~.'~~

SCHOOL CERTIFICATEHISTORV OF\NEST AFRICA

1800- PRESENT DAYBook'Two

K.B.C. ONWUBIKO, B.A. (LOND.)Former Superintendent ofSchools

Zonal Education BoardOwerri, [mo State. Nigeria

~ AFRlCANA-FEP PUBLISHERS LIMITED

CONTENTS

PART ONEEVENTS IN THE SUDAN IN THE NlNETEENTH CENTURY

Chapter 1:WEST AFRICAN STATES AT THE BEGINNING OF THENINETEENTH CENTURY .

Introduetion: Wesf: Africa before and during the Nineteenth CenturyCompared .

West African Stetes around 1800 .

Chapter 2:THE ISLAMIC MOVEMENTS OR JIHADS OF THE NINETEENTHCENTURY .

The Sokoto Jihad-Why Successful-Government of the Fulani Empire-Importance of Muhammad Bello .

The Massina Jihad - Why Successful- Government of the Empire .The Tijani Jihad of Alhaji Omar .Inter- Reletionship of the Nineteenth Century Jihads .

Chapter 3:(A) BORNU UNDER THE SHEHUS ...............................•......

Shehu Muhammed EI Kanemi .Shehu Umar '.' , .Decline of Bornu : .

(B) SAMORI TOURE AND THE MANDINKA EMPIRE .His Early Life and Rise-Campaigns .Military Organisation-Diplomacy .Government of the Empire- Significance in African History .

PART TWODEVELOPMENTS IN THE COASTAL STATES IN THE

NINETEENTH CENTURY

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Chapte'r 4:THE GOLD COAST (GHANA) IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 51

The Asante-Fante/British Wars 51The Administration of George Maclean ......•.. .........•........... 56The Gold Coast Bond 60The Seleet Committee of 1865 62The Fante Confederation and Mankessim Constitution 64Britain and the Gold Coast: 1874-1901 ,... 65Decline and Collapse of Asante 69

Chapter 5:DAHOMEY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.............................. 75

Achievement of Independence 75Dahomey-Yoruba Wars ,. 77

Factors of Dahomey's Strength and Survival.................. 81Economy of Dahomey in the N ineteenth Century 82

Chapter 6:THE YORUBA STATES IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 85

Causes of the Collapse of the Old Oyo Empire 85Achievements of the Old Oyo Empire....... 88The Yoruba Civil Wars .•............. 89Economic Development . 94

Chapter 7:BENIN. THE NIGER DELTA STATES AND IBOLAND IN THENINETEENTH CENTURY 97

Benin ...........................................•................................... 97The Niger Delta .. . . .. . .. . . .. .. .. .. . . . . .. .. • .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . .. . 102Iboland ~.. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . .. .. . 107

PART THREETUE GAMBIA, SIERRA LEONE, LIBERIA AND FRENCH-8PEAKING

WEST AFRICA IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

Chapter 8:THE GAMBIA IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY .

British Interest and How it was Maintained .......................•....•.......Problems of the Gambia .

Chapter 9:SIERRA LEONE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY .

Government of the Colony from 1808 .Growth of Sierra Leone Society - Emergence of the Creoles - Creole

Decline .Governor MacCarthy's Work .Trade and Expansion ............................•...............•.....•..........The Proteetorate and the Hut Tax War ................................•.........Significance in West African History .........................................•...

Chapter 10:LIBERIA IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY ....•............................

Foundation and Early History to 1847 : .Political Growth , ~ .Economic Development ...........•..............................................The Struggle for Survival I .Comparison with Sierra Leone .....•....•................................ > •••••••

J. J. Roberts .

Chapter 11:FRENCH-SPEAKING WEST AFRICA IN THE NINETEENTHCENTURY .

Senegal : .................................................................•...........General Faidherbe '" ' ,.,French Sudan .French Guinea, Ivory Coast and Dahomey , .

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PART FOURTHE GROWfH OF EUROPEAN INFLUENCE IN WEST AFRICA

1800-1918

Chapter 12:EUROPEAN EXPLORATION OF THE INTERIOR OF WEST AFRICA

Why It Was Delayed for So Long .The Urge for the Penetration of the Interior .The Exploration of the River Niger ......................•.......................Resu.lts of the Exploration of the Interior .........•..............................

Chapter 13:THE GROWTH OF LEGITIMATE TRADE .

Why Europeans Remained after the Abolition .............................•....Development of Legitimate Trade ........................•......•................Effects of Development of Legitimate Trade ..........................•.........Trade in the Niger Delta ..........................•...............................Some difficulties· of the Niger Delta Trade .John Beecroft ..............................................••.....•......•.........Courts of Equity .....................................•.............................Beginnings of British Intervention in Nigeria ........•..............•.............Conquest of Lagos ............................................................•...King Peppie of Bonny ........................................•....................Intervention in Calabar .........................•.....•..........................•.Development of Inland Trade ...........•.........••.....•.......................M acgregor Laird ............................•......................................Opposition to Inland Trade .....•....•.......................•.....•.......•......The Royal Niger Company ....•..................................................

Chapter 14:CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES IN WEST AFRICA .

Missionaries in West Africa before 1800 .Missionaries in West Africa, 1800-1918 .Missionary Motives in West Africa in the Nineteenth Century .Missionary Advance in West Africa- Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ghana, NigeriaB ishop Samuel Ajayi Crowther .Bishop Joseph Shanahan ..................................•.....••...............Christian M issionary Impact on West Africa ......•.............................Some Difficulties of the Christian Missions .......•...........•......•..........

Chapter 15:THE SCRAMBLE FOR AND PARTITION OF WEST AFRICA .

Europe and West Africa before the Scramble ...............................•..Why the Scramble Did Not Begin till about 1800 .Causes of the Scramble ...................................................•.......•The Berlin West African Conference .Features of the Partition in West Africa .African Resistance to the Partition - King Jaja of Opobo, Nana th-e ItsekiriWars of Resistance in the Ivory Coast .Why European Occupation of West Africa Was Successful .Results of the Partition of West Africa: Bad Results, Good Results .

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PART FIVEWEST AFRICA UNDER COWNIAL RULE

Chapter 16:WEST AFRICA AND COLONIAL RULE .

Britain. France and West Africa: 1885-1951 .The Making of Modern Nigeria by Britain .Problems Facing the Colonial Governments after the Partition .The British System of Colonial Rule: Indirect Rule .Criticism of Indirect Rule .Sir (Lord) Frederick Lugard ...................................•.....•............Sir Gordon Guggisberg ..............................................•....••.......The System of Direct Rule in British Colonies .The French System of Colonial Rule: Assimilation ........•....•.............Assimilation in Praetice in Senegal .................................•....•.......Failure of Assimilation .Policy of Association ..........................•....•.....................•....•..Results of Assimilation .Administration of French West Africa .Administration of Senegal and Other French West African Colonies

Compared .French a.nd British Systems Compared : : .B lalse Dlagne .......................................•.....•....•.....•....•........

Chapter 17:ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE COLONIALPERIOD .

The Economic and Social Policies of the Colonial Powers .British West African Territories: Nigeria. Ghana. Sierra Leone. The GambiaFrench West African Territories .Conclusion: General Features of Economic and Social Development in

the Colonial Era .

PART SIXTHE STRUGGLE TO REGAIN INDEPENDENCE

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Chapter 18:NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS IN WEST AFRICA 313

Introduetion: What is Nationalism? 313Nationalist Movements in English-Speaking West Africa .............•....•.. 313First Phase (1865-1939) 314The Fante Confederacy 314The Aborigines' Rights Protection Society .............................•....... 315The National Congress of British West Africa ....•.....•..........•....•.....•. 316J. E. Casely-Hayford 317The Nigerian National Democratic Party :.. 318Herbert M acaulay .....................................•.....•.....•...............• 31 9The African Church Movement ..........•.................................•...... 321Role of West African Newspapers ..........•...................... 321Effects of World War I ..........................•....•......•....•....... :. .•... .•. 322The Youth Movements of the 1930s .....................•....................... 324Negro World Movements 326

Pan-Africanism - the Early Phase (1900-1927) .W. E. B. Du Bois; Marcus Garvey .The West African Students' Union .Negro Reaction to Italian Invasion of Ethiopia .E. W. Blyden; J. E. K. Aggrey .Second Phase (1939-1960) .West Africa and World War 11 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••The Development of Political Parties .Nigeria: The N.C.N.C.,N.P.C.,A.G .Ghana: U.G.C.C.,C.P.P .Sierra Leone: S.L.P.P .Nationalist Movementa in French-Speaking West Africa .Why Nationalism Developed Earlier in British West Africa .Post-World War 11 Nationalist Movements .Rise of Political Parties: R.DA., I.O.M .

Chapter19:AnAINMENT OF INDEPENDENCE .

Commonwealth West Africa .French-Speaking West Africa .West African Nationalist Leaders: Kwame Nkrumah; Nnamdi Azikiwe;

Felix Houphouet-Boigny; Leopold Sedar Senghor .

PARTSEVENWEST AFRICA AFTER INDEPENDENCE

Chapter20:PROBLEMS FACING THE NEW STATES

Problems Posed by Independence: Political, Economic and SocialProblems and Problems of Foreign Relations .

Some Post-Independence Trends in West Africa .The One-Party State .Military Intervention in Politics: Coups d'etat .Regional Co-operation .

Chapter21:ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SINCE INDEPENDENCE ..

English-Speaking West Africa .French-Speaking West Africa .

Chapter22THE ORGANISATION OF AFRICAN UNITY (O,A.U.) .

Pan-Africanism: Meaning and History .The O.A.U.: Forrnation, Charter, Structure .Achievements of the OA.U ...............................................•..................Failures of the OA.U .Problems of the O.AU .

PAST WASC QUESTIONS (1966-1981) .Section I: From 1800 to 1918 .Section 11: From 1918 to the Present Day .

BIBLIOGRAPHV .

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