Security dimension as trigger and result of the modification of the frontiers of the European Union

„BABEȘ-BOLYAI” UNVERSITY

CLUJ-NAPOCA

FACULTY OF HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY

DOCTORAL SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND SECURITY

STUDIES

SECURITY DIMENSION AS TRIGGER AND

RESULT OF THE MODIFICATION OF THE

FRONTIERS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

SUMMARY OF THE PHD THESIS

PhD. coordinator:

Prof. univ. dr. HORGA IOAN

PhD. student:

MÉSZÁROS EDINA LILLA

2015

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction................................................................................................................................... 1

Argumentation and introduction in the problems of the thesis................................................ 1

The study of borders/frontiers and of security........................................................................... 5

Review of the literature.................................................................................................................. 7

Research objectives and motivation for choosing the subject.................................................. 8

Purpose and research hypotheses, the current situation and goals......................................... 8

Structure of the study................................................................................................................. 13

Methodology................................................................................................................................ 19

The utility of the research and its limitations........................................................................... 20

CHAPTER I. Demystifying the concept of security, schools of thought and theoretical

approaches.................................................................................................................................. 22

I.1. The concept of security: a non-traditional approach............................................ 22

I.2. Security, a socially constructed phenomenon: a constructivist approach.......... 25

I.3. Innovations of Copenhagen School: notions of securitization-desecuritization,

societal security versus the International Political Sociology of (in) security (School

of Paris)............................................................................................................................ 29

I.3.1. Securitization: a discursive construction of threat............................................... 29

I.3.2. Limits of the Copenhagen School and the perceptions of the followers of the

Paris School..................................................................................................................... 37

I.4. Why there’s a need to securitize migration and frontiers and to use a security

rhetoric?.......................................................................................................................... 43

I.4.1. Tracing the articulation of threat, a discourse analysis...................................... 48

CHAPTER II. Security dimension as trigger and result of the modification of the frontiers

of the European Community/European Union from the fall of the Berlin Wall and the

creation of the Schengen area to the Treaty of Lisbon........................................................... 59

II.1. Security dimension and David Hume’s causation theory................................... 59

II.2. Defining the border/frontier and their classification........................................... 62

II.3. Iron curtain vs. lace curtain or the road from the fall of the arbitrary border

(Iron curtain) created during the Cold War to Schengen........................................... 65

II.3.1. Freedom of movement of persons and the abolition of the internal borders or the

creation of „Schengenland” (Schengen area)................................................................ 68

II.4. Securitization of borders and of migration and the emergence of a new

European threat environment: Treaty of Maastricht and the formation of the nexus

between immigration and security................................................................................ 75

II.4.1. Development of the immigration-security nexus beyond Amsterdam till

Lisbon............................................................................................................................... 79

II.5. Databases and instruments for registering and monitoring of immigrants in the

EU: Schengen Information System (SIS), the Visa Information System (VIS),

Eurodac and the creation of the European Agency for the Management of

Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the

European Union, Frontex.............................................................................................. 88

II.5.1. European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the

External Borders of the Member States of the European Union,

Frontex............................................................................................................................. 98

CHAPTER III. The dilemma of securitization of the southern borders of the European

Union: causal link between the human mobility triggered by the Arab Spring and the

reform of the area of free movement...................................................................................... 106

III.1. The phenomenon of migration in the European Union................................... 106

III.1.1. Conceptual approach, who are these immigrants and asylum seekers? ........ 106

III.1.2. Brief introduction in the migration theories.................................................... 110

III.1.3. Illegal immigrants and asylum seekers in the EU in numbers, a quantitative

analysis........................................................................................................................... 113

III.2. Revolutions in North Africa and their migratory effects on the southern

borders of the EU, especially on Italy........................................................................ 118

III.2.1. What were the real reasons behind these migratory events? Was it a real

humanitarian emergency situation? ............................................................................ 122

III.2.2. How did Italy respond to these challenges? .................................................... 123

III.2.3. What was the feedback of the European Union? ............................................ 126

III.3. The analyses of the cooperation agreements between North Africa and the EU

on border control and migration: human rights dilemmas and policy

incoherencies................................................................................................................. 129

III.4. How did a matter of external border control evolve into a fray on internal

borders? Doomsayers predict the end of the Schengen area? ................................. 133

III. 5. Arab Spring the perfect scapegoat for strengthening the area of free

movement....................................................................................................................... 136

III. 6. Echoes of the Arab Spring: the irregular migratory phenomenon in Malta

and Lampedusa and the reform of the Dublin Convention...................................... 141

CHAPTER IV. Dual character of the securitization of the external borders of the European

Union: fences of bridges? A synthesis of the inclusionary and exclusionary practices at the

southern and eastern borders of the European Union.......................................................... 150

IV.1. The EU’s external borders: surveillance and access points.…….................... 150

IV.2. Spanish-Moroccan security nexus and the principle of selective

permeability.................................................................................................................... 151

IV.2.1. The metaphor of ”Fortress Europe” and ”Panopticon/Banopticon

Europe”.......................................................................................................................... 154

IV.3. Greek-Turkish security nexus, exclusionary border practices....................... 158

IV.4. EU-Russia/Kaliningrad security nexus............................................................. 159

IV.4.1. Which is the eastern border of the European Union and why does it have to be

securitized? .................................................................................................................... 161

IV.4.2. Is there a frontier between cultures? ............................................................... 163

IV.4.3. Threats lurking at the eastern border of the European Union with special

allusion to the border between EU-Russia/Kaliningrad: a quantitative

analysis........................................................................................................................... 164

IV.4.4. Kaliningrad –a short introduction.................................................................... 167

IV.4.5. Financial instruments of the European Union in Kaliningrad, inclusionary

measures......................................................................................................................... 178

IV.4.5. Position and role of the Kaliningrad oblast in the context of the EU-Russian

border relations. Inclusionary and exclusionary practices.......................................... 181

CHAPTER V. The analysis of the EU’s new cutting edge technology in terms of external

border control, the Eurosur program and the Smart Borders Initiative............................ 193

V.1. The US-Visit Program and the American Smart Borders................................ 193

V.2. Demystifying the Eurosur Program and the Smart Borders

Initiative......................................................................................................................... 196

V.3. The smart borders are anything but smart? Reluctance and criticism towards the EU’s

border package and EUROSUR.................................................................................... 207

V.4. Future scenarios related to trends in migration and border security ............. 213

V.4.1. A probability scenario......................................................................................... 214

V.4.2. An alternative scenario (negative and pessimistic)............................................ 216

V.4.3. A preferred scenario (utopian)........................................................................... 217

V.4.4. A scenario of risk factors and the black swan theory………............................ 218

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS- The European Union an „e-fortress” and

a gated community in becoming?! ............................................................................. 222

BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................................... 227

ANNEXES................................................................................................................................. 256

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF CHARTS

LIST OF MAPS

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

1

SUMMARY

Keywords: securitization, securitization of migration, security continuum, Copenhagen

School, Paris School, Eurosur, Smart Borders Initiative, Frontex, Arab Spring, inclusive-

exlusive border, Fortress Europe, gated community.

If we would ask the man of the 21st century

1 that what is his perception about borders, the

most certainly he would describe this concept as a spatial demarcation line, a division between

territories, cultures, languages, political and confessional systems. However, in most part of the

early modern period, as well as ancient times and the Middle Ages borders were not designed as

straight lines delimiting political territories and dominions. Leafing through the pages of history

if we take the example of the Roman limes, the classic dividing line of the Roman civilization

from the barbarian world, this rather represented a diffuse contact zone between the conquered

territories and those who resisted the invasion, than a clear demarcation line.2 The term

frontier/border seems to have gained importance with the advent of the sovereign states in the

sixteenth and seventeenth centuries after the appearance of the system of states introduced by the

Treaty of Westphalia, when borders have become more visible and began to be considered and

discussed in the context of various aspects of state ideology being recognized also by

international treaties. 3

The emergence of the modern state has brought about the development of economic and

political systems of a centre-periphery model. But today we face a paradox situation, on one

hand, globalization4 and on the other hand preoccupations for security and terrorism, which

reaffirm the importance of borders of each state.

1 See E. L. Mészáros, „Security Dimension of New EU External Communication: The Duplicity of Borders as

Surveillance and Access Points”, in: I. Horga; A. Landuyt (eds), Communicating the EU Policies beyond the

Borders. Proposals for Constructive Neighbour Relations and the New EU’s External Communication Strategy,

Oradea, Editura Universității din Oradea, 2013, pp. 209-212. 2 M. Baramova, „Border Theories in Early Modern Europe”, in: European History Online (EGO), published by the

Institute of European History (IEG), Mainz, 2010, p. 1, http://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-

regions/maria-baramova-border-theories-in-early-modern-europe, accessed 7 July 2014. 3 E. Brunnet-Jailly (ed.), Borderlands: Comparing Border Security in North America and Europe, Ottawa,

University of Ottawa Press, 2007, p. IX. 4Globalization seems to make borders irrelevant in many ways, turning them into some obsolete and useless

structures, it’s enough to look at the fact that issues related to trade, migration, environment and health pass over the

borders of several countries.

2

The monitoring of borders/frontiers raises important governing questions for both

scholars and key policy makers, demanding profound institutional changes and the re-

conceptualization of our perception about the symbolic and functional role of borders and of

border areas and boundaries in the international order. Thus it can be ascertained that although

the projections of a world without borders have become omnipresent in the last two decades,

state borders remain one of the most basic and visible features of the international system.

Due to the political changes of the 1980s and 90s, among which we mention the

dismantling of the Soviet Union and the European integration, the frontiers of Europe have

undergone major changes. The collapse of the socialist regime in Eastern Europe redesigned the

continent geographically, politically, socially and economically. While the Soviet bloc was

falling apart in the east, in the west the European integration process was in progress. The Single

European Act of 1986 laid the foundation for the Single Market and established the freedom of

movement of people, goods, capital and services, and the Schengen agreements abolished

customs control within the Schengen area, transferring control to the external borders. The fall of

the Iron Curtain brought an opening of borders, but this illusion of soft borders was immediately

dispersed by the Schengen and Maastricht moments, which established the strengthening of these

external borders.

In the immediate period after the Cold War we witnessed the creation of a complex

security environment profoundly changed, in which had produced a shift from risk to threats,

namely from the sole risk of nuclear exchanges to multiple threats of global insecurity. In the

new millennium the transnational threats increased, United Europe being under constant

pressure, being the target of terrorist groups, drugs, weapons- and human traffickers and of

illegal immigration networks. As a result to these challenges and threats, the frontiers of the

European Union were transformed into security zones, with high-tech instruments and strict

normative measures.

Border security has taken on greater importance after the terrorist attacks in the United

States, occupying the first place on the agendas of political elites both in the U.S. and the

European Union. After these events the EU has found itself face-to-face with a major challenge,

namely the creation of a secure environment with strengthened borders, a challenge which in this

era of free commerce must deal with the intensive flux of people and goods.

3

The border security policies must enable the security staff to identify and to filter

dangerous substances or persons from millions of travellers and tons of merchandises which

cross the frontiers of the European Union daily, especially in the large urban border regions. So

we can conclude that the measures of management of the external frontiers of the European

Union must meet a double objective: of enhancing security on one side and of facilitating travel

and the movement of persons on the other side.

Precisely for this reason, one of the main objectives of this thesis consists in revealing

both the hard and soft practices used by the EU at its external borders, trying to reconcile the

realist state-centric and exclusionary border practices with the necessity of developing an

inclusionary approach based on collaboration with those situated on the other side of the border.

Thus, the European colossus acquires a dual feature: on one hand is trying to distance itself from

the surrounding world, while on the other it wants to engage in a policy of good neighbourhood

for the assurance of stability.

Among the objectives of the thesis we also find the analysis of the of issues of borders/

frontiers in terms of the main dimensions of European security, seen from the perspective of

causality, security appearing as a trigger and result of the modification of frontiers. The research

also aims to investigate the future trends concerning the securitization of the EU, predicting a

United Europe with soft borders or an e-fortress (security enclave) with hard borders and

explaining the duality of the EU’s external borders (which can be at the same time both

inclusionary and exclusionary).

The main question to which we want to answer in this study has taken as a source of

inspiration the title of the famous novel of Henryk Sienkiewicz, Nobel Prize winner, namely:

„Quo vadis” United Europe, an e-fortress and a gated community in becoming or a hospitable

and enticing Europe?.5 By solving this dilemma we wish to give a prognosis of the direction

where the EU is heading in border security and immigration policy matters, underlining that

although the global migration policy of the EU is on a good track, the scenario of an e-fortress

5 See E. L. Mészáros, „’Quo Vadis’ United Europe: An E-Fortress in Becoming or the Promise Land ”Eldorado”, in:

Analele Universității din Oradea, Seria Relații Internaționale și Studii Europene, TOM IV, Oradea: Editura

Universității din Oradea, 2012, p. 173.

4

Europe is very possible, a scenario that would be very dangerous both for the European

humanitarian and normative tradition and for the human rights values.6

This study departs from certain hypotheses through which we want to confute the

statements of various scholars, like Jan Zielonka or Chris Rumford, who foresee a Europe with

soft frontiers. We desire to move the research to another level, according to which we consider

the concept of fortress Europe, as an expired and outdated term, its place being taken by the

concept of e-fortress, which instead of traditional measures of border control will use „invisible

fences”, non-lethal microwaves, video-equipped (and potentially armed) unmanned dirigibles,

off-shore sensors, satellite tracking systems and new biometric technologies for the assurance of

the security of the external frontiers of EU. 7

Jan Zielonka, in one of his studies, entitled How New Enlarged Borders Will Reshape

the European Union (2001), pointed out that the installation of hard borders in the European

Union would be difficult, the EU being a construction without definite borders. Zielonka even

questioned the utility of these rigid borders, finding the problems connected to cross-border

crime, smuggling, and illegal migration (considered as the main arguments for erecting walls

around the EU, and for the construction of hard borders) exaggerated. In his perspective

establishing hard borders would put in jeopardy the process of the European enlargement, which

would lead to exclusion rather than inclusion.8 In his book Europe as Empire he comes to the

same conclusion, advocating for a United Europe with soft, inclusive borders, drawing the

attention of the reader upon the risks of hard borders, which would hamper the trade, and would

alienate the EU’s current and future neighbours, jeopardizing the existing Western system of

freedom.9 Zielonka lobbied for an enlarged Europe with soft borders instead of hard and fixed

ones.

In Chris Rumford’s perception the European colossus recognized that the imposition of

hard barriers is likely to create problems for both those EU countries on the periphery (faced

6 H. Neisser, „European Migration Policy”, in: B. Gebrewold (ed.), Africa and Fortress Europe: Threats and

Opportunities, Aldershot, Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2007, p. 140. 7 See E. L. Mészáros, „’Quo Vadis’ United Europe...”, pp. 173-175.

8 J. Zielonka, „How New Enlarged Borders Will Reshape the European Union”, in: Journal of Common Market

Studies, Vol. 39, no. 3, 2001, pp. 508-526,

http://econpapers.repec.org/article/blajcmkts/v_3a39_3ay_3a2001_3ai_3a3_3ap_3a507-536.htm, consulted 4 June

2014. 9 J. Zielonka, Europe as Empire: The Nature of the Enlarged European Union, New York, Oxford University Press,

2007, pp. 1-4.

5

with increased insecurity beyond the border) as well for the neighbours who find themselves on

the other side of the golden curtain of wealth (economic disadvantage, curtailment of historical

patterns of local trade, movement of people etc.). Thus, the EU is trying to ameliorate these

problems by softening the edges of its external borders for example, by increasing networking

opportunities with the non-member states and allowing for localized and routine cross-border

traffic.10

Departing from these opinions we are wondering whether the European Union is erecting

fences and building walls at its external frontiers, this being a clear return to the realist

perceptions, or it’s constructing bridges which connects cultures, heading towards inclusionary

practices. Concerning this question our answer is ambivalent, considering that the external

borders of the European colossus are in the same time heavily securitised police borders, meant

to stop every potentially harmful element, and also economic bridges with a role of reducing the

enormous economic asymmetries between the EU and its neighbouring regions.

Nevertheless, based on the results of the empirical research, we may conclude, that

regardless of the dimension of the inclusionary policies, the external borders of Europe have no

tendency of softening, but rather hardening, giving birth to the so called phenomenon of e-

fortress, transforming the idea of a Europe sans frontiers into a utopian myth, at the same time

launching the idea of the transformation of the EU in a gated community, a true security enclave

protected by high-tech instruments. Through gated community we understand a residential

development established on a territorial area surrounded by walls, fences or natural barriers,

restricted access through a secure entrance, guarded by a professional private security personnel

taking advantage of sophisticated technologies and monitoring devices and control.11

Jan Zielonka, in his work Europe as Empire, has reached to another conclusion, stating

that the EU finally will end up with soft border zones rather than fixed and hard external

borderlines envisaged by Schengen, imagining a maze Europe12

rather than a fortress Europe. In

our opinion, though in the light of the current demanding security threats is less likely to happen.

10

C. Rumford, „Rethinking European Spaces: Territory, Borders, Governance”, in: Comparative European Politics,

Vol. 4, 2006, p. 133, http://europeanization.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/chris-rumford-2006.pdf, consulted 4 June

2014. 11

A. Gruszczak, „The European Union a Gated Community: The Challenge of Good Security Governance”, Paper

to the ECPR Fifth Pan-European Conference, Porto, 24-26 June 2010, pp. 1-2, http://www.jhubc.it/ecpr-

porto/virtualpaperroom/161.pdf, consulted 3 January 2014. 12

In such a ‘maze Europe’ different legal, economic, security, and cultural spaces are likely to be bound separately,

cross-border multiple cooperation will flourish, and the inside/outside divide will be blurred. In due time, the EU’s

6

The abundance of the existing databases13

and the introduction of new technologies

(Eurosur or Smart Borders Initiative) which are aimed at transforming the border monitoring in a

2.0 control, seem to reinforce this hypothesis.

In this research, first of all we will try to decipher concepts such as: security,

securitization, border, frontier, immigrants, refugees, legal and illegal (irregular) migration etc.,

realizing also a concise classification of borders, because it is considered that before talking

about the actual topic of research is absolutely necessary to clarify the concepts with which we

will work throughout the thesis.

Throughout the research emphasis will be placed on theories developed by the

representatives of the Copenhagen School, Barry Buzan and Ole Waever, the founders of the

theory of securitization, and on the paradigms developed by representatives of the School of

Paris (international political sociology) led by Didier Bigo. Special attention will be paid to

demystifying the term security, which is the pillar on which this scientific analysis rests, but in

this thesis we shall promote a non-traditional approach to security, which, unlike the traditional

approach, which bound it to the use of force military force, highlights new non-military threats.

Likewise, the definitions of security and of border security threats have undergone significant

changes, also altering the functionality of borders, which are no longer associated with wars, but

with the fight against crime and other security threats, such as terrorism and irregular migration.

As it derives from the title of the research, the entire thesis is marked by duality, on the

one hand aimed to analyze the need for security of the Union, which leads to the emergence of

frontiers, on the other hand security appears in another aspect, as a result of the emergence of

frontiers. This duality will be deciphered by using the causation theory promoted by the British

empiricist, David Hume, i.e. the relationship between cause and effect. This phenomenon of

causality can be implemented in this work because, after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the

reunification of Germany and the process of European integration, the need for security has

created new frontiers in the old continent. In 1985 was signed the Schengen Accord, which

implemented a decade later abolished the internal border controls within the Schengen area,

transferring the control to the EU’s external frontiers, which had to be strengthened as Bort

borders will probably be less territorial, less physical, and less visible. They will not look like fortified lines on the

ground, but like zones where people and their identities mingle.

In: J. Zielonka, Europe as Empire, p. 17 13

Like SIS, VIS or Eurodac.

7

Eberhard noticed „just as the Iron curtain was lifted, bringing in its wake a softening and opening

of frontiers, this became, under the auspices of ‘Europe 92’ and Schengen, the external frontier

of the EU, which had to be hardened”14

, thus security appearing, therefore, in another aspect, as a

result of the emergence of frontiers.

To provide our study a practical character, we have chose to carry out two case studies:

one of securitization of migration from the southern border of the Union, showing that migration

has become a security issue in the European Union, being perceived as a security continuum,

linked to minor infractions, organized crime, drug trafficking and terrorism; and the second, a

synthesis of inclusionary and exclusionary securitization practices used at the southern and

eastern borders of the EU. We believe that both the securitization of migration and of frontiers is

a result of the process of the European integration or of the European construction, which has

produced through the modification of frontiers, and one of the main reasons for this integration

was security. The securitizations of migration and of frontiers, just as the changes in border and

migration policies, are the consequences of an internal security dilemma of Schengen, and of the

development of a unique European identity, which is distinct from the outside world. The

process of forming of an identity, of a European security culture, plays an important role in the

formation of the European construction. According to this Schengen dilemma, security is seen as

a prerequisite for the establishment and expansion of freedom in a given community. Security

feeds more security, which in the case of the European Community leads to the change of

policies in exclusive and repressive practices intended to avert the European Union from

potential real threats (or just perceived) coming from outside.

Wishing to demonstrate that the European Union is turning into a gated community or an

e-fortress, in the last part of the research we aim to analyze the latest technologies in terms of

control of external borders and migration through the EUROSUR project and the Smart Border

Initiative, and, not least, the presentation of future scenarios based on identified areas of

knowledge, in order to highlight trends that may have an impact on the security of the

community borders.

14

E. Bort, „Mitteleuropa: The Difficult Frontier”, in: E. Bort; M. Anderson (eds), The Frontiers of Europe, London,

Pinter, 1998, p. 94.

8

Looking at the structure of the thesis, it consists of an introduction, followed by five

chapters, ending with conclusions and recommendations, respectively selective bibliography and

annexes.

The cornerstone of the thesis (first chapter) is dedicated to the conceptual delimitation

and to the theoretical framing. To demystify the concepts of security and securitization, the

constructivist theory and the international political sociology were chosen, within them a

particular focus on the theories developed by the representatives of the Copenhagen School and

the representatives of the Paris School. In this chapter we discuss how migration has become a

security issue in the European Union, turning into a security continuum, which deliberately

associates illegal immigrants and asylum seekers with illegal activities, requiring the

securitization of migration. United Europe’s feedback related to migration and security has three

axes, among which are: common asylum and migration policy, cooperation with third states, and

strict controls at frontiers. Heavier border controls are meant to enhance cooperation on the

external border controls concerning the efficiency of surveillance at the frontiers of the member

states measured by the decrease of the number of immigrants. The immigrant, foreigner, i.e. the

other, represents a source of threat, a factor of risk and distrust, becoming a sort of resident evil

or folk evil, a risk to our jobs, homes, frontiers, cultural identity and to our national or European

sovereignty.

Once with the attacks from 11/09/2001 this perception of threat has increased even more,

strengthening the link between security and migration, resulting in the securitization of

migration.15

In the first chapter, in addition to the theoretical approaches, an analysis of the discourses

of securitization of migration and of frontiers was also conducted, highlighting the rhetoric of the

decision-makers from different countries of the European Union from the southern borders, like

Italy, France, Greece, Spain which are more predisposed to the influx of immigrants, due to their

geographical position or historical liaison with countries generating migration. Thereby, will be

illustrated concepts like the saving of lives, biblical exodus of immigrants and humanitarian

emergency rhetoric, used by different national or European securitizing actors. The main purpose

is to show how this concern, often reported in European external communication documents and

15 B. Gebrewold, „Introduction Migration as a Transcontinental Challenge”, in: B. Gebrewold (ed.), Africa and

Fortress Europe, Aldershot, Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2007, p. 10.

9

speeches, has contributed to politicize irregular migration and asylum, as well as to legitimize the

undertaking of restrictive policies and heavy surveillance measures, posing consistency and

effectiveness problems to the Union, which are in contradiction with the norms and values on

which the EU is supposedly built on.

The second chapter is designed as a bridge between the different parts of the study, where

will be deciphered that dual nature of security, this emerging in the position of the trigger and

result of the modification of frontiers of the European Community/European Union, using the

causation theory developed by David Hume and the principle of action and reaction of Isaac

Newton. We believe that the need for security contributes to the change and the appearance of

new frontiers, and the modification of frontiers (through enlargement, European integration

process, elimination of borders between Member States of the European Community / European

Union and the creation of an external border with third countries) as a counter effect that

contributes to the generation of other security concerns in the European Union, among which we

mention the fear of illegal immigrants, terrorism, smuggling, criminal groups, which called for

and justified the enhanced securitization of the external borders. We should mention, however,

that here we won’t make an analysis of the enlargements or of the European integration process.

In this chapter, the main objective is to contextualize the European migration and border policies

from an institutional and historical perspective. This chapter deals with political and institutional

dimension of the migration-border-security framework, following the path from the fall of the

Iron Curtain and the creation of the Schengen area to the Treaty of Lisbon.

In our opinion this Iron Curtain, under the auspices of the security centred provisions of

the Schengen Convention and, later, that of Maastricht, has turned into a lace curtain, intended

to exclude the citizens from the other side of the border. Therefore, in this chapter we pay a

special attention to the analysis of the creation of the European Agency for the Management of

Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union,

Frontex and of databases for recording and monitoring of immigrants, such as, the Schengen

Information System (SIS) Visa Information System (VIS) and the Central European Automated

Fingerprint Identification System (Eurodac), and their contribution to the transformation of

immigration and border control into a 2.0 control.

The third chapter presents one of the case studies, namely the securitization of migration

at the southern border of the European Union, driven by the Arab Spring, tracking a causal link

10

between the event-cause of migration and the consolidation of the area of free movement. We

inform the readers that this analysis has its limitations, because it will not insist on a thorough

particularization of the uprisings in North Africa, these events are considered in this study as

triggers, catalyst events that led to the migratory which effects have shaken the pillars of the

European border regime.

We will make a brief introduction in the phenomenon of immigration in the EU and in

migration theories, there will be a conceptual delimitation and we will raise the veil over the

existing cooperation agreements on migration and border control between the EU and Africa. We

will also perform a quantitative analysis focused on the number of illegal immigrants and asylum

seekers in the EU. Special attention will be paid to the analysis of EU’s migration policy in terms

of the EU’s New Global Approach to Migration. This new approach, adopted in 2011, was a

result of the migratory phenomena initiated in the context of the Arab Spring, entitled a "win-

win" policy and proclaimed to be a policy beneficial to all. For these reasons we will examine it

from a critical perspective, assuming that European principles and the real policy of the Union

does not always match. Here we will consider the attitude of citizens and of the European leaders

to the phenomenon of migration.

We will go through various statistics, especially those supplied by the Eurobarometer,

concerning how the perception of the citizens of the European Community has changed towards

the immigrants over the years: after that in the 70s and 80s they were received with open hands,

nowadays they have reached the status of the persona non grata. We don’t exclude the

possibility that the fear of migration and the need of enhancing the feeling of security towards

real or perceived threats coming from outside can be considered as one of the basic arguments

against future enlargements of the EU, and in support of this statement is sufficient to consider

the situation of Turkey

At the end of the chapter also will be described a recent migratory event from 2013 at the

shores of Malta and Lampedusa, another case of securitization of migration, which is perceived

as an echo of the Arab Spring, contributing to the introduction of new reforms, but this time not

to the Schengen area, but the Dublin Convention.

As it can be seen, the main objective is to demonstrate the existence of causality between

the migration phenomenon triggered the Arab Spring and the reforms in the Schengen area,

considering that the management of the event by Member States (France and Italy) and the

11

supranational institutions of the EU enrols in the securitization of migration and of borders

scenario, which is a result of the modification of the European Union’s frontiers and of the

internal security dilemma of Schengen deciphered in the previous chapter.

In the penultimate chapter, the reader can familiarize with a synthesis of inclusionary and

exclusionary practices used at the southern and eastern borders of the European Union, in order

to highlight the dual nature of borders, which are access and surveillance points at the same time

points. We will reveal the inclusionary and exclusionary border management measures by

presenting briefly three case studies, namely that of Ceuta and Melilla (part of the Spanish-

Moroccan security nexus); the erection of a fence along the Evros River (part of the Greek-

Turkish security nexus); Kaliningrad question (part of the EU-Russia border relations).

As the third chapter is entirely devoted to the presentation of the securitization of

migration at the southern borders of the Union, in this part more attention is bestowed to

deciphering the inclusionary and exclusionary measures from the eastern border through the

prism of the EU-Russia/Kaliningrad security nexus. As in the previous chapter here we will also

perform a quantitative analysis, highlighting the threats that lurk at the eastern border of the

European Union with a special hint to the border between EU-Russia/ Kaliningrad.

In order to demonstrate that the EU is turning into an e-fortress or a gated community, in

the last pillar of the research we have proposed to examine the viability of the EUROSUR

project (European Border Surveillance System) and of the Smart Border Initiative16

just as the

presentation of future scenarios in order to highlight trends that may influence the security of the

borders of the European Union.

Both the EUROSUR and the Smart Borders Initiative are oriented towards the reduction of the

illegal migration and terrorist threats through transforming the Mediterranean Sea in a heavy security

zone, by putting the basis of the largest database of digital fingerprints from the world, hand in hand with

the enhancement of surveillance of all the passengers crossing the external frontiers of the EU. As it is

revealed in the Communication from the European Commission to the European Parliament and the

Council of Ministers the migration waves at the external borders of the Union are on the rise, and it

estimated that there number will grow considerably in the upcoming years. Only at the air frontier of the

16 European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council,

„Smart Borders - Options and the Way Ahead”, Official Journal of the European Union, Brussels, 25.10.2011,

COM(2011) 680 final, 25.10.2011, http://eur-

lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2011:0680:FIN:EN:PDF, consulted 1 August 2012.

12

EU is expected an increase of the crossings from 400 million (data from 2009) to 720 million in

the 2030. This situation cannot be solved by the simple hiring of extra border personnel, but it

requires a more complex set of instruments. The Commission strongly believes that the solution

would be the introduction of the European Border Surveillance System and of the Smart Borders

Initiative. According to the Commission this smart package would open the way to a new

generation of border control backed up by more efficient cutting edge technologies.

EUROSUR promises enhanced security of the land and maritime borders of the Union

using innovative technologies like unmanned air drones, off-shore sensors and satellite tracking

systems. The Smart Borders Package has two components, foreseeing the creation of an Entry

and Exist System (EES) and of a Registered Traveller Programme. The first one would register

the movement of all the persons which enter and exit the Schengen area, expending the biometric

control of identification to all the non-EU citizens (even to those who currently do not make the

object of visa requirements), in order to help the border police to identify the overstayers17

. But

since such biometric controls at the borders would lead to longer waiting lines, the creation of

the Entry/Exist System is closely linked to the establishment of a Registered Travel Programme,

which would allow that pre-checked persons who don’t present a security risk to cross the

borders faster than their unregistered counterparts.

We are, however, quite sceptical about this initiative, because there is already some

criticism articulated at its address, being perceived as way too expensive and inefficient project,

of which introduction is not based on an urging social need, being entitled as cheap, loose copy

of the American US-VISIT and SBINET Programs, and last but not the least a result of the

insistences of the interest groups from the security industry. The introduction of personal

information, just as the exchange of personal data with third countries, might result in the future

in the violation of personal data protection. For this reason it is considered necessary to address

these European proposals related to border surveillance both from a migration perspective, and

also from the angle of data protection. This will focus on the impact of initiatives related to the

rights of refugees and how the EU is preparing to respond to illegal migration, while highlighting

the impact of proposed monitoring measures on the right to privacy.

17

In view of European authorities, illegal migration is caused mostly by people (residents of third countries) who

enter the EU legally with a valid travel document and/or visa, but then overstay.

13

Besides analyzing the smart borders package of the European Union, in the latter part of

this study we will present some future scenarios related to trends in migration and border

security. In this framework will present four scenarios:

1. A probability scenario, which shows the image of a united Europe without

major political, economic and demographic changes, the European policies

related to border security and the approach of migration remaining consistent;

2. 2. An alternative scenario (negative and pessimistic), in which due to factors

such as economic decline and/or collapse of the euro area, violent conflicts,

ageing of population in the developed world, will lead to the reinstallation of

borders within the Schengen area and the restriction of legal migration

channels;

3. A preferred scenario (utopian) entitled frontier-utopia, which requires the

undertaking of drastic or unusual policy measures in areas such as migration or

the protection of borders/frontiers, the European attention is directed towards

human rights and freedoms instead of security concerns;

4. A scenario of risk factors and the black swan theory, which aims to introduce

some unpredictable factors, assuming a divergence from current trends.

Consequently, due to voids created, the frontiers of the European Union can

become permeable. In such a hypostasis the movement of persons is

uncontrollable and transnational organized crime and smuggling is flourishing.

The conclusions include the main research results of the thesis and some

recommendations for policy makers in the European Union concerning the future management of

borders and migration.

The bibliography includes both primary sources (official EU documents, interviews,

speeches, online newspaper articles) and secondary sources (books, articles in edited volumes,

electronic articles) and we tried to consult the most up-to-date research publications in the field.

As shown in the previous lines, the problem of borders and of security has been the

subject of many debates, representing a concern of many researchers, however none of the

sources consulted by us so far has addressed the issue from this perspective of duality. The

novelty of the thesis is precisely this duality, the entire research study being analyzed in terms of

causality (security emerging as a result of the modification of frontiers), and that it wants to give

14

a forecast on where the EU is heading and not a historical account of the securitization of

frontiers and of immigration policy. In our reflection both the securitization of migration and of

frontiers, are the results of the European integration and the modification of borders and of the

internal security dilemma of Schengen. Such an approach couldn’t be found in any of the sources

consulted to date. Therefore, being in the property of such information and after the proper

completion of the work is left to the competence of the readers to decide whether the research

has achieved all its objectives, and if it really has an innovative character bringing something

new to the research field of borders and of security.

15

BIBLIOGRAPHY

PRIMARY SOURCES

I. OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS

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Regulation (EC) No 1560/2003 Laying down Detailed Rules for the Application of

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16


European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the

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18

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19


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20

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21

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1 May 1999, http://consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/SCH.ACQUIS-EN.pdf.

German Marshall Fund of the United States, „Transatlantic Trends: Immigration, Key Findings

2011”, 2011, http://trends.gmfus.org/files/2011/12/TTImmigration_final_web1.pdf.

„Helsinki European Council, 10 and 11 December 1999 Presidency Conclusions”,

https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/ACFA4C.htm.

Meijers Committee Standing Committee of Experts on International Immigration, Refugee and

Criminal Law, „Note Meijers Committee on the Smart Borders proposals”, COM(2013) 95

final, COM (2013) 96 final and COM (2013) 97 final, 3 May 2013, http://www.commissie-

meijers.nl/assets/commissiemeijers/CM1307%20Note%20Meijers%20Committee%20on%

20the%20Smart%20Borders%20proposals.pdf.

NATO, „Smart Defense”, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/78125.htm.

Poliția Română, „SIRENE România – actualitate și perspective”,

http://www.politiaromana.ro/Schengen%20nr%201.pdf.

„Presidency Conclusions European Council Meeting in Laeken 14 and 15 December 2001”,

Punctul 42,

http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/68827.pdf.

„Regulamentul (CE) Nr. 2007/2004 al Consiliului din 26 octombrie 2004 de instituire a Agenției

Europene pentru Gestionarea Cooperării Operative la Frontierele Externe ale statelor

membre ale Uniunii Europene”, în: Jurnalul Oficial al Uniunii Europene, http://eur-

lex.europa.eu/legal-content/RO/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32004R2007&from=RO.

„Regulamentul (UE) Nr. 1052/2013 al Parlamentului European și al Consiliului din 22

octombrie 2013 de instituire a Sistemului european de supraveghere a frontierelor

(EUROSUR)”, în: Jurnalul Oficial al Uniunii Europene, Art. 24, 6 Noiembrie, 2013, L

295/23, http://eur-

lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:295:0011:0026:RO:PDF.

„Regulamentul (UE) Nr. 1168/2011 al Parlamentului European și al Consiliului din 25 octombrie

2011 de modificare a Regulamentului (CE) nr. 2007/2004 al Consiliului de instituire a

Agenției Europene pentru Gestionarea Cooperării Operative la Frontierele Externe ale

Statelor Membre ale Uniunii Europene”, în: Jurnalul Oficial al Uniunii Europene, L 304/5,

22

22 Noiembrie 2011, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-

content/RO/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L:2011:304:FULL&from=EN.

„Regulamentul (CE) Nr. 863/2007 al Parlamentului European și al Consiliului din 11 iulie 2007

de stabilire a unui mecanism de creare a echipelor de intervenție rapidă la frontieră și de

modificare a Regulamentului (CE) nr. 2007/2004 al Consiliului în ceea ce privește acest

mecanism și de reglementare a sarcinilor și a competențelor agenților invitați”, în: Jurnalul

Oficial al Uniunii Europene, L 199/30, 31 Iulie 2007, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-

content/RO/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32007R0863&from=RO.

„Regulamentul (CE) Nr. 2725/2000 al Consiliului din 11 decembrie 2000 privind instituirea

sistemului „Eurodac” pentru compararea amprentelor digitale în scopul aplicării eficiente a

Convenției de la Dublin”, în: Jurnalul Oficial al Uniunii Europene, http://eur-

lex.europa.eu/legal-content/RO/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32000R2725&from=RO.

„Regulamentul (CE) NR. 767/2008 al Parlamentului european și al Consiliului din 9 iulie 2008

privind Sistemul de informații privind vizele (VIS) și schimbul de date între statele

membre cu privire la vizele de scurtă ședere (Regulamentul VIS)”, în: Jurnalul Oficial al

Uniunii Europene, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-

content/RO/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32008R0767&from=RO.

„Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006

Establishing a Community Code on the Rules Governing the Movement of Persons across

Borders (Schengen Borders Code)”, în: Official Journal of the European Union, L105,

13.0.2006, http://eur-

lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32006R0562:EN:NOT.

„Regulation (EC) No 1987/2006 of the European Parliament and the Council of 20 December

2006 on the Establishment, Operation and Use of the Second Generation Schengen

Information System (SIS II)”, 28.12.2006, în: Official Journal of the European Union,

http://eur-


„The Schengen Acquis - Convention Implementing the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985

between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal

Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the Gradual Abolition of Shecks at their

Common Borders”, în: Official Journal, 22/09/2000 P. 0019 – 0062, http://eur-

lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:42000A0922%2802%29:en:HTML.

„De la Schengen la Prüm”, fără an,

http://www.schengen.mira.gov.ro/Documente/utile/catutil/DE%20LA%20SCHENGEN%2

0LA%20PRUM%20final.pdf.

„The Stockholm Programme – An Open and Secure Europe Serving and Protecting the

Citizens”, în: Official Journal of the European Union, C 115, 4 May 2010,

http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2010:115:0001:0038:en:PDF

„Tratatul de la Lisabona de modificare a Tratatului privind Uniunea Europeană şi a Tratatului de

instituire a Comunităţii Europene”, semnat la Lisabona, 13 decembrie 2007, în: Jurnalul

Oficial al Uniunii Europene, 2007/C 306/01, 17 Decembrie 2007, http://eur-

lex.europa.eu/legal-content/RO/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:C:2007:306:FULL&from=EN.

Tratatul de la Roma, 25 Martie 1957,

http://ec.europa.eu/archives/emu_history/documents/treaties/rometreaty2.pdf.

Tratatul privind Uniunea Europeană (92/C 191/01), 1992, http://cursdeguvernare.ro/wp-

content/uploads/2014/07/maastricht-1992.pdf.

23

Treaty of Amsterdam, 2 October 1997, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/treaty/pdf/amst-

en.pdf.

Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the

European Community, signed at Lisbon, 13 December 2007, http://eur-

lex.europa.eu/JOHtml.do?uri=OJ:C:2007:306:SOM:EN:HTML.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, „Convention and Protocol Relating to the

Status of Refugees”, Text of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees; Text

of the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees; Resolution 2198 (XXI) adopted by

the United Nations General Assembly, Geneva, December 2010,

http://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10.html.

White House Statement, „Securing America's Borders Fact Sheet: Border Security Action Plan

for Creating a Secure and Smart Border”, 25 January 2002, http://georgewbush-

whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020125.html.

World Health Organization, „Humanitarian Health Action”,

http://www.who.int/hac/about/definitions/en/.

II. REPORTS, SPEECHES, INTERVIEWS

Accenture Border Clearance Showcase, „Automating Border Control to Achieve High

Performance”, pp. 1-8, http://www.accenture.com/us-en/Pages/service-border-

management-automated-border-clearance-summary.aspx.

A. D. F., Maroni, „Ci aspettiamo trentamila arrivi, in Il Messaggero, Interviste - Ministro

Roberto Maroni” [Așteptăm treizeci de mii de sosiri, în Il Messaggero, Interviuri -

Ministrul Roberto Maroni], 30 July 2008,

http://www.interno.gov.it/mininterno/export/sites/default/it/sezioni/sala_stampa/interview/I

nterviste/2100_500_ministro/0982_2008_07_30_intervista_maroni_al_messaggero.html_7

67715713.html.

Bodea, Gabriela; Huijboom, Noor; Oort, Sander van; Ooms, Merel; Schoonhoven, Bas van;

Bakker, Tom; Teernstra, Livia; Finn, Rachek L; Bernard-Wills, David; Wright, David;

Raab, Charles D., „Deliverable 3.1: Draft Analysis of Privacy and Security Policy

Documents in the EU and US, Part II: A Discourse Analysis of Selected Privacy and

Security Policy Documents in the EU”, Seventh Framework Programme for research and

technological development, February 1, 2012, pp. 1-100, http://prismsproject.eu/wp-

content/uploads/2013/05/PRISMS-D3-1-part-II-discourse-analysis-FINAL.pdf.

D'Alfonso, Alesandro, „EU Funds for Asylum, Migration and Borders”, în: European

Parliamentary Research Service Briefing, 11/02/2014, pp. 1-9,

http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2014/130663/LDM_BRI%2

82014%29130663_REV1_EN.pdf.

Frontex Research and Development Unit, „Future of Borders. A Forward Study of European

Border Checks”, December 2011, pp. 1-120,

http://frontex.europa.eu/assets/Publications/Research/Futures_of_Borders.pdf.

„GLOBE Project Presentation”, pp. 1-22,

http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/newsroom/cf/_getdocument.cfm?doc_id=5119.

24

Hayes, Ben, „From the Schengen Information System to SIS II and the Visa Information (VIS):

the Proposal Explained”, Statewatch Analysis, February 2004, pp. 1-46,

http://www.statewatch.org/news/2005/may/analysis-sisII.pdf.

Hayes, Ben; Vermeulen, Mathias, „Borderline, The EU's New Border Surveillance Initiatives.

Assessing the Costs and Fundamental Rights Implications of EUROSUR and the “Smart

Borders” Proposals”, A Study of the Heinrich Böll Foundation, Berlin, June 2012, pp. 1-

83, http://www.boell.de/en/content/borderline-eus-new-border-surveillance-initiatives.

House of Commons International Development Committee, „Migration and Development: How

to Make Migration Work for Poverty Reduction”, Sixth report of session 2003-2004, Vol.

1, 2004, pp. 1-106,

http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmintdev/79/79.pdf.

International Organisation for Migration (IOM), „IOM Response to the Libyan Crisis – External

Situation Report”, 14 June 2011, pp. 1-3, http://www.migration-

crisis.com/libya/page_sitreps/extsitreps/external_sit_rep_14th_june.pdf.

Interviste Sottosegretario Alfredo Mantovano, „La Libia non rispetta gli accordi” [Libia nu

respectă acordurile], în: L'Avvenire, August 1 2008,

http://voxpopuli.archiviostorico.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=328

&Itemid=56.

Lobjakas, Ahto; Mölder, Martin (eds), „EU-Russia Watch 2012”, în: Centre for EU-Russia

Studies, University of Tartu, April 2012, pp. 1-143, http://ceurus.ut.ee/wp-

content/uploads/2011/06/EU-Russia-watch_1-20121.pdf.

Malmström, Cecilia, Member of the European Commission responsible for Home Affairs,

„Immigration Flows- Tunisia Situation”, EP Plenary Session Strasbourg, Speech 11/106,

15 February 2011, pp. 1-3, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-11-

106_en.htm?locale=en.

Ministero dell’Interno, „Indagine conoscitiva sulla gestione comune delle frontiere e sul

contrasto all’immigrazione clandestina in Europa” [Consultare cu privire la gestionarea

comună a frontierelor și combaterea imigrației ilegale în Europa], Audizione del Ministro

dell'Interno Giuseppe Pisanu [Audierea lui Giuseppe Pisanu, Ministrul de Interne], 14

December 2004,

http://www.interno.it/mininterno/export/sites/default/it/sezioni/sala_stampa/interview/Inter

venti/_sottosegretarioxprecedenti/intervista_315.html_8783101.html.

Ministerul Administrației și Internelor Departamentul Schengen Direcția Schengen, Sistemul de

Informații Schengen SIS, Colecția Europolis, Editura Ministerului Administrației și

Internelor, Ediția a II-a, 2010, pp. 1-32, http://depabd.mai.gov.ro/SIS.pdf.

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division, World

Population to 2300, New York, 2004, pp. 1-254,

http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/longrange2/WorldPop2300final.pdf.

United States Government Accountability Office, „Homeland Security: US-VISIT Pilot

Evaluations Offer Limited Understanding of Air Exit Options”, Report to Congressional

Committees, August 2010, pp. 1-82, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-860.

Vermeluen, Mathias, „Why Smart Borders Won’t Work?”, presented at An Emerging e-Fortress

Europe?: Border Surveillance, Frontex and Migration Control Workshop, Brussels, 26 June

2012, pp. 1-9, http://www.greens-efa.eu/fileadmin/dam/Documents/Events/2012-06-

26_An_Emerging_e-

Fortress_Europe/Mathis%20Vermeulen%20EP%20Borderline%20presentation.pdf.

25

Vinokurov, Evgeny, „Enclaves and Exclaves of the World: Setting the Framework for a Theory

of Enclaves”, în: ZDES Working Paper, University of Bielefeld, 2006, pp. 1-64,

http://www.exclave.eu/images/studies/vinokurov_wp_bielefeld_enclaves2006.pdf.

Vinokurov, Evgeny, „Kaliningrad Enclaves and Economic Integration,” în: Centre for European

Policy Studies, Special Report, March 2007, pp. 1-167, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-

Library/Publications/Detail/?ots591=0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-

a6a8c7060233&lng=en&id=38609.

Vitorino, Antonio, „The Future of the European Union Agenda on Asylum, Migration and

Borders”, (Conference of the European Policy Center and King Baudouin Foundation,

Brussels, 4 October 2004, Speech 04/435), pp. 1-8,

http://www.temaasyl.se/Documents/EU-dokument/VitorinosTal.pdf.

„Where Europe Ends”, Policy Report, http://www.whereeuropeends.eu/WhereEuropeEnds.pdf,

pp. 1-32.

III. ONLINE PRESS ARTICLE

Abrahams, Jessica, „Malta Needs EU Help to Cope with Its Immigration Crisis,” în: The

Guardian, 4 August 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/04/malta-

needs-eu-help-immigration-crisis.

Agazzi, Isolda, „Young Tunisians look beyond Switzerland”, în: Swissinfo.ch, 28 February 2011,

http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/young-tunisians-look-beyond-switzerland/29606030.

Baldauf, Scott, „Why Sarkozy's Hard Words about Immigration May Resonate in France”, în:

The Christian Science Monitor, 7 March 2012, http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Keep-

Calm/2012/0307/Why-Sarkozy-s-hard-words-about-immigration-may-resonate-in-France.

Cușco, Andrei, „De la graniță imperială la frontieră europeană”, în: Revista Contrafort, no. 4-5

(150-151), aprilie-mai 2007, http://www.contrafort.md/old/2007/150-151/1205.html.

Dabilis, Andy, „Greece Fences Turkish Border but Immigrants Come by Sea”, în: Greek

Reporter, 3 January 2013, http://greece.greekreporter.com/2013/01/03/greece-fences-

turkish-border-but-immigrants-come-by-sea/.

Donadio, Rachel, „Italy Lashes Out at European Union over Immigrants”, în: The New York

Times, 11 Aprilie 2011,

http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/12/world/europe/12italy.html?_r=1.

„European Parliament Approves Eurosur Border Surveillance”, în : Deutsche Welle, 10 October

2013, http://www.dw.de/european-parliament-approves-eurosur-border-surveillance/a-

17149625.

Express, „Call Illegals ‘Irregulars’ Says Eurocrat”, 5 April 2013,

http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/389488/Call-illegals-irregulars-says-Eurocrat.

Goldirova, Renata, „EU Unveils Plans for Biometric Border Controls”, în: Euobserver, 13

February 2008, http://euobserver.com/justice/25650.

Grant, Will, „Berlusconi: Human Tsunami Is Arriving in Lanpedusa”, în: BBC News Europe, 10

April 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13027272.

Haas, Hein de, „The Deadly Costs of Tighter Border Controls”, în: De Morgen, 8 October 2013,

http://www.presseurop.eu/en/content/article/4211031-deadly-cost-tighter-border-controls.

26

Irvine, Chris, „Europe’s Immigration Policy Unsustainable”, în: The Telegraph, 15 July 2013,

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/malta/10181029/Europes-

immigration-policy unsustainable.html.

„Italy Fears up to 1.5 Million North African Migrants”, în: The Telegraph, 24 February 2011,

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8345540/Italy-

fears-up-to-1.5-million-North-African-migrants.html.

Leclerc, Jean-Marc, „Lampedusa : une circulaire contre les flux migratoires”, în: Le Figaro, 7

April 2011, http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2011/04/06/01003-

20110406ARTFIG00690-lampedusa-la-circulaire-gueant-contre-le-raz-de-maree.php.

Mara, Darren, „Germany tells Italy to Solve Its Own Problems in Tunisian Refugee Raw”, în:

Deutsche Welle, http://www.dw-world.com/dw/article/0,,14980272,00.html, 10 April

2011.

Montefiori, Stefano, „Italia e Francia alla UE: cambiare Schengen” [Italia și Franța către UE:

schimbarea Schengen], în: Il Corriere della Sera, 27

Aprilie 2011,

http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2011/aprile/27/Italia_Francia_alla_cambiare_Schengen_co

_8_110427021.shtml.

„More Security No Solidarity,” în: Il Manifesto, 9 October 2013,

http://www.presseurop.eu/en/content/news-brief/4214551-more-security-no-solidarity.

Nielsen, Nikolaj, „Anti-immigrant View Being 'Legitimised' in Greece”, în: Euobserver, 27

August 2012, http://euobserver.com/justice/117344.

Nielsen, Nikolaj, „Fortress Europe: A Greek Wall Close Up”, în: euobserver.com, 12 December

2012, http://euobserver.com/fortress-eu/118565.

Ordaz, Pablo, „Solo los muertos pueden quedarse” [Numai morții pot să rămână], în: El País

Internacional,

http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/10/05/actualidad/1380999528_613934.h

tml.

Pignal, Stanley; Chaffin, Joshua, „Italy’s Release of EU Migrants Strains EU Ties”, în: Financial

Times, 12 Aprilie 2011, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/0c7f70cc-646e-11e0-a69a-

00144feab49a.html#axzz1K9R77IoD.

Schlamp, Hans-Jürgen, „Fortress Europe How the EU Turns its Back on Refugees”, în: Spiegel

Online, 9 October 2013, http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/asylum-policy-and-

treatment-of-refugees-in-the-european-union-a-926939.html.

Squires, Nick, „Pope Accused of Encouraging Illegal Immigration,” în: The Telegraph, 10 July

2013, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/the-pope/10171289/Pope-accused-of-

encouraging-illegal-immigration.html.

Xuequan, Mu, „Berlusconi, Sarkozy Meet on Libyan Crisis, Immigration”, 27 April 2011,

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-04/27/c_13847215.htm.

IV. BLOGS, DEBATE PLATFORMS

Chappel, Bill, „Amnesty Faults Italy for Conditions in Lampedusa”, 1 April 2011,

http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2011/04/01/135040559/amnesty-faults-italy-for-

conditions-in-lampedusa.

27

Debating Europe, „Is There Solidarity in Europe over Illegal Immigration”, 19 November 2013,

http://www.debatingeurope.eu/2013/11/19/is-there-solidarity-in-europe-

immigration/#.UydxiM6n1uM.

EU-MED Relations, „More for More Redefining the Strategy”, http://eu-

med.blogspot.com/2011/05/more-for-more-redefining-strategy.html.

Frenzen, Niels, „Director Laitinen Describes Frontex Response to the 2011 Migratory Flows

from North Africa”, în: Migrants at Sea, 11 November 2011,

http://migrantsatsea.org/2011/11/11/director-laitinen-describes-frontex-response-to-the-

2011-migratory-flows-from-north-africa/.

Frenzen, Niels, „PACE Report: Lampedusa Reception Centres Not Suitable Holding Facilities

for Migrants”, în: Migrants at Sea, http://migrantsatsea.wordpress.com/2011/10/05/pace-

report-lampedusa-reception-centres-not-suitable-holding-facilities-for-migrants/.

Giannoulis, Karafillis, „Schengen Governance Package Agreed”, în: New Europe, 30 May 2013,

http://www.neurope.eu/article/schengen-governance-package-agreed.

Houtum, Henk van; Ferrer-Gallardo, Xavier, „O izolare sordidă”, în: Voxeurop, 19 Octombrie

2010, http://www.voxeurop.eu/ro/content/article/365021-o-izolare-sordida.

Krever, Mick, „Tiny Island Nation Says Mediterranean Is Becoming a “Cemetery” of

Immigrants”, în: CNN, 24 October 2013, http://amanpour.blogs.cnn.com/2013/10/24/tiny-

island-nation-says-mediterranean-is-becoming-a-cemetery-of-immigrants/.

„Poland, Russia Agree on Visa Free Travel for Kaliningrad”, în: EUbusiness, 14 December 2011,

http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/poland-russia.e58.

Santos, Gil, „Football Players - Born in One Country and Playing For Another”, 23 May 2010,

http://ezinearticles.com/?Football-Players---Born-in-One-Country-and-Playing-For-

Another&id=4361603.

Sheppard, Jack, „BristolNoBorder”, 21 September 2011,

https://network23.org/bristolnoborders/2011/09/21/lampedusa-in-fiamme/.

Site-ul oficial de Twitter al Ceciliei Malmström,

https://twitter.com/MalmstromEU/status/319750362699542528.

Ska Keller blog, „LIBE Flash October 2011 - Briefing on Smart Borders”, http://www.ska-

keller.de/en/news-from-libe-committee/item/412-libe-blitzlich-november-2011-briefing-

zum-europaischen-grenzuberwachungssystem-eurosur.

„Tunisia Boat People Put EU to the Test”, în: EurActiv, 14 Februarie 2011,

http://www.euractiv.com/east-mediterranean/tunisia-boat-people-put-eu-test-news-502113.

Wikström, Cecilia, MEP ALDE, „Dublin III Regulation”,

http://ceciliawikstrom.eu/en/politik/migration-och-asyl/dublinforordningen/#.

Zaiotti, Ruben, „The Latest Agreement on the Governance of the Schengen Border Control

Regime Simply Revamps Old Rules and Changes Little on the Ground,” în: EUROPP

European Politics and Policy Blog, 17 June 2013,

http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2013/06/17/schengen-agreement/.

V. NGOS, INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS, PRESSURE GROUPS,

POLITICAL GROUPS

„Avert International HIV & AIDS Charity”, http://www.avert.org/aids-russia.htm.

28

International Organization for Migration, „Key Migration Terms”,

http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/about-migration/key-migration-terms/lang/en#Irregular-

migration.

The Greens/European Free Alliance, „Border Surveillance (Eurosur) Focus Must Shift to

Addressing Humanitarian Concerns”, 27 November 2012, http://www.greens-

efa.eu/border-surveillance-eurosur-8669.html.

The Greens/European Free Alliance EP Parliamentary Party, „Smart Borders, Big Brother

Border Proposals with High Costs are Anything but Smart”, 25 October 2011,

http://www.greens-efa.eu/smart-borders-4673.html.

Williamson, Hugh; Sunderland, Judith, „No Easy Fix for Europe’s Asylum Policy”, în: Human

Rights Watch, October 24, 2013, http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/10/24/no-easy-fix-

europes-asylum-policy.

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VI. VOLUMES

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Booth, Ken, „Security and Self: Reflections of a Fallen Realist”, în: Keith Krause; Michael C.

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Brager, Bruce L., The Iron Curtain. The Cold War in Europe, Philadelphia, Chelsea House

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Brunnet-Jailly, Emmanuel (ed.), Borderlands: Comparing border security in North America and

Europe, Ottawa, University of Ottawa Press, 2007, 393p.

Buzan, Barry; Hansen, Lene, The Evolution of International Security Studies, New York,

Cambridge University Press, 2009, XVI, 384p.

Buzan, Barry, People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post

Cold War Era, Colchester, ECPR Press, 2009, Second Edition, 318p.

29

Buzan, Barry; Waever, Ole; Wilde, Jaap de, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, London,

Lynne Riener Publisher, 1998, 239p.

Ciocan, Vasile; Tăut, Liviu; Nuna, Emil, Instituții Europene: Drept comunitar, Politici

Europene, Fonduri Structurale, Oradea, Grafnet, 2007, 497p.

DeBardeleben, Joan (ed.), Soft or Hard Borders? Managing the Divide in an Enlarged Europe,

Burlington, Ashgate, 2005, 204p.

Deutsch, Karl, Political Community and the North Atlantic Area: International Organizations in

the Light of Historical Experience, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1957, 228p.

Gariup, Monica, European Security Culture: Language, Theory, Policy, Farnham, Ashgate

Publishing Limited, 2009, 334p.

Golunov, Serghei, EU-Russian Border Security: Challenges, (Mis)Perceptions and Responses,

Abingdon, New York, Routledge, 2013, 185p.

Havardi, Jeremy, The Greatest Britons. Essays on Winston Churchill’s Life and Political

Philosophy, London, Shepheard Walwyn Publishers, 2009, 424p.

Huysmans, Jef, The Politics of Insecurity. Fear, Migration and Asylum in the EU, New York,

Routledge, 2006, 191p.

Jowitt, Ken, New World Disorder. The Leninist Extinction, Berkley, Los Angeles, University of

California Press, 1992, 345p.

King, Russell; Lazaridis, Gabriella; Tsardanidis, Charalambos (eds), Eldorado or Fortress?

Migration in South Europe, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, Palgrave Macmillan,

2000, 351p.

Krickus, Richard J., The Kaliningrad Question, Boston, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers,

2002, 221p.

Kurki, Milja, Causation in International Relations: Reclaiming Causal Analysis, Cambridge,

Cambridge University Press, 2008, 340p.

Lynch, Cecelia, Interpreting International Politics, New York, Abingdon, Routledge, 2014,

114p.

Martin, Philip L.; Martin, Susan Forbes; Weil, Patrick, Managing Migration: The Promise of

Cooperation, Oxford, Littlefield Publisher, 2006, 276p.

Montbrial, Thierry de, Action and Reaction in the World System. The Dynamics of Economic and

Political Power, Vancouver, UBC Press, 2013, 376p.

Münster, Rens van, Securitizing Immigration. The Politics of Risk in the EU, New York,

Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, 177p.

Peoples, Columba; Vaughan-Williams, Nick, Critical Security Studies: An Introduction, London,

New York, Routledge, 2010, 182p.

Sassen, Saskia, Territory, Authority, Rights. From Medieval to Global Assemblages, New Jersey,

Princeton University Press, 2006, 512p.

Smorodinskaya, Natalia, Kaliningrad Exclave: Prospects for Transformation into a Pilot Region,

Moscow, Regional Russian Academy of Sciences Development Agency, 2001, 91 p.

Taleb, Nicholas N., Silent Risk. Lectures on Probability, Fragility & Asymmetric Exposure, New

York University-Poly School of Engineering, 2014, 327p,

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2392310.

Taleb, Nicholas N., The Black Swan. The Impact of the Highly Improbable, New York, Random

House Trade, 2010, Second Edition, 444p.

Vaughan-Williams, Nick, Border Politics. The Limits of Sovereign Power, Edinburgh,

Edinburgh University Press, 2009, 190p.

30

Waever, Ole; Buzan, Barry; Kelstrup, Morten; Lemaitre, Pierre, Identity, Migration and the New

Security Agenda in Europe, London, Pinter, 1993, 221p.

Wolfers, Arnold, Discord and Collaboration: Essays on International Politics, Baltimore, Johns

Hopkins University Press, 1962, 283p.

Zaiotti, Ruben, Cultures of Border Control. Schengen & the Evolution of European Frontiers,

London, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2011, 263p.

Zielonka, Jan, Europe as Empire: The Nature of the Enlarged European Union, New York,

Oxford University Press, 2007, 293p.

VII. SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES IN EDITED VOLUMES

Andersen, Stine, „Non-Binding Peer Evaluation within an Area of Freedom, Security and

Justice”, în: Ronald L. Holzhacher; Paul Luif (eds), Freedom, Security and Justice in the

European Union. Internal and External Dimensions of Increased Cooperation after the

Lisbon Treaty, New York, Springer, 2014, pp. 29-49.

Bagaeen, Samer; Uduku, Ola, „Gated Histories: An Introduction to Themes and Concepts”, în:

Samer Bagaeen; Ola Uduku (eds), Gated Communities. Social Sustainability in

Contemporary and Historical Gated Developments, London, Cromwell Press Group, 2010,

pp. 1-9.

Baldaccini, Anneliese, „Exraterritorial Border Controls in the EU: The Role of Frontex în

Opreations at Sea”, în: Bernard Ryan; Valsamis Mitsilegas (eds), Extraterritorial

Immigration Control. Legal Challenges, Leiden, Boston, Martinus Nijhoff Pulishers, 2010,

pp. 229-257.

Balzacq, Thierry; Bigo, Didier; Carrera, Sergio; Guild, Elspeth, „The Treaty of Prüm and EC

Treaty: Two Competing Models for EU Internal Security”, în: Thierry Balzacq; Sergio

Carrera (eds), Security versus Freedom? A Challenge for Europe’s Future, Aldershot,

Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2006, pp. 115-137.

Balzacq, Thierry, „Constructivism and Securitization Studies”, în: Myriam Dunn Cavelty; Victor

Mauer (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Security Studies, London, New York, Routledge,

2010, pp. 56-73.

Basu, Soumita; Nunes, João, „Security as Emancipation”, în: Laura J. Shepherd (ed.), Critical

Approaches to Security: An Introduction to Theories and Methods, New York, Abingdon,

Routledge, 2013, pp. 63-77.

Bigo, Didier, „Detention of Foreigners, States of Exception and the Social Practices of Control

of the Banopticon”, în: Prem Kumar Rajaram; Carl Grundy Warr (eds), Borderscapes

Hidden Geographies and Politics at Territory’s Edge, Minneapolis, London, University of

Minnesota Press, 2007, pp. 3-35.

Bigo, Didier, „Frontier Controls in the European Union: Who Is in Control”, în: Didier Bigo;

Elspeth Guild (eds), Controlling Frontiers. Free Movement into and within Europe,

Aldershot, Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2005, pp. 49-100.

Bigo, Didier „Globalized (in)Security: the Field and the Ban-opticon, în: Didier Bigo; Anastassia

Tsoukala (eds), Terror, Insecurity and Liberty. Illegal Practices of Liberal Regimes,

Abingdon: Routledge, 2008, pp. 10-49.

31

Bigo, Didier; Guild, Elspeth, „Policing at a Distance: Schengen Visa Policies”, în: Didier Bigo;

Elspeth Guild (eds), Controlling Frontiers: Free Movement into and within Europe,

Aldershot, Ashgate Publishing Company, 2005, pp. 233-264.

Bigo, Didier, „International Political Sociology”, în: Paul D. Williams (ed.), Security Studies: An

Introduction, Abingdon, Oxon, Routledge, 2008, pp. 116-129.

Bigo, Didier, „Liberty, whose Liberty? The Hague Programme and the Conception of Freedom”,

în: Thierry Balzacq; Sergio Carrera (eds), Security versus Freedom? A Challenge for

Europe’s Future, Aldershot, Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2006, pp. 35-45.

Bigo, Didier, „The European Internal Security Field: Stakes and Rivalries in a Newly

Developing Area of Police Intervention”, în: Malcolm Anderson; Monica den Boer (eds),

Policing across National Boundaries, London, Pinter, 1994, pp. 161-173.

Bilgin, Pinar, „Critical Theory”, în: Paul D. Williams (ed.), Security Studies: An Introduction,

Abingdon, Oxon, Routledge, 2008, pp. 89-102.

Bort, Eberhard, „Mitteleuropa: The Difficult Frontier”, în: Eberhard Bort; Malcolm Anderson

(eds), The Frontiers of Europe, London, Pinter, 1998, pp. 91-109.

Brie, Mircea; Horga, Ioan, „Le frontiere europee – espressioni dell’identità” [Frontiera

europeană – expresii ale identității], în: Sorin Șipoș; Federico Donatiello; Dan Octavian;

Cepraga Aurel Chiriac (eds), Transylvanian Review, Vol. XXIII, No. 1, Categorie europee.

Rappresentazioni storiche e letterarie del ‘politico’ [Categorii europene. Reprezentări

istorice și literare ale "politicului"], Oradea, Editura Metropolis, 2014, pp. 202-217.

Brouwer, Evelien, „Data Surveillance and Border Control in the EU: Balancing Efficiency and

Legal Protection”, în: Thierry Balzacq; Sergio Carrera (eds), Security versus Freedom? A

Challenge for Europe’s Future, Aldershot, Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2006, pp. 137-

155.

Brouwer, Evelien, „Effective Remedies in Immigration and Asylum Law Procedures: A Matter

of General Principles of EU Law”, în: Annaliese Baldaccini; Elspeth Guild; Helen Toner

(eds), Whose Freedom, Security and Justice? EU Immigration and Asylum Law and Policy,

Portland, Hart Publishing, 2007, pp. 57-85.

Browning, Cristopher S; Joenniemi, Pertti, „The European Neighbourhood Policy and Why the

Northern Dimension Matters”, în: Joan DeBardeleben (ed.), The Boundaries of EU

Enlargement. Finding a Place for Neighbours, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Palgrave

Macmillan, 2008, pp. 33-53.

Cholewinski, Ryszard, „The Criminalization of Migration in EU Law and Policy”, în: Anneliese

Baldaccini; Elspeth Guild; Helen Toner (eds), Whose Freedom, Security and Justice? EU

Immigration and Asylum Law and Policy, Portland, Hart Publishing, 2007, pp. 301-337.

Dolghi, Dorin I., „Geopolitics and Security in the European Neighbourhood”, în: Dorin I.

Dolghi; Alexandru Ilieș; Savvas Katsikides; István Süli-Zakar (eds), Eurolimes, vol. 10,

The Geopolitics of the European Frontiers, Oradea, Oradea University Press, Autumn

2010, pp. 181-191.

Donaldson, John W., „Fencing the Line: Analysis of the Recent Rise in Security Measures along

Disputed and Undisputed Boundaries”, în: Ella Zureik; Mark. B. Salter (eds), Global

Surveillance and Policing. Border, Security, Identity, Devon, Willan Publishing, 2005, pp.

173-194.

Duez, Denis, „A Community of Borders, Borders of the Community: The EU’s Integrated

Border Management Strategy”, în: Elisabeth Wallet (ed.), Borders, Fences and Walls.

State of Insecurity, Farnham, Ashgate Publishing Company, 2014, pp. 51-67.

32

Emmers, Ralf, „Securitization”, în: Alan Collins (ed.), Contemporary Security Studies, Oxford,

Oxford University Press, 2013, Third Edition, pp. 131-147.

Fedorov, Gennady; Rozhkov-Yuryevsky, Yuri, „The Correlation between the Barrier and

Contact Functions of the Kaliningrad Section of the Russian Border,” în: Dorin I. Dolghi;

Giuliana Laschi; Alexis Vahlas (eds), Eurolimes 15, A Security Dimension as Trigger and

Result of Frontiers Modifications, Oradea, Oradea University Press, Spring 2013, pp. 77-

91.

Fierke, Karin M. „Changing Worlds of Security”, în: Keith Krause; Michael C. Williams (eds),

Critical Security Studies: Concepts and Cases, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota

Press, 1997, pp. 223-255.

Gänzle, Stefan „The EU’s Policy toward Russia: Extending Governance beyond Borders”, în:

Joan deBardeleben (ed.), The Boundaries of EU Enlargement. Finding a Place for

Neighbours, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, pp. 53-70.

Gebrewold, Belachew „Introduction. Migration as a Transcontinental Challenge”, în: Belachew

Gebrewold (ed.), Africa and Fortress Europe: Threats and Opportunities, Aldershot,

Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2007, pp. 1-21.

Gebrewold, Belachew, „Migration Theories and African Migration to Europe”, în: Belachew

Gebrewold (ed.), Africa and Fortress Europe: Threats and Opportunities, Aldershot,

Ashgate Publication, 2007, pp. 85-107.

Geddes, Andrew, „Immigration and the Welfare State”, în: Elspeth Guild; Joanna van Selm

(eds), International Migration and Security. Opportunities and Challenges, New York,

Routledge, 2005, pp. 159-174.

Haddad, Emma, „Danger Happens at the Border”, în: Prem Kumar Rajaram; Carl Grundy Warr

(eds), Borderscapes Hidden Geographies and Politics at Territory’s Edge, Minneapolis,

London, University of Minnesota Press, 2007, pp. 119-137.

Holzhacher, Ronald L.; Luif, Paul, „Introduction: Freedom, Security and Justice after Lisbon,”

în: Ronald L. Holzhacher; Paul Luif (eds), Freedom, Security and Justice in the European

Union. Internal and External Dimensions of Increased Cooperation after the Lisbon

Treaty, New York, Springer, 2014, pp. 1-13.

Horga, Ioan; Landuyt, Ariane, „Communicating the EU Policies beyond the/Its Borders”, în:

Ioan Horga; Ariane Landuyt (eds), Communicating the EU Policies beyond the Borders.

Proposals for Constructive Neighbour Relations and the New EU’s External

Communication Strategy, Oradea, Editura Universității din Oradea, 2013, pp. 5-23.

Horsti, Karina, „Humanitarian Discourse Legitimating Migration Control: FRONTEX public

communication”, în: Michi Messier; Ruth Wodak; Renée Schroeder (eds), Migrations:

Interdisciplinary Perspectives, Vienna, Springer Science & Business Media, 2012, pp.

297-311.

Houtum, Henk van; Pijpers, Roos „The European Community as a Gated Community: Between

Security and Selective Access”, în: James Wesley Scott (ed.), EU Enlargement, Region

Building and Shifting Borders of Inclusion and Exclusion, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2006, pp.

53-63.

Houtum, Henk van „Remapping Borders”, în: Thomas M. Wilson; Hastings Donnan (eds), A

Companion to Border Studies, Oxford, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2012, pp. 405-419.

Huntington, Samuel P., „The Clash of Civilizations”, în: James F. Hoge; James F. Hoge Jr. (eds),

The Clash of Civilizations? The Debate, New York, Foreign Affairs, 2010, Second Edition,

pp. 1-33.

33

Huymans, Jef; Square, Vicki, „Migration and Security”, în: Myriam Dunn Cavelty; Victor Mauer

(eds), The Routledge Handbook of Security Studies, London, New York, Routledge, 2010,

pp. 169-180.

Laschi, Giuliana, „I vicini del sud: le relazioni tra la CEE e i paesi mediterranei” [Vecinii din

sud: relațiile dintre CEE și țările mediteraneene], în: Giuliana Laschi (ed.), Oltre i confini:

l’UE fra integrazione interna e relazioni esterne [Mergând dincolo de frontiere: UE între

integrare și relații externe], Bologna, Il Mulino, 2011, pp. 347-381.

Lavenex, Sandra, „The Politics of Exclusion and Inclusion in ‘Wider Europe”, în: Joan

DeBardeleben (ed.), Soft or Hard Borders? Managing the Divide in an Enlarged Europe,

Burlington, Ashgate, 2005, pp. 123-143.

Lyon, David, „Filtering Flows, Friends, and Foes: Global Surveillance”, în: Mark B. Salter (ed.),

Politics at the Airport, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 2008, pp. 29-51.

Maron, Fabienne, „Les nouvelles frontières de l’Europe: repenser les concepts” [Noile frontiere

ale Europei: regândirea conceptelor], în: Gerard Delanty; Dana Pantea; Károly Teperics

(eds), Eurolimes vol. 4, Europe from Exclusive Borders to Inclusive Frontiers, Oradea,

Institute for Euroregional Studies, Autumn 2007, pp. 112-124.

McDonald, Matt, „Constructivism”, în: Paul D. Williams (ed.), Security Studies. An

Introduction, Abingdon, Routledge, 2008, pp. 59-72

Messina, Anthony; Lahav, Gallia, „Concepts and Trends”, în: Anthony Messina; Gallya Lahav

(eds), The Migration Reader: Politics and Policies, Boulder, Lynne Rienner Publishers

Inc, 2006, pp. 9-14.

Mészáros, Edina Lilla, „’Quo Vadis’ United Europe: An E-Fortress in Becoming or the Promise

Land ”Eldorado”, în: Analele Universității din Oradea, Seria Relații Internaționale și

Studii Europene, TOM IV, Oradea: Editura Universității din Oradea, 2012, pp. 173-193.

Mészáros, Edina Lilla, „Security Dimension of New EU External Communication: The Duplicity

of Borders as Surveillance and Access Points”, în: Ioan Horga; Ariane Landuyt (eds),

Communicating the EU Policies beyond the Borders. Proposals for Constructive

Neighbour Relations and the New EU’s External Communication Strategy, Oradea, Editura

Universității din Oradea, 2013, pp. 209-239.

Mészáros, Edina Lilla, „The Dilemma of Securitisation of the EU‘s Southern Borders: Shall We

Let Them in or Shall We Keep Them Out, or the European Way of Dealing with the North

African Immigrants”, în: Dorin I. Dolghi; Giuliana Laschi; Alexis Vahlas (eds), Eurolimes

vol. 15, A Security Dimension as Trigger and Result of Frontiers Modifications, Oradea,

Oradea University Press, 2013, pp. 39-59.

Mészáros, Edina Lilla, „The Pillars of Schengen Crumbling at the First Light Blow of Wind?!

The Franco-Italian Fray over Schengen”, în: Edina Lilla Mészáros; Mirela Mărcuţ (eds),

European Union in Crisis?!, Oradea, Oradea University Press, 2013, pp. 83-109.

Mitsilegas, Valsamis, „Border Security in the European Union: Towards Centralised Controls

and Maximum Surveillance”, în: Anneliese Baldaccini; Elspeth Guild; Helen Toner (eds),

Whose Freedom, Security and Justice? EU Immigration and Asylum Law and Policy,

Portland, Hart Publishing, 2007, pp. 359-395.

Mitsilegas, Valsamis, „Extraterritorial Immigration Control in the 21st Century: The Individual

and the State Transformed”, în: Bernard Ryan; Valsamis Mitsilegas (eds), Extraterritorial

Immigration Control. Legal Challenges, Leiden, Boston, Martinus Nijhoff Pulishers, 2010,

pp. 39-69.

34

Neisser, Heinrich, „European Migration Policy”, în: Belachew Gebrewold (ed.), Africa and

Fortress Europe: Threats and opportunities, Aldershot, Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2007,

pp. 139-159.

Neuwahl, Nanette, „What Borders for which Europe?”, în: Joan DeBardeleben (ed.), Soft or

Hard Borders?Managing the Divide in an Enlarged Europe, Ashgate, Hamshire, 2005, pp.

23-41.

Nyman, Jonna, „Securitization Theory”, în: Laura J. Shepherd (ed.), Critical Approaches to

Security: An Introduction to Theories and Methods, New York, Abingdon, Routledge,

2013, pp. 51-63.

Phuong, Catherine, „Building a Community Return Policy with Third Countries: An Equal

Partnership”, în: Anneliese Baldaccini; Elspeth Guild; Helen Toner (eds), Whose Freedom,

Security and Justice? EU Immigration and Asylum Law and Policy, Portland, Hart

Publishing, 2007, pp. 337-359.

Rees, G. Wyn; Webber, Mark, „Fighting Organised Crime: the European Union and Internal

Security”, în: Adam Crawford (ed.), Crime and Insecurity. The Governance of Safety in

Europe, Abingdon, Routledge, 2012, pp. 77-102.

Roe, Paul, „Societal Security”, în: Alan Collins (ed.), Contemporary Security Studies, Oxford,

Oxford University Press, 2013, Third Edition, pp. 176-190.

Schelter, Kurt, „Challenges for Non-Schengen Countries”, în: Marina Caparini; Otwin Marenin

(eds), Borders and Security Governance. Managing Borders in a Globalised World,

Munster, LIT Verlag, 2006, pp. 147-168.

Stanley, William; Knappe, Elke, „Kaliningrad and the Changing Geopolitics of the Baltic”, în:

Marek Koter; Krystian Heffner (eds), Multicultural Regions and Cities, Region and

Regionalisfm, no. 4, Lodz-Opole, University of Lodz Department of Political Geography

and Regional Studies, 1999, pp. 41-52.

Stinellis, Domenico, „Shooting Immigration for the World: International Photojournalism at

Italy’s Borders”, în: Giovanna Dell’Orto; Vicki L. Birschfield (eds), Reporting at the

Southern Borders. Journalism and Public Debates on Immigration in the US and in the

EU, New York, Routledge, Routledge, 2014, pp. 159-183.

Tsoukala, Anastassia, „Looking at Migrants as Enemies”, în: Didier Bigo; Elspeth Guild (eds),

Controlling Frontiers. Free Movement into and within Europe, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2005,

pp. 161-193.

Waever, Ole, „Securitization and Desecuritization”, în: Ronnie D. Lipschutz (ed.), On Security,

New York, Columbia University Press, 1995, pp. 46-86.

Waever, Ole, „Securitization and Desecuritization”, în: Ronnie Lipschutz (ed.), On Security,

New York: Columbia University Press, 1998, pp. 39-69.

Zhysnomirska, Lyubov, „Security Concerns in the EU Neighbourhood: The Effects of EU

Immigration and Asylum Policy for Ukraine”, în: Joan de Bardeleben (ed.), The

Boundaries of EU Enlargement. Finding a Place for Neighbours, Houndmills,

Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, pp. 147-165.

VIII. BACHELOR AND DISSERTATION THESES

Ayanoglu, Sila Turac, „The Evolution of ESDP: Recent Political Developments and Social

Constructivism”, Lund University, Master of European Affairs, Department of Political

Science, 2007, 46p,

35

http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=1467067&fileOId=14670

76p.

Hedling, Elsa, „Security in the Periphery of the EU. The European Enclaves Ceuta and Melilla”,

Bachelor Thesis in European Studies, Linnaeus University, Faculty of Humanities and Social

Sciences, School of Social Sciences, 2010, 36p, http://www.diva-

portal.org/smash/get/diva2:387477/FULLTEXT01.pdf.

Palaver, Matteo, „Power and Its Forms: Hard, Soft and Smart”, A Thesis Submitted to the

Department of International Relations of the London School of Economics for the Degree of

Master of Philosophy, London, October 2011, 147p, http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/220/.

Samek, Danielle M. „North African Immigration and Human Security in the European Union:

Lessons from France and Spain”, Master Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the

Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Pittsburgh, 2010, 84p,

http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/7521/1/DanielleSamek.pdf.

IX. ELECTRONIC ARTICLES

Adler, Daniel, „Securitization and (In)security Practices in Europe: The Creation of Frontex”,

Paper presented at UACES 43rd

Annual Conference Leeds, 2-4 September 2013, pp 1-29,

http://www.uaces.org/documents/papers/1301/edler.pdf.

Baldwin, David A., „The Concept of Security”, în: Review of International Studies, Vol. 23, no.

1, 1997, pp. 5-26.

http://www.princeton.edu/~dbaldwin/selected%20articles/Baldwin%20%281997%29%20

The%20Concept%20of%20Security.pdf.

Baramova, Maria, „Border Theories in Early Modern Europe”, în: European History Online

(EGO), published by the Institute of European History (IEG), Mainz, 2010, pp. 1-8,

http://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/maria-baramova-border-

theories-in-early-modern-europe.

Benam, Cigdem, „Emergence of a “Big Brother” in Europe: Border Control and Securitization of

Migration”, în: Insight Turkey, Vol. 13, No. 3, 2011, pp. 191-207.

http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/64443134/emergence-a-big-brother-europe-

border-control-securitization-migration.

Bijak, Jakub, „Forecasting International Migration: Selected Theories, Models and Methods”, în:

Central European Forum for Migration Research, Working Paper, no. 4, 2006, pp. 1-60,

http://www.google.ro/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCkQFjAA

&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ppge.ufrgs.br%2FGIACOMO%2Farquivos%2Feco02268%

2Fbijak-2006.pdf&ei=HA9lVKjtIIrPaP6_gogE&usg=AFQjCNF-

SIC3HYekVfGl8O7IyQtg_vblNA&bvm=bv.79189006,d.bGQ.

Boswell, Christina, „The Securitization of Migration. A Risky Strategy for European States”, în:

Danish Institute for International Studies, DIIS Brief, April 2007, pp. 1-7,

http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?ots591=0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-

2c24-a6a8c7060233&lng=en&id=31578.

Brie, Mircea; Horga, Ioan, „The European Union External Border: An Epistemological

Approach”, în: Romanian Review on Political Geography, 11th

year, no. 1, 2009, pp. 15-

31, http://rrgp.uoradea.ro/art/2009-1/03_OK_Brie&Horga.pdf.

Buzan, Barry, „New Patterns of Global Security in the Twenty-first Century”, în: International

Affairs, Vol. 67, no. 3, 1991, pp. 431-451,

36

http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2621945?uid=3738920&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70

&uid=4&sid=21104967000417.

Campesi, Giuseppe, „The Arab Spring and the Crisis of the European Border Regime:

Manufacturing Emergency in the Lampedusa Crisis”, în: EUI Working Papers RSCAS

2011/59, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Mediterranean Programme, 2011,

pp. 1-30, http://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/19375.

Carrera, Serio; Guild, Elspeth; Merlino, Massimo; Parkin, Joanna „A Race Against Solidarity the

Schengen Regime and the Franco-Italian Affair”, în: CEPS Liberty and Security in Europe,

April 2011, pp. 1-30, http://www.ceps.eu/book/race-against-solidarity-schengen-regime-

and-franco-italian-affair.

Carrera, Sergio; Hertog, Leonhard den; Parkin. Joanna, „EU Migration Policy in the Wake of the

Arab Spring. What Prospects for EU-Southern Mediterranean Relations?”, în: MEDPRO

Techincal Report, no. 15/August 2012, pp. 1-32, http://www.medpro-

foresight.eu/system/files/MEDPRO%20TR%20No%2015%20WP9%20Carrera.pdf.

Carrera, Sergio „The EU’s Dialogue on Migration, Mobility and Security with the Southern

Mediterranean: Filling the Gaps in the Global Approach to Migration”, în: CEPS Liberty

and Security in Europe, June 2011, pp. 1-34, http://www.ceps.eu/book/eu%E2%80%99s-

dialogue-migration-mobility-and-security-southern-mediterranean-filling-gaps-global-

approa.

C.A.S.E. Collective, „Critical Approaches to Security In Europe: A Networked Manifesto”, în:

Security Dialogue, Vol. 37, no. 4, December 2006, pp. 443-487,

http://apps.eui.eu/Personal/Researchers/bueger/Documents/Case%20manifesto%20as%20p

ublished.pdf.

Castan Pinos, Jaume, „Building Fortress Europe? Schengen and the Cases of Ceuta and Melilla”,

School of Politics, International Studies and Philosophy, Queen’s University Belfast, fără

an, pp. 1-29, http://www.qub.ac.uk/research-

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