Social and Political Violence

NIPISSING UNIVERSITY Department of Social Welfare and Social Development

SWLF 3807 Social & Political Violence

Winter 2015 Prerequisites: 24 credits completed.

When: Wednesday, 3:30 p.m. to 6:30 p.m. Where: Lecture room A226 Course Director: Manuel Litalien Office: A319 Office Hours: Wednesday, 2:30 p.m. to 3:30 p.m., Friday, 1:00 p.m. to 2:00 p.m. (or by appointment) Telephone: (705) 474-‐3450, extension 4013 E-‐mail: [email protected]

Course Description:

The course aims at presenting various approaches to explain reasons for violent conflict. It focuses on social and political violence, and their short and long-‐term effects on social development. The topics covered address why and how people turn to violence. They provide a map to conflicts and wars nationally and internationally. The course examines diverse research traditions to comprehend violence in a critical way. It looks at ideologies, social groups and social organizations that nurture the participation of individuals in violent actions. There will be two primary traditions that will be focused on; the first focuses on the “conditions” under which conflicts are produced and the second emphasizes the “attitudes” motivating individuals to engage in conflict. As each tradition possesses its own vocabulary, theoretical distinctions will aim at providing students with a broad spectrum of tools to comprehend the complex, paradoxical relationship between humans and war and violence. For example, though most world nations have ratified the International Bill of Human Rights, intra-‐state conflicts are an enduring reality.

Several questions form the basis of the course. Examples include: − Is a “securitocracy” a solution to conflicts? − Why is war the least important manifestation of political violence today? − Does the impact of gendered violence reach education, religion, ethnicity, race

and social class? − Should the state be the main provider of security for the citizens? − Is the reduction of the role of the state as an economic and political actor linked

to an increase in cross-‐border conflicts?

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− Are unbalanced economic growth, gaps in income inequality, and underdevelopment the primary causes of global conflicts?

The topics addressed in this twelve-‐week course are by no means exhaustive. The class will examine definitions of “violence,” conflicts, communal conflicts, state violence, genocidal violence, gendered violence, and ethnic violence. Each week is scheduled to cover definitions, theories, and relevant case studies.

Throughout their work and participation, students will be encouraged to adopt a multiple frameworks of analysis, while supporting a coherent ontological and epistemological position to violent conflicts.

While preparing the culminating paper, a “patchwork” of theories is to be avoided, as it risks creating murky knowledge, rather than bringing clarity into the study of violence and its impacts on social development. The course, however, rejects a singular approach to understand or explain violent actions. Theories do provide a set of suppositions to explain reasons behind violent outbreaks. Each theoretical framework allocates a different explanatory weight to a set of variables. In writing their papers, students will identify and explain a violent conflict according to a theory or a set of mutually-‐enforcing theories covered in class. They are strongly encouraged to choose these variables carefully.

Learning expectations (that which students will do and I will measure):

Upon successful completion of this course, the student will have the knowledge and skills to:

1) demonstrate effective critical thinking on issues related to social and political violence.

2) present knowledge of interdisciplinary methodologies and practices in the studies of war, violence, and conflicts.

3) use the ability to summarize critical course content, and engage in group presentations and discussions.

4) avoid the reiteration of commonplace suppositions on the origins of violence.

5) engage in research of the roles of ideologies, social groups and social organizations that foster violent actions.

6) summarize national and transnational behaviors of conflicting actors, social groups and social organizations.

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Course Policy:

You must have completed 24 credits to register for this class. Please contact me through email if you are concerned that you may not meet these requirements at [email protected].

Course Requirements:

This is a reading-‐intensive class; approximately 50 pages of reading will be assigned per week. Students are expected to have read all assigned material prior to the beginning of each class in order to engage in discussions with the professor and colleagues. All submitted collaborative work (final essay and presentation; see evaluation scheme for more information) should have each section clearly identified by its authors/contributors. All written work must be submitted in Microsoft® Word format (via Blackboard) and in hard copy (paper) format.

Class structure: two parts

1) first 20 minutes: all focus groups (created at the professor’s discretion) will debrief on the weekly required readings.

2) remainder of class: discussion-‐based, wherein the professor will provide a series of focus questions to facilitate the class.

Final Essay (30%)

Two students will work together to compose their final essay. The essay is to focus on one area of your class presentation topic. It should consist of 12-‐15 pages (excluding references).

Presentation (30%)

The presentation is to elaborate on the same topic that you choose for your final essay. You will work on this presentation with the same partner chosen to co-‐compose your final essay. Presentations are to be 12-‐15 minutes in length. A five-‐minute question period, facilitated by the presenters, is to follow each presentation. All notes, slides (PowerPoint, Prezi, Keynote, etc.) must be submitted to the professor after the presentation.

In-‐class tests (20%, or 10% each)

During the semester, a total of two in-‐class comprehension tests will be randomly distributed on the topic of the week. Attendance is mandatory to participate in these tests. In the event of a forthcoming absence due to an extenuating circumstance, please notify the professor in advance.

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Participation (20%) consists of the following:

1) consistent, active responses to the class discussions, based on critical thought developed from the weekly readings.

2) routine attendance with minimal absence. 3) exploration of theories in application to contemporary social and political issues

regarding violence. 4) the development of one focus question to ask during class.

Guidelines for discussion

Participants are to think of themselves as contributors at a conference or workshop. They are to furnish detailed and constructive feedback on weekly readings. They must strive to make colleagues consider theories in a new way, while considering the implications that may result from one, or many, theoretical concepts.

A strong participant will:

1. Avoid lengthy summary in discussing assigned readings, and instead relay the authors’ key premises.

2. Identify research question(s) as clearly and concisely as possible. 3. Identify authors’ claims, and the theoretical frameworks under which the authors

write. 4. Critically evaluate truths and strengths to the arguments posed by the authors

(underlining any potential for bias in the written work). 5. Locate and validate the strength of the supporting evidence provided by the

authors. 6. Ensure that you use a constructive approach in your evaluations of authors’

works, as well as in contributions to class discussion. 7. Connect the theories from one weekly reading set to the others in the course, to

search for the larger relationships that perpetuate social and political violence.

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Grade Distribution:

Course Requirements Percentage Date

X2 in-‐class tests (comprehension-‐based)

20% (10% each) Randomized

Participation 30% Ongoing

Final essay (Culminating paper) – 12-‐15 pages maximum, excluding references)

30% April 17

(no extension possible)

Presentation – extension of topic addressed in culminating paper

20% Last two classes of the semester: April 1st (week 11) and April 8 (week 12)

Statement on Academic Integrity:

Nipissing University values “integrity, empathy, respect, critical analysis, creative thinking, communication, collaboration, invention, insight, innovation, stewardship and action.” The University is “committed to open, respectful discourse and a collegial, diverse, inclusive, healthy and supportive learning environment.” As an institution abiding to the principle of integrity, students must be aware of the consequences of plagiarism. The issue is explained further in the Policy on Academic Dishonesty, found in your University Academic Calendar, available on-‐line directly through Nipissing’s Website (www.nipissingu.ca/calendar). Tools over how to avoid plagiarism can be found on Nipissing University libraries’ website at: http://www.eclibrary.ca/library/HDI-‐avoid-‐plagiarism. All students must understand the meaning and consequences of cheating, plagiarism, and other academic offences.

Film Screenings:

I will show short films and documentaries during the semester to provide broader context to the readings and discussions. These will be presented during regular class time.

Resources:

There is a wide array of scholarly journals on violence to assist students in their research:

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Required texts:

1) Demmers, Jolle. 2012. Theories of Violent Conflict. New Yorl: Routledge. ($40.28)

2) Course collection. Yes, see Blackboard (see Nipissing’s library databases. All the documents selected in your SWLF3807, beside the required monograph written by Jolle Demmers, all materiel for this course can be found on-‐line in PDF format).

Note: All suggested readings are by no means exhaustive, but rather indicate the vast perspectives on these topics to help you engage further in class debates, and assist you in your writing projects.

-‐Suggested readings:

Conteh-‐Morgan, Earl. 2004. Collective Political Violence: An Introduction to the Theories and Cases of Violent Conflicts. New York: Routledge.

Lawrence, Bruce B. and Aisha Karim (eds). 2007. On Violence: A Reader. Durham & London: Duke University Press.

Sinisa Malesevic. 2013 (second edition). The Sociology of War and Violence Cambridge University Press.

List of weekly topics:

Week 1 Movie – “Democracy and violence” Week 2 Concepts: defining violence, terrorism, genocide, and State Week 3 Political ideologies, and political regimes Week 4 Globalization, colonialism, imperialism and economic exploitations Week 5 Genocides, and racial politics Week 6 Social movements Week 7 Communal violence, ethnicity and minorities Week 8 Terrorism, religion, and violence Week 9 Violence of development, environment, poverty, inequality and human rights Week 10 First nations, aboriginals/natives Week 11 Gender-‐based violence (see the journal: Violence and Gender) Week 12 Mass media, representation, and violence

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Weekly Topics:

Week 1

General Intro: movie. Questions: Can Justice and democracy conflict? Week 1 -‐ suggested readings:

-‐ Nzongola-‐Ntalaja, Georges. 2014. "Citizenship, Political Violence, and Democratization in Africa." Global Governance 10 (4): 403-‐409.

Week 2

Topics: Concepts: defining violence, terrorism, genocide, and State -‐ Demmers, Jolle. 2012. “Introduction”. Theories of Violent Conflict: An Introduction Routledge. 1-‐17 (17 pages)

-‐ Kalyvas, Stathis N. 2003. "The Ontology of “Political Violence”: Action and Identity in Civil Wars." Perspectives on Politics 1 (03): 475-‐494. doi:10.1017/s1537592703000355. (19 pages)

-‐ Cohen, Youssef, Brian R. Brown, and A. F. K. Organski. 1981. "The Paradoxical Nature of State Making: The Violent Creation of Order." The American Political Science Review 75 (4): 901. doi:10.2307/1962291. (9 page)

Total: 45 pages.

Week 3

Topics: Political Ideologies, and Political Regimes (Guest Speaker) -‐ Fox, Sean, and Kristian Hoelscher. 2012. "Political Order, Development and Social Violence." Journal of Peace Research 49 (3): 431-‐444. doi:10.1177/0022343311434327. (13 pages) -‐ Goldsmith, Arthur A. 2010. "Mixed Regimes and Political Violence in Africa." The Journal of Modern African Studies 48 (03): 413-‐433. doi:10.1017/s0022278x10000315. (20 pages) -‐ Oksala, Johanna. 2011. "Violence and Neoliberal Governmentality." Constellations 18 (3): 474-‐486. doi:10.1111/j.1467-‐8675.2011.00646.x. (13 pages)

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-‐ Hewlett, Nick. 2012. "Marx, Engels, and the Ethics of Violence in Revolt." The European Legacy 17 (7): 882-‐898. doi:10.1080/10848770.2012.728798. (16 pages)

Total: 62 pages

Week 4

Topics: Globalization, Colonialism, Imperialism and Economic Exploitations -‐ Demmers, Jolle. 2012. “Chapter 3 -‐ Violence and Structure”. Theories of Violent Conflict: An Introduction Routledge. Pp.54-‐76 (22 pages) -‐ Escobar, Arturo. 2004. "Development, Violence and the New Imperial Order." Development 47 (1): 15-‐21. doi:10.1057/palgrave.development.1100014. (6 pages) -‐ Sandbrook, Richard and David Romano. 2004. "Globalisation, Extremism and Violence in Poor Countries." Third World Quarterly 25 (6): 1007-‐1030. doi:10.1080/0143659042000256869. (23p. )

Total: 51 pages

Week 5

Topics: Genocides, and racial politics

-‐ Demmers, Jolle. 2012. “Identity, boundaries and violence”. Theories of Violent Conflict: An Introduction Routledge. Pp.18-‐37 (19 pages)

-‐ Sémelin, Jacques. 2002. "From Massacre to the Genocidal Process." International Social Science Journal 54 (174): 433-‐442. doi:10.1111/1468-‐2451.00397. (9 pages)

-‐ Eltringham, Nigel. 2006. "‘Invaders Who have Stolen the Country’: The Hamitic Hypothesis, Race and the Rwandan Genocide." Social Identities 12 (4): 425-‐446. doi:10.1080/13504630600823619. (21 pages)

Total: 49 pages

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Week 6

Topics: -‐ Social movements

-‐ Demmers, Jolle. 2012. “Chapter 4 -‐ Mobilization for Collective Violent Action: Multi-‐causal Approaches”. Theories of Violent Conflict: An Introduction Routledge. Pp.77-‐99 (22 pages) -‐ Jenness, Valerie. 1995. "Social Movement Growth, Domain Expansion, and Framing Processes: The Gay/Lesbian Movement and Violence Against Gays and Lesbians as a Social Problem." Social Problems 42 (1): 145-‐170. doi:10.1525/sp.1995.42.1.03x0459q. (25 pages) -‐ Robins, Steven. 2009. "Humanitarian Aid Beyond “Bare Survival”: Social Movement Responses to Xenophobic Violence in South Africa." American Ethnologist 36 (4): 637-‐650. doi:10.1111/j.1548-‐1425.2009.01200.x. (13 pages)

Total: 60 pages

Week 7

Topics: Communal violence, ethnicity and minorities (Guest speaker) -‐ Demmers, Jolle. 2012. “Chapter 2 -‐ On love and hate: Social identity approaches to inter-‐group violence”. Theories of Violent Conflict: An Introduction Routledge. Pp.38-‐53 (15 pages) -‐ Gilley, Bruce. 2004. "Against the Concept of Ethnic Conflict." Third World Quarterly 25 (6): 1155-‐1166. doi:10.1080/0143659042000256959. (12 pages) -‐ Sengupta, Roshni. 2005. "Communal Violence in India: Perspectives on Causative Factors." Economic and Political Weekly 40 (20): 2046-‐2050. (5 pages) -‐ Ansari, Arvinder A. 2009. "Permanent Victims of Violence: A Sociological Study of Women Victims of Communal Violence." South African Review of Sociology 40 (1): 62-‐75. doi:10.1080/21528586.2009.10425100. (13 pages)

Total: 45 pages

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Week 8

Topics: Terrorism, religion, and violence -‐ Canetti, D., S. E. Hobfoll, A. Pedahzur, and E. Zaidise. 2010. "Much Ado about Religion: Religiosity, Resource Loss, and Support for Political Violence." Journal of Peace Research 47 (5): 575-‐587. doi:10.1177/0022343310368009. (12 pages) -‐ Robison, Kristopher K., Edward M. Crenshaw, and Craig J. Jenkins. 2006. "Ideologies of Violence: The Social Origins of Islamist and Leftist Transnational Terrorism." Social Forces 84 (4): 2009-‐2026. doi:10.1353/sof.2006.0106. (17 pages) -‐ Badey, Thomas J. 2002. "The Role of Religion in International Terrorism." Sociological Focus 35 (1): 81-‐86. doi:10.1080/00380237.2002.10571222. (6 pages) -‐ Fox, Jonathan. 2004. "Are some Religions More Conflict-‐Prone than Others?" Jewish Political Studies Review 16 (1-‐2). http://www.jcpa.org/jpsr/jpsr-‐fox-‐s04.htm. (10 pages) -‐ Wellman, James K. and Kyoko Tokuno. 2004. "Is Religious Violence Inevitable?" J Scientific Study of Religion 43 (3): 291-‐296. doi:10.1111/j.1468-‐5906.2004.00234.x. (5 pages)

Total: 50 pages

Week 9

Topics: Violence of Development, Environment, Poverty, Inequality and Human rights -‐ Sachs, Wolfgang. 2004. "Environment and Human Rights." Development 47 (1): 42-‐49. doi:10.1057/palgrave.development.1100016. (7 pages) -‐ Mowforth, Martin. 2014. “Chapter 9: The Violence of Development: Human Rights Defenders against the Wall.” In The Violence of Development, 170-‐199. London: Pluto Press. (29 pages) -‐ Parfitt, Trevor. 2013. "Modalities of Violence in Development: Structural Or Contingent, Mythic Or Divine?" Third World Quarterly 34 (7): 1175-‐1192. doi:10.1080/01436597.2013.824641. (17 pages)

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Total: 53 pages.

Week 10

Topics: First nations, aboriginals/natives -‐ Walker, Polly. 2003. "Colonising Research: Academia's Structural Violence Towards Indigenous Peoples." Social Alternatives 22 (3): 37-‐40. (4 pages) -‐ Snowball, Lucy and Don Weatherburn. 2008. "Theories of Indigenous Violence: A Preliminary Empirical Assessment." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology 41 (2): 216-‐235. doi:10.1375/acri.41.2.216. (19 pages) -‐ Elias, Brenda, Javier Mignone, Madelyn Hall, Say P. Hong, Lyna Hart, and Jitender Sareen. 2012. "Trauma and Suicide Behaviour Histories among a Canadian Indigenous Population: An Empirical Exploration of the Potential Role of Canada's Residential School System." Social Science & Medicine 74 (10): 1560-‐1569. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.01.026. (9 pages) -‐ Campbell, Kathryn M. 2007. "What was it they Lost?" Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice 5 (1): 57-‐80. doi:10.1300/j222v05n01_04. (24 p)

Total: 55 pages

Week 11

Topics: Gender-‐based violence (see Journal Violence and Gender) -‐ Wood, Elisabeth Jean. 2006. "Variation in Sexual Violence during War." Politics & Society 34 (3): 307-‐342. doi:10.1177/0032329206290426. (34 pages) -‐ Hudson, Valerie M. 2010. "Sex, War, and Peace: Rank, and Winter on Rank." Political Psychology 31 (1): 33-‐39. doi:10.1111/j.1467-‐9221.2009.00744.x. (6 pages) -‐ Muthoni Wanyeki, L. 2004. "Globalization, Poverty and Women's Rights: Making the Linkages." Development 47 (1): 94-‐96. doi:10.1057/palgrave.development.1100005. (3 pages) (special Issue on The Violence of Development)

Total: 43 pages

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Week 12

Topics: Mass Media, representation, and violence -‐Activities: This week is a project, student bring in their own material to discuss. Possible topic: Kidnapping of hundreds of Nigerian schoolgirls by Islamic extremism Boko Haram (Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'Awati Wal-‐Jihad). -‐ Anderson, Craig A., Leonard Berkowitz, Edward Donnerstein, L. Rowell Huesmann, James D. Johnson, Daniel Linz, Neil M. Malamuth, and Ellen Wartella. 2003. "The Influence of Media Violence on Youth." Psychological Science in the Public Interest 4 (3): 81-‐110. doi:10.1111/j.1529-‐1006.2003.pspi_1433.x. (29 pages) -‐ Fishman, Jessica M. and Carolyn Marvin. 2003. "Portrayals of Violence and Group Difference in Newspaper Photographs: Nationalism and Media." Journal of Communication 53 (1): 32-‐44. doi:10.1111/j.1460-‐2466.2003.tb03003.x. (12 pages) -‐ Coyne, Sarah M. 2007. "Does Media Violence Cause Violent Crime?" European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 13 (3-‐4): 205-‐211. doi:10.1007/s10610-‐007-‐9044-‐5. (6 pages)

Total: 47 pages

Other potential topics to study that are related to violence (again, these are not exhaustive):

1) State violence and capital punishment. 2) Biology and violence. 3) Youth and political violence. 4) Problem of cultural relativism. 5) Accountability of transnational actors. 6) Private military companies. 7) Corruption. 8) Arms control and disarmament. 9) Refugees. 10) Humanitarian Aid.

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Helpful resources on Violence and Conflicts (not exhaustive):

1) Some research centres on violence and conflicts:

University of Cambridge

Violence Research Centre http://www.vrc.crim.cam.ac.uk

University of Colorado Boulder

Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence

http://www.colorado.edu/cspv/

University of Guelph

Centre for the Study of Social and Legal Responses to Violence

http://www.violenceresearch.ca

Griffith University

The Violence Research and Prevention Program

http://www.griffith.edu.au/criminology-‐law/violence-‐research-‐prevention-‐program

The Alliance of Canadian Research Centres on Violence

http://www.learningtoendabuse.ca/about/partners

Goethe Institut

Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence (IKG)

http://www.goethe.de/wis/fut/prj/for/for/en8450055.htm

Université Saint-‐Paul University

Conflict Research Centre (CRC)

http://ustpaul.ca/en/conflict-‐research-‐centre-‐-‐members_678_432.htm

University of Bristol

Centre for Gender and Violence Research

http://www.bristol.ac.uk/sps/research/centres/genderviolence/

Institute of Development Studies (IDS)

https://www.ids.ac.uk/team/conflict-‐and-‐violence

Institute for Security Studies (ISS)

http://www.issafrica.org

UNSW Arts and Social Sciences

Gender Violence Research Network

https://www.arts.unsw.edu.au/research/research-‐networks/gendered-‐violence-‐research-‐network/

The FREDA Centre for Research on Violence Against Women and Children

http://fredacentre.com/links/

University of Notre Dame

Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies

http://kroc.nd.edu/research/armed-‐conflict-‐political-‐violence-‐nonviolent-‐change

Arizona State University

Centre for the Study of Religion and Conflicts

https://csrc.asu.edu/index.php?q=education/peace-‐studies/hardt-‐nickachos-‐chair-‐peace-‐studies

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Freie Universität Berlin

Research Unit Peace and Conflict Studies

http://www.polsoz.fu-‐berlin.de/en/polwiss/forschung/international/frieden/mitarbeiter/chojnacki/index.html

University of Otago

Research in the National Centre for Peace & Conflict Studies

http://www.otago.ac.nz/ncpacs/research/

Global Partnership for the Prevention of Armed Conflict (GPPAC)

http://www.gppac.net

Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO)

http://www.prio.org/Projects/

Research School on Peace & Conflict

http://www.peaceconflictresearch.org

Uppsala Universitet

Department of Peace and Conflict Research

http://www.pcr.uu.se

University of Heidelberg

Heidelberg institute for International Conflict Research

http://www.hiik.de/en/index.html

Stanford University

Centre for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC)

http://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu

Monterey Institute of International Studies

The James Martin Centre for Nonproliferation Studies

http://www.nonproliferation.org

Colorado University

Conflict Information Consortium

http://conflict.colorado.edu

Ulster University

International Conflict Research Institute (INCORE)

http://www.incore.ulst.ac.uk

University of California

Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation (IGCC)

http://www-‐igcc.ucsd.edu

UBC Liu Institute for Global Issues

http://www.ligi.ubc.ca

2) Some key journals:

African Journal on Conflict Resolution; Armed Forces and society; Civil Wars; Conflict Resolution Quarterly; Conflict, Security, and Development; Cooperation and Conflict; Cultures et conflits (French); Defense and Security Analysis; Dynamics of asymmetrical conflict; International Journal of Conflict and Violence; International Journal of Conflict Management; International Journal of Peace and Conflicts Studies; Journal of Aggression, Conflict, and Peace Research; Journal of Conflict Studies; Journal of Conflict and Security Law; Journal of Conflict Transformation &

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Security; Journal of Conflict Resolution; Journal of Peace Research; Journal of Religion, Conflict, and Peace; Journal of Strategic Studies; Media, War & Conflict; Negotiation and Conflict Management Research; Peace Research: The Canadian Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies; Peace building; Peace and Conflict; Peace and Conflict Studies; Peace, Conflict, and Development: an Interdisciplinary Journal; Peacekeeping; Security Studies; Small Wars & Insurgencies; Studies in Conflict and Terrorism; The Pacific Review; Terrorism and Political Violence; etc.

3) Centre on Non-‐Violence and Peace:

International Centre on Nonviolent Conflict

http://www.nonviolent-‐conflict.org

Albert Einstein Institute http://www.aeinstein.org Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (Sipri)

http://www.sipri.org

UNESCO http://en.unesco.org

5) Human Security

European Union http://www.iss.europa.eu Simon Fraser University (SFU) http://www.hsrgroup.org/about-‐

hsrp/about-‐us.aspx Human Security Centre http://www.hscentre.org/tag/violence/ 5) Non-‐profit:

The International Crisis Group http://www.crisisgroup.org Berghof Foundation http://www.berghof-‐foundation.org Terrorism Research Centre http://www.terrorism.org/about/ A more exhaustive list of Institutes involved in Peace and Conflicts is provided by the Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research: http://www.hiik.de/en/links/

Tools to measure conflicts:

-‐Conflict Barometer (1997-‐2013): http://www.hiik.de/en/konfliktbarometer/index.html

-‐Conflict Trends Report (Africa):

http://www.acleddata.com/research-‐and-‐publications/conflict-‐trends-‐reports/

-‐ Security Council Report (United Nations)

http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/country-‐regional-‐issues.php

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Suggested readings – Weekly

WEEK 2 Concepts: defining violence, terrorism, genocide, and state – suggested readings:

Cavarero, Adriana, and William McCuaig. 2011. Horrorism: Naming Contemporary Violence Columbia University Press. 168 p.

Lawrence, Bruce B., and Aisha Karim (eds). 2007. On Violence: A Reader Durham & London: Duke University Press.

Nagengate, Carole. 1994. “Violence, Terror, and the Crisis of the State.” Annual Review of Anthropology 23: 109-‐136

Malesevic, Sinisa. 2013 (second edition). The Sociology of War and Violence Cambridge University Press.

Fox, Sean, and Kristian Hoelscher. May 2012. “Political order, development and social violence.” Journal of Peace Research 49 (3): 431-‐444

Moser, Caroline O. & Cathy McIlwaine. (2006) “Latin American urban violence as a development concern: Towards a framework for violence reduction.” World Development 34 (1): 89–112.

Waterston, Alisse, and Antigona Kukaj. Sep.. 2007. “Reflections on Teaching Social Violence in an Age of Genocide and a Time of War.” American Anthropologist 109 (3): 509-‐518

Bloxham, Donald, and Robert Gerwarth (eds). 2011. Political Violence in Twentieth-‐Century Europe Cambridge University Press. 270 p.

Tripp, Aili Mari, Myra Marx Ferree, and Christina Ewig (eds). 2013. Gender, Violence, and Human Security: Critical Feminist Perspectives New York University Press. 328 p.

Rosenfeld, Jean E.. 2011. Terrorism, Identity and Legitimacy: The Four Waves theory and Political Violence Routledge. 262 p.

Jones, Clint. 2014. A Genealogy of Social Violence: Founding Murder, Rawlsian Fairness, and the Future of the Family Ashgate Pub Co; New edition edition. 227 p.

King, Charles. 2010. Extreme Politics: Nationalism, Violence, and the End of Eastern Europe Oxford University Press. 256 p.

Campbell, Roderick. 2014. Violence and Civilization: Studies of Social Violence in History and Prehistory Oxbow Books. 160 p.

Collins, Randall. 2009. Violence: A Micro-‐sociological Theory Princeton University Press. 584 p.

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Sharp, Gene. 2012. From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation. New York: The New Press. (available on-‐line through the Albert Einstein Institution: http://www.aeinstein.org/wp-‐content/uploads/2013/09/FDTD.pdf)

WEEK 3 Political ideologies, and political regimes – suggested readings:

Moore, Barrington. 1993. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Beacon Press.

Mansley, David R.. 2014. Collective Violence, Democracy and Protest Policing. New York: Routledge.

Schwarzmantel, John, and Hendrik Jan Kraetzschmar (eds). 2012. Democracy and Violence: Global Debates and Local Challenges. New York: Routledge.

Topic: Neoliberalism and violence

Collier, Cheryl N.. March 2008. “Neoliberalism and Violence against Women: Can Retrenchment Convergence Explain the Path of Provincial Anti-‐Violence Policy, 1985–2005?” Canadian Journal of Political Science 41 (01): 19-‐42

Springer, Simon. 2009. “Violence, Democracy, and the Neoliberal “Order”: The Contestation of Public Space in Posttransitional Cambodia.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 99 (1): 138-‐162

Springer, Simon. 2013. “Violent Accumulation: A Postanarchist Critique of Property, Dispossession, and the State of Exception in Neoliberalizing Cambodia.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 103 (3): 608-‐626

Springer, Simon. 2011. "Articulated Neoliberalism: The Specificity of Patronage, Kleptocracy, and Violence in Cambodia’s Neoliberalization" Environment and Planning A 43(11): 2554 – 2570

Springer, Simon. July 2009. “Culture of violence or violent Orientalism? Neoliberalisation and imagining the ‘savage other’ in post-‐transitional Cambodia.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 34 (3): 305–319

Sánchez-‐Prado, Ignacio M.. 2006. “Amores Perros: Exotic Violence And Neoliberal Fear.” Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies: Travesia 15 (1): 39-‐57

Cosar, Simten, and Gamze Yücesan-‐Özdemir (eds). 2012. Silent Violence: Neoliberalism, Islamist Politics and the AKP Years in Turkey. Ottawa: Red Quill Books. 332 p.

Topic: Marxism and violence Holquist, Peter. 2003. “Violent Russia, Deadly Marxism? Russia in the Epoch of Violence, 1905–21.” Kritika: Explorations in Russian & Eurasian History 4 (3): 627-‐652

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Blaisdell , Bob (et al.). 2003. The Communist Manifesto and Other Revolutionary Writings. Dover Thrift Editions, Dover Publications. 284 p.

Parekh, Bhikhu. July 1992. “Marxism and the Problem of Violence.” Development and Change 23 (3): 103–120,

Harris, John. Winter 1974. “The Marxist Conception of Violence. Philosophy & Public Affairs 3 (2): 192-‐220

Schaff, Adam. Apr. -‐ Jun., 1973. “Marxist Theory on Revolution and Violence.” Journal of the History of Ideas 34 (2), pp. 263-‐270

Hook, Sidney. (Apr. -‐ Jun., 1973). “Myth and Fact in the Marxist Theory of Revolution and Violence.” Journal of the History of Ideas 34 (2): 271-‐280

Kara, Karel. March 1968. “On the Marxist Theory of War and Peace.” Journal of Peace Research 5: 1-‐27

WEEK 4 Globalization, colonialism, imperialism and economic exploitations – suggested readings:

Cramer, Christopher. 2006. Civil War is not a Stupid Thing. London: Hurst & Company.

Adesanmi, Pius. Apr 2004. “"Nous les Colonisés": Reflections on the Territorial Integrity of Oppression”. Social Text 22 (1) : 35-‐58

Duffield, Mark. 2002. “Social Reconstruction and the Radicalization of Development: Aid as a Relation of Global Liberal Governance.” Development and Change 22 (5): 1049-‐71

Duffield, Mark. 2010. “The Liberal Way of Development and the Development – Security Impasse: Exploring the Global Life-‐Change Divide.” Security Dialogue 41 (1): 53-‐76

Costa de Oliveira, Ricardo. 1993. “Conquest and Colonization of Brazil: Space, Nature and Societies in Long-‐Term Duration.” Revista de Sociologia e Politica 1: 3-‐27

Damodaran, Vinita. Oct 2013. “Indigenous Agency: Customary Rights and Tribal Protection in Eastern India, 1830-‐1930.” History Workshop Journal 76 (1) : 85-‐110

Pillay, Devan. 2003. “Globalisation in the new millennium: Implications for development and democracy in Africa.” Society in Transition 34 (2) : 252-‐271

Accomazzo, Sarah. June 2012. “Anthropology of Violence: Historical and Current Theories, Concepts, and Debates in Physical and Socio-‐cultural Anthropology”. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 22 (5) : 535-‐552

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Singh, Hira. July 2007. “Confronting Colonialism and Racism: Fanon and Gandhi.” Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-‐Knowledge 5: 341-‐352

Reifer, Thomas Ehrlich. 2000. “Violence, Profits & Power: Globalization, the Warfare-‐welfare State & the Rise & Demise of the New Deal World Order.” PhD in Sociology. Binghamton University. 552 p.

Fletcher, Jonathan. 1997. Violence and Civilization: An Introduction to the Work of Norbert Elias. Cambridge: Polity.

WEEK 5 Genocides, and racial politics – suggested readings:

Powell, Christopher. December 2007. “What do Genocides Kill? A Relational Conception of Genocide.” Journal of Genocide Research 9 (4): 527-‐547 (20 pages)

Hagan, John, and Wenona Rymond-‐Richmond. 2009. Darfur and the Crime of Genocide. New York: Cambridge University Press. 269 p.

Monroe, Kristen Renwick. 2008. “Cracking the Code of Genocide: The Moral Psychology of Rescuers, Bystanders, and Nazis during the Holocaust.” Political Psychology 29 (5) 699-‐736.

Fein, Helen. 1993. “Revolutionary and Antirevolutionary Genocides: A Comparison of State Murders in Democratic Kampuchea, 1975-‐1979, and in Indonesia, 1965-‐1966.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 35 (4): 796-‐823

Girard, Philippe R.. June 2005. “Caribbean Genocide: Racial War in Haiti, 1802–4.” Patterns of Prejudice 39 (2), 138-‐161

Montagu, Ashley. 1999 Third Edition. Statement on Race: An Annotated Elaboration and Exposition of the Four Statements on Race Issued by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 292p.

Saldívar, Emiko. January 2014. “‘It’s Not Race, It’s Culture’: Untangling Racial Politics in Mexico.” Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies” 9 (1): 89-‐108

Magnarella, Paul J.. January 2000. “Comprehending Genocide: The Case of Rwanda.” Global Bioethics. 13 (1-‐2): 23-‐43

Vambe, Maurice T. & Abebe Zegeye. November 2008. “Racializing Ethnicity and Ethnicizing Racism: Rethinking the Epistemic Conditions of Genocide in Africa.” Social Identities 14 (6): 775-‐793 (important)

Short, Damien. November 2010. “Cultural Genocide and Indigenous Peoples: a Sociological Approach.” The International Journal of Human Rights 14 (6): 833-‐848

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Haifa Rashed & Damien Short. December 2012. “Genocide and settler colonialism: can a Lemkin-‐inspired genocide perspective aid our understanding of the Palestinian situation?” The International Journal of Human Rights (16) 8: 1142-‐1169

Straus, Scott. September 2012. “Destroy Them to Save Us”: Theories of Genocide and the Logics of Political Violence.” Terrorism and Political Violence 24 (4): 544-‐560

Sonia M. Hedgepath and Rochelle G. Saidel (eds.). 2010. Sexual Violence against Jewish Women During the Holocaust. Lebanon, NH: Brandeis University Press. 308 p.

Rosemary H. T. O'Kane. February 1997. “Modernity the Holocaust and politics.” Economy and Society 26 (1): 43-‐61 (controversial)

Adam Jones, 2011 (2006). Genocide: An Introduction. New York/Oxon: Routledge. 646 p.

WEEK 6 – Social Movement

Tarrow, Sidney. 1998. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics . Cambridge University Press. 271 p.

Tilly, Charles. 2003. The Politics of Collective Violence. Cambridge University Press.

Israela Silberman, E. Tory Higgins, and Carol S. Dweck. 2005. “Religion and world change: Violence and terrorism versus peace.” Journal of Social Issues 61: 761-‐784.

Kalyvas, Stathis N.. August 2008. “Ethnic Defection in Civil War”, Comparative Political Studies 41 (8): 1043-‐1068

Lehrner, Amy; Allen, Nicole E. Dec 2008. “Social Change Movements and the Struggle over Meaning-‐Making: A Case Study of Domestic Violence Narratives.” American Journal of Community Psychology 42 (3-‐4) : 220-‐234

Scott, James C. 1987. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. Yale University Press.

Scott, James C.. 1977. The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia. Yale University Press. 254 p.

Wuthnow, Robert. (1980). “World order and religious movements.” In Studies of the modern world system, edited by Albert Bergesen, 57–75. New York: New York Academics.

Gurr, Ted. 1970. Why Men Rebel. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Olson, Mancur. 1971. “The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups.” Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; Revised edition. 208 p.

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Inglehart, Ronald. 1990. Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 504 p.

Goodwin, Jeff, James M. Jasper, Francesca Polletta (eds). 2001. Passionate Politics: Emotions and Social Movements. University Of Chicago Press. 320 p.

Buechler, Steven M.. 2011. Understanding Social Movements: Theories from the Classical Era to the Present. Paradigm Publishers. 256 p.

Snow, David A., Sarah A. Soule, and Hanspeter Kriesi (eds). 2007. The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements. Wiley-‐Blackwell. 776 p.

Goodwin, Jeff, and James M. Jasper (eds). 2009 second edition. The Social Movements Reader: Cases and Concepts. Wiley-‐Blackwell. 474 p.

Staggenborg, Suzanne. 2011 second edition. Social Movements. Oxford University Press. 232 p.

Fearon, James, and David Laitin. February 2003. “Ethnicity, Insurgency and Civil War.” American Political Science Review 97 (1): 75-‐89

Habyarimana, James, et al. July/August 2008. “Better Institutions, Not Partition: Is Ethnic Conflict Inevitable?” Foreign Affairs 87 (4): 138-‐150

Rosecrance, Richard and Arthur Stein. July/August 2008. “Separatism's Final Country.” Foreign Affairs 87 (4): 141-‐145

Muller, Jeremy. July/August 2008. “Muller replies.” Foreign Affairs 87 (4): 145-‐150

Stürmer, Stefan, and Bernd Simon. March 2004. “The Role of Collective Identification in Social Movement Participation: A Panel Study in the Context of the German Gay Movement.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30 (3): 263-‐277

Broad, Kendal, and Valerie Jenness. 1997. Hate Crimes: New Social Movements and the Politics of Violence. Aldine Transaction. 226 p.

WEEK 7 Communal violence, ethnicity and minorities – suggested readings:

Frøystad, Kathinka. March 2009. “Communal Riots in India as a Transitory Form of Political Violence: Three Approaches.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 32 (3): 442-‐459

Fearon, James and David Laitin. Autumn 2000. “Violence and the Social Construction of Identity,” International Organization 54 (4): 845-‐877.

King, Charles. 2004. “The Micropolitics of Social Violence.” World Politics 56 (3): 431-‐455

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Hasan, Zoya Khaliq. Feb., 1982. “Communalism and Communal Violence in India .” Social Scientist 10 (2): 25-‐39

Varshney, Ashutosh. 2002. Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and Muslims in India. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 382 p.

Khalidi, Omar. 2003. Khaki and the Ethnic Violence in India: Army, Police, and Paramilitary Forces during Communal Riots. New Delhi: Three Essays Collective. 126 p.

Clutterbuck, Richard. 1985. Conflict and Violence in Singapore and Malaysia, 1945-‐1983. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. 398 pp.

Tajima, Yuhki. 2014. The Institutional Origins of Communal Violence: Indonesia's Transition from Authoritarian Rule. Cambridge University Press. 207 p.

Gellner, David. 2009. Ethnic Activism and Civil Society in South Asia. Sage Publications. 367 p.

Klinken, Gerry van. 2009. Communal Violence and Democratization in Indonesia: Small Town Wars. New York: Routledge. 204 p.

Wilkinson, Steven I.. April 2013. “Electoral Competition, the State, and Communal Violence: A Reply.” India Review 12 (2): 92-‐107

Varshney, Ashutosh & Joshua R. Gubler. July 2012. “Does the State Promote Communal Violence for Electoral Reasons?” India Review 11 (3): 191-‐199

Cormier, Jeffrey, Phillipe Couton. Summer, 2004. “Civil Society, Mobilization, and Communal Violence: Quebec and Ireland, 1890-‐1920.” The Sociological Quarterly 45 (3): 487-‐508

Horowitz, Donald L.. 2000 (1985). Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press. 715 p.

Chua, Amy. 2004. World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability. Anchor.

Woods, Eric Taylor, Robert S. Schertzer, and Eric Kaufmann (eds). 2013. Nationalism and Conflict Management. New York: Routledge.

WEEK 8 Terrorism, religion, and violence – suggested readings:

Cavanaugh, William T.. 2009. The Myth of Religious Violence: Secular Ideology and the Roots of Modern Conflict. New York: Oxford University Press. 296 pp.

Fair, C. Christine, Neil Malhotra, and Jacob N. Shapiro. Winter 2012. “Faith or Doctrine? Religion and Support for Political Violence in Paksitan” The Public Opinion Quarterly 76 (4): 688-‐720

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Perliger, Arie, and Ami Pedahzur. January 2011. “Social Network Analysis in the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence.” Political Science and Politics 44 (1): 45-‐50

Cho, Euiwan. 2004. “A Sociological Study of the Relationship between Religious Violence and Economic Globalization.” PhD Thesis. Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. 328 p.

Juergensmeyer, Mark. 2009. Global Rebellion: Religious Challenges to the Secular State, from Christian Militias to al Qæda. University of California Press.

Hinnells, John, and Richard King. 2006. Religion and Violence in South Asia: Theory and Practice. Routledge.

Rennie, Bryan, and Philip L. Tite (eds). 2008. Religion, Terror and Violence: Religious Studies Perspectives. Routledge. 316 p. Mayer, Jean-‐François. September 2001. “Cults, Violence and Religious Terrorism: An International Perspective.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 24 (5): 361-‐376 Fox, Jonathan. 1999. “Do Religious Institutions Support Violence or Status Quo?” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 22 (2): 119–139

Hoffman, Bruce. 1993. Holy Terror: The Implications of Terrorism Motivated by a Religious Imperative (RAND Research Paper P-‐7834). Santa Monica, CA: RAND http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/papers/2007/P7834.pdf

Huntington, Samuel. P.. 2003. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Juergensmeyer, Mark. 2003. Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Mayer, Ann Elizabeth. 1993. “The Fundamentalist Impact on Law, Politics, and Constitutions in Iran, Pakistan, and the Sudan. In Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Politics, Economics and Militance, edited by M. E. Marty & R. S. Appleby, 110–151. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Wellman, J. K., & Tokuno, K.. 2004. “Is religious violence inevitable?” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 43 (3): 291–296

Christine C. Fair, Neil Malhotra, Jacob N. Shapiro. Winter 2012. “Faith or Doctrine? Religion and Support for Political Violence in Pakistan.” Public Opinion Quarterly 76 (4): 688–720

Smith, Paul J.. 2007. The Terrorism Ahead: Confronting Transnational Violence in the Twenty-‐first Century. M.E.Sharpe. 258 p.

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WEEK 9 Violence of development, environment, poverty, inequality and human rights – suggested readings:

Ishiyama, John & Anna Pechenina. June 2012. “Environmental Degradation and Genocide, 1958–2007.” Ethnopolitics 11 (2) 141-‐158

Sambanis, Nicholas. 2004. “Poverty and the Organization of Political Violence.” Brookings Trade Forum, Globalization, Poverty, and Inequality. 165-‐211 (46 pages) (literature review)

Wang, T. Y., William J. Dixon, Edward N. Muller, Mitchell A. Seligson. Dec., 1993. “Inequality and Political Violence Revisited.” The American Political Science Review 87 (4): 977-‐994 (17 pages)

Urdal, Henrik. Aug., 2008. “Population, Resources, and Political Violence: A Subnational Study of India, 1956-‐2002.” The Journal of Conflict Resolution 52 (4): 590-‐617

Jha, Munmun. Oct. -‐ Dec., 2006. “Ideology, Violence and the Human Rights Movement.” The Indian Journal of Political Science (67) 4: 679-‐69

Nabudere, Dani W.. 1997. “Beyond Modernization and Development, or Why the Poor Reject Development”. Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography 79 (4) Current Development Thinking 203-‐215

Holmes, Jennifer S., Sheila Amin Gutiérrez de Piñeres, and Kevin M. Curtin. Fall 2006. “Drugs, Violence, and Development in Colombia: A Department-‐Level Analysis”. Latin American Politics & Society 48 (3): 157-‐184

Nnoli, Okwudiba. 1st Qtr. -‐ 2nd Qtr., 1987. “Revolutionary Violence, Development, Equality and Justice in South Africa.” Africa Today 34 (1/2) Human Rights: The African Context. 27-‐47

Crook, Martin & Damien Short. April 2014. “Marx, Lemkin and the genocide–ecocide nexus.” The International Journal of Human Rights 18 (3) 298-‐319

Mowforth, Martin. 2014. The Violence of Development: Resource Depletion, Environmental Crises and Human Rights Abuses in Central America. London: Pluto Press.

WEEK 10 First nations, aboriginals/natives – suggested readings:

Barker, Joanne. June 2008. “Gender, Sovereignty, Rights: Native Women's Activism against Social Inequality and Violence in Canada.” American Quarterly 60 (2): 259-‐266

Frost, Malcolm. 2014. “The Three Rules of Being Aboriginal: Anxiety and Violence in Central Australia.” Australian Aboriginal Studies 2014 (1): 90-‐98

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Lucashenko, Melissa. December 1996. “Undoing Citizenship Injustice: Indigenous Peoples, Racialized Violence, and the Law.” Violence against women 2 (4): 378-‐390

O'Neil, John D., Brenda Elias, and Annalee Yassi. 1997. “Poisoned Food: Cultural Resistance to the Contaminants Discourse in Nunavik”. Power, Resistance, and Security: Papers in Honor of Richard G. Condon, Steven L. McNabb, Aleksandr I. Pika, William W. Richards, Nikolai Galgauge, Nina Ankalina, Vera Rakhtilkon, Boris Mymykhtikak, and Nikolai Avanum. Arctic Anthropology 34 (1) 29-‐40

Stannard, David E.. 1993. American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World. Oxford University Press. 416 p.

Frank Tester, Peter Kulchyski. 1994. Tammarniit (Mistakes): Inuit Relocation in the Eastern Arctic, 1939-‐63. Vancouver: UBC Press. 434 p.

Russell Thornton. 1990. American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492. University of Oklahoma Press. 312 p.

Churchill, Ward, and Winona LaDuke. 2002. Struggle for the Land: Native North American Resistance to Genocide, Ecocide, and Colonization. City Lights Publishers. 460 p.

Churchill, Ward. 2004. Kill the Indian, Save the Man: The Genocidal Impact of American Indian Residential Schools. City Lights Publishers. 128 p.

Hill, Gord, and Ward Churchill. 2010. The 500 Years of Resistance Comic Book. Arsenal Pulp Press. 88 p.

Regan, Paulette. 2011. Unsettling the Settler Within: Indian Residential Schools, Truth Telling, and Reconciliation in Canada. UBC Press. 316 p.

Davis, Lynne (ed.). 2010 second revised edition. Alliances: Re/Envisioning Indigenous-‐non-‐Indigenous Relationships. University of Toronto Press. 2010.

Kovach, Margaret. 2009. Indigenous Methodologies: Characteristics, Conversations, and Contexts. University of Toronto Press. 216 p.

Chilisa, Bagele. 2012. Indigenous Research Methodologies. USA: SAGE Publications. 343 p.

Brown, Leslie, and Susan Strega (eds). 2005. Research as Resistance: Critical, Indigenous, and Anti-‐Oppressive Approaches. Canadian Scholar’s Press/Women’s Press. Toronto. 312 p.

Simpson, Audra, and Andrea Smith (eds). 2014. Theorizing Native Studies. Duke University Press. 352 p.

Coulthard, Glen Sean. 2014. Red Skin, White Masks: Rejecting the Colonial Politics of Recognition. University Of Minnesota Press. 256 p.

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Hughes, Lotte. 2012. No-‐Nonsense Guide to Indigenous Peoples, Second Edition. Between the Lines. 144 p.

WEEK 11 Gender-‐based violence – suggested readings:

-‐ Kuumba, M. Bahati. Sep., 1999. “A Cross-‐Cultural Race/Class/Gender Critique of Contemporary Population Policy: The Impact of Globalization.” Sociological Forum 14 (3): 447-‐463

Baaz, Maria Eriksson, and Maria Stern. June 2009. “Why Do Soldiers Rape? Masculinity, Violence and Sexuality in the Armed Forces in the Congo (DRC).” International Studies Quarterly 53 (2): 495-‐518

-‐ Castañeda, Antonia. 2003. “Introduction: Gender on the Borderlands”. Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 24 (2/3): Gender on the Borderlands. xi-‐xix

Connell, Raewyn. Jun 2012. “Gender, health and theory: Conceptualizing the issue, in local and world perspective.” Social Science & Medicine 74 (11): 1675-‐1683

Gunawardane, Perera, J., and N., & Jayasuria, V. (eds.). (2011). Review of research evidence on gender based violence (GBV) in Sri Lanka. Colombo. Sri Lanka: Sri Lanka Medical Association.

Smith, Nat, and Eric A. Stanley (eds). 2011. Captive Genders: Trans Embodiment and the Prison Industrial Complex. Oakland: AK Press. 300 p.

Hoare, Joanna, and Geraldine Terry. 2007. Gender-‐Based Violence. GB: Oxfam. 195 p.

Nakray, Keerty (ed). 2013. Gender-‐based Violence and Public Health: International perspectives on budgets and policies. New York: Routledge. 238 p.

Kovner, Sarah. 2012. Occupying Power: Sex Workers and Servicemen in Postwar Japan. Series: Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 240 p.

Merry, Sally Engle. 2005 new edition. Human Rights and Gender Violence: Translating International Law into Local Justice. University of Chicago Press. 264 p.

Briggs, Laura. July 1998. “Discourses of "Forced Sterilization" in Puerto Rico: The Problem with the Speaking Subaltern.” Differences 10 (2): 30-‐66

Briggs, Laura. 2014. “Making Race, Making Sex, International Feminist Journal of Politics. International Feminist Journal of Politics: DOI: 10.1080/ 14616742.2013.855089

Brown, Sara E.. July 2014. “Female Perpetrators of the Rwandan Genocide.” International Feminist Journal of Politics 16 (3): 448-‐469

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Abu-‐Lughod, Lila. 2011. “Seductions of the ‘Honor Crime’.” Differences 22 (1): 17–63. doi: 10.1215/10407391-‐1218238

Torpy, Sally J.. 2000. “Native American Women and Coerced Sterilization: On the Trail of Tears in the 1970s.” American Indian Culture and Research Journal 24 (2) : 1-‐22.

Drouard, Alain. May 1996. “A Case of "Democratic" Eugenics: Forty-‐Five Years of "Genetic Hygiene" in Denmark.” La Recherche 287: 78-‐81

Rubinstein, Robert A; Lane, Sandra D. July 2002. “Population, Identity and Political Violence.” Social Justice: Anthropology, Peace and Human Rights 3 (3-‐4) : 139-‐152

Singh, Abhishek, Reuben Ogollah, Faujdar Ram, Saseendran Pallikadavath. December 2012. “Sterilization Regret Among Married Women in India: Implications for the Indian National Family Planning Program.” International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 38 (4): 187-‐195

Char, Arundhati, Minna Saavala, Teija Kulmala. Sep., 2009. “Male Perceptions on Female Sterilization: A Community-‐Based Study in Rural Central India.” International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 35 (3): 131-‐138

Saavala, Minna. December 1999. “Understanding the Prevalence of Female Sterilization in Rural South India.” Studies in Family Planning 30 (4): 288-‐301

Cooney, Rosemary Santana, and Jiali Li. March 2001. “Sterilization and Financial Penalties Imposed on Registered Peasant Couples, Hebei Province, China.” Studies in Family Planning 32 (1): 67-‐78

WEEK 12 Mass media, representation, and violence – suggested readings:

Graham Matthews, and Sam Goodman (eds). 2013. Violence and the Limits of Representation. Palgrave Macmillan. 208 p.

Media Violence Commission. International Society for Research on Aggression (ISRA). 2012. “Report of the Media Violence Commission.” Aggressive Behaviour 38: 335–341. doi: 10.1002/ab.21443

Becker, Jörg. 1982. “Communication and Peace. The Empirical and Theoretical Relation between Two Categories in Social Sciences.” Journal of Peace Research 19 (3): 227-‐240

McMillan, Nesam. August 2004. “Beyond Representation: Cultural Understandings of the September 11 Attacks.” The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology 37 (3): 380-‐400.

Dines, Gail. October 1992. “Pornography and the Media: Cultural Representations of Violence against Women.” Family Violence & Sexual Assault Bulletin 8 (3): 17-‐20

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Huesmann, L.R. and L.S. Miller. 1994. “Long-‐term Effects of Repeated Exposure to Media Violence in Childhood.” In Aggressive Behavior: Current Perspectives, edited by L.R. Huesmann, 153-‐186. New York: Plenum Press.

Fanti, Kostas A., Eric Vanman, Christopher C. Henrich (et al.). March 2009. “Desensitization to Media Violence Over a Short Period of Time.” Aggressive Behavior 35 (2): p.179-‐187

Strasburger, Victor. July 1999. “Media Violence.” The Indian Journal of Pediatrics 66 (4): 603-‐612

Coyne, Sarah M.. December 2007. “Does Media Violence Cause Violent Crime?” European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 13 (3-‐4): 205-‐211

Naylor, Bronwyn. May 2001. “Reporting Violence in the British Print Media: Gendered Stories.” Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 40 (2): 180-‐194

Sarnavka, Sanya. May 2003. “Using the master's tools: feminism, media and ending violence against women’.” Gender and Development 11 (1): 91-‐93

Allen, Tim and Jean Seaton, eds. 1999. The Media of Conflict: War Reporting and Representations of Ethnic Violence. London and New York: Zed Books. 312 pp.

Perry, Barbara, and Michael Sutton. October 2006. “Seeing Red over Black and White: Popular and Media Representations of Inter-‐racial Relationships as Precursors to Racial Violence.” Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice/La Revue canadienne de criminologie et de justice pénale 48 (6): 887-‐904

Cuklanz, Lisa M., and Sujata Moorti (eds). 2009. Local Violence, Global Media. Feminist Analysis of Gendered Representations. New York: Peter Lang. 276 p.

Ridgeway, Cecilia L., and Shelley J. Correll. Aug., 2004 . “Unpacking the Gender System: A Theoretical Perspective on Gender Beliefs and Social.” Gender and Society, 18 (4): 510-‐531

Lisa M. Cuklanz, Sujata Moorti (eds). 2009. Local Violence, Global Media: Feminist Analyses of Gendered Representations. New York: Peter Lang International Academic Publishers. 276 p.

Dickson, Lisa A., and Maryna Romanets (eds). 2013. Beauty, Violence, Representation. New York: Routledge. 240 p.

Fuller, Linda K.. 2009. Sexual Sports Rhetoric: Historical and Media Contexts of Violence. New York: Peter Lang International Academic Publishers. 288 p.

Social and Political Violence

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