SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY

ASSESSMENTS OF SOLID WASTE GENERATION RATE, COMPOSITION

AND ITS MANAGEMENT: THE CASE OF HAGERSELAM TOWN IN HULA

WOREDA, SIDAMA ZONE, SNNPR ETHIOPIA

BY:

ENDALE ESHINE ALAKAEEHK/006/08

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE HAWASSA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE

STUDIES NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY IN

PARTIAL FULLIFILLIMENT OF MASTERS DEGREE IN ECOTOXICOLOGY AND

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH (IN BIOLOGY)

SEPTEMBER, 2019

HAWASSA, ETHIOPIA

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY

ASSESSMENTS OF SOLID WASTE GENERATION RATE, COMPOSITION

AND ITS MANAGEMENT: THE CASE OF HAGERSELAM TOWN IN

HULA WOREDA, SIDAMA ZONE, SNNPR ETHIOPIA

BY

ENDALE ESHINE ALAKA EEHK/006/08

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE HAWASSA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE

STUDIES NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF

BIOLOGY IN PARTIAL FULLIFILLIMENT OF MASTERS DEGREE IN

ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

ADVISOR: DR. SOLOMON SORSA

CO- ADVISOR: DR. ELIAS DADEBO

SEPTEMBER, 2019

HAWASSA, ETHIOPIA

HAWASSA UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY

ADVISORS’ APPROVAL SHEET -1

This is to certify that the thesis entitled „ASSESSMENTS OF SOLID WASTE

GENERATION RATE, COMPOSITION AND ITS MANAGEMENT THE CASE OF

HAGERSELAM TOWN IN HULA WOREDA, SIDAMA ZONE, SNNPR ETHIOPIA‟

submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for MSc. degree with Specialization:

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Health, Graduate Program of School of Graduate Studies,

and has been carried out by Mr. Endale EshineAlakaID.NoEEHK/006/08, under our

supervision. Therefore, we recommended that the student has fulfilled the requirements and

hence hereby can submit the thesis to the Department.

----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------

Name of major advisor Signature Date

----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------

Name of co- advisor Signature Date

HAWASSA UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

Examiner’s approval sheet-2

As a member of examining board of the final thesis presentation, we certify that we have read

and evaluated this thesis prepared by EndaleEshine entitled: „‟ ASSESSMENT OF SOLID

WASTE GENERATION RATE, COMPOSITION AND ITS MANAGEMET IN

HAGERESELAM TOWN IN HULA WOREDA, SIDAMA ZONE, SNNPR ETHIOPIA „and

recommended that it can be accepted as the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

Degree of Master of Science in Biology (Specialization: Ecotoxicology and Environmental

Health).

Approved by Board of Examiners

Major advisor Signature Date

_____________________________ _________________ ______________

Co-adviser Signature Date

_____________________________ _________________ ______________

Internal examiner Signature Date

_____________________________ _________________ ______________

External examiner Signature Date

_____________________________ _________________ ______________

Chairperson Signature Date

_____________________________ _________________ ______________

i

Declaration

I hereby declare that this MSc. thesis which I submitted to Hawassa University is my original

work and has not been presented for the award of degree to any other University; and all sources

of materials used for the thesis have been duly acknowledged.

EndaleEshine ______________________ ___________________________

Signature Date

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The successful completion of this work came about as a result of a many contribution made by

several people; without whom the work would not have been materialized. I therefore, would like

to express my profound gratitude to the following people.

First I would like to thank Dr. Solomon Sorsa, my major advisor &Dr. Elias Dadebo , my co-

advisorfor their valuable and tireless efforts in supporting and guiding me on this M.Sc. study.

I also express my gratitude to FajulaTuke for his assistance with his camera to take photo. My

appreciation further goes to Mr. BuniLalego, mayorof Hagereselamtown,for giving me important

comments and suggestions. I would like to thank my wife AmarechGimbo for her moral support

during the study.

Last but not least , I would like to thankHawassa university Biology department for giving me the

opportunity to learn.

iii

Contents

Declration…………………………..……………………………………………………………………..i

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS…………………………………………………….…………….………........iiii

Table of contents…………………………………………………………………………..…………......iii

List of tables……………………………………………………………..……………………..…….....v

List of figures………………………………………………………………………..….…………..…....v

List of acronyms/abbreviations/…………………………………………………………………………vvii

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………………....viii

1. INRTODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………….….....1

1.1 .Background to the study…………………………………………………………………………......1

1.2 .Statement of problem……………………………………………………………………………..…3

1.3 .Objectives of the study………………………………………………………………………………4

1.4 .Research questions………………………………………………………………………………......5

1.5 .Significance of the study……………………………………………………………………………5

1.6 .Delimitation (scope) of the study………………………………………………………………… ..5

1.7 .Limitations of the study……………………………………………………………………………...6

2. REVIEWLITERATURE…………………………………………..………………………..……........7

2.1 .Conceptual frame work…………………………………………………………………….………...7

2.2. Solid waste concept……………………………………………………………………………….....8

2.3 .Sources and types of solid waste……………………………………………………………….........8

2.4. Characteristics of solid waste………………………………………………………………………..9

2.5 .Solid waste managements…………………………………………………………………………..10

2.6. Solid waste management processes……………………………………………………..…….........12

2.7. Early practices of solid waste management…………………………………………………..…….16

2.8. Contemporary methods of managing solid waste………………………………………….….........16

2.9. Problems of managing solid waste in Ethiopia…………………………………………….……….22

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS……………..…………………………..………...………………...25

3.1. Description of study area………………………………………………………………………......26

3.2.Study design………………………………….……………………………………………….…….28

3.3 .Sampling methods…………………………………………………………………………..….........30

3.3.1 .Methods of data collection……………………….…………………………..…………….…....29

3.3.2. Sample size determination……………………..……..……………….………...….……….…......30

3.3.3. Sampling Procedure ………………………………………………………………………….…...31

3.4 . Data collection tools…………………..………………………………………………………..…...32

iv

3.5 .Data analysis …………… ……………………………………………………………..……….33

3.6 Ethical considration…...................................................................................................................33

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION………………………………………………………...………..34

4.1. socio- demographic characteristics of respondents……………………………………………..34

4.2 Solid waste generation rate …………………………….……………………………………….35

4.3 Physical composition of solid waste in Hagerselam town……………...……………………….37

4.3.1 Physical composition of household solid waste………………………………………….……37

4.3.2 Physical composition of commercial solid waste……………….……………………………..37

4.3.3 Physical composition of institutional solid waste……………………………….……………..37

4.3.4 Municipal solid waste composition……………………………………………………………38

4.4 Sources of solid waste in Hagerselam town………………………...…………………………...38

4.5 Current waste management practices……………………………………………………………40

4.5.1 Solid waste collection ,storage and sorting of solid waste…………………………………….40

4.5.1.1 Solid waste collection services ………………………………………...……………………40

4.5.1.2. Solid waste collection and transportation practices ……………………………….………..41

4.5.1.3. Handling of solid waste at household levels and town level ................................................42

4.5.1.4 Waste reuse and composting practices………………………………………………………………………..……45

4.5.1.5 Primary responsibility of solid waste handling and disposal in house level…………………….….46

4.5.2 Availability of sacks and container for waste storage…………………...……………..…….46

4.5.3 Capacity of waste management institutions….…………………………….………………….47

4.5.4 Regularity of waste collection……………………………………………..…………………..48

4.5.5 Secondary waste collection…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….49

4.6 Solid waste transportation and disposal…………………………………………………...…….50

4.6.1 Solid waste transportation………………………………………………………………….…50

4.6.2.Solid waste disposal practice……………………………………………………….………..50

4.7 Public awareness and attitudes about SWM practices……………………………………….…51

4.8 Problems of solid waste management and sanitation in Hagerselam town…………………….53

5 CONCLUSIONS &RECOMMENDATIONS……………………………………………………57

5.1 Conclusion …………………………………………..…………………………...……………..57

5.2Recommendations…………………………………………………………...……….…………58

REFERANCES……………………………………………………………………………………..59

Appendices…………………………………………………………………….………………...…64

v

LIST OF TABLES

Table2.1. Sources of Solid waste generation……………………....................................................9

Tables2.2.Bio-degradableand non-biodegradable solid waste…………….………………...........10

Table2.3. Advantages and disadvantages of incineration...................................................……... 21

Table3.1.Primary data collection process…………………….…………….……….…………….29

Tables3.2.Systematic sampling procedure......................................................................................31

Table 4.1. The socio- demographic characteristics of respondents …………………….............35

Table 4.2.Solid waste generation rate of HHs in Hagerselam town ………...……………...........36

Table4.3.Physical composition of solid waste residential HHs, commercial and institution

sectors……………………………………………………………23………………………………..

38

Table4.4. Average physical composition of municipal solid waste sampled from disposal

site...................................................................................................................................................38

Table4.5. Mode and number of times to waste collection per in a week……................................41

Table 4.6. Primary solid waste collection services delivered to HHs by municipality and private

collectors……………………………………………………………………….............................41

Table 4.7 Solid waste reduction methods practice in Hagereselam town at HH and

municipalitylevels SW

reductionmethod…………………………………………………..………………..…43

Table 4.8 Community SW storage site handling practice at HH level and town levelKIs…….....43

Table 4.9 Available and required containers in Hagereselam town, 2019………………………..47

Table 4.10 Displays the equipment used for storing and collecting waste by the two institutions.48

Table 4.11 Summarizes the mode and number of times waste was collected in a week in the

Selected areas of study in the municipal………………………………………………………....49

Table 4.12 Waste transportation services delivered to HHs in Hagerselam town in 2019………50.

Table 4.13 Solid waste disposal practices of HHs and municipality…………............................51

Table 4.14 Public awareness and attitudes responses of HHs to Solid waste management in

Hagereselam town, 2019………………………………………………………………………….52

Table 4.15.Problem related to SWM and their level of difficulty..................................................55

vi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure2.1. Work of Solid waste management process .........................................................…...7

Figure 2.2: Waste management hierarchies................................................................................17

Figure3.1. Map of study area………………………..................................................................27

Figure 4.1.Sources of solid waste in Hagereselam town.......................…................................40

Figure4.2. Household solid waste on site storage containers and its usage by percent……..…45

Figure4.3 Responsibility of solid waste handling and disposal in house level…………...........46

vii

LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS/

AACASWP Addis Ababa City Administration Solid Waste Policy

CSA Central Statistical Agency

EHSDS Environmental Healthy and Sanitation Departments

ENPHO Ethiopia Nation and Public Health Organization

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

ESP Environmental Sanitation Policy

FDA Focus Group Discussion

ISWM Integrated Solid Waste Management

MSEs Micro small enterprises

MSW Municipal Solid Waste

SWM Solid Waste Management

SNNPR Southern Nations Nationalities People Region

SBPDD Sanitation Beautification Park Development Department

SBDD Sanitation Beautification Development Department

SPSS Statically Package For Social Sciences

UNEP Untied Nation Environmental Program

USEPSA Untied States Environmental Protection Agency

USPS Urban Sector Program Support

WHO World Health Organization

viii

ABSTRACT

Ethiopia is facing rapid urbanization leading to overcrowding and informal settlements with poor

waste management practices. Urban dwellers generally consume more resources than rural

dwellers, and so generate huge quantities of solid wastes. The purpose of this study was to assess

solid waste management in Hagreselam town and suggest possible measures to tackle the

problem. The study employed mixed research approach and descriptive survey design. The

research used data obtained from both primary and secondary sources. The three main

techniques employed in gathering the primary data were: field work observation, questionnaire

survey and face-to-face interview. Based on the findings of this study, the town households’

dominantly produced biodegradable solid wastes with generation rate of 0.219kg/person/day. This

made the daily total solid waste generation of households to be 7,888.6 kgper day and 2,879,339

kg per year since 2019. Based on this finding data obtained from survey were 4,956.8 kg hauled

every day out of the 7,888.6kg. Only 2,931.8 kg of solid waste collected from town per a day. The

study also revealed major challenges of solid waste managements, that include inadequate bins

supply for storing waste, lack of routine collection of waste, poor methods of waste management,

irregular collection of waste, lack of Integrated Solid Waste Management practices , improper

Management of dump holes, absence of skilled man power, lack of awareness of household,

inadequate resources for waste management institutions to effectively collect the waste

generated.In the light of these challenges,it was recommended that, there should be sustainable

solid waste management systems through awareness creation and training, improvement of SB

institutional structure and capacity, and implementation of integrated MSWM approach which

recognizes and comprises all stakeholders in the town.

KeyWords: Generation rate, integrated solid waste management, sanitation, solid waste, waste

disposal

1

1. INRTODUCTION

1.1. Background

According to ENPHO (2008), if the solid waste is not effectively managed, it can result in

serious adverse impacts of public health and reduce the quality of the environment. Waste

management is a current, complex subject in every urban government in Ethiopia. Almost all

human activities created the amount of waste dramatically around the world. For example urine

and faeces, waste from washing, cooking and solid wastes produced at home and in work place,

school, hospitals and other public buildings contributed to unclean environments in many

towns and cities of developing countries . All these wastes need to be controlled and managed

for the benefits of the people. However, solid waste management (SWM) is a critical

component within urban sanitation and it is also one of the most important and resource

intensive services provided by municipalities in African countries. Municipal solid waste

management and urban sanitation are one of the fundamental services that are currently

receiving wide attention in many towns of Ethiopia. Because Ethiopia is facing rapid

urbanization, this leads to overcrowding and development of towns /cities and informal

settlements with poor solid waste management and sanitation practices. Urban dwellers

generally produce more wastes than rural dwellers, and so generate large quantities of solid

waste and sewage. However, studies conducted in most major towns in Ethiopia indicated that

the solid wastes that are generated are not properly handled and managed mainly due to

financial, regulatory, institutional, equipment, and community participation problem (Solomon

Cheru, 2011; Tewodros, 2011; Dagnew, et al, 2012; Mengist and Assegid, 2014; Afework,

2015).

Generation rate of solid waste increase, the cost of its removal increase too much. Solid waste

management is not an isolated phenomenon on that can be easily compartmentalized and solve

with innovative technology or engineering (Cointreau Levin and Sandra, 2007). It is

particularly an urban issue that closely relate, directly or in directly, to a number of issues such

as urban life styles, resource consumption patterns jobs and income levels, in countries, due to

the lack of waste management information and other socio-economics and cultural issues.

These situations needed to promoted complementary alternative ways of solid waste

2

managements in town/cities. Community participated to manage garbage in sustainable manner

in town. In the lower income a country, like Ethiopia, an estimated 30% to50% solid waste is

produced in urban area is left uncollected. Some viral and other infectious disease are

associated with waste and also served as habitat formation for breeding insects and mosquitoes.

The major solid waste management processes start at solid waste production, storage and

followed by solid waste collection, transferring and transportation. Over the last few years,

Ethiopia many micro and small enterprise have been set up to carry out waste per-collection

service

AbebeTegegn, (2006). Receiving payment either from the respective beneficiaries or

municipalities to collect waste and transport to the municipal waste containers, and help to fill

the created gaps in collecting and transporting wastes. The enterprises represented a good

starting point for building private sectors participation and realizing the associated benefits.

The rapid and constant growth of urban population has led to dramatic increases in urban waste

generation, with crucial socio-economic and environmental impact. Basically, municipalities

are giving references only on the collection of the waste and dumping it, while the principle of

3R‟s (wastes reduction, reuse, and recycle) are not prioritized by the municipalities for

sustainable solid waste management and urban sanitation. Increasing public awareness to the

necessity of clean environment for good health, at both local and national governments are

facing public pressure to the proper management of the municipal wastes (Solomon Cheru

2011). The solid waste management and sanitation proclamation, give emphasis of its essential

in community participation in order to prevent adverse effects and to enhance the benefit

resulted from the solid waste. Like other cities of developing countries implementation of the

proclamation most of the town in Ethiopia is suffered from the adverse effects of the plastic

materials like water bottle after their use.

Solid waste is any discarded materials which come from domestic, commercial, institutional

industrial…etc. arising from human activities which has no value to the people who possess it.

Waste disposal become problematic with the rise of towns and cities where large numbers of

people started to live together in relatively small areas in pursuit of livelihoods (Shafiul and

Mansoor, 2003). While population densities in urbanized areas and large per capital waste

generation increased, the available land for waste disposal decreased proportionality. Disparity

between rapid urban population growth and sanitation were infrastructure provision .Those

disparity is been worse by the big challenges of poor sanitation and solid waste management

practices. Poor urban sanitation and solid waste management was rapidly deteriorating

3

ecosystem of transforming cities in the countries. An urban solid waste management and

sanitation service in Ethiopia cites/towns are not good. From Ethiopia Sidama Zone town of

SNNPR, Hagerselam is one of the town by which proper provision of solid waste services is

unsatisfactory and incomplete. In Hagerselam town still now, people practices illegal dumping

of waste on open spaces, in gullies, river courses and roadsides is considered as routine task of

residents. The efforts made by municipality to change such kinds of situation in town are also

insufficient. These practices have to the extent resulted in serious problem of Environmental

health, financial impacts often affected the most vulnerable group. Therefore, in order to reduce

this situation and achieve efficient of the SWM system and sanitation of town, needed detail

study of the existing condition of SWM and sanitation services was required in Hagerselam

town 2018.

1.2 .Statements of problem

One of the social problems that have received considerable attention in recent years is the

problem of solid waste management and urban sanitation services. However, the problem

affects most groups of people, some group of people more vulnerable than others. Among the

many groups of people who are vulnerable to this sever:-

Problem was poor solid waste management services.

Poor awareness of community about environmental sanitation

Major factors that contributed to increased solid waste in developing country were:- Poor

community participation, lack of service quality,rapid population growth and rapid urbanization

outstripping service capacity, commercial activities, socio economic status of households and

lack of equipment. As a result solid waste management and sanitation has been a big challenge

to both developed and developing countries all over the world. An urban solid waste

management and sanitation in Ethiopia Sidama Zone town of SNNPR, Hagerselam is one of

the towns by which proper provision of solid waste services is unsatisfactory and incomplete.

Urban waste management has been a challenge for municipalities and urban governments.

Hagerselam town was characterized by rapid population growth caused by natural migration

from rural to urban. According to 1999 national census report, the town had 6787 total

population and while according to Hula municipal recent data in 2018 shows estimate total

population reached 36021.because people migrated from rural to urban. Such rapid growth of

population together with rapid development of town which have produced increased generation

rate of solid waste in town and poor urban sanitation in order to turn it induced greater

infrastructural towns in turn it, institutional set up and lack of community participation for its

4

management and urban sanitation. But, the town sanitation, beautification part development

department (SBPDD) which runs the urban sanitation and solid waste management. This

activities run by only one donkey powered cart for solid waste collection, transport and

disposal. In addition to this, there were no public waste storage containers and road side

dustbins, so that it highly suffers from storage of SWM infrastructures and face unmatched

burdens of collection, transportation and disposal of solid waste. Furthermore, SBPDD is

surrounding by different institutional constraints such as lack of sufficient skilled manpower,

weak finance and equipment, weak regulation and collecting mechanisms and insignificant

movement for public awareness creation in Hagereselam town. This limitation causes to

deterioration and reduces the quality of the town environment and also reinforces incorrect

disposal habits to the people. Most of the solid waste that is generates in the town remain

uncollected and simply dump in open area, roadsides, river courses, and gullies. Based on this

limitation, this study was important to population awareness on solid waste management and

sanitation to assess the effectiveness of existing solid waste management, urban sanitation and

arrangement in Hagerselam town. In order to reduce this situation and achieve efficient urban

solid waste management and sanitation system of the town needed detail studied of the existing

conditions of SWM services is required Hagerselam town in 2019. Most HHs used open

dumping site in town. This is widely practices in many developing countries and has hazardous

effect on health and the environment. The environmental sanitation conditions of the town have

become more serious problem from time to time and suffocation disturbed around town. This

activities increased immediate crisis to the peoplein the town. So that urgent needed of

efficient SWM on one hand and steady growth of solid waste management and urban sanitation

problem on the other side are still the main features of this town. Detailed study of the overall

condition of SWM and urban sanitation services should be the first move required for reducing

this gap even as indicated by sanitation, beautification and park development department of

Hagereselam town. Therefore, this study would focus on examining current status of SWM

and urban sanitation in Hagereselam town

1.3. Objectives of study

1.3.1. General Objective

To investigate the solid waste generation rate, composition and its management in

Hagereselam town.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

To determine waste generation rate and composition of solid waste in Hagereselam town

5

To identify sources of solid waste in town.

To evaluate solid waste management practices methods in Hagereselam town

To describe the challenges of solid waste management and sanitation in town

1.4. Research question

1. How many kg of solid waste is generated per day from study areas?

2 What are major physical components of waste generated in the area?

3. What are sources of solid waste in Hagereselam town?

4. What arethe challenges of solid waste management and sanitation in the town?

1.5. Significance of study

Solid waste management and urban sanitation has become a major challenge in Hula district

special Hagereselam town in recent times. This deserves not only the attention of the municipal

and SBPDD but also concerns of corporate organizations and individuals to find a lasting

solution to the problem. This is because; vital human resources could be lost through poor

waste solid managements and sanitation. These will affect beautification, productivity and

quality in the town. The study therefore, intends to explore appropriate strategies and

recommendation in clearing solid waste in all segments in the town in a sustainable manner.

Despite the immensity of the problem before no research conduct on urban sanitation and solid

waste management have been carries out in Hagereselam town. The study would be serving as

a reference point to the other Hula District areas and municipalities and SBPDD as far as

sanitation and solid waste management are concern. In these cases, it would be given them in-

depth understanding of what are the problems of sanitation and solid waste management and

the strategies to tackle the problems. Additionally, the study would be contributed to existing

body of knowledge on solid waste management and also stimulates further research on the

subject in other Hula District towns and municipalities.

1.6. Delimitation (Scope) of Study

Both qualitative and quantitative techniques are used for data analysis. Geographically, the

study area cover Hagereselam town sidama zone, southern Ethiopia. Hagereselam town was

selected because it is a growing city just like other Southern towns such as Hawassa, Yirgalem

and AletaWondo, and was facing a bigger problem of managing its solid waste effectively.

Contextually, the study focuses on domestic solid waste management and urban sanitation. This

is because most of time solid wastes basically coming from households, shop and construction.

If a solid waste dumping open area, road side in the town, it reduces the quality of

Environment. Estimate about 85% of solid waste generate in Hagereselam townmostly

6

comesfrom domestic sources (municipal report, 2016). Basically, this study following mixed

research approach and descriptive research design.

1.7. Limitations of the Study

Researcher may face the following short-coming while conducting the research trains. There

is may be absence of capacity building activities, less clarity on recorded document and

keeping activities of solid waste, lack of reference materials and other related documents in the

area, lack of budget and time. Large sample size may obstacle to gather enough and appropriate

data.

7

2. REVIEW LITERATURE

2.1. Conceptual frame work

Chapter explores literature on solid waste management and urban sanitation in the country. It

examined the key concepts, methods and problems of waste management and sanitation in

Ethiopia cities/towns. According to Ethiopia city administration research report states on

assessment of solid waste management and sanitation is one of the highly expanding and

rapidly growing cities of Ethiopia (UNEP, 2010a;Chinasho, 2015). With the current annual

population growth rate of 6.6%continuing, the city population would double in 11years (UNEP,

2010b; Christian et al .2014; Fenta, 2017,).Therefore, the need for adequate solid waste

management is unquestionable (Meketeet al., 2009). According to UNEP (2010a), one of the

challenges that Ethiopian cities /towns such as Bihar Dar ,Addis Ababa, Jijidga, Gonder,

Hawassa and other have much problems of sanitation and waste management. In generally

solid waste management in particular. As much as 98.8 tons of solid waste is daily produced in

the city of Bihar Dar; however, the city municipalities collect and dispose only 58% of this

amount of waste.According toFikreYesus, 2011 reported that small proportions of the urban

dwellers are served and large quantity of solid waste is left uncollected, from which, concluded

that the problem of solid waste management cannot be solved only by efforts of municipal

government. Ethiopia is facing rapid urbanization leading to overcrowding and development of

towns and informal settlements with poor waste management and sanitation. Conceptual Frame

Work of Solid waste management process.

Figure 2.1 Frame work of Solid waste management process (sources:Tchobanoglouset.al. 1993)

WASTE GENERATION

WASTE STORAGE

WASTE COLLECTION

PROCESSING& RECOVERING

DISPOSAL

8

2.2. Solid Waste Concept

Solid waste technically, is any solid materials disposed of as no longer useful in common usage

the tern has somewhat more limited meaning of solid materials thrown out by householders.

Those materials referred to by engineers as municipal solid waste. Solid waste can be classified

into two based on their effect such as hazardous and non -hazardous waste. It is defined as any

garbage, refuse, sludge from a waste treatment plant, water treatment plant, or air pollution

control facility and other discarded material, including solid, liquid, semi liquid or contained

gaseous material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining and agricultural operations and

from community activities, but didn‟t included solid or dissolved materials in domestic sewage

(Benny j. 2005).Solid wastes are wastes arise from human and animal activities, including the

heterogeneous mass of garbage from the urban community as well as more homogeneous

accumulation comprising of countless different materials such as food wastes, packaging

materials such as paper, metals, plastic, glass, construction wastes, pathological wastes and

hazardous wastes. Rapid growths of population and urbanization in Ethiopia cities/towns have

led to the generation of enormous quantities of solid wastes and consequently environmental

degradation.

2.3 .Sources and types of solid waste

In Ethiopia solid waste generated from various place. In these sources there are diverse types of

solid wastes. In order to categorize what exactly municipal solid waste constitutes, there have

been different attempt suffocate ionization based on numerous classification criteria. Some

those criteria are source from which solid waste emanates, and nature of solid wastes

components. On the basis of the nature of items that constitute solid wastes, it can be classified

in to organic or inorganic, combustible or non- combustible and putrescible or non- putrescible.

its respect to sources from which solid wastes emanates, (Martin, 2000) categorized municipal

solid waste as households (residential) refuse, institutional wastes, street sweeping, commercial

area wastes as well as construction and demolition places. SWM also contain various amounts

of industrial wastes from small scale industries. According to Tchobanoblouset. al (1993),

solid waste areclassified in to different sources based on its generation and location associated

with each types which is presented in Table 2.1 shows Sources, location, and types of waste

9

Table 2.1 Sources, location, and types of waste ( Source : Tchobanoglouset al.,1993).

Sources of

waste

Location of wastes Types of waste

Residential Single-family and multifamily

dwelling; low-medium and high

densities apartment…etc.

Food waste , paper, cardboard,

plastics, textile, leather, yard, wood,

glass, tin cans, aluminum, other

metals, ashes, street leaves, special

wastes (including bulky items,

consumer, electronics, white goods,

batteries, oil, and tires) and household

hazardous wastes.

Commercial/

municipal

Stores, restaurants, market, office,

building hotels, print shops,

medical facilities, and institutions

Food waste, rubbish, ashes, demolition

and construction wastes, special

wastes, occasionally hazardous wastes

Industrial Construction ,fabrication, light and

heavy manufacturing , refineries,

chemical plants lumbering, mining

demolition

Food waste, rubbish, ashes, demolition

and construction wastes, special

wastes, occasionally hazardous wastes

Open areas Streets alleys, parks, vacant plots

playgrounds, beaches, highways

and recreational areas

Special wastes, rubbish

Agricultural Field and row crops, orchards,

vineyards, dairies, feed lots and

farms.

Spoiled food wastes, Agricultural

wastes, rubbish hazardous wastes

Treatment plant

sites

Waste water, Industrial treatment

plants

Treatment plant wastes, principally

composed of residual sludge

2.4 .Characteristics of solid waste

The rate of solid waste generated in Ethiopia cities/ towns are basically determined by

demographic growth. Also rapid growth of town increased the large quantities of solid waste in

town. Based on effective and efficient managements of these solid waste generated in particular

in Ethiopia city/town, adequate knowledge and data about the characteristics of solid waste is

essential. In order to decided or determined types of facilities required for solid waste

10

management ,best disposal options and projecting future needed requires precise information

about quantities, compositions, densities, moisture content and calorific value of solid waste

produced in Ethiopia city (Rushbrook 1999 in G/Tsadkan 2002). Through all the above

characteristics are important, for this study the researcher emphasize only on municipal SWM

practices with due to attention also given to the role community participation. Solid waste

generation rate: refers to the “amount of waste disposed during a given period of time and the

quantification of it involves different methods: by measurement at the point of generation,

through used of vehicle survey and by examination of records at the disposal facility”(UNEP

2009; cited in Zebenay 2010). Waste is more easily recognized than defined. Something can

become waste when it was no longer useful to the owner or it was used and failed to fulfill its

purpose (Gourlay, 1992 cited by Freduah, 2004). There are basically two types of wastes

namely solid and liquid wastes. But for the purpose of study, the focus was on solid waste

management and urban sanitation. The term solid waste has been defined differently by various

authors. Solid waste was any materials that arise from human and animal activities that are

normally discarded as useless or unwanted (Tchobanoglouset al., 1993). According to Zerbock

(2003), solid waste includes non-hazardous industrial, commercial and domestic waste

including house holding organic trash, street sweeping, and instructional garbage and

construction wastes. Urban sanitation in Ethiopia June/2011 FMOH Urban population is

projected to triple from 15.2million in 2012 to 42.3 million in 2037 new attractions are

industrial park opening up of universities and other modern establishments tourism and market

opportunity pollution due to weak managements of waste and poor hygiene practices was a

common features for all size of Ethiopian towns. Major sources of solid waste generated from

home, GebrieKassa, (2009).Managements of domestic solid waste in operational analysis and

assessment of constraints that affect solid waste management and urban sanitation. Table

2.2.Bo-degradable and non- biodegradable wastes

bio-degradable Non bio-degradable

Food waste Bottle Garden wastes Tin

Agricultural waste Can Grass wastes Electric materials wastes

Ashes syringes Source: - (GebrieKassa, 2009

11

2.5. Solid waste management system

The term waste is defined in different ways by many authors. Basically ,according to Zaman

and Lehman (2011) ”wastes” refer to solid waste in which it includes any trash , garbage,

refuse or abandoned materials or function for any one (Zaman, and Lehman,2011). This

implicates that what is waste to one individual may not be waste to another nation (Zaman, and

Lehman, 2011). However, Tchobanoglous et al., 1993.Provide a more comprehensive

definition of solid wastes management. According to them, solid waste management was: “that

discipline associated with control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport,

processing and disposal of solid waste in a manner that is in according with the best principles

of public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics and other environmental

considerations and that was also responsive to public attitude”. Therefore, if solid waste

management was to be accomplished in an efficient and orderly manner, the fundamental

aspects and relationships involved must be identified and understood clearly (Tchobanoglous et

al., 1993).

Solid waste management is becoming a major public health and environmental concern in

urban areas of Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, like other developing countries, increase of solid waste

generation resulted from rapid urbanization and population booming. “The average solid waste

generation rate is about 0.22kg per person per day and it is also estimated that only 2% of the

population received solid waste collection services” (Zebenay, 2010, p.39). This shows that the

operational condition of SWM service and efforts made to change the situation are low. As a

result, small proportions of the urban dwellers are served and large quantity of solid waste left

uncollected. “The public sector in Ethiopia is unable to deliver services effectively, as result

illegal dumping of solid waste along road sides and open areas is a common practice due to

inadequate supply of waste containers and longer distance to these containers”. The

involvement of private sectors also very limited, but currently a number of micro and small

scale enterprises are emerging to participate in primary solid waste collection i.e. collect

garbage at source from households and transport it to the municipal waste containers and

transfer points. To sum up, the real situation of SWM in Ethiopia indicates that the problem of

solid waste cannot be solved only by mere effort of municipal government, there should be

large involvement of the private sectors in general and participation of micro enterprises and

community in particular (Abebe Tegegn,2006). On the basis of this solid waste management in

12

Ethiopia city/town incorporates the following: source separation, storage, collection,

transportation, and disposal of solid waste in an environmentally sustainable manner. Solid

waste management system encompasses all the activities ranging from the point of generation

of Disposal. Classifying these activities would helped to identified and understood the

problems associated with solid waste management system and urban sanitation give proper

responses to improve the service.

The functional element in solid waste management includes wastes generation, waste

collection, and waste transportation, waste processing and recycling and finally disposal. An

understood of the rate of generation would help those who administrate waste management to

identify the type and number of containers, collection methods and frequency of disposal of the

waste. In addition, it also helped to identify the sources and types of solid waste and the factors

that influence them. The activities of waste generation are highly dependent upon the individual

preferences. Thus, to avoid, minimize, or sort out waste materials as its sources required, active

participation of the waste generating households, commercial and industrial companies, and

their employees (Harrison, 1996). The processing of solid wastes especially at their sources

many involved reducing the volume of the solid waste that was ready for collection and

disposal, altering physical form of the solid wastes to reduce the size of the individual items &

recovering usable materials from solid wastes. Waste generators or private firms many carried

out such kinds of process. Next solid waste collection services could be provided by different

agents. It could be provided by the municipality, private companies under contract or private

enterprises. Even through each of the these agencies has certain pros and cons, the wastes

collection service in an Ethiopia city could be performed either by the three agencies

simultaneously, by two of them or by only one agency (Hagerty, 1973 international city

manager Association,1957).

2.6 .Solid waste management processes

The key elements in solid waste management processes includes: - waste generation, storage,

collection, transfer &transport, processing and recovery and final disposal. This means that

when waste is generated it was first stored in either dustbin or skips. It was then collected and

finally disposed of in landfill. Also, when waste was collected it could be transferred from

small collection equipment like the tricycle to bigger truck for final disposal on the other hand;

waste collected can be processes recovered materials to be reused.

13

2.6.1. Solid waste generation

In case of our country, there are rapid growths of solid waste generation in Ethiopia cities/town.

Waste generation encompasses those activities in which materials are identified as a longer

being of value and were either thrown away or gathered together for disposal (Momob and

Oladebeye, 2010). According to (UNEP, 1996).The total amount of municipal solid waste

(MSW) generated globally reached 2.2 billon tones, representing a 7% annual increase since

2003. It is further estimated that between 2007 and 2011, global generation of (UNEP, 1996).

The program also said that, as per, WHO estimations, the total health care waste per person per

year in most low income countries, was anywhere from 0.6kg to 3kg. That was not

withstanding, the cause of this increased should have enumerated by the organization and

therefore, hasn‟t exhausted the issue on discussion. It was accepted that solid waste generation

was increasing at a faster rate globally as indicated by UNEP and was confirmed by (Solomon

et al., 2011).The rate of solid waste generated in a Ethiopia town is basically determined by

demographic growth per in a years.

2.6.2 .Storage

Techobanoglouset al.,(1977), explain storage to mean where solid wastes were stored before it

was collected. It could be in a skip or dustbins and not thrown a ways in discriminately.

According to them, storage is primary importance because of the aesthetic consideration.

2.6.3 .Collection

Collection involved the process of picking up of wastes from collection points, loading them in

to vehicle, and transporting it to processing facilities, transfer stations or disposal site. In most

municipal solid waste management systems, cost of collection accounts a significant portion of

total cost. Collection is structurally similar in developing and developed countries, but there

were important technical and institutional differences in implementation. In most case,

industrialized countries have more efficiency and effectiveness than developing ones in

participation, and demographic and social factors relevant to collection. In developing

countries, collection often involves a face to transaction between generator and collector. The

level of service is low, and generators often have to bring their wastes long distances and place

it in containers, (UNEP, 1996). As a result many collection activities in developing countries

carried out by in formal sectors (UNEP, 1996). In general, there are four basic methods of

collection described by (Techobanoglouset al., 1993).

Community bins-they are replaced in convenient locations where community members

carried waste throw it in. this methods was comparatively cheaper than other methods, and

14

most widely adapted it is important that bins are covered, aesthetic attended regularly kept

clean, easily to handle, and separate bins are provided.

Curbsides collection home owner is responsible for replacing containers to be emptied at

the curb on collection day and for returning empty containers to their storage location until

the next collection.

Block collection- collection vehicles arrived at particular places or asset day and time to

collect waste from households. Household hold bring their waste containers and empty

directly into the vehicle. This methods required higher home owner cooperation and

scheduled service for home owner collaboration.

Door to door collection waste is placed at door step a set time when waste collectors arrive.

In this method, collector of waste has responsibility to collect waste separately. This

method is very convenient for households, however required homeowner cooperation.

2.6.4. Transfer and transport

Transfer and transport involves two steps: (1) of transfer of wastes from the smaller collection

vehicle to the larger transport equipment and (2) the subsequent transport of the waste, usually

over long distances to the final disposal sites (Felix, 2010). These activities were associated

with transfer of wastes from public storages facilities to collection vehicle and the subsequent

transport of wastes to disposal sites. Transfer refers to movement of wastes or wastes or

materials from primary collection vehicle to a secondary, larger and more efficient transport

vehicle. When location of final disposal site was at a long distance from points of collection,

transfer stations may be used. With respect to transfer stations, “there are two basic mode of

operation: direct discharge and storage discharge. In storage discharge refuse was first emptied

from collection trucks into a storage pit or to a large plat form. While indirect discharge station,

each refuse truck empties directly in to larger transport vehicles” (Meenakshi, 2005).

Transportation on the other hand covers all types of vehicles under operation to transport solid

waste from it generation point to transfer station and then to treatment or disposal site. “All

vehicles in operation were considered including manually driven small carts mechanically

driven sophisticated transportation vehicle, and special vehicles for hazardous, bulky, and

recyclable wastes generally, a properly design transfer & transportation system highly reduces

cost of collection “(Ibid,2005).

15

2.6.5 Processing and Recovery

This functional element included all techniques, equipment and facilities used both to improve

the efficiency of other functional elements and to recover usable materials, conversion

products, produce energy, and compost from solid wastes. In addition it also provided several

advantages. First, it can serve to reduce total volume and weight of waste materials that

requires collection &final disposal volume reduction also helps to conserve land resources

since land was the ultimate sink for most waste materials. On other side, it also reduced total

transportation cost of waste to its final disposal site (Uriarte and Filemon, 2008). Solid waste

processing and recovery has been carried out beginning from separation and processing of

waste at the source. But separations of mixed waste usually occur at materials recovery

facilities, transfer stations, combustion facilities and disposal sites. It often includes separation

bulky items, separation of waste components by size using screens, manual separation of waste

components, and separation ferrous metals. Then they enter in small and large scale industries

for recovery activities. For examples, organic fraction of SWM can be transformed by a variety

of biological and thermal processes. The most commonly used biological transformation

process is aerobic composting and, the most commonly used thermal transformation process

was incineration (Uriarte and Filemon, 2008). The element of processing and recovery includes

all the technology, equipment, and facilities used both to improve the Efficiency of other

functional elements and to recover usable materials, conversion products or energy from solid

wastes. In the recovery, separation operation have been devised to recover valuable resources

from the mixed solid wastes delivered to transfer stations or solid waste processing plants

(Tchobanoblouset al, 1977).

2.6.6 Disposal

Disposal is final functional elements in solid waste management and sanitation system.

Disposal activities are associated with final dumping of solid waste directly to a landfill site.

Today disposal of waste by land filling or land spreading is ultimate fate of all solid wastes

weather they were residential wastes or materials from materials recovery facilities. However,

in most developed countries this method was officially banned allowing only sanitary landfill

for final disposal. Because sanitary landfills is not a dump it is an engineered facility used for

disposing of solid waste on land without creating nuisances or hazards to public health and

environment (Solomon Cheru, 2011).“ Though it is the most common technology around the

world, conventional and environmental unfriendly methods such as open burning, open

16

dumping and non-sanitary landfill can still be used as disposal method‟‟(Solomon Cheru,

2011).

2.7 Early practices of solid waste management

According Techobanoglous et al. (1993), the most commonly recognized methods for the final

disposal of solid waste were: dumping on land, canyons and mining pit(digging hole), dumping

in water, ploughing in to the soil, feeding to hogs(Asama)and reduction and incineration. Some

of these unwholesome practices of solid waste identified during the early disposal practices still

exist in cities, towns and villages today. Indiscriminate dumping on opened land and dumping

in gutters (boh) particularly were clearly evident in towns and cities, while dumping in water

specially people living in coastal towns was common place. Burning of dumps is also common

in per-urban and rural communities in Ethiopia and in many other less developed countries. A

study carried out in Ado-Akiti in Nigeria by Momoh and Oladebeye (2010) showed that, the

method of solid waste disposal include dumping of waste in gutters, drains, by roadside,

unauthorized dumping site and stream channels during raining season and burning of wastes on

unapproved dumping sites during the dry season. This has gone to confirm that the practices of

solid waste disposal in the 1950s still exist today and study area is not an exception. People

dumping waste anywhere may because they have not dustbins for then to store their waste for

collection. Having assessed how solid waste was disposed in the early days, the next section

discusses the contemporary methods of managing solid waste.

2.8. Contemporary methods of managing solid waste.

2.8.1. The concept of waste management hierarchy

Waste Management Hierarchy is best described by the “3Rs” denoting reduce, reuse, recover

and eventually followed by unavoidable its final disposal to the landfill (Gert Saki &Lewis.,

2003). The best way to protect the environment isn‟t to generate waste in the first place (the

pipe control approach focusing on sources reduction). This is the contemporary approach

prevention (Briliante& Frank., 2009). Based on this statements “prevention is better than cure”

17

Figure 2.2.Waste management hierarchies (Source: - Gertaki& Lewis, 2003).

In the contemporary era, the methods managing solid waste include source reduction, sanitary

landfills, composting, recycling, and incineration (Felix, 2010).

2.8.2 Source reduction

Denison and Ruston (1990) viewed sources reduction as any action that reduces the volume or

toxicity of solid waste prior to its processing and disposal in incinerators or landfills. This view

was similar to the one given by Kreith (1994). According to him, source reduction focuses on

reducing the volume and toxicity of waste generated. Source reduction includes the switch to

reusable products and packaging, the most familiar example being returnable bottles.

According to USPS (2000) in the city of Thimphu and Bhutan to reduce waste problems in

future, reduction in waste generation would be the most important factor. Example of possible

reduction at the consumption level include reuse of containers (including bags), butter buying

habits, and cutting down on the use of disposable products and packaging (USPS,2000). It is

agreed that, source separation and resource recovery is an important method in waste

management. This is nothing like waste on this earth. Wastes that are discharged may be of

significant value in another setting, but they were little or no value to the processor who wants

to dispose of it. According to Tsiboe and Marbel (2004), Austria, the Netherlands, and

Denmark developed a waste management and sanitation processes to efficiently resolve the

waste disposal problem by essentially coaxing their citizens to separated their domestic solid

waste in to glass, paper, plastic categories; there by enabling easy collection and consequently

18

reuse. As suggested by the three authors, one way of effectively managing solid waste is to

minimize solid waste generation through source reduction.

2.8.3 Sanitary landfill

Sanitary land filling included confining the waste, compacting it and covering with solid. It not

only prevents burning of garbage but also helps in reclamation of land for valuable use (center

for Environment and development, 2003). The placement of solid waste in landfills was the

oldest and definitely the most prevent form of ultimate waste disposal (Zerbock, 2003). He

further argued that argued that “land fills”are nothing more than open, sometimes controlled

dumps. According to him the difference between landfills and dumps is the level of

engineering, planning, and administration involved. Open dumps are characterized by the lack

of engineering measures, no leachate management, no consideration of landfill gas

management, & few, if any operational measures such as registration of users, control of the

number of “tipping fronts” or compaction of waste (Zerbock,2003). Furthermore, landfills are

one form of waste management that nobody wants but everybody needs (Kreith, 1994).

According to him, there are simply no combinations of wastes management‟s techniques that

do not require land filling to make them work. Of the basic management options of solid waste,

landfills are the only management techniques that are both necessary and sufficient. According

to Kreith (1994)-, some waste are simply not recyclable, many recyclable waste eventually

reach a point where their intrinsic value was completely dissipated and they no longer can be

recovered, and recycling itself produces residuals. He further highlighted that the technology

and operation of modern landfill could assured the protection of human health and the

environment.

2.8.4. Recycling

It is an important way of collecting solid waste materials and turning them in to useful products

that can be solid in the market place. Such materials could be reprocessed in two ways: primary

and secondary. Primary recycling is a process in which original waste materials is made back in

to the same materials for example, newspapers recycled to make newsprint. In secondary

recycling, waste materials are made in to different products that may or may not be recyclable

for instance, cardboard from waste newspapers (Miller, 2007).Recycling is both environmental

and economic issue. Many peoples are motivated to recycle because of environmental concern.

i.e it reduces pollution, it also save energy, space and resources, helps to protect biodiversity

and reduce litter. Economically, it could be save money for items like paper, metals and some

plastics, and generally it is important part of economy. However, there are also some critics

19

forwarded on cycling dominantly on economic aspect of its benefits. Economists say that

recycling does not make sense if it is costs more to recycle materials than to send them to a

landfill or incineration. They also forwarded that recycling was often not needed to save

landfill space because many areas are not running out of it (Miller, 2007). Kreith (1994) has

also added that, recycling is the most positively perceived and doable of all the waste

management options. According to him recycling would return raw materials to market by

separating reusable products from the rest of the municipal waste stream. The benefits of

recycling are many, he added. It saves precious finite resources, lessens the needed for mining

of virgin materials which lowers the environmental impact for mining and processing. Having

proposed recycling by different authors as the best option to manage solid waste in modern

time; they have forgotten about the cost component which is key to successful implementation

of any recycling project.

2.8.5. Composition of solid waste

According to international journal of scientific& technology research volume 4 issues assessing

the current status of solid waste management of Ethiopia (Mohammed Gedefaw, 2015).States

that urban solid wastes can be segmented into two major components called biodegradable and

non-biodegradable. The biodegradable components of urban solid waste constitutes organic

wastes such as food waste, garden waste and agricultural waste which undergo biological

degradation under controlled conditions and can be turned into compost or organic fertilizer.

While non -biodegradable wastes include inorganic materials which can‟t be decomposed and

degraded (cited by Solomon Cheru, 2011). From our own observations in disposal site, illegally

dumping areas and in residential areas, physical composition of municipal solid waste is also

composed from both biodegradable and non-biodegradable components. The construction and

demolition waste that is generated during the course of repair, construction, and destruction

activities constituting sands, soil stones, nails, cement concrete and wood are also observed in

the town. This is due to high construction activities of the town and such wastes are not stored

by wastes generator within their compound rather they deposited just outside in streets,

roadside and open areas. Different types of medical wastes such as syringes, gloves, glucose

materials etc. from hospitals, clinics, and other health care establishment are also detected in

different disposal areas of the town. But such wastes should be managed carefully and

separately from the above types of solid wastes because of its hazardous health impacts

(source: solid waste consists of many different materials. some can burn, some cannot burn.

Some can be recycled, some cannot recycle. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the

20

composition of solid waste would be indicated the management methods that would be used.

Solid waste is composed of combustibles and non–combustibles materials. A combustible

material includes paper, plastics, yards debris, and food waste, wood, textiles, disposable

diaper, and other organics. Non- combustibles also include glass, metal, bones, leather and

aluminum (Denison and Ruston 1990; Kreith1994;Zerbock, 2003). Having understood the

concept of solid wastes, source, types and components of solid waste, this leads the discussion

on solid waste management in the next section.

Compositing process uses microorganisms to degrade the organic content of waste aerobic

compositing processed at a higher rate and converts the heterogeneous organic waste materials

into homogenous and stable humus (Center for Environment and Development 2003

UNEP(1996) has also defined composting as a biological decomposition of biodegradable

solid waste under controlled predominantly aerobic conditions to state that was sufficiently

stable for nuisance-free storage and handling and is satisfactorily matured for safe use in

agriculture. According to the UNEP (1996), Composting is option that, with few exceptions,

best fits within the limited resources available in developing countries. A characteristic that

renders composting especially suitable is its adaptability to a broad range of situations.

According to Zerbock (2003), a low-technology approach to waste reduction is composting. He

further says that in developing countries, the average city‟s municipal waste stream is over 50

per cent organic material. It is a process of allowing biological decomposition of solid organic

materials by bacteria, fungi, worms, insects, and other organisms in to a soil for transforming

large quantities of organic materials to compost (humus like materials). “The organic materials

produced by composting can be added to soil to supply plant nutrients such as nitrogen,

phosphorus, potassium, iron, sulfur, and calcium, slow soil erosion, make clay soils more

porous or increase water holding capacity of sandy soils” (Enger and Smith, 2008).

There are three scales at which composting has been implemented; residential level,

decentralized community level, and centralized and large scale municipality level. The larger

the undertaking the more capital investment is required. Most developing countries which have

found success with composting revealed that composting works best when implemented at

household level, with some project doing well at community level as well. At municipal level

financial commitment required to maintain equipment has resulted in wide spread failures

(Zerbock, 2003). Generally, composting has many advantages; first it would reduce amount of

waste requiring ultimate disposal and extending the life of landfills. When it done correctly, the

end result becomes a useful product, capable of being used at household or farm level to

21

augment soil nutrient levels and increase organic matter in the soil, increasing soil stability. If

the product has high enough quality and markets exist, it can be sold. Environmentally, process

of composting is preferable than landfill processes. In a landfill, bacteria break down organics

an aerobically (in absence of oxygen) and resulted in release of methane gas. However, in

composting organic matter is decomposed using an aerobic process and produces no methane

by product (Zerbock, 2003). Contrary to the above benefits, composting has the distinction of

being failed waste management system. In cities of developing countries, most large mixed

waste compost plants have failed or operate at less than 30% of capacity. The problems most

often cited for such failures include: high operation and management costs, high transportation

costs, poor quality of product as a result of lack of sorting (especially plastic and glass

fragments), poor understanding of composting process, and high competition from chemical

fertilizers (which are often subsidized) (UNEP, 1996).

2.8.6. Incineration

According to the Center for Environment and Development (2003) incineration is a controlled

combustible waste to gas and reducing it to residue of non- combustible ingredients. According

to the center, during incineration, moisture in the solid waste gets vaporized combustible

portion gets oxidized and vaporized. CO2, water vapor, ashes and non-combustible residue are

the end products of incineration. Incinerators have the capacity to reduce the volume of waste

drastically, up to nine fold than any other methods (Kreith, 1994). According to him

incineration can also recover useful energy either in the form of steam or electricity. He

however, recognized that the main constraints of incineration are high cost of operation,

relatively high degree of sophistication needed to operate them safely and economically as well

as the tendency to pollute the environment through emissions of carbon dioxide. The following

Table 2.3. Advantages and Disadvantages of incineration

Advantages Disadvantages

• Requires minimum land and be

operated in

• many weather condition produces

stable odor free residue can generate

electricity

• effective way for hazardous waste

management

• Expensive to build and operate specially for

developing countries

• High energy requirement

• Requires skilled personal and conditions

maintenance

• Emission of gaseous pollutants not carried out

properly out properly, incineration results of air

22

• reduce solid waste weight up to 80%

and volume up to 90%

pollution difficult to site because of citizens

opposition production encourages waste production

because it is output approach

Source: (Miller, 2007)

2.8.7. Integrated solid waste management

Although considerable efforts are being made by many governments and other entities in

tackling waste related problems, there were still major gaps to be filled in this area (UNEP,

1996). According to UNEP (1996), the World Bank estimated that in developing countries, it is

common for municipalities in developing countries to spend 20 to 50 % of their available

budget on solid waste management, even through 30 to 60% of all the urban solid waste remain

uncollected and less than 50% of the population is serving. This forms the premise for the

integrated solid waste management and sanitation system based on 3Rs, (reduce, reuse and

recycle) principle. ISWM system has been pilot tested in a few locations (Wuxi, PR China;

Pune, India; Maseru, Lesotho) and has been well received by local authorities. It has be show

that with appropriates segregation and recycling system significant quantity of waste can be

divert from landfills and convert into resource (UNEP,2009).

2.9. Problems of managing solid waste in Ethiopia

According to Ogawa (2005), a typical solid Waste management and urban sanitation system in

Ethiopia displays an array of problems, including low collection coverage and irregular

collection services, crude open dumping and burning without air and water pollution control.

He categorized these challenges into equipment, technical, financial, law Enforcement,

intuitional and social constraints.

2.9.1. Equipment constraints.

Municipality even though manpower is used in solid waste management different pieces of

equipment plays a significant role in waste management activities. The Ethiopian town solid

waste management uses various types of equipment for collecting and storing solid waste in

their service. These are donkey cart, hand push carts, sacks and Dust bin …etc. But the

problem is associated with no container, inadequacy and improper use of this equipment. The

existing one donkey cart cannot serve the entire population of the town because it is believed

that waste is daily produced in each and every household from cities. Another problem that is a

challenge for solid waste management system in the town is the distance of dump holes

Therefore; mostly households dispose off wastes in open space, road side, nearby gutter and

23

other places. Another serious problem that affected the solid waste management system is the

problem of vehicles.

2.9.2.Human and technical constraints

According to human and technical factors of Ethiopia town human resources for management

are scarce in some cases and officials without technical training in waste management are

assigned to handle the complex issues involved, and the basis on which they receive technical

assistance can, therefore, be limited. It is true that urban services like waste management need

well-organized, trained and skilled manpower. Besides, the service that is to be performed

needs proportionate number of service providers. The number of workers to perform such a

huge task is not compatible with the jobs. Moreover, the payment system of the workers of the

solid waste management is another problem that greatly affects the working condition of the

towns. Therefore, social factors have a direct impact in constraining solid waste management

system because the social status of waste management workers is generally low. According to

Ogawa (2005), in most Ethiopia cities/towns, there are inadequate human resources at both the

national and local levels with technical expertise necessary for solid waste management and

urban sanitation planning and operation. Many officers in charge of solid waste management,

particularly at the local level, have little or no technical background or training in engineering

or management

2.9.3. Financial Constraints

Ogawa (2005) intimated that, solid waste management is given very low priority in Ethiopia

countries, except capital and large cities (like Addis Ababa, Hawassa… etc.). As a result, very

limited funds are provided to the solid waste management sector by the governments, and the

level of services required for protection of public health and the environment are not attained.

The problem is acute at the local government level where the local taxation system is

inadequately developed and, therefore, the financial basis of local government can be

supplemented by the collection of user service charges. However users‟ ability to pay for the

services is very limited in poorer in Ethiopia country, and their willingness to pay for the

services which are irregular and ineffective

2.9.4. Law enforcement

An important aspect that can play a significant role in the process of waste management is the

issue of bye-law. Of course, the most of Ethiopian cities/ towns hasn‟t the legal service which

is responsible for the enforcement of rules and regulations through different mechanisms. The

municipality hasn‟t given continuous education on solid waste management to the residents of

24

town. The Addis Ababa City Administration Charter Proclamation No 311/2003 Article 24

states that those persons assigned to enforce the rule should impartially and honestly work in

unison. The response obtained from the SBDD showed that another constraint that affects the

performance of solid waste management in town is lack of co-ordination between the SBDD

and the MSEs. From the survey the answer gained from the SBDD with regard to solid waste

management indicated that those MSEs working in the town do not properly discharge their

responsibility as there is a loop hole in the work between the two bodies. Therefore, this

affected the management system and created negative impact on the performance of waste

management and particularly with drivers revealed that one of the major factors that greatly

affected solid waste management system is the problem of waste dumping site. This handicap

is not the problem of only the town but the problem of city as a whole.

2.9.5. Institutional constraints

It indicated that, lack of Institutional coordination with each other in order to solid waste

management system in Ethiopia. Several agencies level is usually involved at least partially in

solid waste management. He however, indicate that, there are often no clear roles or functions

of various national agencies defined in relation to solid waste management and also no single

agency or committee designated to coordinated their projects and activities. The lack of

coordination among the relevant agencies often result in different agencies becoming the

national counterpart to different external support agencies for different solid waste management

collaborative projects without being aware of what other national agencies are doing. This

leads to duplication of efforts, wasting of resources, and un sustainability of overall solid waste

management programmers‟. The lack of effective legislation for solid waste management,

which is a norm in most developing countries, is partially responsible for the roles /functions of

the relevant national agencies not being clearly defined and the lack of coordination among

them (Ogawa,2005). According to him legislation (public health act local government act,

environment protection act) related to solid waste management in developing countries is

usually fragmented. Zurbrug (2009) further added that, solid waste collection schemes of cities

in the developing world generally serve only a limited part of the urban population. However, if

organized properly their activities could be effective in waste management system. Such an

opportunistic approach was required for sustainable development of solid waste management

programs in Ethiopia‟s countries (Ogawa, 2002).

25

2.9.6 Social awareness and attitude

Lack of Public awareness and attitudes to waste could affect the whole solid waste

management system. All steps in solid waste management starting from household waste

storages, to waste segregation, recycling, collection frequency, willingness to pay for waste

management and sanitation services, and opposition to sitting of waste treatment and disposal

facilities depend on public awareness and participation. Lack of community participation has a

negative bearing on waste management. In addition to this, there is improper use of public

holes deliberately or unknowingly by some households. Furthermore, there is lack of taking

initiatives on the part of some households to participate in sanitary campaigns that are

organized by the kebeles and NGOs. Finally, most households in Ethiopia do not have

awareness of solid waste management and its impact on the environment. So, these and other

related factors have affected the solid waste management system in cities/ town and some of

these factors need immediate responses. Therefore, to bring a better solid waste management

service, residents in the town should have a concern on the management of the service so that

the community at large can benefit from the service.

26

3. MATERIALS AND METHOD

3.1 Description of study area

Hagerselam is Amharic word meaning “land of peace”. Naming Hagreselam literally means “a

land of peace” the name was given at its early establishment by DejazmachBalchaSafo in 1909,

as a sign of expressing his hope of maintaining peace and security of the region. It is name of

town, which located in Sidama Zone Hula district, Southern Ethiopia. The town is about 103

years old. It is located about 95km south of Hawassa which is a capital city of southern region

and 365 km far from Addis Ababa,the capital city of Ethiopia. This town has an elevation

between 2,759 and 2,829 above sea level. It shares common boundaries with Wiramakebele to

the north, Witabonokebele to the west, Odolakebele to the south, east-south to Bochesakebele

and Dara district to the east. The Hagreselam town occupies approximately 577.116 hectares.

According to 1999 national census repot population Hagerselam town had 6787 While recent

municipal data in2018 total population reached thirty six thousand twenty one (36,021).

Despite of its old age, the town has poor SWM and urban sanitation services provision which is

negatively affecting the community health and environmental quality.

According to the traditional thermal zone classification of Ethiopia, based on altitude,

Hagereselam town lies within the Dega zone where the altitude is between 2300 and 3000

m.a.s.l and the temperature is between 13°C and 16°C. Hagereselam has one continuous rainfall

season that extends March and October. Its total annual rainfall is about 1,276.5mm. The

months of April, May, June, July, August and September have got moderate rainfall

concentration, whereas the month of October has high rainfall concentration. December is a

month with small rainfall. January, February and November are relatively dry months

27

Figure3.1 Map of Hagerselam town /Source: Hagerselam town‟s Master plans (2018).

28

3.2. Study design

Cross-sectional descriptive survey design and both qualitative and quantitative methods were

used in the study. Researcher used largely quantitative and qualitative approaches. The

quantitative study method was used to collect data on demographic characteristic of the

respondents; SWM practices and the efficiency and effective of SWM system in the town.

Qualitative methods employed was observation that was used to observe and record waste

management practices collection transfer or transportation, disposal…etc.) of the municipality

in the town. The study employed a multistage sampling and systematic random sampling to

identify or select the study site and HHs and purposive sampling technique to select key

informants (KIs). Primary data is important to collect through preliminary field investigation,

questionnaires survey, face to face interviews and focus group discussions. There was further

discussing in the sub-sections below. The participants for this study would be woreda sanitation

teams, municipal workers, local community, and other households in the town.

3.3. Sampling methods

Waste management and sanitations in Hagerselam town: Data collected from the study areas in

the Hagerselam town through preliminary field investigation, questionnaire survey, face to face

interview and FGD in all 341 (HHs) respondents and 25 (KIs) were surveyed and interview

were carried 14 key respondents including municipality of Hagerselam town, SBDD& MSEs,

EP and land administration bureau, Hula District and Finance Economic Development office

and 18 people to focus group discussion. Data were collected on the following issues:-SW

generation rates per a day , percentage composition of waste, sources of solid waste, waste

collection methods, disposal sites of household, cost involved in managing solid waste and

related Problems of solid waste management and sanitation in Hagerselam town

Formula for solid waste generation rate by person per unit time

GR= Wt. of solid waste (g)

Population *duration (day)

Researchers took 10 (ten) households and we gave them three sacks to each villages and it was

stored in sacks for a week and average was taken to get low-income, medium-income and high-

income total production of wastes per week. The beneficiaries of the doo-to-door collection

paid a monthly charge of 50 birr to ten (10) sacks waste.

Determination of physical composition and measuring households‟ waste generation

Households were selected systematic random sampling methods for instance 7th

from each

ordered lists and collects generation rate of solid waste or measured for seven consecutive days.

29

3.3.1 Methods of data collection

All required data for this study were collected both from primary and secondary sources. To

determine the total average of solid waste generation rate by kg per capita per day and also

determine composition of solid waste by its concentration to measure by mass of the population

received/collected solid waste in study area. The collects raw data from the field observation

and FGD were coded to analyze quantitative data.

I, primary data:-were collected from samples of household‟s respondent researcher direct

observation and key informants.

Table 3.1 Primary data collection processes in Hagereselam town since, 2019.

Target

population

Data

collection

method/techni

que

Types of data require Number

of

respond

ent

Households Questionnaire

s survey

-place of disposal of wastes

-Availability of containers and dustbins

-mode and frequency of waste collection

-cost of payment for collection

341

Hula district

Municipal

workers

Field

observation

-population of selected areas

-place of disposal

-number of containers and bins available

- mode and frequency of waste collection

-Methods of managing wastes

-Problems of managing wastes and sanitation

1

Sanitation,

beautification

development

department and

micro and small

enterprises

Face to face

interview

-types of waste generated

-amount of waste generated per weeks

- mode and frequency of waste collection

-ask Provision of containers & bins management

options: source reduction, recycling incineration,

composting and dumping holes

-Problems of managing wastes and sanitation

-Availability of equipment

5

30

Hula woreda

finance and

economic

development

offices and

environmental

protection and

land

administration

bureau

Face to face

interview

-amount of spent on waste collection in month

amount of equipment spent on waste management

- Problems of managing wastes and sanitation

1

Households,

SBDD,MSEs

and Municipal

workers

FGD -Solid waste management system

-Types and components of wastes

-Amounts of waste produced per weeks

-Problems of managing wastes and sanitation

-cost of payment for collection

18

II, Secondary data

Similarly, Secondary data gathered from Hula District, Hagerselam municipal and finance

office report, unpublished and documented data of the relevant organization was conducted.

3.3.2. Sample size determination

A total number of 2320 households obtained from Hagerselam municipal population data were

used in present study. This represents the sample frame of the questionnaire survey.

Furthermore, the mathematical method was used to determine the sample size for the survey

developed by Yamane (1967). The following procedure was useful to sample size

determination.

Formula n = N

1+N (e)

2

Where n=sample size, N=sample frame, e=margin of error at 95 percent confidence level. This

case margin error equals 5%, i.e. 0.05

n = 2320

1+2320(0.05)2

= 341

Therefore, the sample size for survey was three hundred forty one (341) HHs and 25 key

informants (KIs). This was to ensure that the sample mean was closer to the population mean.

It is however important to note that the sample size depends on financial resource and the

stipulate period of the study. In the light of this, the distribution of the sample size in the study

area was considered critical to the study.

31

3.3.3. Sampling procedure

Purposive sampling procedure were employed to select key informants of the Hagerselam town

were considered as strata that were used for the sampling is through probability and non-

probability sampling techniques. Precisely, the study employed selected kebele, FGD

Participants, key informants and HHs respondent were selected simple random sampling,

systematic random sampling, and purposive sampling the respondent for the study area.

Hagerselam town has two kebele (administrative units) or divided in to four villages namely:- (

Arada, Meidin, Sacha and Shiko). Accordingly, these four villages were covered and they have

total of 2320 household according to information obtained from Haerselam municipality. These

households represent the sample frame (N). Due to lack of census data for the household

population of each listed area, the total sample size was taken 341 (HHs) as sampling

procedures and 25 (KIs) among the selected area. Each HHs was selected 7th

intervals numbers.

Table3.2 Systematic sampling procedureHagereselam town since, 2019

Selected

area

Households

sample frame

(N)2320

Total households (HHs) to be

cover by survey/sample size

(n) =341 (180M & 161F)

Key informants

KIs 25 (17M &8F)

Shiko

Arada

Maidin

Sacha

Sacha

594

596

545

585

585

90

88

83

80

80

5

7

7

6

6

Because most of the house in selected areas were not well planned with serial numbers. A

movement was used to select every 7th

house starting from direction of the first point of contact

with any house in the selected area. With this approach a respondent was interviewed in each

7th

house until the required sample of household was obtained in each area. Random sampling

method was used to select the respondent for interview. That is, the first household to be

contacted in each select house interview. If the first house contact ready, the next available

household was interviewed, since some of respondents did not understood Amharic language.

People who understood both the Amharic and the local Sidamagna were trained and employed

to administrative unit the questionnaires. The questionnaires survey was carried out. The pre-

32

testing gives the opportunity for certain pertinent issues which could not be holding initially to

be including in the final questionnaires. The questionnaires survey was carrying out before the

interview because certain new issue came up during the survey which could not be capture in

the questionnaires survey.

3.4. Data collection tools

An instrument which helps to collect primary data from sources generates during this study

through; questionnaires, field observation, face to face interview and focus group discussion.

I Questionnaires:-Semi-structured questionnaires with closed and open –ended interview

question were used and the interview was carried out by researchers in the house of households.

Also to collect data from key informants a structured individual questionnaire was used collect

to and self-administrated back to the researchers.to ensure data quality, all the questionnaires

were prepared in English language and back translation was made by independent person. Pre-

test of questionnaires was also conducted and problems in the content of the questionnaires.

The target populations for questionnaire are households. Data collects were on the following

variables: sources of solid waste, types of solid waste, place of disposal, availability of

containers, and mode of collection. The questionnaire contain background information of the

garbage, tackled items of solid waste management or challenges of public health, and influence

other community ecosystem and environmental pollution. .

II Observation: - observation data collected by using checklist and it was collected by the

researchers at household level and on different sites at field in the town. It involved watching

and recording what people say and do and household level it included onsite handling and

collection of solid wastes , storing, transportation, disposal…etc. in field observation was made

to look into waste management practice along the road drainage channels, municipality dustbin,

business area, open area, grinding area, and market place. During a field observation, data may

take directly revolved around the town to form of pictures, or figurative where solid waste in

dump holes, Provision of containers & bins management option.

III Face to face interview:-It is used to collect qualitative data from the following key

stakeholders as far as solid waste management is concerned in the study area. During this way

of data collected from Hula district Municipal workers, Sanitation, beautification development

department and micro and small enterprises, Hula woreda finance and economic development

offices and environmental protection and land administration bureau.

33

IV Focus Group Discussion:-The item in the focus group discussion comprised of close-ended

& open-ended structural questions and helps to collect qualitative types of data. The key

stakeholders of FGD included 4 people from Households, 5 peoples from SBDD&M SEs, 4

people from Municipal workers, 2 people from health and 3 people from kebele (administrative

units) leader. Three focus group discussions were carried out and six people are participating in

each focus group discussion. This time necessary data of FGD are solid waste management

system, problems of managing wastes and sanitation and cost of payment for collection During

FGD useful materials are short note book, pen and tape recorder in order to collected original

data sources.

3.5. Data analysis

Statistical analysis of data was carried out using SPSS version 20.0 statistical package

program. The collected raw data were recorded, organized and summarized in simple

descriptive statistics method and frequency, standard deviation, means, and percentage

descriptive statistical tools to describe the findings. One –way ANOVA was performed to

assess whether there is a significant difference in response of households with respect to some

selected demographic variable. The recorded observation and focus group discussion data was

put in order, reduced, classified, and summarized for ease of interpretation and organized to

drawing conclusions separately and in connection to findings from quantitative study. The

qualitative data will be obtained through interview, FGD and direct observation of

environment. The collected raw data will be organized through key informants and both data

interpreting under blowing to key informants.

3.6. Ethical considerations

Ethical clearance was obtained from theHawassa University before entering the study area to

collect data, local authorities and community leaders were briefed about the objective of the

study. Respondents participated in the study was voluntary and each respondent was asked to

give verbal consent to participate and each household was assured that the information

provided will be kept confidential.

34

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1. Socio- demographic characteristics of respondents

Five items have been used to gather information on the demographic characteristics of the

sample respondents. These are sex, age, and level of education, occupation, and income. Table

4.1 shows the Socio -demographic characteristics of the study respondents. A total of 341

household heads were included in the study and among them 180 (52.8 %) were males and

161(47.2 %) were females. Majority 45.75% of the respondents was within age group of 26-35

year category, followed by those the age group 15-25 (27.57 %) of the respondents‟ belong to

age group of 36-46 (19.35 %) and the remaining belong to those greater than or equals to ≥46

age group (7.33%). As the educational status of HHs participants reveal, most ( 42.23%) of the

respondent were first Degree, Diploma level 35.19% then primary, secondary, none subjects

attended (illiterate), and second degree 11.44, 10.56,2.64 and 0.59 percent of respectively.

Majority (41.64%) of respondents earns monthly income ranging between 2001-5000 ETB,

followed by those who obtained 5001-8000ETB per month (21.70%). The remaining 10.26%,

9.38%, 9.09%, 7.33% and 0.59%, earn between less than500, 1501-2000, 501-1000, 1001-1500

per month, respectively. Only 0.96% respondents earn a monthly income of more than

8,001ETB

A total 25 key informants were interviewed in Hagereselam town. Among them 17 (68%) were

male and 8(32%) were females. They participatedindividual in the independent interview. As

regards to the age categories of the respondents, the majority 72% respondents was falls within

age group of 26-35 year category .followed by those the age group 15-25 (24 %) and

remaining of the respondents falls belong to age group of 36-46 (4 %). KIs respondents most

40% of the respondents secondary32% of 1st degree and remaining 28% of diploma level In the

term of income distribution KIs participants mostly earn monthly income 80% ranging between

2001-5000 ETB and remaining 20% earn less than500ETB.

35

Table 4.1 Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents in Hagereselam town since, 2019

___________________________________________________________________________

Socio- demographic characteristics HHs KIs

(n=341) (n=25)

Frequency (%) Frequency (%)

Sex Male 180 (52.8) 17(68)

Female 161(47.2) 8 (32)

Age(year) 15 - -

15-25 94 (27.57) 6 (24)

26-35 156(45.75) 18 (72)

36-46 66(19.35) 1 (4)

≥46 25 (7.33) -

Level of educationalnone attended 4(1.2) -

Grade 1-8 39 (11.44) -

Grade 9-12 36 (10.56) -

Diploma 120 (35.19) 10 (40)

1st Degree 140 (41.1) 7 (28)

2nd

Degree 2 (0.6) 8 (32)

Occupation

Farming/house wife 66 (19.35) -

Petty trading 80 (23.46) -

Business 53 (15.54) -

Public servant 120 (35.19) -

Others 22 (6.45) -

Income monthly (birr)

500 25 (7.33) 5(20)

501-1000 32 (9.38) -

1001-1500 31(9.09) -

501-2000 35(10.26) -

2001-5000 142(41.64) -

5001-8000 74 (21.70) -

≥ 8000 12 (0.59) 20(80)

4.2. Solid waste generation rate

According to the municipal reported the charging amount was very high and lack of patronage

in the town. Because of municipal did not regularly collect waste in these areas. In effect some

people resorted to dump wastes anywhere they find it convenient. The rate of solid waste

generated in a town was basically determined by demographic growth per in a year. This rapid

growth of population increase solid waste generation rate in town. The accepted that solid

36

waste generation was increasing at a faster rate in town. HHs categorized in to three based on

their income. Such as low, medium, highincome level in Hagereselamtown. During these

observations finding results indicated that, high-income level of HHs generated largest amounts

of solid waste than others

Solid waste generation rate of the town per capita per day at house hold level was 0.219 kg/

capital/day based on this data the daily total solid waste generation of residential areas of town

was calculated as total population of the town (36021) times per capita house hold solid waste

generation rate. Based on the updated per capita household solid waste generation rate of

0.219kg or 0.0005913m3, the daily total solid waste generation was 7888.6kg or 21.3m

3in

Table 4.2indicated total annual solid waste generation rate in study area. The annual total

generation rate of solid waste was 21.3m3

times 365 days. i.e total amount of solid wastes

generated 7888.6 (2879339kg) per year. According to this finding data obtained from survey

were 4956.8kg hauled every day out of the 7888.6kg. Only 2931.8 kg was collected in the

entire study area per a day. This variation is due to absences of enough equipment, MSEs and

donkey powered carts in the town. This study shows that to required additional containers,

donkey powered carts more MSEs are needed to reduce hauled waste in the town. During the

field investigation, it was absorbed that a lot of wastes were uncontrolled for days in the

residential areas means of waste disposal by HHs (place of disposal). When 0.219kg/day SW

generation rate of Hagerselam town is compared with other Ethiopian town such as

0.277kg/day of Mekelle, 0.22kg/day of Bahirdar, 0.227kg/day of Debremarkos, 0.229 kg/day of

Gambella, 0.267kg/day of adama town, 0.25kg/day of Addis Ababa and 0.233kg/day for east

African cities developed by WHO (Birke et al., 1999 and Gebrie, 2009)) this finding is

consistence and reliable. However, when this generation rate was compared with the town

SBDD existing capacity to handle this amount of solid waste it is very high and created high

load for the departments.

Table 4.2 Solid waste generation rate in Hagerselam town since, 2019

Generation rate (kg) Generation rate (m3)

Daily 7,888.6 21.3

Weekly 55,220.2 149.1

Monthly 236,658.0 639.0

Annually 2,879,339.0 7774.5

37

4.3 Physical composition of solid waste in Hagerselamtown

4.3.1 Physical composition of household solid waste

In Hagerselam town, most waste generate from household (residential) refuse. Knowledge on

the components of solid waste generated informs management to use the appropriate method to

effectively deal with the various compositions in solid waste .The composition by weight of the

major percentages part of households generated food waste. Food waste constituted about160

47% and plastic waste constituted 25% of all the components of waste generated in the town.

Other most common types of household wastes generated in study town include paper and

cardboard 8%,, wood5%,, ash5%, construction waste 3%,, Glass 2% and Metal 1% . Also

others Left over‟s of “chat” leaf, worn-out clothes and shoes, sanitary pads and disappear

expired drugs and electronic wastes are also 4 % of waste generated and disposed off as field

observation revealed. This result related with WolaitaSodo town, (Ermias Goa and Solomon

Sota, 2017). The composition of the solid organic waste was almost uniform in nature across

the study HHs some can burn, some can„t. Some can be recycled, some cannot recycle.

Therefore, a detailed understanding of the composition of solid waste will indicate the

management methods that will be used. Solid waste is composed of combustibles and non-

combustible materials. The combustible materials include paper, plastics, yard, food waste, and

wood, and textiles, disposable and other organics. Non-combustibles also include glass, metal,

bottles and leather

4.3.2. Physical composition of commercial solid waste

Waste generated from Commercial areas to various packaging materials in Stores, restaurants,

market, office, building hotels, print shops, medical facilities … etc. were highly generated

from commercial activities in the Hagerselam town. During commercial activities waste

materials like cartoon, newspaper and others were generated from study area. The second hand

solid waste major composition from the commercial solid waste were plastic and rubber

(38%),food waste (30%), glass(`16.2%), paper and cardboard(10%), wood(4%), chat leaf and

other old clothes 1%, ash 0.6%, and metals 0.2%. Those were shown that municipal wastes are

not aggregate of all materials ready for disposal or disposed in the study area.

4.3.3 Physical composition of institutional solid waste

Also physical composition of solid waste were composed from institutional sectors either GO

or NGO. During intuitional waste were major composition construction waste (34%),paper and

cardboard (25%),wood(21%),plastic and rubber(12%), then

38

4|%, ofglass waste,1% of metal and 1 % other. Key Informants ranked solid waste sources in

decreasing order as residential, commercial, intuitional ,street, and hotels wastes. This result is

almost similar to that Tadesse (2004) reported in Addis Ababa administrate city. Also related to

that Endrias Goa; Solomon Sota, (2017) reported in WolitaSodo town.

Table4.3 Physical composition of solid waste from residential HHs, commercial and institution

sectors

Sold waste residential SWs institutional SWs commercial SWs

compositionFrequency % weight frequency % weight frequency% weight

Food waste 161 47 7 2 10230

Metals 3 1 3 1 1 0.2

Wood 17 5 71 21 144

Plastic and rubber 85 25 41 12 144

Paper and cardboard 27 8 85 25 13038

Glass 7 2 14 4 34 10

Construction waste10 3 116 34 41 12.02

Ash 17 5 - - 2 0.6

Others 14 4 4 1 31

4.3.4 Municipal solid waste composition

Average physical composition of municipal solid waste sampled from disposal site .municipal

solid waste was combined about 68.8% bio degradable and 31.14% non-biodegradable

materials. Total 341 HHs reported that a Solid waste generated in Hagerselam town has high

content of composed waste like food waste161 (47.2%), paper and cardboard 27 (7.9%),

wood18 (5.2%), ash15 (4.4%), chat leaf, old (worn out) clothes14 (4.1%) and also consists of

non-biodegradable materials like plastic and rubber86 (25.2%), construction waste11 (3.2%),

glass7 (2.1%), and metals 4 (1.2 %). This result nearly two

Table 4.4 Average physical composition of municipal solid waste sampled from disposal site

(SelectedHHs =341)

Solid waste category solid waste composition weight in kg percent by weight

Bio degradable Food waste 161 47.2

Paper and cardboard 27 7.9

Wood 18 5.2

Ash 15 4.4

Chat leaf, old clothes 14 4.1

Non- Bio degradable

Plastic 86 25. 2

Construction waste 9 2.64

Glass 7 2.1

Metal 4 1.2

.

39

4.4 Sources of solid waste in Hagerselam town

Municipal solid waste contains highly heterogeneous mass of discarded materials from urban

residential, commercial, institutional, and street sweeping. Figure 4.1 presented that the share

(45%) of solid waste of Hagereselam town is generated from residential areas. Even if huge

amount of solid waste of the town is generated from this sources. The major sources of solid

waste in Hagereselam town were residential commercial 26% and 17% institutional and others

places12%. From the survey 26.5% of the respondents indicated that, waste was collected

directly from their yards (door-to-door) while 95.3% indicated waste was in collected

communal dump sites. This reported source is almost related to Gonder town (AbebeTegegne,

2006); Mohammed Gedefaw, 2015). In Hagerselam town, they have been different attempt

suffocate ionization waste produced in area based on numerous of classification criteria. Most

waste generated from residential place: - from single-family and multifamily dwelling; low-

medium and high densities apartment...etc. throw many types of waste like food waste, plastics,

paper, cardboard, textile, yard, wood, glass, metals, ashes, street leaves, and household

hazardous wastes. Also waste generated from commercial areas to packaging various materials

Stores, restaurants, market, office, building hotels, print shops, medical facilities, and

institutions. Such as food waste, plastics, paper, glass, bottle, plaster, textile…etc. Also open

areas streets sweeping waste likes parks, vacant plots playgrounds, beaches, highways and

recreational areas special wastes, rubbish spoiled food wastes are major problem in the

Hagerselam town.

40

Figure 4.1 Sources of solid waste fromHagereselam town since, 2019.

4.5 Current waste management practices

4.5.1 Solid waste collection, storage and sorting of solid waste

4.5.1.1 Solid waste collection services

The average number of times that waste was collected in residential areas except Maidin

waste was collected once in a week. Therefore, a lot of waste was generated in this area. In the

Maidin residential areas, waste was collected two times a week. This is because these areas

were supposed to demand door-to-door collection in the town. As a result, households did find

it prudent to communal collect waste from these residential areas. This is because MSEs felt the

people in the Maidin were capable of paying for the door-to-door collection. But on other area

respondents also gave a contrary view according to them, door-to-door services were not

practice. Additionally, though indicated by MSEs waste was collected at least once in the

residential areas. In areas like Secha, Arada and Shiko, Communal collection takes place. This

resulted in respondents dumping their waste at unapproved sites and in some cases back yard.

resdential

commercial

instutional

others

12%

45%

17%

26%%

41

Table 4.5 Mode and Number of Times to Waste Collection per in a Week

Residential Area/Section Mode of Collection Number of Times in a Week

Secha, Communal 1

Shiko, Communal 1

Meidin Communal/Door-to-door 2

Arada Communal 1

4.5.1.2 .Waste Collection and transportation practices:

Observational results revealed that in the town, collection and transportation services were

provided by the municipality and private sector (waste collectors association). Small proportion

of respondents (6.74%) HHs and 26.5%% KIs) reported indicated availability of door to door

waste collection services for HHs in the town. Furthermore, all study participants (KIs and

HHs) agree on the absence of Curbside and block collection service in the town (Table 4.6).

The door to door waste collection service access of Hagerselam town reported by HHs is

almost similar to that Adama town (Lema, 2007) and Hosanna town (Mekonnen, 2012).

However, observation revealed that door to door collection of municipality one donkey

powered cart reached only to very few residents who are situated in along the main roads.

Therefore, the HHs demands were not satisfied due to inefficiency of current services delivery

system. This result is sometimes collected waste may stay 7-21 days, but only few respondent

said waste was transported once per week

Table 4.6 Primary Solid Waste Collection services delivered to HHs by municipality and

private collectors

Services HH Response in %( 341) Expert response

MIHHs LI HHS HI HHs Sum of Frequency in %

(N=15) (n=156) (n=170) Percent

Door-door collection Available 2 11 10 6.74 26.5%

Not available 13 145 160 93.26 6.74%

Curbside Available - - - - 0%

Not available 15 156 170 100100%

Communal binsAvailable 4 68 5.28 95.3%

Not available 11 150 162 94.72 13.52%

Block collection Available - - - - 0%

Not available 15 156 170 100 100%

42

4.5.1.3. Handling of solid waste at HHs level and town level

The entire study participants (both KIs and HHs) reported that the number of collection

containers located in the town was not enough to collect the generated SW (Table 4.7) this

result indicated that Solid waste reduction methods practice in Hagereselam town at HH and

municipalityResults of the present study revealed that only 17.7% of HHs practiced SW sorting

and KIs reported theabsence of such practices at municipality level of Hagereselam town. This

is consistent with finding of Adama town (Lema, 2007; Mengist and Assegid, 2014); Hosanna

town (Mekonnen, 2012); Hawassa city (Dereje, 2009); Addis Ababa (Nigatuet al., 2011) and

Jimma town (Melaku, 2008); Mekele city (Dagnewet al., 2012).Observation of HHs confirmed

that only SWs that can be sold, exchanged and, to limited extent, organic wastes are separated.

Types of items observe to be sorted by HHs include worn out clothes; old shoes;metals, tin and

cans; plastics glasses, bottles, and some electronic wastes.Forty one percent of HHs practiced

direct reuse of SWs at home levelbut all KIs reported the absence of such practice at

municipality leveland no such program was planned and/or lead (Table 4.7). This indicate100%

of the HHs in Hagerselam town not exercising waste reuse at homelevel and this is in line with

the finding of the study in Adama town(Lema, 2007). All respondents (HHs and KIs) reported

the absent ofonsite grinding and shredding practice. This is expected tohinder participation of

HHs on SW volume reduction practice for Vegetable growing. Observation of HHs confirmed

that only SWs that can be sold, exchanged and, to limited extent, organic wastes are separated.

Types of items observe to be sorted by HHs include worn out clothes; old shoes; metals, tin and

cans; plastics glasses, bottles, and some electronic wastes. Forty percent of HHs practiced

direct reuse of SWs at home level but all KIs reported the absence of such practice at

municipality level and no such program was planned and/or lead

43

Table 4.7 Solid waste reduction methods practice in Hagereselam town at HH and

municipalitylevels SW reduction method

Practices HHs (n = 378) KIs (n = 30)

Frequency % Frequency %

____________________________________________________________________________

Sorting in a separated

containers Yes 67 17.7 - -

No 311 82.3 30 100

Onsite grinding and shredding Yes - - - -

No 341 100 25 100

Direct reusing Yes - - - -

No 341 100 25 100

Composting Yes 13 3.5 - -

No 31291.5 25 100

No idea 14 4.1 - -

____________________________________________________________________________

Large proportion268 (78.6%) of HHs and 20(80%) KIs reported that the community containers

fill up within 4 days. But about 43(2.6%) of HHs and 5(20%) KIsreported that the containers

filling up within 3 days (Table 4.8).

Table 4.8 Community SW storage site handling practice at HH level and townlevel(as reported

KIs

Variables KIs (n=25) HHs response (n=341)

Frequency % Frequency %

Collect and store in sacks/other with cover - - - -

Storage containers without cover 25 100 34 100

Open dump collection site available in Yes 25 100 329 96.5

Appropriate position No - - 12 3.5

Frequency of community waste containers every day - - - -

Filled with per week after 2 Days - - 30 8.8

After 3 days 5 20 43 2.6

After 4 days 20 80 268 78.6

The number of community waste enough - - - -

Containers located Not enough 25 100 341 100

Figure 4.2 indicated the large majority of respondents use Sacks (“madaberiya”) 192 (56.03 %)

for on-site primary storage of waste. These areas include: Secha, Maidin, Shiko and Arada.

This method mostly was used in the Maidin residential areas in the town. Followed by plastic

(polythene bag) 66 (19.35%), the rest of respondents also store waste in bamboo made basket

44

45 (13.20%), old bucket container23 (6.74%) and others 15 (4.4%). The Shiko residential areas

Most of HHs dump their waste nearby gutter, open spaces, and in pits. These methods of

waste disposal also happened in the market areas as observed during field work. This resulted

in littering and heaping of waste thereby making the environmental pollution. Therefore, the

possibility of outbreak of cholera and other environmental related diseases is high if such

practice continues. According to Kumet al. (2005).A key aspect of effective waste management

is proper waste storage on the premises where the waste is generated. The survey (Figure 4.2)

and observational results of the present study showed that for primary on-site storage of SW,

HHs use different types of containers, which is expected to be for different reasons as described

by Techobanglouset al. (1993). Large majority (56.03%) of the HHs used synthetic sacs and

this is expected to be due to easily availability in the market, the lowest cost, suitability for

holding large volume of solid wastes, and low frequency and spatial coverage of door to door

solid waste collection service of the town. As described by Solomon Cheru (2011), plastic bag

and basket use might be because of their frequent but low generation of waste and economic

power to utilize replicable storage materials. Some of those who do not use containers were

observed to store the waste in private pit in their compound and might be due to availability of

space in their compound and households need to prepare composite/fertilizer for vegetable

growing. About 100% of the HHs reported the community containers without cover, and this is

different from the of Hosanna town (Mekonnen, 2012). In another way, our study showed

that 100% of HHs use containers without cover which also indicates a poor onsite handling

practice of SWs in Hagereselam. Such poor handling practice may cause multiplication of flies

and vermin that can transmit diseases, and also impact public and environmental health.

45

Figure 4.2 Household solid wastes on site storage containers and its usage by percent in

Hagereselam town 2019.

4.5.1.4 Waste reuse and compositing practices:

Results (Table 4.9) of the present study revealed that only 16.13% of HHs practiced SW sorting

and KIs reported the absence of such practices at municipality level of Hager selam town. This

is consistent with finding of Adama town (Lema, 2007; Mengist and Assegid, 2014); Hosanna

town (Mekonnen, 2012); Hawassa city (Dereje, 2009); Addis Ababa (Nigatuet al., 2011) and

Jimma town (Melaku, 2008); Mekele city (Dagnewet al., 2012). Sodo town (Endrias Goa&

Solomon Sota,2017). . In terms of recycling, none of the respondents mentioned it and there is

no compositing program/plan at town municipality level as reported by KIs (Table 4.8). Similar

to the present study finding; study reports from Wolitasodo town (Endrias& Solomon,

2017).;Adama town (Lema, 2007; MengistuandAssegid, 2014); Hawassa city (Dereje, 2009);

Hosanna town (Mekonnen, 2012); Mekele city(Dagnewet.al., 2012) also showed the absence of

composting practice at municipality level. However; unlike this, the study in Bahir Dar city

reported using about 2.0% of waste to produce compost at the city service compost site (FFE,

60%__ 192 (56.03 % )________________________________________________________

55%_______________________________________________________________________

50%______________________________________________________________________

45%______________________________________________________________________

40%______________________________________________________________________

35%_______________________________________________________________________

30%_______________________________________________________________________

25%_______________________________________________________________________

20%________________________________________________ 66(19.35%)_____________

15%_______________________________45 (13.20%), ____________________15(4.4%)__

10%____________13(6.74 % )__________________________________________________

5%)________________________________________________________________________

__________

0%_____________________________________________________________________

Sacks Old bucket container Bamboo containers Plastic nouses

storage container

46

2010). In general, the main reason behind low practice of sorting and reusing, and absence of

recycling activities of the society in Hagereselam town seems to be due to lack of awareness

about sustainable SWM practices, their less interest and very low economic feasibility of

reusable and recycled materials. The absence of such activity at municipality level might be

attributed to lack of commitment, finance, material, and manpower resource. Furthermore, to

fill this gap the municipality has not also played any role in organizing, encouraging, and

giving incentives to different stakeholders such as informal workers, private investors, NGOs,

and community members to participate in such activities

4.5.1.5 Primary responsibilities of solid waste handling and disposal in house level

Figure 4.3 indicated 150 (44%) of primary high responsibilities of solid waste handling and

disposal in house level for female children below age 12. Also mother has secondly more

responsibility of SW handling and disposal in house level about126 (37%). Remaining stake

holders‟ are house servant 31(9%) in house level for female children below age 12. 27(8%)

male children below age 12(3%), and father has about 7(2%) responsibilities of solid waste

handling and disposal in house level in the Hagerselam town.

Figure4.3 Solid waste handling and disposal practices a house level in Hagereselam town since, 2019.

50%_____________________________________ _______________________________

45%____________________________________________150 (44%) ________________

40%________________126 (37%)_____________________________________________

35%_____________________________________________________________________

30%_____________________________________________________________________

25%____________________________________________________________________

20%____________________________________________________________________

15%_____________________________________________________________________

10%______________________________12(3%)______________________31(9%)_____

5%)_____7(2%)____________________________________________________________

0%____________________________________________________________________

Father mother male children female children house servants

below age 12 below age 12

47

4.5.2 Availability of Sacks and Container for Waste Storage

An interview with the mayor of Hagereselam town revealed that lack of sacks and container

was major problem in the town. The municipality of the town unable to supply sacks and from

table 4.9 is remarkable gap between the number of the sacks and containers available and

required to serve the households. The problem is more serious if one considers number of

available and required to serve the households living in Secha, shiko and Arada. This means

that number of sacks available to serve the needy households far from adequate. To fill the

existing gap, an additional of 2180 sacks has to be provided. As information obtained from the

town‟s municipality indicate, 38 containers are required to effectively manage the residential

wastes, but none is exited in study area. This means that lot of households did not use sacks for

storing their waste. In these areas there no bins were used and hence the areas lack cleanness.

Residential areas, wastes were dumped indiscriminately and disposed together at the same

place containers to areas it served. Table 4.9 below shows the selected areas, estimated

population, number of sacks and containers available as well as the number required for storing

wastes.

Table 4.9 Available and required containers in Hagereselam town, 2019

Residential Estimated NO of sacks NO of sacks NO of container NO of

containers

Area/ household‟s available required available required

____________________________________________________________________________

Secha, 585 7 598 - 10

Shiko, 594 20 535 - 8

Meidin 545 136 637 - 10

Arada 596 32 605 - 10

Total 2320 195 2375 - 38

4.5.3. Capacity of waste management institutions

An understanding of the capacities of SBDD and the MSEs will enable conclusions to be drawn

regarding their weakness. This section assesses the weakness of the SBDD and Micro small

enterprises. In terms of equipment and technical staffing, an interview with the SBDD and

Micro small enterprises, revealed the equipment base of the two waste management institutions

in the Hagereselam town

48

Table 4.10 Displays the equipment used for storing and collecting waste by the two institutions.

___________________________________________________________________________

Equipment SBDD (number Number MSEs Number Total Total

Available) required (NO available required available required

Container - 36 - 2 - 38

Sack - 1738 136 637 195 2375

Donkey cart 1 10 1 9 1 19

Hand push cart - 72 6 14 6 86

Analyses of the equipment base from table 4.10 grouped into their respective uses namely

storage, collection and transportation. In terms of waste storage 38 containers were required by

SBDD and MSEs to be supplied in residential areas. However, there is no available container

for storing waste in the town. In effect, not supplied this could result in people dumping waste

at unapproved sites. This is not enough sacks are available to store because of the main

equipment for storing waste in order to prevent dumping of waste at unapproved sites. In terms

of waste collection and transportation in Hagereselam town donkey cart and hand push cart

were mainly used. The sacks and hand push cart were used for primary collection and

transferring of waste collected into a donkey cart for final disposal at the dump holes. However,

these were not enough to ensure regular collection and transportation of waste to the dump

holes. For instance additional donkey carts were needed by the waste management institutions

for the door-to-door collection. Also, the donkey carts which were used for the door-to-door

collection were only one for the entire town. In effect, if the few existing core waste equipment

for collection and transportation like sacks, hand push cart and donkey cart are broken down for

just a day it will result in heap of waste. This can lead to outbreak of communicable diseases

such as cholera, typhoid and chicken pox.

4.5.4. Regularity of waste collection

Regular collection is an important exercise in solid waste management. Table 4.11 the number

of times waste was collected per week in Hagereselam town. About, 52.49 % of respondents

indicated that waste was collected not at all, 38.71 % of respondents indicated that waste was

collected once a week and some households about 30 (8.8%) response waste collection in

Hagerselamtwice a week. This brought about heaping of waste in open space, gutter and other

places with waste particularly in the residential areas.

49

Table 4.11 Summarizes the mode and number of times waste was collected in a week in the

selected areas of study in the municipal.

Time Tabled Frequency Percent

Twice 30 8.8

Regularity of Waste Collection Once 131 38.71

Uncollected 179 52.49

Total 341 100.0

4.5.5. Secondary Waste Collection

According to interview results, the major mode of waste collection in Hagereselam town was

communal. This was carried out mainly in the Secha, Arada and Shiko residential areas of the

town. Waste collection and transport system require means by which wastes are properly

transported and disposed-off. In this regard attempt was made know how wastes are

transported and disposed-off in the study area. As field work showed, wastes are transported to

the final disposal site by using donkey cart. Waste transportation is also handled by hauled

donkey cart and hand pushed carts. Discussion held with six hand push cart drivers indicated

that since most of the carts are old and cannot travel at the expected speed, a delay in disposal

process was common. These hand push cart drivers further added that existing gravel road is a

major problem for cart to be out of service. The respondents were not asked to pay for the

collection of waste in their residential areas particularly those living in Arada, Shiko and Secha

areas. This was further not segregated by sorting of waste before lifting in the dumping sites.

The dumping of waste in the gutter can easily cause flooding when it continues. This is because

when the stream is choked with waste; it blocks water from flowing thereby causing the over

flowing of the stream banks. This can easily affect nearby houses in the area. The

indiscriminate dumping of waste was shaped by lack of containers in residential area of the

study town.Indiscriminate dumping may be attributed to the negative attitudes of the people

towards waste disposal or because wastes are totally considered as useless. Otherwise, the

waste dumped in the gutter could have been safely dumped in organized dumpsites for

collection. This discussion leads to the analyses of solid waste by residents in the residential

areas to dispose in dump holes and open space nearby to their home. Statistical test (ANOVA)

indicated that more males than females; younger age group than older age group practiced an

open dumping. Open dumping practice is negatively correlated with educational level of

50

respondents. Observation of residential area and HH survey results confirmed that the

destination of the majority of uncollected solid wastes of HHs are roads, nearby ditches, back

yard of the houses, bridges, and open areas. This improper disposal of SW is an immediate risk

factor of environmental pollution.

4.6. Solid waste transportation and disposal

4.6.1. Solid waste transportation

In Hagerselam town, transportation of solid waste did not cover all types of donkey powered

cart under operation to transport solid waste from generation point to transfer station. Table

4.12 indicated that waste transportation services delivered to HHs in Hagerselam town. 68.33%

of KIs claimed that the waste was transported twice per week while31.68% reported them said

once per week. This result is consistent with Debrebrihan city (Vikrant et al., 2014). There is

no regular time table for waste transportation from collection site to station.

Properlydesign transportation system in town highly reduces cost of collection in developed

country. But, those materials could not fulfill in Hagerselam town. According to KIs reported

that closed type of waste transport services was not available in town.

Table 4.12Waste transportation services delivered to HHs in Hagerselam town in 2019.

____________________________________________________________________________

Variables Experts Respond (n=25) HH head response (n=341)

Frequency percent frequency percent

Closed type waste transport yes - - 6 1.76

Services available no 25 100 335 98.24

Frequency of waste once 25 100 100 31.68

Transportation of the twice - - 335 68.33

town per week three time - - - -

others - - - -

total 25 100 341 100

Presence of time table for waste Yes - - 8 2.35

Transportation from collection No 25 100 333 97.65

Total 25 100 341 100

4.6.2 Solid waste disposal practice

The solid waste disposal site in the Hagerselam town was four dump holes at Shecha, Gojam,

Arada and Shiko, about 400, 350,500 and 100 meters away from the resident‟s area

respectively. A visit to the site showed that, it was in a bad shape. Ideally, a sanitary hole

should have the following functional elements: very shallow, difficult to internal access, There

is no treatment plant, it is not plan area and location should be not far away from human

settlement and existing water body. Though there was presence of the difficult situation

51

mentioned above were need the solution. Additionally, the holes have no internal access and

the site was closed to a community. Members of this community are on average 338 meter

away from the dump holes. Waste dumped in the cells was not leveled, scattered around and

compacted as required of a sanitary hole. This makes bad smell diseases and worst of it all

burning of waste occurred at the site. These disposal sites are located in environmentally

sensitive areas. As observed, waste dump sites receive mixed wastes of various origins. The

waste dumps pose real hazard to workers, waste pickers and stray animals that visit the sites.

Most of the waste workers do not wear proper protective gears. Major problems from solid

waste disposal site include pollution from leachate, odour, vermin, and attraction of scavengers

and poor accessibility. Wastes are often dumped at easily accessible points on the way or close

to the dumping sites causing serious pollution and aesthetic problems. According to the MSEs,

waste separation which is one of the initial steps to reduce the volume and/or toxicity of waste

was not carried out before final disposal. The result (Table 4.13) indicated that HHs responds

Open dumping of SWs in open place 298 (87.4%), dispose solid waste in open pit 341(100%) ,

burying in the soil 143(41.94%), and HHs practiced Open burning of SW 301 ( 88.27%) in

present study are nearly 3 time more than that in WolaitaSodo town (Endrias Goa and Solomon

Sota, 2017). dispose SW insanitary land fill 93(27.27% )

Table 4.13 Solid Waste Disposal practices of HHs and municipality

___________________________________________________________________________

Practices Experts (n=25) HHs (n=341)

Yes No Yes No

Dispose SW in sanitary land fill 3 22 93 248

Dispose solid waste in open pit 25 - 341 -

Open dumping of SWs in open place 24 1 298 43

Burying in the soil 4 21 143 27

Open burning of SW 20 5 301 40

More than one response is possible and therefore, sum of percentages may be greater than a

hundred.

4.7. Public awareness and attitudes about SWM practices

Community to pay for waste collection service in order to assess the willingness of the

community towards better waste management services, respondents were asked to express their

willingness to pay (if required to pay more than what they are paying currently) for improved

waste collection service, that avoid the currently observed practices of irregular waste

collection as well as waste disposal practices.

52

Table 4.14 illustrated about 5(1.466%) strong agree 125(36.66%) of households expressed that

they agree to pay more if more organized and improved waste collection services are

provided. Nevertheless, 200(58.65%) of the surveyed households do disagree and11 (3.23%)

strong disagree to pay more than what they are currently paying. Also 40% Key informants

expressed that they are agree to pay more if more organized and improved waste collection

services are provided. And no agree about 60% of the surveyed Key informants do not have

the willingness to pay more than what they are currently paying. Also interview of HHs the

Appropriateness for individuals to Keep clean their surrounding about 298 (87.4%) voluntarily

clean their environment, but about 43 (12.6%) never Keep clean their surroundings. Because of

from responses of HHs about 216 (63.34) people have lack of awareness of any health issues

relating to garbage. This HHs‟ reported is similar with Dagnew et al, 2012. H; Alemu, M;

Zenebe G. (2012). Household‟s willingness to pay for improved urban waste management in

Mekelle city.

Due to this result, they feel that the current price is sufficient. Thus, it is possible to say that

there is need of additional awareness creation endeavor and training and additional micro and

small enterprises needed for secondary mode of waste collection to meet the demand that

follows.

Table 4.14Public awareness and attitudes responses of HHs to Solid waste management in

Hagereselam town, 2019

Attitude and awareness of household Frequency Percent Frequency Per cent

HHs=341 KIs= 25

Charged for Collection strong agree 5 1.466 - -

Agree 125 36.66 10 40

Disagree 20058.65 15 60

Strong disagree 11 3.23

No decide - - - -

Appropriateness for individuals to Yes 298 87.4 9 36

Keep clean their surrounding No 43 12.6 16 64

Do you know what happened to Yes 153 44.87 21 84

Your Garbage after disposed? No 188 55.13 4 16

Are you aware of any health issues? Yes 125 36.66 24 96

Relating to garbage Waste No 216 63.34 1 4

53

4.8. Problems of solid waste management and sanitation in Hagerselam town

A. Equipment

An interview with Municipality even though manpower is used in solid waste management,

different pieces of equipment plays a significant role in waste management activities. The

Hagereselam town solid waste management department uses three types of equipment for this

service. These are donkey cart, hand push carts and sacks. But the problem is associated with

no container, inadequacy and improper use of this equipment. The existing one donkey cart

cannot serve the entire population of the town because it is believed that waste is daily

produced in each and every household. Another problem that is a challenge for solid waste

management system in the town is the distance of dump holes. MSEs in each kebele are not

evenly distributed. MSEs is working only Maidin. Three areas of them disadvantaged

compared to Maidin. In relation to this what the researcher, argues is that the containers are

needed for collection of wastes. Therefore, mostly households dispose off wastes in open space,

road side, nearby gutter and other places.Solid waste management system problem was

seriously that affected the human health.

B. Law Enforcement

An interview with SBDD important aspect that can play a significant role in the process of

waste management is the issue of bye-law. Of course, the town hasn‟t the legal service which is

responsible for the enforcement of rules and regulations through different mechanisms. The

municipality hasn‟t given continuous education on solid waste management to the residents of

town. The Addis Ababa City Administration Charter Proclamation No 311/2003 Article 24

states that those persons assigned to enforce the rule should impartially and honestly work in

unversed. The response obtained from the SBDD showed that another constraint that affects the

performance of solid waste management in town is lack of co-ordination between the SBDD

and the MSEs. From the survey the answer gained from the SBDD with regard to solid waste

management indicated that those MSEs working in the town do not properly discharge their

responsibility as there is a loophole in the work between the two bodies. Therefore, this

affected the management system and created negative impact on the performance of waste

management. The interview held with the SBDD, MSEs and particularly with drivers revealed

that one of the major factors that greatly affected solid waste management system is the

54

problem of waste dumping site. This handicap is not the problem of only the town but the

problem of city as a whole.

C. Cost of managing waste

An interview with Hula district finance and economic office amount of 12,000 birr was spent

on solid waste by the SBDD. This amounted to 1,000 birr in a month. Out of this 80 per cent

for purchase of donkey cart and hand push carts and 20 per cent for other administrative duties.

However, this amount was given to the SBDD was not enough to manage solid waste in the

town and this cause poor management of solid waste. An interview with the mayor of town

showed that an amount of 12,000 birr was spent to solid waste management in 2017

D. Human and technical factors

According to interview of about human and technical factors of Hagereselam town human

resources for management are scarce in some cases and officials without technical training in

waste management are assigned to handle the complex issues involved, and the basis on which

they receive technical assistance can, therefore, be limited. It is true that urban services like

waste management need well-organized, trained and skilled manpower. Besides, the service

that is to be performed needs proportionate number of service providers. Man power of the

Solid Waste management in Hagereselam town. There are about 14 employees under the

SBDD in Hagereselam town except 2 of the workers, the remaining 12 workers are directly

involved in the provision of solid waste management service. To begin with there is no

promotion in the level of workers even if they have improved their educational level or are hard

working. The only thing that workers will get when they are found to be hard working is a

moral incentive. Moreover, the payment system of the workers of the solid waste management

is another problem that greatly affects the working condition of the employees. The salary scale

of the employees shows that the range is between 300 up to 420 birr. This situation has

aggravated the desperation of the workers. Therefore, social factors have a direct impact in

constraining solid waste management system because the social status of SW workers is

generally low.

E. Community participation

According to focus group discussion finding, lack of community participation has a negative

bearing on waste management. This could be seen as follows. First of all, the community in

Hagereselam town does not have a concern in solid waste management. Most households do

not have awareness of solid waste management and its impact on the environment. So, these

and other related factors have affected the solid waste management system in Hagereselamtown

55

and some of these factors need immediate responses. Therefore, to bring a better solid waste

management service, residents in the town should have a concern on the management of the

service so that the community at large can benefit from the service. To do this it is the town that

is responsible to teach the community through kebele Meetings, posters etc as to how residents

should take care of solid waste in their locality. Hence, awareness creation should get priority

in solid waste management service.

Among the 17 major SWM problems listed, 12 (96%) were rated as very serious problem were

reported by KIs (below Table 4.15). The very serious problems stated by KIs include lack of

regular frequency of waste collection and transport service, lack of financial resources and

equipment, poor socio-economic status of the residents, lack of plan (short, medium and long

term plan), poor community participation and cooperation, poor cooperation among

government offices, socio-cultural and religious effects, rapid urbanization and information

gaps and low level public awareness. These listed problems almost similarly to WolaitaSodo

town,(Endrias Goa. & Solomon Sota, 2 017); Adama town (Lema, 2007) And Hosanna town

(Mekonnen, 2012) .These problems, among others, are expected to hold back the effective

performance of SW management services in Hagerselam town. On the other hand, 16 % of the

study participant KIs also indicated that improper institutional set up/arrangement for SWM

service was a serious problems (Table 4.15).The present study revealed that the existing SWM

practices in Hagerselam town are entangled with very serious problems that are responsible for

inefficient SWM system.

Table 4.15 Problems related to SWM and their level of difficulty as reported by KIs (n=25)

Problems reported Level of difficulty

1 2 3 4

Inadequate service coverage X

Lack of quality and satisfactory WM service X

Lacks of fast financial and administrative decision X

Lacks of budget (financial resources) X

Lacks of trained/skilled manpower (human resource) X

Lack of equipment and vehicles (material resource) X

Improper/inadequate institutional set-up/arrangement for SWM service X

Lacks of WM planning (short, medium and long term strategy) X

Lack of appropriate rules and regulations/legislation and their re-enforce X

Poor socio economic statuses of the residents X

Rapid urbanization outstripping service capacity X

Socio-cultural and religious effects X

Poor community participation and cooperation X

Poor response to waste reduction (reuse/recycling) X

56

Information gaps and low level of public awareness X

Poor cooperation of government agencies/stakeholders X

Lacks of qualified private contractors X

Total 24 4 6 2

Percentage* 96 16 24 8

Note:1= Very serious; 2= Serious; 3= Not so serious; 4= No problem; * More than one

response is possible and therefore, sum of percentages may be greater than a hundred.

57

5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1. Conclusion

From the present finding SW produced from an individual household was 0.219kg

(0.0005613m3) per day and wastes generated in the study area were 7888.6kg(21.3m

3) per

day and total wastes generated 2879339.0 kg(7774.5m3

) per years. According to data

obtained from survey 4956.8kh were hauled every day out of the 7888.6kg. Only 2931.8 kg

was collected in the entire study area per day. This is due to absence of enough equipment,

MSEs and donkey carts in the town. This survey shows that additional containers, donkey

powered carts and more MSEs are needed to reduce hauled waste. During the field

investigation it was observed that a lot of wastes were uncollected for days in the residential

areas. Majorcomposition was food waste about 47% and plastic constituted 25%. With regard

to major sources of solidwaste were from residential about 45%, commercial 26%, institutional

17% sectors and 12% other sources. On other hand, the collection was irregular. The study was

also meant to analyze how the waste collected was final disposed off. It can therefore be said

that waste collected was finally disposed in the dump holes. However, the dump hole was in a

poor state. Furthermore, the study intended assessing the capacity of waste management

institutions particularly in terms of physical resources to ineffectively manage waste in the

town. The challenges of SWM in town were lack of community participation, absences of main

equipment used for waste storage and collection and skilled man power to ensure effective

waste collection, disposal and sanitation.

Therefore, all the objectives set were achieved and with regard to the main objective of the

study it can be concluded that the following are indeed the key factors affecting effective waste

management in Hagereselam town. These include inadequate bins supply for storing waste; no

container; lack of regular collection of waste, poor methods of waste management and

inadequate resources for waste management institutions to effectively collect the waste

generation.

Finally, the present finding clearly indicated that the SWM system in Hagerselam town is very

weak and needs improvement. Therefore, the town administration/ municipality must work

hard to make SWM system more efficient to improve the services, raise public awareness to

increase their participation in practices, increase stakeholders‟ involvement and enforce SWM

regulations, laws, etc., Moreover, there is a need to have well organized management that

functions within an adequate institutional arrangement, skilled manpower and financial

58

resources. Furthermore, the town municipality must develop an appropriate SW management

plan and implement to properly manage the SW generated in Hagereselam town.

5.2. Recommendations

Based on the findings of the study, the following measures are recommended for efficient and

effective management of solid waste in Hagereselam town. These are discussed below.

Adequate containers and bins should be provided by MSEs, in collaboration with the

SBDD and Hagereselam town for residents in the town for waste storage.

There should be regularity of waste collection by MSEs, particularly in highly populated

areas like Arada, Maidin, and Shiko to avoid heaping of waste on road side and be regular

monitoring of waste collection by the sanitation and beautification development

department.

The Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) should be adopted to ensure effective

solid waste management in the area. Households should be encouraged by SBDD and

MSEs to separate the waste generated into their various components before final disposal.

Waste can be disaggregated into plastic, metals, wood, bottles and food waste. In this case

rubber, bottles, metals can be reused; plastics like polythene bags and empty water sachets

can also be recycled. The rest like food waste can be composted for manure.

The dump holes site should be properly managed to avoid heaping of waste

The Environmental Protection Agency which is the regulatory authority on sanitation

should ensure routine monitoring of management of the dump holes site. The dump holes

site should also be relocated because of its negative environmental impact on the lives of

people in a nearby community.

The waste management institutions should be adequately resourced by the Hagereselam

town to ensure efficient and effective waste management in the area. The Municipality

should liaise with other corporate bodies like the NGOs to pull financial resources to

support the institutions in charge of managing waste especially the MSEs.

Generally, these above recommendations given are well taken and implemented at all

institutions-governments such as municipality, Hula district, sanitations beautification

development departments, households and non-governmental organizations

59

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64

Appendices I

Personalinformation.

1. Sex: a, Male b, Female 2. Age: ________ years

3. Organization __________________ 4. Position __________________

5. Service year __________________

6. What is your major occupation?

House wife petty trading other specific Business

Public servant

7. Monthly income:

Income monthly ( birr)

500

501-1000

1001-1500

1501-2000

2001-5000

5001-8000

Above

8001

8. Religion of the respondent

a, Muslim b, Orthodox c, Protestant d, other(specify) ______________

10. Marital status:

a, Single b, Married c, Divorced d, Widowed e, Separated

12, Educational level of the respondent:

a, unable to read and write b, able to read & write c, Grade 1-8

d, Grade 9-12 e, Diploma g, First degree

Second degree g, third degree

f, Others (specify) _____________________________________________

65

B, Attitudes and awareness of the household residents/ community toward solid waste

management in relation to Environmental sanitation.

No.

Questions

responses

code

I

Attitudes and awareness of the household residents/ community

1 1

How do you rank the current individual

(household

residents)And community participation

in

Solid waste Management service in

Hagerselam?

very weak (poor)

Moderate (fair) 2

very active 3

2

If your response for the above question

number1

Is “very weak (poor)”,

What do you think about the reasons of

low/

poor community Participation in solid

waste

Management practices?

Waste collection and disposal practice

is

considered as the work of poor

individuals

1

Lack of awareness creating training to

fill

Knowledge gaps or to share

experience.

2

Wrong attitudes like waste separating

Activities are time Consuming and a

dirty work.

3

Low willingness of the community to

keep clean

public place like green areas by

thinking that

The town government is responsible.

4

Low willingness of community to pay

to waste

collection And transport service due to

5

66

Unreliable Services.

Waste is considered as garbage but not

as

a resource or wealth

6

Others

7

C. Sources and Problems of solid waste management in Hagerselam town.

No.

Questions

responses

cod

e

II

Sources of Solid waste in Hagerselam town

3

What are the major sources of solid waste in the

town?(please list down their percent)

Residential

(_______%)

1

Commercial (____

%)

2

Industrial (____ %) 3

Institutional (____ %) 4

Hotels (____ %) 5

Street sweeping

(____ %)

6

Hospitals (____ %) 7

Others (specify)

(____ %)

8

4 Which sources constitute the highest (in %) in terms

Of quantity? (list from the largest to the small based

on their quantity)

Residential 1st

Commercial 2nd

Industrial 3rd

Institutional 4th

Hotels 5th

Street sweeping 6th

67

Healthy centers/

hospital

7th

Others (specify) 8th

III. Major components of waste generate in the area?

5

What are major components of

waste generate in the area?

1=high (more than70%),

2=medium (50-69%),

3=low20-49%),

4=poor (1-19%)

1

2

3

4

Plastic

Food waste

Paper

Metals

Khat leaf

Glass

Worn-out clothes and others

other

I

V

Solid Waste generation rate

6

How many tons of solid waste generated

In Hagerselam town Per a weeks?

Paper (……….) 1

Wood………..) 2

Metals (………) 3

Grass leaves (………) 4

68

Ashes (……………..) 5

Metals (____ %) 6

Plastics (____ %) 7

Glass (____ %) 8

Others_____%) 9

7

What do you think about the factors that

causes rapid increase

Municipal solid wastes in the Hagerselam

town?

commercial activities 1

Poor town planning

2

Poor awareness of some residents

about environment sanitation

3

Socio economic status of

individuals/households

4

others 5

V.

Waste collection services

8

From the total road of the town, how many time is cleaned

Per day (in percent)?

each day in weeks 1

Two days in weeks 2

Three days in weeks 3

Four days in weeks 4

9 Do you think that the amount of solid waste containers

Located in the town is quite enough to collect the wastes

effectively?

Yes 1

No 2

Don‟t know 3

1

0

Within how many days (in average) the waste containers

are filled?

1

1

Do you think that the municipality alone can effectively

Collect the solid wastes release from the town/households?

Yes 1

No 2

Don‟t know 3

No response 4

1

2

Which waste collection methods are

Practiced/used in Hagerselam town?

House to house collection 1

Block collection 2

Container collection 3

others 4

69

1

3

From the above waste collection methods

Which one is used more?

1

4

If your response for the above question

Number 9 is “No”, what is /are the reason/s?

Shortage of the resources/

vehicles / finance.

1

Shortage of the manual labor

power.

2

Lack of skilled and

experienced Man power.

3

Others 4

1

5

If your response for the above question

number 9 is “No what alternative options

Can be used?

Promote involvement of

private sectors.

1

Promote integrated

sustainable community based

solid waste management

system.

2

Promote village level solid

waste

management and control

3

Others 4

1

6

Rank the physical composition (content) of municipal solid

Waste (in %) of Hagerselam town.

Organic (………..%) 1

Inorganic (…….. %) 2

1

7

From the total solid waste generated per year in town:

How much can be

decomposed

or degraded (in %)? ______

1

1

8

How do you rank/compare about the current contents of non-

biodegradable solid wastes like plastic in the municipal solid

wastes?

How much non degradable

(in %)? ____________

2

1

9

Rank/compare the current contents (in %) of non-

biodegradable solid wastes like plastic in the municipal solid

wastes with

Before?

decreases 1

very rapidly increasing 2

no change 3

others 4

70

VI. Waste transport methods and cost

Questions Responses C

o

de

20 Tell the waste transporting methods used to

transfer the collected solid waste from the primary

Site to the final disposal site of the town?

Open type(transport using open

vehicles)

1

Closed type(transport using closed

vehicles)

2

others 3

21 How many vehicles are involved in the waste

Transport activities?

22 Does the municipality have a definite time schedule to

transport solid waste? .If “Yes”, how many times

per week?

Once 1

Twice 2

Three times 3

Each day 4

Don‟t know 5

Others 6

23 Do you think that the cost/ budget allocated to

Collect and transport the solid waste is quite

enough? If “No”, what is/are the reason/s?

More budgets are located to other

service.

1

shortage of budgets 2

Others

3

VII. Waste reduction(3R) methods

24 Is there any waste reuse practices lead by the town

Administration?

Yes 1

No 2

25

If your response is “yes” for the above question

no.5, which one?

Composting 1

Biogas release as alternative

energy source

2

Making charcoal like

“briquette”

3

71

From organic solid wastes

Reusing plastics

4

Other 5

VII. Waste collection and disposal equipment (indicate the number available and the

number ofneeded)

26 Equipments Number

available

Number of Require

Hand push cart

Donkey powered cart

sacks

dustbins

Eye glass

Uniform and full clothes

baskets

others

72

Q* 27. What

are the

extents of

Solid waste

management

&

Sanitation

problems of

the town?

List of problems reported Level of difficulty

very

serio

us(1)

Serio

us

(2)

not so

serious

(3)

no

probl

em(4

)

Inadequate service coverage (some people not

given service)

Lack service quality (not frequent enough, etc.) Lack of power to make financial and administrative

decision

Lack of financial resources Lack of trained personnel Lack of vehicles

Lack of equipment No standardization of vehicle/equipment No proper institutional set-up for solid waste

management service

Lack of legislation Poor socio economic status of the Residents. Lack of planning (short, medium and Long term

plan)

Rapid urbanization outstripping service Capacity Socio-cultural and religious effects

Poor community participation Poor cooperation by Government agencies Poor public cooperation Uncontrolled use of packaging material Poor response to waste minimization

(reuse/recycling)

Lack of qualified private contractors

Information gaps

Lack of neat public latrine in town

poor open defected free (ODF) practices

73

Appendix II. INTERVIEW HOUSEHOLDS

This interview question is required to educational research purpose in order to partially full fill

the MSC study in Hawassa University, faculty of mathematics and computational science,

Department of Biology (Ecotoxicology& Environmental health), and its aim is to assess the

existing practices, problems and knowledge of community in solid waste management and

sanitation in Hagerselam town Administration, and finally to point out the possible solutions.

I would like to ask some questions about the existing practices, problems and knowledge of

community in solid waste management and sanitation in Hagerselamtown. Taking part in this

study is voluntary. If you choose to take part, you have the right to stop at any time and there

will be no consequences. Please feel free that, the information collected is only for academic

purpose. Hence, any part of the information being secured from you will be kept confidential

and you are kindly requested to respond straightforward, honestly and responsibly

Would you allow me to continue an interview with you? Yes No

I would like to thank you for your full cooperation in advance.

EndaleEshine

I .General information

age sex total

Male female

2 year

2-10 year

11-25 year

26-45year

46-65year

65

2. Occupation of the head of household _______________

3. Monthly income:

Income monthly ( 500

74

birr)

501-1000

1001-1500

1501-2000

2001-5000

5001-8000

Above 8001

5. Position of the interviewee in the household:

a, Father b, Mother c, Son d, Daughter e, Relative f, House servant

6. Type of the household:

a, Male headed household b, Female headed household

7. Religion of the respondent:

a, Muslim b, Orthodox c, Protestant d, other(specify) ______________

8. Ethnic group:

a, Sidama b, Wolaita c, Oromo d, Amhara e, Tigeria f, Other__________

9. Marital status: a, Single b, Married c, Divorced d, Widowed e, Separated

10. Family size by age and sex group

11. Educational level of the respondent:

a, Unable to read and write b, Able to read & write c, Grade 1-8

d, Grade 9-12 e, Diploma g, B.A/B.SC

h, Second degree g, third degree Others ________

II. Type of solid waste

No Questions Responses code

1 Which types of solid wastes are

Generated from your house?

Organic (food waste inclusive) 1

Papers 2

Plastics 3

glass 4

Wood 5

Worn out cloth (textile) 6

Metals, cans 7

75

cardboard 8

rubber 9

E-wastes like batteries, broken

cell phone,

Computer, CD/DVD discs.

10

Medical wastes 11

others 12

2 From the above mentioned

wastes

which one are more generated in

Content (amount) than others?

(Please tell me three of them

From the highest to the lowest.)

1st

2nd

3rd

III. Current solid waste management practices of the house hold residents

No.

Questions

Responses code

.

3

.

How do you manage/on site handling/of the

solid waste generated from your home?

Sweep/clean and burn it 1

Collect and store in sacs/other

containers

2

Throw in ditches/open spaces 3

Separate waste 4

Give to formal waste collectors 5

Throw in rivers, green areas, and

wetlands

nearby.

6

store in a separated and covered refuse

7

76

containers

Put in a community refuse

dustbins located in their village

8

Others 9

4

Is there solid waste storing containers/site

(Individuals) in your home /compound/

Establishment?if “yes” Please describe how

your

household stores the solid waste from your

house

Closed Metal dustbins (Container) 1

Open Container 2

Plastic Bags 3

Pile in the yard 4

Plastic baskets 5

Bamboo made containers 6

Open space 7

Other 8

Don't know 9

No response 10

5

Do the waste containers have a cover?

Yes

1

No 2

others 3

No

Questions

Responses

code

6

Do you have access for shared

Container (Community bins)?

yes 1

No 2

I don‟t know 3

No response 4

77

7

If Yes for Q.6 frequency of

transporting

Solid waste to the container.

Daily 1

Once in two or three days 2

Weakly 3

No response 4

8 Do you have access for house-to- house

Collection and disposal service?

yes 1

No 2

I don‟t know 3

No response 4

9 If Yes for Q.8, by whom?

Municipality 1

Private agency 2

others 3

No response 4

10

Have you ever been observed

illegal waste disposal practice

in your village/kebele/town? If “yes,

where?

in green areas 1

in drainage canals, rivers or wetlands 2

around the community waste

containers

3

a long road sides(left and right sides) 4

78

11

What is/are purpose of solid waste

in area

Making compost 1

Making baskets, clothes, bags, chairs and

the line from wastes

2

Producing Biogas from organic wastes 3

others 4

12

Have you ever been practiced

organic Solid waste composting?

Yes 1

No 2

13

If not composting, what is/are

the reason/s?

Lack of market 1

Small land for urban Agriculture 2

Lack of awareness 3

others 4

14

How do you discard/dispose the

solid

Waste generate from your house?

Collect and burn 1

Throw in a green areas 2

Dump in open disposal pit 3

Throw in wetlands and rivers 4

Give to private waste collectors 5

Others 6

15

Have ever been practiced waste

incineration at your home in safe

Place?

Yes 1

No 2

Don‟t know 3

79

IV. Attitude and awareness of households towards solid waste management and Environmental

sanitation

No

Questions

Responses

code

16

Do you know what happened to your garbage

After disposed?

yes 1

No 2

I don‟t know 3

No response 4

17

Are you aware of any health issues relating to

garbage

Waste?

yes 1

No 2

I don‟t know 3

No response 4

18

Who is primarily responsible for solid waste

Handling And Disposal in your house?

Father 1

Mother 2

Male children below age 12 3

Female children below age

12

4

Others: 5

Who should be responsible for solid waste the municipal government 1

80

19 Management at the town level? an individuals 2

the municipal government,

an individuals

and polluters have shared

responsibility

3

Others:

4

20

Who should provide an improved waste

collection

and disposal service?

the municipal government 1

the private contractors both

the

2

municipal government and

the private contractors

3

Others:

4

No response 5

21

What do you think, is it appropriate for

individuals

To keep clean their surroundings?

Yes 1

no 2

Don‟t know 3

No response 4

22

If your response for the above question number

22 is “yes”,

what do you think; the reasons why individuals

clean their own

Surroundings?

To avoid bad odor resulting

from the dirty surroundings.

1

Save individuals money. 2

dirty surroundings cause

diseases

3

81

Others:

4

23

What do you think; Is carrying households

waste

Not the duty of male adults?

yes 1

No 2

No response 3

24 Do you have planned lessons to educate your

family members

how to properly handle and dispose solid waste

in

Order to keep the surrounding clean?

yes 1

No 2

Others 3

25 If your response is “yes “for question no.25,

Please tell me some of it?

26 Do you think that avoiding waste by

“burning” is

The best option?

yes 1

no 2

don‟t know 3

No response 4

27

Do you think that the practice of

illegal/unauthorized

waste disposal can lead to the environment

and human

health risks?

yes 1

no 2

don‟t know 3

no response 4

28

If your response is “Yes” for the above

Question No.28,

I) which environmental risks could happen?

water pollution 1

air pollution 2

Others 3

82

29

Which human health problems could emerge?

water borne diseases 1

air borne diseases 2

food borne diseases 3

30

Do you willing to pay for waste collection

services?

yes 1

no 2

31 Are you willing to pay more if the waste

collection service

Currently offered by the municipal

government is improved?

Yes 1

No 2

don‟t know 3

No response 4

32 What do you think is the cost you pay for

waste collection

Services quite enough?

Yes 1

No 2

Don‟t know 3

Others 4

No response 5

No 2

don‟t know 3

No response 4

33. What is mode of collection and the number of times waste is collected per week in the

following listed section in Hagerselam town?

Name of section Mode of collection Number of times per week

Shiko

Arada

Madein

secha

83

Annex -2

Figures shows uncollected and illegal dumping wastes in Hagereselam town,

2019

Waste dump Open spaces