Small Island Economy: A Philippine Option

Tourism in Small Islands

Cortes, Nathania Rae Z.

Somera, Jillian Jocelyn S.

Outline

• Characteristics of small islands

• Development, Management, & Utilization of Small Island Resources

• Impacts of Tourism

• Measures for Coping with Environmental Changes, Impacts and Threats

USE AND DEVELOPMENT

ISSUES

http://www.romblonprov.gov.ph/index.php

“Small” Characteristics of Small Islands

“refer to islands/islets with an area of not more than 50,000 hectares”

--DENR AO 2000-83,

Guidelines for the Management and Development of Small Islands, including its Coastal Areas

(revoked in 2003)

Inherent Features Of Small Islands 1. Small size = thus has usually a very small domestic market, and has to rely on

expenditure by non-residents to generate sufficient income and employment. Lack of available natural resources

2. Insularity/Remoteness = affects access to markets; costs of trading; access to services; cultural sensitivity

3. Highly vulnerable to external (demand and supply-side) shocks

4. Narrow resource base

5. Exposure to global environmental changes, such as climate change.

--World Trade Organization (2012). CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES, UNWTO, Madrid

http://www.alltravels.com/philippines/mimaropa/romblon/photos/current-photo-14896611

“Resource reserve is an extensive and relatively isolated and uninhabited area normally with difficult access designated as such to protect natural resources and biodiversity of the area for future use and prevent or contain development activities that could affect the resource pending the establishment of objectives which are based upon appropriate knowledge and planning.”

- DENR AO 2008-26_114 NIPAS IRR

Possible Characteristics

http://www.romblonprov.gov.ph/index.php

Development, Management, &

Utilization of Small Island Resources

• Freshwater management & use

• Wastewater & solid waste managements

• Energy sourcing and management

--World Trade Organization (2012). CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR

TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES, UNWTO, Madrid

Panaramio photo by Kati from Romblon

Impacts of Tourism Peter Mason

ECONOMIC RESOURCES

POSITIVE EFFECTS NEGATIVE IMPACTS

- Contributes to foreign exchange earnings;

- Contributes to government revenues;

- Employment generation; and

- Contributes to regional development.

- Inflation due to increase in demand on local

services;

- Opportunity costs of engaging in another

form of activity other than tourism; and

- Overdependence on tourism revenues.


SOCIAL RESOURCES


- Employment creation, and improved

service mobility;

- Revitalization of poor or non-industrialized

regions;

- Rebirth of traditional cultural activities,

socio-culture of the local populace, and

local architectural traditions; and

- Promotion of conserving aesthetic and

histocultural areas.

- ‘Demonstration’ effect and acculturation;

- Overcrowding;

- Decline in other traditional activities such

as farming;

- Commoditization of local artifacts and other

traditions;

- Other specific issues such as prostitution

and crime, due to major cultural differences

between the local and the tourist;

- Willingness to accept negative impacts as

trade-offs to perceived economic benefits.


ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES


- Tourism may stimulate measures to

protect the environment;

- Tourism can help promote the

establishment of National Parks and/or

wildlife resources;

- Tourism can promote the preservation of

buildings/monuments (e.g. World Heritage

Site); and

- Income generation through various

environmental user fees/entrance fees.

- Water and air pollution as well as solid

waste/garbage;

- Congestion, i.e. overcrowding and traffic

jams;

- Footpath erosion;

- Creation of structures that does not go with

natural landscape / vernacular architecture

of the area; and

- Damage/disturbance of wildlife habitats.

Fundamental Truths of Tourism

Tourism consumes resources and creates waste

Peter Mason

1

Photo by Joe Galvez, 2005


Tourism has the ability to over-consume resources

Peter Mason

2

http://www.romblonprov.gov.ph/index.php?article=13


Tourism competes with other resources users and needs to do this to survive

Peter Mason

3

http://www.grayline.com/tours/bohol/pamilacan-marine-life-tour-dolphins-whales-and-more-from-bohol-5974_3/#.Ukz0bIZHKSo


Tourism is private sector dominated.

Peter Mason

4

http://www.pinoywonders.com/?attachment_id=562

http://www.asiatravel.com/boracay/shangrila/location2.html


Tourism is multi-faceted & therefore almost impossible to control

Peter Mason

5

http://www.tourism.gov.ph/Pages/20120723CampaignGuidelinesforItsMorefuninthePhilippinesLogo.aspx

http://fineartamerica.com/featured/1-crowded-beach-black-and-white-karen-elzinga.html


Tourism is entertainment.

Peter Mason

6

http://www.boracaynation.com/boracays-nightlife-revealed-night-bars-party-hangouts-and-more/

7

Tourists are consumers, not anthropologists.

http://boracaycoupons.com/nightclubs/


Unlike other industrial activities, tourism imports the client rather than exports a product

Peter Mason

8

http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/279844/news/nation/boracay-reaches-1-million-tourist-target-ahead-of-schedule

Crying Over Spilled Milk

The Ecolodge Option Hotel: “A building where transient guests are received are supplied with and charged for meals, lodging and other services..” (PD 856 Sanitation Code)

vs. Lodge: “A building where persons are supplied with and charged for sleeping accommodations only.” (Ibid)

Marketing Plan Balearic Islands - 500 m-seashore structure easement - capacity Regulation - Own tourism policy under the Autonomous Regional Government of Spain

Measures for Coping with Environmental Changes, Impacts & Threats

http://www.secretdestinations.com/balearic-islands.html http://www.boracaywindsurfing.com/?attachment_id=218 http://camiguinecolodge.org/picture-story/

Measures for Coping with Environmental Changes, Impacts & Threats

ENR Strategies: Behavior Modifying Strategies Infrastructure

Zinc roofs in Jamaica

Economic

Resource Use Fees = income-generating

Social (Housing)

Relocation towards inland due to coastal erosion

e.g. Playa Rosaria, Havana Province, Cuba, (5-km inland)

Institutional

Revising building codes

Environmental

Bio-diversity frameworks = mangrove restoration (Bangladesh)

Revocation of IPFP

Regulating resource use • EIA system “to adequately address the environmental concerns in small islands”

(DENR AO 2003-06, Revocation of DENR AO 2000-83 and DENR Memo Circular 2001-05, Island Physical Framework Plan for small island/ island group)

Beyond definition of terms

Leaves consolidation to CLUP and CDP http://www.alltravels.com/philippines/mimaropa/romblon/photos/current-photo-14896611

Twelve Aims For Sustainable Tourism (UNEP and WTO, 2005)

1. Economic viability. To ensure the viability and competitiveness of tourism destinations and enterprises, so that they are able to continue to prosper and deliver benefits in the long term.

2. Local prosperity. To maximize the contribution of tourism to the prosperity of the host destination, including the proportion of visitor spending that is retained locally.

3. Employment quality. To strengthen the number and quality of local jobs created and supported by tourism, including the level of pay, conditions of service and availability to all without discrimination by gender, race, disability or in other ways.

4. Social equity. To seek a widespread distribution of economic and social benefits from tourism throughout the recipient community, including improving opportunities, income and services available to the poor.

5. Visitor fulfilment. To provide a safe, satisfying and fulfilling experience for visitors, available to all without discrimination by gender, race, disability or in other ways.

6. Local control. To engage and empower local communities in planning and decision making about the management and future development of tourism in their area, in consultation with other stakeholders.

7. Community wellbeing. To maintain and strengthen the quality of life in local communities, including social structures and access to resources, amenities and life support systems, avoiding any form of social degradation or exploitation.

8. Cultural richness. To respect and enhance the historic heritage, authentic culture, traditions and distinctiveness of host communities.

9. Physical integrity. To maintain and enhance the quality of landscapes, both urban and rural, and avoid the physical and visual degradation of the environment.

10. Biological diversity. To support the conservation of natural areas, habitats and wildlife, and minimize damage to them.

11. Resource efficiency. To minimize the use of scarce and non-renewable resources in the development and operation of tourism facilities and services.

12. Environmental purity. To minimize the pollution of air, water and land and the generation of waste by tourism enterprises and visitors.

Smart Island Economy

Non-Critical (Renewable) Zone Resources

Critical Zone Resources

Thank You.

Sources [web]

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TNQjYW5i8e8

• http://www.psdn.org.ph/wetlands/wwd01pres4.htm

• http://www.lis.dar.gov.ph/home/document_view/9233

• www.denr.gov.ph

• http://www.romblonprov.gov.ph/

• http://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/2013/08/04/1050661/24-protected-areas-cv-yield-p6.2m-resource-users-fee

• http://www.carbonwarroom.com/content/smart-island-economies

Other photos:

http://www.panoramio.com/photo/62237394

http://nakakayamot.blogspot.com/2006_09_01_archive.html

Small Island Economy: A Philippine Option

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