add organicmatter for planting: and avoid overirrigalioalong ponding; in additionadd gypsum on saline-*odic soils

15,17 S2 S2 S2S2 S2 S2 S2S2 S2 SI SI S23

I>ccp, moderately well drained, porous salinc-sodie(ntinor)cltycy/fine sifty soils _

N N N N NS3 S2 N NX N N

Deep, well drained, stratified silty/ loamy soils(major)

SI S2 S2 NSI SI S2 S3S2 S2 SI S2IF*4 Make larger pus. add organic

matter for planting; avoid longponding on clayey soils; avoidplanting on sandy soils

Deep, moderately well drained, stratified clayey soils(minor)

Deep, excessively drained sandy soils(minor)

NS3 N N S3 N N N NN N S3

NN N N n XN N N N N X

Undulating, excessively drained, stratified sandy soils(major) Avoid planting on sandy soils; mnki

larger pits, odd organic matter forplanting on silty soils

3 N NN N N N N NN rtf N X5

Deep, well drained, stratified silty soils(considerable) _ SI SI SI SISI SI SI SI SISI SI SI

Deep, excessively drained, stratified sandy soils(major)3F* N N N XN N X N XN N N6 Avoid planting; on sandy soils; mnk<

larger pits, add organic matter and ffertilizer for planting on siltysoilsDeep, well drained, stratified silly soils

(considerable)52 XSI SI S2 S2 S3S2 S2 SI S2 SI

165

NS3 N N NDeep, moderately well drained, sunlifted clayey soil*(major)

Deep, well drained, stratified silly/ lotuny soils(minor)

Deep, excessively drained sandy soils(minor)_

S3 S3 N N NN N2F* Make larger pits and add organic

mailer for plum mg; avoid longponding on clayey soils; avoidilnnting on sandy soils

7S2SI S3 NS2 SI SI S2S2 SI SI S2

N N NN N NN N N S’N N

Make larger pits, add organicmailer for planting; and avoid overirrigation/!ung ponding; in additionadd gypsum on suline-sodic soils

NN N N N N9, 12, !«, Deep, moderately well drained, porous saline-sodic/(dominant)

N S3 N SN S2818

S2 S2 S2 S2S2 S2 S2gypsiferous clayey/ silty soils Deep, moderately welldrained clayey soils (minor)

S2 S2 S1 SI S2

Deep, moderately well drained, porous saline-sodic{dominanDsihy soils Make larger pita, add organic

natter and gypsum for planting onporous saline- sodic soils; avoidplanting on dense saline-sodic soils

N N N NS2 A N7, 8, 13 N S3 S NN9

Deep, tnodcralely well drained, dense saline-sodic(minor)claycy/silty soils_ NN NN N NS3 N NN N N

Deep, moderately well drained, dense saline-sodic(dominant tela ycyffinc silly soils NN N N NN S3 N N Pi14 N N10

Avoid plantingDeep, moderately well drained, porous saline-sodic(minor) clayey soils__ NN N N NN S3 N N NN SI

19, 20,21,

4\ 7\9\12% 13% IS’

NN N NUndulating and rolling, excessively drained, sandysoils (dominant)

N N NN N N N N11Avoid planting

y.B. Port of the t chid has been surveyed / reported in Reconnaissance Soil Survey Reports of Cholittun, 1974 and Dera Ghazi Khan. 1974, The soil mapping units of these areas have been adopted anddesignated by adding single prime ( ‘ ) and double prune ( " ) respectively to their retpeclivc numbers.

* Subject to river Hooding almost every year during monsoon season.•* The characteristics are generalized (or important soil components of each land suitability unit. The proportion of each component is described (within parentheses} in terms of;

dominant {>80%). major (50-80%), considerable (20 to 50%) and minor ( <20%).All the soils are Icvd to nearly level, structured/hortingenized, non-saline, non-sodic, porous, permeable, with water table beyond 150cm depth and contain negligible to moderate (0-14%) amountof lime, unless described otherwise The depth is defined in terms of thickness of the rooting zone as: Deep (> 100cm) and moderately deep (50-100cm. underlain by sand)

166

6.8 BAHAWAL PUR TEHSIL

Kahn will pur District Agroedogical Zone III- A (Sandy Desert)

The area under report is located in Bahawalpur district of the Punjab province. It

lies betwcen28u 57' N to 29°31' N latitudes and 7l°5(y E to 72° 36' E longitudes

The climate of the area is classified as Arid Subtropical Continental, The mean

annual rainfall is 172.8mm, most of which falls during late summer (monsoon)

season. The mean daily summer and winter temperatures are 32.1cC and 19.1°C

respectively with the mean maximum summer and mean minimum winter

temperatures being 38.8°C and 10.9°C respectively. The following three major

landforms with specific nature of soils and hydrological conditions are

distinguished in the area. 1. Flood plains (Active Floodplains and Sub recent

Floodplains) , 2. Sub recent deposits on old river terrace and 3. Rolling sand

plains. The hydrology of the area is influenced by Sutlej and Panjnad Rivers,

These rivers overflow during monsoon season, flooding the adjoining area.

Frequency of floods has diminished under the Indus Basin Treaty. The area is

irrigated by a network of Desert Branch, Bahawalpur distributor and Ahmadpur

Branch of Bahawal canal. Ground water is of good quality and may be used for

supplementary irrigation,

Most of the area is used for general cropping with canal and tube well irrigation.

A large part of the area comprises Cholistan desert mainly uncultivated and arc

used for poor grazing. The main crops grown are cotton, wheat, pulses gram,

fodder.

Natural vegetation includes Salavadora oleoides (wan), Tamarix articulata

(flash) Eieusine jlagellifera (Chhimbcr), Eragrostis cynosuroides (Dib), Alhagi

camelorum (Jawan) Prosopis spiegera (Jand) Capparis aphylla (Karir), Temarix

diocia (Lani) and Cymbopogan Juarancusa (Khcwi). In Cholistan, main species

encountered on sandy ridges are Calligonunt potygonokies (Phog), Aeruve

javanica (Bari) and Calatropis procera (Ak). Datcpalm is also quite common in

the area adjacent to river Tabic 6.5.and Fig 6.5.



planting forest trees. Such groups, called as kLand Suitability Mapping Units’, arc

described in Table 6.5 with respect to their component.

167

AGROECOLOGICAL ZONE tti-ASANDY DESERT

(BAHAWALPUR TEHSIL)


N

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Ph D Work of Sy*d M. Akmj! RahimSocA>gcntoBAjltni»«OÿA<ÿi|><bmOTinlN«ÿ Botany Dapartmant. Untvaraity of tha Punjab. Labor*

Fig 6.5 Land suitability classification Map for choice of tree species in Tehsil Bahawalpur

district Bahawalpur

166

Table 6.5: Land Suitability Mapping Units- Bahawalpur Tehsil: Component Soils, Land Suitability for Forest trees and specificmanagement requirements

Sail.ability

Specific ManagementRequiremciUs/Iraprovcmcnt

Suggestions

Compo nr111 I.mid Suitability for Forest Trees-..ii

Spotting Characteristics of Component Soils**

< proportion of the component soil)Mappine

Holla*>*• •mawi sw. Ipntpu Fnt

Util I FScUi**»*ÿ

Vang.Mica

CmAtbti. /.iff*

glan.

r,i AM. ficusDolt. lamf.i

final

atmal.

/feme.nfjotl- Mjm.Mica t file?.silfaa arti

Met

No specific management requiteiLprefer use for BUT(cries; make largerpus. add organic nuuer and gypsum lorpluming cm Kllinr-wdic soils

Stl 4. 5, 6.10, 12

Deep, well drained loamysilty/ fine silty soils

Deep, well drained, salinc-sodic silly/ loamy soils

Si SI SI SI(dominantj SI SI St SI S! StSI

N NSI N N N N NN N S3 N(minor)

No specific minutyement required;make larger pin. add organic mailer lor

planting and avoid long ponding eoclayey fail*

SiPeep, well drained, loamy foils (major) SI SI St SI SI SISI SI SISISI119, 202 Deep, moderately well drained clayey will (considerable) 52 S’ sz SISI S2 SI SISI S2 SI SI

Deep, well drained, saline-sodic clayey/linc silty will (minor) N NSI N N N NN N S3 N N

Make larger pit* .add organic mutterfur pluming and uvuid long ponding on

;Utyey foil*, in addition odd gypsumOil taiinc-sodic foil*

SI SIDeep, moderately well drained, clayey soils (major) SI si SI si siSI SI SI SI 52

17. IS3 SI SI SI SISI SI SI SI 51SI SIDeep, well drained, loamy/siiiy toil* (minor) SI

N N NS3 N N N NN N SI NDeep, moderately well drained, ( minor)claycy/finc silty soils_

Make larger pits, add organic matterfor planting; avoid long ponding onclayey soils; avoid planting on sandy

Deep, wdl drained stratified silty sm Is (major) SI SI SI NSI Si st 51 S351 St SI

1\ 2*.2’*

4 N NN 53' N S3 N N NN S3 NDeep, moderately well drained, stratified clayey (considerable)soilit •'Ml'

N N N S NN N N N N N N

Undulating, excessively drained sandy soils (minor)Moderately deep, well drained, stratified jntty wits (major)

underlain by sand at 60 to 90cmMake larger pits . odd organicmutter, irrigate at short interv alsand add light doses of N fertilizers',

avoid planting on sandy soils

SI S3 S3 N S351 SI si SI NST SI

r*5Undulating, excessively drained study wilt N(considerable) N N N N N NN N N N N

Make larger pits, add organic matterand gypsum fur planting on saline-

sodic soils; avoid over irrlgation/longjonding on clayey soils

Deep, well drained, xaltneÿsodic Iwmy-'clayuy toils(major)Deep, well drained, non-saline, non-sod icloamy/silty soilsDeep, moderately well drained, non-saltnc, non-iodicclayey *oili__

N Nft S3 N N N N NN SI N11, 156 Si si SISi SI St 51 SISI SISI SI(considerable)

SISI SI SI51 SI SI SI SISI 51 SI(minor)

Avoid planting on sandy soils;Undulating, excessively drained stratified sandy soils N N N N NN N N N N N N

169

make larger piis and iidit organicmiter for planting on silly soils

3*3*’ (major)7NSI SI S2 S3 S2S2 SI S2 SIS2 SI

Deep, well drained stratified silly soils (considerable)

Make larger pits, add organic matterand gypsum for planting on salinc-iddic soils; avoid over mgation/long

' ponding on clayey soils

Deep, moderately well drained, uline-sodic (major)clayey'fine silty soils NN N N NS3 N N N13.N N N N8

Deep moderately well drained clayey/finc silly soils (considerable) S2 S2S2 SI SIS2 SI Si SI SISI SI

Deep, well drained, severely saline gypsiferous (dunlinsill)

fine loomy/clayey soils Avoid plantingN N NN N N N NN N N N99

Undulating, excessively drained sandy (major)soils-uncomrnanded Avoid planlingNN N N N NN N N N11,21 N N10Deep, well drained, saline -sidle clayey/ (consider'able)

loamy soils - uncommondedNN N N NN N N N N N

N

Avoid planlingS S NN N16,23 Deep, moderately well drained, dense salinc-sodic (dominant)clayey Soils

N 19 N N N N N11

Undultding/roUing. excessively drained sandysoils(dominant) Avoid planlingN N NN S N N N24,25, 26, N N N N12

* Subject to river flooding almost every year during monsoon season.** The cliaracieristics ore generalized for important soil components of each land suitability unit. The proportion of each component is described (within pareniheses) in terms of:

dominant (>80%). major (50-80%), considerable (20 to 50%) and minor ( <20%). All the soils are level to nearly level. structured/homogcnizcd non-saline, noo-sodic, porous/permeable,with water table beyond 1SOcm depth and contain negligible to moderate (0-14%) amount of lime, unless described otherwise. The depth is defined in terms of thickness of the tooting ante as;

Deep (> 100cm) and Moderately deep (50-100cm. underlain by sand).

170

6.9 BAHAWAL NIGAR DISTRICT

Agroeclogical Zone III- A (Sandy Desert)

The area underreport is located in Bahawalnagar Tehsil of the Punjab province. It lies

between 29° 32y to 30° l V N latitudes and 72° 51; to 73“24; E longitudes (sec location

map) with the elevation ranging from 155 to 160 meters. It covers an area of 1755.12

square kilometers (175512 hectares).

The climate of the area is classified as Arid Subtropical Continental. The mean annual

rainfall is 196.4mm, most of which fells during late summer (monsoon) season. The

mean daily summer and winter temperatures are 33J°C and 14.6°C respectively. Mean

daily maximum summer and mean daily minimum winter temperatures are 39.2°C and

6.9°C respectively. The following major landforms with specific nature of soils and

hydrological conditions are distinguished in the area. Active Floodplains, Recent

Floodplains, Sub recent floodplains and old River Terrace. Sutlej River traversing

along its northwestern boundary controls the hydrology of the area. The area is

irrigated by the network of Eastern Sadiqia and Fordwah canals. Seepage from these

canals has created water logging and salinity problems in the adjacent areas. Ground

water is generally brackish except small strips along the river and main canals.

Irrigated cropping of wheat, gram, pulses, oil-seeds, fodder, sugarcane, cotton, paddy

and millets is the land use of about 75 percent of the area with irrigation supplies

provided by Eastern Sadiqia and Fordwah canal systems. Rainfall of the area is

insufficient to support dry farming. About 20% of the area is uncultivated either being

uncommanded or sand dunes. Narrow strips of land along the river are cultivated on

residua] Hood moisture. Mango and citrus orchards arc also grown locally in some

parts of fee area. A minor part of area with nearly level to gently undulating coarse

loamy/loamy soils near Bahawalnagar and narrow strips along canals and highways

are under irrigated plantation. Natural vegetation includes Haloxylon recurvum

(Lana), Salsolafeotida ( Lani) Acacia Jaquemontii (Jandi}, Prosopis spiedigera (jand),

Saccharum munja (Sarkanda), Eragrostis cynosuraides (Dab) Afhagi cameforum

(Jawan) and Dalbnergia sisso (Shisham),Tamarix diocia. (Pilchi), Tamarix articulata

(Farash), Zizyphus jujuba (Ber) and Acacia arabica (Kikar) Table 6.6 and Fig 6.6. The

soil mapping units mentioned above were further grouped on the basis of similarity in

suitability and management requirements of their component soils for planting forest

trees. Such groups, called as ‘Land Suitability Mapping Units', are described in

Table 6.6.

171

NAGROECOLOGICAL ZONE lll-ASANDY DESERT

{BAHAWALNAGAR TEHSIL)

SOULS ANO LAM) SUITABILITYFOR FOREST TREES

Ac'

4V

" ffc.' ‘£*E*

\4

fc-”fl 4

4

4t, f

;y9 ~'lt# t

tf

i m

f1

fATi•-I rf

I >V'N r/—«ÿ *LEGEND

SOILSwiNEnocwuM

l€ f*I

*Rfcexrnooof-ua** a

%<

MNUWCCMT FLOODPLAM*

**%

ty I

out mvw iXMucf CONVEHTK3NAL SIGNSLAND SUITABiUTY

1 <5I

co « •*ini«£3f

IHCCLLANCOU* ARMSI 'V.

1E-:Ph D Work of Sy«d M. Akm*l Rahim

Botany OtpwtnwnL Untv«Ky of U» Punjab. L«»w«.

Fig 6.6 Land suitability classification Map for choice of tree species in Tehstl Bahawalnagar

District Bahawalnagar

172

Table 6.6: Land Suitability Mapping Units — Bahawalnagar Tehsil: Component Soils, Land Suitability lor lorest trees and specific


Specific ManagementRequiremenlv'lmprn veim.nl

Suggestions

Land Suitability for Forest TreesLandSuit-

CodiponcntSon

MappingUnit.

Spotting Characteristics of Component Soils**( proportion of (he component soil)

w5T VrTOOI\f0*lability i

UnitiMtkmInjitw

AlhiiWrf

Afefla SoftMU

I EmivlIfoowO jitfafUitU/mbJPart.

ilawHI*nUitt jumbMlfWto

No specific ircmugciiKiit required;ureter use for nurseries

__No spewiic management rttfmrcd,

Ttcfcr use for nulseries, make lalgri pits

tint add 01 guide mailer ll>i pluming on' clayey wnl*

S1S1 SIS1 S11 S1S1S1 S1S1 S15, 24 (dominant)Deep, well drained loamy's i tty soils__Deep, well drained silty soils

Deep, moderately well drained clayey soils

SI

S1S12 SISIS1S1 StS1S1 SIS1(dominant)20 Si

SIS2 SIS2 S2(minor) S2 S2S1S2 S1 SIS2

Avoid over imgaiioft'long ponding, make larger pits and add organic

matter for plantingS23 SIS2S2SI S28282StSIDeep, moderately well drained, clnycy/fino silty soils12 (dominant) S2S2

SISISISIDeep, well drained silty soils (minor) StSISIStSISISISI

Make larger pit,. avoid over irrigation

md add organic mancr for planting,

irrigate cotree loamy soil* at shorterintervali and add light dote*of Nfertilizer

S24 S2S2S282S2SISIis StDeep, moderately well drained clayey soils St(major) SI82

SISI(considerable) S2S2 S2Deep, somewhat excessively drainedcoarse loamy soils

____ S2 S252SI 52SIS2

Make larger pit,, udd organic mailer.

Irrigate at thorter interval » and add_ ighl dose* ot' N Icrtilizcr; avoidN slanting <W «ndy »oits.

5 siS252S2S2 SIS2 SIS37 Deep, somewhat excessively drained, coarse loamy soils (dnimetanij

Undulating, excessively drained sandy soils

SISI

NN(minor) NH N NNNNN

NS2SISI S3SISISISt SIDeeiVinodjcralcly deep, well drained, stratified sdty Soil-. (major) SISIMake larger pita and add organic matter

for planting; avoid long ponding an

clayey soil*; avoid planting on •aunty

toil*

6 2* NNNS3 NNNS3 HS3NIN(minor)Deep, moderately well dluinod, Vlruliflcd clayey anils

(minor)Undulating, excessively drained sandy coils. SNNNINNNN INNN N

I Make larger pin, add organic nutter

find gypsum for planting ort calmc-eodic

(toils

SNNsNNNNSIS3(major) NSl>cep, moderately well drained, imrous valine-indieelayey/tonniy soda7 26

SISISIsi SISI SISISI SISISIh>ecp, WTII drained, non-vilitie. imn-sodic loamy '.oils (considerable)

Make larger pit, and add organic matter[for planting; avoid over oilgauntlong

Deep, moderately well drained, stratiTied clayey soils (major)SN NNNS3NS3 NN S3Nl*8

173

N [ponding oiidiiycy soilsSIS2 l" S2 S3SISISISISISI j S3

(considerable)well drained. stratified Mlty soilsMjJte larger pit), add I'rjiur.te

andcypwim foe pta.rAuig9 mutterNNNNNNNNS3S3IVN(dominant)Deep, moderately well drained, porous sallno-sodlc

eleyey/loamy soils_ _13.18

Provide adequate drainage system.

irrigate carefully and add organic•natter;also add gypsum for planting onsaline-sodic sols

_____NIVsN MS3NNS3S3NN(dominenf;10 Deep. Imperfectly drained loamy sods

Deep, Imperfectly drained, sahne-sodic loamy sols

14.1$NNIVNNINS3S3NN(minor)

Avoid pfitnPng on sandy soils; nukelarger pit* and ndd organic mailer lor

planting on silty soils

NNNNNNNNNNMN(domlntnt)Undulating, excessively drained sandy soilsII v*

NSIS3S3S3SISIS2SISIS2S2(minor)Deep, wot! drained, stratified sillysoilsNo nil problem; cxplure lire

possibilitiesto provide imenioa

NNNNNNNNNNN

(Jnwinanl)tz l>etp. well drained, tnu <-mman<k‘d silty .namy unis21NIV NN NNN NNN(major)thuMaling to rolling, excessvety drained sandy >oils Avoid planting

13 33NNINN NNNN\NNN

(eonthltraUt)Uccp, well drained loair.y toilssubject to buna!

* Subject to occasional Hooding during high flood.*’ The characteristics arc generalized tar important soil components of each land suitability unit. The proportion of each component is described (within parentheses) in terms of:

dominant (>80%), major (50-110%), considerable (20 to 50%) and minor ( <20%). All the soils are level to nearly level, struetured/lioinogcnizcd, non-saline, noti-sodic, porous/pcrmeablc,

water tabic beyond 150cm depth and contain negligible to moderate (0-14%) amount of lime, unless described otherwise. The depth is defined in terms of thickness ul the rooting rone as:

Deep (> 100cm) and Moderately deep (50-1OOcrn, underlain by sand).

with

174

6.10 MUZAFFAR GARH DISTRICT

Agroeclogical Zone III- B (Sandy Desert)

The area under report is located in Muzaffargarh district of the Punjab province. It

lies between 29a38/ to 30°38y N latitudes and 70°49/ to 71° 45' E longitudes (see

location map) with the elevation ranging from 11° to 13° meters. It covers about

2,384,32 square kilometers 238,432 hectares). The climate of the area is classified

as Arid Subtropical Continental. The mean annual rainfall is 186.8mm, most of

which fells during late summer (monsoon) season. The mean daily summer and

winter temperatures are 32.03°C and 18.4°C respectively with the mean maximum

summer and mean minimum winter temperatures being 38.6°C and 10.3°C

respectively. The following major landforms with specific nature of soils and

hydrological conditions are distinguished in the area. Floodplains (Active

Floodplains, Recent Floodplains and Sub recent Floodplains) and sub recent

deposits on old river terrace. The hydrology of the area is influenced by river

Chcnab and the irrigation system. The river overflows during monsoon and

inundates the flood belt. Flooding greatly contributes to the ground water recharge

and the residual flood moisture is used to grow winter crops in flood belt. The area

is irrigated by a network of Rangpur and Thai canals. Taunsa- Panjnad link also

passes through the area. Seepage from the irrigation system has caused high water

table conditions mainly in the western part of the Tehsil.

Most of the area is used for irrigated general cropping with canals and tube wells,

The crops grown arc mainly cotton, wheat, maize, sugarcane and fodder. Mango,

date palms and citrus orchards arc grown locally in the area.

Natural vegetation includes Acacia arabica (Kikar) Cynodon dactylon (khabbal),

Eleusine Jlagellifera (Chhimbcr), Salvadora oieoides (wan), Prosopis spiegera

(land) Capparis aphylta (Karir), Tamarix articulata (Farash) TamarLx diocia (Lani)

and Cymbopogan juarancusa (khewi) Table 6.7 and Fig 6.7.



planting forest trees. Such groups, called as ‘Land Suitability Mapping Units’, are

described in Table 6.7.

175

NAGROECOLOGICAL ZONE Hl-BSANDY DESERT

{MUZAFFARGARH TEHSJL)

SOtLS AMO LAND SUCTABtLfTVFO« FOREST TREES

A

G E N DL

SOILS

I i

(s.

njxamim

1Mf

>*•

I V<

i M'*

?ÿ

K*

LAND XUTAMJTV COHV&mOHAL

&Si o <oi•m n

'G3 »£"

&<w" /V

Pit D Work of Syed M. Akmal Rahim

Botany Dapartmant Unlvarvlty of tha Punjab, Labor*.

Fig 6.7 Land suitability classification Map for choice of tree species in Tehsil

MuzafTargarfi district Muzaffargarh

176

I able 6.7: Land Suitability Mapping Units - MuzalTargarh Tehsil: Component Soils, Land Suitability for Forest trees and specificmanagement requirements

Land | ComponentSuit¬

ability

Specific ManagementRequirementv’lmproveim-nt

-Suggestions

l.iirnl Suitability for l-'nrest TreesMfl Spotting Characteristics of Component Soils**

( proportion of the component soil) KULU jl iwahpJ Wiis llpAr Iplej Ftfwli Srwm ILMappingUnits

flplr B«rSitnudMitalinm

Unit Mctith".indie*

i Aim

mjne.

fiea, /«•«!T

img.l'ama,l uea. AtaJ.

mdhaRetfb, Itanib. f.HtaL .tttiz.

Irbdt

Atae.rellit.arrx

exit* nlfntL ImiL

20’1 Deop, well drained slBy/loemy sotH (dominant) No specific man-i jteraerit required.prefer UK Tor nuiwric*

$1 5t SISI SI SI SI51 Sf SISI $1

Nn specific management required:avoid planting onshallow fitlymils, male laigei put. add organic

mailer and avoid over niguikirv'longponding on clayey sods

1 1.3 |Deep, well drained, part stratified silly fine silly soils (major)

Shallow over sand, excessively drained silty toils (minor)

Deep, medera lely well drained clayey soils (minor)

SI SI sisj_ M St StSI SI "l SISI

S3 S3 NS3 S3 N N N 5S3 S3

SIsz szSI SI sz SI SIsz SISI S2

Deep, wefl drained stratified siltyAoamy toils (dominant)

Deep, excessively drained, stratified sandy soils (minor)part with (fin sitty cover

Make huger pit* and add organicmanor for planting; avoid

planimon

SZ SI ssi SI SI S3 SISI SIsz St3 3"

N sandy toilsNN NN NN NN N NN

Mate l.irger pits, add organic nunier

and avoid over imsah otv'longKinding on clayey soils

Deep, moderatoly well drained clayey soils[dominant)

SI SI SZ SI SI SISI SISI SI SI sz11. 15*. 16"4

St SISI SI SISI SI SISI SI si51Deep well drained silty soils (minor)

| Deep, well drained, stratified silly wills((major)

Make laigcr pilx and add organic

nuttei lor plaining; avoid lungponding on clayey soils, avoidplanting on sandy seals

SI51 S NSI 51 S352 SI SI SI SI1*5. 1**,2**, 1***,3"*

5

N NN N S3 V N 5N S3 S3S[ Deep, moderately well drained stratified clayey Mile (considerable)

Undulating, excessively drained samly soilsNN %N N N NN NN N

(minor)

Ihovulc adequate drainage. makelurgci pits and add organic mailer lorplanting, avoid planting on sandymils _ _ _

S3SI 51SI SZ 52 52SZ s: si si521", 2"6 Deep imperfectly drained, stratified silly soils

Undulating, cvcessivdy drained sandy anils(major)

(considerable) KN N S NN N NN N N N

Deep, excessively drained, stratified sandy anils[major) part with thm silty cover

Deep moderately deep, well drained. Jlrati lied (considerable)

silty anils

Avoid planting rm sandy soils; makelarger pits and add organicmatter forplanting on sHty soils

7 2. I"K, 6’*, NN SN N V NN N N NN7'*, 3'», IM

SZSISI SI sz NSt SI S351 SZ St

IVovide adequate irrigation lorcaching excess suits; mttlre larger pitsdd organic mailer and avoid overmiration un clayey soils

s 4.5 1 Deep, moderately well drained, severely salale (dominant)gyypsrtcroiis, clayey,'silty soil*Deep, modern lely well drained, noti-nulinc, non-stalk inor)

1ÿ7*7 mUl

_ N N NN 5N S3 N SIN 5J

52.52 51SZ 51 SZ si52 St SISI SI

177

Mate larger pii*. n£d or-jÿmie

fniHrrand gypsum ibr *void irt«

lfrigsUooflong ponding on dnyay

Doop, moderately ivc-ii dromcd. porous sÿine-sodic

[dominant) r.'ayey tods S N s.1 s: M N S N N N Na. 109

Dec:. mooflra;ci:-r- well cr.j rrud, non-soJ.-ie. nofi-soorc

(minor)clayey toils

__ s: SI SI Si SI SI S3 SI si SI M50*3

SI

Deep, well dr-uniÿi, mainly BtraiifitHJ, salne-sodic silly soils(major!

N N S3 SJ X y X N N N N N Make larger pit-.. i4d nrÿJiuc

matter and gypsum fin' [ilontiug;avoid planting on sandy sails

5*.109"* N N NN N N N N N N N

Undulating. oxcirvuvely drained sandy soils(conslderabh]

Deep, moderaldylimpdrfwUy wall drained, danse(major) N X Avoid plantingN N N N M N N N N Ntl 7. 4", 5”

snlne-aodfcj cl ay*iy/s H ly soils U nddatlng sandy soils[minor)

N iM N N N N V N N N N N

SI si si si SI si si M M M Si SIDeep, imped eedy dre rurd clayoy/fine silty soils[minor)

Deep, moderately well drained, dense eallne-sarftc(dominant) clnyeyfln# silly sal-39, 13*, is* Avoid paintingN N N 51 S V N y X NII

Deep. rroderaletyivaii drained, porous satme-sodio(minor)cieyey silty amis

N N S3 SI N N V \ X N V N

Umtuial m£, (itcHiH'lv drained sandy sods[mi jar) N K M Avoid planting13, U.7'1.

9", iJT\

y N y N N \ N x13

Deep, somewhat eveevsively [trained,

loamy/silly suits UIKIIIII Handed(Considerable)14",16” N N N y x x X X X X X

iV. ft Par of (tic (cjisit turn bate surveycel! i v purred in kcemmiiissanee Soil Survey Rcporrs of Indus Rivemin Area (1H)78), TtinL Souili (I !W£). Hung Afei ( I (i(iH j mid Mu limi North 1 1 9W) Tlic suit mapping unite of this urea haveheen iLitiiptcd and dcsi gnatud hy ,nM :iy, ( 1

I, ('*), ( + ), (++) m lheir respective numbers,

4 Subject tD river flood ins ill morn every ye nr during inonioon season.4 4 rliii characteristics an: generalized for important soil components of each land suitability unit. The proportion of each component is described (within parenthews) id terms of:

dominant (>&0%), major (5fl-K()%). oouidereblc (20 lo 50%) and minor ( <20%). AH the soils are level lu nearly level, stnjfltowltiomogcnjzod, nun-saline, non-sodk, pornos/pcmicahlc. will)

writer table beyond 1 50cm drpili noJ eon tain negli|jible 10 moderate (0-14%) amount ul lime, unless described odicrvsisc. The depth is defined it) icrui* ol thickness of the rociing zone us;

Deep (> 100cm) and ModerateJy deep (50-100cm. underlain by sand).

17a

6.11 DERA GHAZI KHAN DISTRICTAgroeclogical Zone III- B (Sandy Desert)

The area under report is located in Dera Ghazi Khan District of the Punjab

province. It lies between 29° 55' to 30° 3l' N latitudes and 70° 10' to 70° 54' Elongitudes .The climate of the area is classified as Arid Subtropical Continental.

The mean annual ramfiill is 186.8mm, most of which falls during late summer

(monsoon) season. The mean daily summer and winter temperatures are 34.1°C and

ISiTC with the mean maximum summer and mean minimum winter temperatures

being 39.8cC and 5,9°C respectively. The area comprises two distinct land types

namely, Piedmont Plains commonly known as Derajat and River Plains forming an

elongated strip between Sulaiman Range and the Indus River. These land systems

are further subdivided into following major landforms with a brief description on

the basis of specific nature of soils and hydrological conditions distinguished in the

area. River plains (Active and Recent floodplains, Sub recent floodplains) and

Piedmont plains (Recent piedmont plains, Sub recent piedmont plains and

Pleistocene piedmont terraces).

The Indus River along with its tributaries originating from Sulaiman Range

influences the hydrology of the area. A network of D.G. Khan Canal, Dajal Cana)

and Rajanpur Branch together with some other inundation canals irrigates the non-

flooded areas of the river plains and adjoining piedmont plains. Mithwan, Vidor,

Sakhi Sarwar and Son arc the major torrential streams whose water is diverted by

the local farmers for cultivation. Some of them discharge directly into the Indus.

River floods, surface and subsurface flow from the hilts and seepage from the

irrigation system are the main sources of groundwater recharge. The floodplains

and locally lower skirts of the piedmont urea, underlain by river alluvium arc in the

fresh groundwater zone. Irrigated cropping is the main land use in the floodplains

and adjoining parts of the piedmont plains. Main crops grown arc wheat, cotton,

rice, grams and millets together with mango orchards and date-palm grooves.

Torrent-watered cropping is prevalent in some parts of the piedmont plains. Main

crops grown are sorghum, oilseeds and millets Table 6.8 and Fig 6.8. The soil

mapping units mentioned above were further grouped on the basis of similarity in

suitability and management requirements of their component soils for planting

forest trees. Such groups, called as Land Suitability Mapping Units’, are

described in Table 6,8.

179

AGROECOLOGICAL ZONE 111-6SANDY DESERT

(DERA GHAZI KHAN TEHSIL)

SOILS AND LAND SUTTABJUTYFOR FOREST TREES

N

A

'1JJ !

i; \v. \m \LEGEND

SOW.S'Vjiiflt

«

*

**ACTIVE FLOODPLAINS r

Pm s£3 [< L*' FLOOOPUUWS

L)Nw i

a 3 *

15 V •

i!:i1-C3

m:ffir

Si-mi

i*11'HIE

"! 1/ r,

-im»o—:Sililr

cowvEwrroMAi SKJWSLAND SUtTABIUTY

.* *./ Wlonn

/ft-A/ Svanloy IM

* : :

winiiArt >«EZ3- r|

/V«AZl4TlEB«-~

il*4* MM 1«F|.

A/

Ph D Work of Syod M Akmal R«hlm

Botany Department Univ*r»ity of the Punjab. Labor*.

Fig 6.8 Land suitability classification Map for choice of tree species in Tehsil Dera Gazi

Khan district Dera Gazi Khan

180

Table 6.8: Land Suitability Mapping Units-Dera Gazi Khan Tehsil: Component Soils, Land Suitability for Forest trees andspecific management requirements

LandSuit-

CumpoaentSoil

MappingUnits

Lund Suitability fur Forest TreesSpecific Management

Rcquircmcntv ImprovementSuggestions

Spotting Characteristics of Component Soils**( proportion of the component soil)

ability M»(vB-riotShBI Mill Ktkir

Unitc

Aimi.l*Jhm

Mitti#.tndk*

Com,

myir.

Irtiiloir*

fir Ml

rrttoFieHI

Itni-t'llent turn

X<**-J'llJWil.M.arti

MUMi

No specific management required:nuxe larger pilv add organic nulla

Tor planting and avoid over irrigation)tong pondingCHI clayey soil*

l 3’, 5.6.15a, Iha

Deep, well drained, part stratified city loamy Milt (dominant)

Deep, moderate!* well drained, port stratified clayey soils (minor)

SISI SI $1 SISI si si SIsi sisi

SI SI SI SISI SISISISI SISI SI

No specific management required,make larger pit*. add ut game matterfor planting on clayey soilsand avoidover in i pul km' long ponding; in addit¬ion -,.l,t usnsiUTt l,s pnl*

2 4 Deep, well drained, silly, loamy roilsDeep, moderately well drained clayey noilsDeep, moderate) y well drained, laline-sodjc

SI SISI SI StSI(considerable)(rtmsidernblc)

(minor)

SI SISI SISI SISI SISI SI SIsz S2SI SISI SIsiN NN NS3 NS3 N NN SIN

L.I.ivrv j|ilti miR

Make larger pits end add organic

maUor, avoid over Irrigation/ longponding; no specific managementrequired for silty,toamy soils

3 13 Deep, moderately well drained clayey toils SI siSI SI SIS2 S352S2 St SI(majorl SI

Deep, well drained silty/loamy noils SI S3 SI51 S1 S1S1 S1S1 £1(considerable) 51Si

Slake larger pits, add organic nutter Tea

darning and avoid ova irngntiatV long

bonding

4 10s Deep, moderately well drained, clayey soils ofpiedmont pains •irrigated

SI si SI52 SI SI S2si(dominant) SI SI SISI

5 2" Make larger [tils, add organic nutterand avoid ova irrigation long

ponding;, no specific managementrequired for tilty/loamv milt

Deep, moderately well drained. strati lied clayc y soft (dominant)

Deep, welt drained strnri lied silly soil*

S3 S3S3 S3S3 S3 SISI SIS3 SIS3

SI Si SISI SISiSI SI SIiminor) SI SISI

Make Saiga piis. add organic muter furA 14 Deep, moderately well drained clayey soils

with shrink-swell characteristic*Deep, moderately well drained clayey mils

S3 S3S3 53 S3 S3(major) S3 S3 S353 S3S3planting and avoid over irrigation/ long

pondingSI si52 52 S2 SISI SI(considerable) SI Si SISI

A* nnl planting on candy soils; ::uspecific nuiugcmcnl required forsilty,loamy soils

7 10 Undulating, evccinvrly drained sandy wils

Deep, well drained, silty.' loamy urns_ft SS N 5S s N(dominant) 5 N N N

SI siSI SI(minor) SI SI SISI SISI 51St

181

Avoid planting on mndy MJII*. makelarycr pita mid udd organic matter furplaining; ovmdovcr imgaliua lungponding on clayc) M>I1»

___H 6'*, 7‘* N NNUndulating, excessively drained, randy soils

Deep, well drained, stratified silty soilsDeep, moderately well drained, stratified clayey sods

N NNN NN N(major)(conshlrrabte)

(minor)

N NNSISISI S2SI SI SISiSI SINNN S3 S NSS3 S3N NS

Make larger pits, odd organic matterand gypsum lor planting on safmo-sodlc soils. no specific management

I required lor normal siity/taamy soils

9 N«. II Deep, wdl drained, saline-wdic silty,'t tnycy soils

Deep, well drained, non-rallne, non-iodic silty soils

NIS N VNNN N(dominant) N SI

K»SISI SI SI SISt SI SISI(minor) SISI

10 Adopt appropriate mcisturnconservation measures

15.1*. 27Id. II, 27

NDeep, well dm used, clayey/ silty soils tortenl-watered (dominant SI S3 NN N NN N S3SIN

II Avoid pluming19.15, It,18 NPiedmont terrace* wills linlc development potential (dominant )

for field Cure,wry due to acute moisture shortage andnil line arid I ty

NN hi NN NN NNN

N.B-I TIIB soil mapping units hearing ( ' ) refer to the Tefistl area surveyed and reported untin Reconnaissance Soil Suivey Report of Indus R iverain AreaS B-3 Mapping units with suffix (a) represent irrigated areas

Subject to river Hooding almost every year during monsoon season.** The characteristics ate generalized for important soil components of each land suitability unit. The proportion of each component is described (within parentheses) in terms of

dominant p80%), major (50-80%), considerable (20 to 50%) and minor ( <20%).All the soils are level to nearly level, structured/homogenized, nan-saline, non-sodic, porous'permeable, with water tabic beyond 150cm depth mid contain negligible to moderate (0-1 4 4)

amount of Itmc. unless described otherwise. The depth is defined in terms of thickness of the rooting zone as:Deep (> 100cm) and Moderately deep (50-100ctn, underlain by sand),

182

6.12 KHUSHAB DISTRICT


The area under report is located in Khushab District of the Punjab province. It lies

between 31° 59" N to 32° 43' N latitudes and 71° 42' E to 72° 37' E longitudes (see

location map) with the elevation ranging from 185 to 137° meters. It covers an area

of 4,133.06 square kilometers (413,306 hectares). Tire climate of the area is

classified as Semiarid Subtropical Continental. The mean annual rainfall is

310.5mm, most of which falls during late summer (monsoon) season. The mean

daily summer and winter temperatures are 3I.30C and 17.4°C with the mean

maximum summer and mean minimum winter temperatures being 38.2°C and 9.3°C


hydrological conditions are distinguished in the area. Recent floodplains, sub recent

floodplains, sub recent deposits on old river terrace, Old wind resorted river terrace,

old loess plains, mountainous land and weathered rock plains and Sub recent and

old piedmont plains. Jhclum River traversing along the eastern boundary of the

Tehsil and Thai canal system including Nurpur Distributory and Hadali Branch

mainly controls the hydrology of the area. A considerable deprcssional part of

piedmont plains and northern part of Thai is irrigated by this canal system. Seepage

from canals as well as due to ineffective drainage by hill torrents large depressions!

area is suffering from high water table at its confluence with Sub recent and recent

floodplains. In Recent and Sub recent floodplains ground water quality is generally

good due to the aquifer recharge during high floods. In piedmont plains and inter

mountain valleys, there is no other source of irrigation water except rains. Locally

patches are under irrigation by springs and hill torrents. Rain fed cultivation

of wheat, gram and millets, locally supplemented by hill torrents and springs is the

main land use in piedmont plains, loess plains and weathered rock plains. Part of

the piedmont plains and sub recent deposits on old river terrace is under irrigated

cropping with canal supplies. Rest of the area is cither dry farmed or lying

uncultivated, used for poor grazing. In floodplain areas agriculture is practiced on

residual flood moisture supplemented by tube wells. The main crops grown are

generally wheat, gram, sugarcane and fodder. The soil mapping units mentioned

above were further grouped on the basis of similarity in suitability and management

requirements of their component soils for planting forest trees. Such groups, called

‘Land Suitability Mapping Units', are described in Table 6.9 and Fig 6.9

some

as

183

NAGROECOLOGICAL ZONE III- BSANOY DESERT(KMUSHAB TEHSIL)


Aion

v-,

u*nt #ÿ

rJ T*

.<L

LEGENDSOILSRECENT FLOOOPLAWR WEATHERED ROCK PLAINS

a

:S n

BUBRECENT PIEDMONT PLAINSLAND SUITABILITY

*i—i rmm >«i 111 1

«QM-H f£2BUBRECENT DEPOSITS ON aOLD NVR TERRACE OLD PIEDMONT PLAINS *| ml*1

*

WCONVENTIONAL SIGNS

rv A</V /vwn|

/V«* /V/VOLD WAND RB»OftTEO MUR TERRACE A/

LOESS PLAINS

» «tfKl

1*

Ph D Worft of Syad M. Atonal Rahim

Botany Dapartmant, Unlvaralty of tha Punjab, Labor*.

Fig 6.9 Land suitability classification Map for choice of tree species in Khushab district

Khushab

184

Table 6.9: Land Suitability Mapping Units Khushab Tehsil: Component Soils, Land Suitability for Forest trees and specificmanagement requirements

Land Land Suitability for Forest TreesComponentSoilSuit- Spotting Clmrncterislics of Component Soils**

( proportion of the component soil)ftwr HlQlifaftr fpSc fptr Hut*u Brft'ÿrtur iLiknr L'HIStip/ HsfnifHability Mapping

Units ShiUnitsh Specific Management

Keq uircments/lmprovemept

Suggestions

am

/litpfaJujull-

EIKII MtUiindl

M Q4IU9 Silli Lee*,

*t*°-Armu

ModelA***Indki

Bomb Aeat

nilDli ilhj lnbUJtboicrib*Oatb

ihnuiiSI siDeep, wul| drained, 'tltiyi'loumy soil?- imputed ( major) SI SI si Sl St SI SI SI SI SI

No specific iiMiiin'euwi-.i required; ittikeLarger pits, add organic nmHcT'liglH doses

ul'N fertiliser for plant mg an coarse loamynoils and irrigate at ahorler intervals

1 S'Deep, aomewluu excessively drained,

coarse loamy viiJ* irrigated(cun*idcruble) SI SJSI 52 SI SI si Sl SI SI SI SI

NN N S3 N S3 N NS3 S3 N S3Deep. excessively drained. candy soils- irrigated__Deep, wet) drained, stratified city-fine salty toils- irrigated (major)

(minor)

Sl Sl Sl SI SI St SI Sl siSI 51

S1 No Specific management required;make larger pits, add organic matteravoid over irrigation / long ponding

on clayey soils

Deep, moderately mil drained, slratifiedclayey soil*- irrigated

( mlnor)I lUM'.r

si S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 SI S3S3 S3 S3 Sl

Moderately deep Over Hand, nett drained, stratifiedsilty/eoarsc luairiy --nils- undated

_Deep, mOcJoraldy wall drained, clayey soils - Irrigated (dominant)

(minor)

(miner)S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 SI S3 SISI S3 S3 52

Sl S3 S3 SI Sl SI .S3SI S3 S3 523 3, 34, 3’ SIMake larger pits, mid Organic mutter urn!

avoid over irrigation!Jong pondingDeep, well drained, fine s itty/l on rr.y soils - irrigatedSI Sl Si M SI SI SI Sl SISI St Si

Deep, somowhol excessively drained,

(conilderablti)

coarse loamy sods- irrigated

Deq>. excessive!) drained, sandy soils- irrigated (considerable)

52 S3 S3 S3 SI SI S3 S3SI S3 S3 SI4Mite Larger pits, add organ w matter and Nfalilno for planting on coal to loamy soils

and irrigate at thurlwt intervals: avoidp&tumg on sandy salts

S3 N N N S3 N N N.Sl N S3

N N N N X N NN N N N XIJnduljune deep, excessively drained, sandy soils (minor)

Deep, well rtmlnod, fine ioamy/silty soils si si S3(dominant) S3 S3 S3 SI S3 S3 Sl S3 SIs

Adopt adequate muisturc eonsci vntlonmeunure*

Deep, somewfiut nxcessively drained, coarse

loamy soils

(minor)lft. 24

S3 S3 S3S3 S3 S3 SI S3 S3 S3 S3 S3

(dominant)Deep, well drained, fine silty/loamy soils53S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 K2 S3 S3 S3 S3 Adopt adequate moisture conservation

measure*6 9, 12,22

Deep, moderately well drained, clayey sods (minor) S3 S3 S3 51 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 53 S3

185

Deep-' 'iiodcrately dees. modergnyy wall drained.

clayey 30b

Steep slopes with vury little soli cnvur

1 major)

S3 SJ Si si S3 si SiS3 S3 S3 S31 11.21

(censidoraLdD) S3 Adopl adeqiuta muisiuri eeiuarvulioantffliurcs

> V N \ V N .v Pt s N s NGcrlly urLtuialÿng/undplaiinQ deep, excessively

(major)drained, sandy soilsDeep, somewhat UKcesiJvdy drsnn«iL coarse loamy(considerable)

N N PI N N. N N Pi N_N NH 14*, 15’, IT'

Avoid plir.iinÿN M Pi \ S N N N N N SSOitS

Gently udduleUng/nridulaiing deep, excess ivelyoraineo, sandy soilsDeep, somewhat excessively draned, coarseloamy soils

(dominant)N N Pi N N N N N N N N

(minor)t **, 13', lb'Avtvd plinlmj

N V N H M N N N Pr N % N

Undulating, excessively drained, sandy soils (Conaidarable)N N N N N N N N N Pi N N

10 la', 12'

Deep, poorly drained , coarse loamy soils (conslctorabta)NN N S PI N IV N Pi IS N AwW pLaniinpN

Deep, pooÿiy drained, sandy soils (considerable)

N N N N N M \ IV Pi IS

Deep- poorly drained, clayey sells

Deep, poorly craned. lino silty loamy 30.Is

II 3«, 34s’ (dominant) N N N N Pi N N PI N N PI NAvoid plsnllng till the provision of

adequate drainage(minor)N X N % M N X X N \ N s

II 31,32 (major)

Deep, poorly drained, strongly sel me line silty s»is f considerable]

Deep, poorly drained, strongly saline clayey soils N NN N X N N It PI PI Pf NAvoid planting

N \ N N Pi N N PiV

The charat Lei i sties a re generalized for important .soil components of each land suitabilityimil The proportion of each component is described (within parentheses) in terms of:dominant (>80%), major f50-SG%), considerable (20 to 50®/n) und minor ( <20%)All rhe soiis arc level to nearly level, siruciured'liomojtetiizEd, non-saline, ntw-sodic. parous/pcrmeable, with water table beyond 150tm depth and Liuiuiin negligible to moderate (0-14%)irtviuni orlime, unless described otherwise The depth is defined in terms of thickness of the routine rode as- Deep t L lOUcmj .Moderately deep ( 5tMOOcni]L Shallow (25-50 cm)

For details, the user is referred Lo Reconnaissance Soil Survey Report of Salt Range Area (1575), Upper Thai t [lS2j and Sargodha (I96£) available wuli Soil Survey of Pakistan, Jjhure

«

186

6.13 MIANWALI DISTRICT


The area under report is located in Mianwall District of the Punjab province. It

lies between 32° to' N to 33Q 0l' N latitudes and 71° !(/ E to 71° 58' E

longitudes. The climate of the area is classified as Semiarid Subtropical

Continental. The mean annual rainfall is 310.5mm, most of which falls during

late summer (monsoon) season. The mean daily summer and winter

temperatures are 313°C and 17.4“C with the mean maximum summer and

mean minimum winter temperatures being 38.2°C and 9.3°C respectively. The

following major landforms with specific nature of soils and hydrological

conditions are distinguished in the area. Active and recent floodplains, Sub

recent floodplains. Old river terrace. Sub recent deposits on old river terrace,

Old wind resorted river terrace. Re-deposited old loess plains, weathered rock

plains ,sub recent piedmont plains and old piedmont plains. The Indus River

traversing along the western boundary of the Tehsil and the Thai Canal System

running through the center of the area mainly controls its hydrology, A

considerable area in the south including a part of the piedmont plains is

irrigated by this canal system. Cheshma-Jhelum Link also runs through the

western pan but does not provide irrigation. Seepage from the canal system

has created high water table conditions at places in the adjacent areas. In

piedmont plains and inter-mountain valleys, there is no source of irrigation

water, Locally some patches are under irrigation by springs and hill torrents.

Rain fed dry farmed cultivation of wheat, gram and millets locally assisted

with hill torrents and springs is main land use in piedmont plains and weather

rock plains. In floodplains, agriculture is practiced on residual flood moisture

supplemented by tube wells. The main crops grown are generally wheat, gram,

sugarcane and fodder. Natural vegetation includes Acacia arabica (Kikar)

Cynodon dactylon (Khabbal), Eleusine jhgeliifera (Chhimber), Saivadora

Oleoides (wan), Prosopis spicgcra (Jand) Capparis aphylla (Karir), Tamarix

articulata (Farash) TemarLx diocia (Lani) and Cymbopoganj juarancusa

(Lhewi) Table 6.10 and Fig 6.10.The soil mapping units mentioned above were

further grouped on the basis of similarity in suitability and management

requirements of their component soils for planting forest trees. Such groups,

called as ‘Land Suitability Mapping Units’, arc described m Tabic 6.10.

187

N

AAGROECOLOGICAL ZONE lll-BSANDY DESERT

IMIANWAU TEHSJL)


n

3 *-ÿ 4 »

0. *LEGEND

BBiaSOLSMTnVE AMO RECENT FLOOOPl.AJNS

l :

mmJmHUBHECBIT FUMOnJUNB

Mmnimucn

9DEPOSIT1CM OU) RIVER TTMACU

MR!

v jOj

0 <>m

oiDWMD naoHTCii wvEn THMcea

mHummocuuiuiMs

«m

MATHEmo ROCM MM*

pi r ; -

I 'o iC3o

•OOrfr* :

9LAND SUtTABIUTY CONVENTIONAL SIONS

/V4« *| •| w, VJM »K3} * nmm “wr~i «

>V‘V7i fs/

r'l

BB*-- '

Ph D Work of Syad M Atonal Rahim*>«*> Ecotoftc* InprO at Aomtormtry *> Pw*at> Botany Daoartmant, Unlvaralty of tha Punjab. Lahora.

Fig 6.10 Iÿand suitability classification Map for choice of tree species in Mianwali

district Mianwali

188

Tabic 6.10: Land Suitability Mapping Units Mianwali Tehsil: Component Soils, Land Suitability for Forest trees and specificmanagement requirements

Specific ManagementRequirements:Improvement

Suggestions

ComponentSoil

Land Suitability far Korcsl t reesLandSuit* Spalling Character!sties af Component Sait**

( proportion or the component soil)ElsinLpklpl* PWWrÿr•hility Mapping MaulSJ*I

JujutfiiAndktdie*

Unit t-rmt o*«,

Wei(ifltw

-\fottnUnit Hrl:« Ttfaimh

rttbaIhilhnunw

P°p*

drllol

tearant

irlhti

No specific management required,prefer use for nurseriesS Deep, well drained, uitty/fine silty soil*- irriÿulcd.I (dominant S152 S1SIsi S131 S1St S1S1 31

No specific management required,prefer use for nurseries, avoidplanting on sandy soils

: Deep, well drained, loamy ' silly scilr-un gated25. 24ir. loir4\5‘

(dominant! 31S1 31$1 SI31 S2S1 SI31 S1 SI

Deep, excessively drained, sandy soils mainly irrigated (minor)

NS3 NS3 S3 NJN NN _NS3 S3Mate larger pita, uckl uTgimiL. mutterand avoid over irrigation / lungPOIKUBM__22ir, 34 ir Deep, moderately well drained, clayey,'line till) soils (dnmlnnnt)3 3333 S232 S231 S2S3 S2S3 S1S2

Moke larger pits, add organic matter

and light doses ofN feriiliner forplanting and irrigate at sbnrlctintervals, avoid planting on sandy soils

6',T Deep, well drained, coarse loamy soi'v-tmgjitcd4 (dumlnahil 52S3 3252 S232 S2S3 32S3 S2S2

Deep, excessively drained, sandy soils mainly irrigated (minor|

N NS3 S3 NS3 N_N NNS3S3Make larger pita and add organic

matter for planting; avoid planting on

randy tOiD1,S,# Deeprooderalrly deep over rand, well drained.

stratified silty soilsDctsp. excessively draired. strntitied mndy soilsport with thin silly cover)

5 (dominant) S332 S1 5231 S1 N32 S1S1 32S2

(minor)

N NN NN M NN N NN NAvoid pluming on sandy soil a. makelarger pits, add organic matter andlight dons of N fertiJiaer for plantingon coarte loamy soils and irrigate at

shorter intervals

8*, 9\10',

J3\ IS*, 16*

Deep, extensively drained, sandy gbils-irrlgaiod

Deep, somewhat excessively dra tned, courseloamy sorii-tmgatedUndulating deep, excessively drained, sandy sortsconsiderable)

__Deep, excessively drained, stratified sandy soils

pan with Lhtn silly ctiver

Deep/moderately doop over sand, woll drained,considerable)stratified sdiy soils

(conitderable)6 N NS3 NNN N N S3S3 S3S3

(considerable)S3til SI S3SI S3SI SIS3 S3SI S3

NNN NN N N NN N NN

(major)Avoid plummy on study soils; makelinger pus and add organic nudler forplanting on silty sois

7 2,6" NN NN NN N NN NN N

S3 SI_N_SI SISI SISI si SIS2 SIDeep, well drained, loamy soils (dominant)

Adopt adequate moistureSI S38 SI24, 26, 6". S3 S3S3 SISI SIS3 S3S3

189

conservation measures: avoidplanting on sandy soils

Gently undulating1 undulating, deep, excessivelydrained, sandy soils

(minor)7", 9"

N N S s N N N SN _N_ IS Mdopt adequate rrnmtureconservationmeasures

Moderately deep over sandstone. well drained,

luomy.'Tne Snamy soils(dominant)

ir\12"9 33 Si S2 S2 S3S3 S3 Si S3 S3 S3S3

S N N N N NN N N N N NShallow over sandstone, excessively drained, sandy soils (minor)

Adopt adequate moistureeonservauion measures; avoid longponding

Deep, moderately well drained, clayey soils (dominant)10 10".3d S3 S3 S3 S3S3 S2 S3 S3 S3 S3S3 S3

S3S3 S3 Si S3 Si Si SiS3 S3 S3 siDeep wed drained, loamy soils[minor)

Adopt adequate moistureGently undulating, deep, well drained, gravellyfine foamy/tcamy soils

Deep, well drained, fine loamy SOfe{minor)

(dominant)11 28" S3 S3 S3S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3S3 S3conservation measures

S3 S3S3 S3 S2 S3 Si SIS3 S3 S3 Si

Adopt adequate measureconservation measures

Deep, writ drained, fine siltylioamy soilsII 22 (major) S3S3 S3 Si S3 Si S2 S2S3 S3 S3 S2

Deep, moderately wel drained, clayey soli[considerable)

S3 S3 S3S3 SI S3 S3 S3 S3 SIS3 S3

Avoid planting on sandy soils; adoptadequate soil- moisture conscnaban

measures

(major)Gently undulating-' undulating, deep, excessivelydrained, sandy wiltDeep, well drained. loamy/sdly sods(considerable)

13 27, 28, 29 to N N NN to to to to toto to

S3 si SI S2 SI S2 S3S3 S3 S3 si S3

Avoid plantingSloping shallow over sandstone. excessively: drained, sandy soilsSleep to very steep rocks with liulo soil cover

(major)23"13 NN N N to to N N NN N N

(considerable)

>N N N N V N NN N N 3

Avoid plantingUndulating deep, excessively drained, sandy antis19' (datninahtlIS M N N hi N N Nto N N N to

* Subject to annual flooding during monsoon icrwlt alto includes » minor irrigated partThe characteristics ate generalized for Important veil components of each land suitability unit The proportion of each component is described (within parentheses) in terms of dominant (>80%), major (50-80%),

considerable (10 to 50%) and minor ( <20%). All the soils are level <o neatly level, stractured'hoinogcnizcd. mw-uililie, nsm-sndic, puroua'permcnble, with wa(« table beyond |5Ucm depth and contain negligible to

moderate (0-14“i) amount of lime, unless described otherwise The depth l* defined in (mm o( lit ukness of tile rooting zone as: Deep l> 100cm) Moderately deep (JtMOOcm). SHolion (25-50 cm)

190

6.14 OKARA DISTRICTAgroeclogical Zone IV- A (Northern Irrigated Plains)

The area is located in Okara District of the Punjab province. It lies between 30°

317 to 31° 09 N latitudes and 73° 13; to 73° 50ÿ E longitudes (see location map)

with the elevation ranging from 192 to 195 meters. It trovers 1,872.20 square

kilometers (187,220 hectares).The climate of the area is classified as Semiarid

Subtropical Continental. The mean annual rainfall is 367.3 mm, most of which

falls during late summer (monsoon) season. The mean daily summer and winter

temperatures arc 30j<>C and 17.1°C respectively with the mean maximum


respectively. The Annual Potential Evapo-transpiration is 1550 mm. The monthly

variations of rainfall, temperatures, evaporation and relative humidity, as

calculated from the last 30 years (1961 to 1990) meteorological data of nearest

station Faisalabad (Pakistan Meteorological Department, Lahore), arc as follows.

The following four major landforms with specific nature of soils and hydrological

conditions are distinguished in the area as Active Floodplains, Recent Floodplains

Sub recent Floodplains old river Terrace.

Ravi River making the north/northwestem and old bed River Beas the

southwestern boundary of the Tehsil along with the irrigation network of Lower

Bari Doab Canal control the hydrology of the area. The area is irrigated by Lower

Bari Doab Canal system especially Gugera Branch and Okara distributaries. A

narrow belt along the old bed of Beas bears some drainage problem. The deep

groundwater is generally brackish especially in the Old river terrace but of

good/useable quality in floodplains.

Most of the Tehsil area is under irrigated general cropping of wheat, maize,

cotton, sugarcane, millets, oilseeds, tobacco, vegetables and fodders with

perennial canals supplemented by tube wells. Other important crops include

orchards of citrus, mango and guava. Natural vegetation has been cleared in most

of the area for cultivation however, uncultivated parts comprising mainly saline-

sodic soils support natural vegetation including mainly Acacia arabica (kikar),

Salvadora oleodies (wan), Cynodon dactylon (Khabbal), Cymbopogan spp

(Khcwi grass), Capparis aphylla (Karir), Salsolafoetida (tani), AJhagi camelorum

(jawanh), Calotropis procera (ak) and Eleusene jlagellefera (dumber grass).

Planted trees include Acacia irtdica (kikar), Populus aiba (poplar), Eucalyptus sp>,

Dalbergia sissoo (shisham). Bomb celba (simal), Table 6.11 and Fig 6.11.

191

NAGROECOLOGICAL ZONE 1V-ANORTHERN IRRIGATED PLAINS

(OKARA TEMSIL)

SOLS AND LAND 5UTTABILITYFOR FOREST TREES

A* * *

- >

mmsuma?/

yA; mzti4

4

m«

*

& *i abooJr;

LEGEND:

" V SO(LS

ACTWB DLOOOKAM OLD mvot TCARKC

fl MM

liween njoomjm*

FUWfUM

OONIÿOTONAL SK3MS LAND SUfTAMMJTY

‘IMWIA/ *A/'—

A/ * KuH « *

A/ » >*l

/v

Ph 0 Work of Sy*d M. Akmal Rahimffippllp IknpKf CMjf fry Jfl Fiirrffiaf] Botany Department, University of tha Punjab, Lahore

Fig 6.11 Land suitability classification Map for choice of tree species in Okara district

Okara

192

Table 6.11: Land Suitability Mapping Units Okara Tehsil: Component Soils, Land Suitability for Forest trees and specificmanagement requirements

LandSuit*

ability

Unit

Lund Suitability for Forest TreesComponentSoil

MappingUnits

Spotting Characteristics of Component Soils**(proportion of the component soil)

Specific ManagementReq uiremenIs/ImprovemtMit

Suggestions

Ml I KiLir Tool SWIM KWH

FOplW

AvMkulka

Saint AMi Hang.hulka

SOthtliaeal. VetoDalit BankCtUta

fopa. Meat.tail) DM•cadi alialAuaa drlL mbit

No specific management required:use for nurseries and planting of hiÿivalue specks

Deep, well drained siltyloomy soils iiMM19 S1 S1 SI SIS1 S1 S1 SI SIS1 SII SI

No specific management required,prefer use for nurseries; make largerpits, irrigate at shorter intervals andadd light doses of N fertiliser_

7, 16 Deep, well drained silty soils

Moderately deep, well drained silty soils

S1 S1 S1 SI SI2 (dominant) S1 S1 S1 SI SISi SI

(minor) S2 S2 S2 S2 S2S2 S2 S2 $2 SZ SZS2

Make larger pits, add organic matter,

irrigate at shorter interval! and addlight doses of N fertilizers for plantingon moderately deep soils_

S2S2 S2 S2 SZ17 Moderately deep, well drained, pan stratified silly soils

Deep, well drained silty soils

S2 S2 S2 S2(major) S2 S2 S23

S1 S1(considerable) S1 Si S1S1 S1 S1 S1 5151SI

S2 Make larger pits, add organic matter,

irrigate at shorter intervals and addlight doses of N fertilizers for plantingon moderately deep soils: avoidplanting an sandy soil*

S2 S2 S2 52S2 S2 S21 Moderately deep, well drained, stratified silty soils

Deep, well drained, stratified silty soils

Undulating, excessively drained, sandy soils

(considerable)

(considerable)

(minor)

S2 52 52 S24

SI51 SI S1 31 S1 51S1 S1 S1 51S1

NN N N NN N N N NN N

IF*, 2* S1 SZ Make larger pits, add organic matterfor planting; avoid planting on sandysoils


Deep, excessively drained, sandy soils

525 (major) SI SI S2S2 SI SI SIS2 SI

N(considerable) N NN N NS3 N N S3 NS3

S2 Make larger pits, add organic matterfor planting: it ngale carefully to avoidponding; in addition to that addgypsum on salinc-sodic soils_

Deep, moderately well drained clayey sods

Deep, moderately welt drained, porous sahne-sodicfine siltyclayey soils

S2 S3 S2 52 SZ11 (dominant) S2 S2 S1 S26 S2 51

N(minor) H N N NN S3 52 N SN N

193

Make larger pits, add organic matterfor planting: irrigate carefully to avoidponding; avoid planting on densesaline-sodic soils __

13,14 Deep, moderately well drained, clayey soils

Deep, moderately well drained, dense saline-sod ic

claycy/ftnc silty soils

S37 S2 S2(dominant) S2 SI S2 SI SI S2S2 S2 SI

(minor) N N N SS3 N N NN N Pi N

Make larger pits, add organic matterand gypsum fur planting, irrigatecarefully; avoid planting on densesaline-sodic suits

SIDeep, moderately welt drained, silty soils with sodic substratum (major)

Deep, moderately well drained, dense saline-sodic silty soils (considerable)

Deep, well drained, non-saline, non-sodic silty soils (considerable)

SI S2 SI S2 SISI SI S2 SIS2 S2Hi8NN N N NS N N S3 N NN

S1 SI SI SISI SI 51 SI SI SISI SI

Moke larger pits, add organic matter

and gypsum for planting; irrigatecarefully, avoid ponding in low-lyingareas

V Deep, moderately well drained, porous saline-sodicclayey/tine silty soils

Deep, moderately well drained, non-saline, nun-sodicclayey/fine silty soils _

N N N9 M S2 N N N(dominant) S3 NN N

S3 S2(minor) S2 S2 S2 S2 S2SI S2SZ S2 SI

5, 10 Make larger pits, add organic matterand gypsum for planting: irrigate atshorter intervals and add light doses ofN fertilizers on moderately deep toils

Deep, mainly moderately well drained, mainly stratified, (dominant)saline-sodic silty soils

Moderately deep, well drained, mainly stratified, non-salme, (minor)non-sodic silly soils_

N1U X N NN 53 N NN N S2 X

S2S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2S2 S2 S2 S2

3 N Avoid planting on sandy soils; makelarger pits, add organic matter, irrigateat shorter intervals and add light dosesofN fertilizers for planting_

11 Undulating, excessively drained sandy soils N N NN N N N N(dominant) N NN

Moderately deep, well drained silty/loamy soils (minor) S2 S2S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2S2 S2 S2S2

Avoid planting on dense saline-sodicsoils; make huger pits, add organicmatter for plnnting on nan-salute, non-sodic soils and avoid ponding

12, IS Deep, moderately well drained dense saline-sodicclaycy/fino silty soils

N N12 (dominant) NS3 N N NN N N NN

Deep, moderately well drained clayeysoils S2(minor) S2 S2S2 S2 SI S2 S2 S3 S2S2 SI

* Subject to river flooding almost every year during monsoon season.** The characteristics urc generalized for important soil components of each land suitability trail. The proportion of each component is described (within parentheses) In terms of: dominant

(>80%), major (50-80%), considerable, (20 to 50%) and minor ( <20%).All the soils are level to nearly level, stmetured/bomogenized, non-saline, non-sodic, porous/permeable, with water table beyond 150cm depth and contain negligible to moderate (0-14%)

amount of lime, unless described otherwise. The depth is defined in terms of thickness of the rooting zone as: Deep (> 100cm) and Moderately deep (50-100cm, underlain by sand).

194

6.15 SAHIWAL DISTRICT

Agroeclogical Zone IV- A (Northern Irrigated Plains)

The area under report is located in Sahiwal District of the Punjab Province, It

lies between 30 24' to 30 56' N latitudes and 72°49' to 73 ° 2l' L longitudes

with the elevation ranging from 1 72 0 to 175° meters. The climate of the area is

classified as Semiarid Subtropical Continental. The mean annual rainfall is

266.4 mm, most of which falls during late summer (monsoon) season. The

mean daily summer and winter temperatures are 33J°C and 14.1°C

respectively with the mean maximum summer and mean minimum winter

temperatures being 39.1°C and 6.6°C respectively. The monthly variations of

rainfall, temperatures, evaporation and relative humidity, as calculated on the

basis of 10 years (1958 to 1967) meteorological data of the nearest station

Sahiwal (Pakistan Meteorological Department, Lahore) are as follows.

The following four major landforms with specific nature of soils and

hydrological conditions are distinguished in the area like active floodplains,

recent floodplains sub recent floodplains old river terrace. Ravi River making

the north/northwestern and old bed of Bcas the southwestern boundary of the

Tehsil along with the irrigation network of Lower Bari Doab Canal controls

the hydrology of the area. The area is irrigated by Lower Bari Doab Canal

system. A narrow belt along the old bed River Beas bears some drainage

problem. The deep groundwater is generally brackish in the old river terrace

but of good/useable quality in floodplains.

Most of the Tehsil area is under irrigated general cropping of wheat, maize,

cotton, sugarcane, millets, oilseeds, tobacco, vegetables and fodders with

perennial canals supplemented by tube wells. Other important crops include

orchards of citrus, mango and guava. Natural vegetation has been cleared in

most of the area lor cultivation however, uncultivated parts comprising mainly

saline-sodic soils support natural vegetation including mainly Acacia arabica

(kikar), Salvadora oleodies (wan), Cynodon dactylon (Khabbal), Cymbopogan

(Khewi grass), Capparis aphylla (Karir), Salsola foetida (lani), Alhagi

camelortim (jawanh), Caqlotropis procera (Ak) and Eleusene Jlagellefera

(chimber grass). Planted trees include Acacia indica (Kikar), Populus alba

(poplar), Eucalyptus sp., Dalbergia sissoo (Shishum), Bomb celba (Simal)

Table 6.12 and Fig 6.12.

195

AGROECOLOGICAL 20NE IV-ANORTHERN IRRIGATED PLAINS

(SAHWALTEHSIL)


N

A

LEGEND *

"SCHLS/ACTIVE FLOODPLAINS

4*

Slfj

1 T; ; it1

JmViRECENT ROOOPUUN3

•milSU8RECEHT FLOODPUUHS

mm

iOLD RIVER TERRACE

*i .* S

A

-I•.A

V.\ «i

..*•*, if

3: O'1ÿ#

ML”MISCELLANEOUS AREAS

1=?CONVENTTCWAL StGHSLAND SUTTABIUTYfSf.» ItITT7f 4 m>y—/»•—i-

«ixs • * IT

A/l> I1OK/VIhMWiif

Ph 0 WorV of Syed M. Atunal Rahim

Soclo Ecologies!Impact of Agrofonmlry In PbnM) Botany Department, University of the Punjab, Lahore.

Fig 6,12 Land suitability classification Map for choice of tree species in Sahiwal district

Sahiwal

196

Table 6.12: Land Suitability Mapping Units Sahiwal Tehsil: Component Soils, Land Suitability for Forest trees and specificmanagement requirements

Laud Suitability for Forest TreesLundSuit-

ComponentSpotting Characteristics of Component Soils**

( proportion of the component soil)Specific Management

Requirements/ImprovcmentSuggestions

Soil tfWlHSira MJUtfi iMiuaHE |M" t&ju Toot Wild*>.!i . !IMability Mapping

Unlls3nil

UnitSfi-Js llltmib Mica

AlHi. I .Ulrfljc.WHt.

Sail*Dalb.

LoadI’apn, Aeat.

MilMIIML aliaMtNo speti tic mnnagemeni requited;use for nurseries nnd planting of highvalue species191 Deep, well drained altyloamy soils S1(dominant)! si S1 S1 S1 SI SI SIS1 SI SI SINo specific management required,prefer use for nurseries; make largerpits, irrigate ai shorter intervals andadd light doses of N fertilizer

2 7.16 S1 S1 St SIDeep, well drained sdty soils


(dominant) S1 S1 SI StS1 S1 SISI

S2S2 S2 S2 S2 SI S2 S2(minor) S2 SI S2S2Moke larger pits, add organic matter,

irrigate at shorter intervals and addlight doses of N fertilincra for plantingon moderately deep soils

___3 6, 17 SZ S2 S2S2 S2 S2Moderately deep, well drained, part stratified silty soils

Deep, well drained silty soils_S2 S2 S2(major] S2 S2S2

S1 S1 S1 SI(considerable)! si SI S1 S1S1 Si S1S1Make larger pits, odd organic mutter,

irrigate at shorter intervals and addlight doses of N fertilizers for plantingon moderately deop soils; avoidplanting on sandy soils

1 S2 S24 S2 S2 S2 S2Moderately deep, well drained, stratified silty soils



S2 S2 S2S2 S2 S2(considerable)

(considerable)

(minor)

S1 S1 S1S1 S1 SI S1S1 S1 S1 S1SI

NN N N N N NN N NN N

Make larger pits, add organic matterfor planting; avoid planting on sandysoils

5 IF*, 2* S1Deep, well drained, stratified silty soils 52SI 51 SI 52 51(major) SI SI SI SIS2

Deep, excessively drained, sandy soils (considerable)| S3 N NN NN S3 N NN S3 N

Moke larger pits, odd organic matterlor planting; irrigate carefully to avoidponding; in addition to that addgypsum on salmc-sodic soils

6 II S2Deep, moderately well drained clayey soils

Deep, moderately well drained, porous salinc-sodicfine silty/clayey soils

_____S2 S3 52 S2S2 S2 S1 S1 S2 SZ(dominant) S2

N(minor) S3 S2 N N NN N N N NN

Moke larger pits, odd organic matterlor planting; irrigate carefully to avoidponding; avoid planting on densesaline-sod ic soils

7 13, 14 Deep, moderately well drained, clayey soils

Deep, moderately well drained, dense salinc-sodicclayey soils__

52(dominant) SZ 52 S3 52 SZ S252 S2 SI SI52

(minor) N N N N NN N N NN N S3

197

Make larger pin, add organic mailer

and gypsum Toe planting, irrigatecurehilly; avoid planting on densesaiine-sodic soils

Deep, moderately well drained, silly soils with sodic substratum (major)

Deep, moderately well drained, dense saline-sodic silty soils (considerable)

Deep, well drained, non-saline, noo-sodic silly soils (considerable)

S2 SI $2 SI SI S2 S2 S2 SI sz SI SI188N N N N S3 N N N N N N N

SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI

Deep, moderately well drained, porous salinc-sodicdnycyfine silly soils

Deep, modcraidy well drained, non-saline, non-sodicdaycy/fine silty soils_

(dominant)9 N N N S3 SI N N N N9 N N N Make larger pits, add organic mutterand gypsum for planting; irrigatecarefully, avoid ponding in low-lyingareas

(minor) S2 S2 S2 SI SI S2 S2 S3 S2 SZ S2 S2

Deep, mainly moderately well drained, mainly stratified. (dominant\)salinc-sodic silty soils

Moderat ely deep, well drained, mainly stratified, non-saline, (minor)

non-sodic silty soils

5,10 N N N S3 S2 N N N N N N Moke larger pits, add organic matterand gypsum fur planting irrigate tit

shorter intervals and add light dosesof N fertilizers on mod. deep soils

10 N

SI SI SI SISI S2 SI SI SI S2SI S2

Undulating excessively drained sandy soils (dominant)3 N N N N11 N N N N N Avoid planting on sandy soils; makelarger pits, add organic matter,

irrigate at shorter intervals and addUnfit doses of N fertilizers for planting

N N N

Moderately deep, wdl drained silly/loamy soil* (minor) S2 S2 S2 S2 SI S2 S2 SI S2 SI S2 S2

Deep, moderately well drained dense salinc-sodicclayey-'silty sot Is

(dominant)12, 20 N12 IS IS N S3 N N N N N N Avoid planting on these soilsN

* Subject to river flooding almost every year during monsoon season.

** The characteristics arc generalised for important soil components of each land suitability unit. The proportion of each component is described (within parentheses) in terms of:dominant (>80%), major (58-80%), considerable, (20 to $0%) and minor (<20%).All the soils are level to nearly level, structured/homogenized, non-saline, non-sodic, paroustpermeahie, with water table beyond 150cm depth and contain negligible to moderate <0-N%)amount of time, unless described otherwise. The depth is defined in terms of thickness of the rooting zone as: Deep (>100cm) and moderately deep (50-100cm, underlain bj sand).

198

6.16 CHICHAWATNI TEHSIL


The area under report is located in Sahiwal District of the Punjab province. It lies

between 30° 10' to 30° 43' N latitudes and 72° 23' to 72° 56/ E longitudes (see

location map) with the elevation ranging from 165 to 170 meters. It covers

1,631.21 square kilometers (163,121 hectares). The climate of the area is

classified as Semiarid Subtropical Continental. The mean annual rainfall is 266.4

mm, most of which fells during late summer (monsoon) season. The mean daily

summer and winter temperatures are 33.3°C and l4.1tfC respectively with the

mean maximum summer and mean minimum winter temperatures being 39.1°C

and 6.6°C respectively. The following four major landforms with specific nature

of soils and hydrological conditions are distinguished in the area, Active

Floodplains, Recent Floodplains Sub recent floodplains and old River Terrace.

Ravi River making the north/norlhwestem and old bed of Beas the southwestern

boundary of the Tehsil along with the irrigation network of Lower Bari Doab

Canal controls the hydrology of the area. The area is irrigated by Lower Bari

Doab Canal system. A narrow belt along the old bed of Beas bears some drainage

problem. The deep groundwater is generally brackish in the old river terrace but

of good/useable quality in floodplains. Most of the Tehsil area is under irrigated

general cropping of wheat, maize, cotton, sugarcane, millets, oilseeds, tobacco,

vegetables and fodders with perennial canals supplemented by tube wells. Other

important crops include orchards of citrus, mango and guava. Natural vegetation

has been cleared in most of the area for cultivation however, uncultivated parts

comprising mainly saline-sodic soils support natural vegetation including mainly

Acacia arabica (Kikar), Salvadora oleodies (wan), Cynodort dactylon (Khabbal),

Cymbofxtgan (Khewi grass), Capparis aphylla (Karir), Salsola foetida (Lani),

Albagi camelorum (Jawanh), Calotropis procera (Ak) and Eleusene Jlagellefera

(Chitnbcr grass). Planted trees include Acacia indica (Kikar), Popuhis alba

(poplar), Eucalyptus sp.. Dalbergia sissoo (Shisbam), Bomb celba (Simal) Fig

6.13 and Table 6.13, The soil mapping units mentioned above were forther

grouped on the basis of similarity in suitability and management requirements of

their component soils for planting forest frees. Such groups, called as ‘Land

Suitability Mapping Units', arc described in Table 6.13 with respect to their

component soil mapping units, spotting characteristics.

199

AGROECOLOGICAL ZONE (V-A

NORTHERN IRRIGATED PLAINS{CHICHAWATNI TEH3IL)

SOILS AND LAND SUITABILITYFOR FORE8T TREES

N

Aa'

*'* ft

t* Y \\t

•4fl , i

*t

**1

.A *1]O *

I , SR • / */,nik *t

4> o •:•

*** fij 9* rWO >%ÿI*

— y_o>6offo<

R#>GOOOO«MP

tv 1L

K

§9**

'N|LEGENDSOILSACTIVE FLOOOPLMW OLD RIVER TERRACE LAND SUITABILITY- I r « IIIIJm ii«

It t i ft«

iRECENT FLOODPLAINS IttSCELLANEOUS AREAS>|

SUBRECENT FLOODPLAINS Mrj CONVENTIONAL SIGNS

At*mUtamwt

?

1-3 JHir?

141

»»5IT|

Pti 0 Wort; of Syvd M. AkmaJ R*h<lmSoelo EcaJopfctS Impact of AgratarMfry fa Pwÿtb

Fig 6.1 3; Land suitability classification Map for choice of tree species in Chichawatni

District Chichawatni

Botany Dapartmont, University of tha Punjab, Labor*

200

Table 6. 13: Land Suitability Mapping Units Chichawatni Tehsil: Component Soils, Land Suitability for Forest trees and specific


I jnidl KallHltl Illy liar Pt'rttli Titf*I «nd

Friiii-

CompoitmiSprririt M•Mfccmcfil

KdjuIttibciilAiI tn|i ravciiicHt Su ji t*lFrirfl MjrariJiiy. Ch*r»0l»rtrikft arCanrpaiu’ni

( pi npurttaivi ijC tin* cnnBjinnfisl AditSim JiiiVtfill NeemKlkju tocajyp ttikotn Toot Wsllcm Manj-nKhinlwJ

ability Mapping

II nilsIP I'opluT$iiHulCult

IWJ. AzadiS't*tJ—*

SaHt Atbiz.itM

VWTI-E»cwl-tamil

ME JtnWHii,

CtAtPnpri.

m!*ti Miletadf Win

Nil iprnlk mmutcmml mauled.use lor nuraenos and ptiinUng of hlgll

value aperies _31 SI31 SI si SI SI1 S1 S1 SI51SIHoop, sv(H| drained srltyloamy soilsis (domlfmnl)

No ipecific rruBWKCnwnl enquired,pituhri mr fdrrninrnu. nuke lllfsrp>t»_ iiriKMr si ilwvf imorvili and•ild liiila iluur*of S tribluti

SI Si31 SI SIS12 si siStSt SISt?. I* Deep wed drained silty tot* (dominant)

SI32 S2 SI s:32 Si SIS2S3 S3SIModerately deep. well drifted silty spin [minor)

32 32 Mnko lurgei pi Is, add organic matter,Irrigate el shorter i morval* and addfight dotes of N tolilizon for plantingon _

32 S332 3232 323 32 3232SI3, 17 Moderately deep, well drained, part slraUfted silty soils (major)

31 S1 S131 3131 5131 SI51 SIStPoop drained may aols

MakO larger pile, add organic mattertor ptinlliuj. avoid pluming on sandy

32 SI S2SIsi StSI st St* SISI 31IKM* Deep, mil drained, sunufuil (jllyndi (major)

N M: it 1NNN NN NS,1 NS.1 S3NDeep, cktcmively Pruned, nukly soils (reaiidrrablr)

Mam larger pita, add organic mailerfor planning; irrigate car<dally to avoidponding, In addHron lo that addgypsum on salmo-sodic sals

3232 32S232 52 S3S 31 SI32 32 S2II. U Deep, moOoratoty wefl drained dayrry todi (dominant)

N NN N NN32 HH S3N NDeep, moderately wull drained salmo-aodicr»ne aiHy'elayey salts_ (minor)

Man* larger pits, add organic matter

»nd gyptum tor planting , mgotecnrofulty avo»d plonimg on densesaPtie-SOdic soils

SI SiSI SIDeep, moderately aid drained, sity sort* with socSc sutravoivrr (major)

Deep, moderately welt drained, dense ssline-eodic sdty *tnl« (considersbird

Deep, wull drained, norvaalmo, non-sodlc kilty soils (considerable)

SI SI31 SI MSI 31SIt13 hf NN NN NN s? ft3 N N

31 St SISt sist SISI SIsi SI SI

Make larger pits, add organic matterand gypsum for planting. .regale

carefully avtui ponding in tow-lyingmeat

N N7 N N NH N NS3 SI,S s9 Deep, moderately wall drainea, porous sikno-sodk;

daynytene sdty sods

Deep moderately welt drained, non-salme, non-sodlcdayayfflna siity soils_ _

(dominant)

31 SIS3 SI SIM SI32 SIS3 3131(minor)

Make larger pits, add ergarue mallurand gypsum for ptanling. irrigate at

N N3 N N NN NSJ si NS N5. 10 Deep, mplnty moderately well drained. mainly stratified (dominant)

201

short* iniiHvals and add light do*** ol

N Iwsliiors oo moderately deep sodsIsaline-sodc silty »o>ts

Moderately (feeo. well drained mmniy strntiSed, non-saline

non-sodic illy soda

SISIs:S2 SISISIS2SISIS2SI(minor)

Avoid pianlmg on landy sorts; mHko

larger pit), add organic matter, imspte

at (Sorter interval* and add light do»w

lorNlartihlura for olanllnu__

NNHMNNNNNNNN9 (dominant), Undulating, eacesiuveiy drained sandy son*3SISI919132SISI91SIS292SI

(minor)Moderatel y deep, wall tfrane-d siltyloamy strife

Avoid plsniinp <Hidcn.ie lalner-rodic

soik no specific sniutcsnnn lornon- due,ora-soJk rtliy »iU

NNNNNNNS3NNNN10 Deep, moderately wait drained demo saHne-sodle silly sells (dominant)

(minor)

zasi siSISISISISISISISISISI

poop, well drained, non-a aline,'non-sotHc wlty Mile

Avoid planting on dense salwie-sodicMil); make larger pits, add organic

matter lor planting on non-amino, nerv-sod*c clayey sods end avead ponding

NNNNSsS3 hNXN11 (dominant)[Deep, moderately won donned donse sahno-sodlcdnywy/silly soils

peep, moderately well drained, rton-saiine/non-eodtc clayey sods (minor)

II32SISIszS3SISISIStSISISI

* Subject to river flooding almost every war during monsoon season.

generalized for important soil components of each land suitability unit. The proportion of each component is described (within parentheses) in terms of:

dominant (>80%), major (50-80%), considerable, (20 to50%) and minor ( <20%).

All the soils are level to nearly level, structured/homogenized, non-saline, non-sodic. porous/permeable, with water table beyond lSOcnt depth and contain negligible to moderate (0-14%)

amount of lime, unless described other wise. The depth is defined in terms of thickness of the rooting zone as: Deep f> /00cm) and Moderately deep (SO-100cm, underlain by sand).

•* The charanensties are

202

6.17 MULTAN DISTRICT


The area under report is located in Multan District of the Punjab province. It lies

between 29°48/ to 30° 26 N latitudes and 71°16/ to 71°49y E longitudes wiLh the

elevation ranging from -123 to 125 meters. It covers about 2,006.7 square

kilometers (200,670 hectares). The climate of the area is classified as Arid

Subtropical Continental. The mean annual rainfall is 186.8mm, most of which

falls during late summer (monsoon) season. The mean daily summer and winter

temperatures arc 34.PC and 15.5°C with the mean maximum summer and mean

minimum winter temperatures being 39.8°C and 5.9cC respectively. The

following landforms with specific nature of soils and hydrological conditions arc

distinguished in the area, active floodplains, Recent Floodplains and Sub recent

flood plains

Hydrology of the area is affected by River Chenab and Old bed of Beas forming

the northwestern and southern boundaries respectively. The later also provides

natural drainage to the area. High floods during monsoon inundate the area

along River Chenab usually for a few days. The area is nrigaied by a network

of Multan and Shujaabad Branches. Ground water quality is good and is being

used as a supplementary source of irrigation. Most of the area is used for

irrigated general cropping with canal and tube wells. The main crops grown are

cotton, wheat, millets and fodder. Mango, date-palm and citrus arc foe most

common orchards. Natural vegetation includes Acacia arabica (kikar), Cynodon

dactyhn (khabbal), Eleusine JIageili/era (chhimber), Zizyphus nummularia

(mallah), Zizyphus jujuba (ber), Salvadora oleoides (wan), Prosopis spicigero

(jand) Capparis aphylia (karir), Tamarix ariiculata (farash) Tamara diocia (lai)

and Cymbopogan juarancusa (khewi) Fig 6.14 and Table 6.15.

The soil mapping units mentioned above were iurther grouped on the basis of

similarity in suitability and management requirements of their component soils

for planting forest trees. Such groups, called as Land Suitability Mapping

Units', arc described in Table 5.14 with respect to their component soil mapping

units, spotting characteristics and proportion of the important component soils,

suitability of each soil for selected tree species and specific soil management

requirements/improvemenl suggestions.

203

AGROECOLOGICAL ZONE tV-ANORTHERN IRRIGATED PLAINS

(MULTAN TEHSIL)


N

A\

V\

%LEGEND

SOILSACTIVE FLOOOPLAWS

% m _/

m

*

1 Si i- CCIO / ’'ÿ'7/ « - n'( : ' , j/ i

1 *,HRECENT FLOODPLAINS

/4 Ljriian HtaeUryari

f.* Ar».SUBRECENT FLOODPLAINShÿMddrim

tj»> * f

ii# r *•-«•

*m ' Krt %

M." e o

9 I

'710005 \ '

Iflfe •JkA y

f /# wJ*-r **r *s 3A *

*s *

\•*

k<H*fj

i* V #ri:iT

*1 V/yy/X KHWOM

*71: ilman**

LAND SUITABILITY CONVENTIONAL SfGNS

/Vt **imi»SKJ •

-V.«T1 A/--/V. .f\/WH

4

*1

Pt) 0 Work of Syad M. Akmal RahimSoclo Vatoglcml Impmcl of AgroforMy In Botany O*p*rtmoot. Unhrerekty ot tha Puiÿab, Lahore,

Fig 6.14 Land suitability classification Map for choice of tree species in Multan

district Multan

204

Table 6. 14: Land Suitability Mapping Units Multan Tehsil: Component Soils, Land Suitability for Forest trees and specificmanagement requirements

I-Iiml Sditilhilih for forest TreesComponentLandSuit¬ability

Specific MunanertieinReqiiircments/lmpnivenivnt

Suggestion*

Spotting Characteristic* of Component Soils**( proportion of the component soli)

ft TnotSoil w w.MappingUnits

Mniu PKI|UII

Unit Mb,

ihsaar*r*. At*r.

carnalUclia Salic libiZ bta*+

labdt MicaW. AUKU

Micacctba J.-li gjg* alba baba lamb

Deep, well drained silty/loamy sols[dominanl}

6, 12.13 SI St SI1 SI St SI SI SI SI No specific management required; preferuse for nurseries

SI SI SI

Deep, well drained fine silty/lomy soils (dominant)20, 212 SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI Si SI SI SI No specific management required;add organic mace* and gypsum forplanting on clayey soils _Deep, moderately well drained clayey seal* (minor) S2 S2 SI SI S2 SIS2 S2 S2 SI S2SI

Deep, well drained stratified *ihysoil*

Deep, moderately well drained stratified clayey soil* (considerable)

(major)3 4 St SISI SI SI SI SI SI SI Moke larger pits and add organic mailerfor planting; avoid over irrigation I longponding on dayey soils

SI SI St

S2S3 S2 SI S2 S3 S3 52 S3 S3S3 S3

Deep, moderately well drained clayey soils(major)

Deep, well drained fine silty soilsconsiderable)__

19.25 SI4 52 S2 SI S2S2 S2 52 S2 S2 SI Make larger pit* end add organicmatter for planting; avoid overrrrtgaUon/long ponding by rain water

S2

SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI SI

Deep, moderately wen drained, stratified dayey sals(major)

Moderately deep, well drained, stratified silty soilsconsiderable) ____

3* S3 $2 S25 SI S2 S3 S3 S3 S3 Make larger pits and add organicnailerfor planting; avoid long ponding ondayey soils

S2 S3 S3

S2 S2 52 S2 S2 S2 52 S352 N S3 N


Deep, moderately well drained, salinc-sodicclayey/fine silty soils

23 (major) $26 52 $1 SI S2 S2S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 Make larger pits, add organic matter forplanting; and avoid over irrigaliou/longponding; in addition add gypsum onsalinc-sodic noils

(considerable) N N S3 S2 N NN N N N N N

Moderately deep, welt drained, stratified silty sails

Deep, excessively drained, stratified sandy toil*_(considerable)

(major)7 SII* S2 SI S2 S2 S2S2 S3 S3 N NS3 Moke larger pits, add organic matter andlight doses of N fertilizer fur planting:avoid planting on sandy soilsN NN N N N SN N N N N

205

8 16, 17, 22 Deep, moderately well drained, sallne-sodic[major)dayey/fine silty salsDeep, moderately well drained clayey soBs(considerable) _

Make huger pits, add organic matter andin addition gypsum on saline-sodic soils;avoid over irrigation! long ponding

N N N N N N NN N S3 S2 N

S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2S2 S3 SI SI $2 52

9 Deep, excessively drained, stratified sandy soils[mayor)

Moderately deep, well drained, stratified silty soils[cons/deraNeJ_

Avoid pluming on sandy soils; makelarger pits, add organic matter and Nfertilizer for planting on silty soils

2* N N N N NN N N N N N

S2 S2 si S2 S2 S3 N 53 N52 S2 S2

10 Deep, moderately well drained, saline-sodic silty soils'major)

Deep, moderately well drained, dense saline-sodic(conskiorablo)fine sllty/dayey soils_

9 Moke larger pits, add organic matter andgypsum for planting on porous salinc-sodic soils; avoid planting on densesallne-sodic soils

N N N N NN N S3 S2 N N N

N N S3 N N N N N N N NS

11 24 Deep, moderately well drained, dense saline-sodicdominant)dayeyfsilty soilsDeep, moderately well drained, porous saline-sodic(minor)silty/clayey soils_

Avoid plantingN NS N S3 hi hf N N \ N N

N N M NN N S3 SI IN N hi N

12 Undulating, excessively drained sandy soils Avoid planting14,15 (dominant) NN N N N N IN N N N N N

Deep, well drained silty/loamy soils (minor) N N N NN N S2 S2 N N S2 hi

* Subject to river flooding almost every year during monsoon season.*• The characteristics are generalized for important soil components of each land suitability unit. Hie proportion oreach component is described ( within parentheses) in terms of:

dominant{>80%). major (50-80%), considerable (20 to 50%) and minor ( <20%). All the soils arc level to nearly level, slructured/homogcnized, non-saline, non-sodic, porous/ permeable,with water table beyond 1 50cm depth and contain negligible to moderate (0-14%) amount of time unless described otherwise. The tlepth is defined in terms of thickness of the rooting zone as:Deep (> lOOcrn) and Moderately deep (50-lOOcm, underlain by sand),

206

6.18 KHANEWAL DISTRICT


The area under report is located in Khanewal District of the Punjab province.

It lies between 30°04' to 30°24' N latitudes and 71°48' to 72,,I2/E longitudes

with the elevation ranging from 124 to 126 meters. It covers about 789,2

square kilometers (78,920 hectares), The climate of the area is classified as

Arid Subtropical Continental. The mean annual rainfall is 186.8mm, most of

which fells during late summer (monsoon) season. The mean daily summer

and winter temperatures are 34.1flC and 15.5°C with the mean maximum



hydrological conditions are distinguished in the area. Recent Floodplains,

Sub recent Floodplains and Old River Tcrrace.

Old bed of Beas forming the southern boundary provides natural drainage to

the area and serve as a runoff carrier during the monsoon. The area is

irrigated by a network of Lower Bari Doab Canal system. Ground water

quality in floodplains part is reasonably good and is being used for irrigation.

Most of the area is used for irrigated general cropping with canal and tube

wells. The main crops grown are cotton, wheat, millets and fodder. Mango

and citrus are the most common orchards. Natural vegetation includes Acacia

Eleusine Jlagelliferaarabica (kikar), Cynodon dactyfon (khabbal),

(chhimber), Zizyphus nummularia (mallalt), Zizypitus jujuba (ber),

Salvadorÿ oieoides (wan), Prosopss spicigera (jand) Capparis aphylia

(karir), Tamarix articulata (farash) Tamarix diocia (lai) and Cymhopogan

juarancusa (khewi)


similarity in suitability and management requirements of their component

soils for planting forest trees. Such groups, called as 'Land Suitability

Mapping Units', arc described in Table 6.15 and Fig No 6.15 with respect

to their component soil mapping units, spotting characteristics and proportion

of the important component soils, suitability of each soil for selected tree

species and specific soil management requirements/improvement

suggestions.

207

NAGROECOLOGICAL ZONE IV-ANORTHERN IRRIGATED PLAINS

(KHANEWALTEKSIL)

SOILS AND LAND SUTTABILITYFOR FOREST TREES

A",4‘

****.„„

A

h

LEGENDSOILSRECENT FLOODPLAINS

c

t

4 o«c.:519UBRECENT FLOOORLAIN5

™ ft *i

'ii u .

A*i

,v*4

.* an

mssf- .H 744I1_ÿ

n t

I - !4% y h<1

% *%'s'-1T Ihÿiwotto+,

>•»f

%23 I t» V rIM

n

OLD RIVER TERRACE

S VIHAKI DIVTRICT«wrviLrtK un

MISCELLANEOUS AREAS

CUM MM

LAND surrABILITY CONVENTIONAL SIGNS

/V»JSiitxi « A/M

T «>1 A/- 1 Ay/V

IblHMMMi

Pti D Work of Syod M Akmal RlNmSorio Ecological Impact atAgro*orm*y In Punjab Botany Oopartmont, Unhwrslty of tfw Punjab, Lahora.

Fig 6.15 Land suitability classification Map for choice of tree species in Khanewal

district Khanewal

208

Table 6. 15: Land Suitability Mapping Units Khanewal Tehsil: Component Soils, Land Suitability for Forest trees and specificmanagement requirements

I .and Suitability for FurcstTrccs Specific ManagementRequirements/lmprwement

Suggestions

CompuncutLandSpotting Characteristics of Component Soils*

( proportion of the component soil)Suit- s„i| L*nhl> «rb Ipfal)* (utStU*i

Tnÿm, AoU rkm fiemability MappingUnits

Atsf. AJHL Lmc*. M*ng.Mki

r<mWin ffflio. *«W-tiupp rrfSp trtft ghm.Unit

6, 12, 13, Deep, well drained silty/loamy soils(dominant)

No specific management required: preferuse for nurseries

1 SI SI SI SI SISI SI SI SI St SI SI26

2 20 Deep, well drained fine silty/loiny soil*


(dominant) No specific management required; makelarger pits and add organic nutter forplanting; avoid over Irrigation / longponding on clayey soils

SI SI Si SiSI SI St Si Si si si si

(minor) S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2SI S2 SI SI S2

No specific management required; makelarger pits and add organic matter forplanting; avoid over irrigation 1 longponding on dayey sods_

Deep, well drained stratified silty soils

Deep, moderately well drained stratified clayey soils (considerable)

SI3 4 (major) SI SI SI St SI St SI SISI SI SI

S3 S2 S3 S3S2 S2 S3 S3 S2 S3 S3S3

Deep, moderately well drained dayey soils(major)

Make larger pits, odd organic nutter,

avoid over IrrigallorVlong ponding ondayey soils

4 25 52 S2 SI SIS2 S2 SI SI S2 52 S2 S2

SI SI SI SISI SI SI SI SI SI St SIDeep, well drained fine silty soils

(considerable)_Deep, moderately well drained clayey soils(major)

Deep, moderately well drained, selino-sodlc[considerable)clayey/Hne sflty soils_

Make larger pits, add organic mutter,avoid over inigaUon/long ponding ondayey soils; in addition add gypsum

5 23 SI $2 SI52 52 SI SI S2 S2 S2 S2 S2

S3 52 N N N N IN N IN NN Nonsaline-sodic soils

6 Deep, well drained, saline-sodic silty loaniy soils8,10.11, (major) Make larger pits, add organic nutter

and gypsum for planting on saline-sodic

N N N N N XN N S3 SI N X27

Deep, well drained silty/loamy soils (considerable) SI St SI SI SI StSI SI SI SI SI SIsoils

209

7 Make larger pits, add organic muiicr andgypsurn for planting on saline- sodic soils;

avoid over inigatlon/long ponding onclayey soils_

17. 21 Deep, moderately well drained, saline-sodicdayey/Gnc silty soilsDeep, moderately well drained clayey soils

N N(major) N N N N N NS3 S2N N

(considerable) S2 S2 S2 S2S2 S2 S2S2 SI SI S2SI

8 9 Make larger pits, add organic mutter andgypsum for planting on porous saline-sodic soils; avoid planting on densesoils

Deep, moderately well drained, saline-sodic silty soils'major)

Deep, moderately well drained, dense sallne-sodlc(considerable)Fine siltyidayey soils

N N N NN N N NN S3 S2N

NN N N NN X NN N N S3

9 Avoid planting on dense ulinc-sodic soils:make larger pits, add organic matter endgypsum for planting on porous soils

7 Deep, moderately well drained, dense saline-sodic sifty soils''mayor)

Deep, well drained, porous saline-sodic silty soils'considerabia)_

N SN N NN N N NN S S3

NH X N NS3 N XN N S2

10 24, 28 Avoid plantingDeep, moderately well drained, dense saline-sodic{(dominant)' ClayeyJsilty sate_

N NX X NN N N NS N S3

11 Avoid planting on sandy soils15 Undulating, excessively drained sandy soils

Deep, well drained silty/loamy soils_NN N N(dominant) N N NX N N N N

(minor) SI SI SI SI SISI SI SI SISI SI SI

• The characteristics are generalized for important soil components of each land suitability unit. The proportion ofcfclJ niw4nwv»lirw non-sodic, porous'pcrmeable. with

Dccp(=> 100cm) and moderately deep (50-100cm, underlain by sand).

210

6.19 VEHARl DISTRICT

Agrocclogical Zone IV- A (Northern Irrigated Plains)

The area under report is located in Vehari District of the Punjab province. It lies

between 29° 48' to 30° 14' N latitudes and 72° 07' to 72° 44' E longitudes (see

location map) with the elevation ranging from 154 to 156 meters. It covers about

1456.6 square kilometers (145,660 hectares). The climate of the area is classified

as Arid Subtropical Continental. The mean annual rainfall is 186.8mm, most of

which fells during late summer (monsoon) season. The mean daily summer and

winter temperatures are 34.lt and 15.5°C respectively with the mean maximum

summer and mean minimum winter temperatures being 39.8°C and S.9°C

respectively. The following landforms with specific nature of soils and

hydrological conditions are distinguished in the area, Active floodplains recent

floodplains and Sub recent Floodplains. Sutlej River mainly influences the

hydrology of the area; however, old bed of Beas provides natural drainage in the

northwestern part of the Tehsil. High floods during monsoon inundate the area

along Sutlej for few days. An irrigation network of Pakpatlan and Mailsi Canals

irrigates the area. Ground water quality is reasonably good and is being used as a

supplementary source of irrigation. Most of the area is used for irrigated general

cropping with canals and tube wells. The main crops grown arc cotton, wheat,

millets and fodder. Mango, date- palm and citrus are the most common orchards.

Natural vegetation includes Acacia arahica (kikar), Cynoclon dactylon (khabbal),

Eleusine Jlagellifera (chhimber), Zizypbus nummularia (mallah), Zayphus jujuba

(ber), Salvadora oleoides (wan), Prosopis spicigera (jand) Capparis aphylla

(karir), Tamarix articulata (farash) Tamarix diocia (lai) and Cymbopogart

juarancusa (khewi) Table 6.16 and Fjg 6.16. The soil mapping units mentioned

above were further grouped on the basis of similarity in suitability and

management requirements of their component soils for planting forest trees. Such

groups, called as 'Land Suitability Mapping Units', are described in Table 5.16

with respect to their component soil mapping units, spotting characteristics and

proportion of the important component soils, suitability of eacli soil for selected

tree species and specific soil management requirements/improvement suggestions.

The proportion of the component soil series is described in terms of ‘dominant\

*major\ 'considerable' and *minor’ which represent >80%, 51-80%, 20-50% and

<20% of the total area under the unit respectively.

211

AGROECOLOGICAL ZONE IV - ANORTHERN IRRIGATED PLAINS

(VEMARI TEH3IL)

SOILS AMO LAND SUITABHJTYFOR FOREST TREES

N

A

%

«XU•

mmi N #•‘

*«“ i|f

%«

>i *i. ,

* 9t f

V.< T

*IIP*

nfj *

#

•S v* t

V(:iA

VpO,‘

sc*'. .>

1

*"fLEGENDSOILS

ACTIVE FLOOOHJUW

% Xv*-9

XSTV£SUWECEWI FLOOO«JW«

1 LAND SUfTABILITY CONVENTIONAL SIGNS/y/Sr.«l « t|

m ••HIDi® • /v7'***r| Ml>1

WSCEkLAMEOUS AREAS •na • u i

>cnÿc---Pti D VHMk of Syed M. Atonal Rahim

$ochEcotogk*tr*»c1<XAgn**wt*ytnAnl*b Botany Department, Univeralty of the Punjab. Lahore.

Fig 6.16 Land suitability classification Map for choice of tree species in Vehari District

Vehari

212

Table 6. 16: Land Suitability Mapping Units Vehari Tehsil: Component Soils, Land Suitability for Forest trees andspecific management requirements

SpcdAc ManagementRci|ulrcments/lmprovcmeiil

Suggestions

Lund Suitability for Kurus t TreesLand ComponentIIMII'I Jim AH NccmSpotting Cliarsictvristies of Component Soil***

( proportion or the component moil)

Turn Willuw Sirb Ma«||i>Suit- Soil Kikir IEUCMIÿI

ability MappingUnits

MilUnit Atttz Manx-

iadiewAtadiindtea

Vitnu Salickvml), Earitcarnal

MtOar.adl

Acac.

nitalL I'.JJIIV6atU IcM•Mo.nlia *I

No specific management required; preferuse for nursenes; nuke larger pits, addorganic mailer and gypsum for plantingon saline- sodtc soils

1 SI5. S', «, 6' Deep, well drained foamy/silty soils[dominant)

St SI SISI SI SIsi SI SISI SI

NN N N NS2 N NN S3 NNDeep, moderately well drained, saline-sotfic loamy/sitty soils

(minor)_

Make larger pits and add organic matterfor planting on clayey and stratified siltysoils; avoid over irrigation on clayeyioils_

2 4.4’. 18 Deep, well drained fine luumy/rtratilicd silty soils (major) SI SI Si SJSI SI SISI SI SI SI SI

Deep, moderately well drained pari stratifiedclayey soils

(considerable) S2S2 S2 S2 S2SI S2 SISI S2 SI S2

No specific management required; nukelarger pits, add organic matter andgypsum for planting on saline- italic will

3 SIir, 12 Deep, well drained, silly/loamy soils(major)

Deep, moderately well drained, saiine-sadic silty soilsconsiderable)_____

SISI St SI SISI SI SI SISI SI

NN NN N N NN S3 NN S2

Make larger pits, add organic matter andlight doses of N fertilizer for planting;avoid over Imgatlon/loog ponding ondayey soils

4 2 Moderately deep, well drained, stratified silty soils[major)

Deep, moderately well drained, stratified dayey soils[considerable)_

S3 N S3 NSI SI S3S2 SISI S2 S2

S3 S3S3S2 S2 S3 S3 S2 S3SJ SI S2

Make larger pit*, add organic matter andlight dwelt of N fertilizer fur planting;avoid planting on sandy soils

5 1,1" Moderately deep, well drained, stratified silty sods(major)

Deep, excessively drained, stratified sandy soilsconsiderable) __

S3 NSI S3 S3 NSI SI S2 S2S2 S2

N N N NN N NN NN N N

Make larger pits, add organic matter forplanting; and avoid over imgatiotVlongponding; m addition add gypsum onsalitiL-sodic roils

6 SI S217, 23’ Deep, moderately well drained clayey soils SI S2(major) SI SI S2 S2SI S2 SI 52

Deep, moderately well drained, ulinc-sodicclave y/Enc silty soils

(considerable) N : NN N N NS3 S2 NN N NI

213

Make larger pus, add organic inailer andin addition gypsum on saline-sodic soils;

avoid over Irrigation/ long ponding

7 NDeep, moderately well drained, salinc-sodkeluycy/finc silly soilsDeep, moderately well drained clayey soils

(major) N N N15, 17’ $2 N N N NN N S3

(considerable) S2 S2 SiSI SI Si Si 52S2 SI SiSI

Make larger pits and add organic nutterfor planting, provide adequaterogationfor leaching excess salts

NB 9 Deep, well drained, severely saline gypsiferous(dominant)fine loamy/silty and dayey soilsDeep, well drained, non-saline, non-sodic loamy/silty soils(minor)__

S2 N N N52 N N NN S3N

SISI SI SISI SI SISI SI SISI 51

Make larger pits, add organic matter andgypsum on saline-sodic soils

9 a Deep, well drained, saline-sodic silty soils(major)

Deep, moderately well drained dayey sals(considerable)_

N NN N N N NN S3 S2 SiN

N S3 NS3 S3S2 S2 SI S2 52S2 Si

Avoid planting on sandy soils; makelarger pits, add organic matter and

Deep, excessively drained, stratified sandy soils'major}

Moderately deep, well drained, stratified sifty soils'considerable) _ _

10 3 N N NN N N NN N NN N

ighlS3 Nsz 52 S3 S3 NSi si si S2 Sidoses of N fertilizer for planting

11 19 Deep, moderately well drained, dense saline-sodic'dominant)clayey/fine silty soilsUndulating, excessively drained sandy soils(minor) __

Avoid plantingN N N NN N N NN N S3N

N NN N N N NN N N NN

12 Avoid planningN13, 14’ Undulating. excessively drained sandy soils

Deep, well drained silty/loamy soils_f dominant) N NN N N N NS N N N

(minor) N N N NN S2 N N 52 NN si

N.B. Part of the tehsil has been surveyed i reported in Reconnaissance Soil Survey Reports of Multan North. !9tiV and Bahomdmtgur. 1971. The soil mapping units of these unfits have been adapted and designated by adding

single prime I ') anddouble prime(") respectively to their respective numbers.* Subject to river Hooding almost every year during monsoon season.* * The characteristics are generalized fix important soil components of each law) suitability unil. The proportion of cadi component is described (within parentheses) in terms of:

Dominant (>90%), major (50S0%), considerable (20 to 50%) and minor (<20%). All (lie soils tac level to nearly level, struclured'homogenized, non-saline, non-sodtc, perousfpermeabte,with water table beyond 150cm depth and contain negligible to moderate (0-14%) amount of lime, unless described otherwise Tltc depth is defined in terms of thickness of the rooting zone as:Deep (> IOthm) amt Moderately deep (56-100cm, underlain by sand),

214

6.20 PAKPATTAN DISTRICT

Agroeciogicai Zone IV- A (Northern Irrigated Plains)

The area under report is located in Pakpattan District of the Punjab province. It

lies between 30° 06J to 30° 39ÿ N latitudes and 73° 04' to 73037'1 E longitudes (see

location map) with the elevation ranging from 158 to 161 meters. It covers

1,497,5 square kilometers (149,750 hectares). The climate of the area is

classified as Semiarid Subtropical Continental. The mean annual rainlall is 266.4

mm, most of which fells during late summer (monsoon) season. The mean daily

summer and winter temperatures are 33.3°C and 14.1°C respectively with the

mean maximum summer and mean minimum winter temperatures being 39.I*C

and 6.6°C respectively. The following three major landforms with specific nature

of soils and hydrological conditions arc distinguished in the area. Active

Floodplains, Recent Floodplains, and Sub recent Floodplains. Sutlej River

making the southern and old bed of Beas the northern boundary of the Tchsil

along with the irrigation network of Pakpattan Canal and Lower Sohag Branch of

Dipalpur Canal control the hydrology of the area. The groundwater is an

additional source of irrigation in most of the area. A narrow belt along the Old

bed of Bcas beats some drainage problem. Most of the Tehsil area is under

irrigated general cropping of wheat, maize, melons, cotton, sugarcane, millets,

oilseeds, tobacco, vegetables and fodders with canals supplemented by tube

wells. Other important crops include orchards of citrus, mango and guava.

Natural vegetation has been cleared in most of the area for cultivation however,

uncultivated parts comprising mainly saline-sodic soils support natural

vegetation including mainly Acacia arabica (kikar), Satvadora obodies (wan),

Cynodon dactylon (Khabbal), Cymbopogan spp (Khewi grass), Capparis aphylla

(Karir), Satsoia foetida (lani), Alhagi camelorum (jawanh), CabtropLs procera

(ak) and Ehusene flageilefera (chimber grass). Planted trees include Acacia

indica (kikar), Populus alba (poplar), Eucalyptus sp., Dalbergia sissoo

(shisham), Bombo celba (simal) Tabic 6.17 and Fig 6.17. Tire soil mapping units

mentioned above were further grouped on the basis of similarity in suitability

and management requirements of their component soils for planting forest trees.

Such groups, called as ‘Land Suitability Mapping Units’, arc described in

Tablc6.1 7 with respect to their component soil mapping units.

215

NAGROECOLOGICAL ZONE IV- ANORTHERN IRRIGATED PLAINS

(PAKPATTAN TEHSJt)


A*

A

* * « e r

§LM *v;'4 " J cA -V

t

** 4 '

*_VJ rIff

* ft9

f

* 9*99% ;

99 tA

14*ti * %

V « t 5< *

fI

*Lt #>

tm

* LEGEND

SOILSACTIVE FLOOOPLNNS

*

%

=RECENT FLOOOPLAJMS

*«|

*8U8AECENT FLOODPLAINSCOHVEMTKMAL SKIMS

|/VA/*/V«—~ LAND SUITABILITY

n M/V t

/V. Ill t libd * •i/V

>

- SH aceomewifing II«I fc* tteKrtgrtHn <* unite

Ph D Work or Syod M Akmal RahimBotany Dopartmant. umv*r*tty at tha Punjab. Labor*.of A, rrtnPutÿmb

Fig 6,17 Land suitability classification Map for choice of tree species in Vehari

District Pakpattan

216

Table 6. 17: Land Suitability Mapping Units Pakpaitan Tehsil: Component Soils, Land Suitability for Forest trees and specificmanagement requirements

ComponentSol!

MappingUnits

Land Land Suitability for Forest TreosSpotting Characteristics of Component Soils**

( proportion of the component soil)Suit- Specific Management

Requirements/1mprovementSuggestions

v. >i - Stflfc Muli|P Juicum MwafllKikur tiurlv|i Twrtability

SirailUnit

A»Uhtdiem

MfU. Mel., AliitIfht

Hut.FML MirIMk nvi Ar.r,

Celt, iM

No specific management required.prefer use for nurseries; nuikc larger

pits, irrigate at shorter intervals andadd light doses of N fertilizer_

1 7, 16 Deep, well drained silly soils


81 S1 SI SI SI(dominant) S1 S1 S1 S1 SI SISI

(minor) S2 S2 SZ82 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2S2S2

Make larger pits, add organic matter,

irrigate at shorter intervals and addlight dotes of N fertilizers forplanting on moderately deep soils

82 32 S2 522 S2 82Moderately deep, welt drained, part stratified silty soils

Deep, well drained, pan stratified silly soils

(dominant) 32 82 S2 SZ52S2

SI S1 SI(miliar) S1 81 S1S1 S1 S1 S1 S1SI

Make larger pits, add organic matterfor planting; irrigate carefully andavoid ponding of water

__3 6 Deep, moderately well drained, stratified clayey soils S3 S2 S2(dominant) S1 S1 S2 S2 52 S2S2 S2 S2

Deep, well drained, stratified qtysoils 82 82(minor) S1 S1 S1 S1 SI S252 S1 S1S2

82 Make larger pits, add organic matter,

irrigate at shorter mtcrvitls and addlight dose* of N fertilizers for plantingon moderately deep soils; avoidplanting on sandy soils

_4 1 S2 S2 S2Moderately deep, well drained, stratified silty soils

Deep, well drained, stratified siltysoils


S2 S2 32 S2 52 S2(considerable)

(considerable)

(minor)

S2 82

S1S1 S1S1 si S1 S1Si S1 S1 S1 31

NN N N N NN NN N N N

5 Make larger pits, add organic matterfor planting, irrigate carefully to avoidponding; ill addition to that addgypsum on saline-sodic soils__

82 S2II Deep, moderately well drained clayey soils

Deep, moderately well drained, porous saline-sodicfmc silty/dnycy soils

(dominant) S1 S2 S2 S3 S2 5232 52 S2 S1

(minor) N NS3 N N N NN N N 32 N

Make larger pits, add organic matter

for planiing; avoid planting on sandysoils

IF* Deep, well drained, stratified silty soils


32 S16 (major) S2SI S2S2 SI SI St SI SISI

(considerable) N NN NN N NN N 15 N N

217

Deep, moderately well drained, porous saline-aodicclayey/ft tie silty soils

Deep, moderately well drained, non-saline, non-sodicdayey'finc silty soils_

9 |dominant) N N7 N N S3 S2 N N NN N N Make larger pits, add organic matterand gypsum lor planting; irrigatecarefully, avoid ponding in low-lytngareas

(minor) S2 S3S2 S2 SI S2 52 52SI S2 S2 S2

Deep, mainly moderately well drained, mainly stratified, (dominant)snlinc-sodic silty soils

Moderately deep, well drained, mainly stratified, non-saline. (minor)

non-sodic sihy soils____

5, 10 N N ft N8 N S3 S2 N N N N N Make larger pits, add organic mutterand gypsum for planting; irrigate atshorter intervals and add light dosesof N fertilizers on mod, deep soilsS’ S2 S2S2 S2 S2 SI S2 S2 S2S2 S2

4 Deep, moderately well drained, stratified dense salinc-sodicclayey soils

Deep, moderately w ell drained porous solinc-sodic siltysoils

Moderatelydeep, well drained, stratified sihy soils

N(major) N N N S39 N N N N N N N Avoid planting on sulinc-sodic soils;make larger pits, add organicmu tier, irrigate at shorter intervals andadd light doses of N fertilizers forplanting on moderately deep soils

(minor) N N N S3 S2 N N N N 14N N

iminar> S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 32 S2S2 S2

Undulating, excessively drained sandy soils3 (dominant) N N N10 N N N N N N N N N Avoid planting on sandy soils; makelarger pits, add organic matter,irrigate at shorter intervals and addlight doses of N fertilisers tor plant ins

Moderately deep, well drained silty/loamy soils (minor) S2 S2 S2 S2 S2S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2

* Some parts of the unit are subject to flooding by river once in 3 to 5 years.

•* The characteristics arc generalized for important soil components of each land suitability unit- The proportion of each component is described (within parentheses) in terms of;

dominant (>89%), major (59-80%), considerable, (20 to 50%) and minor ( <20%),All the soils art level to nearly level, stnicturrdOtomogenized, non-saline, non-sodic, porous/permeable, with water table beyond J50cm depth and contain negTtgihie to moderate (0-14%)amount of lime, unless described otherwise. The depth is defined in terms of thickness of the rooting zone as: Deep (> 100cm) and Moderately deep (50-!00cm. underlain by sand).

210

6.21 Discussion

The land suitability classification would help the agrofbrester and fanners

interested in planting on their farm lands suitable species of trees for different soils

in the Punjab province. Selection of sites and the species suitable for a particular

type of soil would go a long way to help the agroforester. Without this information

it would not be possible for him to select a particular tree species for a particular

site. The agroforester would not have to run around for assistance. He would get it

right at the spot. The resources available to the agroforestcr would be used

properly and diligently without wastage of the time and money. It would help him

in identifying the land management. It would be easy for the farmers to match thespecies for different alternatives and he shall be able to evaluate the land for its usefor a meaningful assessment. There are different reports available for the use of

GuttnianÿP0(p'fitat'°n cmPs ef>- ty Gregory and

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218

6.21 Discussion

The land suitability classification would help the agroforestcr and formers

interested in planting on their farm lands suitable species of trees for different soils

in the Punjab province. Selection of sites and the species suitable for a particular

type of soil would go a long way to help the agroforester. Without this information

it would not be possible for him to select a particular tree species for a particular

site. The agroforester would not have to run around for assistance. He would get it

right at the spot. The resources available to the agroforcster would be used

properly and diligently without wastage of the time and money. It would help him

in identifying the land management. It would be easy for the fanners to match the

species for different alternatives and he shall be able to evaluate the land for its use

for a meaningful assessment. There are different reports available for the use of

suitability classification with related to different crops e.g. Rice by Gregory and

Guttman, (2002), Potato and post mining land assessment by Baker, (1991).

The work of Ziadat, (2007) emphasizes the use of soil attributes derived from the

prediction model to provide an alternative source of soil infonnation in areas

where soil maps are not available. Soils from all over the Punjab in a variety of

Agroeclogical zones, such as Barani, sandy deserts and irrigated plains in the

North or South. Only he has to understand as to how the available information and

be rationally used to his advantage. He would also be able to classify his land

suitability as highly suitable; moderately suitable or even as unsuitable for the

planting. Ozsoy and Aksoy, (2007) and Ertural el at., (2009) applied fuzzy

(partial) modeling with former knowledge based classification of agricultural land

suitability classification for optimum land use planning, A suitability map will

help in assessing whether land or any other area is likely to be practical and

successful for sustainable development of an intended venture for forestry along

with agriculture crops. In many instances Agro forestry has been promoted in

regions which are unsuitable in terms of climatic conditions, water and soil quality,

and other facilities. A suitable site is a prerequisite for successful Agroforestry as

did Brady and Weils, (2002), Forest trees have traditionally been grown in the

Punjab province without adopting any scientific and systematic inputs. As such,

Maps of land suitability is very important in order to build up an efficient tree

218

219

production network. In the present study, land evaluation has been performed

through suitability classification by using the data of soil characteristic in relation

to land inundation type, soil toxicity and ground water level under a Geographic

Information System (G1S) environment by Hussain et a!., (2007) and Ziadat,

(2005), A suitability map has been produced that shows the suitable area for forest

trees species in various district of the Punjab province. An efficient Agra forestry

system requires proper planning and timely management of available agricultural

land areas under appropriate requirements of the trees of those areas. Obviously

such a practice includes an evaluation of land capability and determination of

suitability of each of these areas for forestty species suited to that soil. The role of

land characteristics is extremely important in tree / wood production activities.

Such characteristics are determined by a number of issues namely site quality,

water table, water source and marketing etc. All these factors collectively

determine the suitability of a given area for a particular type of afforestation as

mentioned by Dawes and Goonciilleke, (2003). Furthermore it would facilitate the

achievement of acceptable land use suitability and/or capability through the use of

appropriate land resource assessment techniques on agriculture land for

afibrestation and it will ensure that adequate land resource data is collected to

enable proper assessment of land suitability and/or capability in various districts of

the Punjab province. Land suitability classification maps arc more refined and

apply to the capacity of land resources to sustain particular forms of land use for

the selection of species for forestry, For this reason, land suitability techniques

have generally superseded land capability assessments and are recommended for

use in the field of the Agriculture and Forestry especially in Agroforcstry as

described by Brady and Weil (2002). Hossain, (2001) also mentioned such Land

suitability Maps have equal potential for two or more uses (c.g. Agriculture and

Forestry), the preferred land use option should be the one that is the most viable in

the area i.e. one which represents the "highest and best” use of that land. The

information in this chapter would help him to pin point the well drained,

particularly drained, waterlogged, sloping or gently sloping lands and guide him to

choose of appropriate tree species. This particular information has been

summarized for several districts of the Punjab and would provide a wealth of

219

220

useful information to enable him to choose the correct species in the particular

lone*

Attock. Rawalpindi, Chakwal (Agroctlogical Zone V- Barani). Vegetation

includes Kikar (Acacia arabica), Bcr {Zizvphus jujuba), Poplar, Bakain, shisham

(Dalbergia slssoo), Mulberry {Moms alba) and grasses like Palwan and Khabal

(Table 6.1 to 6,3). Ishfeq et ai. 2007 studied fruit trees under these agro climatic

cond[lions,

The Agroeclogical Zone III- A, which comprise of Sandy Desert includes the

district Rahim Yar Khan, Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar, the best grown species of

plant was proposed as Prosopis spicigera (Jand), Acacia jacquemontii (Jandi),

Salvador# oleoides (wan), Capparis aphylta (Karir), Tamarix articulata (Frash),

TamarLx sp (Lai), Acacia nilottea (Kikar), Zizyphus jujuba (Ber) and Tamarix

diocia. (Pilchi) (Table 6.4 to 6,7). The environmental conditions including low

water table and less organic matter in sandy soil which are basic need for

planlArecs. Recently Qureshi and Bhalti, (2009) described the desert vegetation of

Sind desert but the data is with relation to their medicinal values. Muzaflajgarh,

Dera Gait Khan, Khushab, Mianwali (Agroeclogical Zone ME B Sandy Desert),

Vegetation includes Acacia arabica (Kikar), Eleusine flagellifera (Chhimbcr),

Salvadora okoides (Wan), Prosopis spiegera (Jand) Capparis aphylla (Karir),

Tamarix articulata (Farash) Tamarix diocia (Lani) and Cymbopogau jitarancusa

(Khewi) (Table 6,7 to 6.10). Sheikh and Soomra, 2006 worked on desertification

and discussed the role of vegetation in these areas.

Okara, Sahiwal, Chachawatni, Multan, Khanewai, VchaH, Pakpatlan

(Agroeclogical Zone IVA Northern Irrigated Plains), vegetation includes Acacia

arabica (Kikar), Salvadora oleodies (Wan), Capparis aphylla (Karir), Salsola

foetida (Lani), Calotropis procera (Ak), Planted trees include Acacia indica

(kikar), Populus alba (poplar), Eucalyptus sp,, Dalbergia sissoo (Shisham), Bombo

Celba (Simal) (Table 6.11 to 6.17), Bhutla and Chaudhry, (2000) described the

vegetation of drained soil of these areas.

These results are comparable with estimates of soil attributes using Ihe soil map.

An important feature is Ihe spatial distribution of the predicted soil attributes,

which is provided in more detailed form than what the soil map provides as done

by Ziadat, (2007), Pau1,(2007) and Ozsoy and, Aksoy, (2007).

220

221

CHAPTER VII

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Forest area under the control of the Forest Departments in Pakistan is only 4.8

million hectare (ha). Per capita area is less than 0.3 ha as compared to the world

average of one ha. Precipitation is little and erratic. The country thus falls in arid and

semi arid zone. The meager forest resource has been eroded gradually over a period

of time due to administrative, political and bureaucratic failings aided by defective

legislation, unsustainable policy and complete lack of awareness by the people who

seldom realize that environmental degradation is taking its toll in all the spheres of

development (Hussain et a/,, 2003). Although during the last 50 years or so the

Public Forest area has increased from 2 to 4.8% of the land area, but the human

population has also swelled from 50 million in 1947 to 170 million in 2009

(Shinwari, 2003). Similarly the livestock has also increased from 30 million heads to

120 million heads, adversely affecting the forest floors and the Range lands. The

young regeneration and the very roots of meager grasses and bushes are devoured by

hungry and emaciated livestock which freely roam around in the depleted forested

areas, the ruined Range lands and the divested countryside (Economic Survey, 2006-

07). The literature has indicated that the planting on agricultural and marginal lands

all over the world has given significant results and has contributed handsomely to

bridge the gap between supply and demand. If tree planting by the farmers is

required anywhere in the world, watersheds, plains and deserts of Pakistan need the

highest priority to redo the barren, bare desolate and ravened lands while the

watersheds need a vegetal cover to save the reservoirs from silting up and flood

havoc. The deserts provide an eternal grazing ground to the livestock and to save the

crops, orchid’s habitat and people from ravages of hot and cold wind tree plantation

campaign is being conducted in the deserts of Thai & Cholistan and so are several

watershed management projects in the high hills (Baig etal. 2008).

The country does not have many options to improve the situation as the slate forests

cannot be expanded further due to consistent demand for agricultural produce.

Neither can additional water be spared to undertake forestry operations. Even if new

222

areas are earmarked for planting trees, enough funds are not available. Moreover, the

5 year development projects prepared with all the zeal and vigor fail to achieve the

desired targets because there are financial cuts across the board during the operation

of the project and there are no maintenance funds for perpetuation of trees planted or

Range lands reseeded. Seasoned timber could be used but it becomes excessively

costly and so are the alternative construction materials. Tree planting on farm and

marginal lands by motivating the farmer and providing some incentives appears to

be the only possible option. And why not when it has proved to be an effective tool

to get additional wood on one hand and improve the socio economic status of the

farmer resulting in poverty alleviation on the other (Anon, 2000). Agroforeslry

concepts and perception defining agroforestry system of land management and as to

why it is such a useful programme have been discussed in introduction. History of

agroforestry or social forestry development in the Punjab has also been traced

highlighting the role of various successive provincial governments to promote the

cause. One veiy important aspect of social forestry is that the trees raised by the

farmers on their land not only serve as a hedge against emergencies requiring

additional money but also serve as an important buffer between ihe state forests and

the farm lands, Instead of cutting or stealing trees from the commercial slate forest,

the farmer can always fall back upon the trees readily available on his own farm.

Another important aspect of the tree planting on marginal lands is that certain tree

species adapt themselves on waterlogged and saline soils. Tree planting for a couple

of years causes land reclamation and earlier pronounced as a waste land, it once

again becomes euHivatablc and productive (Sangha et at., 2005). Nitrogen fixing

trees play a positive role towards that. Additionally the trees balance foe ecological

equilibrium due to recycling of nutrients, improving foe humus layer, affect foe

microclimate, suppress weeds, improve soil structure and soil fertility, save animals

dung grazing in these farm plantations for manure and meet the foci, fodder and

small timber requirements (Botha, 2006). In order to study foe farm plantations of

the Punjab Province of Pakistan, which was based on physiography, ecology,

climate, soil agriculture crops, water availability, and ground water and of course foe

natural and planted tree species, the province has been divided into four agro-

ecological zones. These include Sandy deserts 111, A & B, Barani V and Northern

223

irrigated plains IV Climate, rainfall, original vegetation, agricultural crops and fruits

growing in the zones.

The results of the surveys conducted for collection of relevant data, according to the

questionnaire, have given very indicative results. Methodology and correlation

between the linear plantations and compact plantations has been discussed. Based on

personal communication, the results of survey have been evaluated indicating the

methods of tree planting, the choice of species, spacing used, whether agriculture

crops have been planted or not, whether the trees are sold standing or are converted

into various sizes by the farmer before sale etc. Although, reluctantly, but some of

the tree farmers did come out with the figures of money they had earned by planting

trees. After coming to the conclusion that agroforcstry is helpful to the tree fanner

both socially and economically, some additional measures have been suggested to

further promote agroforestry / social forestry. Some additional information regarding

the possible markets for farm grown wood rate of growth of various species,

management operations, availability of seeds, and plants, the best season for planting

etc was also asked for by some enthusiastic agroforcstcre and were duly provided the

requisite answers which were discussed in simitar studies conducted by Hussain et

a/., (2003) and Schwendenmann, et ai. (2010).

By growing trees, along with agriculture crops there is a iremendous increase in the

total output per unit of land, making full use of the available land fertility at different

depths. Some tree species like Shisham, Albizzias, janier (Sesbanea acgyptiaca) and

lple Iple are nitrogen fixing and improve the soil fertility. In case ofagroforestry, the

type of soil is one of the major factors for the classification of different suitable

species of plants. A comparison of the characteristics of soils under various farm

plantations necessitates a prior evaluation of their particle size composition in order

to ascertain whether the soils were texturally similar (Dixon et ai, 2001). The soil

texture is a very important component of soil from the point of view of agroforestry.

The analysis of the soil texture carried out in the target zones revealed information

that was utilized in the development of Soil and Land Suitability Maps. The results

of the present study highlighted the feet that among the four Agroecological zones

studied, the proportion of sand first decreased and then increased with increasing soil

224

depth, showing a sharp rise at a depth of more than 161 cm. Silt and day followed a

quadratic trend, whereby initially increasing and then dropping.

Organic matter (OM) was mostly found in the top soil and followed a decreasing

trend with increasing soil depth. Nitrogen content was not uniform in all the four

zones studied, with zone 111 B showing highest quantities. No obvious relationship

between the amount of nitrogen present and depth of soil could be detected, except

for Zone III B, where it decreased as the depth increased. Phosphorous, was high in

Zone IV, followed by Zone VB and Zone ill B. There was no apparent relationship

between phosphorus and depth of soil. It was further observed that phosphorous

could not be delected beyond the depth interval of 50- 200 cm.

Both CEC and EC were found to be significantly different in all of the four zones,

with highest values of EC and CEC being recorded for Zone VB and a zero value

from 36-60 cm depth interval up to more than 161 cm depth. Zone V B showed

maximum value than others. Regarding to depth Zone IV A and Zone V B showed

zero value as from 36-60cn depth interval to 161+ cm depths. While Zone Ul.B

showed maximum EC value, it was found to decrease in Zone 111A. Similar findings

were reported by Krogh et at., (2000). pH value shows no difference regarding

zone. Zone III A has extensively lower value for pH of 6.57 as compared to all other

three zones. The effect of different tree species on soil pH varies in the first ten

centimeters of the topsoil. Nevertheless, the mean pH difference in soil was between

0.2 and 0.4 pH unit (Huntington and Robertson, 1994). The results of this

investigation revealed that although CEC and pH values did not vary considerably in

relation to depth, the EC values appeared to be affected with variation in soil depth.

CO3, HCOj, Cl and SO4 were delected in all zones except Zone 111 A. The zone wise

differences tor COj and HCOj were found to be negligible. The quantity of SO4 in

Zone lll.B differed only slightly from that of Zone I11.B and Zone IV A, whereas, it

was notably different from that of Zone IV.A. Similar trend was observed for C03,

with regards to depth in the soil. For HCO3, differences were found regarding

different depth levels. There were highly variable results for SO4. At 13.23cm depth

level, maximum SO4 was found while COj value decreased till 60cm depth and then

225

almost remained same up to 80cm depth (Andrew, 1999). Moreover, COj value

decreased (ill 60 cm and then remained almost the same up to 80 cm depth.

A result for Ca+Mg varies in different zones with respect to Ca+Mg. In Zone 111.A,

Ca+Mg were absent. Almost similar values of Ca+Mg ware found in Zone 1V.A and

Zone V.B but different from value of Ca+Mg in Zone 11I.B as described by Ben-and

Epena, (1999). For potassium value was found to be slight different for Zone.Ill A

and Zone 11I.B but Zone IV.A and Zone V.B show maximum values. Both sodium

and SAR were not different regarding Zones as mentioned in similar study by

Krogh, et ai (2000). For Zone 11 .A Sodium and SAR were not found. Depth had

highly considerable effect for on Ca+Mg and results showed that maximum Ca+Mg

was found in upper layers as compared lower side. Differences among depth levels

for potassium showed that maximum K. was found at 13.23cm depth and minimum

at 81.160cm. Similarly Sodium radically differs with the depth of soil. Maximum

amount of Sodium was found at 24.35cm depth and minimum was at depth >161cm,

as depth increases sodium decreases (Ahmad, et al., 2006). The value of SAR at

ddferetU levels of depth is also found highly different. Maximum SAR was found at

24.35cm depth level which did not differ significantly from that of 13.23cm,

36.60cm, and 61.80 cm depth levels.

On the land surface of the world there extends a mantle of vegetation, a living fabric

of plant communities under trees of farm plantations that is diverse and suitable in its

response to environment, varied in its structure and composition, expressive of

biological productivity of the land, interesting and aesthetically appealing to man

(Shephard, 1995). This mantle of vegetation, we see now in many areas is being

subjected to accelerating destruction. Many ecological and anthropogenic factors

may be involved, salinity is one of them and is of prime importance (Brown, 2001).

In this study we have tried to see how the different communities relate to one

another and express their environments. At the top of these considerations the basic

aim was to produce structure, composition and classification of the community,

types of the saline areas of Ferozewala (district Sheikhupura) using a standard

terminology being comparable with the phytosociologicai work earned out in the

European and Anglo-American countries. A special advantage of these

investigations is the production of environmental data which provide insight into the

226

important factors operative in the habitat e.g. soil pH, level of salinity, moisture

level, grazing and extent of vegetation cover. Salt affected soils are generally poorer

in species than non-saline soils. The distribution of these species appears to be

controlled mainly by cdaphic conditions. These species appear to be selected out by

the highly saline environment gradient from the most to the least salt tolerance, with

other ecological factors playing a secondary role. It was observed that successful

species are also successfully competitive, they are generally limited to saline

environments indicating either a requirement for excess sail tolerance or inability to

compete with plants with less extreme environment. Thus a few of the most salt

tolerant taxa, namely, Suaedafivticosa, Kochia indica, Diplachnefitsca and A(riplex

crassifolia arc limited to saline environment while other species such as

Desmostachya bipinnata, Sporobolus arabicus, Capparis sp, Alhagi maurorum are

limited to moderate to weak saline substrata and still other species such as Eleusine

sp, Ppiypogon mnnspeliensis, Cenchrus sp, and imperata cylindrica have more

general distribution on a xeric to slightly saline soil. The dominant and constant

species in Ihe sampled area are Suaeda fruticosa, Kochia indica, Diplachne jusca,

Desmostachya bipinnata, Alhagi maurorum, Sprobolus arabicus, Pohpogon

monspeliensis, Erythrae ramosissima, Vetevieria zyzanioides; Imperata cylindrical

Scirpus maritimus and Typha angustata. The frequent species are Rumex dentatus;

Chenopodium album, C. murale, Conyza ambigua, Cynodon dactylon etc, and many

companion species are also given in each association.

Several general changes in vegetation composition were seen, such as reduced

salinity, increase in growth form i.e, height (See association Suaedetumfruticosae),

increase in density or increase in species number i.c. diversity (Sec association

Polypogaetum monspeliensae), were recorded. Similar observations were reported

by Flowers (1934) and Ungar (1968) who noted that generally there Is a sharp

decrease in species diversity with even a low increment of soil salinity and then

further drop in diversity until only one or two species are left which arc capable of

tolerating extreme salinity. The ecological limitations for the structure, composition

and distribution of various plant communities recognized are edaphic (physical and

chemical), biotic (grazing), soil moisture level and competitive ability of the

members of the next community in holoscrc, The connection between ecological

characteristics and plant communities (structure, composition, distribution)

227

described show that despite over-lapping with the ecological requirements, a clear

segregation exists between requirements ofdiffercnl associations.

Taking analytic (quantitative and qualitative) and synthetic characteristics into

consideration, the vegetation is grouped into twelve associations. Three associations,

Kochieturn indieurn, Diplachnetum fuscae and Alhagietum maurorae, belong to the

vegetation type of annual herb communities. Two associations, Scirpetum maritimae

and Typhetum angustitae form the vegetation types of emergent sedge and reed

swamp vegetation at the margin of open brackish water. Seven associations are

described from salty vegetation dominated by perennial chenopods and grasses. The

relative concentrations of the major ecological gradient expressed in terms of their

ratio are of interest in determination of the ecological affinities of the association.

Twelve associations may be arranged in scries according to sodium concentration

tolerance that is Suaedetum fruticosae, Desmostochyetum bipirinata, Erythrae

poiypogaetum, Monspel iensae, Veteviarietum zyzanioide Scirpetum maritime,

Alhagietum maurorae. Imperatum cylmdrieae, Diplachnetum Jiisca, Kochietum

indicum Poiypogaetum monspeliensae. Sporobolettim arabicae and Typhetum

angustitae, Diplachnetum juscae Suaedetum fruticosae, Desmostochyetum

monspeliensis > Scirpetum maritimae). Erythraeo poiypogaetum monspeliensa,

Veteviarietum zyzanioide, Imperatum cylindrieae. Typhetum angustata. Kochietum

indica. Sporoboletum Arabica. There might have been certain variations in these

tolerance ranges, had more soil samples been taken. Although direct quantitative

comparison is different, the tolerance levels of the association are related to different

plant communities described by Unger (1974) for the inland salt pan of the U.SA

Out of all fticsc associations described Suaedetum fruticosae and Atriplicetum

crassifoliae arc major associations with a number of sub associations and variants

(Qayyum 1982) which colonize more or less every type of saline habitat. In this

survey these were left out and only few Rclev’es were taken.

It is possible to work out several relationships between these associations on the

basis of salt concentration and moisture content in the substrata. The initial colonizer

on highly saline soil with certain mesic conditions is Suaeda Jhiticosa. Spregula

rubra will appear, if these conditions remain static but Spregula rubra being a spring

annual will disappear. Other annuals such as Atriplex crassifoiia and Koehia indica

are subsequent colonizers. Subsequent colonization of the habitats is by

228

Desmostuchya bipitinaia, which being perennial and deep rooted tends to colonize

jteric and dusty habitats. Further colonization seems to be in the direction of

degradation and further may lead to the development of either xenc or mcsic

conditions. A degraded association {Veteviarietum zyzanioides) rises to prominence

on sodium poor soil, rugged soil and waste land. With the passage of time, this may

tend to develop in to the flora typical of moist waste land (Chenopodium species and

Amarantus viridus). From Desmostochyetum bipinnatae it may lead to more xeric

and annual species such as from Sjxiroboletum arabicae to Polypgactum

monspeliensae to lmpcratum cylindrieae. Further Joss in salinity level and an

increase in water table lead to mesic conditions via Dicanthium annulatum. 11 may

lead to sub hydric conditions. Further rise in water table and fall in salt contents lead

to Scirpetum maritimae and Typheturn angusfitiie associations, typical of marshy

land.

In addition to describing the structure, composition and inter-relationship of plant

communities, the other aim of this work was to produce an inventory of vegetation

types comparable with Zurich Montpellier school of thought. The classification of

these units into a hierarchy involved several difficulties. One of the main difficulties

was the non availability of local literature of community types from local habitats.

Thus information had to be extracted from literature based on research carried out in

places other than local habitats. Taking these difficulties into consideration and the

classification proposed by different workers for the similar type of habitat, Capman

(1958), Ueaftink <1962), Shimwcll (1971), Waiscl (1972), Adam (1977), Mirza

(1978) as a base, the following classification of the halophytic communities of

Fcrozewala (District Sheikupura) is being proposed.

Cakiletea maritimac. R.Tx. el Praising 1950.L Cl.

Thera-suaedetalia Br.— B1 ctde, Bob’s 1957. cm. Beeftink 1962.o.

A. Them -Suaedion. Br - Br - BII931, 1933, em¬it.Tx. 1950.

Association Kochietom indicum, SuaedoKoehictum hirsutae — Br. Bl. 1928.Sub-association. Kocluetosum md icum

Sub-association. Desmostachyetosum bipinnatae

229

Association. Suacdum fruticosac

Association. Diplacrnietum fuscac

Sub-association. Diplachnetosum fuscac

Sub-association. Alhagetosum maurarae

o. I>esmostachyctalia bipiiuiatac

A. Desmostachyion

Association. Desmostachyotum bipinnatae

Association. Alhagictum maurorac

Association. Sporoboletum arabicac

Association. Polypogaetum monspcticrisae

Sub-association, Polypogoetosum monspeliensae

Sub-association. Erythraeiosum ramosissmae

Subÿassocialton. Aihagietosum mournrae

Association. Etythraco polypoganctum Monspeliensae

Association. Vetcvierietum zyzanioides

Association. Imperatum cylindrieac

2. CL Phragnitetea Tux. ct prog 1942.

o. Phragmitetalia (W. Koch) Tux et. Preg 1942,

A. Phrugmition W. Koch 1926,

Association. Scirpetum marimae

Sub-association Imperataetosum Cylindrieac

Sub-association Dicanlliictosum Annulatac

Association Typhetum anguslitae

The final aim of the study was to prepare the maps for the agro fanners on the basis

ofland suitability classification to guide the land users/planners in such a way so as

to put the land resources to the most beneficial use on sustained basis without

deteriorating the resources as well as the environment. The term Land Evaluation

refers to assess the suitability for forest trees of different tracts ofland mapping units

for specific kind of use and to find out the land management alternatives that would

be physically and financially practicable and economically viable (Rodrigo et

230

a/,.2005). The present study paralleled with the research conducted by Rodrigo et

a/,.{2005) who assessed the suitability for forest frees of different tracts of land

mapping units for specific kind of use and worked out the land management

alternatives that would be physically and financially practicable and economically

viable in terms of 'Land Evaluation’. Soils and Land Suitability Maps of various

Agroeclogical /ones reveal land resource information that can be helpful for

different users for the execution of certain projects for instance in Fami Forestry

Extension Programme by die Punjab Forest Department 'Phis suitability

classification would help the agroforeslcr and alt those interested in planting on their

farm lands in choosing suitable species of trees for different soils in the Punjab.

Selection of sites and the species suitable for a that particular site would go a long

way to help the agroforesters. The agroforeslcr would not have to run around for

assistance. He would get it right at the spot without any lack of contradiction. The

resources available to the agroforcster would be used properly and diligently without

wastage of the time and money. It would also help him in identifying the land

management alternatives and farmer shall be able to evaluate the land its use for a

meaningful assessment. It would specifically assist him to match the species for

different soil all over the Punjab in a variety of Agroeclogical zones, such as Barani,

sandy deserts and irrigated plains in the North and South. All that would be required

of him would be to understand the possible ways through which the available

information could be rationally used to his maximum advantage as done by Haile, et

ai, (2010). The information would also enable him to classify bis land suitability in

terms of highly suitable, moderately suitable or even as unsuitable for the planting.

Additionally it would assist him to pin point the well drained, particularly

waterlogged, sloping or gently sloping lands and provide guidelines to choose

appropriate tree species. This particular information has been summarized for several

districts of the Punjab e.g. Rahim Yar Khan, Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar.

(Agroeclogical Zone III- A) (Sandy Desert), Muzaffargarh. Dcra Gazi Khan,

Khushab, Mianwali (Agroeclogical Zone 111- B) (Sandy Desert), Okara, Sahiwal,

Chtchawalni, Multan, Khanewaf, Vehari, Pakpaltan (Agroeclogical Zone IV A

(Northern Irrigated Plains) ,Attock, Rawalpindi ,Chakwal ( Agroeclogical Zone V

(Barani)

231

CONCLUSION

Pakistan is virtually facing wood famine on one hand and an ecological disaster on

the other. Being thickly populated the province of the Punjab is the worst hit. Fuel

wood is selling @ Rs.I20/- per mound and Deodar timber fetches the price of

Rs.2500/- per eft, Shisham is equally costly and it not uncommon to find a demand

price of Rs.2000/- eft. How can the poor afford to pay such an exorbitant price?

With the growth in population @ 2.5% the current demand for wood shall also

increase over whelming in the same ratio if not at a faster rate due to better living

standard, demands for a more comfortable life and expected upsurge in literacy rate

etc. It is quite apparent that tire government would not be able to spare more land,

water and resources for tree planting. The only possible and practical option left to

the nation is to strive for more trees planting on (arm and marginal lands through the

help and association of the agricultural community. The important point which has

also to be noted is that livelihood of thousands of people in the rural areas depends

on the local wood based industries for which the major source of raw material are

the trees on the farm lands (MAANICS, 2003-04). A Pakistani village is traditionally

self sufficient in wooden items of daily use and does not get raw material from the

city markets. It is only the assorted trees on the farm and marginal lands which come

to his rescue. Most of the agroforesters were of the opinion that the trees in their

farms were helpful in more than one way. Not only the trees readily provided fodder,

fuel, small timber, shade and shelter and protection from hot and cold winds,

improved environment and biodiversity but also were a very useful source to

improve their socio-economic condition through sale of wood, especially when there

were crop failures due to natural calamities. The sale of wood was very handy to

meet some emergent expenses on religious ceremonies, marriages of children, or

payment of schooi/college fees, In fact trees served as a hedge against all unforeseen

emergencies. The outcome of the present survey is supported by the findings of

Zubair and Chris (2005) who reported that if fanners thought that trees were in any

way adverse to their way oflife, they would never have planted them on their land,

According to other surveys conducted by Punjab Economic Research Institute

(PF.RI), the number of trees per acre was 17 in 1999 and it was increasing with time.

That is why even now 90% of fuel wood requirements and 55% timber requirements

232

arc being met from the trees grown by the farmers on their land, though the potential

is much more,

The field visits conducted during this study were actually an eye opener and

provided firsthand knowledge regarding important land use in the province and the

present scenario of forests and forestry in Pakistan. How fragile the fabric of the

ecological system has become, has been deliberated upon and the way it is affecting

the environmental health and stability has been amplified. There is a special

reference to forestry situation in the Punjab, The location of the province,

population, topography, soils & climate has been briefly touched upon. Land use

pattern of the province is of special significance. There are six forest types, some are

natural while others are man-made. The major crops grown by the farmer have also

been indicated. Tree planting could be popular with big land owners but the tenants

who know that they are on a particular piece of land for a short period of 1-3 years

arc not interested in planting or looking after the trees. Knowing that the trees belong

to the owner there is little attraction for the tenant or lessee to maintain them. Rather

they would even over pnine the tree to get more light for the agricultural crops or

hack them with axes (Khan. 2001).

Several constraints against the tree planting can be enumerated but these can be

mitigated to a large extent by scientific explanations and setting up of mode!

plantations. The issues need a very tactful handling by the extension staff of Forestry

and Agricultural departments. Tree fanners have to be formed into such energetic

allies who after conversion into an agroforcsters become publishers themselves

propagating the cause of tree planting. The usual objection to tree planting so often

raised by the farmer has to be settled only by a person who knows all about the

system. However the extension workers should not paint a very rosy picture about

the agroforestry or social forestry programme as the proof of a good pudding is only

when one cats it. There are several requisites and remedial measures to clarify all the

usual objections. One important issue has always to be kept in mind and that is that

the agroforcstcr is interested only in economic and social gains and shall seldom

bother about biodiversity, environment or that the trees absorb CCh and release

oxygen for a healthy and prosperous life which is far from it (Gaulam et al, 2003).

233

Several case studies regarding tree-crops interface have been discussed, the most

prominent of which are the studies conducted by the Pakistan Forest Institute

Peshawar (PF1) Punjab Forestry Research institute, Faisalabad (PFR1) and farmers

themselves. Examples of tree planting by farmer all over the country are not far to

seek. Most of these have been helpful in increasing the crop yields although some

adverse affects have also been recorded. These adverse effects can nevertheless be

considerably reduced by adopting some practicable measures such as proper

orientation of rows, digging of a trench between the trees and die agriculture crops;

making a road along with tree belt instead of elsewhere in the farm; sowing shallow

rooted leguminous crops like Trifolium in a strip along the tree bell etc (Hafeez,

1998).

One important lesson learnt from this study is that tempo of tree planting campaign

has to be shifted to rural areas rather than the “Walks” or banner hoisting in the big

cities. The movement has to be spear-headed by a well trained and devoted team of

extension experts. The campaign has to be consistent and sustainable, targeting a

much larger number of rural populations. Additionally, service of a village ImamTthe local doctor, the school head master, the Lambardar, the Patwari, the GLrdawar,

the Tehsildar etc have to be harnessed as the villages are likely to pay more attention

to their words rather than a government functionary who has been their adversary

since ages (Akbar et at., 2000).

The study lias clearly emphasized the point that the contribution to the Scio-

economic uplift of the country by the agroforcstcr has to be realized and that he

should be fully rewarded for his great effort in reducing the gap between the supply

and demand of wood and wood products. This could be achieved through provision

of suitable incentives or not just lip service or a few words of appreciation. The

successful agroforestry should be awarded cash prizes, shields and certificate for

commendable performance as described by Dennis, 2005 and Kasongo, el aL. 2010).

The relationship between forming and tree is of overriding importance for the future,

It is the agricultural and marginal land where (here is maximum scope for tree

planting. No one can deny the paramount claim of agricultural on land but lrom

socio-economic point of view and the complementary roles the trees play in

fostering agriculture, it is necessary in the farmers own interest to plant more trees

on his land to make himself supporting in his day to day requirements of wood and

234

wood products (Hussain,1999). Some common combinations for the agroforestry

system of land use being practiced are indicated below:

Tree species Agricultural crons

Poplars Wheat, Maize, Turmeric, Sugar cane,

Vegetable fodder.

Wheal, Cotton, Sunflower, Turmeric

Maize, Sunflower, vegetables, fodder

Turmeric, Wheat, Maize, Vegetables,

Medicinal plants.

Gram, Wheat, Tara Meera, Sarson.

Eucalyptus

Semal

Shisham

Faresh

A special advantage of this investigation is the production of environmental data

which provides insight into the important factors operative in the habitat e.g. soil pH,

level of salinity, moisture level, grazing and extent of vegetation cover. Salt affected

soils are generally poorer in species than non-saline soils. The distribution of these

species appears to be controlled mainly by cdaphic conditions. These species appear

to be selected out by the highly saline environment gradient from the most to the

least salt tolerance, with other ecological factor* playing secondary role

Recommendations

> Formation of Village Woodlot Commiltees would play a major role in

afforestation and disposal of wood as they would be in a influential and

commanding position to appeal to, and motivate religious personnel and to

obtain assistance from local doctor, lumberdar, opinion leaders and other people

for forwarding recommendit ions to the Government to improve the Socio¬

cultural conditions of agrofarmerx. This can be done by giving economic

benefits such as provision of incentives to the farmers in the shape of free

supply of plants or any monetary benefits as well as facilities of soft loans and

credits to agrofarmers and insuamcc of forest crops along with incentive to

forestry staff associated with agroforestry.

> The best combinations of agricultural crops and trees should be identified by

calculating cost benefit ratio including tangible and intangible benefits resulting

235

in poverity allevation programme like development of infrastructure and other

facilities. North-South orientation of the tree rows will cause less crop depression

and delay harvesting of grain crops such us wheat, maize, barley, etc in close

vicinity of the tree belt as crop closer to ihc belt takes a few more days to mature

and ripen. If harvested at die same lime with rest of the field, the grain gets

shriveled leading to lesser yields. Further, it is recommended that shallow rooted

and shade tolerant crops such as Trifolium (beiseem) or other fodder crops

should be grown near tree rows as a direct competelion would not develop,

resulting in better yield. Leguminous trees such as AIbizzia procera, Leucaena

leucocephala (Iple Iple) and Pithecolobriim duke (jungle jaleba) etc. (the tree

rows) should be grown so that instead of exerting competition they fix the

atmospheric nitrogen and improve lire soil quality. They have also open crowns

and thus are less shady. In compact plantations, wider spacing of 6 x 6 meters or

even more reduces competition with agricultural crop if under planted. Widely

spaced plants/trees gain diameter at a much faster rate and become barveslable

early fetching some good returns. Growing trees and agricultural crops together

would help the farmers economically as they would recover part of the

investment through sale of annual agricultural crops and trees would serve them

as an investment in the bank.

> To satisfy the demand of end users so far as size and species are concerned, there

is need of development of tree farmer -wood user links. Establishment of a

viable marketing system, proper livestock management, establishment of tree

associations and demonstration centers and special measures for sale of farm

grown wood is suggested.

> In order to further offset the effect of trees on agriculture crops, following

measures must being gradually understood by the tree farmers. Instead of making

the crop-delivery-roads in the center of the field, make them close to the tree

belt. This would save them from crop depression effect as there would be no

crop on the road. Roads arc needed anyway in a large farm for transit of

commodities. Interaction and understanding among the three agencies involved

i.e_ Forest Depanment, the tree fanner and the wood based industry has to be

complete and composite. The forest department should make more technical

tnput, while the tree farmer has to know the market demands of the tree species,

236

the size needed to enable him to convert the trees grown by him on his farm and

the preferences and requirements of the wood based industry.

> The forest department has to revise the existing legislation to improve and

facilitate the production and transportation of wood from the farm to the market

At present the tree farmer is facing a lot of difficulty due to existing regulations

and enactments causing hindrances in smooth transit of wood.

> Forest Department employees working in extension job should be provided with

more incentives such as transport, better allowances and special pays so that they

are well-satisfied and earn due respect in the society and with the farming

communities enabling them to work with more zeal and enthusiasm for

promotion of the cause for which they are working.

> The tree farmers need special training in nursery and plantation management for

which special courses should be arranged by the Forest Department at suitable

places. The projects reviewed so far by the Forest Department have indicated

that women are equally keen to raise plants. They should he provided with the

opportunities to enable them to sharpen their skills and to play their requisite role

in improving the country’s landscape. Further more assesment of improvement

in envimoment and biodiversity as well as general landscape and removal of

monotony by removal of the bias of agriculture department through pursuation

and motivation and imparting role of women to persuade men folk towards tree

planting.

> More emphasis on extension and publicity campaigns for creation of awareness

among the tree farmers along with the amendment of rigid taws as well as with

revision of curricula and role of forestry institution for infusion of agroforestry

is recommended. No doubt, the seminars, ‘mclas’ and meetings help in tree

planting by farmers but it is at the spot farmer's training, which is more helpful.

Thus demonstration plantations raised on tree farmer’s land can be more helpful

in producing good results.

> Forest Department should provide assistance in the form of land leveling, land

development and soil conservation to encourage tree planting. The persistent

suspicion and doubt in the mind of tree farmers that the government is

persuading them to plant trees as an excuse for land grabbing should be removed

through extension agents by their well-organized efforts.

237

> A number of studies on agroforestry system of land management have already

been undertaken. The results should be passed on to the end users so that they

can derive some benefit out of the findings. Marginal or wastelands are

traditionally the grazing grounds for millions of livestock. When convened to

tree plantations this resource is lost to the grazers. Planting fodder Irces and

shrubs should do the trick. Agroforcstry programme has to be institutionalized to

make it a consistent and sustainable effort. It is important because the

communities oflen opt for such a programme with immediate financial gains in

view without bothering for sustainability of the process. This tendency has to be

curbed through motivation, persuasion and demonstration.

> In agroforcstry programme invariably certain disagreements arise due to some

misunderstanding or conflict. This gives a chance to inherently biased mischief-

makers to create a negative influence on the tree farmers. Such disputes, if any,

have to be resolved with efficient and skillful handling of the situation by all the

concerned parties, especially the extension agents. If the Government has to

spend some money on land development and tree planting, it is appropriate that

members of the village community arc employed on the job. Such a positive step

would attract more cooperation and help from the people. Experience has shown

that the village doctor, mosque Imam, school headmasters and the village

headman can exert a lot of influence on the local people. If their services are

utilized to deliver the message, success of a tree-planting programme on farm

lands can be assured and is certain to succeed, h is hoped that when the tree

formers slart getting economic benefits due to a responsive market situation and

there is enough cooperation and understanding between the wood producers and

wood users, the sustainability is bound to come and the former would continue to

grow trees as an alternate cash crop.

> Presently the Extension staff is inadequate and is not properly trained for the job.

Extension organization should be strengthened on the lines of agriculture

department. Enough technical material is not available for proper guidance of the

nee farmers. It is essential that a complete package is prepared and delivered to

the tree former including instructions and guidance for site preparation for choice

of species for different sites, planting techniques and management and harvesting

of tree crops.

238

> It would inculcate lot of confidence in the tree tanner if the wood based industry

signs an agreement with him at the time of planting assuring him that the

industry would pick-up his woody materials if he matures and manages the tree

crops according to the requirement of the industry. A data bank should be

established at all the District headquarters wherein information such as species

planted, age, diameter, general condition of trees and the price the tree former

would like to get has to be stored. The wood based industry should also provide

similar information such as name and address, type of industry, species and size

requirement and possible negotiable price. This computed information should be

reviewed every quarter. The forest department should persuade the tree Tanners

to establish cooperatives for marketing of farm products.

> More cooperation and collaboration is needed between sister departments such as

Forest, Agriculture. Irrigation and Power, Livestock and Dairy Development,

Highways etc for promotion of social forestry encouragement to the agroforester.

Advantages of social forestry programme should be well advertised on T.V,

Radio and in print media, highlighting the importance of social forestry for a

wood starved and environment degraded country. Usually long maturity period

of perennial tree crops discourages the tree fanner as he cannot wail for long to

get some reasonable income. Incentives such as free supply of planting material

and interest free bank loans may be considered.

> It has been proved beyond any doubt Ural agroforestty is sure to be the critical

element in future rural development and poverty alleviation of the masses,

specifically based on trees as a renewable resource. Tree planting campaigns and

programmes should become very attractive to resource poor fomilies surviving

on marginal agricultural lands in terms of increasing productivity, better

distribution of benefits and as a panacea for financial instability. In the process

the tree formers would definitely bring a change in the otherwise drab and

desolate environment of the country and shall earn much needed additional

bucks. Tree farmers who produce surplus woody material for fuel in directly

save the animal dung, which otherwise would have been used for foci purpose

and thus the unused animal dung would improve soil fertility, eventually leading

to bumper agricrops.

239

> This study represents a pilot study with regards to Ihe development of Soil and

Land Suitability Maps, as the work was restricted to 17 Districts of the Punjab.

The undoubted utility of such maps based on the valuable land resource

information being generated, makes it imperative that the same may be extended

to the rest of the districts of Punjab as the next step and later for other provinces

too, for it not only assists the agrofarmers but also alleviates of poverty,

consequently enhancing the gross economy at die national level.

> Moreover, it is suggested that in order to make the information more effective, the

maps and the related information may also be translated in Urdu, Ihe national

language, so as it make it easily understandable to the stakeholders, many of

whom may not be well versed with English. The soil texture analysis of various

Agroeclogical /ones and Ihe consequent recommendation of the associated

suitable species, aids the agrofarmers to pick out the best possible option.

Keeping in view the vast area of the county affected by salinity, producing low

yields, it is highly recommended that this study should be carried out for such

salinity hit areas, so as to utilize the potential of the land maximally.

Furthermore, stress should be laid on the fodder grasses and nitrogen fixing plant

species that are not only economically viable but also add to the fertility soil of

the land.

240

CHAPTER 8

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264

APPENDIX A

FOR ASSESSMENT OF 4 OR MORE YEAR OLD FARMERPLANT PLANTIONS

Part- A

1. Name of the owner (Agro forestry Farmers)

2. Address

3, Location of the plantation

4. Land self owned, on lease or as a tenant.

5. Site conditions / Soil / Saline / waterlogged

6. Species planted,

7. Preference of tree species

8. Pattern / design of planting (single trees, rows, along water lousier,

Along field borders, block, Plantation with agri crop.

9. Plants obtained from own nursery or from else where.

10. If else where, whether government nursery, private nursery.

11 Did you pay for the seeding? If so. how much?

12.Season/Year of planting.

13.Who approached / motivated you for planting.

14.Number of plants planted / Area.

15.Original spacing.

16. If agri-crops raised, which one and for how many years

265

17. Effecl of trees on agriculture crops if any.

18-Part- B

19, Number of plants surviving. (Percentage)

20.Protection of problems.

21. Insects / diseases or damage by other agencies such as rates, wild boar, rabbits,

porcupine etc.

22.Age and approximate dia and height of tree

23.Cultural operations done if any

* Cleaning

• Pruning

• Thinning

24. If so, method of sale: standing/converted/ roadside depots.

25.Yield obtained. Volume and weight.

26.Amount realized.

27.Who where the buyers,

28. If final felled, when? And method of sale:

Standing/ converted/ roadside depot.

29.Sold in the form of fuel/logs/ bailies / poles/posts

30.Amount realized. Gross and Net income.

31.Buyers: Local people/outsiders.

32. Are you aware of end uses/possible wood users/size required by the wood based

industry?

33.Was it profitable to grow trees? If yes, how and why, If No, the reasons and

constraints?

266

34.What are the requisites to make tree growing more attractive an agro

forestry as system.

35.Do you need help from the forest staff for raising of nurseries or

management of the Piantations? If so in what form.

36.Would you continue to grow private nurseries?

37.Would you grow nurseries for the Forest Department, if so desired by the

department.

38.Any other relevant information like setting up of cottage industries such as

silkworm

39. rearing (Sericulture) or Beekeeping (Apiculture).

40.If so what is the extant and sale of production.

41.Any difficulty in marketing of the produce (cocoons, siik yam bony)

African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Vol. 4(10), pp. 639-650, October 2010Available online at hlipJ/www.acacfefri icjournafs.org/AJESTISSN 1S91-637X©2010 Academic Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Agroforestry trends in Punjab, PakistanSyerf Muhammad Akmal Rahim1’, Shahida Hasnain2 and Shamsi RA3

i Punjab Forest Department, Pakistan.department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Punjab, Pakistan.

3Department of Botany. University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan.

Accepted 24 August, 2010

Pakistan in general and the province of Punjab in particular have a narrow toreSt resource. More than90% of the fuel wood and about 72% of timber requirements are being met from trees growing on theprivate farm lands, based on agro forestry / social forestry t community forestry as compared with thestale torests. It is obvious that trees have to be grown in conjunction with agricultural crops on privatefarm lands. The main objectives of the study pertain to agro forestry trend In Punjab, Province ofPakistan along wilh the identification of the agroecloglcal zones of the province including evaluation ofadaptation level of agro forestry interventions; assessment of the aptitude of agro-foresters towardstree planting and hurdles in expansion of the agro forestry. For this, a survey of 257 farm plantations(FP) was conducted in 20 districts of the Punjab Province and more than 257 agro-farmers wereInterviewed through a prescribed performs. However, a correlation between linear and compact designsof the agro forestry was established. From the study of the survey results, it has also been noticed thatout of 257 FP, only three FP belonged to the lessees and 254 belonged to land owners. It was also notedlhat number of FP considerably Increased during 1995 to 2000, when the Punjab forest departmenttransferred technology and provided various incentives and financial subsidies. The farmers canfurther increase ft, if the government revives financfalrtechnicai incentives and marketing facilities.

Key words: Agro Forestry, linear and compact design, land tenure, agroecloglcal zones, spacing.

INTRODUCTION

Pakistan Is a unique combination of deserts, alluvialplains, low and high hills, valleys and a tong coast line.The diversity in climate and soil is well reflected in theecological distribution of fauna and flora. The climate isgenerally arid subtropical. The average rainfall is 250mm, while some of the driest regions receive less than123 mm annually (Hussain et al. , 2003). There is widerange of rainfall starting from 100 mm in the south to1Q00 mm in the north. Pakistan has the largestcontiguous canal irrigation system in the world; but If notfor it, the country would have been a vast unproductivedesert (Shlnwarl, 2003J. With independence in 1947, thenew born country's meager natural resources had to bearthe brunt of refugees from across the border. Trees werecut mercilessly, and subsequently, the nexus betweenthe contractor and the forester played havoc with thecountry's tree cover, rendering the state of affairs into analmost irreversible situation (GOP, 2006 - 2007).

The country has a narrow forest resource base extendingover only about 4.8% (4.59% excluding farmlandplantations) of its area, which is insufficient to provide themalarial needs of the growing population and expandingindustry, and to retard and arrest the Ongoing environ¬

mental and ecological degradation process. The situationIs further aggravated by the natural, but unevendistribution of the forest resources. Almost 80% of theproductive forests are located in the north (Hazara,Malakand, Azad Kashmir and Northern areas, whereas80% of the population and wood based industry islocated in the southern and central parts of Pakistan(Pakistan Economic Survey, 2004 2005),

Pakistan's fast growing population of about 152.53million is dependent for its wood and wood productsrequirement on a meager forest resource base of 4.2million hectares (The Pakistan National Conservationstrategy, 2006). The per capita forest area thus is only0.0265 ha (Pakistan Economic Survey. 2004 05),compared to the world average of one hectare. Onlyt/3rd of the total forest area is productive, white the restis of environmental and protective value only (Anon,’Corresponding author. E-mail: rahimakmakgthoimail.com.

Afr. J. Environ, $d. Technol.640

1991; Ahmad, 1998). It Is becoming increasingly dilficultto meet the demands of the growing population for fuelwood, fodder, agriculture implements and raw materialrequired for wood based industries (Cavjglia and Kahn,2001). There is no doubt that scanty tree cover is theresult of the gross mismanagement of forests in the past.The development of modem infrastructure anddevelopmental pressure has further facilitated destructionof meager tree cover in the country (Baig el al.. 2008). inthat the forests are open to a multitude of adversefactors. Apart from climatic and edaphic hurdles in theexpansion ol the tree cover, the socio economic issuesare very acute and critical. The evil practices ofencroachment on forest and range lands, cultivation onsleep slopes, intentional fires, etc. have played havocwith the scanty tree cover in the country culminating In achain of ecological disasters (Olsuka et ai., 2001).

Anyone on tour to the Punjab province will find manytrees on private farms as boundary markers, shade treesand windbreakers, It would also be dearly visible thatmany more could be accommodated in between. Despitethe unscientific and unplanned planting on farmlands, theprivate farmland plantations are currently contributingtour times as much of the timber and nine times as muchof the fuel wood that are being produced by state forasts(Sheikh et al., 2000). It is very unfortunate that enoughresources are not being devoted to support farm loreslryto the level warranted by its potential importance as aproductive resource and the basis of secondaryenterprise for the farmers growing agricultural crops. Assuch, farmland plantations deserve much more attentionand resource allocation by the forest department thanheretofore lor the growing of trees in a scientific manner(Hafeez, 1998)

Agroforeslry is a traditional method ot combining treeswith agricultural crops or pasture, so that multiple benefitscan be achieved from the same land management.Kalinganlre et al. (2008) defined “Agroforestry as adeliberate integration of woody components withagricultural and pastoral operation on the same piece ofland either in a spatial or temporal sequence in such away lhat both ecological and economical interactionoccurs between them." Trees on farmland improve themicroclimate and II is not uncommon to feel the coolingeffect of the trees on a hoi summer day. Trees thusprotect us. our animals and houses from blazing sun insummer and cold winds in winter (Simons and Leakey,2004) The limits Of production from particular soils areconditioned by quaiily and management practices. Thusthe activities which are basic for the promotion of theOptimum land use are: land resources inventories.assessment ol degradation hazards, evaluation olproduction capacity, improvement of soil fertility, landreclamation combating desertification and integrated landuse planning (Baig et ai., 2008). The potentialcontribution of trees to soil improvement is one of themajor assets of agroforestry in general (Sanchez et al.,

1997). The enhancement of soil fertility by trees isconspicuous in studies which compare productivity olcrops grown on soils formed under tree canopies and oncontrol soils in open sites (Craig and Wilkinson, 2004).Differences in soil fertility as demonstrated by in situ cropproductivity differ at varying distances from the tree(Botha. 2006). Generally, higher soil nutrient status undertree cover is reflected in the mineral content of understory herbaceous species (Tonye et al., 1997). Soilinfertility is the resul of the pressure on the land due to acontinuous cycle of crop growing without allowing il torest, II. therefore, should be realized that in order toensuro optimum land use, it is important that a country'sland resources should be assessed in terms of suitabilityat different levels of inputs for different types of land usesuch as agriculture, grazing and forestry. In manydeveloped and developing countries, this integrated landuse has been given the names of agroforestry,agrosllvopastoral activity etc. where trees are beinggrown In conjunction with agricultural crop and wherelarge herds of livestock are being raised underagrosilvopastora! system of land use (Gebrehiwot, 2004),

Pfefferkorn (1999) suggests that if a large amount ofgenetic diversity has been removed from the system, acomplete replacement of taxa would require a long periodof time. Migration in the basin was remarkably rapid anda return lo diversity levels took less than 5 mill ton years.Regionally restricted environmental changes can alsoaccount for different recovery rates in different regionsMonsoonal climatic conditions favored a more rapidrecovery in South Africa (Jablonski, 2002).

The primary processes held responsible for theformation of high fertility around trees relate to enhancedbiological processes associated with the seasonal andlong term return of nulrients accumulated in trees to thesoil through litter fall, root decay and exudation, and theirmineralization, as well as leaching of nutrients stored incanopies. Soil texture sometimes differs according totree size. Reasons behind these variations related to treesize are not dearly understood (Sangha el al., 2005).Increases in organic matter and improved microclimaticconditions trees enhance soil microbial and enzymaticactivity, decomposition and physical characteristics (Tianet al., 2001). When this is compared to open sites,

biological activity is two to three times higher. Fine soillost through wind erosion may be intercepted by irees

and deposited through fall and stem flow. Trees alsoincrease soil nitrogen availability due to Nitrogen fixation(N goran el al.. 2002). Increased fertility under Irees mayalso be due to bird droppings and this is integrated inlivestock, dung deposition by animals which rest and leedunder Iree shade. The tree effect may be morepronounced where livestock is excluded than in naturalagrosilvopastoral systems (Anon, 2000). Small treesinduce little fertility change in their soil environment andproduce significantly less organic litter and root turnoverinputs. Unlike larger trees, small ones also had no dung

Rahim el at. 641

deposited beneath them. Nutrient enrichment by treesincreases with tree size. Young trees do not seem toinfluence the size of the nutrient pool significantly, andthat the nutrient concentration of sub canopy soilsexpands with tree size (Brown. 2001). More specificinformation is needed on the dynamics of soil fertility withincreasing tree size in relation to the performance ofassociated crops, and recommendations on size/age andrelated conditions of tree-stands from which increasednutrient availability can potentially generate enhancedcrop yields (Sangha et al.t 2005). Trees may alsoincrease system productivity by reducing nutrient lossesthrough leaching in deep soil and reduced soil erosion(Dove, 2003). Trees may increase the overall systemproductivity by increasing nutrient availability throughnilrogen fixation and deep rooting, and their enlargedabsorptive capacity associated with mycorrhizae andfungal infection. However, even though these processesmay be important in particular sites with appropriate soliconditions and water availability, there are limitations tothese processes (Botha, 2006).

The major objectives of this study were theidentification and elaboration of agroclimatic edaphiczones of Punjab from the view point of agroforestry,assessment of environmental I ecological impact offarmland plantation, impact on biodiversity, effect on soilfertility and soil environment. It also included Iheevaluation of the adoption level of agroforestry interven¬tions. extension of biological approach to wastelanddevelopment, quantification of the sodal contribution ofagroforestry over a period of time, study of the tree-cropinterface and monetary gains / losses to the tree farmersalong with preference of tree species by the farmer inrelation to agro climatic zones and assessment of theaptitude of agnoforesters towards tree planting. The studyof agroforestry heiped in the development of linkagebelween wood producers and wood users, which helpedin removing the hurdles in the expansion of theagroforestry as land use system and exploration of woodmarkets for the produced wood enhancement.

and quality of people's participation, etc (Kitaiyi et al.,

2004).Based on the above considerations, the following

Criteria have been used for the selection of Iherepresentative zones: climatic and edaphic considera¬tions physiography and ecology; extern of forest andagricultural resources in each zone; site specificity: waterlogging, salinity, commanded and uncommandcd areaand other landlorms; the level of biological diversity;socio-economic needs of the communities living in thezone; their agricultural practices and soil fertility. Thesocio-cultural status of the communities (that is, theadequacy or otherwise of irrigation water) include sub soilwater and the degree of similarity and comparability(Figure 1). This follows the four broad based agro-ecological zones of Punjab where the study has beenconducted.

Agro ecological Zone lll-A — Sandy deserts

This zone covers a part from certain districts of Sindh;and from the province of Punjab, this region covers thedistricts of Rahim Yar Khan, Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagarand the Cholistan desert, characterized by elongated NE-SW oriented sand ridges formed by eoiian (pertaining lowind) agencies. The climate is arid (desert) sub-tropicalwith very hot summer and mild winter, but the winter ispractically rainless. The original tree vegetation consistsof Prasopis cineraria, Saivadora oleokfes, Tamarixaphylla and Tecoma undulate, whereas, the shrubsinclude Cailigonum polygonoides. Calotropis procera,

Salsola toetida and Haioxylon spp. Major grass speciesinclude Cymbopogon javarancusa and Pennisetumdivisum However, the vegetation is sparse and loppedheavily for fuel, fodder and hutments.

Agro ecological Zone lll-A and B-Sandy deserts

This region (Thai) covers the districts of Muzalfargarh,Mianwafi, Bhakkar, Khushab and Layyah with variousforms of sand ridges and dunes including, longitudinal,transverse sand sheets with silty and clayey deposits thatoccur in narrow strips. The sand ridges are 5 to 15 mhigh, Between the sand ridges, there are hollows whererunoff water is collected after the rain. In the central partsof the desert, large elongated channels and theiralignment suggesl lhal they were formerly occupied bythe shitting courses of river Indus, The desert is quiteprofusely dotted with vegetation comprising dwarf trees.The climate is arid to semi-arid sub-tropical continentaland the mean monthly highest maximum temperaturegoes up to 45,6‘C, while in winter, it goes from 5.5 to1.3*C. The region, in general experiences occasionalfrost with mean annual rainfall of 150 to 350 mm,increasing from south to north. The original vegetation

CRITERIA FOR DIVISfON INTO AGRO ECOLOGICALZONE

Some criteria are quantitative such as percentage ofvegetation cover in a particular ecological zone, that is,land available for timber production, total growing stock,its level of productivity, density of woody vegetation thatcan safeguard soil from erosion and provide refuge lo thenatural fauna etc. There are other criteria which arequalitative or descriptive only, such as those relating tothe role of the trees in the optimal land use of the tract,supply of wide range of products and services critical torIhe welfare of local population, sodal needs of thesurrounding communities that influence the existence otthe trees and utilization of the forest produce, the level

642 Afr. J. Environ. $c*. Technol.

AGRO ECOLOGICAL REGIONSPAKISTAN

N

A

IVb,

vni

iLEGEND-oc

Htohn.Southern UilgaMnaln

MB Stndy Omit |A)

Dm S-w*y D***n (B)

Norttum IrrtgBiBd Plain

Mil Northern Irrlgtlw) Plain

Danl Unh

VI WK MtHKlUira

,m Horihtm Dry Mountain*

/rA- d

Wmwn Dry Mountain*

DiyWHIrnPlllHU

Sulalman Plrdmont(X

Manwttentl boundary

District boutidwy

Ph D Work Of Syorf M. Akmal Rahim

Sotro CcoKHBtMl at Hsrofc™[ry In Punjab Botany Dapartmaol. Univ*r*lty erf th* PunjJtl. Labor*

Figure1. Agtoecoiogtcai zones d Pakistan.

and Gujranwala are covered by this region. The land is

lying between Sutlej and Jhelum Rivers, having arelatively flat surface although there are some remnantsof old river channels. This region is canal irrigated. Itsclimate has been changed from arid to humid through theworld's largest canal system. The soils in this zone aresandy loam to clayey loam. Along the rivers, narrowstrips of new alluvium are deposited during the rainyseason when the rivers are in spate. In the northern partof the region, dominant soils are loam and clay loam withweak structure, white the clayey soils are also quite

important, as they cover about 40% of the area. It is themost important area of the country from the agriculturalpoint ol view.

consists of trees such as Acacia nilotica, Prosopiscineraria. Salvadora oleoides. Tamarix aphytia andshrubs like Calligonum po/ygonoictes, Tamarix dioca,Caiotropis procera and Zizyphus nummularia which havebeen heavily damaged due to indiscriminate grazing andon account of conversion ot land to agriculture. The grasscover includes Eieusine compressa. Lasirus hirsutus,

Saccharum benglense and Panicum antidotale.

Agro ecological Zone IV-A- Northern irrigated plains

The districts of Sahiwal. Lahore, Kasur, OkaraFaisalabad, Jhang and part of Multan. Gujrat. Sheikhupura

643Rahim et al.

Location and extentThe climate can be divided into two parts. Thenortheastern halt has semi-arid (steppe) sub-tropicalcontinental type of climate where the mean maximumdaily temperature in summer goes up to 39.5°C and themean monthly maximum temperature is 45°C. In winter.the mean minimum daily temperature is 6,2‘C with

occasional cold spells when the mean monthly minimumlemperalure (alls down to 2*C. The mean annual rainfallranges from 300 to 500 mm in the north. The originalvegetation consists of trees such as Acacia modesta, A.nilotica. Prosopis cineraria, Tamarix aphylta. Zizyphusspp. and shrubs like Cailigonum, Sueda fruticosa, Rhaiyastricta. Acacia jacquemontii etc. These are lopped forlodder, fuel and construction of hutments in the villages.The major grass species are Elousine. Lasiurus, Panicumcymbopogan and Saccharum.

The province of Punjab lies belween 27°AZ to 34'02north latitudes and 69 S' to 75“23' east longiludes. Itstoial geographical area approximates 20.63 millionhectares. It is surrounded by the provinces of NWFP andBaluchistan on the north and west, the province of Sindhin the south and India on the east. Lengthwise, it extendslo aboul 1,078 km from north to south and widthwise, to616 km from east to west (Hussain et al.. 2003).

Population

Of all the provinces, the Punjab is the most populous with74.32 million people inhabiting it. About 70% of thepopulation lives in villages, mostly dependent uponagriculture for their livelihood Literacy rate is less than30% (Economic Survey of Pakistan, 2006 - 2007).Agro ecological Zone V - Baranl (rain fed)

The sail range. Pothwar plaleau and Himalayan piedmontplains form this region. Climatically, a small narrow beltlying along the mountains is nearly humid, whereas in thesouthern part, it is semi-arid and hot. The narrow belt hasthe summer mean maximum daily temperature of about38°C with frequent cold sfMlis, The mean monthly rainfallis approximately 200 mm in summer and 36 - 50 mm inwinter (December - February).

Topography

The land forms consist of almost leveled alluvial plainsexcept Salt Range which elevates from 500 - 1000 m andis the dividing line between southern plains and northernplateau of Pothohar which on average has 450 maltitude. The southern alluvial plains of Bahawalpur lie atthe minimum altitude of 150 m above sea level, whereasPatriate hills (Murree) are perched at the highest altitudeof 2500 m (Hafeez, 1998).STUDY AREA

The Punjab province is extremely deficient in forestresources with only 2.08% of the total area underproductive forest cover. The province happens to be themost populous of all ine provinces of Pakistan (Sheikh elai„ 2000). With constant increase in demand of foodgrains for the fast growing population, more areas cannotbe spared for raising forest plantations. One ot theoptions is to raise trees along with agricultural crops onthe same piece of land called agro forestry. Agro forestryas land use is a collective name for the practices wherewoody perennials (trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos etc)are deliberately used on the same land management unitas agricultural crops and/or animals or boih, either insome form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequenceoften tor maximum net return from this joint productionsystem (Khan, 1989). The farmers in irrigated areas arealready practicing agro forestry in some form tosupplement fuel wood and timber production of theprovince thereby increasing their own personal total farmincome (Ahmad, 1998). They have been practicingdifferent models and patterns of agro forestry systems ina haphazard way. So far. these systems have not beenproperly documented (Sheikh, 2000). The geographicalfeatures of the Punjab as a whoie, land use pattern,administrative and agro-ecologtcal zones, vegetationtypes, etc are explained under.

Soils

Two types of soils are encountered in the province: (i) oldalluvial soils which are highly fertile plains, irrigatedIhrough a world famous canal system as well as gullied.ravined and dissected Barani lands of Pothohar plateauwhich are deep and relatively fertile and (ii) sandy desertsof Thai and Cholistan covering about 20% ot theprovinces landmass. These are unstable due to windblown sands and are calcareous and infertile in nature(Soil Survey of Pakistan Report, 2005).

Climate

Climatically, Punjab falls in three zones on the basis ofrainfall such as: (i) arid deserts of Thai and Cholistan with300 mm below annual rainfall, (ii) semi arid areas ofsouthern Punjab and Pothohar with 300 - 600 mm rainfalland (iii) dry subtropical tract ol central and north Punjaband Salt Range with annual rainfall ranging from 600 -1200 mm. Temperatures in summer may exceed 50'C atcertain places. In winter, lew areas experience frost for aShort period, while rains in monsoon torm the bulk, thatis, two third of the total rainfall. The rest of the rain falls in

Air. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.644

to grow and survive.Table 1. Survey of various farm plantations in variousdistricts of Punjab,

Farm plantationsDistrictNo. METHOOOLOGV26Attock

ChakwalJhang

Toba take sing

FafcalabadSheikupura

LahoreGujranwala

Hafizgbad

KasurOharaSahiwalPakpatton

KhaniwatMultanVehariMuzatfargartighar

Dora gazi khanBahawalpur

Rahim yar khan

tSurvey has bean widely used In Pakistan in the past to collectInformation on forest resource use, Table 1 Indicate live detail of thesurvey area,

102103124

125Questionnaire preparation

After a review ot the literature (Sheikh, 1993). a questionnaire wasdrafted The questionnaire was also discussed with a few leadingTree termers of Punjab. This contained questions on social aspectsol the tree termers, demographic profile, economic aspects anddesign of agroforestry. The requite information was duly recordedIn two separate parts of the Performa in which 'Part A" deait withgeneral information such as site condition, species prole rencs,patterns or design of planting, source of the planting stock, numberol plants pfantad, spacing adopted, the agncutural crops raisedalong with trees and effect If any on the yield ol the agriculturalcrops due to shade or competition lor wafer and nutrients, in 'PahB', the nature of questons was a little different: the farmer wasasked about the number or planis surviving, prelection problems;insects or diseases, whether he had carried out any culturaloperat on or not. etc. He was further asked as to how much moneyhe had made through the sale of trees. Another question askedwas: Did he gel any technical help from the Fornsl Department toraise nursery or to plant trees, and whether according to Nm. ifgrowing trees in conjunction with agriculture crops helped himeconomically and socially. With the evaluation of all the data, it waspossible to draw the following conclusions leading torecommendations and guidelines of the agro foresters of thePunjab

196207

108

109

510411

12 613 2514 2115 11

16 1317 1318 4

19 520 21Total 257

winter season. Moreover, the southern part experiencesless rainfall (Hussain el al., 2003),

RESULTS AND EVALUATIONLand use

Based on the surveys conducted by the author andreview of studies conducted earlier, the importantfindings, pertaining to agro forestry that has emerged, aregiven below,

Agriculture is the major land use in Punjab, with [he

cultivated area being 12 mha (million hectare) or 58.46%of the total land area. A sizeable area of 7,15 mha istermed as wild land which has some potential forproduction other than agriculture, Out of this, 0.57 mhaare under the control of fhe forest department formanagement as "range lands'. Per capita availability ofthe cultivated area is 0.16 ha, while the forest area perperson is only 0.009 ha as compared to ihe worldaverage ot one ha per capita. However, it shows highpopulation density for a scarce resource (Sheikh et al.,2000).

The province of the Punjab has highly diversifiedlandscape and environment Extensive Old Riverterraces, recent and sub recent river plains, piedmontplains and sandy deserts with sand dunes of differentheights and shapes are the major land forms wherevariations in soil forming factors have given rise !o avariety of soils. Large areas have also become waterlogged and saline due to seepage from canals with highrate of evaporation leaving whitish sail deposits over thesurface (Shamsi et al., 1994) The latter types of soilspermit only a specific type of vegetalion (Halophytes)

Trend of raising trees on farm lands

Till the year 2000, there has been an increasing irend inthe planting ol different trees species, but it has gonedown a little due lo marketing difficulties and cessation olactivities by the Forest Department, There are manyhindrances in the free movement of wood from differentparts of the country due to restrictions imposed by theProvincial Forest Departments. Also, farmers do notknow the size and specif icalions in which they shouldconvert their farm-grown wood for ready marketing.There is a persistent campaign of vilification against agroforestry launched by the Agricullure Department andFigure 2 reveals that the maximum numbers of farmplantations (65%) were raised during the period of 1995 -2000 when the World Bank aided programme was inforce transferring technology and monetary incentives

Rahim el al. 645

broad categories of land tenures (Sheikh, 1990).

Landlord system, under which the land is owned by anindividual in the lorm of a large land estate, is sometimesextending over a number of villages. Presentproprietorship system, under which land is owned insmalt lots by the individuals who with the help of familytabor cultivate the land and Riyatwah sy$1em\ underwhich the land Is held directly for the state on tenancywith full security of tenancy. Technically, the ownershiprests with the state, but practically as long as theoccupant pays the land rent, he retains the possession ofland (Suyanto et al.. 2005). However, his rights to holdthe land are usually inheritable and transferable.

It has been observed that the lessees generally do notwant trees in their leased land because ihey think that themajor beneficiary would be the owner of the land and thatthe lessee would only bear the increased shade withdetrimental effect on the agricultural crops. Under thecurrent land tenure system, the short term tenants shungrowing of trees on the land lor obvious reason ofshading of crops and Interfering with their root system.

On the other hand, the owner cultivators prefer to growtrees along with the crops as the practice helps monetarygains and soil conservation and improvement (Place andHazell. 1993). It was also recorded that out of 257 farmplantations (Figure 3}, 3 were lessee and 254 were ownerplanted.

If land holding is small, the farmer will not be ready toplant trees. It is only the landlord with big holding whowould be able to spare land for trees even to thedetriment of agri-crop because he would be able lo affordany losses in grains if at all, realizing that the trees arelike money in the bank and could be cashed like moneyany time (Noviana and Joshi, 2005), The interestingsituation came after the analysis of the survey data thatmajority of the farm plantations were raised on landholding of about 20 acres (86%) that is, 223 out of 257(Figure 4).

»ljfl 180 !% ISO|140

120

I TOO Is soo 60

II ar3 ™

_2 0'ÿ-X

2001-TOTAL1996-1985- 1991-1995 2000 20051990

Figure 2. Trend at raising farm plantations in Punjab.

illLesseeTotal Owner

Figure 3. Land tenure.

- HO3s 11®

I «

Choice of species

Atthough planting of the environmentalist lobbydiscourages the planting of 'eucalyptus', there are clearadvantages in planting this tree species. For examplethey are oasy to grow, have a tremendous rate ol growth,not liked by livestock and are multipurpose in end use.The propaganda against the eucalyptus has been doneby environmentalists and administration (Pattanayak etal, 2003). The results of the survey revealed (Figure 5)that (87%) agro-farmers preferred eucalyptus, while iherest of the fanners (13%) grow other trees like shishum.kikar, etc along with eucalyptus.

01 to is 11 la so 71 la lo

in tcr*s

J0t»4e 41 ka 13a

Figure 4. Land bolding.

(Nissan et al„200i).

Land tenure and its effects on agro forestry practices

The land tenure system, which prevails in Pakistanparticularly in the Punjab province these days, hasevolved under the Influence of changing social andpolitical perspectives over a period of more than a centuryand a half. From the legal point of view, there are three

Choice of agroforestry design

As a matter of routine, the Iree farmers prefer to plant

646 Afr. J, Environ, Sci, Techrtol.

300

* 250 -

|200

§ 150 -100 -

5

a.

t50—E0

Total Eucalyptus Mix tree

Figure 5. Correlation between linear and compact farm plantations.

Li102

too« 98

1 "a. 94

1

|92

o go

L\ 86

Z 36

84

82

Llnuf piltgrti UlWContp patternCompact pattern

Figure 6, Choice ot agrotoreslry design.

l»r

£ '* I-|'Ll_im

B

2o£

IE9

UrvCompTotal Linear Compact

Figure 7. Farm plantation under eucalyptus.

crop shows less effect and is more visible when trees areplanted in rows. A large number of studies all over theworld on the effect of trees on agriculture crops have

trees on their land in rows or multiple of rows as in thiscase, trees occupy less space and the land meant foragriculture is not reduced (Figures 6 and 7), Also, the

Rahim et al, 647

120t]

£ ioo -

£

aBO

ft§

I I40O

ii 20.oE

z £>

10X10 SXS 10X6 mis

Spacing

Figure 8. Paltarn/spaclrvg.

indicated the benevolent effect on the crops and that iswhy row plantation is preferred on other designs such asinter cropping, planting in odd comers of the land, etc(Suyanto et at,, 2G05). However, the farmer has to beadvised to grow the specific tree species in saline andwater logged areas, lor example, eucalyptus in waterlogged areas and eucalyptus, babul farash, terminaiiason saline soils like (hurries in Sindh), while shisham,albizzia, poplar etc on agriculture land with plenty ofirrigation water (Owino, 2005).

agriculture crops like jawar, sugarcane etc, while 40%farmers did not prefer the agriculture crops, but instead,only preferred to grow the Irees on their farm lands (Agusel al., 2002), About 1.9% fanners preferred rice andwheat in their farm lands and 0.8% preferred vegetableson their farm plantations (Figure 9).

DISCUSSION

Trees on farms are an important resource to supplementthe fragile annual crops economy and they can trap andrecycle nutrients at a different deeper level of the soil, Alan adequate and compatible density, they can helpcontrol water togging. Certain nitrogen fixing legume andother tree species can provide inexpensive supplies ofvaluable nitrogenous fertilizer via the incorporation or leaflitter in soil (Sangha et at., 2005). Another importantadvantage of trees on farmlands is supplementing farmeconomy without much of additional efforts and expenses(Khan 1989). Farmland planting of trees is tike fixeddeposit available In the rainy days or at the time of needor laiiure of crops due to natural calamities. Often, theunexpected expenditures such as weddings, lunerat orduring economic recessions can be met from the returnof farmland trees (Pakistan National ConservationStrategy, 1990). In view ot the economic and environ¬mental Importance of trees being grown by the farmerson their lands. It was felt very important to undertakeextensive tours of 257 farm plantations spread overvarious agro ecological zones of the Punjab.

Most of the agro-foresters were of the opinion that thetrees in their farms were helplul in more than one wayNot only that the trees readily provided fodder, fuel, smallUmber, shade, shelter and protection from hot and coldwinds, improved environment and biodiversity, but alsowere a very useful source to improve their socio¬economic condition through sale of wood, especiallywhen there were crop lailures due to natural calamities

Pattern,'spacing

The spacing in agro forestry design is very important forthe agro-foresters. Those who are more interested in thetrees, try to increase the number of trees by reducing thespace in between. Farmers who prefer agriculture cropstry to increase the spacing of trees to reduce their effectson the yield of the crops (Khan and Chaudhry 2007). Theresult of survey revealed that 58 FP (21.8%) preferredthe spacing of 10 feet apart, while majority of the farmers113 FP (44%) adopted the spacing of 5 feet apart.However, about 54 FP (21%) farmers preferred 10 feetrow to row distance and 6 feet tree to tree distance(10x6) (Samsuzzaman et al., 2002). A few larmers, thatis, about 13.2% preferred 15 feet apart to give moreemphasis on agriculture crops as this spacing allows freemovement of agricultural machinery (Figure 8).

Preference of the agriculture crops

The choice of the tree species also depended on thepreference ol the agriculture crop by the agro-farmers.The survey of farm plantations revealed that about 39%of the farmers preferred the wheat only in agroforestry inboth linear and compact designs of agroforestry and7.5% farmers also preferred the wheat along with other

646 Air. J. Environ. Sd, Technoi.

uo

m too .

3 so

o

Q.60§

IO «

X)

E »

z0

Wh«Mor4y Wh***other crops Wh«at«nd rre* only V«£4tsbU onN Ho acncufture

Type of crops

Figure 9. Preference ol the agriculture crop.

(Wu and Pretty, 2004). The sale ol wood was very handyto meet some emergent expenses on religious ceremonies,marriages of children or payment of schootfcollege fees.In fact, trees served as a hedge against all unforeseenemergencies (Strong and Jacobson. 2006), They furtherthought that if irees in any way were adverse to their wayof life, the farmers would never have planted trees ontheir land (Sofia, 1999).

According to some other surveys conducted by PunjabEconomic Research Institute (PERI, 1999). the number oftrees per acre was 17 and it was increasing, Thai is whyeven now, 90% of fuel wood requirements and 55%timber requirements are being met from the trees grownby the farmers on their land, though the potential is muchmore (Sheikh, 2000 ).

By and large, the rural population continues to be poor,eking out a living from a low morsels of grain and thrivingon Ihe milk From goats, sheep and camel. As such, waysand means have lo be delineated to improve their loLHowever, a natural disaster could ruin their agriculturalcrops dashing their hopes for a better future (PERI,1999).

There is an adverse propaganda by the agriculturedepartment that trees interfere with spraying ol agri-cropsand suppress yields. Also, there is lack of awareness ofthe problems, related with tree farmers and educationamongst farmers and the people who matter in decisionmaking. Lack ol adequate forest extension services andcontinuity of agroforestry programmes and sustainabilityresult to absence of marketing facilities for woodproduced under agroforeslry. Furthermore, too many rulesand regulations hinder inter provincial movement ofwood, for example, marketing of poplars wood grown in

the northern pari of the country, while the industry islocated in the south in different provinces (Sheikh, 2000).

NGOs, who always suggest not planting trees for fearof reduction In agricullure crop output, should ratherconvince the tree farmers that trees serve as a hedgeagainst calamites/emergenries such as floods, drought,heavy rains etc. When the agri-crops are destroyed dueto natural calamities, the farmers can sell the trees to tideover the difficult situations (Hafeez, 1998), A seriousdraw back in agriculture production is the fragmentationof farms into two or more separate holdings.Fragmentation is the result of social laws of inheritanceand acquisition through marriage. Also, it inhibits theefficiency ol Iaiming operations. Very often, the Iragmentsare far apart so that the movement of personnel, workanimals, agricultural equipment and even the Irrigationoperations becomes difficult (Schorr, 2004).

The most important criterion for the success ofagroforeslry program is the association and physical andmental involvement of the local population at various tiersot the community. They have to play a very fundamentalrole in identifying the needs which could be dovetailed intheir socioeconomics, land ownership and sustainable lifespectrum leading to much needed prosperity in the longrun (Franzel et al„ 2001).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are grateful to their colleagues from thelorest department for providing help and assistance in thesurvey of the farm plantations and especially Mr. M. I.Sheikh, ex-chief conservator ot the forests, Punjab and

Rahim at al. 649

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(2002) 00 MS 149Nissun TM Mrdmore DJ. Keefejf AG (2001) Biophysical and economy

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African Journal of Agricultural Research

www.academicjoumals.org/ajar

ACCEPTANCE OF MANUSCRIFf

Accepted 9m November, 2010

Punjab Forest Department,Pakistan.

Email: rah i [email protected]

Re: AJAR-10-941 Rahim et at,

Dear Dr. Syed Muhammad Akmal Rahim,

I am pleased to accept your manuscript "Land suitability classification of choice ispecies in District Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan/' for publication in theJournal of Agricultural Research. It will be published in the November issue of the jIn due course, you will receive the proof of the manuscript from the editorialPiease review the proof carefully for accuracy and consistency.

Thank you for your support of the African Journal of Agricultural Research.

Congratulations!

i

Yours sincerely,

Prof. N.A. Amusa

Editor, African Journal of Agricultural ResearchE-mail: [email protected]

http:// www.academiciournals.ora/AJAR

SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL IMPACT OF - Pakistan Research ...

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