THE PHILIPPINE

I tI Ir fr !

! 1 ,

I

, 1 "

: '

- l THE PHILIPPINEIOURNAT OF SCIENCE

Januarl-March 1992 rssN 0031-7683

r-I

^ t

a-

\ '-{i! '_

THE PHILIPPINE JOURNALOF SCIEIIICE

JANUARY- I\{ARCH 1992 ISSN 0031-7683 Vol.121No.l

A MARKET SURVEYOF SNAPPERS (GENUS LUTJANUS)$'ROM PANAYAND PAI-AWAN WATERS

RONALD M.T CHEONG.WENRNSTI G. GALI,ARDOand JOEBERTD.TOLEDO

SEAFDECI, Iloilo City, Phitippines

ABSTRACT

Thifteen species of snappers (genus Lutjanusl were identified andsourced for location of capture from survq)s conducted at the lloilo FishingPoft and Central Market. They were Lutjanus argentimaculatus, LutjanusQouttgh Lutianus carponotatus, Lutianus decussatus, Lutjannusfultiflarnma, Lutjanus malabaicus, Lutianus monostigma, Lnijniusqhrquelineatus, Lutianus ivulatu,s and Lutjanus vitta. Incidence oflutjanids was year round with a peak in May. Most abundant and commonlyobserved were Lutjanus vitta, Lutjanus Ribbus and LutjanusarYentimaculatus.

INTRODUCTION

The family Lutjanidae is divided into four sub-families namely Lutjaninae,Paradicichthyinae, Etelinae and Apsilinae representing 103 species rn!7 genera(Allen,1985). The genus Lutjanus in the sub-family Lutjaninae possesses the greatest numberof species with 65, of which 39 have been documented in the Indo-West Pacific. Herre(i953) described 32 species of Lutjanus in the Philippines. Snappers command arelatively high market price in the ASEAN region with strong demand both in the locala-nd export markets (EAo, 1990). Presently, floating net cage culture of Lutjanus johniiand Luriarurs argentimacularas ir, being practice in Singapore, Indonesia and the Philip-pines (Cheon g,I9X); EAO, 1990). Culture of snappers has a high potential as it is still adeveloping industry.

This studv investigated species and seasonality of lutjanids available in Panay ascaadidate species for culture.

Southeast Asian Fshe rrcs Derelopment Ccnter (SEAFDEC)

/,

Philippine loumal of Science

MIffERIAI^S ANID METHODS

Bi-weekly sampling was conducted for one year at the Iloilo pi5hing Port starting

July 190. The fishing port was visited between 12.45 AM-3 AM when the majority of

fish were landed. Fish were sourced for location of capture through interviews. Speci-mens were identified, photo documented while fresh, and preserved in the L\Vo formalin

for future reference. From October 1990, the Iloilo Central Market was included in the

sampling schedule, and thereafter the fishing port and the market were each sampled

once a month.

RESTJLTS AND DISCUSSION

It was assumed that Iloilo Fishing Port would provide a representative sample of

lutjanids since the majority of fish that are landed there come from around Panay. The

Central Market was later included to complement fish caught in Iloilo and the adjacent

island of Guimaras.

Thirteen species of lutjanids were identilied from color patterns, and verified

according to Masuda et. al. (1984);Allen (1985); and Lee (1987).

L. Lutj anus argentimacularus (Forsskal, I77 5)Specimen: 310 mm SL; Central Market, January 1991

(Figure 1)Common name : mangrove red snaPPer

Description: Body moderately deep. Snout somewhat pointed; preopercular notch and

fnoU poorry aeveioped;vomeiine tooth patch crescentic; tongue with a patch ofgranular

;: t '

I

l2I:l Cheong et. al.: A market suwey of Snappers(Genus Lutjanus) frorn Panay and Palawan waters

teeth. Caudal fin emarginate to truncate. Color: back and sides greenish-brown; bellysilvery or whitish.

2. Lutjanus boutton (Lacepede, 1803)Synonym: Lutjanus caeruleovittatus (Masuda et al., 1984)

l i

Specimen: 180 mm SL; Fishing Port, January 1991(Figure 2)Common name: Moluccan snapper

Description: Body moderately deep. Snout somewhat pointed; preopercular notch andkaob well developed; vomerine tooth patch crescentic without a medial posterioreKension; tonguo smooth without teeth. Caudal fin emarginate. Color: back and sidespink or reddish; back and underside of head white or silvery-white; usually 10-12 faintyellow stripes on side; fins yellowish.

Source: Guimaras Island


3. Lutj anus carponotatus (Richardson, L842)Specimen: 260 mm SL; Fishing Port, August L990

, ' t ile* S'

1992:!\

" t '

(Figure 3)Common name: Spanish flag snaPPer

Description: Body moderately deep. Snout somewhat pointed; dorsal profile of head

steeply sloped; pieopercular notch and knob poorly developed; vomerine tooth patch

triangular with medial posterior exension or diamond shaped; tongue with a patch of

gtunulu. tecth. Caudal fin emarginate. Color: back and upper sides brownish; lower

iides and belly yellow-wtre; 8-9 orange or yellow stripes on sides; pectoral fin with

distinct black spot at base; fins yellowish.

Source: Roxas and Concepcion, PanaY

, f .

-

i6

_ t

1-l2l:l Cheong et. al.: Amarket suney of Snappen

(Genus Lutjanus) from Panay and Palawan waters

4. Lutjanus decussatus (Cuvier, 1828)Specimen: 230 mm SL; Fishing Port, July 1990

(Figure 4)Common name: checkered snapper

Description: Body rnoderately deep. Dorsal prolile of head moderately sloped; pre-opercular notch and knob well developed; vomerine tooth patch crescentic withoutmedial posterior extension;tongue with a patch of granular teeth. Caudal fin emarginate;posterior profile of dorsal and anal fins rounded. Color: generally whitish with a"checkerboard" pattern on upper half of sides (dark brown bars and stripes surroundingrectangular, whitish windows); lower half of sides with 2 dark brown stripes; black spotcovering base of caudal fin.


aa

Philippine loumol of Science

5. Lutjanus fulviflanma (Forsskat 1775)Specimen: 190 mm SL; Fishing Port, July 1990

(rigure 5)Common name: blackspot snapper

Description: Body moderately deep to slender. Dorsal profile of head moderatelysloped; preopercular notch andknob poorlydevelopedl vomerine tooth patch triangularwith medial posterior extension or diamond shaped; tongue with a patch of ganularteeth. Caudal fin truncate or slightly emarginate. Color: back and upper sides lightbrown; lower sides whitish; befly whitish to yellow ; 67 yellow stripes on side; prominentblack spot on lateral line below base of anterior part of soft portion of dorsal fin; finsyellowish.


lwz

7

II

I2L:L Cheong et. al.: A markct survey of Snappen(Genus Lutjanus) from Ponay and Palawan waters

6. Lutjanus fulrz,r (Schneider, 1801)Specimen: 170 mm SL; Central Market, November 1990Common name: blacktail snapper

Description: Dorsal profile of head steeply sloped; peropercular notch and knob welldeveloped ; Vomerine tooth patch crescenticwithout medial posterior extension; tonguesmooth without teeth; posterior profile of dorsal and anal fins rounded; caudal fin slightlyemarginate. Color: back and sides grey to brown; belly and underside of head whitish;dorsal fin brown to reddish, with a narrow blackish band near margin, broader on softpart or dorsal. Caudal fin blackish; pelvic and anal fins yellow.


7 . Lutj anus gib,bus (Forsskal, LTI 5)Specimen: 1.90 mm SL; Central Market, November 1990

reWmRs''N$'"i.l ,* " *wGe.*** ffiilF:ilr r l r r r - f rrilrt :,ffi,m

:il't't':iIilil:**t)iil

(Figure 6)Common name: humpback red snapper

Description: Body relatively deep. Dorsal profile of head steeply sloped; preopercularnotch and brob well developed; vomerine tooth patch crescentic without medial poste-rior eEeosion; tongue smooth without teeth; posterior profile of dorsal and anal finspointed Caudil fin distinctly forked with rounded lobes (upper lobe larger than lower).Color: red; darker on upper portiou of head; fins reddish to dark brown.

Source: Guimalas [slend and Palawan

t-III

Philippine laumal of Science

S.Lutjanus lutjanus (Bloch, 1790)Synonyn: Lutjanus lineolatus (Masuda et. al., 1984)Specimen: 175 mm SL; Fishing Port, June 1r99L

T9E2

" T"w

' " " " " ' ' * ' : f ' s#

(Figure 7)Common name: bigeye snapper

Description: Body slender and elongated. Opercular notch and knob poorly developed;vomerine tooth patch arrow shaped. Caudal fin slightly emarginate to truncate. Color:body pinkish with 5-7 golden yellow lines, those above lateral line rising obliquely; linein middle of body thicker;rfl-ns yellow.

Source: Cuyo, Palawan

a

iI

LZI:I Cheong et. al.: A ma*et sumey of Snappen(Genus Lutjanus) lrom Panay and Palawan waters

9. Lutjanus malabaicus (Schneider, L80L)Specimen: 230 mm SL; Fishing Port, September 1990

(Figure 8)Common name: malabar red snapper

Description: Body relatively deep. Dorsal profile of head steeply sloped; preopercularnotch and knob poorly developed; vomerine tooth patch crescentic or triangular withoutmedial posterior extension; tongue smooth without teeth; posterior profile of dorsal andanal fins slightly rounded or angular. Caudal fin truncate. Color: back and sides red,lighter on lower parts; fins reddish.

Source: Palawan

H

10 Philippine loumal of Science

t0. Lutjanus monostigma (Cuvier, 1828)Specimen:280 mm SL; Central Market, April 1991

Lgpl

lliiir,,

t::

(Figure 9)Common namoi onorspot snapper

Description: Body moderately deep and slender. Dorsal profile of head gently sloping;preopercular notch and knob poorly developed; vomerine tooth patch crescentic.Tongue smooth without teeth. Caudal fin truncate. Color: body pinkish; brown on dorsalportion and upper part of head; black spot located below anterior part of soft dorsalrays; fins yellow.


ll

t-Ii

1"1L2l:1 Cheong et. al.: A marlut suney of Snappen(Genus Lutjanus) from Panay and Palawan waters

Ll. Lutjanus quinquetllinearns (Bloch, 1790)Sponym : Lutjanus spilurus (Masuda et. al., 1984)Specimen: 190 mm SL; Fishing Port, June 1991

, , .I,II

" : t . " " T

" " . ' " ,' l l"' '-

(Figure 10)Common name: fiveJined snapper

Description: Body moderately deep. Dorsal profile of head steeply sloped; preopercularnotch and knob well developed; tongue smooth, without teeth; vomerine tooih patchcrescentic. Posterior profile of dorsal and anal fins rounded. Caudal fin slightly emar-ginate. Color: head pinkish; body bright yellowwith five blue stripes; black blolchiocatedanterior to soft dorsal i6ys just above lateral line; fins yellow.

Source: Suyo, Palawan

t2 Philippine loumal of Science

L2. LuQanus ivulatus (Cuvier, 1828)Specimen: Photo documented in Central Market, May 1991

1992

':,., ''"*:"-" " : - ' t 'i;.'19

f,i& ": ,

t1

, t .

L,W,|1.,:1

(Figure 11)Common name: blubberlip snapper

Description: Body very deep. Dorsal profile of he ad steeply sloped; preopercular notch

and knob moderately developed; vomerine tooth patch crescentic without medial pos-

terior extension; tongue smooth without teeth; posterior profile of dorsal fin rounded;posterior profile of anal fin distinctly pointed. Caudal fin truncate or slightly emarginate.Color: generally brown; eackscale on side with a pale brown border; head with numerousundulating blue lines; lips tan; fins yellowish to dusky grey-brown.


f&

LZI:L Cheong et. al.: A market survey of Snappen(Genus Lutjanus) from Panay and Palawan waters

L3. Lutjanus vfffa (Quoy and Gaimard 1824)Specimen 230 mm SL; Fishing Port, August 1990

(Figue L2)Common name: Brownstripe snapper

Description: Body moderately deep to relatively slender. Dorsal profile of head moder-ately sloped; preopercular notch and knob poorly developed; vomerine tooth patchtriangular with medial posterior extension or diamond shaped; tongue with a patch ofgranular teeth. Caudal fin slightly emarginate or truncate. Color: back and upper sidesbrown, lower sides andtrlly whitish or pink; narrow longitudinal brown lines on sides,those above lateral line slanted posteriorly toward dorsal fin base; a dark brown orblackish stripe along middle of side from eye to upper half of caudal peduncle; fins yellowexcept pelvics whitish.

Source: Roxas and Concepcion, Panay

73

L4 Philippine loumal of Science t992

'10

' " .

a.aOooa

o_oClc

oAug Sep Oct Nov

'1990Dec, Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

I p" .month

Figure 13 shows the number of lutjanid species that were observed eachmonth in both the Iloilo Fishing Port and Central Market. Although lutjanidswere present year round, it can be seen that the number of species increasedin April with a peak in May. The high number of species that occurred duringthis time may be the result of the spawning season as stated by Allen (1985).The incidence of snapper throughout the year may serve as a guide foravailability of species in the world. The three most abundant and commonlyobserved species were Lutjanus vitta, Lutjanus gibbus and Lutianusargentimaculatus.

This study serves as a preliminary investigation to identi$ the species of lutjanidscaught from Panay and Palawan Island waters. Location of capture should be verifiedby field surveys It should also be noted that high value species such as Lutjanusmalabaicus were not captured in waters offPanaybut reportedly near Palawan.

lr

L2l:7 Cheong et. al.: A markzt suney of Snappers(Genus Lutjanus) from Panay and Palawanwaten

ACKNOIVLEDGEMENT

The authors wish to thank Prof. Prudencia Conclu of the College of Fisheries,University of the Philippines in the Visayas for verifying the specimens.

LITERAIURECITED

Allen G.R. 1985. EAo species catalogue. vol. 6. snappers of the world. An annotatedand illustrated catalogue of lutjanid species known to date. EAo Fish. Synop., (125)Vol.6:208p.

cheong L. 1988. Aquaculture development in singapore. Pages lr7-tul in J.v Juarioand L.V Benitez, eds. Perspectives in aquaculture development in Asia and Japan,Southeast Asian Fisheries Development center (SEAITDEC), Tigbauan, philip-pines.

nAO, 1990. Regional seafarming resources atlasss. EAOruNDP Regional SeafarmingDevelopment and Demonstration Project. RAS/85/024.

Herre, A.w. 1953. check list of Philippine fishes. Fish and wildlife service, u.s. Depr.Int., Res. Rep., 20:l-977 .

Lee, s.c. 1987. Fishes of the family Lutjanidae of thiwan. Bull.Inst. Tnology,AcademiaSinica26 @:n9403.

Masuda, H., Amaoka I! Araga C., Uyeno T and Y. Yoshina. 1984. The fishes of theJapanese archipelago. Tolai Univ. Press, Tokyo, Japan.2 Vol.

15

t

Yol.121No.1 PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

PURIFICATION AND CIIARACTERIZATION OF TTYPAPHORINEFROM THE SEEDS OF ERYTHRINA VARIEGATA L VARPHILIPPTNENSIS (LINN.) MERR FANI. LEGUMINOSAE2

JOSEFINA B. MANALO, BYIJNG HOON IIAN,MYUNG HVYAN PARKand RIZALINA B. SANTOS

ABSTRAC]T

The crude alkaloidal crystals obtained from the seeds of Emthinavariegata L. van Philippinensis (Linn.) Men were further puified" the identity6E strucrure estabtished os hypaphoine by conelating-the-various spectr;tdata and the chemical tests obtained.

INTRODUCTION

The genus Erythrina (Leguminosae) has been the subject of chemical investiga-' tion by some workers (Maraion, et.al.,1932, Romeo et.al., L965, Barakat, et. a1., LgTl).They have shown the presence of a number of alkaloids and their properties alledge tobe identical with those isolated from other species, yet no spectral data to support this- has been reported yet. For this reason, this paper reports on the characterization ofthepurified compound from the seeds of Eryrft ina variegata Linn. var. Philippinensis andestablishes its chemical structure. This part of the study has been undertaken at theNatural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, in Seoul Korea.

E)(PERIMEMAL

lsolation of the crude alkaloid

Isolation of the crude alkaloidfromthe seeds of E. variegata L. Var. Philippinensis(L.) Merr. has been done at the university of the Philippines, college of Pharmacy asshown in Scheme I (Santos, R.8., et. al., 1981).

Further Purification ol the Crude Alkalold

The crude alkaloid crystals were further purified by repeated treatment withabsolute ethanol boiled and filtered. The combined alcoholic filtrate was concentratedin vacuo and allowed to crystallize. White crystals of the alkaloid were obtained andladily s€parated. The filtrate was further purified by column chromatography usingf35is alumina as the adsorbent and chloroform-methanol-water (15:10:2.5) as the solvenls'stem. Vtsuelization of the thin-layer chromatogrem( were done using Dragendorffs

Papcr read at thc Natural Prcd$ts RcscaEh Institutc, Scoul National Univenity Scminar, January 14,19B3

t it7

t-18 Philippine loumal of Science L99z

SCHEME 1. ISOLATION OF HYPAPHORINE

Defat with petroleum ether

Suspend in waterAcidifywith d-HClPet. Ether

AlkalinifyV 10% NaHCOsCHCIs

Acidify V d-HCl

Concentrate on a water bathCool to room temp.

-

!

?-

ff

Crystals(Cream colored,

feather like)

I2l:L Manalo, et. al.: Puification and Characteizationof Hypaphorine

reagent. The fractions with essentially identical TLC patterns and Rf value were com-bined" conce-ntrated in vacuo and recrystallized with ethanol. Mp of the purified crystalwas222-2240.

Chemical Tests lor the Alkaloidal Crystal

The following confirmatory test on the isolated compound were undertaken:

1. N-test - A small amount of sample was taken and placed in an open ampule. Addmetallic sodium. Heat until sample and Na (metal) have completely reacted (car-bonized). Immerse the heated ampule containing the reacted sample to a test tubecontaining distilled water (Ca 3 - 5 cc). Filter, to the frltrate add freshly preparedFeClz solution. A greenish-blue color indicates positive test for N.

2. Methylationwith Diazomethane reagent - (For the presence of COOH) - To a smallamount of sample add a small volume of Diazomethane reagent. Set aside for 3-4hours. TLC.

3. Hydrazinolysis - (Test for the presence of COOCH:) A small amount of sample isplaced in a test tube and about 0.2 ml of hydrazine hydrate is added. The mixtureis heated in an alcohol lamp to boiling.

4. Acetylation - A small amount of sample is mixed with about 0.5 ml of pyridine and0.5 ml of acelis anhydride mixture. The mixture is made to stand overnight. One halfof this mixture was placed on a test tube and dried using N. gas. The residue obtainedis dissolved in a few drops of methanol. TLC, visualizing agent is Dragendorffsreagent. (To test compounds possessing primary or secondary free amino or hy-droryl groups).

5. -Ninhydrin test - (Test for primary amino group). The sample and control is spottedin a prepared TLC plate. The plate is sprayed with ninhydrin solution and heatedfor2-3minutesat80oC.

6. Ehrlich's test - (Test for Indole Alkaloids). Prepare Ehrlich's reagent.(10Vo p-dimethyl-amins-benzaldehyde in concentrated HCI). Mix 1" part LIVop-dimethyl-amins-Senzaldehyde + HCI with 4 parts acetone just before use.

Dip a pre-coated TLC plate as soon as reagent is prepared. Hold plate flat ontable covered *ith white sheets and flow off the acetone. Observe colors produced.

Free base preparation of the alkaloid

The equivalent molar mixure of the alkaloid (HCl salt) and NaHCO3, weredissolved in small amount of water and then COz gas was formed. The reaction mixturewas concentrated to dried residues and recrystallizedwith ethanol'

t9

tIIi

m Philippine loumal of Science L992

Instrumental analysis

All melting points were taken on a heat block apparatus and given uncorrected

Recording spectrophotometer, Gilford type 2600 was used for the measurementsof UV-visible absorption spectra, PMR spectra were obtained io OzO solution usingTMS as internal standard on Perkin-Ehner NMR Spectrometer (90MHZ) and recordedby d ppm.

IR spectra were determined in KBr pellets on Perkin-Elner tlpe 283 B Spectro-photometer.


Thin-layer chromatography of the purified crystalline compound isolated bycolumn chromatography had an Rf value of 0.45.

ldentiflcatlon of the compound

The compound gave positive results with N-test, Gragendorffls and Mayer'sreagent indicative of an alkaloidal compound. It also gave positive results with Ehrich'sreagent which suggests that the compound is an indole alkaloid. With ninhydrin, how-ever, it gave a negative results. This suggests that the compound does not have a primarynminggoup.

IR spectrum (Figure 1) showed the band at3.4Dcm'1 suggesting the presence of6a amine goup. The absorption band at I7?5 cm'r indicates a carborylic acid group,also, c -halogen present at said wavenumber raises the frequency of V(C=0). Thebands arising at 3O40, n?fr,V (C : C), 1618 and 1550 cm'r V(c:c) arromaticity.Enhancement of intentsity in the 1370 cm-r band ( d (C-H) for CH3) is common whenmethyl groups are attached to N. The wavenumber at743 ndicates an indole ring.

In PMR spectrnm (F gure 1) the compound displays seventeen hydrogens.

2T

a

-Fr2\:1 Manalo, et. at.: Puifiiation and Charorteizndon

ofHypaphoine

ct>cH3cHe -ct{-niH,

| * t * tc00l{

Hypaphorine

Dzo

d pp-; 3.6s (3 x 3H, s, - ,i(t*, ;3.82 -3.63 (zH,m, - cH2);

c[r{_\ '\-__4.6 - 4.38 (1H - cH-); and 7.55 - 8.18 (5H, ( ifT ). These properties of thecompund give the following structure: Y-rr/

i.j

xl

-I I

22 Philippinelanmatofscience Iryz

ACKNOI{/LEIrcEMENT

I am very grateful to Dr. Byung Hoon Han and his associates, Dr.Y. Han and Mr.

M.H. park for-their very valuabie information and supervision in the conduct of the

research work which has been undertaken in their Institute, the Natural Products

Research Institute, Seoul National Unversity, Seoul' Korea.

I am also very pleased to acknowledge uNEsco for the fiaining accorded me.

REFERENCES

Marafion, J. Lg3z.Phil. Jour. of Science, Vol. 4tf, No. 4 p. 563-580, 6 plates

Romeo, John T and E.A. Bell-Lloydia, Vol.37, No. 4,p.543-568' 1965'

Barakat, I., Jackson, A.A.; Abdulla, M.I. Lloydia. LW.40 (5), 471 ' 5 (Eng)'

Santos, R.B. et. al. 1981. cscreening of Philippine Plants", College of Pharmacy, Univer-

sity of the Philippines, Quezon City.

Il,tl

ElII

&9"

LZL:I Manalo, et. al.: Purification and Characterizationof Hypaphopne

i.l'

oo - Pt i 5

(oI

io

) < r@ \

It2

^ t= o

O cN g

3

I

uo EI

s !,!

23

i

(o

Eo-o-

cf)

9 -

lrl2e,oIc<aG

t f ) i

l!o

ttG

t,ulod

(o. G

i

;

oi

lllc)o

f \ E

t-I

L992u Philippine loyrnal of Science

(f)

5

co (J roT l =

a OIZ-Q(o \vl

@a?lfEdqr( o l-S

c.tI

c\@c't

(JI

:troo

. ' ) -s? .gD-r -L -LO!J O; . . l , /61orro

:Eo?-U(\T

U

tl 27H\\J

/

I-I

Vol.121No.l PHILIPP'INE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF FREE GLUTAMA'IE, GUA|{OSINEMONOPHOSPIIATE, INOSINE MONOPHOSPIIATEAh[D AFI.AVOURENHANCER ON BONE MARROW

GENOTO)ilCITY OF DIMETI{YLNITROSAMINE

CLARAY. LIMSYLIANCO, L SYLIANCO-lryUand M.y BOTLIYAT{

u"*i,Tfi,Tr,$ffi:-#ffi:;ff ffi:tl'.?ii.,oABSTRACT

Bosed on the results of the miuonucleus tesg glutarnic acie guutosinemonophosphate and inosine monophosphate and a flavour enhancer con-taining these two nucleotidcs and glutamic acid did not exhibit mutagenicand clastogenic activity to bone manow cells of e4terimental mice. Howeve4these substances showed ontigenotoxic activity against dimethylnitrosamine,a mutagen and a carcinogen.

INTRODUCTION

It has been shown that glutanate added to food potentiates the flavour of food.Thisgffect of glutamate is not a consequence of enhancement of primary tastes in foodbut the potentiation is brought about byspergistic action with nuileotidls contained infoods (Yamaguchi and Kimizuk ab t!79).This synergism is attributed to enhance bindingof glutamate to the receptors in the presence of mononucleotides (Torii and Cagasi1980). Glutamic acid and each of five other amile acids have been reported to reiucethe genotoxicity of mutagenic anticancer agents (Lim-Sylianco and Guevara, 19g9). Inthis study, antigenotoxic activity of free glutamate, guanosine monophosphaie lovtr;,inogiSg monophosphale (IMP) and a flavour enhancer is reported. Antigenotoxicactivities were assessed using the micronucleus test (Schmid 1975). This test iJbased onthe findi"g that substances which affect the structure of DNA can also induce chromo-some breaking- effects. When the chromatin material of bone marrow cells are frag-mented, some fragments are left behind when the red blood cells expel their nuclei aftJrtelophase. These fragments form micronuclei. The use of micronuilei frequencies as aquantitative indicator of chromosome breakage has been validated on more than 100genotoxic and/or carcinogenic chemicals (Heddle, Benz and countyman, 197g).

MATERIAISAND METHODS

- Dimgthy'nitrosanine (DMN), guanosine monophosphate, inosine monophos-phatc a$ frcc glutamate were obtained from signa

-chemical .company, st. iouis,

Missourt Rtd calf seryn-yas supplied by Grand Island Biologicat supply. swissWebsterMicc *rre obtainedfrom the College of VeterinaryMediciie, Univiisiltyof thePhilippines, Dilina4 Quczon Ciry.

The micronudeus test (Schmi4 1975) was used to investigate the antigenotoxic1S!ty o{ free glutarnate, GMP, IMp and a flavour enhancer whiih contains giutamate,GMP and IMP. Dinethy'dtrosamine s25 administered twice by oral g"uugJlZ hnuri

254(

oVf

I

26 Philippine loumal of Science r992

apart). Simultaneously, either L-glutamate, GMB IMP or a flavour enhancer containingglutamate, GMP and IMP was given also by oral gavage. Six hours after the secondadministration, the animalwas sacrificedbycenical dislocation.The femurwas removedand the bone marrow cells were flushed out using fetal calf serum. The cell suspensionwas centrifuged and the supernatant discarded. The cells were spread on slides, stainedand examined under the microscope for micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes.

RESIJLTS AND DISCUSSION

The micronucleus test allows one to figure out whether the test substance frag-ments the chromatin material of the bone marrow cells. It can be used to study theclastogenic or the chromosome breaking effects of genotoxic substances.

No clastogenic effects were observed of L-glutamate, GMI IMI and a flavourenhancer which contains monosodium glutamate and the nucleotides. The results areshown in Table 1. The number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes inducedwas at the range of the negative control which was distilled water. A range of concentra'tion of L-glutamate and the flavour enhancer was used. Increase in concentration didnot increase the formation of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes. Thus, thesesubstances did not fragment the chromatin material of the bone marrow cells of theexperimental mice. These substances did not exhibit genotoxic activity.

Dimethylnitrosamine, on the other hand, induced an appreciable formation ofmicronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes as shown in Figure 1. This is a well knowngenotoxinwhich is metabolizedbyliver enzymes toproduce an alkylatingspecies of DNA(Miller, 1964). Dimethylnitrosamine is a well known mutagen and carcinogen. WhenL-glutamate, GMB IMP and a flavour enhancer was each administered simultaneouslywith DMN, the formation of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes was gleatlyreduced. The flavour enhancer which contains monosodium glutamate, GMP and tMP,exhibited the best reduction of the genotoxic activity of dimethylnitrosamine.

Figure 2 reveals a slight improvement in the antigenotoxic activity of L-glutamate,GMR IMP and the flavour enhancer when the concentration was doubled.

CONCLUSION

The chromosome breaking effects of dimethylnitrosa-ine was greatlyreducedbyglutamic acid, guanosine monophosphate, inosine monophosphate and a flavour en-hancer 6sntaining monosodiu'n glutamate, guanosine monophosphate and inosinemonophosphate.

4,b

l2L:L Liln-Syliancq et. al.: Inhibitory Effects of FreeGlutarnate, Guanosinb Monophosphate, Inosine . . .

LIIERAT{IRECITED

Heddle, JA., Benz, R.D. and Countlman, P.I. Measurement of chromosomal breakagein cultured cells by the micronucleus technique. In Mutagen-induced chromosomaldamages in man. Ed. HJ. Evans and Lloy4 D.C. Edinburgh University Press.t9L-2A;1978.

Lim-sylianco, C.Y. and Guevara, A.P. Antigenotoxic effects of some amino acids. Thans.Natl. Acad. Sci. and Tbch. 1t ?.33-242;1989.Miller, E.C. Comments on Chemistryof Clcads. Fed..Proc. 23: l3f.l-1%2; 196/..

Schmid, W. The micronucleus test forcytogenetic analysis. MutationResearch.3l:31-53;L975.

Torii" K. and Cagase, R.H. Spergism between glutnmic acid and 5'mononucleotides.Biochem. and Biophys. Acta. 627:3t3-323; 1980.

Yamaguchi, tri and Kimizuka, L. Glutamic Acid in Advances in Biochemistry andPhysiolog5r. Ed. L.E Fites, S. Gavaltini, M.R. Kase, A.R. Reynolds andRJ. Wurt-man. Raven Press, N.Y. 35-54;L979.

n

twz28 Philippine loumal of Science

Table 1 Lack of Mutagenic and Clastogenic Activity of Free Glutamic AcidGuanosine Monophosphate (GMP) and Inosine Monophosphate (IMP)

TESTSUBSTANCE CODE Concentrationn,gks

No.MicronucleatedPolychromaticErytbrocytesPer Thousand

+ s.D.

Positive control,DMN(Dimethylnitlssamins)

+c 10.00 ng/kg Lz.U+ \.33

Negative control,Distilled water

-c 0.83 + 0.12

L-Glutamic acid L-Glu 1.00 ng/kg5.00 mg/kg10.00 mg/kg15.00 mg/kg25.00 ng/kg50.00 ng/kg

0.78 + 0.050.68 + 0.070.56 t 0.080.53 + 0.060.47 + 0.090.43 r 0.05

GuanosineMonophosphate

GMP E.ffimgkg50.00 mg/tg

0.44 r 0.050.33 + 0.06

InosineMonophosphate

IMP 25.00mgkg50.00 mglkg

0.47 + 0.050.4 + 0.w

L-Glu + GMP L.GLU + GMP

25.0050.00

+25.00+25.00

0.34 + 0.080.37 + 0.05

L-Glu + IMP L-Glu+IMP 25.0050.00

+25.00+25.m

0.42 + 0.060.38 + 0.04

Flavour Enhancer Flw 1.00 mglkg5.m mglkg10.00 mglkg15.00 mg&g25.ffimgkg50.00 mg/kg

0.62 + 0.090.51+ 0.050.l|4 + 0.060.42+ 0.M0.38 + 0.030.35 t 0.05

29Lim-Syliancq et. al.: Inhibitory Effects of FreeGlutatnate, Guanosine Monophosphate, Inosine . . .

I2I:l

o,

il!g

Ftrt .g

B$fi

r a r l ta a 0 0 rt a t f l

tIF

<a*sH:;q3FgR8"

Ig3Er?iy6;ntH itttr{34b$f;Q - ? V

FHBIEg;gEEgfiEst9,zfr?B$-eiEg^

0 a tt { f l0 a t l

I

oI

, lI

"iltG(t

f t

a a f t a a t a a a a t t a r r 0 a t i a t t t l t a S a f t a f t a t o o r a a t f a t a 0 a f f f r c a t e a r r It O a l t o a a a t a t a a f a a a a a a t a t t f t t a o a r t l r f a a t r 0 a t t 0 t t a l t a a l r a a 0 . r r

a a f a a t a a a a a t 0 t t t c a a 0 t t a 0 t a t r a f a a a r t a a f t f r o a r a 0 r t r f 0 f r o r a fo a l f a a a f l t a o a a a f a a t a a a a f o f f t a a f 0 r t f t f a a a a t r 0 t f t a t r r f r r ll a a l o a t o f t f t t r r r a a t a a t a t l a l c a a o a a f a a a r a f a l a t 0 t f f f a a t t a a t r r oa a o l t l 0 t a a a a a t t a t a t i t t a o a a a o t a f o a t t t t a f t a f t a f t f a s 0 r r r a f f a rt a t a a a a a o a a a a t o a a a c t t 0 a a * t a r a a t a t a c i r a r o a f f . f a a f r a o f r r a a f a

Fau \ ?(tq1ct

$Ct0oOt?$ tc lF F

rrQ6 :

iI

t992Philippine loumal of Science

= r E r !

0u0r ./ Sdld

30

ltrJ

mE

tEIH

Eg ! E

-Llt-t-,EIIJ

IfJ s?

Hgg*nHmHH*#oE$.;

HEHHEfi;Hfi;Elr lg.( t r=

fitrH=F

fifiH$$HliHH=njs*bF. i J {Gg-

Ef;EE8r r uFl Fl

30

III

Vol.121 No.l PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

PRoDUCTION OF HIGH QUALITY AD SORBENT CIIARCOALFROM PHIL WOODS II. GRANUI."{TED ACTTVATED CARBON

v.P ARIDA, O.G. ATTENZA, TA. QUII"AO, A.R CABALIJRO,J.S. LAXAMANA, DJ,. PUGAL and C.P GUCE

Chemical Research and Development Center National Institute of Science andTbchnologr Bicutan, Thguig Metro Manila, Philippines

ABSTRACT

Two Philippine wood species out of twelve earlier studied in Part Inarnely "ipil-ipil" Leucaena leucocephala (Lann) de Wt and coconut coirdust were selected for the production of good quahty granulated activatedcarbon. Fluidization method was used in the study..

The conditions forthe granulation of the carbonized chars usingrnolas-ses were established. An optimumratio of 1:0.5 and 1:0.8 (char:binder) wasused in the granulation process for "ipil-ipil" and coir dust, respectively.Carbonimtion was done at a gradually inueasingtemperature of f Clmin atmf C. Carbonizcd granules with particte sizes rangingfrom 0.5 - 2.0 mm.were used for the activation study. The produced granules were activated inan extemal heat type stainless steel reactor as mentioned in Part I using steamas activating agent.

The physical properties and adsorptive capacity of the activated granularproducts obtained at varying activation conditions were determined andconelated Methylene blue adsorption and intemal su(ace area obtained atvarying conditions were determined and conelated Maximum values ob-tained for methylene blue adsorption and intemal surface area are 290 mglgAC and 1,20Q mzlgAc at 90f C, respectivelyfor "ipil-ipil" and 390 mglgACand 1,000 mzlgAC at 85d C respectively for coir dust.

Gas adsorption tests done using benzene acetone and carbon tetrachlo-ide for both "ipil-ipil" and coir dust activated granular char products showedthat both exhibited maxirnurn adsorbabitity at 90d C.

Results of the study have shown that good quality granulated activatedcarbon can be produced from "ipil-ipil" and coconut coir dust which ftndsaitable applications in vaious adsorption processes such as organic solventadsorytiott, gos adsorption, water puification, oil and sugar refining amongolhen.

INTRODUCTION

The Philippines is one of the countries endowed with rich natural resources. Itstropical forests have been acclaimed as one of the most valuable in the world- Its woodindustry is a big dollar earner. During the lqFging operatioq forest residues and wastesare univoidable, such that for everylm .rof togiut"estd approximately 5fun3 are

31 c i

I

IWz32 Philippine loumal of Science

generated. These iood materials are deemed as potential sources of quality activatedcarbon.

Tfvelve Philippine wood species includi"g coconut coir dust were earlier studiedto determine their potential as sources of activated carbon . This paper presents theresults of the study on the granulation of powdered charcoals from two of the mostpromising ones, namely Leucaena leucocephala (Lann) dc Wit "ipil-ipil" and coconutcoir dust and the production of good quality activated char granules 6ing molasses asbinder.

Granular activated carbon is generally used for adsorption of gases and vaporswhile activated carbon powder is used in the purification of liquids. There is anincreasing trend in the application of granulated activated carbon for liquid phaseadsorption process (among which are in water purification and in the sugar and oilrefining industries) because it is easy to handle and can be regenerated for reuse.

Cellulosic sources, particularly wood, yield low density products when carbonizedand activated. To convert such products into mechaoically strong dense carbons,granulation using a binder was employed.

This study is in consonance with our desire to expand the applications of granu-lated activated carbon prepared from wood and wood wastes for such purposes as waterpurification, vapor and gas adsorption in addition to finding use for molasses which is aby-productofmanysugarrefiningindustriesinthePhilippines. Theimmediateobjectiveis to determine the optimum conditions for the production of granulated activatedcarbon from wood materials and the realization of high product yield using the fluidizedbed method.

MATERHIS AND METHODS

Raw materlals and Sample preparation

T\po of the most promising wood sources were selected for study namely:

1) "Ipil-ipil" - Wood samples were obtained from the DOST compound in Bicutan,Thguig, Metro Manila, Philippines. Size reduction of sun dried wood chips to 0.2-2.0 mm was done using a crushing machine.

2) Coconut coir dust - This was procured from Coirflex Decorticator Co., San PabloCity, Philippines. The sample was allowed to pass through a mechanical shaker toseparate coir dust with an average particle size of 0.56 mm. Moisture content wasreduced fuom1lVo to LSVo by sun drying.

a^ ,JLf ' /

l2l:7 Aidq et. al.: Production of Higlt QuahAAdsoftent Charcoal

The prepared samples were carbonized at 430oC using fluidized bed reactor asdiscussed in Part I. (Arida et.al PJS 1987)

Methods and Analysis

Proximate analysis and physical properties of the raw materials, charcoals andactivated carbon products were determined.

Most of the methods employed were in accordance with the Japan IndustrialStandards (JIS) procedlue or t"16 slight modification thereof as mentioned in Part I(Arida, et.al 1987).

Adsorptive properties - methylene blue test was done on the activated granularproducts. Determination of gas adsorbabilify was done according to the procedure ofHirata (1960) as follows: Weighed quantity of sample (0.2 g) is placed in one vessel andthe solvent (2 ml) in the other vessel. The two glass vessels are joined together to makea closed system. They are then placed under controlled temperatures in an air bath ovenfor one week each, at 1f, ?no,zf and 30oC. The quantity of the solvent adsorbed iscalculated from the increase in weight of the char granules.

Granulation Process

The various stages involved in the granulation process are shown in Figure 1. Thecharcoals were pulverizedto?fi mesh and below (Tfler). Molasses used as binder wasobtained from a local sugar refining company. Its physical and thermal balance proper-ties were determinsd 6d compared with that obtained from Japan. It was used at a ratioof 1:0.5 and 1:0.8 for "ipil-ipil" and coir dust, respectively.

Molasses diluted with water to STVowas mixed with the pulverized charcoal. Themixture was passed through an eKruder and the extrudates (1mmtp) were'subsequentlypassed through a disk tlpe pelletizer at 450 rpm. The granules measuring 0.5 - 2.0 mmwere then carbonized in a covered stainless steel box using a muffle furnace at a heatingrate of 3oC/min until the temperature of 600oC was attained.

Activation Process

The granulated chars produced from "ipil-ipil" and coir dust were each subse-quently activated using an eKernal heat type activating apparatus. It consists of astainless steel reactor (5cm g) equipped with an external heater. Steam (2.5 mlHzO/nin) was allowed to passed through a high temperature oil bath to generate therequired amount which was subsequently charged at the lower part of the reactor, thenthtough the bed of charcoal at the desired temperature and reaction tine.

Activation of the granulated char was done at 850oC and 900oC, respectively at areaction time which was varied from 10 to 60 minutes.

33

I

Philippine loumal of Science L992

Determination and Evaluation of Adsorptive Propertiesof Activated Carbon

The bulk density, internal surface area and the pore distribution of the activatedchar products obtained at 8500 and 900oC, respectively, and at varying reaction timeswere each determined.

The adsorptive capacity of the obtained products was evaluated by methyleneadsorption (MB) test as discussed in the previolls paper and by gas adsorption testadapting Hirata's method (11)60). The capacity of the products for gas adsorption usingbenzene (GHo), acetone (CH:COCU3) uod carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) were eachseparately measured at Lf , 20o, 2f and 30oC until equilibrium of the sample with vaporwas reached. The adsorptive capacity is expressed as gram solvent adsorbed per gramactivated carbon.


The proximate analysis and physical properties of the raw materials studied,namely "ipil-ipil" and coir dust and of their respective char products are shonn in Thble1.

Data obtained from the granulation process for both materials at the establishedoptimum conditions in Table 2 show that the yield of carbonized granules isl1Vo and73Vo, for coir dust and ipil-ipil, respectively. The comparative physical and thermalbalance analyses of local molasses and that from Japan is shown in Thble 3 andFig.2,respectively.

Effect of Activation Time on Product Yield

Correlation of the yield of activated char granules with activation time as shownin Figure 3 reveal that the-re was significant loss in weight of product as activation timeproceeded. More pronounced decrease in yield was noted with increasing temperature.Higher weight loss which resulted in lower yield of activated carbon product wasobserved in coir dust as compared to that of "ipil-ipil".

In the activation process, the reaction rate of charcoal with steam in terms ofweight loss was calculated as discussed in the previous report. The value of k (apparentconstant) for coir dust was twice as that obtained for "ipil-ipil" as shown below:

Activation Temp.t (oc)

k

Coir dust Ipil-ipil

850 57.5 x 1.0'3 mir,'l 29.48 x 10-3 min'1

900 92.0 x 10-3 *ir''l 35.93 x 10-3 -itr'l

i

.l

44

II

lLl:t AndC et. al.: Production of High Quality 35Adsofient Charcoal

The above data show that coir dust char can be activated faster than that of"ipil-ipil".

Correlation of Methylene Blue (MB) Adsorptive Capacity and InternalSurface Area (S) with Reaction Time (0)

Figures 4 and 5 show the correlation of reaction time with (MB) and (S),respectively. A gradual increase in (MB) adsorbability was noted with increasingreaction time. For coir dust, activation was more effective at lower temperatures.Resultsshow that maximumvalue of 390mg/gACwasobtained at850"C and30 minutes.Beyond this point, (MB) value tended to decrease. For "ipil-ipil", longer reaction time(60 min) was needed to attain the maximum value of 300 mg/g AC at 850oC.

Results of the internal surface area (S) determination also gave the same increas-ing trend with reaction time until a saturation point was reached. Beyond this point, anabrupt decrease in the surface iuea was noted. Development of increased internalsurface area for "ipil-ipil" was more effective at higher temperatures. Thus, higher (S)of 1,200 m'lg AC was obtained at 900oC for "ipil-ipil" as compared to 1,000 mtlg ACobtained for coir dust at 850oC as shown in Figure 5.

Correlation of (MB) value and (S)

Figure 6 indicates that the (MB) value is directly proportional to the (S) for bothcoir dust and "ipil-ipil" activated chars. Linear lines with the same slopes which indicategood inference were obtained. At (MB) : 0, the intercept gave values of 380 m'lg ACand 450 m"lg AC. From the slope, the area occupied^by - individual molecule on theactivated products as determined had a value of 150oAz for both 5amples. An accessiblearea of 192"A2 was obtained for Graphon (a non porous carbon)(Graham, 1955). Thesenearly similar values indicate that adsorption of MB on the obtained products is physicaladsorption.

Conelation between reaction time and gas adsorptive capacity

Thble 4 shows the data on the gas adsorption test that was done on the activatedcarbon products obtained from "ipil-ipil'and coir dust and a commercial product usingthree gases namely, CxHo CCh and CHTCOCH3 at temperatures of 1f, 20o, 2f and30oC, respectively.

At 2fC, correlation of each of the gases adsorbed by the activated carbonproducrs obrtained at 850oC and 900oC in terms of weight Vo andreaction time are shownin Frguras 7,8, and 9. There was an increasing trend of gas adsorbed in the activatedgranule products as activation time proceeded up to a certain saturation point (Figure7) for benzene. For carbon tetracbloride, the same trend was noted as shown in Figure9. The clrre obtained however, for activated "ipil-ipil" char at 850oC for the three gasesindicated that $g maximum point has not yet been attained at 60 minutes reaction time.

ff


Based on the results of analysis and evaluation of data obtained for products withyield betrreen?I3lVo as shown in Figure 3, activated "ipil-ipil" and coir dust granuleproducts exhibit favorable results suitable for gas adsorption applications.

Comparing the adsorptive capacity of the activated granule char products, foreach gram mole of gas adsorbed at 2fC, "ipil-ipil" was 1.1 to 1.2 times more adsorptivethan coir dust for acetone, 1.1-1.6 times and 1.6 times more adsorptive for CCla andC6II6, respectively. Data on the adsorptive capacity of various activated carbon productsobtained for both "ipil-ipil" and coir dust at varying temperatures using various solventsare shown in Table 4.

Correlation between gas adsorbed and internal surtace area

As noted in Figures 10, 11 and 12, for both "ipil-ipil" and coir dust saturated chargranules, 7o gas adsorbed was found to be directly proportional to the surface area. Thelinear figure obtained passed thlough the zero point in the axes. From the slopeobtaine4 one molecular area (A"') as calculated revealed that "ipil-ipil" and coir dustexhibited almost the same adsorbability values as follows:

Conelation between pore distribution and pore volume

Plotting the derivatives of volume with respect to pore radius as shown in Figure13, the pore size distribution of the activated products obtained from "ipil-ipil" and coirdust ranges between fe and rfe. the adsorption of activated carbon takes placewithin thi pore size distribution usually ransing between fA and 30oA (micropore).The results obtained show that the pore size distribution is within the range of the activepore sites of activated carbon.

Corelation between bulk density and reaction time

FinallX the bulk density of each of the activated products obtained with paticlesi2ss lenglng between 0.5 - 2.0 mm was compared with the commercial activated carbonof the same particle size range. Comparative results as shown in Figure 14 indicated thatthe bulk density of the activated granular char products compares favorably or is even

c@

Sample Solvents

"Ipil-ipil"Coir dust

GHo(eo2)

CC14(Ao2)

CHgCOCH:(ao2)

55.0 30 138

65.0 30 131

II

t2L:1 Aida, et. al.: Production of HW Quali|Adsorbent Charcoal

highsr than that of the commercial product. Furthermore, results show that the bulkdensity of the granular char products decreases with increasing activation time andtemperature.

SI]MMARY AI{D CONCLUS ION

The production of granulated activated carbon from two selected promisingwood sources, nnmely *ipil-ipil" and coir dust, were studied.

The optimum conditions for the granulation of char using molasses as binder wasdetermined and established at optimum ratio of 1:0.5 and 1:0.8 (char:binder) for"ipil-ipil" and coir dust, respectively. Carbonization of the granules was done at agradual temperature increase of3oC/min until 600oC was attained. Carbonized granuleswith particle size raneing between 0.5 - 2.0 mm were obtained at a yield of 73Vo and15Vo,respectively for "ipil-ipil" and coir dust.

The activation prooess was done at 850oC and 900oC using an external heat typeactivating equipment with steam at 2.5 rrl H2Olmin and at reaction time which was variedfrom 10 to 60 minutes. There was significant loss in yield as activation time is increased.

The physical properties and adsorptive capaciry of the activated granular charproducts were determined . The apparent constant (k) as calculated was 29.48 x 10-3min-1 for "ipil-ipil" and 57.5 x L0-3 min-l for coir dust at 850oC activation temperature.For activation done with product yield of 30-40Vo,the (MB) value and internal surfacearea (S) viels detslmined with results as follows: for coir dust activated at 850oC (MB)was 390 m/g AC and surface area was 1000 m?g AC; for "ipil-ipil" at 900oC, (MB)value was ?!l0mglgAC and (S) was 1,200 m2lgAC.

Good inferenoe was obtained on the correlation of internal surface area with gasand methylene blue adsorbabilities. A comparison of the raw materials used revealedthat coir dust activated granules exhibited higher MB adsorptive capacity but has lowerinternal surfact area than "ipil-ipil" granules. With respect to bulk density, the productsobtained from both materials compared favorably with the commercial activated carbonproduct used as standard.

Results of this study have shown that good quality activated granule chars can beproduced from "ipil-ipil" and coir dust which find suitable applications in variousadsorption processes such as organic solvents adsorption, gas adsorpion, water purifi-catioq oil and sugar refining among others.

However, the hardness of granulated activated carbonwhich is not covered in thisreport can be subject for future study. Furthermore, the use of an inner heat tlpeactivaring apparatus need to be investigated in order to obtain basic data for scale-upstudies.

'4':

38 Philippine loumal of Science

ACKNOIryLEDGMEI{T

This studywas made possible thru the technical cooperation of the Institute forllansfer of Industrial Technolog5r (ITIT), with the Government Industrial DevelopmentLaboratory Hokkaido (GIDLH), Japan and the Department of Science and Techno'logr (DOST), Philippines.

The authors wish to express their sincerest gratitude to Messrs. IC Ishibashi, ICNiikawa, Y. Noda andH. Hosoda" GIDLH researchersfor theirconstructive suggestionsand technical assistance; to Dr. Akira lkehatq Director,2nd Division, GIDLH, for his

valuable advice and cooperation and most of dl to Dr. Felimon A. Uriarte, Jr., Director,NIST for his wholehearted support and guidance for the success of the project.

REFERENCES

Arid4 V.P., O.G. Atienza, TA. Quilao, A.R. Caballero, J. Laxamanq D. Pugal, C. Guce'Production of High Quality Adsorbent Charcoal from Philippine Woods. I. Pow-dered Activated carbon, Philipptre Journal of Science, 1987. Vol. 116 No. 3 pp.255-274.

Graham, D. 1955. Characterization of Physical Adsorption Systems. Jour. Phys. Chem.v.59 pp.8%-900.

Hiratq et.al. 1960 Chem. EngJournal No. Z p.572.

3g

L2l:l Atidq et al.: Mttction of HW Qual@Adsdrbent Charcoal

39

g

t r 6 6(.) 9)

3 c !'Es I

5 F € > .

" E€!n H! i , , e c t : C )-c ,:i ?1 Fl v tla i F d ! ! J 4 . x'g*EE?E

H

l l t t l l t t I ' '

=pa-dfo|l)

5B

.A

o

Acrt

'otr€.a(rt

c)C'

'€xoaaq)

t0{

.gu)

Fi€g(lt.aTA>\cltrq)

€E.Todjo

D

F

f€ei

In6l

0{.)

><

T

eiI

No

6oE

x

$

dg c- fr q rr

tp(nN_tl

al I ra

Hg4(n dF-

TKod

xt';\9

Fgoa

sqr,n

+tg

s|,nqt

€8'<E i6+talra

trqt

=SO EF-9t-.1

rnt\t'.

Ioi

Fr

o\

-oAE6.n

a

:+Eeti.

O k.n cg' = o

Q=E

oO

.t2

€br < E. 5 ( J()

II

q Philippine loumal of Science L992

Table 2. Data on the granulation of powdered char at optimum conditions.

Coir dust "Ipil-ipil"

Ratio (char:binder) 1:0.8 1:0.5

Bulk density of char (g/cc) 0.L7 0.28

Weight of char (g) 2N 300

Weight of molasses (g) 160 150

VoDrlution 50 580

Weight of water (g) 80 75

Vo yreld ( carbonized granules) 75 73

Bulk density of granules (g/cc) 0.51 0.56

fa6ie f. Comparative analysis of molasses.

Analysis Molasses Source

Philippines Japan

Total solids, % 9.6 86.0

Sugar content, 7o 18.6 t6.3

Ash,Vo 5.0 7.2

L2l:1 Arido, et. al.: Production of High QualityAdsoftent Charcoal

4L

Table 4, Data on the gas adsorptive capacig of products obtained at varyingtemperatures using various solvents.

Sample coHoG/gAc) ccL (deAc) CHTCOCHT(G/eAc)

15"C 2fC ro"c rfc 25"C 300c rfc 2fC 300c

r-850-30 0.30 0.35 0.35 0.61 0.65 o.7L o.v 0.v 0.v

I-a5O-45 o.a 0.n 0.38 0.6 0.70 0.7r o.v 0.37 0.3'l

r-€5(H0 0.33 0.43 0.4 0.75 0.82 0.82 0.43 0.45 0.45

I-qn-20 0.23 0.4 0,24 0.39 o.a 0.43 o.a 0.26 o.n

r-900-35 0.30 0.43 0,45 0.75 0.89 0.89 0.4 0.48 0.48

I-9fl)-40 0.32 0.42 0.43 0.72 0.81 0.81 0.41 0.43 o.M

cD{50-10 0.26 0.n 0.?a 0.40 0.43 0.41 0.29 0.30 0.n

cD{50-15 031 0.32 0.30 0.51 0.61 0.54 0.v 0.v 0.32

cD-8S20 035 038 0g 0.57 0.7L 0.67 o.a 0.38 0.36

cD-as30 038 0.43 037 0.69 0.w 0.7t 0.43 0.39 0,40

cD-85040 0.11 0.11 0.28 0.11 0.4 0.22 0.n 0.27 0.22

cD-900-5 0.n 0.2L 0.v 0.4 0.52 0.55 0.25 0.26 0.22

cD-900-10 0.30 0.31 0g 031 0.60 0.54 0.30 0.v 0.n

cD-900-20 038 o.a 037 0.37 0.79 0.n 0.6 0.4 039

Commercial

AC0.41 0.4 o.u 0.85 0.85 0.78

rAere: I = 'ipiLipil" CD = coir dus

1992Philippine loumal of Scicnce42

e-.1

o

B

li

tl4

oan

uo

a

*,

trb0

r+t

a}{

rt

()!J(!

Eq)

00T{J4

H

E O( ) F I

r,' u $o+J r{qt +,

F { Ua <d(t t{t O(., t+4

k(uQ

h(u

Bo

c!

+!o

T.lca

F{

(Iloot{d

(J

'ooF

l. "r'( l ) t ro. qJP \ Nh ' r t

}J

J OO F I

d F lo q ,

t {org) el . E}JX F I

frl v

Hox

.r{E

t{ | -.{o l d' g l oE l oO l t i

A l r d--l I

l { 5o oN C )

T { ELio o> o

F{ c!, r

p < v

EE

(\l

I

rn

t{(lt

I

q)IJ

Fl

d

GH

l2Izl Aid4 aaL: MtaiotqHWAwWAds&bentCXtotul

loo * 2oo 3oo 4oo 5Oo' Temperature, (oC)

2. Therrnal balance analysis of molasses.

43

i t \

l .

l,&O 0 ^o! E-rc :*Fol \,ot)C C . 'r d H

c)

0

Flg.

L

tl

I

IIIIII

II

\i

IIIII

II

II

qI

IIt

Japan

Ph11 lppines

/il il iI

I

t\II

+3

19pr2M Philippine loumal of Sciince

509, (n ln . )

50g, (nin. )

3. Correlatlon between

welght and reaetl.on

Yarlous actlvatlon

100

100

change i n

tlne (Q) at

temperature.

4+

oIJ6t

o, ?o.so vdo1.. Oo t so \

E ^h

r r lE Oo 0 F

q,B

ol,rrt}{g ?0.q l vol . OU >o \'tt ^

r r lg o0 0 >

o3

Ipt l - lp11

-O- bsooc{- 9o0oc

t'a\ o

\\

\o\

0

F lg .

\

\ \

\ \

\ \

\ ' \

Colr Dust-a- 8500c-a- 900oc

L21:I Aida, et. al.: Production of Higlt QuahAAdsoibent Chorcoal

45

400

(,

M

; 200

r.r 100t

0

F t g . 4 .

9' (n ln. )

Effect of reactlonblue valuc (ilB) ofproductg.

60

tfue (e) on nethylenethe actlvated char

c)

b0

(\E

ut

Colr Dust- ,r- 850oC- I -gooocIptl- lp11-o- 8-5OoC- a- 900"c

0

Ptg . 5 .

IUU

0 , (n tn . )

Effect of reactlon tfune (e) onlnternal surface area (S) of theactivated char Products.

/ " \

?^...ft{li .,,'/ :;'-"?;s:A ,1a/ ;i;.;ig:g

A ' - ' - " ' -

IP11 -1P11

1--" -9- H93F

6 Philippine fut'nal 6 Sciltnce 19g2

300

250

bo 150b0E

fq r00E

50

0

F ig . 6 .

500 1000s , (n2/e, tc)

Correlat ion between nethylene blue value (MB)and in te rna l sur face area (S) o f Ehe ac tLva tedc h a r p r g d u c t s . ,

i . i

t ' l

it/i

AO

/ . /

/ // /

; /

/ /

/^/ o

/ /

CoLr Dust

-A- 85ooc{- 9000c

Ip11- tp l l-b- 85ooc-O- 90ooc

l2l:1 Aridc et. al.: Production of Htgh QuahAAdsorbent Charcoal

47

i..r\

0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0I , (n in . )

Flg. 7. Effdct of reactl .on t lne (e)

adeorbabtl l tv at 25oC.

I , (o ln . )

Flg. 8. Effect of reactlon tlneadaorbabll.lty of varLous

on benzene

100

'$8946.{- 9000c

Ip11-lp11-O- 85ooc-o- goooc

.q

3so.t

t-{()(.'

40t0

(9) on carbon tetrachlorldeactivated char at 25oC.

Colr Duet-a- 8500c

I48 Philippine lournal of Science 19y2

50

*30

a,t

fzoIoC'(no10

4010 60g , ( m i n . )

Fig. 9. Ef fect gf act lvattonof var lous act ivated

tlme (g) on acetone adsorbabllltYchar producie at 25oC

,a o

/

I

o

Colr dust-A- 850oc-a- 9000c

Ip11-lp11-O- 850oC-O- goooc

l2l:L And4 et. al.: Prodtction of High Quah$Adsorbent Chattoal

0 500 r0s , (rn2lgtc)

Flg. 10. Corre lat ion between benzeneand lnternal sur face area(6tect lvated char products.

49

i.J

l.{

t

\o\o()

adsorbabll ltyof varLous

l.q

!t

.tr{(Ju

50QS , (nzlgAC)

1000

CorrelatLon between carbon tetrachlorLdeadsorbabll lty and lnternal surface area($)of the varlous activated char products.

Io11-lp11-g- 850oc{- goooc

Colr Dust-a- 8500c-a- 9000c

Ipll- lplJ.o 8500co goooc

;y^+1

50

fl 'i twz

FS

!

co(,o(J(n()

Pfilippilu lauul q Scir;ncc

s O q 1 , r ^ \ t 0 o Os , ( m a l g A C )

Correlat lon between acetone adsorbabl l l tyand Lnternal surface area ($ t of thevarlous act lvated char Products.

Ftg. 12.

€ ?

Iptl- lptl-O- 85ooc-O- goooc

Colr Dust-a- 8500C-a- 9000c

A

t-'Il rI!

51l2lzl Aid4 eL ol": Mtctiot of HW QwlityAdsorbent Chanml

r , (8)

Pore size distr lbut loncarbon products.

15

of var ious act ivated

.Ao.o0

\rFlE

r v

i . 0 .

t''

o0- o' r-{r>\ . n

t >

Flg .

I- Ip11-lp11

CD-Colr dust

I-n Philipp@ Jq.rrral of Scierlcc twz

0 .

I

UrJe

a

rtQ, O.

4010g , (nln. )

Fig. 14. Correlatlon between bulk denslty ( ({ andreactlon tlne (e) on varlous produits actlvatedat 850tand 900oC.

ffi:kCommercl-al Llne

85ooc 9000c-O - -O- Iptl-tpil-A - -a - Colr Dust

THE PHILIPPINE

Documents

Transcript of THE PHILIPPINE