Sawicka B. 2008.RATE OF SPREAD OF FUNGAL DISEASES ON POTATO PLANTS AS AFFECTED BY APPLICATION OF A...

BiostimulatorsIN MODERN AGRICULTURE

W a r s a w 2 0 0 8

Solanaceous Crops

E D I T O R : Zbigniew T. Dąbrowski

1

B io s t imu l a to r sIN MODERN AGRICULTURE

Solanaceous crops

EDITOR: Zbigniew T. Dabrowski

Warsaw 2008

,

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The series of monographs under a common name BIOSTIMULATORS IN MODERN AGRICULTUREcontains a review of recent research related to this subject and consists of the following parts:

GENERAL ASPECTSFIELD CROPSSOLANACEOUS CROPSVEGETABLE CROPSFRUIT CROPSORNAMENTAL AND SPECIAL PLANTS

EDITORIAL BOARD:Andrzej Sadowski, Department of Pomology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS) � chairmanZbigniew T. D¹browski, Department of Applied Entomology, WULSHelena Gawroñska, Laboratory of Basic Natural Sciences in Horticulture, WULSAleksandra £ukaszewska, Department of Ornamental Plants, WULSAdam S³owiñski, Arysta LifeScience Poland

PRODUCTION EDITORS:Zbigniew T. D¹browski, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS)Anna Karbowniczek, Arysta LifeScience PolandAda Krzeczkowska, Wie� JutraHalina Skrobacka, Wie� Jutra

REVIEWERS:Zbigniew T. D¹browski, Department of Applied Entomology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS)Ma³gorzata Kie³kiewicz-Szaniawska, Department of Applied Entomology, WULSMarian Saniewski, Institute of Pomology and Floriculture, SkierniewiceAnna Tomczyk, Department of Applied Entomology, WULS

This edition was supported by Arysta LifeScience

Cover: Plantpress

ISBN 83-89503-55-7

Published by the Editorial House Wie� Jutra, LimitedJanowskiego 602-784 Warszawaphone: (0 22) 643 82 60e-mail: [email protected] by RykoCopies 300, publishing sheets: 8.0

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CONTENTS

PREFACE ..................................................................................................................................... 5

INFLUENCE OF BIO-ALGEEN S-90 ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF SMALL-SIZEDTOMATO ..................................................................................................................................... 7

Renata Dobromilska, Kamila Gubarewicz

EFFECTS OF BIOSTIMULATORS ON CULTURE OF ALBONEY F1 GREENHOUSETOMATO .................................................................................................................................... 13

Krzysztof Kossak, Barbara Dyki

EFFECT OF GOTEO TREATMENT ON YIELD AND FRUIT QUALITY OF TOMATOGROWN ON ROCKWOOL ......................................................................................................... 21

Katarzyna Kowalczyk, Teresa Zielony

TOMATO PLANT GROWTH AND RESISTANCE TO SOME ARTHROPOD HERBIVORESIN RESPONSE TO HARPIN AND GRAPEFRUIT SEED EXTRACT TREATMENTS ................. 27

Ma³gorzata Kie³kiewicz, Bartosz Willimowski, Paulina Szaryñska

BIOSTIMULATORS IN SWEET PEPPER CULTIVATION UNDER COVERS .............................. 36

Agnieszka Stêpowska

EFFECTS OF GA 142 (GOËMAR GOTEO) AND GA 14 (GOËMAR BM86) EXTRACTSON SWEET PEPPER YIELD IN NON-HEATED TUNNELS ......................................................... 45


EFFECT OF ASAHI SL BIOSTIMULATOR ON YIELD OF POTATO TUBERSAND THEIR QUALITY ............................................................................................................... 52

Tomasz Maciejewski, Tadeusz Michalski, Monika Bartos-Spycha³a,Wojciech Cie�licki

MODIFICATION OF POTATO TUBER CHEMICAL COMPOSITION BY APPLICATIONSOF THE ASAHI SL BIOSTIMULATOR ...................................................................................... 61

Barbara Sawicka, Maria Mikos-Bielak

RATE OF SPREAD OF FUNGAL DISEASES ON POTATO PLANTS AS AFFECTED BYAPPLICATION OF A BIOREGULATOR AND FOLIAR FERTILISER ......................................... 68

Barbara Sawicka

APPLICATION OF GROWTH REGULATORS IN POTATO SEED PRODUCTION FROMMICROTUBERS .......................................................................................................................... 77

Krystyna Rykaczewska

POLISH SUMMARIES ............................................................................................................... 86

5

PREFACE

The high yield potential of modern cultivars is often restrained by various envi-ronmental stresses both of biotic and abiotic nature, affecting the crop status. Thepresent approach in pro-ecological plant protection from such biotic stresses asweeds, diseases and pests emphasises enhancement of naturally occurring compo-unds, organisms or plant defence mechanisms. These compounds should fill thegap resulting from the regulatory decisions of national authorities in many coun-tries, leading to restrictions in use of a number of synthetic pesticides.

Extensive research carried out in the last two decades has shown that somenatural products may be efficiently used in enhancing the plant�s endogenous resi-stance or tolerance to the biotic and abiotic stresses. A group of such active pro-ducts is presently classified as biostimulators. When reduction of the chemical inputis expected, the use of biostimulators becomes a particularly promising option. Bio-stimulators are defined as compounds of biological origin and should act by incre-asing natural capabilities of plants to cope with stresses. Biostimulators do not actneither as nutrients nor affect directly the stress factors making them less harmfulfor plants.

The efficacy of biostimulators is not limited to reducing effects of biotic andabiotic stresses. They stimulate growth and development of plants under unfavo-urable soil and climatic conditions. Although the effects of biostimulators are notso spectacular and not always stable over the years � due to interaction with otherused chemicals and/or environmental factors � the interest of farmers in using bio-stimulators is successively increasing over time.

According to the national legislation, biostimulators are related to the categoryof plant protection products. Therefore they must comply with all rules for registra-tion and hence �prior to formal approval for use they must be tested for safety tohumans and the environment.

The dynamic increase of research projects on biostimulators and of farmers�interest in their use in agriculture and horticulture production provoked an idea ofthe international conference on �Biostimulators in Modern Agriculture�. It wasorganized by the Laboratory of Basic Sciences in Horticulture, at the Faculty ofHorticulture and Landscape Architecture at the Warsaw University of Life Scien-ces. The conference has attracted a large group of scientists and graduate studentsfrom universities and research institutions involved in basic and applied research

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in agriculture as well from the industry. About three hundred sixty participants inc-luded also representatives of farmers and distributors of agricultural supplies.

The extensive and creative discussions during the conference and interest inconference materials as well as suggestions from participants indicated the urgentneed for dissemination of the state of knowledge on biostimulators. This inspiredthe organizers of the Conference to co-ordinate preparing reviews on recent scien-tific achievements in the field of biostimulators, including the practical aspects oftheir application on various crops. Following suggestions appearing at the Confe-rence, the organisers invited scientists having experience and achievements in workon biostimulators to prepare relevant reviews related to particular products andcrops.

Based on the submitted manuscripts the Editorial Board decided to publish aseries of monographs entitled: �BIOSTIMULATORS IN MODERN AGRICULTU-RE� comprising the following six volumes: �General Aspects�, �Field Crops�, �So-lanaceous Crops�, �Vegetable Crops�, �Fruit Crops� and �Ornamental and Spe-cial Plants�.

The Editors hope that this publication would fill the gap in knowledge on themechanisms of action of various biostimulators and on the conditions for their highefficacy. We are very grateful to the authors who willingly agreed to contribute tothese books.

EDITORS

7

INFLUENCE OF BIO-ALGEEN S-90 ON THE YIELD

AND QUALITY OF SMALL-SIZED TOMATO

Renata Dobromilska, Kamila GubarewiczUniversity of Agriculture in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland

INTRODUCTION

Sea algae are unicellular or multicellular organisms, which live mainly in salty orsalted water. Thallophytic algae containing a brown pigment, which have been used as afertilizer since a long time, are characterized by special nutritive value. They contain a lotof vitamins, carbohydrates and amino acids, iodine, calcium, magnesium and iron. Asco-phyllum nodosum is the most widespread species, used to production of algae prepara-tions. These algae are typically coastal, their thallus forms a close thicket, they are veryimportant component of sea biocenosis. The preparations made of sea algae can be usedespecially in the ecological agriculture, whose main idea is to keep harmony and com-pactness with nature.

Although algae and a lot of other sea products have been used in agriculture since along time, the mechanism which stimulates growth and development of plants has notbeen fully explained yet [Crouch, van Staden 1992].

Among plant hormones cytokinins are the basic components of algae extract whichaffect growth of treated plants. The natural cytokinins, contrary to the synthetic stimula-tors, can be of great importance in protection of plants from different plant diseases andnoxious insects [Norrie, Hiltz 1999]. There are also auxins and gibberellins, besides cyto-kinins, in the algae composition. Antioxidants, which prevent from creation of free radi-cals, are in the midst of components occurring in the algae. The free radicals affectacceleration of growing-old processes [Czeczko, Mikos-Bielak 2000]. Stimulation of an-tioxidants can give positive results in sustained storage of fruits and vegetables [Norrie,Hiltz 1999]. Laminarine � a polysaccharide, which is also the reserve material, was me-ant in the composition of Ascophyllum nodosum [Partier et al. 1993].

Algae extracts induce also a higher concentration of chlorophyll in plants leaves. Itwas proved that content of chlorophyll in leaves of plants treated with the algae extractsis dependent on content of betanine [Blunden et al. 1996].

Algae biostimulators occur the most often as a liquid or as a powder. There are leafor soil application of the algae biostimulators available on market. In both cases theyaffect metabolism, microbiological activity and growth of plants [Vernieri et al. 2005].Another way of application is soaking of seeds in the biostimulators, which increasestheir energy of germination [Bralewski, Ho³ubowicz 2003]. Both in the cultivation ofagricultural and horticultural crops the algae extracts are used in low concentrations[Becket, van Standen 1989, Blunden et al. 1996, Kowalski et al. 1999].

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Bio-algeen S-90 is one of the most popular preparations made on the base of thethallophytic algae containing a brown pigment, which can be used in soilless or in traditio-nal cultivation of tomato under covers [Wysocka-Owczarek 2001]. It stimulates develop-ment of tomato root system, its flowering and fructification. It increases hardiness ofplants and supports defensive mechanisms of plants.

The aim of experiments conducted in the years 2004-2005 in the Department ofVegetable Crops of Agricultural University in Szczecin was to examine the influence ofusing of sea algae preparation Bio-algeen S-90 on growth and yielding of cherry tomatocv Conchita F1.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Cherry tomato cv Conchita F1 TmC5VF5FrWi (De Ruiter Seeds, The Netherlands)belongs to the group of cocktail cultivars of red fruits, suitable for cluster harvest. It ischaracterized by a high biological value, greater content of sugars, vitamin C, carotenoidpigments and organic acids in comparison with middle- and large-scale-farming cultivars.They are also characterized by a high content of dry matter, intensive aroma and sweettaste.

Tomato seeds were sown in the glasshouse on 20th March and seedlings were plan-ted in the plastic tunnel after 15th May in rows, using row spacing 1.4 x 0.25 cm, on the3.5-square-meter plots of ground (10 plants on the plot of ground). Tomato plants werecultivated in a high, unheated plastic tunnel.

Bio-algeen S-90 preparation was used in the 0.3% concentration in the form of sprayingconducted one, two, three or four times. The first spraying was carried out at the stage of2-3 proper leaves, second � before planting, third � at the beginning of flowering, fourth� at the initial stage of plant yielding.

The cherry tomato was headed in the first decade of July behind the sixth cluster.During the plant vegetation period following biometrical measurements were carried outas: a height of plant, diameter of stem, number of leaves, number of flowers and fruits.

Harvest of fruits took place from the third decade of July to the first decade ofSeptember. The total, early marketable and out-of-choice yield was evaluated.

Chemical analyses of fruits were also carried out to evaluate the dry matter andvitamin C content. The dry matter was estimated by a drying method and level of vitaminC � by Tillmans titrimetric method with 2, 6-dichloroindophenol. L-dehydroascorbic acidis reduced for ascorbic acid.

The experiments were established in the randomized blocks design, in four replica-tions. Results of the experiments were statistically verified by Tukey�s test at the signifi-cance level a = 0.05.

RESULTS

The biometric measurements of plants conducted during their vegetation showed thatthe height of plants depended significantly on number of sprayings with Bio-algeen S-90preparation (Tab. 1). The control plants were of height 136.6 cm, however plants treatedthree times with Bio-algeen S-90 were 6.6 cm higher. The control plants formed also the

9

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fewest leaves. Using of Bio-algeen, independently of number of sprayings, increasednumber of leaves by 1.2 average leaf. Single, double and triple spraying of plants incre-ased on the average 0.87 mm diameter of stem of tomato in comparison with the controland to plants treated four times with the biostimulator. Number of formed flowers and setfruits depended significantly on dosing of Bio-algeen S-90 (Tab. 2). Those plants, whichwere sprayed with Bio-algeen two times formed the greatest number of flowers andfruits, but those fruits were of smaller diameter. Using of Bio-algeen increased signifi-cantly the total and marketable yield of fruits. The total and marketable yield was thehighest in the year 2006 (Fig. 2).

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FIGURE 2. THE INFLUENCE OF BIO-ALGEEN ON THE TOTALAND MARKETABLE YIELD OF SMALL-SIZED TOMATO CVCONCHITA F1 IN THE YEARS 2004-2006SOURCE: OWN STUDY.Rysunek 2. Wp³yw preparatu Bio-algeen na plon ogólny ihandlowy owoców odmiany Conchita F1 w latach 2004-2006�ród³o: badania w³asne.

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The highest yield was obtained when the prepara-tion was used three times (Tab. 3). Fruits of plants tre-ated with Bio-algeen contained more dry matter and vi-tamin C (Tab. 4).

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to produced flowers � on the average 85.7%, but in the other treatments � on the average79.6% (Fig.1). It was found that in combination where plants produced the highest num-ber of fruits, their diameter was significantly smaller (3.24 cm) than diameter of fruits ofthe other treatments (Tab. 2).

Results relating to yielding of tomato showed significant differences in the total andmarketable yield under the influence of spraying plants with Bio-algeen (Tab. 3). Thehighest total and marketable yield of tomato was produced by plants treated three timeswith Bio-algeen. The total yield amounted to 6.64 kg.m-2 and was on the average1.2 kg m-2 greater than the yield of the control plants and than the yield of plants treatedonce with the biostimulator. The marketable yield was high and amounted to 97.3% of thetotal yield in the combination where the preparation was used three times. The marketa-ble yield, obtained from the control plants and from those which were treated only oncewith the preparation was significantly on the average 19.7% smaller.

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It was observed that the early yield of tomato did not depend on treating of plantswith Bio-algeen. The yield obtained in the first three weeks amounted on the average to1.57 kg.m-2.

Triple spraying of plants with Bio-algeen decreased significantly the non-commercialyield of plants to 0.18 kg . m-2 in comparison to other treatments, where it amounted onthe average to 0.25 kg.m-2 (Tab. 3).

It was found that fruits of cherry tomato cv Conchita F1 were characterized by thehigh biological value with fruits contented 7.28-7.82% of dry matter (Tab. 4). The highestcontent of dry matter was noted for fruits of those tomatoes which were sprayed withBio-algeen S-90 two times. It was also evaluated that fruits of tomato cv Conchita werecharacterized by a very high level of vitamin C (between 41.62 and 51.81 mg .100 g-1

fresh weight). Fruits of the control plants contained the least vitamin C, however, fruits ofthe plants which were treated with Bio-algeen two times, contained the most vitamin C.Fruits of tomato sprayed three times with Bio-algeen S-90 were characterized by similar-ly high content of dry matter and vitamin C.

CONCLUSIONS

1. Spraying plants with Bio-algeen S-90 stimulated the vegetative growth of the small-fruit tomato cv Conchita F1.

2. Spraying plants three times with Bio-algeen S-90 in the concentration of 0.3% signi-ficantly increased the total and marketable yield.

3. Bio-algeen used two and three times increased content of dry matter and vitamin Cin tomato fruits.

REFERENCES

Beckett R.P., van Staden J. 1989: The effect of seaweed concentrate on the growth and yield of potassiumstressed wheat. Plant and Soil., vol. 116, 1, 29-36.

Blunden G., Jenkins T., Yan-Wen L. 1996: Enhanced leaf chlorophyll levels in plants treated with seaweedextract. J. Appl. Phycol., vol. 8, 6, 535-543.

Bralewski T., Ho³ubowicz R. 2003: Wp³yw biostymulatorów na jako�æ nasion marchwi (Daucus carotaL.) i kopru (Anethum graveolens L.). Folia Hortic. Suplement, 1, 117-119.

Crouch I.J., van Staden J. 1993: Evidence for the presence of plant growth regulators in commercialseaweed products. Plant Growth Regulation, vol. 13, 1, 21-29.

Czeczko R., Mikos-Bielak M. 2000: Wp³yw Atoniku na zawarto�æ witaminy C i zwi¹zków polifenolo-wych w wybranych gatunkach warzyw. Roczniki AR Poznañ, 31, cz. 2, 239-240.

Kowalski B., Jäger A.K., van Staden J. 1999: The effect of a seaweed concentrate on the in vitro growthand acclimatization of potato plantlets. J. Potato Res., vol. 42, 1, 131-139.

Norrie J., Hlitz D.A. 1999: Seaweed extract research and applications in agriculture. Agro-Food-Industry-Hi-Tech, March/April, 25-28.

Patier P., Yvin J.C., Kloareg B., Liénart Y., Rochas C. 1993: Seaweed liquid fertilizer from Ascophyllumnodosum contains elicitors of plant D-glycanases. J. Appl. Phycol., vol. 5, 3, 343-349.

Wysocka-Owczarek M. 2001: Zaburzenia wzrostu i rozwoju pomidora. Wyd. Plantpress Sp. z o.o., Kra-ków, 108 pp.

Vernieri P., Borghesi E., Ferrante A., Magnani G. 2005: Application of biostimulants in floating systemfor improving rocket quality. J. Food Agr. Environ., vol. 3 (3&4 ), 86-88.

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EFFECS OF BIOSTIMULATORS ON CULTIVATION

OF ALBONEY F1 GREENHOUSE TOMATO

Krzysztof Kossak 1, Barbara Dyki 2

1 Horticultural Farm Eko Warta, Warta, Poland 2 Research Institute of Vegetable Crops, Skierniewice, Poland

INTRODUCTION

Presently, it is necessary to limit chemical agents in the production of greenhousevegetables, including a tomato, and the pressure is put on the use of integrated methods[Babik 2004] to achieve yield with high quality, taste values and with excellent looks[Kossak 2007a]. These are the requirements dictated by customers. The practice showsthat intensive cultivation of greenhouse tomato is not always possible to achieve themaximum economic effect [Wysocka-Owczarek 2004]. Even small mistakes in cultiva-tion, which are often difficult to eliminate, can cause disorders defined as physiologicalplants diseases [Dyki, Borkowski 2000, Wysocka-Owczarek 2004]. Moreover, stresso-genic, abiotic environment conditions have a negative influence on the quantity and quali-ty of the yield [Wysocka-Owczarek 2004, Dyki, Borkowski 2007]. Therefore, biostimula-tors are being looked for to the exogenous use in cultivation of different plant species,including tomatoes in order to keep more stable yield and increase the quality of fruits[Kossak 2007 b, S³owiñski 2007ab, Wysocka-Owczarek 2007]. Stimulation of physiologi-cal plants activity with the treatment of biostimulators obtained from chitin scutums ofArctic krill, grapefruit or the rocks containing titanium compounds was proved by severalauthors [Borkowski, Kowalczyk 1999, Borkowski et al. 2004, Borkowski, Dyki 2004,Dyki et al. 2000, Górnik et al. 2003].

The Vegetables Quality Improvement Program which has been realized since seve-ral years popularizes the potential positive effects of products obtained from sea algae[Wysocka-Owczarek 2002, S³owiñski 2007ab, Kawka 2008].

The aim of this study was to estimate the impact of biostimulators applications on thequantity and quality of the yield of greenhouse tomato and on morphological characters ofplants.


The 2006 and 2007 experiments were conducted in the greenhouse on the tomatocultivar Alboney F1 of Enza Zaden company. The plants were treated with the differentkinds of biostimulators. The tomato plants were cultivated on the mineral wool substrate(Pargro Neptune) during the extension cycle. Obtained in the 2006 research results werea base to continuation of experiments in 2007. The seeds of tomato cultivar Alboney F1

14

were sowed at the beginning of December in 2006. The tomato plants were transplantedto destination place in greenhouse on 12th of February 2007.

Five kinds of biostimulators in the form of watering were applied. Goëmar Goteo(Goëmar Lab. company) at the concentration of 0.1% and 0.2% was applied four timesin two combinations � 1, 7, 14, 21 (x 4) and 1, 7 days after planting tomato plants todestination place, plus two times in July during the full fruiting of tomatoes (x2+2). Bio-algeen S90 (Polger-Kido company) at the concentration of 0.2% � every 30 days, BioJodis (Jeznach company) � 0.04% � every 7 days and Resistim (Broste company) �0.01% � every 10 days in the form of watering were applied. Tytanit (Intermag compa-ny) at the concentration of 0.02% was applied every 20 days in the form of watering andevery 14 days in the form of spraying.

The experiment was conducted in the random blocks scheme in three replications.Each combination included 54 plants. The biostimulators were dosed manually startingfrom plant seedlings to the end of production. Statistical analyses were performed withusing analyze of variance. Statistical important differences between means were estima-ted by the NEWMAN-KEUL�S test at the significance level P = 0.05.

MICROSCOPIC ANALYSES

Material for histological analyses were collected twice: (a) after the creation of thethird bunch and (b) at the end of fruiting. The fragments of the stem, root and petiole (withthe length of approximately 20 mm) were always collected from the half of analyzed part ofthe plant height. The plant material was treated 48 hours in the CrAF agent (chromic acid,acetic acid, formalin), dehydrated in ethanol and embedded in paraffin [Gerlach 1972]. Thecross-sections were stained with safranine and light green [Filutowicz, Ku¿dowicz 1951].Analyses of cross-section was done with a light microscope � Jenaval at the magnifica-tion of 250x. Additionally, the presence of a pollen grains on the surface of pistil�s stigmaof the flower of the first and the second bunch was analyzed with the use of a scanningelectron microscope JEOL � JSM-S1 type after fixing the pistils in CraF, dehydration inethanol and acetone, drying with CO2 in the apparatus Critical Point Drying and coatedwith gold [Hayat 1976].

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The highest total yield (45.9 kg·m-2) and marketable yield (44.8 kg·m-2) were obta-ined after treatment of plants with Resistim biostimulator, whereas from the untreatedcontrol plants only 44.0 and 43.3 kg·m-2 respectively. Also high quality total yield (45.0kg·m-2) was obtained from the plants treated with Goëmar Goteo at the concentration of0.1% (x 4) (Tab. 1). Small but positive influence on highness of tomato total yield wasproved in plants treated with biostimulators: Bio Jodis and Goëmar Goteo at the concen-tration of 0.2% (x4). The highest total and marketable yield were not proved in remainingcombinations. The early yield was higher in seven combinations in comparison to thecontrol (Tab. 1). The squeezing resistance of tomato fruits was only increased for plantstreated with Resistim and Goëmar Goteo at the concentration of 0.1% (x4) and it wasobtained lower values in remaining combinations in comparison to the control (Tab. 2).

15

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Tissues hardness is mainly designa-ted by cells turgor which is deter-mined by cell�s water supply [Kac-perska 2002a, b, Wo�ny 2001] andthe structure of cell�s walls [Woj-taszek 2001]. During the experi-ment the hardness of tomato fruitswas essentially higher in plants tre-ated with Bio Jodis and GoëmarGoteo in concentration of 0.1% thanin the control and it was insignifi-cantly highest after watering theplants with Tytanit (Tab. 2). Thecolour of fruits was a characteri-stic feature which, compared to thecontrol, was marked advantage-

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ously on almost all combinations apart from plants sprayed with Tytanit. Tytanit in theform of spraying had a positive influence on pollination process (Phot. 1 A,B). Morepollen grains was noticed on the pistil�s stigmas of the first flowers of tomato plantstreated with Titanit (Phot. 1A, B) in compare to the control or with the application of Bio-algeen S90. Tytanit was led to earlier flowers development, better pollination and fasterfruit-setting, which caused early yield increment. Pais et al. [1977] and Pais [1983] pre-sented a positive influence of titanium on many crops. It was proven that the yield wasincreased by 10-20% after spraying the plants with titanium solutions. In some experi-ments regarding apple trees, corn and sugar beet, the yield increased by 30%, and thechlorophyll content in leaves was 16-65% higher than in the control. Pais [1983] alsonoticed that titanium decreases herbicide damages of tomatoes, increases fruit dry mat-

16

ter by 10-33% and increases activity of many enzymes and the rate of photosynthesis.Pais [1983] used mainly titanium combined with ascorbic acid in the form of chelatecomplex, which was later patented under the name of Titavit. It is advised only for plantsspraying, as when it is added to the soil, it quickly loses its activity. Czekalski et al. [1990]proved that in the case of corn cultivated on the alkaline soil, Titavit increased the yield ofthe fresh matter by 44%, whereas on acid soil the same treatment did not increase theyield at all. Dumon and Ernest [1988] presented data that in case of a very acid soil richin titanium, there can be 40 times more of this element in plants being grown there than incase of other plants grown on the soil with far lower acidity. Besides leaves of treatedplants accumulate highest quantities of this element. Kri¿ala [1995] proved the incrementof sugar unit in sugar beet by 29% after double spraying with Titavit. The ResearchInstitute of Vegetable Crops in Skierniewice for several years has conducted experi-ments with Tytanit [1999], which consists 0.8% of titanium, to fertilize leaves. It wasfound that female cucumbers of the WI 4783 line, which poorly produced seeds, afterspraying three times by the 0.02% Tytanit solution, set considerably higher number ofseeds which are collected earlier then in the control [Dyki et al. 2000]. It was subsequen-tly conformed that after the use of Titanit the number of seeds increased even by 300%in comparison to untreated control [Doruchowski et al. 2000]. Earlier microscopic studiesshowed that Tytanit had an influence on better adherence of pollen grains to the stigmaof the pistil which stimulates their germination [Dyki et al. 2000, Doruchowski et al.2000].

After preliminary experiments in 2006 and analysis of the results from the 2007 expe-riment described in this study it was proves the aplication of following biostimulators as:Goëmar Goteo, Bio Jodis, Tytanit, Resistim and Bio-algeen S90 produced higher yield oftomato fruits and increment of their quality. The effects of stimulating activity of biosti-mulators are determined not only by suitable selected rate or its concentration but theyare depend on the plant development stage during the treatments. The received in expe-

PHOTOGRAPHY 1 A,B. GERMINATION OF POLLEN ON FLOWER STIGMAS FROM THE FIRST BUNCHOF THE TOMATO CONTROL PLANT (A) AND THE PLANT TREATED WITH TYTANIT (B) (PHOTO:AUTHORS)Fotografia 1 A,B. Kie³kowanie py³ku na znamionach kwiatów z pierwszego grona kontrolnej ro�linypomidora (A) i ro�liny traktowanej Tytanitem (B) (fot. autorzy)

A B

17

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riments results concerning the highness of yield and quality of tomato fruits were attestedto stimulating activity of biostimulators.

After the use of Goëmar Goteo biostimulator better fruit colouring, increment of thedry matter of tomato fruits, suitable ratio of sugars to acids and higher content of vitaminC in fruits were noted (Tab. 3). It was proved that Goëmar Goteo has a chance toconquer the market as a biostimulator in the production of greenhouse tomatoes.

The results of plant`s morphology observations and microscopic studies were used todescribe the influence of biostimulators on roots structure, pollination and the vascularbundles structure of root, stem and petiole. Besides the microscopic observations of rootsystem proved bigger root system of the plants treated with Bio Jodis as well as in caseof plants treated with Goëmar Goteo (Phot. 2A,B), Bio-algeen S90 and Resistim.

Microscopic observations shown that after the use of biostimulators: Goëmar Goteoand Bio Jodis, the xylem tissues in sprout, roots, stems and petiole vascular bundles werebetter developed [Kacperska 2002a]. There was more xylem�s cells and they were big-ger in plants treated with biostimulators, they had thicker and stronger lignified secondarywalls than the cells in the control. Floem�s bundles were numerous and more developed(Phot. 3A-D). It could contribute to more efficient transport of water with mineral sub-stances in the plant and as a result to increase of tomato fruits weight.

Since it is known that increment of transport intensity of water and mineral substancesfrom roots to leaves [Starck 2002] improves conditions for photosynthesis and assimilatesaccumulation in fruit, therefore better developed root vascular bundles could improved qu-ality of fruits. It is known that stress caused by mistakes during the cultivation leads todisorders of tomato plants development which are treated as a physiological diseases butsome biostimulators can counteracted plants stresses [Wysocka-Owczarek 2002, 2004].The effects of stressogenic abiotic conditions such as temperature, light, air and soil humi-dity or mineral supply deficiency [Kacperska 2002b] can be limited after treatment of toma-to plants with selected biostimulators which caused increment of plants resistance.

18

A

PHOTO 3A-D. CROSS SECTIONS THROUGH XYLEM (X) AND FLOEM (F) VASCULAR BUNDLES OF THECONTROL TOMATO STEM (A) AND TREATED WITH BIOSTIMULATORS (B, C, D) (PHOTO: AUTHORS)Fotografia 3A-D. Przekroje poprzeczne przez ksylem (X) i floem (F) wi¹zek przewodz¹cych ³odygiro�liny kontrolnej (A) i ro�lin traktowanych biostimulatorami (B, C, D) (fot. autorzy)

B

C

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FF

F

F

F

X

X

XX

A B

PHOTO 2A,B. FRAGMENTS OF ROOT SYSTEM OF CONTROL TOMATO PLANT (A) AND AFTERTREATMENT WITH GOËMAR GOTEO (B) (PHOTO: AUTHORS)Fot 2A,B. Fragmenty systemu korzeniowego ro�liny kontrolnej (A) i traktowanej Goëmar Goteo (B) (fot.autorzy)

19

CONCLUSIONS

1. The results of two years studies proved that tested biostimulators improved the yieldand quality of tomato fruits, however the influence was different and depends onbiostimulators. The best stimulating characters of the yielding of tomato cultivar Al-boney F1 shown following biostimulators: Resistim, Goëmar Goteo and Bio Jodis.Besides Titanit biostimulator caused faster fruit-setting.

2. Bigger root system produced by tomato plants treated with Bio Jodis and also withGoëmar Goteo, Bio-algeen S90 and Resistim.

3. Tomato plants treated with Goëmar Goteo and Bio Jodis biostimulators showed morenumerous and bigger cells of xylem and floem vascular bundles in the stem.

4. The use of biostimulators like a Goëmar Goteo or Bio Jodis in the production requiresfurther economical calculations.

REFERENCES

Babik J. 2004: Ekologiczne metody uprawy pomidorów w gruncie i pod os³onami (praca zbiorowa podredakcj¹ Józefa Babika). Instytut Warzywnictwa, materia³y dla rolników, 4-48, Radom.

Borkowski J., Kowalczyk W. 1999: Influence of Tytanit and chitosan sprays and other treatments on thetomato plant growth and the development of powdery mildew (Oidium lycopersicum). Bull. Pol. Acad.Sci., Biol. Sci., 47 (2-4), 129-132.

Borkowski J., Dyki B. 2004: Kilka uwag o chitozanie. Wiadomo�ci Botaniczne, 48 (1/2), 66-67.Borkowski J., Dyki B., Niekraszewicz A., Struszczyk H. 2004: Effect of the preparations Biochikol 020

PC, Tytanit, Biosept 33 SL and others on the healthiness of tomato plants and their fruiting in glassho-use. Polish Chitin Society, Monograph v. X, £ód�, 167-173.

Czekalski A., Dryjañska M., Urbañski M. 1990: Wp³yw tytanu na plonowanie niektórych ro�lin upraw-nych. Prace Komisji Nauk Roln. PTPN. Rol. 69, 75-82.

Doruchowski R.W., £¹kowska-Ryk E., Dyki B. 2000: Treatment of virus diseased cucumber plants withtitanium for improved seed production. Mendel Centenary Congress. Poster Abstracts 116, March 7-10. Brno, Czech Republic.

Dumon J.C., Ernest W.H.O. 1988: Titanium in plants. J. Plant Physiol., 133, 203-209.Dyki B., Borkowski J. 2000: Wp³yw niedoboru miedzi na budowê anatomiczn¹ ³odygi i li�ci pomidora.

Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Roln., 471, cz. I, 67-73.Dyki B., Borkowski J. 2007: Br¹zowe plamy na owocach pomidora. Has³o Ogrodnicze, 8, 122-123.Dyki B., Borkowski J., £¹kowska-Ryk E., Doruchowski R.W., Panek E. 2000: Influence of the Tytanit

compound on fertilization and stimulation of seed development in cucumber and tomato. MendelCentenary Congress. Poster Abstracts, 115, March 7-10. Brno, Czech Republic.

Filutowicz A., Ku¿dowicz A. 1951: Mikrotechnika ro�linna. PWRiL, Warszawa.Gerlach D. 1972: Zarys mikrotechniki botanicznej. PWRiL, Warszawa.Górnik K., Dyki B., Grzesik M. 2003: Application of Tytanit and Asahi SL in horticultural seeds produc-

tion in individual germinating cabbage seeds. Programme Book of Abstracts. International Workshop onApplied Seed Biology �New Developments in Seed Quality Improvement�. £ód�, Poland, 23-25 Octo-ber, 27-29.

Hayat M.A. (ed.) 1976: Principles and techniques of scanning electron microscopy. Vol. 5, Van NostrandReinhold Co., New York.

Kacperska A. 2002 a: Gospodarka wodna. [W:] Fizjologia ro�lin (pod red. J. Kopcewicza i S. Lewaka).PWN, 192-227.

Kacperska A. 2002b: Reakcje ro�lin na abiotyczne czynniki stresowe. [W:] Fizjologia ro�lin (pod red. J.Kopcewicza i S. Lewaka). PWN, 613-678.

Kawka B. 2008: Goëmar Goteo � papryce na dobry pocz¹tek. Has³o Ogrodnicze, 3, 107.Kossak K. 2007a: Wp³yw temperatury na wzrost i rozwój pomidora. Has³o Ogrodnicze, 10.

20

54 Zjazd PTB, Szczecin, 3-8.X, 51.Kri¿ala J. 1995: Vysledky vegetacnich zkousek novych druchu hnojiv z prerovskych chemickych zavodu,

Puo¿ti Biologicky Activnich Latek v Reprodukci Zahradnickych Rostlin: Zahradnicka Fakulta v Led-nici na Mor., 18-19.1, 1989.

Pais I., Feher M., Farkas E., Szabo Z., Cornides I. 1977: Titanium as a new trace element. Comm. Soil Sci.Plant Anal., 8 (5), 407-410.

Pais I. 1983: The biological importance of titanium. J. Plant Nutr., 6, 3-131.S³owiñski A. 2007a: Asahi SL w programie poprawy jako�ci warzyw. Has³o Ogrodnicze, 5, 151.S³owiñski A. 2007b: Goëmar BM 86 � zastosowanie w warzywach. Has³o Ogrodnicze, 6, 119.Starck Z. 2002: Gospodarka mineralna ro�lin. [W:] Fizjologia ro�lin (pod red. J. Kopcewicza i S. Lewaka).

PWN, 228-271.Tytanit 1999: Ulotka przedsiêbiorstwa InterMag, Osiek, k/Olkusza.Wojtaszek P. 2001: �ciana komórkowa. [W:] Podstawy biologii komórki ro�linnej (pod red. A. Wo�nego, J.

Michejdy i L. Ratajczaka). Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Pozna-niu, 431-487.

Wo�ny A. 2001: System b³on wewnêtrznych. [W:] Podstawy biologii komórki ro�linnej (pod red. A. Wo�-nego, J. Michejdy i L. Ratajczaka). Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza wPoznaniu, 93-157.

Wysocka-Owczarek M. 2002: Biostymulatory wzrostu w uprawie pomidorów pod os³onami, I i II. Has³oOgrodnicze, 4, 73-74, i 5, 55-57.

Wysocka-Owczarek M. 2004: Zaburzenia wzrostu i rozwoju pomidora. Plantpress, Kraków, 6-172.

21

EFFECT OF GOTEO TREATMENT ON YIELD AND FRU-

IT QUALITY OF TOMATO GROWN ON ROCKWOOL

Katarzyna Kowalczyk, Teresa ZielonyWarsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland

INTRODUCTION

During the cultivation of tomato on rockwool in all-the-year production growth disor-ders caused by different factors are often noticed.

Adverse growing conditions such as temperature, EC and pH, or oxygen deficiencywithin the plant root zone may result in an ineffective ions uptake and active root surfacelesions. The inhibition of growth and development follows in consequence [Gough, Hob-son 1990, Adams 1991]. Low root activity impedes, among others, effective calciumsupply to tomato fruit. This in turn causes blossom-end rot (BER) which disqualifies fruits[Adams, Holder 1992, Tabatabaie et al. 2004].

It is expected to increase plant tolerance to stress conditions after application ofdifferent biostimulators. The aim of this work was to test the effect of biopreparationGOTEO GOEMAR on yielding of tomato grown on rockwool.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In these work the influence of Goëmar Goteo on the early, total and marketable yieldand average weight of fruit and fruit quality was determined. The content of dry matterby drying at 105oC and chosen chemicals parameters of tomato fruit were investigated.They were examined for the content of total sugars using Luffa-Schoorla method andtitratable acids by potentiometry with citric acid base titration, ascorbic acid using Till-mans method, the concentration of nitrate-nitrogen using a spectrophotometric method(Fiastar analyzer), a percentage content of sugar extract expressed by the amount [%]of cell sap soluble solids with a refractometric analysis, Titratable acids using a potentio-metric method and the results were expressed as percentage of citric acid (g of citricacid per 100 g fresh weight), the content of P with colorimetric test, the content of K andCa with flame method. The plants of four tomato cultivars were cultivated on rockwoolfrom February till November in 2006 and 2007. The factors of this experiment were: A �treated plants: with Goëmar Goteo and untreated � control, B � cultivars of tomato (fromthe De Reuiter Seeds) as: Azarro F1, Lemance F1, Admiro F1 and Ladiva F1. Goteo wasapplied in 0.1% concentration together with fertilizer solution using drop irrigation sys-tem. First treatment was applied directly after planting and next treatments were done inhigh temperatures conditions (a few times during the experiment). 1 dm3 of fertigationnutrient contained: 200 mg N-NO3, 70 mg P, 340 mg K, 80 mg Mg, 200 mg Ca, 2 mg Fe,0.6 mg Mn, 0.3 mg B, 0.15 mg Cu, 0.3 mg Zn, 0.05 mg Mo. EC and pH gradients in

22

FIGURE 1. TOTAL EARLY YIELD OFTOMATO IN DEPENDENCE ONCULTIVAR AND GOTEO TREAT-MENT, TILL THE 20 OF JULY(MEANS FROM 2 YEARS)SOURCE: OWN STUDY.Rysunek 1. Plon ca³kowity wczesnypomidora, do 20 lipca, w zale¿no�ciod odmiany i stosowania Goteo(�rednie z dwóch lat)�rd³o: badania w³asne.

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kg . m-2

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representative rockwool slabs were systematicly for tomato crop investigated. Two-fac-tor analysis of variance was used for statistical calculations in the Statgraphics Plus v. 4.1program. Differences between means were calculated with t-Student test at the signifi-cance level a = 0.05.


Early (up to July 20) harvest of tomatoes amounted to 18.24 kg/m2 for the plantstreated with Goteo and to 16.67 kg/m2 only, for untreated (Fig. 1). The highest earlyharvest gave plants of cv Admiro F1 with the Goteo combination (20.37 kg/m2). Thehighest increase in early harvest in response to Goteo applications was observed for cvAzarro F1 while the early harvest of cv Lemance F1 did not reflect any reaction to thetreatment (Fig.1). Although similar relations were obtained for marketable yield of fruitscollected before July 20, a positive effect of Goteo was in this case statistically insignifi-cant (Fig. 2). A significant, positive effect of the preparation was however shown in thecase of the number of fruit collected during early harvest. Mean number of fruits given inearly yield by plants treated with Goteo was higher comparing to the control, respectively131 and 121 fruits . m-2 (Tab.1). Mean weight of fruits obtained during early harvest or thenumber and weight of marketable fruits from early yield were not related to Goteo treat-

23

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FIGURE 3. TOTAL YIELD OFTOMATO IN DEPENDENCE ONCULTIVAR AND GOTEOTREATMENT, TILL THE ENDOF NOVEMBER (MEANSFROM 2 YEARS)SOURCE: OWN STUDY.Rysunek 3. Plon ogólnypomidora do koñca listopada, wzale¿no�ci od odmiany istosowania Goteo(�rednie z dwóch lat)�rd³o: badania w³asne.

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ments (Tab. 1). The positive influence of fertilizer with the preparation which containedseaweed algae Ascophyllum nodosum on photosynthesis in relation to fruit yield of bellpepper was also observed [Eris et al. 1995, Pramod et al. 2000]. The effect of otherbiopreparation (Asahi SL) on the yield of such plants as celery, tomato and leek or beanwas reported by Szewczuk and Juszczak [2003] and Czeczko and Mikos-Bielak [2004],respectively.

The analysis of the total yield of tomato fruits harvested during a two-year study (tillthe end of November) did not reveal any significant differences in yield between the

24

FIGURE 1. TOTAL EARLY YIELD OFTOMATO IN DEPENDENCE ONCULTIVAR AND GOTEO TREAT-MENT, TILL THE 20 OF JULY(MEANS FROM 2 YEARS)SOURCE: OWN STUDY.Rysunek 1. Plon ca³kowity wczesnypomidora, do 20 lipca, w zale¿no�ciod odmiany i stosowania Goteo(�rednie z dwóch lat)�rd³o: badania w³asne.

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representative rockwool slabs were systematicly for tomato crop investigated. Two-fac-tor analysis of variance was used for statistical calculations in the Statgraphics Plus v. 4.1program. Differences between means were calculated with t-Student test at the signifi-cance level a = 0.05.


Early (up to July 20) harvest of tomatoes amounted to 18.24 kg/m2 for the plantstreated with Goteo and to 16.67 kg/m2 only, for untreated (Fig. 1). The highest earlyharvest gave plants of cv Admiro F1 with the Goteo combination (20.37 kg/m2). Thehighest increase in early harvest in response to Goteo applications was observed for cvAzarro F1 while the early harvest of cv Lemance F1 did not reflect any reaction to thetreatment (Fig.1). Although similar relations were obtained for marketable yield of fruitscollected before July 20, a positive effect of Goteo was in this case statistically insignifi-cant (Fig. 2). A significant, positive effect of the preparation was however shown in thecase of the number of fruit collected during early harvest. Mean number of fruits given inearly yield by plants treated with Goteo was higher comparing to the control, respectively131 and 121 fruits . m-2 (Tab.1). Mean weight of fruits obtained during early harvest or thenumber and weight of marketable fruits from early yield were not related to Goteo treat-

25

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FIGURE 3. TOTAL YIELD OFTOMATO IN DEPENDENCE ONCULTIVAR AND GOTEOTREATMENT, TILL THE ENDOF NOVEMBER (MEANSFROM 2 YEARS)SOURCE: OWN STUDY.Rysunek 3. Plon ogólnypomidora do koñca listopada, wzale¿no�ci od odmiany istosowania Goteo(�rednie z dwóch lat)�rd³o: badania w³asne.

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ments (Tab. 1). The positive influence of fertilizer with the preparation which containedseaweed algae Ascophyllum nodosum on photosynthesis in relation to fruit yield of bellpepper was also observed [Eris et al. 1995, Pramod et al. 2000]. The effect of otherbiopreparation (Asahi SL) on the yield of such plants as celery, tomato and leek or beanwas reported by Szewczuk and Juszczak [2003] and Czeczko and Mikos-Bielak [2004],respectively.

The analysis of the total yield of tomato fruits harvested during a two-year study (tillthe end of November) did not reveal any significant differences in yield between the

26

The harvest date also affected the fruit quality. Fruits collected in July had higher drymatter content, a much higher content of phosphorus, potassium and calcium but lowercontent of ascorbic acid and nitrates comparing to fruits collected in September. Accor-ding to Horn and Gonzales [1981] dry matter of tomato fruits significantly increases inresponse to high temperature and low humidity. Sugar/organic acids ratio in tomato fruitswas similar for both harvest dates (Tab. 2).

CONCLUSIONS

1. The tomato cultivars used in the experiment differed in fruit yield.2. Significant variation between tested tomato cultivars in response to Goteo treatment

were noted.3. The highest early and total yield was produced by the cultivar Admiro F1 treated by

Goteo.4. Goteo had a positive effect on the early yield and number of fruit harvested of majo-

rity of tested tomato cultivars.5. Positive results of Goteo treatment on the quality of tomato fruit were also observed. Fruits

harvested from the plants treated with Goteo were characterized by a higher dry matter,ascorbic acid content and the ratio of total sugars to titratable acids content.

6. The quality of fruit was effected by the time of harvest.

REFERENCES

Abushita A.A., Daood H.G., Biacs P.A. 2000: Change in carotenoides and antioxidant vitamins in tomato afunction of varietal and technological factors. J. Agric. Food Chem., 48, 2075-2081.

Adams P. 1991: Effects of increasing the salinity of the nutrient solution with major nutrients or sodiumchloride on the yield, quality and composition of tomatoes grown in rockwool. J. Hortic. Sci., 66(2),201-207.

Adams P., Holder R. 1992: Effect of humidity, Ca and salinity on the accumulation of dry matter and Ca bythe leaves and fruit of tomato. J. Hortic. Sci., 67(1), 137-142.

Czeczko R., Mikos-Bielak M. 2004: Efekty stosowania biostymulatora Asahi w uprawie ró¿nych gatun-ków warzyw. Ann. UMCS, Sec. E, 59, 3, 1073-1079.

Eris A., Sivritepe H.O., Sivritepe N. 1995: The effects of seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) extract on yieldand quality criteria in peppers. Acta Hortic., 412, 185-192.

Gough G., Hobson G.E. 1990: A comparison of the productivity,shelf � life characteristic and consumerrelation to the crop from cherry tomato plants grown at different levels of salinity. J. Hortic. Sci., 65(4),431-439.

Gull D.D., Stoffella P.J., Locascio S.J., Olson S.M., Bryan H.H., Everett P.H., Howe T.K., Scott J.W.1989: Stability differences among freshmarket tomato genotypes: II. Fruit Quality. J. Amer. Soc. Hortic.Sci., 114 (6), 950-954.

Horn R.S., Gonzalez A.S. 1981: Effect of high temperature stress on yield and quality of whole packprocessing tomatoes. Arcansas Farm. Res., 30, 1-14.

Pramod K., Dube S.D., Chauhan V.S. 2000: Photosynthetic response of bell pepper to biozyme inrelation to fruit yield. Veg. Sci., 27(1), 54-56.

Szewczuk C., Juszczak M. 2003: Wp³yw nawozów i stymulatorów na plon nasion fasoli tycznej. ActaAgrophysica, 85, 203-208.

Tabatabaie S.J., Gregory P.J., Hadley P. 2004: Uneven distribution of nutrients in the rot zone affects theincidence of blossom end rot and concentration of calcium and potassium in fruits of tomato. Plan andSoil, 258 (1/2), 169-178.

27

TOMATO PLANT GROWTH AND RESISTANCE

TO SOME ARTHROPOD HERBIVORES IN RESPONSE

TO HARPIN AND GRAPEFRUIT SEED EXTRACT TRE-

ATMENTS

Ma³gorzata Kie³kiewicz, Bartosz Willimowski, Paulina SzaryñskaWarsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland

INTRODUCTION

Many natural and synthetic compounds can act as agents enhancing plant growth,development or yield, as reported by other authors in the present volume. This effect wasalso found for plants treated with bacterial protein � harpin [Rocher et al. 2002, Peng etal. 2003 and references therein] or grapefruit extract [Saniewska 2002]. However, it wasdemonstrated that benzothiadiazole, BTH, (synthetic analog of salicylic acid, SA), jasmo-nic acid (JA), ethylene or grapefruit seed extract non-significantly or negatively affectthe plant growth and development [Inbar et al. 1998, Thaler 1999, Borkowski, Nowosiel-ski 2001, Redman et al. 2001,Wojdy³a 2005, Bougthon et al. 2006].

Among elicitors, there are compounds act as inducers of resistance against pests incrop plants [Karban, Baldwin 1997, Inbar et al. 1998, Stout et al. 1998, Thaler et al. 1996,2002, Thaler 1999, Omer et al. 2001, Nandi et al. 2003, Branch et al. 2004, Dong et al.2004, Cooper, Goggin 2005, Bougthon et al. 2006, Li et al. 2006]. It has recently beenshown that elicitors trigger signaling pathways inducing defense responses similar to tho-se induced by herbivore feeding [Thaler et al. 1996, Cipollini, Redman 1999, Stout et al.1999, Walling 2000, Li et al. 2002, 2006, Thaler et al. 2002, Nandi et al. 2003, Ament et al.2004, Cooper, Goggin 2005, Bougthon et al. 2006]. Therefore, elicitor�s application mightbe used as alternative to chemical plant protection against pests [Lyon, Newton 1999].

The aim of this study was to evaluate: (1) the impact of bacterial protein � harpin andseed extract of grapefruit on greenhouse tomato plant growth and leaf chemistry, and (2)effectiveness of these elicitors against two-spotted spider mite (TSSM, Tetranychusurticae Koch, Acarina: Tetranychidae) and insect pests (Egyptian cotton leafworm,Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval, Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).


Plants. Tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L. (syn. Lycopersicon esculentumMüller) cv Cunero (DeRuiter Seeds, The Netherlands) were grown in the greenhouseunder natural light conditions. Seedlings with 5-6 leaves were planted in pots of 18 cmdiameter. The plants were grown in peat substrate mixed with micro- and macro- ele-ments (MIS 4) and neutralized to pH 5.5-6.5. Plants were watered using a droplet irriga-tion system.

28

Elicitors. Harpin (Messenger®) � protein from Erwinia amylovora that activatesthe SA and etylen/JA pathways and grapefruit seed extract (Grevit 200SL), that areknown as highly effective against pathogens infection were applicated onto tomato plantsseparately.

Effect of treatments on plant growth and development Five-week-old plants weredivided into 3 groups: (1) control plants, sprayed with distilled water, (2) plants treated with0.03% solution of harpin and (3) plants treated with 0.15% solution of Grevit. Treatmentswere carried out 6 times with one week intervals (28.06, 04.07, 11.07, 18.07, 25.07, 02.08.05.).The first treatment was applied before flowering. Each group consisted of 12 plants.

Between 5th and 10th week of plant growth, once a week, the stem height and numberof leaves were recorded for each plant of particular experimental group (control, treatedwith harpin, treated with Grevit). After the 3rd and 4th spray of water, harpin and Grevit,areas of 3 top leaflets of 10th and 11th leaves from 8- and 9-week-old plants were evaluated.

During the initial phase of fruit ripening, fruits of the first two clusters were collectedfrom ten-week-old plants treated with water, harpin or Grevit. The fruits were countedand weighted.

Effect of treatments on leaf chemistry. Leaves for chemical analyses were col-lected from the following experimental groups of plants treated: (1) with water (control),(2) with harpin, (3) with Grevit, (4) with water and infested with TSSM, (5) with harpinand infested with TSSM and (6) with Grevit and infested with TSSM. Each group consi-sted of 3 plants.

Eight-week-old tomato plants treated with water, harpin or Grevit for the 3rd timewere artificially infested by transferring 5 TSSM females onto each 3 top leaflets (15females per leaf) of leaf 8th and 9th � counting upwards from the stem bottom. Mites fedfor 6 days. The collected leaflets were frozen at �35oC and stored till the analyses.Soluble proteins [Bradford 1976], reducing sugars (glucose, fructose) [Nelson 1944] andmethanol-soluble total phenolics [Johnson, Schaal 1957] were determined in the materialcollected. All analyses were carried out in 6 replicates for each treatment.

Effects of treatments on mite and leafworm larvae. TSSM females were collec-ted from the stock culture reared on bean plants and introduced onto the underside ofeach 3 top leaflets of the leaf 8th (15 females per leaf) of the plants treated 3 times withwater, harpin or Grevit. After 6 days all leaves were cut and scanned with binocular(Olympus, Japan) for the number of eggs and mobile stages.

Fifth-instar S. littoralis caterpillars were originated from the stock culture reared onartificial diet at the Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty ofBiology, University of Warsaw. Weighted larvae were fed with detached leaves of plantstreated 3 times with water, harpin or Grevit. Weighting the larvae every 24 hours for 3following days enabled to determine a weight gain per larva per day. Leaves were exchan-ged for fresh ones every day. The experiment was carried out in 3 replicates: 26, 16 and18 individuals were used for each replicate. After 3 days, when the larvae entered theprepupal stage were separately placed in plastic box covered with a mesh and kept indark in a climatic chamber till the emergence of moths. The number of days required toform a pupal stage and time period that passed from pupae formation to the emergenceof adults were estimated.

29

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Data analysis. The results were subjected to the analysis of one-way variance (ANO-VA). Tukey HSD (P = 0.05) or Kruskal-Wallis (P = 0.05) tests were used to comparedifferences between the means. All statistical analyses were performed with Statgra-phic® Plus 4.1 (1994-1999).

RESULTS

Effect of elicitor treatment on plant growth and development. Weekly treat-ments with harpin or Grevit performed between the 5th and 10th week of plant growth didnot affect the growth rate of the main shoot (Fig. 1A). The number of leaves per shootand the leaflet area were similar, irrespectively of the group of plants (treated with harpin,Grevit or untreated) (Fig. 1B and C). However, harpin- or Grevit-treatment significantlylimited (F2,27=13.73; P=0.0001) the weight of fruits (Fig. 1D). As compared to the con-

FIGURE 1 A-D. MEAN STEM HEIGHT (A), MEAN NUMBER OF LEAVES PER PLANT (B), MEAN AREA OFLEAFLETS (C) AND MEAN WEIGHT OF FIRST FRUITS (D) AFTER APPLICATION OF WATER (CON-TROL), 0.03% HARPIN OR 0.15% GREVIT ON TOMATO PLANTS. DIFFERENT LETTERS ABOVE BARS(X±SD) INDICATE SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BY TUKEY HSD, P=0.05SOURCE: OWN STUDY.Rysunek 1 A-D. �rednia wysoko�æ pêdu (A), �r. liczba li�ci na ro�linie (B), �r. powierzchnia pojedyn-czych listków li�cia z³o¿onego (C) oraz masa pierwszych owoców (D) po zastosowaniu oprysku wod¹(kontrola), 0,03% roztworem harpiny lub 0,15% roztworem Grevitu. Ró¿ne litery nad s³upkami �rednich(x±SD) wskazuj¹ na ró¿nice statystycznie istotne (test Tukey�a HSD, P=0,05)�ród³o: badania w³asne.

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trol, the mean weights of the firstfruits from harpin- or Grevit-tre-ated plants were lower by 40%or 54%, respectively.

Leaf chemistry responseto harpin or Grevit treatment.As compared to the untreatedcontrol, the concentration of so-luble proteins and reducing sugarsin leaves of harpin treated toma-to plants increased significantly by49 and 53%, respectively (Fig. 2Aand 2B). As compared to the con-trol, in tomato leaves treated withGrevit the level of soluble prote-ins did not change and reducingsugars increased by 55% (Fig. 2Aand 2B). The level of total phe-nolics after the 3rd treatment withharpin or Grevit remained un-changed (Fig. 2C).

Leaf chemistry responseto mite feeding on plants pre-viuosly treated with elicitors.The feeding of TSSM (15 fe-males/leaf) on control plants (tre-ated with distilled water) for 6days resulted in only a slight, non-significant increase in the concen-tration of soluble proteins and gre-at increase (by 71%) of reducingsugars level (Fig. 2A and 2B).The level of phenolics did not dif-fer significantly between the mite-injured leaves and control ones(Fig. 2C).

FIGURE 2 A-C. SOLUBLE PROTEIN (A), REDUCING SUGARS (B) AND TOTAL PHENOLICS (C) CON-CENTRATIONS IN LEAVES AFTER 6 DAYS OF TSSM FEEDING ON TOMATO PLANTS THREEFOLDTREATED WITH WATER (CONTROL), 0.03% HARPIN OR 0.15% GREVIT. DIFFERENT LETTERS ABOVEBARS (X±SD) INDICATE SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TREATMENTS BY KRUSKAL-WALLISTEST, P=0.05SOURCE: OWN STUDYRysunek 2 A-C. Stê¿enia bia³ek rozpuszczalnych (A), cukrów redukuj¹cych (B) oraz fenoli ogólnych (C)w li�ciach pomidora po 6 dniach ¿erowania przêdziorka chmielowca na ro�linach opryskanych wod¹(kontrola), 0,03% roztworem harpiny lub 0,15% roztworem Grewitu. Ró¿ne litery nad s³upkami (x±SD)wskazuj¹ na ró¿nice statystycznie istotne (test Kruskal-Wallis�a, P=0,05)�rod³o: badania w³asne.

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As compared to the control (plants treated with Grevit), in the leaves with athreefold Grevit treatment the 6-day mite feeding induced a significant increase insoluble protein concentration (by 45%) (Fig. 2A). In leaves treated with Grevit andinfested by TSSM non-significant increase in reducing sugars level (Fig. 2B) and nochanges in the level of phenolics (Fig. 2C) occurred.

Effects of treatments on mite and cotton leafworm larvae. TSSM femalesfeeding on the plants treated with harpin or Grevit laid more eggs by 49 and 89%,respectively relative to the control (Fig. 3A). However, differences between meanswere not statistically significant (H = 9.4382; P = 0.089). On day 6th slightly morelarvae and nymphs of TSSM were found on tomato plants treated with elicitors (har-pin or Grevit) compared to the controls that revealed a shorter developmental time ofthis pest (Fig. 4A-C).

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Within 12 days after pupae forma-tion, 60 and 54% of the pupae derivedfrom caterpillars fed tomato leaves tre-ated with harpin or Grevit reached themoth stage (Fig. 5A-C). After this timeonly 30% of the pupae derived from la-rvae fed leaves of control plants turnedinto moths (Fig. 5A).

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DISCUSSION

The present studies show that harpin or Grevit applications did not significantly im-pact either tomato plant growth, leaf number or surface. Similarly, the growth rate ofglasshouse tomatoes treated with 0.006% harpin [Boughton et al. 2006] and rose, chry-santhemum, gerbera, pansy and oak plants treated with grapefruit extract (Biosept 33SL) did not differ in relation to the controls [Wojdy³a 2005]. On the contrary, Rocher et al.[2002] studies proved a stimulating effect of harpin treatments on the shoot growth ofpepper, wheat, tobacco and tomato and on the growth of root mass of cotton, rye, maizeand barley.

A B C

FIGURE 4 A-C. CONTRIBUTION (IN %) OF TSSM EGGS AND MOBILE STAGES IN TOTAL POPULATIONON THE DAY 6TH OF MITE FEEDING ON TOMATO PLANTS TREATED WITH WATER (CONTROL) (A),0.03% HARPIN (B) OR 0.15% GREVIT (C)SOURCE: OWN STUDY.Rysunek 4 A-C. Procentowy udzia³ jaj i stadiów ruchomych w populacji przêdziorka chmielowca ¿eruj¹-cej na li�ciach pomidora traktowanego wod¹ (kontrola) (A), 0,03% roztworem harpiny lub 0,15%roztworem Grewitu�ród³o: badania w³asne.

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FIGURE 5 A-C. CONTRIBUTION OF COTTON LEAFWORM PUPAE (A) AND IMAGO (B) IN TOTALPOPULATION ON THE DAY 12TH OF METAMORPHOSIS AFTER FEEDING OF CATERPILLARS ONTOMATO LEAVES TREATED WITH WATER (CONTROL) (A), 0.03% HARPIN (B) OR 0.15% GREVIT (C)SOURCE: OWN STUDY.Rysunek 5 A-C. Procentowy udzia³ poczwarek (A) i doros³ych (B) w populacji sówki bawe³nówki po¿erowaniu g¹sienic na li�ciach pomidora traktowanego wod¹ (kontrola) (A), 0,03% roztworem harpinylub 0,15% roztworem Grewitu�ród³o: badania w³asne.

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Our short-term observation indicates that both harpin and Grevit treatments delayfruits development at the initial time of fruit ripening, whereas results given by Rocher etal. [2002] show an increase of fruit yield of tomato plants cv Marglowe treated with theMessenger® formulation. On the contrary, no significant differences in yield of harpin-treated and untreated garlic plantations were found [Chaowen et al. 2005]. Borkowskiand Nowosielski [2001] reported that the fruit yield of glasshouse tomatoes treated withgrapefruit extract did not exceed the one obtained for control plants. Results of Thaler[1999] show that fewer fruits were produced by JA-treated tomato plants.

Chemical analyses of tomato leaves revealed that application of harpin or Grevitcaused the increase in the level of soluble proteins and reducing sugars, but no changes intotal phenolics concentrations relative to the control were found. It was observed thatthreefold treatments of tomato plants by harpin or Grevit induced changes in the level ofreducing sugars and soluble proteins of similar direction but of different intensity. Thestudy also showed that TSSM feeding similarly to harpin- and stronger than Grevit- treat-ment induced the increase of soluble protein concentration in tomato leaves. Boughton etal. [2006] found that the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) inleaves of harpin-treated tomato plants did not significantly differ from the activity ofthese defense-related proteins in leaves of tomato plants treated with water.

Treating tomato plants with harpin was shown to clearly delay the process of incre-ase of leaf soluble proteins accumulation due to the feeding of TSSM. Opposite, sprayingtomato plants with Grevit significantly increased the accumulation of soluble proteins inleaf of plants infested by TSSM. Treating tomato plants with harpin, but not with Grevit,only slightly affected the increase of the level of phenolics in mite-infested tomato leaves,although the accumulation of phenolic compounds in tomato plants in response to TSSMfeeding is well known phenomenon [Kie³kiewicz 2003].

The results presented here indicate that fecundity of TSSM females fed tomato le-aves treated with harpin or Grevit was not significantly different than the one observedon leaves of control plants. These findings are in agreement with a previously reportedresult of Boughton et al. [2006] indicating that the rates of growth of green peach aphid(Myzus persicae Suzler, Homoptera: Aphididae) populations on harpin-treated and wa-ter-treated tomato plants did not differ significantly. However, in our study, there was atendency to enhance the rate of TSSM development on harpin or Grevit-treated plantscompared to the controls. It probably resulted from an altered leaf composition in respon-se to elicitors used in this study. Similarly, SAR (systemic acquired resistance)-inducedtobacco plants were not worse as host plants for aphids (Myzus nicotianae), whiteflies(Bemisia argentifolii) or leafminers (Liriomyza) [Inbar et al. 1998]. On the other hand,Ament et al. [2004] found an increased mortality rate of T. urticae eggs and a prolonga-tion of egg embryogenesis after treating cucumber plants with JA.

Results of the study show that treatment with harpin or Grevit slightly stimulated theweight gain of 5th � instar cotton leafworm larvae and slowed the metamorphosis. Deter-mining the cause of these phenomena needs further studies. Other studies showed thattreating tomato plants with BTH solution intensified the feeding of Helicoverpa zea[Stout et al. 1999] and S. exigua caterpillars [Thaler et al. 1996]. However, cotton plantstreated with BTH and control plants (without an induced SAR) were equally attractive

34

for H. armigera (Hübner) larvae [Inbar et al. 2001]. According to some literature re-ports, inducing a JA-related pathway in plants have a negative impact on the feeding of S.exigua, Myzus persicae, T. urticae, Lyriomyza trifolii as well as H. zea and Manducasexta larvae [Orozco-Cardenas et al. 1993, Stout et al. 1998, 1999, Thaler et al. 1996].

In summary: 1) 0.03% harpin or 0.15% Grevit applications did not significantly induceeither tomato plant growth, leaf number or leaf surface, although fruits development wasslightly delayed, (2) threefold application of harpin or Grevit modified the concentration oftomato leaf nutrients (proteins and sugars) but did not influence the concentration of anti-nutrient phenylpropanoid compounds, (3) lack of clear negative effect of harpin � orGrevit � treated tomato plants on the two-spotted spider mites (TSSM) and cotton le-afworm larvae (S. littoralis) development imply that none of the biostimulators examinedhere could effectively induce defense response against these pests.

REFERENCES

Ament K., Kant M.R., Sabelis M.W., Haring M.A., Schuurink R.C. 2004: Jasmonic acid is a keyregulator of spider mite-induced volatile terpenoid and methyl salicylate emission in tomato. PlantPhysiol., 135, 2025-2037.

Borkowski J., Nowosielski O. 2001: The use of Trichodex 25 WP, Biosept 33SL, Chitosan and Florochronin the protection of tomato against powdery mildew. The effect of these preparations on the fruit yield.Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Biol. Sci., 49 (3), 173-178.

Branch C., Hwang C. F., Navarre D. A., Williamson V. M. 2004: Salicylic acid is part of the Mi-1-mediated defense response to root-knot nematode in tomato. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact., 17:351- 356.

Boughton A.J., Hoover K., Felton G.W. 2006. Impact of chemical elicitors applications on greenhousetomato plants and population growth of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae. Entomol. Exp. Appl.,120, 175-188.

Bradford M. M. 1976: A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of proteinutilizing the principle of protein dye binding. Ann. Biochem., 72, 248-254.

Cipollini D.F., Redman A.M. 1999: Age-dependent effects of jasmonic acid treatment and wind exposureon foliar oxidase activity and insect resistance in tomato. J. Chem. Ecol., 25, 271-281.

Chaowen L., Yunliang P., Yibing C., Jingjing H., Hongli J., Everaarts A., Kumar P. 2005: Effects offertilization and messenger application on garlic yield and diseases in Pengzhou district. VEGSYS:ICA4-CT-2001-10054.

Cooper W.R., Goggin F.L. 2005: Effects of jasmonate-induced defenses in tomato on the potato aphid,Macrosiphum euphorbiae. Entomol. Exp. Appl., 15, 107-115.

Dong H-P, Peng J., Bao Z., Meng X., Bonasera J.M. 2004: Downstream divergence of the ethylenesignaling pathway for harpin-stimulated Arabidopsis growth and insect defense. Plant Physiol., 136,3628-3638.

Inbar M., Doostdar H., Sonoda R.M., Leibee G.L., Mayer R.T. 1998: Elicitors of plant defensive systemsreduce insect densities and disease incidence. J. Chem. Ecol., 24 (1), 135-149.

Inbar M., Doostdar H., Gerling D., Mayer R.T. 2001: Induction of systemic acquired resistance in cottonby BTH has a negligible effect on phytophagous insects. Entomol. Exp. Appl., 99, 65-70.

Johnson G., Schaal L A. 1957: Accumulation of phenolic substances and ascorbic acid in potato tuber tissueupon injury and their possible role in disease resistance. Am. Potato J., 34, 200-209.

Karban R., Baldwin I.T. 1997: Induced Responses to Herbivory. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL,USA.

Kie³kiewicz M. 2003: Strategie obronne ro�lin pomidorów (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller) wobec przê-dziorka szklarniowca (Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval, Acari: Tetranychidae). Rozprawy Nauko-we i Monografie, Wydawnictwo SGGW, Warszawa.

Li X.C., Schuler M.A., Berenbaum M.R. 2002: Jasmonate and salicylate induce expression of herbivorecytochrome P450 genes. Nature 419, 712-715.

35

Li Q., Xie Q. - G., Smith-Becker J., Navarre D., Kaloshian I. 2006: Mi-1-mediated aphid resistanceinvolves salicylic acid and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Mol. Plant-MicrobeInteract ., 19, 655-664.

Lyon G.D., Newton A.C. 1999: Implementation of elicitor mediated induced resistance in agriculture. [In:]Induced plant defenses against pathogens and herbivores. APS PRESS, The American Phytopathologi-cal Society, St. Paul, Minnesota, 299-317.

Nandi B., Kundu K., Banerjee N., Babu S.P.S. 2003: Salicylic acid-induced suppression of Meloidogyneincognita infestation of okra and cowpea. Nematology, 5, 747-752.

Nelson N. 1944. A photometric adaptation of the Somogyi method for determination of glucose of proteinutilizing the principle of protein dye binding. Ann. Biochem. 72, 248-254.

Omer A.D., Granett j., Karban R., Villa E.M. 2001: Chemically-induced resistance against multiple pestsin cotton. Int. J. Pest Manag., 47, 49-54.

Orozco-Cardenas M., Mc Gural B., Ryan C.A. 1993. Expression of an antisense prosystemine gene intomato plants reduces resistance toward Manduca sexta larvae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., (USA) 90, 8273-8276.

Peng J.L., Dong H.S., Dong H.P., Delaney T.P., Bonasera J.M., Beer S.V. 2003: Harpin-elicited hyper-sensitive cell death and pathogen resistance require the NDR1 and EDS1 genes. Physiol. Mol. PlantPathol., 62, 317-326.

Redman A.M., Cipollini D.F., Schultz J.C. 2001: Fitness costs of jasmonic acid-induced defense intomato, Lycopersicon esculentum. Oecologia 126, 380-385.

Rocher J.D., Bauer D., Qui D. 2002: Messenger boosts plant growth and development. EDEN Bioscien-ce® Corporation 2002: www.edenbio.com.

Saniewska A. 2002: Oddzia³ywanie �rodka Biosept 33SL na Phoma narcissi Aderh. Post. Ochr. Ro�l.,42(2), 801-803.

Stout M.J., Workman K.V., Bostock R.M., Duffey S.S. 1998: Stimulation and attenuation of inducedresistance by elicitors and inhibitors of chemical induction in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) foliage.Entomol. Exp. Appl., 86, 267-279.

Stout M.J., Fidantsef A.L., Duffey S.S., Bostock R. M. 1999: Signal interactions in pathogen and insectattack: systemic plant-mediated interactions between pathogens and herbivores of the tomato Lycoper-sicon esculentum. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol., 54, 115-130.

Thaler J.S. 1999: Induced resistance in agricultural crops: Effects of jasmonic acid on herbivory and yieldsin tomato plants. Environ. Entomol., 28 (1), 30-37.

Thaler J.S., Stout M.J., Karban R., Duffey S.S. 1996: Exogenous jasmonates simulate insect wounding intomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum) in the laboratory and field. J. Chem. Ecol., 22(10), 1767-1781.

Thaler J.S., Fidantsef A.L.,Bostock R.M. 2002: Antagonism between jasmonate- and salicylate-mediatedinduced plant resistance: effects of concentration and timing of elicitation on defense-related proteins,herbivore, and pathogen performance in tomato. J. Chem. Ecol., 28, 1131-1159.

Wojdy³a A. 2005: Wyci¹g z grejpfruta w ochronie ro�lin ozdobnych przed m¹czniakiem prawdziwym. Zesz.Probl. Post. Nauk. Roln., 504(2): 533-539.

Walling L.L. 2000: The myriad plant responses to herbivores. J. Plant Growth Regul., 19, 195-216.

Acknowledgements: S. littoralis larvae were kindly provided by Dr. Piotr Bêbas, Department of Animal Physio-logy, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw.

36

BIOSTIMULATORS IN SWEET PEPPER CULTIVATION

UNDER COVERS

Agnieszka StêpowskaResearch Institute of Vegetable Crops, Skierniewice, Poland

INTRODUCTION

Apart from the traditional methods of fertilization, other substances are becomingmore and more important, which positively influence the life processes in plants, in adifferent way to ordinary nutrients. According to the Act of Fertilizers and Fertilizationdated 10th July 2007 [1336_u.htm], they are classified as growth stimulators. This defini-tion contains, however, an exclusion regarding growth regulators, which are subject to theAct of Plant Protection [Dz.U... 2004] and have been regarded as plant protection agents.The definitions in both Acts, in fact, regard the same group of substances. The onlydifference is based, to put it briefly, on the statement that the effect of a stimulator isalways beneficial for plants, whereas an active substance of a regulator could have anyeffect on the plant (in this group are included retardants). The term �regulator� has got, inthis perspective, a wider meaning. On the other hand the growth regulator is denoted asa factor with specific direction and the biostimulant as whole-coursed substance. Theseclauses cause some confusion with regard to different research methods and registrationprocedures in relation to the assessments of plant protection agents or fertilizers and alsosubstances aiding plant cultivation (growth stimulators, substances improving the soil andgrowing media). As a result of the specific chemical structure of most stimulators, theydenote both protective activity and nutrition.

Some of them act as typical elicitors � factors which induce systemic acquired resi-stance in plants (SARIP) against pathogens or damages (laminarine, betaine). Othersprovide microelements, beneficial nutrients (titanium) or organic compounds, ready to beused by plants (amino acids). In rare cases, however, they can denote a typical protectiverole e.g. a vaccine containing laminarine [Joubert, Lefranc 2008]. The evaluation of theireffect on the yield should be based on the rule of �loss limitation� (in relation to theinfected control) [Grosch, Kofoet 2001]. The use of some stimulators leads to vigourimprovement in conditions of periodical stress. The increase of the crop potential ofplants treated with a stimulator neutralizing the cold or drought effect (e.g. Asahi) isbased on the same mechanism as in the case of a typical protective agent. By protectingendangered plants, we reduce potential yield loss. A lot of new stimulators increase plantvigour, regardless of the cultivation conditions. However, the effects are more visible inplaces where the control of climatic conditions is impeded or impossible, as in the case ofextensive production methods and in the case of species which are resistant to exogeno-us hormones improving pollination and fruit setting. In such cases, we can expect a realrise in yield and an improvement in its quality, which is determined by similar physiological

37

mechanisms as in the case of the use of fertilizers. A number of such substances withstimulating and fertilizing properties were registered as organic-mineral fertilizer � beforethe Act of Fertilizers and Fertilization came to power [e.g. Bio-aleen S90, Goëmar Goteo,Goëmar BM86, Pentakeep®] and some of them were registered as biostimulators [e.g.Kelpak]. Such classification causes, however, some problems. From the practical pointof view, all of them should be regarded as biostimulators, but according to the existinglaw, it would be advisable to keep to the nomenclature corresponding with the registrationdocuments and labelling. In this present paper only those biostimulators were includedwhich were or have been investigated with a view to registration in compliance with theAct of Fertilizers and Fertilization. In the light of the fact that the research concerning theuse of stimulators in sweet pepper in our Institute started in 2005, this publication shouldbe regarded as a review containing preliminary data.

REVIEW OF REFERENCES

Seaweed has been used in agriculture in countries situated along the coast of theAtlantic for centuries. Very good effects were obtained on poor sandy soil. The use ofseaweed was restricted to areas close to the coast, because transportation to furtherdestinations was very expensive � fresh seaweed contains about 85% of water. In the1950s, intense research was commenced concerning extract production, and detailedresearch was carried out on the mechanism of their action on soil and living organisms[www.algaran.com]. One of the first researchers, who began the experiments in a syste-matic way was Senn [1987]. He claimed that seaweed extracts speeded up germination,improved root development, enhanced the development of generative organs, and alsoprolonged the shelf life of fruits. Containing about 70 microelements and trace elements,they aid enzymatic reactions and, because of natural hormones, they play a direct role inthe development and functioning of a plant organism. Crouch and Van Staden [1993]performed a review of publications concerning this topic. They declared, however, thatthe mechanism of the action of elicitors was still not completely clear. The latest datafrom Goëmar Laboratories shows that the main elicitor in GA142 and GA14 concentra-tes is mannitol. Allen et al. [2001], proved the anti-oxidant properties of seaweed extracts.Their use in fertilization of pastures had a positive effect on autoimmunity of farm ani-mals. At present, it is possible to find a lot of information on seaweed extracts and theirstimulative effects [www.seaspray.com, www.naturalfarmers.com], but in the scientificpublications there is not a lot of data on the use of biostimulators in sweet pepper culture.

THE FIRST APPLICATION OF THE BIOSTIMULATORS IN SWEET PEP-PER CROPS IN POLAND (1999-2000)

Thirty years ago, sweet pepper was a little known vegetable in Poland, but now it hasbecome the third most popular vegetable grown under cover � just after tomato andcucumber � the cultivation area is as large as 1000 ha. The largest area is occupied byplantations in high, non-heated plastic tunels on wooden construction (ca 700 ha), locatedin the central Poland on sandy-loam soil class IV-VI. The second largest area is in the

38

south-east of Poland � Podkarpacie (ca 300ha) represented by plantations on rich soilclass II � III in tunnels based on stell construction, 140 cm high, usually disassembledbefore winter (so called �igo³omski� tunnels). Other steel supported tunnels are not sopopular, and greenhouse production are very rare. Due to the specific character of non-heated tunnels, i.e. no possibility to control the climatic conditions, such plantations aremanaged in an extensive way [Stêpowska 2007].

The first problems with cultivation usually occur already at the phase of production ofyoung plants. Growers produce transplants seedlings themselves and usually have problemswith keeping the right temperature and humidity of air and the medium. The low intensity oflight in March causes an irregular growth of young plants. Growers count on good weatherconditions and hope to transplant the young seedlings as soon as possible (around the 20th

April) and sow the seeds too early (end of February). As a result, the seedlings grow very talland then the young transplants age very quickly, because it is usually impossible to plant thembefore the 1st May. This leads to a longer period of acclimatization and delayed yielding. It isa common phenomenon that after planting, cold weather occurs, with temperatures below150C or sometimes heat waves, which disturbs the correct development of plants. Sweetpepper needs at least 2-3 weeks for acclimatization. After this period, the temperatures do notinfluence the vegetative growth so much, but they have a negative effect on fruit setting andthe shape of fruits. The plants are planted in soil and grow without any pruning or cutting, sothey set only 10 to 20 fruits, a mainly in the lower part of the crown. These fruits vary a lot inappearance from the characteristic look of their genotype. Year by year, Polish growers havebetter possibilities of co-operation with supermarket chains and even of exporting abroad, butthey cannot often fulfil the requirements. Although the marketable yield amounts to 90% ofthe total yield, only 30-40% of fruit could be classified as class I. Therefore, an implementationof any methods to improve the quality of crops is of vital importance for the commercialproduction of sweet pepper in Poland.

The first biostimulators used for growth and development activation in sweet pepper inPoland were Bio-algeen S90 (extract from seaweed ) and Tytanit (an organic complexoneof titanium). The first one improves the functions of the root system (applied to the roots) orthe functions of the green parts (applied in the form of spray). The second one, applied tothe leaves, is supposed to intensify the rebuilding of green matter and flowering in the periodof stress and afterwards. Some authors also expected that it would enhance plant immunityagainst infectious diseases and pests, but they did not obtain satisfactory results [Borkowskiet al. 2004]. Both fertilizers were first used in practice. In the case of Bio-algeen S90, therecommendations for tomato were applied. It was used willingly because the effects onplant condition were so quickly visible. There was no danger of over � fertilizing, whichhappened quite often in the case of fertilizers applied to the roots and even to the leaves.

Tytanit was first used during the huge floods in Poland in order to save the plantationsby all allowed means. The growers declared that in spite of the weak effect of Tytamit onyielding, it greatly improved the condition of plants. During the years 1999-2004, in theResearch Institute of Vegetable Crops, experiments were carried out aimed at the scien-tific confirmation of the significance of the effect of Tytanit on a few vegetable species.The experiments regarded its protective activity and effect on yielding in such species astomato, aubergine and sweet pepper. It was concluded that a single spray on sweet

39

pepper (tomato- like fruit cultivar) and repeated spraying on aubergine cv Rodo, causedan increase in the yield [Janas et al. 2000, 2002]. These days, however, Tytanit is notwidely used in sweet pepper cultivation.

As it was mentioned before, in Polish conditions biostimulators can be a very effec-tive method for increasing the yield of sweet pepper. This is why in the Laboratory ofVegetable Cultivation of the Research Institute of Vegetable Crops in Skierniewice deta-iled experiments and strict tests have been conducted on the efficiency of seaweed extractswith stimulating properties, which will allow us to work out of recommendations for theuse of biostimulators in sweet pepper cultures under cover. The experiments have beenconducted on fertilizers based on seaweed homogenate form Ascophyllum nodosum. Inthe first experiments (2005-2006), 0.1% concentrate of GA142 (Goëmar Goteo) wasused for fertigation of sweet pepper cv Roxy F1, in the phase of intense vegetative growth,and a 0.1% concentrate of GA14 (Goëmar BM86) for foliar application in the phase ofintense flowering. The best effect on sweet pepper yield was given by Goëmar BM86.Goëmar Goteo used alone, only had a positive effect on the early yield. The fertilizersused together did not bring the expected effect. In 2007, a new experiment in whichfertigation with Goëmar Goteo was applied in the phase of young plants, showed thatsuch treatments helped to improve the yield of the plant treated with both bio-stimulatorsof the Goëmar Goteo series. Whole results of theese experiments are present in otherchapter of this monography [Stêpowska 2008]. Such experiments, however, should becontinued. It would be advisable to compare a few cultivars, because, according to Kel-ley [2001], different sweet pepper genotypes react to stimulators in a different way.

MATERIALS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH IN 2005-2007

90% of plantations in central Poland and 50% of plantations in the region of Podkar-pacie have drop irrigation systems. But only half of them are equipped with feeders.Therefore, application to the roots is in many cases impossible. Experiments on use theorganic-mineral fertilizers classified as stimulators only in young plants production werestarted in 2007. The second aim of this experiment was to check the duration of stimula-tion effects of the biostimulators. It allowed us to find out which stimulator can onlyinfluence the quality of young plants and which can ensure better crops, at least in theearly stages of yielding. Two already known formulas were chosen: Bio-algeen S90 andGoëmar Goteo � both produced from Ascophyllum nodosum and two designated for theuse in cultivation: mineral-organic Radifarm and mineral Resistim. Radifarm containsorganic N (1-1.2%) and uretic N (2-2.4%), K, Zn and organic C (8-9.6%). It also conta-ins biologically active agents: glycosides, arginine, asparagine and tryptophane. Thanks tothem the activity of the meristematic tissues is enhanced and also the propagation and theformation pace of lateral roots. The mineral formula of Resistim P-K 12:7 containingphosphite bonds (without betaine) possesses similar properties. According to the know-ledge about root physiology [Sytnik et al. 1997] a positive effect of Resistim and Radi-farm should be more usual than of the formulas from seaweed.

Traditionally produced young plants of cv Lustro F1 were fertigated with biostimulators.Doses and concentrations were applied according to the recommendations of the producers.

40

On 14 March, the seeds of this cultivar were sown into deacidified peat and on 2nd April,the seedlings were pricked out into the specialized substrate Potgrond. During the production,the young plants were fertigated 2 or 4 times with 0.2% solution of Bio-algeen S90 and 0.1%solution of Goëmar Goteo (GG). The first fertigation was carried out 2 days after the prickingand the last one 7 days before proper planting. In the case of objects fertigated 4 times, thetreatments were repeated every 8 days. In the case of two more objects, the plants werefertigated 4 times with 0.1% solution of Radifarm (RF) or 0.1% solution of Resistim (R). Thecontrol plants were treated with water. All the plants were watered when the soil humiditydecreased. On 7th May, some of the plants from each treatment were planted in the tunnel andthe rest (30 plants from each object) were measured. The measurements concerned theheight of plants, the weight of the shoots and leaves, the leaf area, chlorophyll content and theweight of roots. In the case of plants in the tunnel, the measurements regarded the yieldcomprised the level and structure of the early yield, marketable yield and total yield and alsomarketable quality of fruits sorted according to the European quality standards. The biostimu-lators used in the experiments differed with regard to chemical properties and the mechanismof biological activity. Therefore, it is advisable to compare the features of seaweed formulasseparately, but on the other hand, it is already possible to conduct a general analysis of theresults in the early stages of the research.

For the statistical analysis of the means, we used the Newman-Keul�s test.

RESULTS

Fertigation of sweet pepper young plants with all the biostimulators caused an incre-ased development of the crown and the roots, in comparison to the plants only treatedwith water (Tab. 1). The weight of the roots was increased, as was the weight of leavesand shoots. The diameter of the main stem was also larger, and the leaf area and chloro-

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41

phyll content were increased. The quality of the over-ground-parts of transplants is ma-inly determined by the area and weight of the leaves, but also by the chlorophyll content,thickness and length of the stem. Bio-algeen S90 used twice had a better effect on theleaf area and also the height of the plants than when it was used 4 times. The plantsfertigated with Goëmar Goteo 4 times, had a larger leaf area (because of the increasednumber of leaves) and also a longer stem than the ones fertigated only after pricking and 7days before proper planting. The leaves, however, were thinner and contained less chloro-phyll. A large root system was obtained for Goëmar Goteo especially when used four times.Excluding �control�, the shortest young plants with the lowest weight of plant and leaveswere obtained after four times Bio-algeen S90 use. The effects of Bio-algeen S90 andGoëmar Goteo used twice were comparable. Radifarm used four times had a similar effectto Goëmar Goteo used at the same terms. The largest plants with the best developed rootsystem were obtained for Resistim � the differences were statistically significant.

The comparison of the early yield (green fruits from the first picking on 5th of July) ofplants treated with Goëmar Goteo and Bio-algeen S90 did not reveal any beneficial ef-fects of tested formulas (Tab. 2). Only plants treated four times with Goëmar Goteo hada similar yield to the control. However the plants treated with Resistim and especiallywith Radifarm, had a significantly better yield than the control. Later during the cultiva-tion (coloured fruit picked between 8th July and 16th October and all ripe fruit picked until22nd October) the sweet pepper plants fertigated with Goëmar Goteo and Bio-algeen S90produced a better yield than plants treated with water alone (Tab. 3).The highest total,marketable and class I yield, were found for sweet pepper plants treated four times withGoëmar Goteo, Radifarm and Resistim. The same results were observed for GoëmarGoteo and Bio-algeen S90 when used twice for young plants fertigation. However, the

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42

average weight of class I fruit was higher for Bio-algeen S90. The treatment with Bio-algeen S90 four times on young plants did not have any positive effect on the level of themarketable yield and the total yield of sweet pepper.

Each of the stimulators showed a positive effect on the quality of sweet pepperyoung plants. Thanks tested to them, we can obtain strong plants with a large assimilationarea and, what is more important, with a strong and young root system. These featuresare extremely important in sweet pepper culture in non-heated tunnels with soil tempera-tures below 150C. Under such conditions, the fast regeneration of roots damaged duringtransplantation and the capability of new root formation against unfavourable conditionshelps to achieve a higher yield potential.

Well-balanced doses of biostimulators used during young plant production increasethe yield of sweet pepper even when the fertilizer supply is optimal. The role of growthstimulators as supplements to the normal fertilization was already emphasized by Akande[2006] and the scientists from the Goëmar company. However, because variation in theregional climatic and production conditions the research should be continued in Poland.

FIRST OBSERVATION ON BRIVAL`S EFFECT ON FRUIT COLORATION

Fully coloured fruits of the sweet pepper are appreciated the most. In the phase ofintense colouring, apart from visual changes, physiological changes take place. Breathingintensifies, as well as the production of ethylene, which leads to a further acceleration ofcolouring. The more ethylene that is produced, the faster the colouring, but also the age-ing of fruits (softening). Some cultivars produce so little ethylene that the process ofcolouring is very slow and almost completely stopped after picking. A very interestingissue is the possibility of using certain substances causing a strictly located effect e.g. theacceleration of colouring in fully grown fruits, without any influence of the general condi-tion of the plants. One of the formulas containing such substances is Brival � a mineralfertilizer also containing N, K (4:14), B and Zn. We used it for the first time in our

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43

experiments at the end of the cultivation period of sweet pepper. In the doses recommen-ded for tomato, it positively influenced the ripening of sweet pepper. At the beginning ofSeptember, 20 days prior to the planned harvest, the plants of yellow-fruited cultivar ofsweet pepper with green fruits were sprayed with Brivale in the dose of 8 L ha-1 (B8), 4L . ha-1 (B4) or just water. After 10 days the object B4 was sprayed again with the samedose of Brival, whereas other objects were sprayed with water. After three weeks coun-ting from the first spray, all the fruits in object B8 were completely coloured in yellow (24fruits on 5 plants). The fruits in object B4 (20 fruits) were coloured in 30-50%. The fruitsof the control plants were still green. The same test was carried out on 8th October. Untilthe time of closure (22th October), the temperatures were low and this is probably whythere was no effect of Brival on the fruit colouring. The preliminary results suggest thatthis formula is effective in temperatures above 17°C and can be used as soon as the earlyyielding strts. This is the time, when the prices of coloured fruit are the highest.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of presented here experiments on the use of biostimulators in sweetpepper cultivating, should only be regarded as the preliminary stage of research on thisinteresting and vast issue. It is beyond doubt that biostimulators applied as supplementshave positive effects on the quality of young plants and at the same time, they aid the startin early plant life. When used in the young plant phase, they can have a very positiveeffect on crops, without the necessity of use larger amount of biostimulators during culti-vation. Thanks of that we can reduce costs of the preparate and labour as well installa-tion of irrigation system. Biostimulators in spray, increase the yield potential of plants in adirect way, and induce the colouring of fruit. There are a lot of formulas which containvery different biologically active substances like amino acids, polyamines, polysacchari-des or humus acids. Their properties and effect on plants is being investigated by scien-tists and growers, but because of the novelty of their application it is necessary to workout the recommendation for a particular crop species, so as their use would bring measu-rable economical effects.

REFERENCES

Akande M.O. 2006: Effect of organic root plus (biostimulant) on the growth, nutrient content and yield ofamarnthus. African J. Biotechnology, vol. 5 (10), 871-874.

Allen V.G., Pond K.R., Saker K.E., Fontenot J.P., Bagley C.P., Ivy R.L., Evans R.R., Schmidt R.E., FikeJ.H., Zhang X., Ayad J.Y., Brown C.P., Miller M.F., Montgomery J.L., Mahan J., Wester D.B.,Melton C. 2001: Tasco: Influence of a brown seaweed on antioxidants in forages and livestock-A. J.Anim. Sci., 79, E21-E31.

Borkowski J., Dyki B., Niekraszewicz A., Struszczyk H. 2004: Effect of the preparations Biochikol020PC, Tytanit, Biosept 33 SL and others on the healthiness of tomato plants and their fruiting inglasshouse. [In:] Progress on chemistry and application of chitin and its derivatives. Struszczyk H.(ed.). Vol. X, PCS, £ód�, Poland.

Crouch I.J., Staden J. 1993: Evidence of the presence of plant growth regulators in commercial seaweedproducts. Plant Growth Regul. Springer NL, vol. 13, No 1, 21-29.

Grosch R., Kofoet A. 2001: Biological control of root pathogens in soilles culture using bacteria. Acta Hortic.548, 393-400.

44

Janas R., Ko³osowski S., Szafirowska A. 2000: Effect of Titanium on yield and seed health status ofsolanaceous vegetables. Proc. & Abstr. Intern. Seed Health Conf. PTFit.-IHAR 2000, 28.

Janas R., Szafirowska A., Ko³osowski S. 2002: Effect of titanium on eggplant yielding. Veg. Crops Res.Bull., vol. 57, 37-44.

Joubert J.M., Lefranc G. 2008: Seaweed biostimulants in agriculture: Recent studies on mode of action twotypes of products from algae: growth and nutrition stimulants and stimulants of plant defense reactions.Proc. Book of abstracts of Conference: Biostimulators in modern agiculture. 7-8 February, Warsaw,Poland 16.

Kelley W.T. 2001: Effect of BM86 and MZ63 on fall pepper production. Georgia Vegetable Extention-Research Rep. W. T Kelley & D. B. Langston, Jr (eds). The Univ. of Georgia, 13.

Senn T.L. 1987: Seaweed and Plant Growth,Clemson. SC, Clemson University, 181.Stêpowska A. 2007: The history and presence of sweet pepper cultivation under covers in Poland. [In:] K.

Niemirowicz-Szczytt (ed.) Progress in Research on Capsicum & Eggplant. WULS Press, Warsaw, 311-324.

Stêpowska A. 2008: Effects of extracts GA 142 (Goëmar Goteo) and GA 14 (Goëmar BM86) applying onsweet pepper yielding in non-heated tunnels. [In:] Biostimulators in modern agriculture � Soalnaceouscrops (D¹browski Z.T. (ed.). Wie� Jutra, Warszawa, 44-50.

Sytnik K. M., Kniga N. M., Musatienko L. I. 1997: Fizjologia korzenia. PWRiL, Warszawa:Ustawa o ochronie ro�lin. Dz. U. z dn. 27 stycznia 2004 r.Ustawa o nawozach i nawo¿eniu [http;//orka.sejm.gov.pl/proc5.nsf/1336_u.htm].www.algaran.com. Algaran.www.naturalfarmers.com/research.html. Kelp Research.www.seaspray.com/plants.html._SeaSpray.Plant 101.

45

EFFECTS OF GA 142 (GOËMAR GOTEO) AND GA 14

(GOËMAR BM86) EXTRACTS ON SWEET PEPPER

YIELD IN NON-HEATED TUNNELS

Agnieszka StêpowskaResearch Institute of Vegetable Crops, Skierniewice, Poland

INTRODUCTION

The correct balance between the root system, assimilation surface and the number ofgenerative organs in sweet pepper is a necessary requirement of high yield potential. Incultivation production under cover in non-heated tunnels, the plants are exposed to clima-tic stress factors (temperature and humidity different from optimal) and also to specificconditions determined by the method of cultivation. Relinquishment of clipping the firstfruit set and lack or restrictive pruning of shoots, lead to the state when the plants start toflowering and bear fruit before they reach the appropriate weight of the above-groundpart. The temperatures observed in that period (10-170C) are conducive to the develop-ment of deformed fruit, due to incorrect pollination. Excessive congestion of shoots withshort internodes above the ramifications of the main branch, causes the fruit to get jam-med between them and, as a result, get damaged during harvest. With such a burden ofyoung plants, the fruit develop in the lower part of the crown in low numbers (up to 12pieces) mostly deformed with their weight exceeding the standard weight characteristicfor the variety (often more than 300 g). No sooner than after the collection of the firstcrop (middle of July), sweet pepper restarts fruit setting, but the next harvest takes placeas late as the middle of August.

During this time, the green matter of plants is increasing continually, especially if thereis no competition from generative organs. The excess of shoots and leaves causes a decre-ase of light entering the crown, which, in turn, restricts the transport of assimilates andaffects the development of flowers and fruit [Cebula, Czarnowski 2000a]. A correct balan-ce between the activity of vegetative and generative parts occur, when the ratio is about 12shoots per 1 m2, and according to Brakeboer [2007] even half of that. A characteristicfeature of sweet pepper is the compensation phenomenon, which refers to the ratio betwe-en the number of leaves and the leaf area. Together with a decreased number of leaves, theassimilation intensity increases � because better light penetration through stems. On theother site, under this condition increases leaf blades area. Cebula and Czarnowski [2000b]claim that it is enough to have two leaves per 1 set to provide sufficient assimilates. Theseauthors agree that the shade inside the crown caused by the excessive number of leaves,leads to decreased crops. On Polish plantations, such an extensive system of cutting andpruning is not applied because of excessive labour and usually very large size of the planta-tions. Therefore, other methods are needed to stimulate the growth and development ofplants influencing the earliness, quantity and quality of yield.

46

Many years ago it was found that a substance present in some seaweed had a posi-tive influence on living organisms. The research on the use of extracts from seaweed inagriculture is taking on more importance, but still there are few scientific reports on thistopic. The species which is also used in horticulture is Ascophyllum nodosum, also cal-led Norwegian kelp. The first fertilizer of this type used in Poland was Bio-algeen S90,and for a few years research has been carried out on fertilizers based on concentrateGA14 (Goëmar BM86). Recently a new formula � GA142 (Goëmar Goteo), producedfrom homogenate of A. nodosum with the addition of phosphorus, potassium, molybde-num and bor was included in studies. Biologically active ingredients of the organic mate-rial obtained from the homogenate of seaweed are varied: endogenous growth hormo-nes, alginic acid, amino acids, polysaccharides, lipids, vitamins and even antibiotics. Whenmixed with minerals they are easily absorbed and directly included in the metabolism ofplants, without the necessity of going through a long chain of changes from the mineralsto organic forms [humate.html]. The function of chelator and elicitor is fulfilled by sodiumalginate and potassium alginate as well as by mannitol, which is known for its use inregenerating protoplasts in vitro [Fiuk et al. 2003]. Thanks to mannitol oxydase and theimmunological properties of 2-dehydrogenase (MTD), the organs and tissues of celeryreact better to cold, high temperature or drought, and mobilize for normal functioning instressful conditions [Zamski et al. 1996]. Therefore, it is possible to restrict the use offertilizers which are often ineffective and costly, in the case of plants with an underdeve-loped root system.

Goëmar Goteo is used for watering of plants. Its main property is to stimulate growthand increase the efficiency of the root system. It also influences the growth of vegetativematter. This allows the balance to be kept between the underground and over-groundparts of the plant and, as a result, increases the crops potential. Goëmar BM86 has beenused so far in orchards during blossoming and setting, because it enhances cell division inorgans in which the growth is determined mainly by cell proliferation. Thanks to thisaction, flowers and sets endured thermal stress more easily [Tomala, Wo�niak 2008].The aim of the research in the Institute was to determine the effects of concentratesGA142 and GA14 in the culture of sweet pepper.

METHODOLOGY

The research was carried out in the years 2005 and 2006 in a high, non-heated plastictunnel. The soil was fertilized prior to vegetation, to the level recommended for sweetpepper: N � 250, P � 300, K-400, Mg � 120, Ca � 2500 mg . dm-3. Young plants of thecultivar Roxy F1 were produced in pots with peat substrate Potgrond H. The plants wereplanted in the soil in the tunnel at the beginning of May, spaced 35 cm x 70 cm apart. Thesurface was covered with black Agril. After planting, the plants were watered by dropirrigation and fertigation was implemented after the first harvesting (end of June).

The plants were trained for 4 shoots to the level of 4 internode and the natural crownwas left above. The objects of the experiments were: �G�� plants watered twice duringintense growth (middle of May, to the end of June) with 0.1% solution of GA142 (GoëmarGoteo), BM86 � plants sprayed twice during intense flowering (beginning of June, end of

47

July) with 0.1% solution of GA14 (Goëmar BM86)], G+BM86 � plants watered twicewith Goëmar Goteo and sprayed twice with Goëmar BM86, �control� � plants wateredand/or sprayed with water. The cultivation was carried out until the end of October. Theassessment regarded the mean weight of fruit class 1, yield of fruit class 1, the marketa-ble yield, the total yield of the first harvest and the total yield of the whole cultivation. Thecomparison of means was carried out with the use of mono-factorial analysis of variance(p = 0.05).

RESULTS

In sweet pepper, the increase of vegetative mass during intense growth after plantinginduces a better development of the first generative organs, but in the further period itsprevalence restricts flowering and, as a result, the number of fruits [Cebula and Czar-nowski 2000ab, Somos 1984]. This is why watering with Goëmar Goteo with restrainedpruning did not bring the expected effect of an increase in crops. The transport of nu-trients to the leaves and consecutive intense vegetative growth was faster than the trans-port of assimilates and it restricted the production of flowers and the keeping of fruitsettings [Somos 1984]. If Goemar BM86 (GA14) � stimulator acting on young generativeparts was applied after Goëmar Goteo (GA142) the yield did not increase. It was effectof flower set reducing in consequence of intensive green mass production after GoëmarGoteo. Due to smaller number of fruit the average fruit weight was bigger than in othertreatments. The vegetative growth of plants treated only with the GA14 was weakerthen after GA 142 or GA 142+GA14 but flowering and fruit setting was more intensive.According to Verberne [2006] the increase in activity or quantity of plant hormones du-ring flowering of the upper parts of the crown mobilizes sweet pepper to set. GoemarBM86 contains such natural plant hormones and in consequence of its applying the cropwas better than in other treatments.

Goëmar Goteo is used in order to stimulate the growth and function of roots and inthis way to influence the vigor of plants, which is of great importance in the primaryperiod of pepper cultivation. This is why the first yield has been accepted as the indicatorof its efficiency. The vigor of plants was positively influenced by the double watering withGoëmar Goteo after planting. The internodes were longer by about 1 cm in comparison tothe control plants and the crowns were more spacious. Thanks to this, fewer fruits weresubject to mechanical deformation.

The most important indicator for the assessment of the early yield is the so calledmarketable yield, especially the yield of fruit class 1. Watering with Goëmar Goteo had apositive influence on the marketable yield. Whereas, the general yield was higher by 0.2kg . m-2 in the control plants (Tab. 1). For �G� plants the marketable yield amounted to 1.8kg . m-2 and was 0.3 kg . m-2 (20%) higher than for the control plants. The share of themarketable yield in the total yield was 100% where as in the control plants it was only75%. A similar tendency occurred in the yield of 1st class fruit, which was 78% of thetotal yield for �G� plants (1.4 kg . m-2) and 65% for the control plants (1.3 kg . m-2).According to the rule, the fewer fruits the higher the weigh, in the controlled plants class

48

1 fruit had a mean mass of 207 g, whereas for plants watered with a stimulator, thefruit was 20% lighter � 186 g. The differences where statistically significant. The positiveinfluence of Goëmar Goteo was restricted to the early yield. The average weight of class1 fruit obtained during the whole period of cultivation was 194 g and was the lowestamong all the tested objects (8.5% lower than in the control and 15% lower than in thehighest weight of BM86). In addition, the yield of this class and the marketable yield weresignificantly differ from the yield in the control. Similar results were obtained for BM86by Kelley [2001], but he suggested that research should be continued.

Goëmar BM86 is used in order to improve the effectiveness of pollination and thebetter setting and growing of buds. Its main characteristic is to increase the number ofcells, whereas other regulators influence the size of cells. The first treatment with thisformula was performed at the beginning of the intense flowering phase, when the fruit forthe first picking was developed. This is why the Goëmar BM86 plants where not takeninto account for the assessment of the early yield. The most effective methods influen-cing the mean mass of 1st class fruit and all fractions of the yield obtained during thewhole period of cultivation was the use of Goëmar BM86 (Tab. 2). In BM86 the generalyield was the highest (9.6 kg . m-2). The next highest result was from the marketable yield(9.5 kg . m-2) and the 1st class fruit yield (8.4 kg . m-2) and the mean mass of 1st class fruit(227 g). The share of marketable yield (99%) and the share of 1st class fruit (88%) in thetotal yield were also the highest.

The synergic effect of Goëmar Goteo and Goëmar BM86 resulted in a significantincrease in the average weight of 1st class fruit in comparison to the control plants and�G� plants, but had a negative effect on the general yield (Tab. 2). Although the marke-table yield presented 97% of the total yield, all fractions of the yield were the lowestamongst the tested objects. The yield of 1st class fruit (6.6 kg . m-2) was significantlylower in comparison to �BM86� (8.4 kg . m-2), �G� (6.7 kg . m-2) and the �control� (6.7kg . m-2). The structure of the yield was, however, better than in �G�� plants wateredwith Goëmar Goteo alone. The share of non-marketable fruit in �G+BM86� was less

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than 3% of the total yield, whereas in �G� almost 12%. The potential of the root systemis determined as soon as the early period of vegetation. When the system is properlyformed it has a large surface for active absorption of nutrients. Then its capability ofkeeping the plant in good contrition is stable, even in negative conditions if they occurperiodically and not continually. The complicated physiology of the root makes difficultthesimple explanation of the mechanism of compensation or the elimination of the twoformulas used for foliar application or root application. According to Sytnik et al. [1997],in worse conditions for root development the plant acts faster to incentives such as growthhormones.

The results obtained in our field experiments carried out in 2006 seem to support thisopinion. The experiments were conducted with the same methods as in simultaneous expe-riments in a tunnel with Goëmar Goteo and Goëmar BM86 used after transplanting ofpepper seedlings. In field cultivation, on a firm, sandy-clay soil without regular irrigation, apositive effect of both stimulators was observed, both individual and synergic. The latterhad, however, better effects. On the other hand, scientists from the Goëmar Laboratoires[Joubert, Lefranc 2008] claim that the effect of seaweed biostimulants is more visible whenthe fertilization is appropriate � according to the rule: The better the fertilization, the betterthe effect of the biostimulants. Of course, it does not only refer to the amount of fertilizes inthe soil but also to the conditions of absorption, which are usually better in the soil in tunnels.The same opinion is presented by Akande [2006] who tested the root organic stimulatorplus containing seaweed extract in amaranthus cultivation.

In the 2007 experiments similar methods as in 2005-2006 were used, but with theadditional use of Goëmar Goteo for the watering of seedlings which were then used as

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50

�G�, G+BM86. It turned out that the yield increased significantly (Tab. 3). In object �G�the yield of 1st class (5.5 kg.m-2), marketable yield (6.7 kg.m-2) and total yield (7.0 kg . m-2)were always higher the in the control (3.7, 5.0, 5.4 kg.m-2). In object G+BM86 the resultswere as follows: 4.5, 6.2, 6.7 kg . m-2, better than in �G� and even better than in BM86 withseedlings watered with water: 4.5, 5.7, 6.2 kg.m-2. In addition, in G+BM86 the share of theyield of 1st class and marketable yield in the total yield was the highest, respectively 77.1and 95.7%.

In this new research a different cultivar of sweet pepper was used (Yecla F1), but ofthe same type (Roxy F1). Although we cannot exclude the influence of the genotype onthe reaction of plants treated with biostimulants [Masny et al 2004, Kowalczyk, Zielony2008], it seems that the most important factor was the early stimulation of roots forintense growth and functioning. In plants �programmed for better vigor� as early as theyoung plant phase, the stimulation of roots did not influence negatively the system �growth-development�. The additional production of flowers, brings the effect of an increasednumber of fruit. Their weight also increases, thanks to the enhanced yield potential ofwell-formed and fertilized plants.

On the basis of presented research it is possible to conclude how to use GoëmarGoteo and Goëmar BM86 in the cultivation of fruit producing vegetables, since similarresults were obtained for tomato and aubergine [Kossak 2008]. Hitherto, existing labora-tory analysis shows, however, that the answer to the question as to why the proceedingreactions are changeable, is not so simple. Especially, although a lot of new organic andorganic-mineral stimulators have been introduced onto the market, still the number ofscientific papers regarding this topic is insufficient.

1FALCEYVCREPPEPNO)68MB(68MBRAMËOGDNA)G(OETOGRAMËOGFOTCEFFE.3ELBAT7002ECIWEINREIKS.LENNUTDETAEH-NONNIGNIDLEIY

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51

CONCLUSION

1. The highest early yield indicated by total, marketable and yield of Ist class fruit in Ist

picking of pepper cv Roxy F1 was obtained after watering with Goëmar Goteo(GA142).

2. Watering with Goëmar Goteo (GA142) increased the total yield of sweet pepper cvRoxy F1, planted in the non-heated plastic tunnel.

3. Spraying with Goëmar BM86 increased marketable yield and yield of Ist class fruit ofpepper cv Roxy F1.

4. Synergic action of Goëmar Goteo and Goëmar BM86 increased only the averageweight of Ist class fruit of pepper cv Roxy F1.

5. The highest total yield, marketable yield and yield of Ist class fruit of pepper cv YeclaF1 was obtained after seedlings watering with Goëmar Goteo and with Goëmar Go-teo + Goëmar BM86 treatment during cultivation in non-heated plastic tunnel.

REFERENCES

Akande M.O. 2006: Effect of organic root plus (biostimulant) on the growth, nutrient content and yield ofamaranthus. African J. Biotechnology, vol. 5 (10), 871-874.

Brakeboer T. 2007: Better balance between work and yield. Fruit Veg. Tech., vol. 7, No 4, 18-19.Cebula S., Czarnowski M. 2000a: Zale¿no�ci pomiêdzy liczb¹ zawi¹zków i li�ci u ro�lin papryki s³odkiej

prowadzonej na jeden pêd w uprawie szklarniowej. Cz I. Wzrost ro�lin i warunki napromieniowania. Ann.UMCS, Sectio EEE, vol. VIII, suplement, 319-325.

Cebula S., Czarnowski M. 2000b: Zale¿no�ci pomiêdzy liczb¹ zawi¹zków i li�ci u ro�lin papryki s³odkiejprowadzonej na jeden pêd w uprawie szklarniowej. Cz II. Plonowanie i jako�æ owoców. Ann. UMCS,Sectio EEE, vol VIII, suplement, 327-332.

Fiuk A., Rajkiewicz M., Rybczyñski J. J. 2003: Gentiana kurroo (Royle) w kulturach in vitro. Biotechnologia3(63), 267-274.

Joubert J-M., Lefranc G. 2008: Seaweed phytostimulants in agriculture: recent studies on mode of two typesof products from algae: growth and nutrition stimulants and stimulants of plant defense reactions. Proc.Book of abstracts of conference: Biostimulators in modern agiculture. 7-8 February, Warsaw, Poland, 16.

Kelley W. T. 2001: Effect of BM86 and MZ63 on Fall Pepper Production. Georgia Vegetable Extention-ResearchRep. W. T Kelley & D. B. Langston, Jr (eds). The Univ. of Georgia, 13.

Kossak K. 2008: Effects of biostimulators on the glasshouse `Alboney F1` tomato plants. Proc. Book ofabstracts of conference: Biostimulators in modern agiculture. 7-8 February, Warsaw, Poland, 152.

Kowalczyk K., Zielony T. 2008: Effect of Goteo treatment on yield and fruit quality of tomato grown onrockwool. Book of abstracts of conference: Biostimulators in modern agiculture. 7-8 February, Warsaw,Poland, 154.

Masny A., Basak A., ¯urawicz E. 2004: Effects of foliar applications of Kelpak SL and Goëmar BM86®

preparations on yield and fruit quality in two strawberry cultivars. J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res., vol 12, 23-27.Tomala K., Wo�niak M. 2008: Improving apple quality by use of biostimulators. Book of abstracts of confe-

rence: Biostimulators in modern agiculture. 7-8 February, Warsaw, Poland, 30.Somos A. 1984: The paprika. Akademiai Kiado. Budapest.Sytnik K.M., Kniga N.M., Musatienko L.I. 1997: Fizjologia korzenia. PWRiL, Warszawa.Verberne C. 2006: Thinning keeps crop in balance. Fruit Veg. Tech., vol. 6, No 1, 10-11.Zamski E., Yamamoto Y.T., Williamson J.D., Conkling M.A., Pharr D.M. 1996: Immunolocalization of

mannitol dehydrogrnase in celery plants and cells. Plant Physiol., 112 (3), 931-938.Biofertilizers [www.gayatriherbalsindia.com/biofertilizers.html].Humate-seaweed-advantage [www.naturesnog.com/humate-seaweed-advantage.html].Seaweed-extract [www.sulekhab2b.com].

52

EFFECT OF THE APPLICATION OF BIOSTIMULATOR

ASAHI SL ON THE YIELD OF POTATO TUBERS AND

THEIR QUALITY

Tomasz Maciejewski, Tadeusz Michalski, Monika Bartos-Spycha³a,Wojciech Cie�lickiPoznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland

INTRODUCTION

Application of biostimulators in fruit and vegetable production as well in the cultiva-tion of ornamental plants has been known for many years and the possibilities of theirapplication keeps increasing. Biostimulators activate the synthesis of hormones and in-tensify their activity. They can also improve plant resistance to stress factors. At thesame time, it is believed that biostimulators are safe for the environment [S³owiñski 2004a,b,Starck 2005]. In plant cultivation, among others, the following two biostimulators areapplied: Asahi SL and Atonik SL, which contain compounds from the nitrophenols group.Nitrophenols occur in the natural state in plant cells and they participate in physiologicaland biochemical processes [Dynowski, Mroczko 1995]. These biostimulators are mainlyapplied in orchards, on vegetables and in the cultivation of ornamental plants. On theother hand, they are only used sporadically on agricultural crops. So far, there are noextensive elaborations dealing with the effects of biostimulators on the development andyielding of field crops. Recommendations referring to biostimulators used in agricultureare generally limited to the growing of sugar beets, rape, wheat and occasionally to potatoand maize cultivation.

The objective of the present studies was the estimation of the effect of the discussedbiostimulators on the yielding and the quality features of potato tubers. The need of suchstudies resulted from the limited experimental data, as well as from the interest of agricul-tural practitioners who want to know whether the use of biostimulators really meets theirexpectations in the cultivation of potatoes.


Field experiments were carried out in the years 2005-2007 in the Experimental andDidactic Farms in Gorzyñ and Z³otniki of Agricultural University of Poznañ.

The experimental fields are characterized by grey-brown podsolic soils counted toIIIb and IVa classes with about 1% of organic matter content. In 2005, in Gorzyñ, thepotato cultivar Satina was grown, while in Z³otniki, cv Bila. In 2006, Ditta cv was grownin Gorzyñ and Satina cv in Z³otniki. In 2007, in both farms, Ditta cv, was planted.

The growing season 2005 was characterized by thermal conditions similar to themean values of recent years. During the period of particular potato sensibility to water

53

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IIV 8.02 8.52 1.81 3.91 2.89 4.52 7.001 3.27

IIIV 8.71 1.81 1.81 7.81 7.36 4.531 4.04 9.55

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shortage, the rainfalls were exceptionally low in Z³otniki and in June occurred in the firstand in the second decades and it amounted only to 14.2 mm. While in July, rain occurredonly in the third decade. The 2006 year was also very dry and warm. In Gorzyñ, therainfall sum in June was 17.0 mm and in July � 25.4 mm. In turn, in Z³otniki, in July, theprecipitation was only 14.5 mm. The 2007 year was comparatively the most favourableone regarding rainfalls (Tab. 1).

One-factorial field experiments were carried out in four replications in 2005 and infive replications in the 2006 and 2007 years. The plot size was 21 m2. BiostimulatorsAsahi SL and Atonik SL were applied according to the standard scheme:� control � without biostimulators,� Asahi SL in doses of 0.5 l·ha-1 at plant height of 10-15 cm (BBCH 14-16) + 1.0 l·ha-1

in the phase of row covering (BBCH 36-38),� Asahi SL � spraying applied 5 times every 10-14 days, each time with a dose of 0.3

l·ha-1, starting from the plant height of 10-15 cm (BBCH 14-16),� during the 2005 and 2007 years, Asahi SL was used by spraying 3 times every 10-14

days, each time in the dose of 0.5 l·ha-1, starting at plant height of 10-15 cm (BBCH14-16),

� during the 2006 and 2007 years, Atonik SL biostimulator was used in the doses of 0.5l·ha-1 at plant height of 10-15 cm (BBCH 14-16) + 1.0 l·ha-1 in the phase of rawcovering (BBCH 36-38).

54

During vegetation period, the growth and development of plants were observed withparticular attention to any possible phytotoxicity symptoms caused by the applied biosti-mulators and to infestations caused by potato blight. Harvest took place about 2 weeksafter the termination of vegetation. The following parameters of tubers were evaluated:yield and its structure, content of starch and reducing sugars, as well as the size of starchgrains. The determinations of the two latter parameters were carried out in the CentralLaboratory of Potato Industry in Poznañ.

RESULTS

During three years of experimental studies, independent of the term, dose and typeof biostimulator application, no symptoms of phytotoxic action on the potato plants wereobserved.

Hydrothermal conditions in the years of experimental studies were not favourable forthe occurrence of potato blight. Only single symptoms of infection by Phytopthora infe-stans (Mont.) were observed both on the control and biostimulators treated plants. Ho-wever, the scarce symptoms did not authorize to draw any conclusions on the effect ofthe applied biostimulators.

Potato yielding varied between years, especially in the Z³otniki Experimental Farm,where the lowest yields were recorded for the year 2005, while the highest ones in 2007(Fig. 1). In each experimental year, different potato cultivars were planted. It must bestressed that the cultivars had similaryield potential. Therefore, the differen-ces in the yield were not caused by thecultivar factor, but by different hydro-thermal conditions.

The effect of biostimulators on thepotatoes yielding was statistically provenonly for the 2006 year in the GorzyñExperimental Farm and in 2007 in theZ³otniki Farm. However, it must be un-derlined that significant yield increase wasalso obtained in 2005 in Gorzyñ. Basedon the experimental data, one can statethat the most advantageous method ofAsahi SL biostimulator use was its two-fold application on the BBCH 14-16 pha-se and on the 36-38 phase, in the dosesof 0.5 l . ha-1 and l.0 l . ha-1 respectively.The application of biostimulator Asahi SLon these plant developmental stages evo-ked an increase of tuber yield in the 2005and 2006 years in Gorzyñ and in 2007 inZ³otniki by about 0.5.l l . ha-1.

FIGURE 1. INFLUENCE OF BIOSTYMULATORS ONTUBER YIELDn.s. NO SIGNIFFICANT DIFFERENCESSOURCE: OWN STUDY.Rysunek 1. Wp³yw stosowania biostymulatorów naplony bulwns. ró¿nice statystycznie nieistotne.�ród³o: badania w³asne.

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Atonik SL 0.5 l + 1.0 lNIR/LSDa=0.05 = 4.0

NIR/LSDa=0.05 = 4.40

0.30

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55

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FIGURE 2. INFLUENCE OF BIOSTYMULATORSAPPLICATION ON STARCH CONTENTn.s. NO SIGNIFFICANT DIFFERENCESSOURCE: OWN STUDY.Rysunek 2. Wp³yw stosowania biostymulatorów nazawarto�æ skrobir.n. ró¿nice statystycznie nieistotne.�ród³o: badania w³asne.

FIGURE 3. INFLUENCE OF BIOSTYMULATORSAPPLICATION ON THE SUGAR REDUCINGCONTENTSOURCE: OWN STUDY.Rysunek 3. Wp³yw stosowania biostymulatorów nazawarto�æ cukrów redukuj¹cych�ród³o: badania w³asne.

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The effect of biostimulator applica-tion on potato yielding in the Z³otniki Farmwas significantly lower than in Gorzyñ.Because of the prevailing unfavorable cli-matic conditions during the 2005 growingseason, the yield of tubers was low andoscillated 14.2 t . ha-1 and 16.3 t . ha-1.

Similarly, in 2006, the tuber yields, incomparison with those obtained in Gorzyñ,were lower and the application of biosti-mulators did not cause any significantyield changes. Nevertheless, the applica-tion of biostimulator contributed to yieldsincrease, as compared to the control, ran-ging from 7.4% to 13.4% (Fig. 1).

The use of biostimulators, both ofAsahi SL and Atonik SL did not exert anyeffect on the content of starch. Particu-larly small amounts of starch, indepen-dent of the cultivar, were contained intubers originating from the experimentscarried out in the 2006 year, when it amo-unted to about 10%. A high content ofstarch (about 20%) was shown by Bilacultivar in 2005 (Fig. 2).

Significant variation in the yield struc-ture of potato tubers in the particular yearsdid not permit to calculate the mean va-lues, therefore, it had to be presented inthe form of �year x locality�. Results of3- year studies carried out in two locali-ties differing in the habitat conditions per-mit to state that the application of biosti-mulators did not exert any major effecton the yield structure. The structure ofpotato tubers yield depended in a signifi-cant degree on the cultivar used. In Sati-na cv, a significant share in the yield wasshown by big tubers with diameters exce-eding 6 cm. In 2006, in Gorzyñ and in 2005in Z³otniki, the share was above 30%. Inthe Ditta cv yields in 2006 and 2007 inGorzyñ, and in Bila cv in 2005 in Z³otniki,the share of big tubers was small and it

Gorzyñ Z³otniki

Satina Ditta Bila Ditta 2005 2007 2005 2007

CHECK/kontrolaAsahi SL 0.5 l + 1.0 lAsahi SL 5 l x 1.0 lAsahi SL 3 l x 1.0 lAtonik SL 0.5 l + 1.0 l

0.30

0.26

0.22

0.18

0.14

CHECK/kontrolaAsahi SL 0.5 l + 1.0 lAsahi SL 5 l x 1.0 lAsahi SL 3 l x 1.0 lAtonik SL 0.5 l + 1.0 l

Gorzyñ Z³otniki

Ditta Ditta Satina Dita2006 2007 2006 2007

n.s./r.n.

n.s./r.n.

n.s./r.n.

n.s./r.n.

n.s./r.n.

n.s./r.n.

56

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did not exceed 5%. In the yield structure of Bila cv in 2005, noteworthy was the largeshare of small tubers of less than 3 cm diameter up to 18%. The share of the small tubersin Ditta cv was also low and it did not exceed 3% (Tab. 2 and 3).

The determination of reducing sugars content was done on the mean samples fromfive replications and therefore, the differences could not be statistically analyzed and anytendency of these changes was difficult to define (Fig. 3).

In 2006, the application of a twice repeated spraying with the biostimulator Asahi SLin the doses of 0.5-1.0 l . ha-1 insignificantly increased the content of reducing sugars. Acontrasting effect was obtained after the application of the same doses and terms using

57

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the Atonik SL biostimulator. A similar effect occurred after a 5 times repeated sprayingwith the Asahi SL biostimulator in doses of 0.3 l . ha-1 each.

In 2007, in Gorzyñ, two sprayings with Asahi SL increased the content of reducingsugars by 0.3%, while the remaining applications did not show any effect on this featureThe use of biostimulators in Z³otniki in 2006 caused an increase of the reducing sugarscontent, while in 2007, the direction of these changes was not explicit. It must be mentio-ned, however that changes in the reducing sugars content did not disqualify the useful-ness of the tubers as raw material for the production of fried potatoes or chips.

58

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FIGURE 4. INFLUENCE OF BIOSTYMULATORS APPLICATION ON GRAIN STARCH COMPONENTSSOURCE: OWN STUDY.Rysunek 4. Wp³yw stosowania biostymulatorów na udzia³ frakcji ziaren skrobi�ród³o: badania w³asne.

Analysis of starch grain size permits to state that the applied biostimulators did nothave any major effect on the proportional participation of the particular fractions in theyield of starch. Independent of the cultivar, the greatest share was shown by the grainsizes of 35-50 mm (Fig. 4).

DISCUSSION

The experiments confirmed that biostimulators Asahi SL and Atonik SL are typicalanti-stress preparations. The purpose of their use is to improve the plant condition leadingto a decrease of the negative effects of stress conditions such as low temperature, dro-ught, overheating, damages caused by herbicides, hail and others [Michalski, Horoszkie-wicz-Janka 2005]. An unquestionable merit of these biostimulators is their potential forapplication in any optional developmental phase of plant and furthermore, they can beused many times [Dynowski, Mroczko 1995, Michalski, Horoszkiewicz-Janka 2005]. Theiradditional advantage is the possibility to carry out the spraying with the biostimulatortogether with fungicides or insecticides. In the studies of Harasimowicz-Herman andBorowska [2006], a beneficial effect of Asahi SL biostimulator on the yielding of winter

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CONTROL/kontrolaAsahi SL 0.5 l + 1.0 lAsahi SL 5 l x 1.0 lAsahi SL 3 l x 1.0 l

CONTROL/kontrolaAsahi SL 0.5 l + 1.0 lAsahi SL 5 l x 1.0 lAsahi SL 3 l x 1.0 lAtonik SL 0.5 l + 1.0 l

CONTROL/kontrolaAsahi SL 0.5 l + 1.0 lAsahi SL 5 l x 1.0 lAtonik SL 0.5 l + 1.0 l

CONTROL/kontrolaAsahi SL 0.5 l + 1.0 lAsahi SL 5 l x 1.0 lAsahi SL 3 l x 1.0 lAtonik SL 0.5 l + 1.0 l

mmmm

mmmm

Z³otniki 2006

Z³otniki 2007

Gorzyñ 2006

Gorzyñ 2007

59

rape was found in the vegetation season 2004-2005, under occurrence of spring frost inthe phase of budding followed by the shortage of rain. Such effect was not recorded inthe vegetation season 2003-2004 characterized by favourable hydrothermal conditions.Also S³owiñski [2004a, 2004b], in his numerous experiments carried out in 2003, showeda favourable effect of Asahi SL biostimulator on the yielding of winter rape, which sho-wed a yield increment of about 5 dt.ha-1, i.e. 10-15%. Favourable action was evoked bythis biostimulator as a means of mildening the effect of stress, as well as by the applica-tion of herbicides in experiments on sugar beet [Kositorna 2004]. In the available literatu-re, there are no extensive elaborations referring to the effect of the application of thebiostimulators Asahi Sl and Atonik SL on the potatoes yield. Only Dynowski and Mrocz-ko[1995] reported that the application of Atonik SL caused from 36 to 40% yield incre-ment of potato tubers. However the authors did not give any definite conclusions of theirstudies. One can suppose that the biostimulator Asahi SL which has an identical contentof biologically active compounds as Atonik SL can cause similar yield increments.

In our own 3-year experimental studies carried out in two localities, the obtained yieldincrements of potato tubers were significantly smaller than those in the quoted reports ofother authors and the effects of biostimulators application were different in the particularyear. In Gorzyñ, in 2005, the increment of potato tubers amounted from 12.9 to 15.2%,slightly lower increments were observed in 2006, while the smallest ones were in 2007when for the most favourable combination (3 x 0.5 l.ha-1) they did not exceed 7%. In theexperimental farm in Z³otniki, the effects of the applied biostimulators were still smaller. In2005, the twice applied Asahi SL caused an increment of tubers only by 7.2%, while theincreased number of sprayings (3 and 5) even resulted in the decrease of tuber yields by 4.6and 6.6%, respectively. In turn, in 2006, the application of Asahi SL, as well as of Atonik SLcaused an increment of potato tubers by 6.8 to 9.6%. In the same farm, the greatest yieldincrements were obtained in 2007 and for the most favourable combination (Asahi SL 0.5 l. ha-1), the increments amounted to 13.2%. The obtained yield increases, most frequently,were not statistically proven. The absolute yield increments however, obtained in Gorzyñ in2005 and 2006, and in Z³otniki in 2006 and 2007 were significant and they recompensatedand even exceeded the outlays for biostimulators application. However, the observed highvariability of the results indicates that additional studies are necessary to permit preciseconclusions regarding the effect of biostimulators application on the yielding of potatoes.

In the literature referring to the effect of biostimulators Asahi SL and Atonik SL,there are no extensive elaborations dealing with the effect on yield quality. Yield qualityunder the influence of biologically active compounds may be deteriorated, improved, or itmay show an indifferent reaction. Dynowski and Mroczko [1995] reported that AtonikSL caused significant yield increment, deteriorating the yield quality. Also S³owiñski [2004a],working on sugar beets, indicated that Asahi SL mildened the stress evoked by herbicideapplication, and not decrease the sugar content in the roots. Similar conclusions can bededucted from the studies of Kositorna [2004]. Harasimowicz-Herman and Borowska[2006] and Kozak and Malarz [2007], who applied biostimulator Asahi SL on winter rape,showed that it increased all yield-creating elements by about 18% and the mass of 1000seeds increased by 7%.

60

In our own studies, the application of biostimulators Asahi SL and Atonik SL did notexert any effect on the yield structure of potato tubers. Regarding the content of reducingsugars, the study results suggest that the effect of biostimulators depends on the cultivarand the hydrothermal conditions in the period of vegetation. Changes in reducing sugarscontent under the influence of biostimulators have a significant importance because theydetermine the usefulness of potato tubers for the production of potato commercial pro-ducts. Results of two-year studies carried out in two localities, with different cultivars donot permit to formulate any explicit conclusions referring to this problem. Therefore, itseems justified to undertake further studies aiming at the determination of the effect ofthe discussed biostimulators application not only on the yields but also on the quality ofyields of various potato cultivar.

CONCLUSIONS

1. A significant yield increments of potato tubers after application of Asahi SL biostimula-tor were obtained in the year 2006 in Gorzyñ and in 2007 in Z³otniki for Ditta cv. Yieldincrements of potatoes under the influence of the application of biostimulators amoun-ted in Gorzyñ in 2005 from 5.1 to 6 t.ha-1, while in 2006, from 2.8 to 5.l t.ha-1. InZ³otniki, the effects of biostimulators application were significantly smaller.

2. The applied biostimulators did not exert any effect on the yield structure of potatotubers and their starch content.

3. Biostimulators Asahi SL and Atonik SL did not exert any effect on the size of starchgrains.

4. The effect of Asahi SL and Atonik SL biostimulators on the reducing sugars contentdepended on the cultivar and the hydrothermal conditions during vegetation period.

REFERENCES

Dynowski Z., Mroczko M. 1995: Atonik � stymulator wzrostu i plonowania ro�lin nowej generacji. Has³oOgrodnicze, 3, 14.

Harasimowicz-Herman G., Borowska M. 2006: Efekty dzia³ania biostymulatora Asahi SL w uprawierzepaku ozimego w zale¿no�ci od warunków pluwiotermicznych. Ro�liny Oleiste/Oilseed Crops, 1, 95-106.

Kositorna J. 2004: Zastosowanie biostymulatora Asahi SL jako �rodka chroni¹cego burak cukrowy przedstresem wywo³anym przez herbicydy. Gazeta Cukrownicza, 2-3, 58-63.

Kozak M., Malarz W. 2007: Dozwolony doping. Wiad. Roln., 1 (29), 8.Michalski T., Horoszkiewicz-Janka J. 2005: Wp³yw bioregulatora Asahi SL na zdrowotno�æ i plonowa-

nie jêczmienia jarego i pszenicy jarej. Prog. Plant Prot./Post. Ochr. Ro�lin, 45, 2, 910-913.S³owiñski A. 2004a: Biostymulatory w nowoczesnej uprawie ro�lin. Ochrona Ro�l., 2, 16-17.S³owiñski A. 2004b: Biostymulatory w nowoczesnej uprawie ro�lin. Wie� Jutra, 3 (68), 25-26.Starck Z. 2005. Wspomaganie upraw. Stosowanie regulatorów wzrostu oraz biostymulatorów w uprawie

ro�lin. Rolnik Dzier¿awca, 2 (95), 74-76.

61

MODIFICATION OF POTATO TUBER CHEMICAL

COMPOSITION BY APPLICATIONS OF THE ASAHI SL

BIOSTIMULATOR

Barbara Sawicka, Maria Mikos-BielakUniversity of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland

INTRODUCTION

Maximum level of plant production may be achieved by applying new technologies inoptimal way. Further progress should depend on application of biostimulators [Dase 1978,Bakuniak, Krawczyk 1995, Panajatov 1997, Mikos-Bielak et al. 1999a, 1999b, Sawicka1999, 2000, 2003]. In Poland only few experiments on the influence of growth simulatorson potato plants have been carried out to date.

In agricultural practice, agents of growth regulator character are biological more andmore often applied on various crops. These components regulators may stimulate orinhibit plant growth depending on conditions or processes they take part in. The influenceof photosynthesis process is one of their target direction [Kotyk et al. 1996, Koupil 1996,Sawicka 2003, Èerný, Ondri�ík 2003]. They determine, as Starck [1976] and Kraloviè[1980] found, the electron transport at the photosynthesis stage. It may be manifested asthe yield increase, change of its chemical composition, etc. Potentially achieved benefitsfrom growth regulators application in crop cultivation are: yield increase, higher toleranceto winter and drought, change of potato tuber shape, adjustment to processing industryrequirements, modifying the yield quality, etc. [Kuczyñska 1984, Lis, Wierzejska-Buja-kowska 1995, Sawicka 1999, 2000, 2003, Mikos-Bielak 2004, Czeczko, Mikos-Bielak2004, Harasimowicz-Hermann 2007]. Atonik-Asahi is a growth regulator that has yetrealized had wider application in plant production. Until now, its influence on modificationof many physiological processes associated with plant productivity has been reported[Starck 1976, Starck et al. 1989, Koupil 1996, Panajatov 1997, P³oszyñski 1996, Kotyk etal. 1996, Vavrina 1997, Harasimowicz-Hermann 2007]. Many experiments on its influen-ce on yield, especially under stress conditions, have been also carried out [Koupil 1997,Panajatov 1997, Mikos-Bielak et al. 1999a,b, Sawicka 2000, 2003, Czeczko 2001, Èerný,Ondri�ík 2003]. They are good prognostic of its potential role and implementation intowide plant crop production. However, its influence on chemical yield quality is the we-akest part in the whole study programme. In Poland, few experiments on the influence ofgrowth stimulators on potato plants have been carried out. The present study was aimedat assessment of an impact of Asahi SL biostimulator on chemical composition of tubersof some potato cultivars.

62

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MATERIALS AND METHOD

The field experiments were carried out in mid-eastern Poland in the years 2000-2002. They were set up in a randomised split-block design, in three replications, with thefollowing experimental factors: A. two technologies � (1) with use of Asahi SL biostimu-lator and (2) control � without any biostimulator; B. five potato cultivars including allgroups of precocity as: Drop, Jagna, Perkoz, Grot, Elba. Full dose of manuring and uni-form mineral fertilization were applied inidentical amounts: 100 kg N, 100 kg P2O5,150 kg K2O

. ha and 25 t . ha -1 farmma-nure in all treatments. The biostimulatorwas applied as foliar spray in recommen-ded doses, at two dates: before bloom and2 weeks later. At harvest, 30 medium, notgreen and non-damaged tubers of each cul-tivar were collected for chemical analy-sis. Just after harvest the following para-meters were determined in fresh materialcollected from three replications: dry mat-ter � by a drying method (PN/90-A-75101/03); starch content � by polarimetry � ac-cording to Evers-Grossweld [Kre³owska-Kulas1993]; total protein � by Kjeldahl me-thod; specific protein � by Bernstein me-thod [AOAC 1984]; nitrates � by spectro-photometric method (PN-EN 12014-7);crude fibre � Scharer and Kirschner me-thod (Dyrektywa komisji 92/89/EWG), andash � according to PN-90/A-75101/08.Results were subjected to analysis of va-riance. For estimation of significance ofdifferences between compared mean va-lues the multiple-range Tukey test wasused. Variability coefficients were alsocalculated. The weather conditions duringstudy are illustrated by Sielianinov`s hydro-thermal coefficients (Tab. 1).


The biostimulator Asahi SL decreasedthe nitrate content and increased starch,total and true proteins, fibre, and ash con-tents in fresh matter (Tab. 2). In the caseof dry matter and specific proteins, only

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FIGURE 2. INFLUENCE OF A CULTIVAR TOTAL PROTEINAND TRUE PROTEIN CONTENT AND PROPORTION TRUEPROTEIN/TOTAL PROTEIN IN POTATO TUBERSSOURCE: OWN STUDY.Rysunek 2. Wp³yw odmian na zawarto�æ bia³ka ogó³em ibia³ka w³a�ciwego oraz proporcja bia³ka w³a�ciwego dobia³ka ogó³em w bulwach ziemniaka�ród³o: badania w³asne.

the tendency to their increase dueto studied biostimulator was obse-rved, which was confirmed by pre-vious data by Mikos-Bielak et al.[1999a] and Czeczko [2001].

Significant differences in thetuber chemical composition betwe-en the cultivars studied were alsorecorded. Elba cv showed the hi-ghest levels of dry matter, ash, to-tal, specific protein and nitrates,whereas Grot cv accumulated thehighest amounts of starch and Per-koz cv � of crude fibre. Responseof particular cultivars to the AsahiSL biostimulator varied in the nitra-te and ash content (Tab. 2, Fig. 2).

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FIGURE 4. INFLUENCE OFASAHI SL AND CULTIVARSON NITRATES CONTENT INFRESH MATTER OF POTATOTUBERSSOURCE: OWN STUDY.Rysunek 4. Wp³yw Asahi SL iodmian na zawarto�æ azota-nów w �wie¿ej masie bulw�ród³o: badania w³asne.

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65

FIGURE 6. INFLUENCE OF ASAHI SL ANDCULTIVARS ON CRUDE FIBRE CONTENT INTHE FRESH MATTER OF POTATO TUBERSSOURCE: OWN STUDY.Rysunek 6. Wp³yw biostymulatora Asahi SLi odmian na zawarto�æ w³ókna surowego w�wie¿ej masie bulw ziemniaka�ród³o: badania w³asne.

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The reaction of cultivars ontechnologies of the tillage was, inthe case of the content of the drymass, nitrates and the ash, diverse(Fig. 1, 4 and 5). Positive effectsof Asahi interaction with a potatocultivars were observed at Perkozcv and Grot cv, where the dry matter content increased (Fig. 1). In the case of nitrates, thebiostimulator decreased its concentration in tubers of: Grot and Elba cv As for ash � itelevated its content in tubers of: Drop, Perkoz, Grot, and Elba cv (Fig. 5). Such variedreaction of potato cultivars to Asahi application might have resulted from different mecha-nisms strengthening the cell walls and stimulating the auxins action along with activity ofnitrate reductase and tyrosine phosphatase [Starck et al. 1989, Koupil 1997]. That latterplay a key role in regulation of ionic channels and accelerates the cytoplasm and assimilatestransport from leaves to tubers [Kotyk et al. 1996, Panajatov 1997, Mikos-Bielak 2004,Harasimowicz-Hermann 2007].

Application of Asahi SL biostimulator contributed to decreasing the starch to proteinratio in potato tubers, which determines the improvement of their nutritional value (Fig. 3).In Harsimowicz-Hermann [2007] opinion, such positive effect of Asahi resulted from thefact that the agent`s components influence the cytoplasm dilution and activate so-calledcation gates, which makes the molecule movements faster in a cell, and which effectivelyaccelerates the electron transport during photosynthesis and improves the flow of assimila-tes from leaves to tubers. Moreover, due to specific regulating the calcium concentration inplant cells, it accelerates the cytoplasm flow by about 15%, which is expressed by fasterprotein, enzymes, sugars, and lipids synthesis within the plant. More effective transport ofmolecules within the cell involves faster plant`s reaction to stress conditions. In opinion ofKotyk et al. [1996], Malonova and Koupil [1997] or Czeczko and Mikos-Bielak [2004],Asahi SL stimulates polyphenols in cells by protecting them along with enzymatic sys-tems against damage and makes possible to fast reaction and plant`s adaptation to varia-ble environmental conditions (e.g. thermal shock, frost, etc.).

Concentrations of chemical components in potato tubers varied through study years(Tab.1). Significantly the highest content of dry matter, starch, and fiber in tubers wasrecorded in 2002, under sufficient rainfall in May and June, while total and specific prote-in as well as nitrates was significantly higher in 2001 with drier May and June. Theinfluence of weather conditions on tuber`s chemical observed was also observed by Urwil-ler et al. [1988], Koppen et al. [1992], Panajatov [1997], Mikos-Bielak et al [1999a,1999b], Czeczko [2001], Èerný and Ondri�ík [2003] and Sawicka [1999, 2000, 2003].

66

CONCLUSIONS

1. Biostimulator Asahi SL contributed to the decrease of nitrates, increase of starch,total protein, fiber, and ash contents in fresh tuber`s matter.

2. Studied cultivars significantly differed in reference to tuber`s chemical composition.Elba cv appeared to be the cultivar with the highest dry matter, total and specificprotein, ash, and nitrates concentrations; Grot cv contained the highest level of starch,and Perkoz cv accumulated the highest amounts of crude fiber.

3. In high-starch cultivars (Grot and Elba) biostimulator Asahi SL can decrease of nitra-tes concentration and increase of ash content in potato tubers.

4. Very early cv Drop and late Grot demonstrated the highest nutritional value oftubers under application of Asahi SL.

5. The highest dry matter, starch and fiber content in tubers was recorded in the drygrowing season, under sufficient rainfall sum in May and June, while total and speci-fic protein as well as nitrates in years with quite dry May and June.

REFERENCES

AOAC 1984: Official Methods of Analysis, 14th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Arlington,Virginia, USA.

Bakuniak E., Krawczyk M. 1995: Znaczenie regulatorów wzrostu w kompleksowych technologiach upra-wy ro�lin. Pestycydy, 6, 16-19.

Èerný I., Ondri�ík P. 2003: Influence of year and Atonik application on variability of sugar beet root yieldand digestion. JCEA, 4 (4) [http://www.agr.hr/jcea/issues/jcea4-4/jcea44_16.html].

Czeczko R. 2001: Wp³yw Atoniku-Asahi syntetycznego stymulatora wzrostu i plonowania na chemiczn¹jako�æ plonów wybranych gatunków warzyw. Maszynopis pracy dokt. AR Lublin.

Czeczko R., Mikos-Bielak M. 1997: Effect of applying the Atonik � Japanese growth stimulator invegetables cultivation. Cost 915-Copernicus CIPA-CT 940120. Workshop on Food Quality ModellingLeuven, 04-06. 07, 39.

Czeczko R. Mikos-Bielak M. 2004: Efekty stosowania biostymulatora Asahi w uprawie ró¿nych gatun-ków warzyw. Ann. UMCS, Sec. E, 59, 3, 1073-1079.

Dase T. 1978: Higher yields, better quality..... Are growth regulators the answer? World Farm, 20 (12), 8-15.Dyrektywa Komisji 92/89/EWG z dnia 3 listopada 1992 r. zmieniaj¹ca za³¹cznik I do czwartej dyrektywy

73/46/EWG ustanawiaj¹cej wspólnotowe metody analizy do celów urzêdowej kontroli pasz. Za³¹cznik�Oznaczanie w³ókna surowego�. Dziennik Urzêdowy Wspólnot Europejskich l 344/35, 26.11.1992

Harasimowicz-Hermann G. 2007: Asahi SL � innowacja w stymulowaniu produkcji rzepaku ozimego.[http://www.pdffactory.com].

Koupil S. 1996: Effect of growth regulator Atonik on some apple cultivars � effect on the shoots growth.Zahradnictv. Hortic. Sci., 23(4), 121-127.

Koppen D., Schulz H., Eich D. 1992: Influence of 85 years of differentiated organic manuring and mineralfertilizer application on sugar beet yield and quality characteristics in the long-term experiment at BadLauchstadt. Agrobiological-Research, 45 (1), 55-64.

Kotyk M., Kaminek J., Pulkarbek J., Zahradnicek J. 1996.: Effect of in vivo and in vitro application ofthe cytokinin N-6-[m-hydroxybenzyl] adenosine on respiration and membrane transport processes insugar beet. Biologia Plantarum, 38(3), 363-368.

Kraloviè J. 1980: Principy pou�ivanja regulatorov rosta. Agroch., 20(11), 322-324.Kre³owska-Kulas M. 1993. Badania jako�ci produktów spo¿ywczych. PWE, Warszawa.Kuczyñska J. 1984: Wp³yw Ergostimu i Alaru-85 na plonowanie ro�lin ziemniaka. Pestycydy, 1, 17-21.Lis B., Wierzejska-Bujakowska A. 1995: Wp³yw regulatorów wzrostu Stymulen, Kwartazyna i Lajma na

plonowanie ziemniaka odmiany Heban. Pestycydy, 1, 39-43.Malonova H., Koupil S. 1997: Toxicity of biologically active preparations Atonik and Racine. Voj. Zdrov.

Lis., 2, 12.

67

Mikos-Bielak M. 2004: Egzogenne regulatory wzrostu. Ann. UMCS, E-60, 281-292.Mikos-Bielak M., Sawicka B., Czeczko R, Rudziñska B. 1999a: Syntetyczne regulatory wzrostu w

uprawie ziemniaka. Cz. I. Wp³yw Potejtinu na wybrane sk³adniki chemiczne bulw kilkudziesiêciuodmian ziemniaka. Ann. UMCS, EEE-7, 81-90.

Mikos-Bielak M., Sawicka B., Czeczko R., Rudziñska B. 1999b: Syntetyczne regulatory wzrostu wuprawie ziemniaka. Cz. II. Wp³yw Mivalu na wybrane sk³adniki chemiczne bulw kilkudziesiêciu od-mian ziemniaka. Ann. UMCS, EEE-7, 91-99.

Panajatov N.D. 1997: Sweet pepper response to the application of the plant growth regulator Atonik.Proceedings of the First Balkan Symposium on Vegetables and Potatoes. 1, 197-202.

PN/90-A-75101/03. Zawarto�æ suchej masy w przetworach owocowych i warzywnych. Metoda wagowa.Wyd. PKN, Ars Boni Sp. z o.o., Warszawa.

PN-90/A-75101/08. Przetwory owocowe i warzywne. Oznaczanie zawarto�ci popio³u ogólnego. Wyd.PKN, Ars Boni Sp. z o.o., Warszawa.

PN-EN 12014-7: 2001. Artyku³y ¿ywno�ciowe. Oznaczanie zawarto�ci azotanów i/lub azotynów. Wyd.PKN, Ars Boni Sp. z o.o., Warszawa.

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Sawicka B. 1999: Jako�æ bulw w warunkach stosowania regulatorów wzrostu w uprawie ziemniaka. Pracazbiorowa. �rodowiskowe i agrotechniczne uwarunkowania jako�ci p³odów rolnych. Wyd. SGGW, War-szawa, 128-134.

Sawicka B. 2000: Regulatory wzrostu Mival i Potejtin w uprawie ziemniaka. Cz. II. Wp³yw regulatorów naplon bulw i jego strukturê. Biul. IHAR, 213, 61-74.

Sawicka B. 2003: Przyrodniczy i gospodarczy aspekt dolistnego stosowania preparatów Insol 7 i Atonik wuprawie ziemniaka. Acta Agrophysical, 85, 145-156.

Starck Z. 1976: Ró¿ne aspekty wp³ywu regulatorów wzrostu na fotosyntezê i przemieszczanie metaboli-tów. Wiadomo�ci Botaniczne, 20 (2), 21-32.

Starck Z., Ho³uj D., Niemyska B. 1989: Udzia³ regulatorów wzrostu w mechanizmie dystrybucji asymi-latów i jonów, warunkuj¹cej wielko�æ plonu rolniczego. Biul. Warz., 1, 129-131.

Urwiller M.T., Stutte C.A., Clark T.V. 1988: Field evaluation of bioregulans on agronomic crops inArkansas. Arct. Agric. Exp. St. Res, 371.

Vavrina C. 1997: Atonic plant growth stimulator effect on bell pepper under drip irrigation in SW Florida.Vegetable Horticulture, SVFREC Station Report, 97, 3.

68

RATE OF SPREAD OF FUNGAL DISEASES ON POTATO

PLANTS AS AFFECTED BY APPLICATION

OF A BIOREGULATOR AND FOLIAR FERTILISER

Barbara SawickaUniversity of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland

INTRODUCTION

Late blight (Phytophthora infestans [Mont.] de Bary) and early blight (Alternariasolani Ell & Mont.) are the economically most important and dangerous fungal diseasesof potato. The risk consists in direct infection of tubers and the decrease of yields [Osowski,Kapsa 2000, Kapsa 2001, Sawicka, Kapsa 2001]. The size of losses because of the lateblight of potato in the world are estimated on 8-10%, which is equivalent to 3 milliardsUSD [Schlenzig et al. 1999]. In countries of Central and Northern Europe, without theprotections from the Phytopthora infestans, they carry out depending on weather con-ditions and susceptibilities of cultivars, varied from 10 to 50% as the result of prematuredestruction of the leaves and 0-40% as the result of destructions of tubers [Tjuterev et al.1979, Kapsa, Osowski 1997, Urban 1997]. In Poland, where the protection from the latepotato blight is led only on about 40% plantations of the potato, the average losses of thecrop reachs 20-25% [Kapsa 2001, Sawicka, Kapsa 2001, Sawicka 2005]. Potato earlyblight is caused by fungi Alternaria solani and Alternaria alternata. Symptoms of thedisease, called out by these pathogen, in the first period of the development of the diseaseare often deceived with symptoms of the Phytophthora infestans. The harmfulness ofpotato early blight, as the factor lowering the crop, is considerably smaller than potato lateblight and often underestimated by farmers [Osowski 2003, 2007]. The loss of the croptubers, as the result of this disease, is estimated on 4-5% [Zarzycka, Sujkowski 1988,Osowski, Kapsa 2000].

At present, there is a tendency to replace synthetic pesticides by alternative methodsand compounds that are characterized by different action mechanism. New protectionmethods are search for plant-origin chemicals that are not toxic or slightly toxic tohumans and the environment. Biostimulators, that affect the plant�s resistance to patho-gens, are included in that group [Kraloviè 1980, Stutte, Clark 1990, Koupil 1996]. Ineffect the agricultural procedures more and more often complies substances having thecharacter of growth regulators. They can cause stimulating responses or be clasified asinhibitors depending on conditions or the character of the process, wherein partake andone of directions of their influence is the influence on the process of the photosynthesis[Kraloviè 1980, Stutte, Clark 1990]. They condition as reported by Kraloviè [1980], thetransport of electrons in the light-photosynthesis phase. There one can this evince withthe height of the crop, with the change of his chemical constitution and with other chan-

69

ges. Potential and already obtained advantages from applying of growth regulators incrop agricultural plants are: the height of crops; the increase of the resistance of plants inthe coolness and the drought; the change of the shape of tubers, the usage to require-ments of the processing industry; the modification of the quality of the crop, etc. [Sawic-ka 1994, 2003, Czeczko, Mikos-Bielak 1997, Panajatov 1997, Vavrina 1997, Ko³odziej2004]. The present study is aimed at assessment of possibilities of improvement of nutri-tional status of potato plants and of increase of their resistance to fungal diseases by theapplication of the Asahi SL growth regulator and the Insol 7 foliar fertiliser.


The field experiment was carried out in the mid-eastern part of Poland in the 2001-2003 years. It was set up in a split-block design, with the following experimental factors:A. four cultivars � Bila, Glada, Danusia, Ania,about the diverse resistance on Phytoptho-ra infestans properly: 3, 5, 5 and 5.5 in the 9° scale; and B. four treatments of a biosti-mulator or/and foliar fertiliser � Asahi SL, Insol, Asahi SL + Insol and control. Organicand mineral fertilisation was applied uniformly on all treatments: 25 t.ha-1 of manure and90 kg N, 39 kg P, 112 kg K per ha. The preparations were applied at the doses recom-mended by producers. Asahi SL was applied twice: before bloom and 2 weeks later, atthe concentration of 0.1%. Each time 3 dm3 of 0.1% of the working solution was appliedper 100 m2 of plantation. The Insol 7 fertiliser was applied at 4 dates: before bloom, at theappearance of the first symptoms of Phytophthora infestans infection, then 7, and 14days after the appearance of first spots. A single dose was 1 dm3.ha-1, in a standardworking solution. The treatments of Asahi SL or/and Insol 7 were accompanied withfungicides applied in the following sequence and doses: Tattoo C � 2.5 dm3, Curzate M �2 kg, Bravo Plus � 2 dm3, Altima 500 � 0.4 dm3, Dithane M 45 � 2 kg, and Brestanid � 0.6dm3 per ha. The first fungicide spray was considered as prophylactic, the second wasapplied at the appearance of the first infection spots, the following ones � every 7-14days. During the vegetation period, evaluation of infection by the pathogen was carriedout at every 10 days starting from the appearance of the first disease symptoms, usingthe 9. grade scale. It allowed expressing the development of the percentage of leaf areadamage in form of linear graphs. The rate of early and late blight spread was consideredas a unitary increase of an infection in time.

The observation dates were encoded assuming the first as �0�, the second as �10�,etc. The results from late blight and early blight leaf infestation were statistically proces-sed using linear regression analysis. The infestation was expressed in logarithm valuescorresponding to scores in 9-grade scale.


The weather conditions during Phytophthora infestans development in study yearsvaried, presented in Table 1. The analyses of meteorological data showed that the date ofthe first early blight symptoms appearance was about 1 week earlier than that of potatoblight (Tab. 1), which is consistent with these noted for pathogens` development biology

70

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The moment of infecting byAlternaria sp. and Phytophtho-ra infestans depended on theweather conditions in June-July.The earliest, plants were infectedby early blight in 2001 (mid ofJune), because of dry and warmweather prior to that date, whichfavoured Alternaria solani andAlternaria tennuis reproduction.Conditions favouring the Phyto-phthora infestans developmentoccurred a week later. The latest,first necroses, early blight, and lateblight symptoms were observed in2002, due to dry and warm we-ather priviciling since mid of June.The first Alternaria sp. symptomswere present in mid of July andrespectively of potato blight at theend of July (Tab. 1). The periodof the symptoms appearanceagreed with previous observationsby Kapsa and Osowski [1997] aswell as Osowski [2003]. They con-sidered following factors favo-uring the early blight development:plant weakening due to lack of nu-trients, poor moisture content, vi-rus infections, or plant�s physiolo-gical weakening. The spreadingrate of Phytophthora infestansalso appeared to be dependent on meteorological conditions during potato vegetation.The fastest rate of that pathogen spreading was observed in 2001, the slowest in 2003(Tab. 3). Sawicka [2005] achieved similar results.

The influence of resistance features of investigated cultivars mostly determined boththe date and the rate of plant�s infection by late blight and early blight (Tab. 2, Fig. 1,2,4and 6). Danusia cv appeared to be the variety with the slowest Alternaria sp. spreading,while Bila cv � the fastest (Tab. 2, Fig. 2). Potato blight had the slowest spreading onAnia cv with 5.5 level of resistance, whereas the fastest on Bila cv with 3 resistance rank(Fig. 4). The spreading rate of Phytophthora infestans on studied cultivars was sequen-ced along multinomial, the parabolic curve (Fig. 1). The spreading rate of early blight on

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FIGURE 1. INFLUENCE OF CULTIVARS RESISTANCE ON LEAF LATE BLIGHT SYMPTOMS AND RATEOF LATE BLIGHT SPREADSOURCE: OWN STUDY.Rysunek 1. Wp³yw odporno�ci odmian na zarazê li�ci i tempo szerzenia siê Phytophthora infestans�ród³o: badania w³asne.

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FIGURE 4. RATE OF EARLY BLIGHT SPREAD ON POTATO CULTIVARSSOURCE: OWN STUDY.Rysunek 4. Tempo szerzenia siê alternariozy na odmianach ziemniaka�ród³o: badania w³asne.

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studied varieties was sequencedalong multinomial, the 3-degree curve(Fig. 6). The influence of immunologi-cal features on infection date, and Al-ternaria sp. and Phytophthora infe-stans spreading rates was confirmedby Kapsa and Osowski [1997], Kapsa[2001], as well as Osowski [2003,2007]. Sawicka and Kapsa [2001] aswell as Kapsa [2001] claimed that pro-tective effect towards potato plantsagainst blight depends on plant�s resi-stance to that pathogen and its reac-tion towards substance biologically ac-tive of fungicides � propamokarb and

chlorotalonil application. In their opinion � the chemical protection against potato lateblight may prolong of the period of the crop vegetation period from 3 to 51 days, depen-ding on the cultivars.

Integrated potato protection using bio-stimulator Asahi and foliage fertilizer Insol allo-wed for delaying the Phytophthora infestans and Alternaria sp. appearance on a plan-tation and prolongation of plant�s vegetation period by 9-12 days. Applying only Asahidelayed that moment by 6-8 days, and application of Insol � by 2-6 days, depending onyear of study (Tab. 1). Growth regulator Asahi SL improves the plant�s biological poten-tial and may be applied at all stages of potato development. It can be used not only toincrease potato yields, but also to enhance their resistance to frost and other negativeatmospheric and biotic factors [Stutte, Clark 1990, Malonova, Koupil 1997, Panajatov1997, Vavrina 1997, Sawicka 2003, Wojdy³a 2004]. According to Wojdy³a [2004], AtonikSL when applied at 1% concentration 4 times every 7 days for plants in order to protectthem against Sphaeroheca pannosa and Diplocarpon rosae, resulted in 3-fold decre-asing their infestation level, and used against Melompsora epitea � caused 7-fold decre-ase of uredinias arrangements as compared to leaves of non-sprayed plants. Stutte andClark [1990], Panajtov [1997], Czeczko and Mikos-Bielak [2004] found that Asahi SLstimulates the accumulation of polyphenols in cells that protect cells and their enzymaticsystems against damage and makes possible to faster reaction and plant�s adaptation tovariable environmental conditions. More efficient molecules transport means faster reac-tion of plants to stress conditions.

A positive effect of Asahi SL biostimulator application was recorded in the presentedexperiments. It manifested in a prolongation of period of 50% leaf blades area damage by7 days in the case of Phytophthora infestans and by 2 days for Alternaria sp. (Fig. 3and 5). Sawicka and Ku� [2000] observed that prolonging the potato vegetation period bya single day caused the increase of tuber yields by 796 kg per ha. In opinion of Stutte andClark [1990] as well as Czeczko and Mikos-Bielak [2004], growth stimulator Asahi SL,due to phenolic compounds content, helps those natural processes. Components of AsahiSL make the cytoplasm dilution, activate so-called cation gates, which results in much

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FIGURE 6. INFLUENCE OF THE POTATO CULTIVARS RESISTANCE ON EARLY BLIGHT AND RATE OFALTERNARIA SP. SPREADRysunek 6. Wp³yw odporno�ci odmian na alternariozê i tempo szerzenia siê Alternaria sp.

FIGURE 5. RATE OF EARLY BLIGHT SPREAD ON POTATO PLANTS DEPENDED UPON BIOSTIMULA-TORS APPLICATIONRysunek 5. Tempo szerzenia siê alternariozy na ro�linach ziemniaka w zale¿no�ci od stosowaniabiostymulatorów

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faster transport of molecules within a cell, which in turn effectively accelerates the elec-tron transport during photosynthesis, increases intake of minerals by roots and leaves oftreated plants, and improves the flow of assimilation products from leaves to tubers.

Some foliage fertilizers also make possible to rational plant�s nutrition, increase resi-stance plant additive to diseases during vegetation period � depending on current require-ments [Grze�kiewicz, Trawczyñski 1998, Sawicka 2003]. According to Jab³oñski andBernat [2001], nitrogen introduced through potato leaves in a form of complementaryfertilization using microelement agents, can be taken by a plant in 4-5 hours in 20%, andtotally after 3 days. Fertilizing concentrate Insol 7 was applied in present experiments. Itreduced the rate of Phytophthora infestans spreading by 2 days, on average, and Alter-naria sp. spreading rate by 6 days (Fig. 3 and 5), it can be therefore considered as usefultreatment in integrated potato production. In opinion of Urban [1997], Truchner [1999],Jab³oñski and Bernat [2001] as well as Bolig³owa [2003] and Ko³odziej [2004] applyingthis type of fertilizers in very diluted form makes difficult to pathogen development, whichcontributes to lower of pesticiduse.

CONCLUSIONS

1. Prolonged vegetation period of plants and thus reduction of yield losses resulted fromthe combined application of the Asahi biostimulator and the Insol 7 foliar fertilizer onchoosen potato cultivars.

2. Insol 7 may be applied not only as foliage fertilizer, but also as an agent that inhibitsthe early blight and in part potato late blight development, but only in combined appli-cation with fungicides.

3. Danusia cv appeared to be the variety with the slowest early blight spreading rate,while potato late blight showed the slowest spread on Ania cv.

4. Asahi SL may be recommended for potato cultivation, not only due to yield increase,but also because its ability to reduce the rate of Phytophthora infestans and Alter-naria sp. spreading as well as restricting these pathogens development. Its action isparticularly valuable when plants are exposed to thermal and moisture stress condi-tions.

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Czeczko R., Mikos-Bielak M. 1997. Effect of applying the Atonik � Japanese growth stimulator invegetables cultivation. Cost 915-Copernicus CIPA-CT 940120, Workshop on Food Quality Modelling.Leuven, 04-06.07, 39.

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Kapsa J., Osowski J. 1997: Skuteczno�æ zwalczania zarazy ziemniaka z uwzglêdnieniem aspektów ochro-ny �rodowiska i czynników ekologicznych. [W:] Ochrona ziemniaka. Konf. Nauk., Ko³obrzeg, 9-10kwietnia, 54-59.

Ko³odziej B. 2004: Wp³yw Atoniku oraz nawo¿enia dolistnego na plonowanie i jako�æ surowca ¿eñszeniaamerykañskiego (Panax quinquefolium L .). Ann. UMCS, Sec., E, 59, 1, 157-162.

Koupil S. 1999. Effect of growth regulator Atonik on some apple cultivars � effect on the shoots growth.Zahradnictv. Hort. Sci. 23 (4), 121-127.

Kraloviè J. 1980: Principy pou�ivanja regulatorov rosta. Agroch., 20 (11), 322-324.Malonova H., Koupil S. 1997: Toxicity of biologically active preparations Atonik and Racine. Voj. Zdrov.

Lis, 2, 12.Osowski J. 2003: Occurrence and control of early blight (Alternaria sp.) on potato crops. 8th International

Congress of Plant Pathology. Christchurch, New Zealand, 2-7.03. 5, 4.Osowski J. 2007: Termin wyst¹pienia pierwszych objawów alternariozy ziemniaka w zale¿no�ci od roku i

województwa. Post. Och. Ro�l., 47, (2), 216-223.Osowski J., Kapsa J. 2000: Wystêpowanie ospowato�ci bulw ziemniaka w Polsce w latach 1987-1998.

Mat. Konf.,,Ochrona Ziemniaka�. Ko³obrzeg 4-5.04, 224-226.Panajatov N.D. 1997: The effect of plant growth regulator Atonik on the yield and quality of the reproduced

seeds of sweet pepper. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 462:197-202 http://www.actahort.org/books/462/462_27.htm.Sawicka B. 1994: Zmienno�æ pojawiania siê i szerzenia Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary w warun-

kach stosowania dwóch regulatorów wzrostu. Pestycydy, (3).Sawicka B. 2003: Przyrodnicze i gospodarcze aspekty dolistnego stosowania preparatów Insol 7 i Atonik

w uprawie ziemniaka. Acta Agrophysica, 85, 145-156.Sawicka B. 2005: Terminy pojawiania siê i rozwoju Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary w zmiennych

warunkach pola uprawnego. Acta Agrophysica, 6 (2), 537-547.Sawicka B., Ku� J. 2000: Plon i jako�æ ziemniaka w zale¿no�ci od systemu produkcji. Pam. Pu³., 120, 379-

389.Sawicka B., Kapsa J. 2001: Effect of varietal resistance and chemical protection on the potato late blight

(Phytophthora infestans [Mont.] de Bary). Proc. Conf. Papers. EAPR, Poznañ, 10-15.07, 79-80.Schlenzig A., Habermayer J., Zinkernagel V. 1999: Serological detection of latent infection with Phytoph-

thora infestans in potato stems. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pfl., 105 (1), 22-33.Stutte C.A., Clark T.H. 1990: Radiolabeled studies of Atonic in cotton HPLC. Ed. by University Arkansas,

171-174.Tjuterev S.L., Tariakowskij S.A., Melojan V.V. 1979: Vlijanie nekatorych fungicidov i biologièeski akti-

vnych ve�èestv na inducirovannyj Phytophthora infestans biosintez fitoaleksinov v klubnjach kartofelja.Dokl. Vses. Akad. Sel. Choz. Nauk, 9, 18-21.

Truchner T. 1999: Reihedüngung zu Kartoffeln. Kartoffelbau, 1/2, 16-19.Urban H. 1997: Ertrage optimieren durch gezielte Blattdüngung. Kartoffelbau, 4, 132-134.Vavrina C. 1997: Atonic plant growth stimulator. Effect on tomato under seepage irrigation in SW Florida.

Veget. Hortic. SVFRC Station Report, 97, 4.Wojdy³a A.T. 2004: Effectiveness of Atonik SL in the control of powdery mildew, black spot and rust. Folia

Hortic. Ann., 16 (1), 175-181.Zarzycka H., Sujkowski L. 1988: Choroby grzybowe w okresie wegetacji na materia³ach hodowlanych

ziemniaka w M³ochowie. Zesz. Nauk. AR-T Olsztyn, 47, 13-23.

77

APPLICATION OF GROWTH REGULATORS IN POTATO

SEED PRODUCTION FROM MICROTUBERS

Krystyna RykaczewskaPlant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, Jadwisin, Poland

INTRODUCTION

Growth regulators have been applied in potato seed production for many years. Theymake it possible to break dormancy during autumn, just after harvest, for the detection ofplant virus diseases by tuber indexing. In the beginning, a method based on the use ofgibberellic acid was the most useful in practice [Bruisma et al. 1967], as was one employ-ing thiourea [Palladina, Pervova 1966]. Subsequently, Kordziñska [1968] developed amethod of using both gibberellic acid and thiourea simultaneously. Pietkiewicz [1983]compared the method of breaking tuber dormancy in a few potato cultivars by means ofa mixture of gibberellic acid and thiourea with the method employing a mixture of gibbe-rellic acid and kinetin. The rate of eye sprouting, measured by the number of days fromtreatment, was similar for the products tested, but in the case of the mixture of GA withthiourea a negative effect, manifested in deformations or chlorotic discoloration, wassometimes observed in the initial stages of plant growth.

The response of potato to growth regulators in tuber indexing is not always uniformand depends on the cultivar. In the year 2004, Wróbel [2007] began a study on newcultivars in respect the sprouting capability of tuber pieces using a mixture of gibberellicacid and thiourea. More than thirty cultivars were tested and some of them were charac-terized by a very low rate of sprouting. However, increasing the concentration of growthregulators is not recommended because of the risk of morphological changes in the plantand difficulties in detecting virus diseases.

The duration of potato dormancy is a genetic trait independent of a particular cultivar.Early cultivars are sometimes characterized by a long dormancy period, while late culti-vars stay dormant for a short period [Rykaczewska 1993, 1996]. Polish potato cultivarsgenerally reach the end of dormancy between October and January, but this period canbe shorter or longer as a result of different weather conditions during vegetative plantgrowth [Rykaczewska 1993, 1998]. Studies conducted in the years 1977-1995 showedthat the differences in the duration of this physiological state between several growingperiods were from 12 to 33 days depending on the experimental series, but generallyranged from 1 to 60 days [Rykaczewska 1998]. Detailed analysis of cultivars bred in theyears 1955-1995 revealed that the number of cultivars with a short dormancy perioddecreased, while the number of those with a long dormancy period increased, in several5-year periods [Rykaczewska 1997].

78

In recent years, interest in potato multiplication by microtubers has considerably in-creased [Rykaczewska 2006, 2007a, b, Rykaczewska, Bruski 2006]. Their implementa-tion into the breeding practice makes it possible to halve the time of potato seed produc-tion. Microtubers as a means of potato multiplication have been regarded as an alternati-ve to plant propagation in vitro; however, due to the possibility of producing microtubersall year round, this method is much more effective. The most important problem is theadaptation of the physiological age of seed material in vitro to the date of planting [Ranalliet al. 1994, Coleman, Coleman 2000, Kawakami et al. 2003, Rykaczewska, Bruski 2006].In potato seed production, dormancy has normally been broken by using the routine me-thods for tuber indexing, in which not the whole tubers, which are very resistant to thistreatment, but only their pieces are used. At present, there is no information concerningpossibilities of shortening the dormancy period in microtubers of different physiologicalage. The aim of the work was to break dormancy in physiologically young microtubers bymeans of growth regulators and to assess the vigour of the seed material.


The experiment was carried out in 2007 and involved four potato cultivars: Irys (veryearly), Adam, Cekin, Irga (medium early). The seed material used had been harvested invitro on two periods: at the beginning of February and at the beginning of March. Thebreeder was the Plant Breeding Company in Szyldak. In the experiment, microtubers ofabout 50 mg were used [Phot.1]. First, the microtubers from the two harvest periodswere observed in terms of their ability to sprout. Afterwards, the physiologically youngermicrotubers (those harvested in March) were treated with growth regulators in the formof an aqueous solution of a mixture of gibberellic acid (GA3) and thiourea (H2NCSNH2).Their concentrations are shown in Tab. 1. The treatment time was 15 minutes. Thepercentage of sprouting microtubers in relation to their physiological age and the appliedgrowth regulators was determined in three replicates with 50 microtubers each. Theywere laid out in Petri dishes on a slightly damp blotter. The observations were made on 7and 15 May.

PHOTOGRAPHY 1. POTATO MICROTUBERS OFTESTED CULTIVARS IN PETRI DISHES OF 10 CMDIAMETER (PHOTO: AUTHORS)Fotografia 1. Mikrobulwy ziemniaka badanych odmianw szalkach Petriego o �rednicy 10 cm (fot. Autor)

PHOTOGRAPHY 2. POTATO PLANTS GROWNFROM MICROTUBERS IN BOXES � IN GREENHOUSE(PHOTO: AUTHORS)Fotografia 2. Ro�liny ziemniaka wyros³e z mikrobulww skrzynkach � w hali wegetacyjnej (fot. Autor)

79

Sprouted microtubers were planted on 15 Mayin boxes with a surface area of 1925 cm2 (55 x35 cm) and depth of 14 cm, filled with a peatsubstrate produced in Pas³êk. The experiment wasconducted in a greenhouse, in three replicates.Each replicate comprised one box with 12 plants[Phot. 2]. During the growing period, the plantswere carefully watered and fertilized with Osmo-form at a rate of 1 kg . m-3 of soil. From the end ofJune, treatments against Phythophtora infestansde Bary and Alternaria solani, as well as theColorado beetle, were applied regularly every 10-14 days. The harvest took place on 20 August.The effect of the tested factors on the multiplica-tion coefficient, yield, mass of 1 minituber, thenumber of minitubers from 1 m2, and the percentage distribution of minituber size frac-tions in the total number of minitubers and in the yield. The statistical evaluation was donewith analysis of variance (two-ways ANOVA) using the t-Student test at P< 0,05 and P<0,01 to compare means.

RESULTS

Sprouting of microtubers depending on physiological age. Highly significantdifferences in the sprouting of microtubers obtained in vitro at the beginning of Februaryand those obtained at the beginning of March were confirmed (Fig. 1). On 7 May, thepercentage of physiologically older microtubers that had sprouted was 87.5% on avera-ge, and ranged from 80% in the case of the cultivars Cekin and Irga to 100% in the caseof the cultivar Irys. On the same date of observations, physiologically younger microtu-bers were in a state of dormancy � 30% of those of the cultivar Irys had sprouted, andonly 10% of Irga, while Adam and Cekin were not able to sprout.

FIGURE 1. PERCENT OFSPROUTED MICROTU-BERS OF TESTEDCULTIVARS ON 7TH MAYDEPENDING ON THE DATEOF HARVEST FROM INVITROSOURCE: OWN STUDY.Rysunek 1. Procentkie³kuj¹cych mikrobulwbadanych odmian w dniu 7maja w zale¿no�ci odterminu zbioru z in vitro�ród³o: badania w³asne.

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Sprouting of microtubers depending on growth regulators. A significant ef-fect of the tested growth regulators on the percentage of sprouting microtubers obtainedin vitro in March was confirmed (Tab. 2 and 3). The growth regulators used at the lowerconcentration (B) caused 100% of the microtubers of cv Irys to sprout and 90% of thoseof cv Irga. Dormancy in cvs Adam and Cekin had not been fully broken by that time. Theapplication of growth regulators at the higher concentration (C) resulted in a furtherincrease in the number of sprouted microtubers. On average, the rate of sprouting for thetested cultivars was 96.5%, and this allowed planting to begin.

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Multiplication coefficient. The effect of the tested growth regulators on the multi-plication coefficient was highly significant (Tab. 2 and 4), but the cultivars did not allrespond in the same way. The cultivar Adam, Cekin and Irga responded by increasing themultiplication coefficient at the lower concentration of the growth regulators (B) by 1.36on average, and at the higher concentration (C) by a further 0.84. The cultivar Irysshowed the opposite response by decreasing this coefficient.

FIGURE 2. NUMBER OF MINITUBERS OF TESTED CULTIVARSFROM 1 m-2 DEPENDING ON GROWTH REGULATORS CON-CENTRATIONEXPLANATION AND SOURCE: SEE TAB. 1.Rysunek 2. Liczba minibulw badanych odmian z 1 m2

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Number of minitubersfrom 1 m2. The significant po-sitive effect of the growth re-gulators on the number of mi-nitubers from a surface area of1 m2 was confirmed in the caseof three cultivars tested: Adam,Cekin and Irga (Tab. 2 and Fig.2). The application of thegrowth regulators at the lowerconcentration (B) caused thenumber of minitubers to incre-ase on average by 83 in rela-tion to the control, and at thehigher concentration (C) � byan additional 58 minitubers. Theresponse of cv Irys was diffe-rent. Following the applicationof the growth regulators, it sho

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wed a tendency towards decreasing the number of minitubers. The cultivar Irga distingu-ished itself with the highest number of minitubers (589 m-2 in treatment C).

Yield. The growth regulators were not found to have an effect on minituber yield(Tab. 2 and Fig. 3). Significant differences were found only between the cultivars. Thecultivar Irys was marked by the highest yield (7.00 kg.m-2), and cv Adam by the lowest(5.10 kg . m-2). The levels of yielding of cvs Cekin and Irga were very similar (6.03 and6.05 kg . m-2, respectively).

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growth regulators were applied at the lower concentration (B), and by 1.7 g when theywere applied at the higher concentration (C). The cultivar Irys did not show a similarresponse.

Percentage distribution of minitubers� size in their total number and yield.The growth regulators had a significant influence on increasing the percentage share ofminitubers of a smaller size (1-2 cm and 2-3 cm ) in their total number, and on decreasingthe percentage share of bigger minitubers (3-4 cm) (Fig. 4). The differences between theother three size fractions (<1, 4-5 and >5 cm) were not significant. The 2-3 cm fractionhad the highest percentage share in the total number of minitubers, while the 3-4 cmfraction had the highest share in their total mass (Fig. 5). No significant effect of thetested growth regulators on the percentage distribution of minitubers� size in the totalyield was found.

FIGURE 4. PERCENTAGEDISTRIBUTION OF MINITU-BERS SIZE IN TOTALNUMBER DEPENDING ONGROWTH REGULATORSCONCENTRATIONEXPLANATION AND SOURCE:SEE TAB. 1.Rysunek 4. Procentowyudzia³ poszczególnychwielko�ci minibulw w ogólnejliczbie w zale¿no�ci odstê¿enia regulatorówwzrostuObja�nienia i �ród³o: jak wtab. 1.

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DISCUSSION

Breaking the dormancy of tuber pieces is much easier than breaking the dormancy ofwhole tubers because the process of cutting is itself a factor that has a significant influenceon shortening this physiological stage [Roztropowicz, Rykaczewska 1980]. To break thedormancy of whole tubers, Jbour [2003] used gibberellic acid in concentrations from 5 to 50ppm for a period of 6 hours. He obtained better results when the tubers were additionallyslightly cut before the application of growth regulators. The present work showed thatbreaking the dormancy of whole microtubers is possible by bathing them for 15 minutes inan aqueous solution of gibberellic acid and thiourea. However, the optimal concentration ofthe solution of growth regulators depends on the cultivar. For cv Irys, with a shorter physio-logical dormancy period, the lower concentration of the growth regulators proved sufficient(0.3 ppm gibberellic acid and 0.6% thiourea), but for cvs Adam, Cekin and Irga the higherconcentration (1.4 ppm gibberellic acid and 0.6 % thiourea) was more favourable.

In potato production, seed vigour is mostly determined by the seeds� ability to yield[Rykaczewska 2007b], but the most important parameter is the coefficient of multiplication.Earlier experiments, showed that multiplication coefficient of microtubers of 14 cultivarswas by 27% higher than that of plants in vitro, and was 10.59 on average [Rykaczewska2007a]. In a study conducted in 2007, this coefficient was a little lower [Rykaczewska2007c]. When the microtubers tested were physiologically younger, their multiplication co-efficient was only 5.37. However, thanks to the application of growth regulators, a signifi-cant increase to 7.32 was obtained. In a similar study in a greenhouse [Pruski et al. 2003a],this coefficient ranged between 1.57 and 3.49 for six cultivars tested. In a subsequent test[Pruski et al. 2003b], it was higher and ranged between 2.22 and 3.97. Kawakami et al.[2003] did not demonstrate the multiplication coefficient, but under field conditions theyobtained marketable tubers (heavier than 20 g) at a level ranging only between 47.5 and66.3 per m2. Decreasing mass of an individual minituber at a rising multiplication coefficientof microtubers seems to be a regularity in the case of planting in boxes with a peat substra-te, which is indicated by the results of a few other greenhouse experiments [Rykaczewska2007a,c].

CONCLUSIONS

1. Microtubers of the tested cultivars obtained in vitro at the beginning of March werestill in a state of physiological dormancy two months later.

2. Application of growth regulators in the form of an aqueous solution of a mixture ofgibberellic acid (GA3) and thiourea ((H2NCSNH2) was an effective treatment ofbreaking the dormancy of the tested seed material.

3. The use of growth regulators improved microtubers� vigour, which was reflected in ahigher multiplication coefficient.

4. The optimal concentration of the mixture of growth regulators for breaking microtu-bers� dormancy and improving the multiplication coefficient depended on the cultivar.

5. Application of growth regulators was not found to have an effect on the yield.6. The tested growth regulators had a significant influence on the percentage distribu-

tion of minitubers� size in their total number.

85

REFERENCES

Bruisma I., Sinnema A., Bakker D. 1967: The use of gibberellic acid (GA) and N-dimethylaminosucinamicacid (B-9) in testing of seed potatoes for virus infection. Eur. Potato J., 10, 2, 136-152.

Coleman W.K., Coleman S.E. 2000: Modification of potato microtuber dormancy during induction andgrowth in vitro and ex vitro. Am. J. Potato Res., 77, 103-110.

Jbour M. 2003: Potato tuber dormancy period and ways of its regulation. Doctoral thesis, Plant Breedingand Acclimatization Institute, Poland, Jadwisin, 128 p.

Kawakami J., Iwama K., Hasegawa T., Jitsuyama Y. 2003: Growth and yield of potato plants grown frommicrotubers in fields. Am. J. Potato Res., 80, 371-378.

Kordziñska I. 1968: Nowe sposoby pobudzania wycinków oczkowych. Biul. Bran¿. HRiN, Dodatkowapublikacja specjalistyczna, nr 7, 45-53.

Palladina T.A., Pervova J. 1966: Vlijanije stimulatorov prorastanija na anatomobiochimiceskije osobennostirostkov u klubnej kartofelka. Fizj. Rast., 13, 283-289.

Pietkiewicz E. 1983: Porównanie skuteczno�ci przerywania spoczynku bulw przy u¿yciu wybranychpreparatów. Comparison of the efficiency of breaking tuber dormancy with some chemicals. Biul. Inst.Ziemn., 30, 17-28.

Pruski K., Astatkie T., Duplessis P., Stewart L., Nowak J., Struik P.C. 2003a: Manipulation of micro-tubers for direct field utilization in seed production. Am. J. Potato Res., 80, 173-181.

Pruski K., Astatkie T., Duplessis P., Lewis T., Nowak J., Struik P. 2003b: Use of jasmonate for conditio-ning of potato plantlets and microtubers in greenhouse production of minitubers. Am. J. Potato Res., 80,183-193.

Ranalli P.F., Ruaro G., Del Re P., Di Candilo M., Mandolino G. 1994: Microtuber and minituberproduction and field performance compared with normal tubers. Potato Res., 37, 383-391.

Roztropowicz S., Rykaczewska K. 1980: Próba zwiêkszenia liczby ³odyg i zawi¹zywanych bulw wro�linie ziemniaka wyrastaj¹cej z jednego sadzeniaka. Biul. Inst. Ziemn., 25, 95-110.

Rykaczewska K. 1993: Wiek fizjologiczny bulw ziemniaka jako czynnik modyfikuj¹cy produktywno�æro�lin. Fragm. Agron., 38, 5-51.

Rykaczewska K. 1996: Okres spoczynku minibulw piêciu odmian ziemniaka. Biul. Inst. Ziemn., 47, 37-43.Rykaczewska K. 1997: Zmienno�æ okresu spoczynku bulw odmian ziemniaka wyhodowanych w latach

1955-1994. Biul. Inst. Ziemn., 48/ II, 59-63.Rykaczewska K. 1998: Zmienno�æ okresu spoczynku bulw ziemniakaw zale¿no�ci od warunków pogody

w okresie wegetacji. Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Roln., 463, 269-280.Rykaczewska K. 2003: Assessment of a rate of physiological ageing of Polish potato cultivars by field

method. Fragm. Agron., 3, 65-74.Rykaczewska K. 2006: Wp³yw wieku fizjologicznego mikrobulw na wspó³czynnik rozmna¿ania ziemnia-

ka. Mat. konf. Nasiennictwo i ochrona ziemniaka. Ko³obrzeg, 30-31 marca, 113-114.Rykaczewska K. 2007a: Potencja³ plonotwórczy i wspó³czynnik rozmna¿ania mikrobulw i ro�lin in vitro

wybranych odmian ziemniaka. Mat. konf. Nasiennictwo i ochrona ziemniaka. Ko³obrzeg, 19-20 kwiet-nia, 99-101.

Rykaczewska K. 2007b: Wigor sadzeniaków 24 odmian ziemniaka w zale¿no�ci od wieku fizjologicznego.Mat. konf. Nasiennictwo i ochrona ziemniaka. Ko³obrzeg, 19-20 kwietnia, 105-107.

Rykaczewska K. 2007c: Opracowanie technologii podwy¿szajacej wspó³czynnik rozmna¿ania materia³unasiennego produkowanego pod os³onami z mikrobulw ziemniaka. Raport z realizacji tematu zleconegoprzez Hodowlê Ro�lin w Szyldaku. Jadwisin, czê�æ II, 47 pp.

Rykaczewska K., Bruski R. 2006: Zastosowanie mikrobulw w nasiennictwie ziemniaka. Mat. konf. Na-siennictwo i ochrona ziemniaka. Ko³obrzeg, 30-31 marca, 117-119.

Wróbel S. 2007: Reakcja nowych odmian ziemniaka na przerywanie okresu spoczynku na potrzeby próbyoczkowej. Mat. konf. Nasiennictwo i ochrona ziemniaka. Ko³obrzeg, 19-20 kwietnia, 39-40.

86

WP£YW PREPARATU BIO-ALGEEN S-90 NA PLON I JAKO�ÆPOMIDORA DROBNOOWOCOWEGO

Renata Dobromilska, Kamila Gubarewicz

STRESZCZENIE

Badania prowadzone w latach 2004-2006 mia³y na celu okre�lenie wp³ywu stosowania preparatu z algmorskich na wzrost i plonowanie pomidora drobnoowocowego odmiany Conchita F1. Pomidory uprawianow wysokim, nieogrzewanym tunelu foliowym. Nasiona wysiano w szklarni mno¿arce 20 marca, a rozsadêsadzono w tunelu foliowym po 15 maja w rozstawie 1,4 x 0,25 m. Preparat Bio-algeen S-90 stosowano wstê¿eniu 0,3% w formie oprysku wykonanego jednorazowo, dwukrotnie, trzykrotnie i czterokrotnie. Po razpierwszy ro�liny opryskano w fazie 2-3 li�ci w³a�ciwych. Drugi oprysk wykonano tu¿ przed sadzeniemro�lin, trzeci na pocz¹tku kwitnienia, a czwarty w pocz¹tkowej fazie plonowania ro�lin. Pomidory prowa-dzono na 6 gron. Owoce zbierano od 3 dekady lipca do 1 dekady wrze�nia.

Pomiary biometryczne ro�lin prowadzone w trakcie okresu wegetacji wykaza³y, ¿e wysoko�æ ro�linzale¿a³a istotnie od liczby oprysków preparatem Bio-algeen S-90. Ro�liny kontrolne osi¹gnê³y �redni¹ wyso-ko�æ 136,6 cm, podczas gdy ro�liny trzykrotnie traktowane Bio-algeenem S-90 by³y o 6,6 cm wy¿sze.Ro�liny kontrolne wytworzy³y tak¿e najmniej li�ci. Zastosowanie Bio-algeenu, niezale¿nie od liczby opry-sków, zwiêkszy³o liczbê li�ci o 1,2 sztuki. Jedno, dwu i trzykrotne opryskiwanie ro�lin zwiêkszy³o �rednicê³odygi pomidora �rednio o 0,87 mm w stosunku do kontroli i do ro�lin, u których preparat stosowano cztero-krotnie. Liczba wytworzonych kwiatów oraz zawi¹zanych owoców zale¿a³a istotnie od dozowania Bio-algeenu S-90. Najwiêksz¹ liczbê kwiatów i owoców zawi¹za³y ro�liny, które by³y opryskiwane preparatemdwukrotnie. Jednak¿e by³y to owoce o mniejszej �rednicy. Stosowanie Bio-algeenu zwiêkszy³o istotnie plonogólny i handlowy owoców. Najwiêksze plony uzyskano w przypadku trzykrotnego stosowania preparatu.Owoce ro�lin traktowanych Bio-algeenem zawiera³y wiêcej suchej masy i witaminy C.

ADRES DO KORESPONDENCJI:

Renata Dobromilska, Kamila GubarewiczUniwersytet Przyrodniczy w SzczecinieWydzia³ Kszta³cenia �rodowiskai RolnictwaKatedra Warzywnictwaul. Janosika 871-424 Szczecintel. (0 91) 422 08 51 wew. 365e-mail: [email protected]

87

EFEKTY STOSOWANIA BIOSTYMULATORÓW W UPRAWIEPOMIDORA SZKLARNIOWEGO ODMIANY ALBONEY F1

Krzysztof Kossak, Barbara Dyki

STRESZCZENIE

Celem pracy by³o wykorzystanie w produkcji pomidora szklarniowego �rodków � biostymulatorówwp³ywaj¹cych korzystnie na ilo�æ i jako�æ plonu. Prowadzono równie¿ badania mikroskopowe dla wyja-�nienia morfologicznych podstaw wp³ywu tych substancji na strukturê korzenia i tkanek przewodz¹cychro�lin. Zastosowano w uprawie ro�lin pomidora Alboney F1 nastêpuj¹ce �rodki: Bio-algeen S90 � 0,2%, BioJodis � 0,04%, Resistim � 0,01%, Goëmar Goteo � 0,1% i 0,2% oraz Tytanit � 0,02% w formie podlewaniai w formie oprysku. Preparaty w ró¿nym stopniu wykaza³y korzystne dzia³anie na plon ro�lin pomidoraodmiany Alboney F1. Obrazy mikroskopowe pozwoli³y porównaæ budowê wi¹zek przewodz¹cych wodê,a wstêpne pomiary komórek wskaza³y na lepiej rozbudowan¹, ni¿ w kontroli tkankê ksylemu po traktowa-niu ro�lin niektórymi biostymulatorami, w�ród których wyró¿nia³ siê Goëmar-Goteo i Bio Jodis. Podwp³ywem Tytanitu dochodzi³o do wcze�niejszego rozwoju kwiatów, lepszego zapylenia i szybszego za-wi¹zywania owoców, co spowodowa³o wiêkszy plon wczesny ni¿ w innych obiektach.

ADRES DO KORSPONDENCJI:

mgr in¿. Krzysztof KossakGospodarstwo Ogrodnicze �Eko Warta�ul. Cegielniana 1798-290 Warta

doc. dr hab. Barbara DykiInstytut Warzywnictwa w Skierniewicachul. Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/396-100 Skierniewicetel. (0 46) 833 28 76e-mail: [email protected]

88

WP£YW PREPARATU GOTEO NA PLON I JAKO�Æ OWOCÓWPOMIDORA W UPRAWIE NA WE£NIE MINERALNEJ

Katarzyna Kowalczyk, Teresa Zielony

STRESZCZENIE

W uprawie pomidora na we³nie mineralnej w cyklu ca³orocznym, czêsto wystêpuj¹ nieprawid³owo�ciwzrostu ro�lin spowodowane ró¿nymi czynnikami. Oczekuje siê zwiêkszenia tolerancji ro�lin na warunkistresowe stosuj¹c w uprawie ró¿ne biopreparaty.

Badano wp³yw preparatu Goteo na plon wczesny, ogólny i handlowy oraz na �redni¹ masê i jako�æowoców czterech odmian pomidora w uprawie na we³nie mineralnej. W owocach badano zawarto�æ suchejmasy i wybranych sk³adników chemicznych. Na podstawie analiz li�ci i po¿ywki, oceniano stopieñ od¿y-wienia ro�lin. Preparat Goteo w stê¿eniu 0,1% podawano razem z po¿ywk¹ do fertygacji ro�lin. Stosowanogo zaraz po posadzeniu oraz kilkakrotnie w ci¹gu okresu uprawy, w czasie wystêpowania wysokich tempe-ratur.

Plonowanie ro�lin i jako�æ owoców zale¿a³y od odmiany i terminu zbioru owoców. Stwierdzono ró¿nicew reakcji odmian na preparat Goteo. Stwierdzono dodatni efekt preparatu Goteo na plon wczesny pomido-rów, liczbê zebranych owoców oraz zawarto�æ suchej masy. Najwy¿szy plon wczesny (liczony do 20 lipca)i ca³kowity (do koñca listopada) uzyskano z odmiany Admiro F1 odpowiednio 18,7 i 39,0 kg·m-2 (�rednie zdwóch lat). Przy stosowaniu Goteo, plon wczesny u Admiro F1 by³ wy¿szy (19,1) kg·m-2 ni¿ bez Goteo(18,3 kg·m-2).

ADRES DO KORSPONDENCJI:

dr Katarzyna KowalczykSzko³a G³ówna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w WarszawieKatedra Ro�lin Warzywnych i Leczniczychul. Nowoursynowska 15902-787 Warszawatel. (0 22) 593 22 38e-mail: [email protected]

89

WZROST, ROZWÓJ I ODPORNO�Æ NA WYBRANE SZKODNIKIPOMIDORA SZKLARNIOWEGO TRAKTOWANEGO HARPIN¥I GREWITEM

Ma³gorzata Kie³kiewicz, Bartosz Willimowski, Paulina Szaryñska

STRESZCZENIE

Ostatnio w literaturze pojawi³o siê wiele prac wskazuj¹cych na stymuluj¹ce dzia³anie preparatów nabazie naturalnych zwi¹zków na wzrost, rozwój i plonowanie ro�lin rolniczych. Niewiele wiadomo o znacze-niu tych �rodków w indukowaniu odporno�ci na szkodniki. Celem tej pracy by³o zbadanie wp³ywu trakto-wania ro�lin pomidora szklarniowego (Solanum lycopersicum Müller) harpin¹ (bia³ko z Erwinia amylovora)i Grevitem (ekstrakt z grejpfruta) na rozwój przêdziorka chmielowca (Tetranychus urticae Koch, Acarina:Tetranychidae) i larw sówki bawe³nówki (Spodoptera littoralis Boisd., Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Ocenionote¿ oddzia³ywanie tych biostymulatorów na wzrost ro�lin i sk³ad chemiczny li�ci.

Ro�liny pomidora ros³y w warunkach szklarniowych. Podzielono je na 3 grupy do�wiadczalne i ka¿d¹z nich, w odstêpach cotygodniowych traktowano: (1) wod¹ destylowan¹ (kontrola), (2) 0,03% roztworemharpuny lub (3) 0,15% roztworem Grevitu. Po 3-cim oprysku analizowano sk³ad li�ci na obecno�æ bia³ekrozpuszczalnych, cukrów redukuj¹cych i fenoli ogólnych oraz oceniano elementy bionomii przêdziorka isówki.

Stosowanie oprysków 0,03% roztworem harpiny i 0,15% roztworem Grevitu nie mia³o istotnegowp³ywu na wzrost ro�lin, jednak ogranicza³o masê pierwszych owoców. W li�ciach pomidora szklarniowegotraktowanego biostymulatorami odnotowano zmiany g³ównie w poziomie metabolitów podstawowych(wzrost poziomu bia³ek rozpuszczalnych i cukrów redukuj¹cych). Zastosowanie harpiny i Grevitu wyra�-nie spowalnia³o pocz¹tkowo odnotowany proces zwiêkszania puli bia³ek rozpuszczalnych i cukrów redu-kuj¹cych zachodz¹cy pod wp³ywem ¿erowania przêdziorka chmielowca i nie mia³o wp³ywu na poziomfenoli. P³odno�æ przêdziorka chmielowca na pomidorach traktowanych harpin¹ i Grevitem nie ró¿ni³a siê odp³odno�ci tego roztocza na ro�linach kontrolnych, ale rozwój szkodnika by³ przyspieszony. Larwy sówkibawe³nówki osi¹gnê³y wiêksz¹ masê i rozwija³y siê szybciej na ro�linach traktowanych harpin¹ i Grevitemni¿ na ro�linach nietraktowanych, ale zmiany te nie by³y istotne statystycznie. Zatem, zmiany chemiczne wli�ciach pomidora szklarniowego, po 3 opryskach harpin¹ lub Grevitem nie mia³y istotnego znaczenia dlarozwoju wybranych do badañ przedstawicieli roztoczy i owadów. W przysz³o�ci nale¿y sprawdziæ wp³ywinnych dawek biostymulatorów na kondycjê ro�lin pomidora oraz rozwój innych gatunków szkodników.


dr hab. Ma³gorzata Kie³kiewicz, prof. nadzw.Szko³a G³ówna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w WarszawieKatedra Entomologii StosowanejWydzia³ Ogrodnictwa i Architektury Krajobrazuul. Nowoursynowska 15902-776 Warszawatel. (0 22) 59 321 42 lub 59 321 45e-mail: [email protected]

90

BIOSTYMULATORY W UPRAWIE PAPRYKI S£ODKIEJPOD OS£ONAMI


STRESZCZENIE

Oprócz tradycyjnego nawo¿enia, coraz wiêksze znaczenie w uprawie ro�lin maj¹ substancje stymulu-j¹ce procesy ¿yciowe w sposób inny ni¿ dostarczanie sk³adników pokarmowych. Jedne dzia³aj¹ jak typoweelicytory � czynniki indukuj¹ce systemow¹ odporno�æ nabyt¹ ro�lin na patogeny lub uszkodzenia, innedostarczaj¹ sk³adniki dobroczynne (np. tytan) lub substancje organiczne gotowe do bezpo�redniego zago-spodarowania przez ro�liny (np. aminokwasy). Najwiêksze znaczenie maj¹ w uprawach prowadzonych wwarunkach, gdzie utrudniona lub niemo¿liwa jest kontrola i sterowanie klimatem, przy ekstensywnychmetodach produkcji. Pierwszymi stymulatorami wzrostu stosowanymi w uprawie papryki by³ Bio-algeenS90 i Tytanit. Pierwszy z nich usprawnia system korzeniowy (podawany dokorzeniowo) lub/i czê�cizielone ro�lin (w postaci oprysku). Drugi, stosowany dolistnie, wp³ywa na poprawê plonowania. Zareje-strowany w 2007 roku do papryki Göemar BM86 (homogenat glonów Ascophyllum nodosum) wp³ywakorzystnie na podzia³y komórkowe w zawi¹zkach i zwiêksza szanse na ich utrzymanie i prawid³owyrozwój w warunkach niesprzyjaj¹cych temperatur. Badany od kilku lat Göemar Goteo oddzia³uje na systemkorzeniowy i czê�æ nadziemn¹, zw³aszcza m³odych ro�lin, ale efekt dzia³ania jest przed³u¿ony na ca³y okresuprawy. Niektóre badania wykazuj¹ te¿ synergiczne dzia³anie obu tych stymulatórw. Resistim (w formulacjibez betain) jako suplement nawo¿enia powoduje znaczny przyrost masy korzeni rozsady i sprzyja obfite-mu plonowaniu. Pozytywne efekty uzyskano tak¿e w testach z preparatem Radifarm, który stymulujewzrost korzeni rozsady i ³agodzi skutki stresu w okresie po sadzeniu.

Badania prowadzone w Instytucie Warzywnictwa oraz do�wiadczenia i obserwacje terenowe potwier-dzaj¹ korzystny wp³yw wymienionych stymulatorów na wzrost, rozwój i plonowanie papryki. Ze wzglê-du jednak na bardzo ró¿ne mechanizmy dzia³ania ich efektywno�æ zale¿y od terminu i sposobu stosowania.


dr in¿. Agnieszka StêpowskaInstytut Warzywnictwa w SkierniewicachPracownia Uprawy Warzywul. Konstytucji 3 maja 1/3tel. (0 46) 833 28 76e-mail: [email protected]

91

WP£YW STOSOWANIA KONCENTRATU GA 142 (GOËMAR GOTEO)I GA 14 (GOËMAR BM86) NA PLONOWANIE PAPRYKIW TUNELACH NIEOGRZEWANYCH


STRESZCZENIE

Celem badañ przeprowadzonych w Instytucie Warzywnictwa by³o okre�lenie efektywno�ci wyci¹gówz brunatnicy Ascophyllum nodosum w uprawie papryki s³odkiej. W latach 2005 i 2006, paprykê odm. RoxyF1 sadzono do gruntu tunelu nieogrzewanego na pocz¹tku maja. Obiektami badawczymi by³y ro�liny: 2-krotnie podlewane w okresie intensywnego wzrostu 0.1% roztworem zawieraj¹cym koncentrat GA 142(Goëmar Goteo), 2 krotnie opryskiwane w okresie intensywnego kwitnienia 0.1% roztworem zawieraj¹cymGA14 (Goëmar BM86), 2-krotnie podlewane Goëmarem Goteo i 2-krotnie opryskiwane Goëmarem BM86,oraz kontrolne � podlewane i/lub opryskiwane wod¹. Stwierdzono, ¿e najkorzystniejszy wp³yw na wszyst-kie frakcje plonu mia³o opryskiwanie ro�lin Goëmarem BM86. Podlewanie Göemarem Goteo mia³o pozy-tywny wp³yw przede wszystkim na plon ogólny papryki. W obiekcie, w którym zastosowano je ³¹cznie,uzyskiwano zawsze najni¿sze plony. Tylko �rednia masa owocu kl. I by³a na poziomie masy owoców wnajlepiej plonuj¹cych obiektach. W 2007 roku przeprowadzono badania z zastosowaniem Goëmar Goteo dopodlewania rozsady papryki, która w trakcie uprawy mia³a byæ równie¿ traktowana tym preparatem.Stwierdzono, ¿e dzia³anie takie mia³o pozytywny wp³yw na plonowanie ro�lin podlewanych pó�niej Göema-rem Goteo, a zw³aszcza opryskiwanych jeszcze dodatkowo Goëmarem BM86.


dr Agnieszka StêpowskaInstytut Warzywnictwa w SkierniewicachPracownia Uprawy Warzywul. Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/396-100 Skierniewicetel. (0 46) 833 28 76e-mail: [email protected]

92

WP£YW STOSOWANIA BIOSTYMULATORA ASAHI SL NA PLONYBULW ZIEMNIAKA I ICH JAKO�Æ

Tomasz Maciejewski, Tadeusz Michalski, Monika Bartos-Spycha³a, WojciechCie�licki

STRESZCZENIE

W do�wiadczeniach polowych przeprowadzonych w latach 2005-2007, w dwóch Stacjach Do�wiad-czalnych Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Poznaniu, badano wp³yw stosowania biostymulatorów Asahi SLi Atonik Sl na plonowanie ziemniaków i ich cechy jako�ciowe. Efekt ich stosowania by³ zró¿nicowany wlatach i miejscowo�ciach. Najwiêksze przyrosty plonów uzyskano w 2005 roku w Gorzyniu i wynosi³y oneod 5,1 do 6,0 t/ha.

Zastosowane biostymulatory nie mia³y wp³ywu na zawarto�æ skrobi, wielko�æ jej ziaren oraz strukturêplonu bulw, natomiast ich wp³yw na zawarto�æ cukrów redukuj¹cych uzale¿niony by³ od odmiany i warun-ków hydrotermicznych w okresie wegetacji.


dr hab. Tomasz Maciejewski, prof. dr hab. Tadeusz Michalski, dr Monika Bartos-Spycha³a,dr Wojciech Cie�lickiUniwersytet Przyrodniczy w PoznaniuKatedra Uprawy Roli i Ro�linul. Mazowiecka 45-4660-623 Poznañtel. (0 61) 848 74 05e-mail: [email protected]

93

MODYFIKACJA SK£ADU CHEMICZNEGO BULW ZIEMNIAKA WASPEKCIE STOSOWANIA BIOSTYMULATORA WZROSTU ASAHI SL

Barbara Sawicka, Maria Mikos-Bielak

STRESZCZENIE

Badania oparto na wynikach badañ polowych przeprowadzonych w latach 2000-2002 w warunkachglebowo-klimatycznych �rodkowo-wschodniej Polski. Do�wiadczenie za³o¿ono metod¹ losowanych pod-bloków, w uk³adzie zale¿nym. Czynnikami by³y odmiany (Drop, Jagna, Perkoz, Grot i Elba) oraz biostymu-latory wzrostu (Asahi SL i obiekt kontrolny). Bioregulator Asahi SL stosowano dolistnie w rekomendowa-nych dawkach, w dwóch terminach: przed kwitnieniem ro�lin i 2 tygodnie pó�niej. W do�wiadczeniustosowano nawo¿enie obornikiem w dawce 250 dt.ha-1 i nawozami mineralnymi w ilo�ci: 100 kg N, 100 kgP2O5, 150 kg K2O

.ha-1. Materia³ sadzeniakowy badanych odmian by³ w stopniu superelity. W czasie zbiorupobrano próby po 30 bulw, �redniej wielko�ci, niezazielenionych i nieuszkodzonych, do oznaczeñ chemicz-nych. Analizy chemiczne w materiale �wie¿ym przeprowadzono bezpo�rednio po zbiorach w trzech po-wtórzeniach ka¿dej kombinacji do�wiadczenia polowego. Oznaczano: zawarto�æ suchej masy � metod¹suszenia (PN/90-A-75101/03); zawarto�æ skrobi � metod¹ polarymetryczn¹ wg Eversa-Grosswelda [Kre-³owska-Kulas1993]); bia³ko ogó³em � metod¹ Kiejdahla, bia³ko w³a�ciwe � wg Bernsteina [AOAC 1984];zotany � metod¹ spektrofotometryczn¹ (PN-EN 12014-7), w³ókno � wg Scharrera i Kürschnera (Dyrekty-wa Komisji 92/89/EWG); popió³ � wg PN-90/A-75101/08. Wyniki badañ opracowano statystycznie przypomocy analizy wariancji. Oceny istotno�ci ró¿nic pomiêdzy �rednimi dokonano za pomoc¹ testu Tukey`a.Przyrodnicze, jak i gospodarcze aspekty stosowania biostymulatora wzrostu ro�lin w uprawie ziemniaka,przemawiaj¹ za jego dolistnym wnoszeniem, co najmniej 2-krotnie w ci¹gu okresu wegetacji. BiostymulatorAsahi SL przyczyni³ siê do zmniejszenia zawarto�ci azotanów, za� zwiêkszenia koncentracji skrobi, bia³kaogó³em, w³ókna oraz popio³u w �wie¿ej masie bulw. Odmian¹ o najwy¿szej zawarto�ci suchej masy, bia³kaogólnego i w³a�ciwego, popio³u oraz azotanów okaza³a siê Elba, najwiêcej skrobi w bulwach akumulowa³aodmiana Grot, a w³ókna surowego � Perkoz. Reakcja odmian na stosowanie biostymulatora Asahi SL by³ajednak zró¿nicowana. Odmiany wysokoskrobiowe Grot i Elba reagowa³y spadkiem koncentracji azotanóworaz zwiêkszeniem zawarto�ci popio³u w bulwach ziemniaka. Najlepszy efekt stosowania biostymulatoraAsahi SL, w postaci poprawy warto�ci ¿ywieniowej bulw, uzyska³a bardzo wczesna odmiana Drop i pó�naGrot. Zawarto�æ sk³adników chemicznych bulw ziemniaka ró¿ni³a siê istotnie w latach badañ.


prof. dr hab. Barbara SawickaUniwersytet Przyrodniczy w LublinieKatedra Szczegó³owej Uprawy Ro�linPracowania Towaroznawstwa Produktów Ro�linnychul. Akademicka 1320-950 Lublintel. (0 81) 445 67 87e-mail: [email protected]

94

TEMPO SZERZENIA SIÊ CHORÓB GRZYBOWYCH NA ODMIANACHZIEMNIAKA W WARUNKACH STOSOWANIA BIOREGULATORAI NAWOZU DOLISTNEGO

Barbara Sawicka

STRESZCZENIE

Wyniki badañ oparto na do�wiadczeniu polowym przeprowadzonym w latach 2001-2003 w warun-kach �rodkowo-wschodniej Polski. Eksperyment wykonano w uk³adzie zale¿nym, split-plot, gdzie czynni-kami by³y: odmiany z wszystkich grup wczesno�ci (Bila, Glada, Danusia, Ania) i stymulatory wzrostu(Atonik SL, Insol 7, Atonik SL + Insol 7 oraz obiekt kontrolny). Nawo¿enie organiczne i mineralne stosowa-no na sta³ym poziomie, w dawkach 25 t . ha-1 obornika oraz 90 kg N, 39 kg P, 112 kg K na 1 ha. Stosowanepreparaty aplikowano dolistnie, w dawkach zalecanych przez producentów. Preparat Asahi SL stosowanodwukrotnie � przed kwitnieniem i 2 tygodnie pó�niej w stê¿eniu 0,1%. Ka¿dorazowo do opryskiwaniazu¿ywano 3 dm3 0,1% roztworu roboczego preparatu na 100 m2 plantacji. Koncentrat nawozowy Insol 7stosowano w 4 terminach: przed kwitnieniem ziemniaka, w momencie zagro¿enia pierwsz¹ fal¹ infekcjiPhytophthora infestans oraz 7 i 14 dni po pojawieniu siê pierwszych objawów zarazy, stosuj¹c jednorazowodawkê 1 dm-3·ha-1 w standardowej ilo�ci cieczy roboczej. W obiektach ze stymulatorami wzrostu stosowanojednocze�nie pe³n¹ ochronê przed zaraz¹ ziemniaka i alternarioz¹, wnosz¹c fungicydy w nastêpuj¹cej se-kwencji i dawkach: Tattoo C � 2,5 dm-3; Curzate M � 2 kg; Bravo Plus � 2 dm-3; Altima 500 � 0,4 dm-3;Dithane M 45 � 2 kg; Brestanid � 0,6 dm-3 . ha. Pierwsze opryskiwanie fungicydem by³o profilaktyczne,drugie � w momencie wyst¹pienia pierwszych plam zarazowych na ro�linach, za� nastêpne � co 7-14 dni. Wokresie wegetacji prowadzono ocenê pora¿enia ro�lin tymi patogenami w polu od momentu pojawienia siêpierwszych objawów choroby, co 10 dni wg skali 9. stopniowej. Pozwoli³o to wyraziæ narastanie procento-wego zniszczenia powierzchni li�ci w formie liniowych wykresów. Tempo szerzenia siê zarazy i alternario-zy traktowano jako jednostkowy przyrost pora¿enia w czasie. Odmian¹ o najwolniejszym tempie rozprze-strzeniania siê alternariozy okaza³a siê: Danusia, za� zaraza ziemniaka najwolniej szerzy³a siê na odmianieAnia. Tempo szerzenia siê Phytophthora infestans na badanych odmianach uk³ada³o siê wg krzywej parabo-licznej drugiego stopnia, za� tempo rozprzestrzenia siê alternariozy uk³ada³o siê wg krzywej parabolicznejtrzeciego stopnia. Najlepszy efekt ochrony, w postaci przed³u¿enia wegetacji ro�lin, przynios³o ³¹cznestosowanie agrochemikaliów (Atonik SL + Insol 7). Z badañ wynika, ¿e bioregulator Asahi SL mo¿e byæpolecany w uprawie ziemniaka, nie tylko ze wzglêdu na zwiêkszanie plonu, lecz tak¿e z uwagi na jegomo¿liwo�ci ograniczania tempa szerzenia siê Phytophthora infestans i Alternaria sp. oraz hamowanie rozwo-ju tych patogenów. Jego dzia³anie jest szczególnie cenne w sytuacjach, gdy ro�liny nara¿one s¹ na stresowewarunki cieplno-wilgotno�ciowe. Umo¿liwienie racjonalnego od¿ywiania i zwiêkszania odporno�ci ro�lin nachoroby w czasie wegetacji, w zale¿no�ci od aktualnego zapotrzebowania, stwarza tak¿e nawóz dolistnyInsol 7. Preparat ten mo¿na traktowaæ równie¿ jako �rodek hamuj¹cy rozwój alternariozy i czê�ciowozarazy ziemniaka, ale w ³¹cznym stosowaniu z fungicydami.


prof. dr hab. Barbara SawickaUniwersytet Przyrodniczy w LublinieKatedra Szczegó³owej Uprawy Ro�linPracowania Towaroznawstwa Produktów Ro�linnychul. Akademicka 1320-950 Lublintel. (0 81) 445 67 87e-mail: [email protected]

95

STOSOWANIE REGULATORÓW WZROSTUW PRODUKCJI NASIENNEJ ZIEMNIAKA Z MIKROBULW

Krystyna Rykaczewska

STRESZCZENIE

Celem przeprowadzonej pracy by³a próba pobudzenia mikrobulw do kie³kowania przy pomocy regu-latorów wzrostu oraz okre�lenie wp³ywu tego zabiegu na wigor badanego materia³u nasiennego, wyra¿aj¹cysiê przede wszystkim wspó³czynnikiem rozmna¿ania. Badania przeprowadzono na czterech odmianach:Irys (bardzo wczesna), Adam, Cekin i Irga (�rednio wczesne). Materia³ nasienny pochodzi³ z dwóch termi-nów zbioru z in vitro: z pocz¹tku lutego i pocz¹tku marca. Spoczynek mikrobulw fizjologicznie m³odszych(ze zbioru w marcu) przerywano 7 maja stosuj¹c ich moczenie w wodnym roztworze mieszaniny kwasugiberelinowego (GA3) pod postaci¹ polskiego preparatu handlowego �Gibrescol 10 MG� i tiomocznika(H2NCSNH2). Stê¿enia regulatorów wzrostu podano w tabeli 1. Czas k¹pieli wynosi³ 15 minut.

Skie³kowane mikrobulwy sadzono 15 maja do skrzynek o powierzchni 1925 cm2 i g³êboko�ci 14 cm,wype³nionych substratem glebowym. Skrzynki umieszczono w hali wegetacyjnej. W okresie wegetacjiro�liny by³y starannie pielêgnowane. Zbiór wykonano 20 sierpnia. Okre�lano wp³yw badanych czynnikówna wspó³czynnik rozmna¿ania, plon, masê 1 bulwy i liczbê minibulw z jednostki powierzchni oraz na udzia³poszczególnych frakcji w ogólnej liczbie i masie minibulw. Opracowanie statystyczne wyników wykonanoprzy zastosowaniu analizy wariancji.

Wp³yw zastosowanych regulatorów wzrostu na wspó³czynnik rozmna¿ania, okaza³ siê wysoce istot-ny. Reakcja badanych odmian nie by³a jednokierunkowa. Adam, Cekin i Irga zareagowa³y zwiêkszeniemomawianego wspó³czynnika na ni¿sze stê¿enie regulatorów wzrostu (B) �rednio o 1,36, a na stê¿eniewy¿sze (C) o dalsze 0,84. Odmiana Irys wykazywa³a tendencjê odmiennej reakcji. Nie stwierdzono wp³y-wu regulatorów wzrostu na plon minibulw. Wyst¹pi³y jedynie ró¿nice miêdzy badanymi odmianami. Stwier-dzono natomiast wp³yw na zwiêkszenie siê procentowego udzia³u minibulw wielko�ci 1-2 cm i 2-3 cm izmniejszenie siê procentowego udzia³u minibulw wielko�ci 3-4 cm w ogólnej ich liczbie.


prof. dr hab. Krystyna RykaczewskaInstytut Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Ro�linOddzia³ w Jadwisinie05-140 Serocktel. (0 22) 782 66 20e-mail: [email protected]

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